# Patent

## Title
Resin composition and uses of the same

## Abstract

A resin composition is provided. The resin composition comprises:

    
    
        an epoxy resin; and
        a hardener, which is a stable solution obtainable from the following steps:
    
    
    (a) adding a N,O-heterocyclic compound of formula I or II and a DOPO-based compound into an organic solvent to provide a reaction solution:






wherein R1 to R3, W1, W2, m, n, p and q are as defined in the specification;

    (b) heating the reaction solution to carry out a ring-opening reaction to provide a polymer solution; and
    (c) cooling the polymer solution to obtain the stable solution,

wherein the organic solvent is unreactive to the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound, and the amounts of the DOPO-based compound and the hardener are as defined in the specification.

## Background
CLAIM FOR PRIORITY
This application claims priority to Taiwan Patent Application No. 100141572 filed on Nov. 15, 2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a resin composition. Specifically, the present invention relates to a resin composition using a stable solution as a hardener, and a prepreg and laminate prepared using the same.
2. Descriptions of the Related Art
Printed circuit boards are circuit substrates that are used for electronic devices to load other electronic components and to electrically connect the components to provide a stable circuit working environment. One kind of conventional printed circuit board is a copper clad laminate (CCL), which is primarily composed of resin(s), reinforcing material(s), and copper foil(s). Conventional resins include epoxy resins, novolac resins, polyamine formaldehydes, silicones and Teflon®; and conventional reinforcing materials include glass fiber cloths, glass fiber mats, insulating papers and linen cloths.
Generally, a printed circuit board can be prepared as follows: immersing a reinforcing material such as a glass fiber fabric into a resin; curing the immersed glass fiber fabric into a half-hardened state, i.e. B-stage, to obtain a prepreg; superimposing certain layers of the prepregs and superimposing a metal foil on at least one external surface of the superimposed prepregs to provide a superimposed object; hot-pressing the superimposed object, i.e. C-stage, to obtain a metal clad laminate; etching the metal foil on the surface of the metal clad laminate to form a defined circuit pattern; and finally, digging a plurality of holes on the metal clad laminate and plating these holes with a conductive material to form plated holes to accomplish the preparation of the printed circuit broad.
In consideration of the subsequent electronic processes, a printed circuit board substrate must be provided with a certain thermal resistance, size stability, chemical stability, processability, toughness, mechanical strength etc. Generally, epoxy resin is the most popular resin in the printed circuit board industry since the printed circuit broad prepared with the use of epoxy resin can properly meet the above requirements. Epoxy resin, a reactive monomer, is a general name for organic polymer compounds with two or more epoxy groups in the molecular structure. A highly cross-linked net structure can be obtained by polymerizing molecules with high epoxy group content. Although such a highly cross-linked net structure possesses a relatively high hardness and glass transition temperature (Tg) as well as good chemical resistance, it is fragile and possesses poor impact resistance and both are disadvantageous to the subsequent process.
In view of the above, N,O-heterocyclic compounds with a




structure are now commonly used in substitution for epoxy resin or as a hardener to regulate epoxy resin. Due to a high proportion of benzene rings and C—N bonds in the structure, the N,O-heterocyclic compounds possess excellent thermal properties (such as thermal resistance, glass transition temperature and flammability), chemical properties and mechanical properties. In addition, a polymer prepared from a ring-opening polymerization of N,O-heterocyclic compounds has a large number of hydroxyl groups in its structure and a novolac laminate can be provided by the cross-linking reaction of the polymer itself. The use of the polymer in combination with an epoxy resin may enhance the thermal properties and mechanical properties of a final product and lower the contractility of the product to provide a high level laminate.

However, the flammability of the laminate provided by the cross-linking reaction of the N,O-heterocyclic compound is insufficient, and thus a phosphorus-containing flame retardant such as DOPO is usually applied to enhance the flammability of the prepared laminate. TW 1285653 discloses a phosphorus-containing cured benzoxazine resin, wherein an N,O-heterocyclic compound is mixed with DOPO-based compound powder and the resultant mixture is cured under high temperature and pressure to produce a substrate with improved flammability. However, the method is energy-consuming and incapable of controlling the reaction uniformity well.
The present invention provides a resin composition for preparing a laminate. The resin composition comprises a stable solution containing both a polymerization product of a N,O-heterocyclic compound and a DOPO-based compound; and the composition is useful as a hardener. The laminate prepared using the resin composition is provided with outstanding physicochemical properties (such as a high glass transition temperature (Tg), a good moisture resistance, a good dimensional stability, and a good flammability) and electric properties (low Df and Dk).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a resin composition, composing:

    
    
        an epoxy resin; and
        a hardener, which is a stable solution obtainable from the following steps:
    
    


(a) add an N,O-heterocyclic compound of Formula I or II and a DOPO-based compound into an organic solvent to provide a reaction solution:




wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group, and a dicyclopentadienyl; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl; W1 is selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen, an ether group, a thioether group, a sulfonyl, a sulfonyl, a carbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl; W2 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl; m and n are independently integers ranging from 1 to 3; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 3; and q is an integer ranging from 1 to 4;

(b) heating the reaction solution to carry out a ring-opening polymerization to provide a polymer solution; and
(c) cooling the polymer solution to obtain the stable solution,
wherein the organic solvent is unreactive to both the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound; the amount of the DOPO-based compound is about 0.01 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total weight of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound; and the amount of the hardener is about 20 parts by weight to about 200 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin, based on the solid content.
Another object of the invention is to provide a prepreg which is prepared by immersing a substrate into the resin composition mentioned above and drying the immersed substrate.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a laminate comprising a synthetic layer and a metal layer, where the synthetic layer is made from the prepreg mentioned above.
To render the above objects, technical features and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to some embodiments hereinafter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the IR spectrum of a stable solution that is used as the hardener of the resin composition of the present invention;
FIG. 2a shows the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis result of a stable solution that is used as the hardener of the resin composition of the present invention; and
FIG. 2b shows the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis result of a stable solution that is used as the hardener of the resin composition of the present invention.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The following will describe some embodiments of the present invention in detail. However, without departing from the spirit of the present invention, the present invention may be embodied in various embodiments without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The protection range of the present invention should not be limited to the embodiments described in the specification. In addition, unless it is additionally explained, the expressions “a,” “the,” or the like recited in the specification (especially in the claims) should include the singular and the plural forms. The term “substituted” recited in the specification means that H is substituted by a substituent which can be any groups or atoms other than H. Furthermore, unless it is additionally explained, while describing the constituents in the solution, mixture and composition in the specification, the amount of each constituent is counted based on the solid content, i.e., disregarding the weight of the solvent.
The resin composition of the present invention features comprising a stable solution as a hardener. The stable solution contains a polymer obtained from the ring-opening reaction of an N,O-heterocyclic compound and a DOPO-based compound. The polymer is provided with excellent solvent-compatibility and a small molecular weight, so that no precipitation from the stable solution would occur even when the solution is stored for a long period of time. The resin composition of the present invention can be used to prepare a laminate. The product prepared by using the resin composition of the present invention is provided with excellent physicochemical properties (such as a high glass transition temperature (Tg), a good moisture resistance, a good dimensional stability, and a good flammability) and electric properties (low Df and Dk).
Specifically, the resin composition of the present invention comprises an epoxy resin and a stable solution as a hardener. The stable solution may be prepared using the following steps:

    
    
        (a) dissolving an N,O-heterocyclic compound and a DOPO-based compound into an organic solvent to provide a reaction solution;
        (b) heating the reaction solution to carry out a ring-opening polymerization to provide a polymer solution; and
        (c) cooling the polymer solution to obtain the stable solution.
    
    


In step (a), the N,O-heterocyclic compound has the structure of Formula I or II:




wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl; W1 is selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen, an ether group, a thioether group, a sulfonyl, a sulfinyl, a carbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl; W2 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl; m and n are independently integers ranging from 1 to 3; p is an integer ranging from 1 to 3; and q is an integer ranging from 1 to 4.

In both Formulas I and II, m and n are associated with the binding numbers of W1 and W2 respectively. For example, in reference to formula I, without being restricted by any theory, when m is 1, W1 is a group with a single bond, such as H, a halogen, a methyl group etc., and the N,O-heterocyclic compound is a compound with one N,O-heterocyclic structure; when m is 2, W1 is a linking group with two bonds and the N,O-heterocyclic compound is a compound with two N,O-heterocyclic structures, and so forth.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the N,O-heterocyclic compounds are provided by means of a chemical syntheses from a phenol compound, an aldehyde compound and a amine compound as described hereinafter. Preferably, W1 and W2 are independently selected from the group consisting of




or both m and n are 2 and the N,O-heterocyclic compound has a structure of Formula I′ or II′:





An specific example of the N,O-heterocyclic compound suitable for the preparation of the stable solution is




In step (a), the DOPO-based compound is selected from the group consisting of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and its derivatives. In some embodiments of the present invention, the DOPO-based compound used to prepare the stable solution is selected from the group consisting of




and combinations thereof. For example,





(DOPO) is illustrated as the DOPO-based compound in the following examples.

It is known that DOPO-based compounds can improve the flammability of the product. However, it is believed that DOPO-based compounds will also adversely increase the H2O absorption of the product. Therefore, in the stable solution, the amount of the DOPO-based compound is preferably about 0.01 wt % to about 50 wt %, more preferably about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, based on the total weight of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and DOPO-based compound. If the amount of the DOPO-based compound is less than 0.01 wt %, the flammability of the product may not be improved significantly; and if the amount of the DOPO-based compound is more than 50 wt %, the H2O absorption of the product may be significantly increased. In some embodiments of the present invention, the amount of the DOPO-based compound used for preparing the stable solution is about 20 wt % to about 40 wt %, based on the total weight of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound.
In step (a), the organic solvent may be any solvent that can dissolve but not react with the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound. The solvent is preferred to have a catalytic effect on the ring-opening polymerization. In view of operation convenience, the boiling point of the organic solvent should be at least higher than the maximum operating temperature involved in the preparation of the stable solution and generally around the temperature for the ring-opening polymerization. The purpose of controlling the boiling point is to avoid the organic solvent from escaping during the operation, and thus, change the concentration of the reaction solution, which may result in the difficulty of the subsequent process (e.g., the solution may become too thick to stir) or influence the quality of the prepared polymer solution (e.g., the polymerization degree may be non-uniform).
Without departing from the above conditions, the organic solvent used in step (a) may be selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanone, acetone, butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of the present invention, the organic solvent used to prepare the stable solution is DMF.
The organic solvent in step (a) should be used in an amount that can dissolve the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound while also be able to stably dissolve/disperse the ring-opened polymer produced from the ring-opening polymerization in the organic solvent without any precipitation. Generally, the amount of organic solvent is usually not less than about 10 parts by weight. For example, the amount of organic solvent may be about 10 parts by weight to about 150 parts by weight, preferably about 20 parts by weight to about 120 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound. However, the amount of the organic solvent should not be limited to the amount mentioned above, and persons with ordinary skill in the art can vary the amount of organic solvent depending on the needs based on the disclosure of the specification. In some embodiments of the present invention, when preparing the stable solution, the amount of organic solvent is about 100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the total weight of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO compound.
In step (b), after the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound are uniformly dissolved into the organic solvent to form the reaction solution, the reaction solution is heated to carry out the ring-opening addition/polymerization reaction. The reaction solution should be heated to a temperature at least higher than the softening temperature of the N,O-heterocyclic compound to carry out the ring-opening addition/polymerization reaction without using an expensive and environmentally hazardous catalyst. In addition, said temperature should be lower than the boiling point of the organic solvent to prevent the organic solvent from escaping during the operation and then changing the concentration of the reaction solution, which may result in difficulty for the subsequent process or influence the quality of the prepared polymer solution.
The energy required for the heating in step (b) may be supplied by any possible means. For example, the energy can be supplied through thermal energy (such as a water bath, an oil bath, an electric heater, and a heat exchanger), radiant energy (such as ultraviolet irradiation, gamma irradiation), or combinations thereof, to raise the temperature to a desired level to carry out the ring-opening addition/polymerization reaction. To raise the uniformity of heat transfer and thus, the reaction, preference is given to stirring the reaction solution during heating.
After the ring-opening polymerization in step (b), a polymer solution is provided. Then, in step (c), the polymer solution is cooled down to substantially terminate the ring-opening polymerization and thus, obtain the stable solution of the resin composition of the present invention. The term “substantially terminate” means the polymerization between the N,O-heterocyclic compounds, between the polymers and between the N,O-heterocyclic compounds and the polymers are considerably ceased, so that the molecular weight of the polymer in the polymer solution will not change significantly during a specific storage period and thus, the precipitation of the polymer can be avoided. The temperature for terminating the ring-opening addition/polymerization reaction is associated with the species of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound, and is preferably room temperature (but not limited thereto). Based on the disclosure of the specification and the following examples, persons skilled in the art can choose a suitable temperature to terminate the ring-opening addition/polymerization reaction. In addition, there is no special limitation on the cooling means in step (c). For example, the cooling can be achieved by subjecting the polymer solution to a gas atmosphere at room temperature or a water bath at room temperature or a combination thereof to lower the temperature of the polymer solution.
The stable solution as a hardener of the resin composition of the present invention is obtained after the cooling in step (c). The stable solution can further shorten the curing time period in addition to providing the hardening effect.
In the resin composition of the present invention, the epoxy resin contained is a resin with at least two epoxy groups in the molecular structure, such as a novolac epoxy resin, a bromine-containing epoxy resin, etc. In some embodiments of the present invention, a novolac epoxy resin is illustrated as the epoxy resin.
The resin composition of the present invention, in addition to containing the stable solution as a hardener, may further contain other conventional hardener(s). The “conventional hardener” here is not particularly limited and may be selected from the group of dicyaniamide (Dicy), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), Novolac, and combinations thereof. The amount of the hardener can be adjusted depending on the users' needs. Generally, the amount of the hardener is preferably about 20 parts by weight to about 200 parts by weight, more preferably about 70 parts by weight to about 120 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin, but not limited thereto.
In the embodiments of the present invention where the resin composition further comprises other conventional hardener(s), the ratio between the conventional hardener and the stable solution is not particularly limited and can be adjusted depending on the users' needs. In some embodiments of the present invention, the hardener used in the resin composition per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin is composed of about 80 to about 120 parts by weight of the stable solution alone, or composed of a mixture of about 60 parts by weight of the stable solution and about 40 parts by weight of novolac resin.
The resin composition of the present invention may optionally further comprise other additives, such as a hardening promoter, a filler, a dispersing agent (e.g., a silane coupling agent), a toughening agent or a flame retardant, and these additives can be used alone or in combination forms. For example, a hardening promoter selected from the group consisting of imidazole, 1-methyl-imidazole (1MI), 2-methyl-imidazole (2MI), 2-ethyl-4-methyl-imidazole (2E4MI), 2-phenyl-imidazole (2PI) and combinations thereof, but not limited thereto, may be added to improve hardening effect. The amount of the hardening promoter, if used, can be adjusted depending on the users' needs and is generally about 0.01 parts by weight to about 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin. Also, a filler selected from the group consisting of silica, glass powder, talcum, kaolin, pryan, mica and combinations thereof, may be added to improve the properties of the epoxy resin such as the processability, flammability, thermal resistance and moisture resistance. The amount of the filler, if used, can be adjusted depending on the users' needs and is generally about 0.01 parts by weight to about 120 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin. In some embodiments of the present invention, silane coupling agent, 2E4MI, and fillers such as silica are illustrated as the additives.
The resin composition of the present invention may be prepared in varnish form by evenly mixing the epoxy resin, the stable solution (as a hardener), and additives (optionally) through a stirrer; and dissolving or dispersing the mixture into a solvent, for subsequent applications.
The present invention further provides a prepreg which is prepared by completely coating the aforementioned resin composition to the surfaces of a substrate (reinforcing material) and drying the coated substrate, e.g., by immersing the substrate into the resin composition of the present invention and drying the immersed substrate. A conventional reinforcing material includes a glass fiber cloth (a glass fiber fabric, a glass fiber paper, a glass fiber mat, etc.), a kraft paper, a short fiber cotton paper, a natural fiber cloth, an organic fiber cloth, etc. In some embodiments of the present invention, 7628 glass fiber cloths are illustrated as the reinforcing materials, and the reinforcing materials are heated and dried at 175° C. for 2 to 5 minutes (B-stage) to provide prepregs in a half-hardened state.
The prepreg mentioned above can be used in producing laminate. Therefore, the present invention further provides a laminate comprising a synthetic layer and a metal layer, wherein the synthetic layer is made from the prepreg mentioned above. The laminate may be prepared using the following process: superimposing a plurality of prepregs and superimposing a metal foil (such as a copper foil) on at least one external surface of the superimposed prepregs to provide a superimposed object; performing a hot-pressing operation onto the object to obtain the laminate. Moreover, a printed circuit board can be obtained by patterning the metal foil of the laminate.
The present invention will be further illustrated by the embodiments hereinafter, wherein the measuring instruments and methods are respectively as follows:
[Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) Analysis]
Gel permeation chromatography of Waters company (model No.: waters 600).
[Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis]
Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer of Perkin-Elmer company (model No.: Spectrum 100).
[Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis]
Differential scanning calorimetry of Perkin-Elmer, Inc. (model No.: DSC 7).
[Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) Test]
The glass transition temperature is measured by a differential scanning calorimetry of Perkin-Elmer, Inc. (model No.: DSC 7), wherein the measuring regulations are IPC-TM-650.2.4.25C and 24C testing method of Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits (IPC).
[H2O Absorption Test]
The H2O absorption of the laminate is tested by the pressure cooker test (PCT), i.e., subjecting the laminate into a pressure container (121° C., 100% R.H. and 1.2 atm) for 1 hr.
[Dielectric Constant (Dk) and Dissipation Factor (Df) Measurement]
Dk and Df are measured according to ASTM D150 under an operating frequency of 1 GHz.
[Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) Test and Z-axis Expansion Percentage (%) Test]
The linear coefficient of thermal expansion (α1) and the z-axis expansion % of the sample (a laminate in a size of 3 mm2) are tested by the thermal expansion analyzer of TA instrument company (model No.: TA 2940) between a temperature gap ranging from about 50° C. to 260° C. (heating rate: 10° C./min).
[Thermal Decomposition Temperature Test]
The thermal decomposition temperature test is carried out by measuring the mass loss of the sample with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The temperature where the weight loss is up to 5% is regarded as the thermal decomposition temperature.
[Flammability Test]
The flammability test is carried out according to UL94V (Vertical Burn), which comprises the burning of a vertically-held printed circuit board, using a Bunsen burner to obtain its self-ignition and combustion-supporting properties.
[Toughness Test]
The method for testing the toughness comprises the following steps: laying the laminate on a plane fixture; vertically placing a cross metal jig to come into contact with the surface of the laminate while applying a vertically-applied pressure to the cross metal jig; removing the cross metal jig; and observing the cross trace on the laminate. The laminate without any white embossing lines is regarded as having a good toughness, the one with slight white embossing lines is regarded as having a normal toughness, and the one with cracks or ruptures is regarded as having a poor toughness.
EXAMPLES
The Preparation of the N,O-heterocyclic Compound
784 g of bisphenol A, 458 g of aniline and 600 g of toluene were added into a 3 L separable four-necked flask to form a synthetic solution. The four-necked flask was equipped with a heating device, a thermometer, a stirrer, a cooling pipe, a dropper and a decompression recovery device. The synthetic solution was heated to a temperature of about 40° C. and stirred evenly. While stirring, 819 g of 44% formaldehyde in toluene was added dropwise into the synthetic solution in 20 minutes, and at this time, the temperature of the synthetic solution was raised to about 90° C. The synthetic solution was then heated and kept at about 90° C. and reacted for 3 hours. Without being limited by theories, it is believed that the reaction is as follows.




After heating and stirring were discontinued about 20 minutes, the synthetic solution was separated into two layers. The water phase and the trace amount of emulsion in the upper layer were then removed. Instantly, the residual solution was again heated to about 90° C. and then the solvent therein was recovered by a decompressing manner (maintaining the pressure to lower than about 90 mmHg). After the solvent was completely recovered (the temperature was raised to about 130° C.), about 1380 g of N,O-heterocyclic compound 1 was obtained.
The Preparation of the Stable Solution
According to the ratio shown in Table 1, N,O-heterocyclic compound 1 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and N,N-dimethylforamide (DMF) were added into a 2 L reactor. The reactor was heated to about 100° C. to 110° C. and maintained for 2 hours while stirring. Then, the reactor was cooled to room temperature to obtain stable solution 1. The above procedures was repeated to prepare stable solution 2 except that the amounts of N,O-heterocyclic compound 1 and DOPO were changed to be 300 g and 200 g respectively.
The weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of stable solution 1 and stable solution 2 were measured and tabulated in Table 1.










TABLE 1







stable
stable


composition
unit
solution 1
solution 2


















N,O-heterocyclic compound 1
g
400
300


DOPO
g
100
200


DMF
g
500
500


weight average molecular weight
g/mole
2720
2953


number average molecular weight
g/mole
1614
1785









FIG. 1 shows the IR spectrum of stable solution 1 and stable solution 2. As shown in FIG. 1, there are characteristic peaks of hydroxyl groups and methylene groups, generated from the ring-opening polymerization of the N,O-heterocyclic compound, at about 3150 cm−1 to 3350 cm−1 and about 2930 cm−1. The drop of the signal strength at 1230 cm−1 and the raise of the signal strength at 1383 cm−1 respectively represent the drop in —COC— concentration and the raise in —CNC— concentration, and both of which are due to the ring-opening polymerization. In addition, the characteristic peak of PH bonding is located at about 2430 cm−1 and not observed in FIG. 1, which means that DOPO has bonded to N,O-heterocyclic compound 1 and thus, PH bonding is vanished. Furthermore, the peak at 1200 cm−1 is the characteristic peak of the P═O bonding of DOPO. As can be seen from the above, N,O-heterocyclic compound 1 in stable solutions 1 and 2 was ring-opened and bonded with DOPO.
FIGS. 2a and 2b are respectively the DSC analysis results of stable solution 1 and stable solution 2. As can be seen from the figures, the melting point of the polymer in stable solution 1 is about 80° C. to 90° C. and the maximum temperature of the ring-opening reaction is about 211° C. The melting point of the polymer in stable solution 2 is about 80° C. to 90° C. and the maximum temperature of ring-opening reaction is about 205° C.
The Preparation of the Resin Composition
Example 1
According to the ratio indicated in Table 2, Biphenol A novolac epoxy resin (Kolon chemical company; KOLON 3165), stable solution 1, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (Aldrich company), silica filler (3M company) and silane coupling agent (Dow Corning company; Z-6040®) were mixed uniformly under room temperature with a stirrer for 60 minutes; and then methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) was added. The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 120 minutes to obtain resin composition 1.
Example 2
The preparation procedures of Example 1 were repeated to prepare resin composition 2, except for adjusting the amount of stable solution 1 to about 100 parts by weight, as shown in Table 2.
Example 3
The preparation procedures of Example 1 were repeated to prepare resin composition 3, except for adjusting the amount of stable solution 1 to about 120 parts by weight, as shown in Table 2.
Example 4
The preparation procedures of Example 1 were repeated to prepare resin composition 4, except for replacing stable solution 1 with about 80 parts by weight of stable solution 2, as shown in Table 2.
Example 5
The preparation procedures of Example 4 were repeated to prepare resin composition 5, except for adjusting the amount of stable solution 2 to about 120 parts by weight, as shown in Table 2.
Example 6
The preparation procedures of Example 1 were repeated to prepare resin composition 6, except for replacing stable solution 1 with 60 parts by weight of stable solution 2 and about 40 parts by weight of novolac resin hardener (Hexion) as a hardener, as shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 1
The preparation procedures of Example 1 were repeated to prepare comparative resin composition 1′, except for replacing stable solution 1 with about 100 parts by weight of novolac resin hardener (Hexion) as a hardener, as shown in Table 2.
Comparative Example 2
The preparation procedures of Example 1 were repeated to prepare comparative resin composition 2′ except for replacing the Biphenol A novolac epoxy resin with 100 parts by weight of phosphorus-containing epoxy resin (DOPO-cresol novolac epoxy, DOPO-CNE; Colon Company; DOPO content: bout 20 wt %) and replacing stable solution 1 with about 50 parts by weight of benzoxazine (Kuen Bong; Model 610), as shown in Table 1.
The Preparation of the Laminate
The laminate was prepared by using resin compositions 1 to 6 and comparative resin compositions 1′ and 2′, respectively. In detail, one of the resin compositions was coated on a plurality of 7628 glass fiber cloths by a roll coater. The coated 7628 glass fiber cloths were then placed in a dryer and dried at 175° C. for 2 to 5 minutes to prepare prepregs in a half-hardened state (resin/glass fiber cloth: 50%). Five pieces of the prepregs were superimposed and two copper foils were respectively superimposed on the two external surfaces of the superimposed prepregs to provide a superimposed object. A hot-pressing operation was performed onto the superimposed object to provide laminates 1 to 6 (corresponding to resin compositions 1 to 6 respectively) and comparative laminates 1′ and 2′ (corresponding to resin compositions 1′ and 2′ respectively) with a thickness of about 1 mm, wherein the hot-pressing conditions are as follows: raising the temperature to 200° C. with a heating rate of 2.0° C./min, and hot-pressing for 90 minutes under the full pressure of 15 kg/cm2 (the initial pressure is 8 kg/cm2) at 200° C.
The glass transition temperature (Tg), H2O absorption, dielectric constant (Dk), dissipation factor (Df), coefficient of thermal expansion (α1), expansion rate on Z axis, flammability and toughness of laminate 1 to 6 were analyzed and tabulated in Table 2.

















TABLE 2














comparative
comparative




resin
resin
resin
resin
resin
resin
resin
resin




composition
composition
composition
composition
composition
composition
composite-
composite-



Unit
1
2
3
4
5
6
on 1′
on 2′

























Bisphenol
parts by
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
—


A-novolac epoxy
weight


resin


phosphorus-
parts by
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100


containing epoxy
weight


resin


stable solution 1
parts by
80
100
120
—
—
—
—
—



weight


stable solution 2
parts by
—
0
0
80
120
60
—
—



weight


novolac resin
parts by
—
—
—
—
—
40
100
—


hardener
weight


benzoxazine
parts by
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
50



weight


2E4MI
parts by
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.1



weight


silica
parts by
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80



weight


silane coupling
parts by
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1


agent
weight


MEK
parts by
180
200
220
180
220
200
200
150



weight







laminate 1
laminate 2
laminate 3
laminate 4
laminate 5
laminate 6
laminate 1′
laminate 2′





Tg
° C.
195
187
185
180
175
175
195
170


H2O absorption
%
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.26
0.30
0.28
0.36
0.5


Dk
GHz
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.4
4.45


Df
GHz
0.012
0.12
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.015
0.015


Coefficient of
ppm/° C.
33
32
30
35
40
40
60
55


thermal expansion


(α1)


Z axis expansion
%
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.6
3.4


rate


Thermal
° C.
345
345
345
345
345
345
360
390


decomposition


temperature


UL-94
second
8 to 12
8 to 10
6 to 8
8 to 12
6 to 8
6 to 8
Burn
6 to 8


Toughness
appearance
good
good
good
good
good
good
good
average









As shown in Table 2, the laminates prepared using the resin compositions of the present invention (laminates 1 to 6) are provided with outstanding physicochemical properties as well as an outstanding water resistance property (low H2O absorption). In addition, especially in the dimensional stability (coefficient of thermal expansion and Z axis expansion), the change in the dimension of the laminates prepared using the resin compositions of the present invention is significantly small. Without being restricted by any theories, it is believed that a stable solution provided from the ring-opening polymerization can provide better cross-linking effect to obtain a laminate with a complete structure and thus, can provide the above benefits. As for the comparative laminate 1′, it does not contain any DOPO-based compounds, and thus, is provided with a bad flammability. The comparative laminate 2′, prepared using the N,O-heterocyclic compounds and the DOPO-base compounds without being ring-opening polymerized with each other, is inferior to those provided from the resin compositions of the invention in terms of many properties such as glass transition temperature and H2O absorption. Given the above, the resin composition of the present invention using a stable solution, containing a ring-opening polymerized DOPO-based compound as a hardener, can provide a laminate with a desired flammability properties and without the disadvantages of using DOPO-base compounds alone according to the prior art (e.g., an over-high water absorption).
In addition, the resin composition of the present invention can adjust the physicochemical properties of the prepared laminate by, for example, adjusting the amount of stable solution (e.g., Examples 1 to 3) or the ratio of the DOPO-based compound (e.g., Examples 4 and 5) or by combining the other known hardeners (Example 6).
The above disclosure is related to the detailed technical contents and inventive features thereof. People skilled in this field may proceed with a variety of modifications and replacements based on the disclosures and suggestions of the invention as described without departing from the characteristics thereof. Nevertheless, although such modifications and replacements are not fully disclosed in the above descriptions, they have substantially been covered in the following claims as appended.

## Claims

1. A resin composition, comprising:
an epoxy resin; and
a hardener which is a stable solution obtainable from the following steps:
(a) adding an N,O-heterocyclic compound of formula I or II and a DOPO-based compound into an organic solvent to provide a reaction solution:






wherein
R1is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl;
R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl;
W1 is selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen, an ether group, a thioether group, a sulfonyl, a sulfinyl, a carbonyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl;
W2 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20 aryloxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C15 unsaturated hydrocarbyl, a naphthol group, a phenanthrenol group and a dicyclopentadienyl;
m and n are independently an integer ranging from 1 to 3;
p is an integer ranging from 1 to 3; and
q is an integer ranging from 1 to 4;
(b) heating the reaction solution to carry out a ring-opening reaction to provide a polymer solution; and
(c) cooling the polymer solution to obtain the stable solution,
wherein the organic solvent is unreactive to the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound, and the amount of the DOPO-based compound is about 0.01 wt % to about 50 wt % based on the total weight of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound, and


wherein the amount of the hardener is about 20 parts by weight to about 200 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin, based on the solid content.

2. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the DOPO-based compound is about 10 wt % to about 40 wt % based on the total weight of the N,O-heterocyclic compound and the DOPO-based compound.

3. The resin composition of claim 2, wherein the N,O heterocyclic compound is




and the DOPO-based compound is

4. The resin composition of claim 2, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanone, acetone, butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-pyrolidone (NMP) and combinations thereof.

5. The resin composition of claim 2, wherein the amount of the hardener is about 70 parts by weight to about 120 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin.

6. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein each of m and n is independently 2 or 3 and each of W1 and W2 is independently selected from the group consisting of




with the proviso that W2 is not

7. The resin composition on of claim 6, wherein the N,O heterocyclic compound is




and the DOPO-based compound is

8. The resin composition of claim 6, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanone, acetone, butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-pyrolidone (NMP) and combinations thereof.

9. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the DOPO-based compound is selected from the group consisting of




and combinations thereof.

10. The resin composition of claim 9, wherein the N,O heterocyclic
compound is




and the DOPO-based compound is

11. The resin composition of claim 9, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanone, acetone, butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-pyrolidone (NMP) and combinations thereof.

12. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the N,O heterocyclic
compound is




and the DOPO-based compound is

13. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of cyclohexanone, acetone, butanone, methyl isobutyl ketone, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), N-methyl-pyrolidone (NMP) and combinations thereof.

14. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of the hardener is about 70 parts by weight to about 120 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin.

15. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the hardener further comprises dicyandiamide (Dicy), 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), or Novolac.

16. The resin composition of claim 1, which further comprises an additive selected from the group consisting of a hardening promoter, a filler, a dispersing agent, a flexibilizer, a flame retardant and any combinations thereof.

17. The resin composition of claim 16, wherein the hardening promoter is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, 1-methyl-imidazole (1MI), 2-methyl-imidazole (2MI), 2-ethyl-4-methyl-imidazole (2E4MI), 2-phenyl-imidazole (2PI) and combinations thereof, and is in an amount of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 1 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin.

18. The resin composition of claim 16, wherein the filler is selected from the group consisting of silica, glass powder, talcum, kaolin, pryan, mica and combinations thereof, and is in an amount of about 0.1 parts by weight to about 120 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the epoxy resin.

19. A prepreg, which is prepared by immersing a substrate into the resin composition of claim 1 and drying the immersed substrate.

20. A laminate comprising a synthetic layer and a metal layer, wherein the synthetic layer is made from the prepreg of claim 19.