UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

DEBORAH L. BECKER, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.  No. 00-2122 GANNETT SATELLITE INFORMATION

NETWORK, INCORPORATED, d/b/a USA

Today Newspaper,

Defendant-Appellee. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.

Claude M. Hilton, Chief District Judge.

(CA-99-1773-A)

Argued: March 1, 2001

Decided: May 22, 2001

Before WIDENER and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges, and

Cynthia H. HALL, Senior Circuit Judge of the

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit,

sitting by designation.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. 

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Robert Charles Seldon, PROJECT ON LIBERTY AND

THE WORKPLACE, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Robert

Charles Bernius, NIXON PEABODY, L.L.P., Washington, D.C., for

Appellee. 
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See

Local Rule 36(c). 

OPINION

PER CURIAM: 

Deborah Becker sued her employer, Gannett Satellite Information

Network, Inc. ("USA Today"), under the Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C.

§ 206(d), and Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). She alleged that USA

Today paid her less than comparable male colleagues on account of

her sex. She also claimed that USA Today retaliated against her for

filing this lawsuit. The district court granted USA Today’s motion for

summary judgment. Becker now appeals, and we affirm. 

I.

In 1982 USA today hired Becker as a news assistant in the sports

department. In February 1984 USA Today promoted her to the position of reporter. Becker wrote about several different sports but primarily covered women’s college basketball. Her long-term goal was

to cover the Olympics on a regular basis. She wrote some stories for

the 1988 and 1992 Olympics, but women’s college basketball

remained her primary beat. In 1994 Becker began to receive more

Olympic assignments. The following year she was assigned to cover

on a regular basis two of the more popular Olympic sports, figure

skating and gymnastics. 

Stephen Woodward was hired along with Becker as a news assistant in 1982. Woodward’s long-term goal, like Becker’s, was to cover

the Olympics on a regular basis. However, he achieved this goal

much quicker than Becker did. While Becker did not regularly cover

the Olympics until 1995, Woodward was assigned the Olympic beat

in 1986. Further, while Becker was assigned to cover only figure skating and gymnastics, Woodward covered all aspects of the Olympics.

Woodward’s broader assignment, for example, involved reporting

about the political and business side of the Olympics and included

stories on the International Olympic Committee and the organizing

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cities. In addition to his Olympic reporting, Woodward wrote regular

columns on sports television and the Olympics. Woodward also contributed frequently to the horse racing beat. He resigned from USA

Today in 1994. 

Becker has long complained that USA Today paid her less than

Woodward on account of her sex. When Woodward and Becker were

hired in 1982, Woodward was paid $1,000 more per year. Shortly

after she was hired, Becker filed a written complaint with the paper,

alleging that the pay disparity was based solely upon sex discrimination. She thereafter complained every year as part of her annual job

evaluation that she was not receiving fair pay. 

In January 1999 Becker received a promotion from the position of

Olympic reporter to Assistant Golf and Tennis Editor. Because of the

demands of her new responsibilities, Becker’s Olympic gymnastics

beat was reassigned to a different reporter. Becker did, however,

retain coverage of Olympic figure skating. Shortly after she was promoted, Becker filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Becker alleged that she had been

unfairly paid compared to Woodward because of sex discrimination.

The EEOC found no probable cause, and Becker filed this present

action in federal court. Becker sued USA Today under the Equal Pay

Act, 29 U.S.C. § 206(d), and Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a), alleging that she was unfairly paid compared to male colleagues on

account of sex. Becker claimed not only that she was unfairly paid

relative to Woodward, but also that she was unfairly paid relative to

her fellow male editors. After she filed suit, USA Today decided not

to send Becker to Sydney to cover the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Becker then amended her complaint, alleging that the decision not to

send her to the Olympics was in retaliation for filing this suit. 

The district court granted USA Today’s motion for summary judgment. The court held that the statutes of limitations for the Equal Pay

Act and Title VII only allowed the court to consider Becker’s more

recent allegations of pay disparity. To the extent her claims were not

time barred, the court held that Becker could not show any violation

because she actually earned more than Woodward did. In the alternative, the court held that Becker could not show that she and Woodward held comparable jobs. The court, however, appeared to overlook

BECKER v. GANNETT SATELLITE INFORMATION NETWORK 3
Becker’s claim that she was unfairly paid relative to her fellow male

editors. Finally, the court granted USA Today’s summary judgment

motion on Becker’s retaliation claim. The court held that although

USA Today failed to send her to Sydney, Becker suffered no adverse

employment action. Becker appeals, and we review the district court’s

grant of summary judgment de novo, see, e.g., Kubicko v. Ogden

Logistics Servs., 181 F.3d 544, 551 (4th Cir. 1999).

II.

Becker challenges the district court’s conclusion that her Equal Pay

Act and Title VII pay disparity claims are largely time barred. Specifically, Becker argues that she can show that USA Today committed

a continuing violation, which requires us to look at conduct beyond

the statutes of limitations. She also claims that the district court

should have equitably tolled the statutes of limitations. We disagree

with Becker. 

The Equal Pay Act has a two-year statute of limitations unless the

plaintiff claims that the defendant’s conduct was willful, in which

case a three-year period applies. See 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). Because

Becker alleges that USA Today’s actions were willful, the court properly applied the three-year statute to Becker’s claims. This meant that

Becker had to show an Equal Pay Act violation within three years of

November 23, 1999, the date she filed her lawsuit. See Brinkley-Obu

v. Hughes Training, Inc., 36 F.3d 336, 346 n.20 (4th Cir. 1994).

Becker also claimed that the alleged pay disparity was in violation of

Title VII, which in this case has a three-hundred-day statute of limitations. See 29 C.F.R. § 1601.13(a)(4)(ii)(A). 

Becker claims that she can show a continuing violation that enables

her to complain about conduct beyond the statutes of limitations.

Under the Equal Pay Act and Title VII a plaintiff may rely upon conduct outside of the statute of limitations if she can show a continuing

violation. See, e.g., Tinsley v. First Union Nat’l Bank, 155 F.3d 435,

442 (4th Cir. 1998); Brinkley-Obu, 36 F.3d at 347. However, in order

to take advantage of the continuing violation principle, the plaintiff

must show an actual Title VII or Equal Pay Act violation within the

statutes of limitations. See, e.g., Tinsley, 155 F.3d at 442. As we will

discuss in part III, Becker cannot show a violation within the statutes

4 BECKER v. GANNETT SATELLITE INFORMATION NETWORK
of limitations. Accordingly, the court did not err in failing to consider,

under the continuing violation principle, conduct outside of the limitations periods. 

Becker also argues that the district court should have equitably

tolled the three-year and three-hundred-day statutes of limitations.

Equitable tolling is available only in the rare instances in which "the

defendant has wrongfully deceived or misled the plaintiff in order to

conceal the existence of a cause of action." C.M. English v. Pabst

Brewing Co., 828 F.2d 1047, 1049 (4th Cir. 1987). USA Today’s salary structure is confidential, and Becker claims that USA Today wilfully concealed the fact that Woodward and other comparable male

colleagues were paid more. However, Becker’s complaints of unfair

pay on account of her sex are longstanding. Only a few months after

she was hired, Becker filed a written complaint with the paper claiming that she was being unfairly paid relative to Woodward on account

of her sex. Becker subsequently complained during each of her annual

evaluations that she was being unfairly paid. Therefore, Becker was

not deceived; she knew that she had a potential cause of action as far

back as 1982. Accordingly, the district court did not err in failing to

equitably toll the statutes of limitations. 

III.

Becker challenges the district court’s conclusion that to the extent

her pay disparity claims are timely filed, she cannot show a violation

of the Equal Pay Act or Title VII. The court held that Becker cannot

show any actual pay disparity. In the alternative, the court held that

Woodward and Becker did not share comparable jobs. Becker challenges both conclusions. We need not reach the question of whether

there was an actual pay disparity because Becker cannot show that

she was unfairly paid relative to a comparable male employee. 

"A plaintiff may assert claims based on unequal pay for equal work

under both the Equal Pay Act and Title VII." Brinkley-Obu, 36 F.3d

at 343. Under the Equal Pay Act a plaintiff must show that the

employer paid more to an employee of the opposite sex "for equal

work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort,

and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working

conditions." 29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1). Under Title VII a plaintiff’s burBECKER v. GANNETT SATELLITE INFORMATION NETWORK 5
den of showing that she shared a comparable job with a male

employee is relaxed. See Brinkley-Obu, 36 F.3d at 343. She need only

show that "the job she occupied was similar to higher paying jobs

occupied by males." Id.

We do not think that Becker can meet either the Equal Pay Act or

Title VII standard for showing that she was unfairly paid relative to

a comparable male employee. Becker claims that she was paid less

than her fellow male assistant editors when she was promoted to

Assistant Golf and Tennis Editor. Because Becker was promoted in

1999, this claim is within the Equal Pay Act and Title VII statutes of

limitations. When Becker was promoted, she was paid less than all

but one male editor. It appears that the district court overlooked this

claim. However, after reviewing the record, it is clear to us that

Becker has offered no evidence in support of this claim. Becker has

not presented any meaningful comparison of her job responsibilities

with any specific male editor. 

Becker, however, primarily complains that she was unfairly paid

relative to Woodward when they were Olympic reporters. Woodward

was an Olympic reporter for USA Today from 1986 until his resignation in 1994. Becker was assigned the Olympics beat on a regular

basis from 1995 until 1999. This time frame includes the limitations

periods. Becker claims that she was paid less compared to Woodward

even though they were both Olympic reporters. However, Becker and

Woodward had quite different responsibilities as Olympic reporters.

Becker covered only gymnastics and figure skating. Woodward covered all aspects of the Olympics, including reporting on the political

and business side of the Games. Indeed, on average Woodward wrote

sixty-seven percent more Olympic articles per year than Becker did

for the period that they were Olympic reporters. Further, Woodward

regularly wrote columns on sports television and the Olympics.

Becker did not write a column for the paper. In light of these differences, we cannot conclude that Becker and Woodward had comparable jobs under either the Equal Pay Act or Title VII standard. 

Finally, Becker claims that she was unfairly paid compared to

Woodward when they were initially hired in 1982. However, this

period is well beyond the Equal Pay Act and Title VII statutes of limitations. Because Becker cannot show a violation within the statutes

6 BECKER v. GANNETT SATELLITE INFORMATION NETWORK
of limitations, she cannot rely upon the continuing violation principle.

Therefore, Becker may not complain about her pay disparity in her

early days with the paper. In conclusion, Becker cannot show that she

was unfairly paid relative to any comparable male colleague within

the statutes of limitations. Accordingly, the district court did not err

in granting USA Today’s motion for summary judgment on her Equal

Pay Act and Title VII pay disparity claims. 

IV.

Finally, Becker argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on her retaliation claim. Becker claims that USA

Today retaliated against her for filing this suit by failing to send her

to Sydney to cover the 2000 Summer Olympics. The district court

held that Becker did not suffer an adverse employment action. We

agree. To establish a prima facie claim of retaliation under Title VII,

a plaintiff in part must show that she suffered an adverse employment

action. See, e.g., EEOC v. R&R Ventures, 244 F.3d 334, 341 (4th Cir.

2001). The action must amount to more than a nondetrimental or

insignificant alteration of job responsibilities. See Von Gunten v.

Maryland, 243 F.3d 858, 866 (4th Cir. 2001) ("Adverse employment

action includes any retaliatory act or harassment if, but only if, that

act or harassment results in an adverse effect on the ‘terms, conditions, or benefits’ of employment." (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3)).

At the time USA Today made its decision on whom to send to Sydney, Becker no longer covered any Summer Olympics sports due to

her promotion. Because she did not cover any Summer Olympics

sports, USA Today’s failure to send her to Sydney did not significantly alter her job responsibilities in any detrimental or significant

way. Becker therefore did not suffer any adverse employment action.

Accordingly, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment on Becker’s retaliation claim. 

V.

For the foregoing reasons, the order granting USA Today’s motion

for summary judgment is affirmed. 

AFFIRMED

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