### March 2011

EPA/ 600/R-10/076A



# Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and

Related Photochemical Oxidants

National Center for Environmental Assessment

- RTP Division Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Resea rch Triangle Park, NC

# Disclaimer

This document is the first external review draft for review purposes only and does not constitute

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does

not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

March 2011 ii

# Table of Contents

L IST OF 

## T ABLES



## _________________________________________________________ XIII



## L IST OF 

## F IGURES



## ________________________________________________________ XVII



## O ZONE 

## P ROJECT 

## T EAM



## __________________________________________________ XXVIII



## A UTHORS 

## , C ONTRIBUTORS



## , AND 

## R EVIEWERS



## ___________________________________ XXXI



## C LEAN 

## A IR 

## S CIENTIFIC 

## A DVISORY 

## C OMMITTEE 

## O ZONE 

## NAAQS R EVIEW 

## P ANEL



## ________ XXXVI



## A CRONYMS AND 

## A BBREVIATIONS



## __________________________________________ XXXVIII



## C HAPTER 

## 1. I NTRODUCTION



## ________________________________________________ 1-1

1.1. Legislative Requirements

________________________________________________________ 1-2

1.2. History of the NAAQS for Ozone

__________________________________________________ 1-4

1.3. ISA Development

______________________________________________________________ 1-7

1.4. Document Organizatio n

________________________________________________________ 1- 11

1.5. Document Scope

_____________________________________________________________ 1- 12

1.6. EPA Framework for Causal Determination

_________________________________________ 1- 12

1.6.1. Scientific Evidence Used in Establishing Causality

____________________________ 1- 13

1.6.2. Association and Causation

_______________________________________________ 1- 14

1.6.3. Evaluating Evidence for Inferring Causation

________________________________ _ 1- 14

1.6.4. Application of Framework for Causal Determination

___________________________ 1- 18

1.6.5. Determination of Causality

_______________________________________________ 1- 20

1.6.5. 1. Effects on Human Populations

____________________________________ 1- 22

1.6.5.2. Effects on Ecosystems or Public Welfare

____________________________ 1- 24

1.6.6. Concepts in Evaluating Adversity of Health Effects

____________________________ 1- 24

1.7. Summary ___________________________________________________________________ 1- 25

References______________________________________________________________________ 1- 26



## C HAPTER 

## 2. I NTEGRATIVE 

## H EALTH AND 

## W ELFARE 

## E FFECTS 

## O VERVIEW



## _______________ 2-1

2.1. Atm ospher ic Chemistry and Ambient Concentrations

________________________________ _ 2-2

2.1.1. Physical and Chemical Processes

__________________________________________ 2-3

2.1.1.1. Gas Phase Reactions Leading to Ozone Formation and Loss

____________ 2-3

2.1.1.2. Sources of Precursors Involved in Ozone Formation

____________________ 2-4

2.1.2. Atmospheric Modeling

____________________________________________________ 2-4

2.1.3. Policy Relevant Background Concentrations

__________________________________ 2-5

2.1.3.1. Contributions from anthropogenic emissions outside North America

_______ 2-6

2.1.3.2. Contributions from the stratosphere

________________________________ _ 2-6

2.1.3.3. Natural sources of precursors to PRB Ozone formation

_________________ 2-6

2.1.3.4. Estimating PRB Concentrations

____________________________________ 2-7 2.1.4. Monitoring _____________________________________________________________ 2-8

2.1.4. 1. Routine Monitoring Techniques

_____________________________________ 2-8

2.1.4.2. Ambient Ozone Network Design

____________________________________ 2-8

2.1.5. Ambient Concentrations

__________________________________________________ 2-9

March 2011 iii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE2.1.5.1. Urban

- Focused Spatial Variability

___________________________________ 2-9

2.1.5.2. Rural

- Focused Spatial Variability

__________________________________ 2- 10

2.1.5.3. National Trends

________________________________________________ 2- 11

2.1.5.4. Hourly Variations

_______________________________________________ 2- 11

2.1.5.5. Associations with Co

- pollutants____________________________________ 2- 12

2.2. Human Exposure

_____________________________________________________________ 2- 12

2.2.1. Exposure Measu rement _________________________________________________ 2- 12

2.2.1.1. Measurement of Ozone Exposure

________________________________ _ 2- 12

2.2.1.2. Co

- Exposure to Ozone and Other Pollutants

_________________________ 2- 14

2.2.2. Exposure Modeling

_____________________________________________________ 2- 14

2.2.3. Implications for Epidemiologic Studies

______________________________________ 2- 15

2.3. Dosimetry and Mode of Action

___________________________________________________ 2- 16

2.3.1. Human and Animal Ozone Dosimetry

______________________________________ 2- 16

2.3.2. Possible Pathways/ Modes of Act ion

________________________________________ 2- 17

2.4. Health Effects

________________________________________________________________ 2- 21

2.4.1. Effects of Short

- Term Exposure to Ozone

___________________________________ 2- 21

2.4.1.1. Respiratory Effects

______________________________________________ 2- 21

2.4.1.2. Cardiovascular Effects

___________________________________________ 2- 25

2.4.1.3. Central Nervous System Effects

___________________________________ 2- 25

2.4.1.4. Mortality ______________________________________________________ 2- 26

2.4.2. Effects of Long

- Term Exposure to Ozone

___________________________________ 2- 28

2.4.2.1. Respiratory Effects

______________________________________________ 2- 28

2.4.2.2. Cardiovascular Effects

___________________________________________ 2- 29

2.4.2.3. Reproductive and Developmental Effects

____________________________ 2- 29

2.4.2.4. Central Nervous System Effects

___________________________________ 2- 30

2.4.2.5. Cancer, Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity

_____________________________ 2- 30

2.4.2.6. Mortality ______________________________________________________ 2- 31

2.5. Policy Relevant Considerations

__________________________________________________ 2- 31

2.5.1. Potentially Susceptible Populations

________________________________________ 2- 31

2.5.2. Lag Structure of Ozone

- Morbidity and Ozone

- Mortality Associations

______________ 2- 32

2.5.2. 1. Ozone

- Respiratory Effect Assoc iations

_____________________________ 2- 33

2.5.2.2. Ozone

- Mortal ity Associations

_____________________________________ 2- 33

2.5.3. Ozone Concentration

- Response Relat ionship

________________________________ 2- 34

2.5.3. 1. Concentration

- Response Relationship Characterized by Controlled Human Exposure Studies

________________________________________ 2- 34

2.5.3.2. Concentration

- Response Relationship Characterized by Epidemiologic Studies _______________________________________________________ 2- 34

2.6. Integration of Ozone Health Effects

_______________________________________________ 2- 35

2.6.1. Respirato ry Health Effects

_______________________________________________ 2- 38

2.6.2. Mortality Effects

________________________________________________________ 2- 45

2.6.3. Cardiovascular Health Effects

____________________________________________ 2- 46

2.6.4. Central Nervous System Effects

___________________________________________ 2- 46

2.6.5. Reproductive and Developmental Effects

___________________________________ 2- 46

2.6.6. Cancer and Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity

__________________________________ 2- 47

2.7. Effects on Vegetation and Ecosystems

____________________________________________ 2- 47

2.7.1. Mechan isms Governing Response

_________________________________________ 2- 49

2.7.2. Nature of Effects on Vegetation

___________________________________________ 2- 52

2.7.2. 1. Effects on Woody and Herbaceous Vegetation

_______________________ 2- 52

2.7.2.2. Agricultural Crops

______________________________________________ 2- 55

2.7.2.3. Factors That Modify Functional and Growth Response

_________________ 2- 55

2.7.3. Ecosystems and Services

________________________________________________ 2- 56

2.7.3. 1. Productivity and Carbon Sequestration

_____________________________ 2- 56

2.7.3.2. Water Cycling

__________________________________________________ 2- 57

2.7.3.3. Below

- Ground Processes

________________________________________ 2- 57

2.7.3.4. Community Composition

_________________________________________ 2- 58

March 2011 iv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE2.7.4. Air Quality Indices

______________________________________________________ 2- 59

2.7.4.1. Modeled Ozone Deposition or "Flux"

_______________________________ 2- 60

2.7.4.2. Night

- T ime Exposures

___________________________________________ 2- 60

2.7.5. Exposure

- Response

____________________________________________________ 2- 60

2.8. The Role of Tropospheric Ozone in Climate Change and UV

- B Effects

__________________ 2- 62

2.8.1. Tropospheric Ozone as a Greenhouse Gas

________________________________ _ 2- 62

2.8.2. Tropospheric Ozone and UV

- B related effects

________________________________ 2- 63

2.9. Summary of Causal Determinations for Health Effects and Welfare Effects

_______________ 2- 64

References______________________________________________________________________ 2- 66



## C HAPTER 

## 3. A TMOSPHERIC 

## C HEMISTRY AND 

## A MBIENT 

## C ONCENTRATIONS



## ______________ 3-1

3.1. Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 3-1

3.2. Physical and Chemical Processes

________________________________________________ 3-1

3.2.1. Sources of Precursors Involved in Ozone Formation

___________________________ 3-4

3.2.2. Gas Phase Reactions Leading to Ozone Formation

____________________________ 3-8

3.2.3. Multiphase Processes

___________________________________________________ 3- 12

3.2.4. Temperature and Chemical Precursor Relationships

__________________________ 3- 13

3.3. Atmospheric Modeling

_________________________________________________________ 3- 17

3.3.1. Global Scale CTM s

_____________________________________________________ 3- 23

3.4. Policy Relevant Background Concentrations

_______________________________________ 3- 25

3.4.1. Contributions from Anthropogenic Emissions Outside North America

_____________ 3- 26

3.4.2. Contributions from the Stratosphere________________________________________ 3- 29

3.4.2. 1. Other Natural Sources of Precursors to PRB Ozone Formation

__________ 3- 30

3.4.3. Estimating PRB Concentrations

___________________________________________ 3- 31

3.5. Monitoring ___________________________________________________________________ 3- 40

3.5.1. Routine Monitoring Techniques

___________________________________________ 3- 40

3.5.2. Precision and Bias

_____________________________________________________ 3- 42

3.5.2.1. Precision from Co

- located UV Ozone Monitors in Missouri

______________ 3- 44

3.5.3

. Performance Specifications

______________________________________________ 3- 46

3.5.4. Monitor Calibration

_____________________________________________________ 3- 46

3.5.5. Other Monitoring Techniques

_____________________________________________ 3- 47

3.5.5.1. Portable UV Ozone Monitors

______________________________________ 3- 47

3.5.5.2. Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation Model 265E CLM

_________ 3- 48

3.5.5.3. Passive Air Sampling Devices and Sensors

__________________________ 3- 48

3.5.5.4. Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometry

_________________________ 3- 49

3.5.5.5. Satellite Remote Sensing

________________________________________ 3- 50

3.5.6. Ambient Ozone Network Design

__________________________________________ 3- 50

3.5.6.1. Monitor Siting Requirements

______________________________________ 3- 50

3.5.6.2. Pro be/Inlet Siting Requirements

___________________________________ 3- 54

3.6. Ambient Concentrations

________________________________________________________ 3- 55

3.6.1. Measurement Units, Metrics, and Averaging Times

___________________________ 3- 55

3.6.2. Spatial Variability

_______________________________________________________ 3- 57

3.6.2.1. Urban

- Focused Var iability

________________________________________ 3- 57

3.6.2.2. Rural

- Focused Variability and Ground

- Level Vertical Gradients

__________ 3- 86

3.6.3. Temporal Variability

_____________________________________________________ 3- 93

3.6.3. 1. Multiyear Trends

_______________________________________________ 3- 93

3.6.3.2. Hourly Variations

_______________________________________________ 3- 95

3.6.4. Associations with Co

- pollutants ___________________________________________ 3- 97

3.7. Chapter 3 References

________________________________________________________ 3- 100

3.8. Chapter 3 Appendix

– Supplemental Figures and Tables

_____________________________ 3- 111

3.8.1. Time Series of GEOS

- Chem Model Predictions and Observations at Selected
CASTNET Sites

_______________________________________________________ 3- 111

March 2011 v DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE3.8.2. Ozone Monitor Maps for the Urban Focus Cities

_____________________________ 3- 119

3.8.3. Ozone Concentration Box Plots for the Urban Focus Cities

____________________ 3- 139

3.8.4. Ozone Concentration Relationships for the Urban Focus Cities

_________________ 3- 152

3.8.5. Hourly Variations in Ozone for the Urban Focus Cities

________________________ 3- 193



## C HAPTER 

## 4. E XPOSURE TO 

## A MBIENT 

## O ZONE



## ___________________________________ 4-1

4.1. Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 4-1

4.2. General Exposure C oncepts

_____________________________________________________ 4-1

4.3. Exposure Measurement

_________________________________________________________ 4-3

4.3.1. Personal Monitoring Techniques

____________________________________________ 4-3

4.3.2. Indoor

- Outdoor Concentration Relationships

__________________________________ 4-4

4.3.3. Personal

- Ambient Concentration Relationships

_______________________________ 4-5

4.3.3.1. Personal

- Ambient Correlations

_____________________________________ 4-5

4.3.3.2. Personal

- Ambient Rat ios__________________________________________ 4-7

4.3.4. Co

- Exposure to Other Pollutants and Environmental Stressors

___________________ 4-8

4.3.4.1. Personal Exposure to Ozone and Co

- pol lutants _______________________ 4-8

4.3.4.2. Near

- Road Exposure to Ozone and Co

- pollutants______________________ 4-9

4.3.4.3. Indoor Exposure to Ozone and Co

- pol lutants ________________________ 4- 10

4.3.5. Population Proximity to Fixed

- Site Ozone Monitors

___________________________ 4- 10

4.4. Exposure Modeling

____________________________________________________________ 4- 12

4.4.1. Concentration Surf ace Model ing __________________________________________ 4- 12

4.4.2. Microenvironmental Models

______________________________________________ 4- 14

4.4.3. Hybrid Model Approaches

________________________________________________ 4- 17

4.5. Implications for Epidemiologic Studies

____________________________________________ 4- 17

4.5.1. Exposure Measurement Error

_____________________________________________ 4- 17

4.5.2. Nonambient Ozone Exposure

_____________________________________________ 4- 18

4.5.3. Spatiotemporal Variability

________________________________________________ 4- 18

4.5.3. 1. Spatial Variability

_______________________________________________ 4- 18

4.5.3.2. Seasonality

____________________________________________________ 4- 19

4.5.4. Exposure to Co

- pollutants and Ozone Reaction Products

______________________ 4- 20

4.5.5. Exposure Estimation Methods in Epidemiologic Studies

________________________ 4- 20

4.6. Summary and Conclusions

_____________________________________________________ 4- 21

4.6.1. Exposure Measurement

_________________________________________________ 4- 21

4.6.1. 1. Measurement of Ozone Exposure

________________________________ _ 4- 21

4.6.1.2. Co

- Exposure to Ozone and Other Pollu tants _________________________ 4- 23

4.6.2. Exposure Modeling

_____________________________________________________ 4- 23

4.6.3. Implications for Epidemiologic Studies

______________________________________ 4- 24

References______________________________________________________________________ 4- 26



## C HAPTER 

## 5. D OSIMETRY AND 

## M OD E OF 

## A CTION



## ________________________________ _ 5-1

5.1. Human and Animal Ozone Dosimetry

______________________________________________ 5-1

5.1.1. Introduction ____________________________________________________________ 5-1

5.1.2. Ozone Reactions and Reaction Products

____________________________________ 5-2

5.1.2.1. Summary of Findings from 2006 Ozone AQCD

________________________ 5-2

5.1.2.2. Recent Publications

______________________________________________ 5-6

5.1.3. Ozone Uptake

__________________________________________________________ 5-7

5.1.3.1. Summary of Findings from the 2006 Ozone AQCD

_____________________ 5-7

5.1.3.2. Recent Publications

_____________________________________________ 5- 15

5.1.4. Species Homology, Sensitivity, and Animal

- to

- Human Dose Extrapolation

_________ 5- 16

5.1.4.1. Summary of Findings from 2006 Ozone AQCD

_______________________ 5- 16

5.1.4.2. Recent Publications

_____________________________________________ 5- 19

5.2. Possible Pathways/Modes of Action

______________________________________________ 5- 21

5.2.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 5- 21

March 2011 vi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE5.2.2. Formation of Secondary Oxidation Products in the Respiratory Tract

_____________ 5- 22

5.2.2.1. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 28

5.2.3. Activation of Neural Reflexes

_____________________________________________ 5- 29

5.2.3.1. New Cellular and Molecular Insights

________________________________ 5- 32

5.2.3.2. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 33

5.2.4. Respiratory Tract Injury and Inflammation

___________________________________ 5- 33

5.2.4. 1. New Cellular and Molecular Insights

________________________________ 5- 39

5.2.4.2. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 40

5.2.5. Increased Bronchial Reactivity

____________________________________________ 5- 41

5.2.5. 1. New Cellular and Molecular Insights

________________________________ 5- 42

5.2.5.2. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 44

5.2.6. Exace rbat ion and Induction of Asthma and Allergic Responses

__________________ 5- 44

5.2.6. 1. New Cellular and Molecular Insights

________________________________ 5- 47

5.2.6.2. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 49

5.2.7. Impaired Host Defense

__________________________________________________ 5- 50

5.2.7. 1. New Cellular and Molecular Insights

________________________________ 5- 51

5.2.7.2. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 51

5.2.8. Extrapulmonary Effects

__________________________________________________ 5- 52

5.2.8. 1. Cardiovascular Effec ts

___________________________________________ 5- 52

5.2.8.2. Hepatic Effects

_________________________________________________ 5- 53

5.2.8.3. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 54

5.2.9. Factors Affecting Responses to Ozone

_____________________________________ 5- 54

5.2.9.1. Gene

- Environment I nteract ions____________________________________ 5- 54

5.2.9.2. Preexisting Diseases and Conditions

_______________________________ 5- 56

5.2.9.3. Lifestage: Postnatal development

__________________________________ 5- 57

5.2.9.4. Lifestage: Aging

________________________________________________ 5- 59

5.2.9.5. Adaptation ____________________________________________________ 5- 59

5.2.9.6. Co

- Exposures with Particulate Matter

_______________________________ 5- 59

5.2.9.7. Summary _____________________________________________________ 5- 60

5.2.10. Overal l Summary_______________________________________________________ 5- 60

5.2.11. Gaps in Knowledge

_____________________________________________________ 5- 61

References______________________________________________________________________ 5- 62



## C HAPTER 

## 6. I NTEGRATED 

## H EALTH 

## E FFECTS OF 

## S HORT 

## -T ERM 

## O ZONE 

## E XPOSURE



## ________ 6-1

6.1. Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 6-1

6.2. Respiratory Effects

_____________________________________________________________ 6-1

6.2.1. Lung Function

__________________________________________________________ 6-3

6.2.1.1. Controlled Human Exposure

_______________________________________ 6-3

6.2.1.2. Epidemiology __________________________________________________ 6- 16

6.2.1.3. Toxicology ____________________________________________________ 6- 39

6.2.2. Airway Hyperresponsiveness

_____________________________________________ 6- 40

6.2.2. 1. Controlled Human Exposures

_____________________________________ 6- 40

6.2.2.2. Toxicology ____________________________________________________ 6- 41

6.2.3. Pulmonary Inflammation, Injury and Oxidative Stress

__________________________ 6- 43

6.2.3. 1. Controlled Human Exposures

_____________________________________ 6- 43

6.2.3.2. Epidemiology __________________________________________________ 6- 46

6.2.3.3. Toxicology ____________________________________________________ 6- 56

6.2.4. Respiratory Symptoms and Medication Use

________________________________ _ 6- 59

6.2.4. 1. Epidemiology __________________________________________________ 6- 59

6.2.4.2. Summary of Epidemiologic Studies of Respiratory Symptoms and

Asthma Medication Use

__________________________________________ 6- 69

6.2.5. Lung Host Defenses

____________________________________________________ 6- 70

6.2.5.1. Mucociliary Clearance

___________________________________________ 6- 71

6.2.5.2. Alveolobronchiolar Transport Mechanism

___________________________ 6- 71

6.2.5.3. Alveolar Macrophages

___________________________________________ 6- 72

6.2.5.4. Infection and Adaptive Immunity

___________________________________ 6- 73

March 2011 vii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE6.2.6. Allergic and Asthma

- Related Responses

____________________________________ 6- 74

6.2.7. Hospital Admissions, Emergency Department Visits, and Physicia ns V isits

________ 6- 75

6.2.7.1. Summary of Findings from 2006 Ozone AQCD

_______________________ 6- 75

6.2.7.2. Hospital Admission Studies

_______________________________________ 6- 78

6.2.7.3. Emergency Department Visit Studies

_______________________________ 6- 87

6.2.7.4. Outpatient and Physician Visit Studies

______________________________ 6- 92

6.2.7.5. Summary _____________________________________________________ 6- 92

6.2.8. Respiratory Mortality

____________________________________________________ 6- 96

6.2.9. Summary and Causal Determi nation

_______________________________________ 6- 97

6.3. Cardiovascular Effects

________________________________________________________ 6- 101

6.3.1. Controlled Human Exposure

_____________________________________________ 6- 101

6.3.2. Epidemiology _________________________________________________________ 6- 102

6.3.2.1. Arrhythmia

___________________________________________________ 6- 102

6.3.2.2. Heart Rate/Heart Rate Variability

________________________________ _ 6- 104

6.3.2.3. Stroke _______________________________________________________ 6- 107

6.3.2.4. Biomarkers ___________________________________________________ 6- 109

6.3.2.5. Myocardial Infarction (MI)

_______________________________________ 6- 113

6.3.2.6. Blood Pressure

________________________________________________ 6- 113

6.3.2.7. Hospital Admissions and Emergency Department Visits

_______________ 6- 114

6.3.2.8. Cardiovascular Mortality

________________________________________ 6- 127

6.3.2.9. Summary of Epidemiologic Studies

_______________________________ 6- 128

6.3.3. Toxicology ___________________________________________________________ 6- 128

6.3.3.1. Summary of Findings from Previous Ozone AQCDs

__________________ 6- 128

6.3.3.2. Recent Ozone

- induce d Cardiovascular Effects

______________________ 6- 129

6.3.4. Summary and Causal Determination

______________________________________ 6- 133

6.4. Central Nervous System Effects

________________________________________________ 6- 134

6.4.1. Neuroendocrine Effects

_________________________________________________ 6- 137

6.4.2. Summary and Causal Determination

______________________________________ 6- 137

6.5. Effects on Other Organ Systems

________________________________________________ 6- 138

6.5.1. Effects on the Liver and Xenobiotic Metabolism

_____________________________ 6- 138

6.5.2. Effects on Cutaneous and Ocular Tissues

__________________________________ 6- 139

6.6. Mortality ___________________________________________________________________ 6- 139

6.6.1. Summary of Findings from 2006 Ozone AQCD

______________________________ 6- 13 9

6.6.2. Associations of Mortality and Short

- Term Ozone Exposure

____________________ 6- 140

6.6.2.1. Confounding__________________________________________________ 6- 144

6.6.2.2. Effect Modification

_____________________________________________ 6- 152

6.6.2.3. Interaction____________________________________________________ 6- 160

6.6.2.4. Evalua t ion of the Ozone

- Mortality C

- R Relationship and Related Issues

__ 6- 161

6.6.2.5. Associations of Cause

- Specific Mortality and Short

- term Ozone Exposure ____________________________________________________ 6- 170

6.6.3. Summary and Causal Determination

______________________________________ 6- 174

6.7. Overall Summary

____________________________________________________________ 6- 176

References_____________________________________________________________________ 6- 177



## C HAPTER 

## 7. I NTEGRATED 

## H EALTH 

## E FFECTS OF 

## L ONG 

## -T ERM 

## O ZONE 

## E XPOSURE



## _________ 7-1

7.1. Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 7-1

7.2. Respiratory Effects

_____________________________________________________________ 7-1

7.2.1. New Onset Asthma

______________________________________________________ 7-2

7.2.2. Asthma Hospital Admissions and ED Visits

___________________________________ 7-9

7.2.3. Pulmonary Struc ture and Funct ion

_________________________________________ 7- 11

7.2.3.1. Evidence from Toxicological Studies

_______________________________ 7- 14

7.2.4. Pulmonary Inflammation, Injury, and Oxidative Stress

_________________________ 7- 17

7.2.5. Allergic Responses

_____________________________________________________ 7- 19

7.2.6. Host Defense

__________________________________________________________ 7- 20

March 2011 viii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE7.2.7. Respiratory Mortality

____________________________________________________ 7- 20

7.2.8. Summary and Causal Determination

_______________________________________ 7- 20

7.3. Cardiovascular Effects

_________________________________________________________ 7- 23

7.3.1. Cardiovascular Disease

_________________________________________________ 7- 23

7.3.1.1. Cardiovascular Epidemiology

_____________________________________ 7- 23

7.3.1.2. Long

- Term Cardiovascular Toxicology

______________________________ 7- 24

7.3.2

. Cardiac Mortality

_______________________________________________________ 7- 26

7.3.3. Summary and Causal Determination

_______________________________________ 7- 26

7.4. Reproductive and Developmental Effects

__________________________________________ 7- 26

7.4.1. Effects on Sperm

_______________________________________________________ 7- 27

7.4.2. Effects on Reproduction

_________________________________________________ 7- 28

7.4.3. Birth Weight

___________________________________________________________ 7- 29

7.4.4. Preterm Birth

__________________________________________________________ 7- 33

7.4.5. Fetal Growth

__________________________________________________________ 7- 37

7.4.6. Birth Defects

__________________________________________________________ 7- 40

7.4.7. Developmental Respiratory Effects

________________________________________ 7- 42

7.4.8. Developmental Central Nervous System Effects

______________________________ 7- 45

7.4.8. 1. Laterality______________________________________________________ 7- 45

7.4.8.2. Brain Morphology and Neurochemical Changes

______________________ 7- 45

7.4.8.3. Neurobehavioral Outcomes

_______________________________________ 7- 46

7.4.8.4. Sleep Aberrations after Developmental Ozone Exposure

_______________ 7- 46

7.4.9. Early Life Mortality

______________________________________________________ 7- 47

7.4.9.1. Stillbirth

_______________________________________________________ 7- 47

7.4.9.2. Infant Mortality, Less than 1 Year

__________________________________ 7- 48

7.4.9.3. Neonatal Mortality, Less than 1 Month

______________________________ 7- 48

7.4.9.4. Postneonatal Mortality, 1 Month to 1 Year

___________________________ 7- 48

7.4.9.5. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

___________________________________ 7- 50

7.4.10. Summary and Causal Determination

_______________________________________ 7- 52

7.5. Central Nervous System Effects

_________________________________________________ 7- 53

7.5.1. Effects on the Brain and Behavior

_________________________________________ 7- 53

7.5.2. Summary and Causal Determination

_______________________________________ 7- 54

7.6. Carcinogenic and Genotoxic Potential of Ozone

____________________________________ 7- 54

7.6.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 7- 54

7.6.2. Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality

_______________________________________ 7- 56

7.6.3. DNA Damage

__________________________________________________________ 7- 57
7.6.4. Summar y and Causal Determination

_______________________________________ 7- 59

7.7. Mortality ____________________________________________________________________ 7- 59

7.7.1. Summary and Causal Determination

_______________________________________ 7- 62

References______________________________________________________________________ 7- 63



## C HAPTER 

## 8. P OPULATIONS 

## S USCEPTIBLE TO 

## O ZONE



## - RELATED 

## H EALTH 

## E FFECTS



## ________ 8-1

8.1. Pre

- ex isting Disease/Conditions

__________________________________________________ 8-2

8.1.1. Influenza/Infections ______________________________________________________ 8-3

8.1.2. Asthma/Corticosteroid Use

________________________________________________ 8-3

8.1.3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

_______________________________ 8-5

8.1.4. Cardiovascular Disease

__________________________________________________ 8-6

8.1.5. Diabetes_______________________________________________________________ 8-7

8.2. Lifestage _____________________________________________________________________ 8-7

8.2.1. Children _______________________________________________________________ 8-7

8.2.2. Older Adults

___________________________________________________________ 8- 10

8.3. Sex ________________________________________________________________________ 8- 12

8.4. Genetics ____________________________________________________________________ 8- 14

March 2011 ix DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE8.5. Diet ________________________________________________________________________ 8- 16

8.6. Body Mass Index

_____________________________________________________________ 8- 17

8.7. Socioeconomic Status

_________________________________________________________ 8- 18

8.8. Air Conditioning Use

__________________________________________________________ 8- 20

8.9. Involvement in Outdoor Activities

_________________________________________________ 8- 20

8.10. Race/Ethnicity ______________________________________________________________ 8- 21

8.11. Physical Conditioning

________________________________________________________ 8- 22

8.12. Smoking

___________________________________________________________________ 8- 22

8.13. Hyperthyroidism_____________________________________________________________ 8- 23

8.14. Summary __________________________________________________________________ 8- 23

References______________________________________________________________________ 8- 25



## C HAPTER 

## 9. E NVIRONMENTAL 

## E FFECTS 

## : O ZONE 

## E FFECTS ON 

## V EGETATION AND 

## E COSYSTEMS



## ________________________________________________________ 9-1

9.1. Introduction___________________________________________________________________ 9-1

9.2. Summary and Integration

________________________________________________________ 9-2

9.2.1. Introduction ____________________________________________________________ 9-2

9.2.2. Mechanisms Governing Response

__________________________________________ 9-5

9.2.3. Nature of Effects on Vegetation

____________________________________________ 9-8

9.2.3.1. Effects on Woody and Herbaceous Vegetation

________________________ 9-8

9.2.3.2. Agricultural Crops

______________________________________________ 9- 11

9.2.3.3. Factors That Modify Functional and Growth Response

_________________ 9- 12

9.2.4. Ecosystems and Services

________________________________________________ 9- 12

9.2.4.1. Productivity and Carbon Sequestration

_____________________________ 9- 12

9.2.4.2. Water Cycling

__________________________________________________ 9- 13

9.2.4.3. Below

- Ground Processes

________________________________________ 9- 14

9.2.4.4. Community Co mposition _________________________________________ 9- 14

9.2.5. Air Quality Indices

______________________________________________________ 9- 15

9.2.5.1. Modeled Ozone Deposition or "Flux"

_______________________________ 9- 16 9.2.5.2. Night

- Time Exposures

___________________________________________ 9- 17

9.2.6

. Exposure

- Response

____________________________________________________ 9- 17

9.3. Experimental Exposure Methodologies

____________________________________________ 9- 18

9.3.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 9- 18

9.3.2. “Indoor,” Controlled Environment, and Greenhouse Chambers

__________________ 9- 18

9.3.3. Field Chambers

________________________________________________________ 9- 19

9.3.4. Plume and FACE

- Type Systems

__________________________________________ 9- 21

9.3.5. Ambient Gradients

______________________________________________________ 9- 22

9.3.6. Comparative Studies

____________________________________________________ 9- 23

9.4. Mechanisms Governing Vegetation Response to Ozone

______________________________ 9- 24

9.4.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 9- 24

9.4.2. Ozone Uptake into the Leaf

______________________________________________ 9- 26

9.4.3. Cellular to Systemic Responses

___________________________________________ 9- 29

9.4.3. 1. Ozone Sensing and Signal Transduction

____________________________ 9- 29

9.4.3.2. Gene Expression Changes in Response to Ozone

____________________ 9- 31

9.4.3.3. Role of Phytohormones in Plant Response to Ozone

__________________ 9- 34

9.4.4. Detoxification

__________________________________________________________ 9- 37

9.4.4.1. Overview of Ozone

- Induced Defense Mechan isms

____________________ 9- 37

9.4.4.2. Role of Antioxidants in Plant Defense R esponses

_____________________ 9- 38

9.4.5. Effects on Primary and Secondary Metabolism

_______________________________ 9- 40

9.4.5.1. Light and Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis

_________________________ 9- 40

March 2011 x DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE9.4.5.2. Respiration and Dark Respirati on

__________________________________ 9- 41

9.4.5.3. Secondary Metabolism

__________________________________________ 9- 42

9.4.6. Changes in Stomatal Function

____________________________________________ 9- 45

9.5. Nature of Effects on Vegetation

__________________________________________________ 9- 46

9.5.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 9- 46

9.5.2. Effects on Woody and Herbaceous Vegetation

_______________________________ 9- 47

9.5.2.1. Growth and Biomass Allocation

___________________________________ 9- 47

9.5.2.2. Reproduction __________________________________________________ 9- 49

9.5.2.3. Visible Foliar Injury

______________________________________________ 9- 51

9.5.2.4. Leaf Gas Exchange

_____________________________________________ 9- 54

9.5.3. Agricultural Crops

______________________________________________________ 9- 54

9.5.3. 1. Yield

_________________________________________________________ 9- 55

9.5.3.2. Cro p Qual ity ___________________________________________________ 9-58

9.5.4. Factors that Modify Functional and Growth Response

_________________________ 9- 62

9.5.4.1. Genetics ______________________________________________________ 9- 62

9.5.4.2. Environmental Biological Factors

__________________________________ 9- 63

9.5.4.3. Physical Factors

________________________________________________ 9- 63

9.5.4.4. Interactions with other Pollutants

__________________________________ 9- 64

9.6. Effects of Ozone on Ecosystems and Services

_____________________________________ 9- 68

9.6.1. Ecosystem Sca le, Function, and Structure

__________________________________ 9- 68

9.6.1.1. Ecosystem Services

____________________________________________ 9- 69

9.6.1.2. Assessing Ozone Effects at Larger Spatial Scales

____________________ 9- 69

9.6.2. Productivity and Carbon Seques tration

_____________________________________ 9- 70

9.6.2. 1. Stand Scale

___________________________________________________ 9- 70

9.6.2.2. Regional and Global Scales

______________________________________ 9- 71

9.6.3. Water Cycling

_________________________________________________________ 9- 74

9.6.4. Below

- Ground Processes

________________________________________________ 9- 76

9.6.4.1. Litter Carbon Chemistry, Litter Nutrient and Their Ecosystem Budgets

____ 9- 77

9.6.4.2. Decomposer Metabolism and Litter Decomposition

____________________ 9- 78

9.6.4.3. Soil respiration and carbon formation

_______________________________ 9- 79

9.6.4.4. Nutrient cycling

_________________________________________________ 9- 82

9.6.4.5. Dissolved Organic Carbon and Biogenic Trace Gases Emission

_________ 9- 82

9.6.5. Competition and biod iversity

______________________________________________ 9- 83

9.6.5. 1. Forest ________________________________________________________ 9- 83

9.6.5.2. Grassland and Agricultural Land

___________________________________ 9- 84

9.6.5.3. Microbes

______________________________________________________ 9- 85

9.6.6. Insects and Wildlife

_____________________________________________________ 9- 86

9.6.6.1. Insects _______________________________________________________ 9- 86

9.6.6.2. Wildlife

_______________________________________________________ 9- 88

9.6.6.3. Indirect Effects on Wildlife

________________________________________ 9- 89

9.7. Effects

- Based Air Quality Exposure Indices and Dose Mode ling

________________________ 9- 92

9.7.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 9- 92

9.7.2. Description of Exposure Indices Available in the Literature

_____________________ 9- 93

9.7.3. Important Components of Exposure Indic es

________________________________ _ 9- 98

9.7.3.1. Role of Concentration

___________________________________________ 9- 98

9.7.3.2. Diurnal and Seasonal Exposure

__________________________________ 9- 102

9.7.4. Ozone Uptake/Dose Modeling for Vegetation

_______________________________ 9- 108

9.7.4. 1. Canopy Structure

______________________________________________ 9- 110

9.7.4.2. Site and Climate Factors

________________________________________ 9- 110

9.7.4.3. Plant Defense Mechanism
– Detox ification _________________________ 9- 110

9.8. Ozone Exposure

- Plant Resp onse Relat ionships ___________________________________ 9- 111

9.8.1. Introduction __________________________________________________________ 9- 111

9.8.2. 1996 and 2006 Ozone AQCDs Estimates Of Crop Yield Loss And Tree Seedling

Biomass Loss

________________________________________________________ 9- 114

9.8.3. Validati on of 1996 and 2006 Ozone AQCD Models and Methodology Using the

90 day 12

- h W126 and Current FACE Data.

________________________________ 9- 120

March 2011 xi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE9.8.3.1. Comparison of NCLAN

- Based Prediction and SoyFACE Data.

_________ 9- 122

9.8.3.2. Compari son of NHEERL/WED

- Based Prediction of Tree Biomass Response and Aspen FACE Data

________________________________ _ 9- 125

9.8.3.3. Exposure

- Response in a Gradient Study

___________________________ 9- 128

9.8.3.4. Meta

- analyses of growth and yield studies

__________________________ 9- 130

9.8.3.5. Additional exposure

- response data

________________________________ 9- 131

References_____________________________________________________________________ 9- 137



## C HAPTER 

## 10. T HE 

## R OLE OF 

## T ROPOSPHERIC 

## O ZONE IN 

## C LIMATE 

## C HANGE AND 

## UV -B E FFECTS



## _____________________________________________________ 10 -1

10.1. Introduction ________________________________________________________________ 10 -1

10.2. Effects of Tropospheric Ozone on Climate

________________________________________ 10 -1

10.2.1. Background ___________________________________________________________ 10 -1

10.2.2. Physics and Chemistry of Climate Change and Radiative Forcing

________________ 10 -2

10.2.2.1. Physics of Greenhouse Gases

____________________________________ 10 -2

10.2.2.2. Climate Change in the Recent Past

________________________________ 10 -2

10.2.2.3. Projections of Future Climate Change ______________________________ 10 -3

10.2.2.4. Metrics of Potential Climate Change ________________________________ 10 -4

10.2.2.5. Tropospheric Ozone as a Greenhouse Gas

__________________________ 10 -4

10.2.3. Factors that Influence the Effect of Tropospheric Ozone on Climate ______________ 10 -6

10.2.3. 1. Trends in the Burden of Tropospheric Ozone _________________________ 10 -7

10.2.3.2. The Effect of Surface Albedo on Ozone Forcing ______________________ 10 -9

10.2.3.3. The Effect of Vertical Distribution on Ozone Forcing

___________________ 10 -9

10.2.3.4. Feedback Factors that Alter the Climate Response to Changes in Ozone Forcing

_________________________________________________ 10 -9

10.2.3.5. Indirect Effects of Tropospheric Ozone on the Carbon C ycle

___________ 10

- 11

10.2.4. Competing Effects of Ozone Precursors on Climate

__________________________ 10

- 11

10.2.5. Calculating Radiative Forcing and Climate Response to Past Trends in Tropospheric Ozone ___________________________________________________ 10

- 11

10.2.6. Calculating the Radiative Forcing and Climate Response to Future Trends in Tropospheric Ozone

___________________________________________________ 10

- 13

10.2.6.1. Emissions of Anthropogenic Ozone Precursors across the 21st Century __ 10

- 14

10.2.6.2. Impact of 21st Century Trends in Emissions on Tropospheric Ozone

____ 10

- 15

10.2.6.3. Impact of 21st Century Climate on Tropospheric Ozone

_______________ 10

- 16

10.2.6.4. Radiative Forcing and Climate Response from 21st Century Trends in Tropospheric Ozone

___________________________________________ 10

- 16

10.2.7. Summary of the Effects of Tropospheric Ozone on Climate

____________________ 10

- 18

10.3. UV

- B Related Effects and Tropospheric Ozone

___________________________________ 10

- 18

10.3.1. Background __________________________________________________________ 10

- 18

10.3.2. Physics of UV Radiation and Flux

________________________________________ 10

- 19

10.3.3. Human Exposure and Susceptibility to Ultraviolet Radiation ___________________ 10

- 22

10.3.4. Human Health Effects due to UV

- B Radiation

_______________________________ 10

- 24

10.3.5. Ecosystem and Materials Damage Effects Due to UV

- B Radiation

______________ 10

- 25

10.3.6. UV

- B Related Effects Associated with Changes in Tropospheric Ozone Concentrations _______________________________________________________ 10

- 26

References_____________________________________________________________________ 10

- 29

March 2011 xii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

# List of Tables

Table 1

- 1. Summary of primary and secondary NAAQS promulgated for ozone during the period 1971

- 2008

_______________ 1-4

Table 1

- 2. Aspects to aid in judging causality

_______________________________________________________________ 1- 19

Table 1

- 3. Weight of evidence for causal determination

_______________________________________________________ 1- 21

Table 2

- 1. Summary of causal determinations for short

- term exposure to ozone

____________________________________ 2- 21

Table 2 -2. Summary of causal determinations for long

- term exposure to ozone

_____________________________________ 2- 28

Table 2

- 3. Summary of evidence from epidemiologic, controlled human exposure, and animal toxicological studies on the h ealth

effects associated with short

- and long

- term exposure to ozone

______________________________________ 2- 36

Table 2

- 4. Summary of ozone causal determinations for vegetation and ecosystem effects

____________________________ 2- 49

Table 2

- 5. Summary of ozone causal determinations by exposure duration and health outcome

________________________ 2- 64

Table 2

- 6. Summary of ozone causal determination for wel fare effects

___________________________________________ 2- 65

Table 2

- 7. Summary of ozone causal determination for climate change and UV

- B effects

_____________________________ 2- 65

Table 3

- 1. Seasonal means of the daily max 8

- h avg ozone concentrations in spring and summer at selected CASTNET and other National Park Service monitoring sites in the continental U.S. and in the U.S. Virgin Islands, in 2001. GEOS

- Chem
and PRB are included for comparison

__________________________________________________________ 3- 38

Table 3

- 2. Seasonal maximums of the daily max 8 -h avg ozone concentrations in spring and summer at selected CASTNET and other National Park Service monitoring sites in the continental U.S. and in the U.S. Virgin Islands, in 2001. GEOS

Chem and PRB are included for comparison

____________________________________________________ 3- 39

Table 3

- 3. Summary of monitors meeting 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix A Precision and Bias Goals

_______________________ 3- 43

Table 3

- 4. Performance specifications for ozone based in 40 CFR Part 53

________________________________________ 3- 46

Table 3

- 5. Summary of ozone data sets originating from AQS

__________________________________________________ 3- 59

Table 3

- 6. Nationwide distributions of ozone concentrations (ppb) from the year

- round data set

________________________ 3- 61

Table 3

- 7. N ationwide distributions of ozone concentrations (ppb) from the warm

- season data set

______________________ 3- 62

Table 3

- 8. Seasonally stratified distributions of 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) from the ye ar

- round data set (2007

- 2009) 3- 64

Table 3

- 9. Focus cities used in this and previous assessments

_________________________________________________ 3- 68

Table 3- 10. City

- specific distributions of 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) from the warm

- season data set (2007

- 2009) 3- 69

Table 3- 11. Rural focus areas

__________________________________________________________________________ 3- 87

Table 4

- 1. Fraction of the 2009 population living within a specified distance of an ozone monitor in selected U.S. cities

_______ 4- 11

Table 5

- 1. Human respiratory tract uptake efficienc y data

_______________________________________________________ 5-8

Table 6

- 1. Mean and upper percentile concentrations of ozone in epidemiologic studies examining lung function in populations with
increased outdoor exposures

________________________________________________________________ 6- 18

Table 6

- 2. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies represented in Figure 6 -3

________________________ 6- 21

Table 6

- 3. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies represented in Figure 6 -4

________________________ 6- 23

Table 6

- 4. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies represented in Figure 6 -5

________________________ 6- 24

Table 6

- 5. Mean and Upper Percentile Concentrations of Ozone in Epidemiologic Studies Examining Lung Function in Asthmatic

Children

________________________________________________________________________________ 6- 26

March 2011 xiii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTETable 6

- 6. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies represented in Figure 6 -6

________________________ 6- 27

Table 6

- 8. Mean and upper percent ile concentrations of ozone in epidemiologic studies examining lung function in asthmatic adults 6- 32

Table 6

- 9. Mean and upper percent ile concentrations of ozone in epidemiologic studies examining lung function in populations not Table 6

- 7. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies represented in Figure 6 -7

________________________ 6- 29

restricted to asthmatic subjects

_______________________________________________________________ 6- 33

Table 6

- 10. Add itional characteristics and quantitative data for studies represented in Figure 6 -8

_______________________ 6- 35

Table 6

- 11. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies presented in Figure 6 -9

_________________________ 6- 39

Table 6

- 12. Mean and upper percentile ozone concentrations in studies examining biological markers of airway inflammation and

oxidative stress

___________________________________________________________________________ 6- 48

Table 6

- 13. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies presented in Figure 6

- 10________________________ 6- 49

Table 6

- 14. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies presented in Figure 6

- 11 ________________________ 6- 51

Table 6

- 15. Mean and upper percentile ozone concentrations in studies examining respiratory symptoms, asthma medication use,
and activity levels

_________________________________________________________________________ 6- 60

Table 6

- 16. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies presented in Figure 6

- 12 ________________________ 6- 63

Table 6

- 17. Additional characte ristics and quantitative data for studies presented in Figure 6

- 13.________________________ 6- 67

Table 6

- 18. Additional characteristics and quantitative data for studies presented in Figure 6

- 14.________________________ 6- 69

Table 6

- 19. Mean and upper percentile concentrations of respiratory

- related hospital admission and emergency department visit

studies evaluated

_________________________________________________________________________ 6- 77

Table 6

- 20. Corresponding effect estimates for Figure 6

- 15 ____________________________________________________ 6- 82

Table 6

- 21. Corresponding Effect Estimates for Figure 6

- 19

____________________________________________________ 6- 94

Table 6

- 22. Corresponding effect estimates for Figure 6

- 20 ____________________________________________________ 6- 96

Table 6

- 23. Characterization of ozone concentrations (in ppb) from studies of arrhythmias

___________________________ 6- 102

Table 6

- 24. Characterization of ozone concentrations (in ppb) from studies of heart rate variability

_____________________ 6- 105

Table 6

- 25. Characterization of ozone concentrations (in ppb) from studies of biomarkers

____________________________ 6- 109

Table 6

- 26. Characterization of ozone concentrations (in ppb) from studies of blood pressure

_________________________ 6- 113

Table 6

- 27. Characterization of ozone concentrations (in ppb) from studies of HAs and ED visits

_______________________ 6- 115

Table 6

- 28. Odds ratio (95% CI) per increment ppb increase in ozone for overall cardiovascular ED visits or HAs in studies
presented in Figure 6

- 22. __________________________________________________________________ 6- 120

Table 6

- 29. Odds Ratio (95% CI) per increment ppb increase in ozone for congestive heart failure ED visits o r HAs for studies
presented in Figure 6

- 23___________________________________________________________________ 6- 122

Table 6

- 30. Odds Ratio (95% CI) per increment ppb increase in ozone for myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic heart disease, and
coronary hea rt disease ED visits or HAs for studies presented in Figure 6

- 24___________________________ 6- 124

Table 6

- 31. Odds Ratio (95% CI) per increment ppb increase in ozone for stroke ED visits or HAs for studies presented in Figure 6

­ 25 6- 126

Table 6

- 32. Odds Ratio (95% CI) per increment ppb* increase in ozone for arrhythmia and dysrhythmia ED visits or HAs for studies
presented in Figure 6

- 26___________________________________________________________________ 6- 127

Table 6

- 33. Corresponding effect estimates for Figure 6

- 27 ___________________________________________________ 6- 142

Table 6

- 34. Range of mean and upper percentile ozone concentrations in previous and recent multicity studies

___________ 6- 143

Table 6

- 35. Correlations between PM and ozone by season and region

__________________________________________ 6- 145

March 2011 xiv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTETable 6

- 36. Corre sponding Effect Estimates for Figure 6

- 30

___________________________________________________ 6- 150

Table 6

- 37. Sensitivity of ozone risk estimates per 10 μg/m 3 increase in 24 -h avg ozone concentrations at lag 0

- 1 to alternative
methods for adjustment of seasonal trend, for all

- cause mortality using Berkey MLE and TLNSE Hierarchical Models 6- 152

Table 6

- 38. Additional percent change in ozone

- related mortality for individual

- level su sceptibility factors

________________ 6- 154

Table 6

- 39. Percent change in all

- cause mortality, for all ages, associated with a 40

- ppb increase in 1

- h max ozone concentrations
at Lag 0

– 1 at the 25th and 75th percentile of the center

- specific distribution of selected effect modifiers

______ 6- 157

Table 6

- 40. Percentage increase in daily mortality for a 10

- ppb increase in 24

- h avg ozone concentrations during the previous week by geographic region in the U.S., 1987

- 2000

___________________________________________________ 6- 158

Table 6

- 41. Estimated effect of a 10

- ppb increase in 8

- h max ozone concentrations on mortality during the summer months for
single

- day and distributed lag models

_________________________________________________________ 6- 163

Table 6

- 42. Estimated percent increase in cause

- specific mortality (and 95% CIs) for a 10

- μg/m 3 increase in maximum 8

- h ozone
during June

- August, f or the same day (lag 0), the average of the same and previous day (lag 0

- 1), the unconstra ined distributed lag model for the sum of 0

- 20 days and the penalized distributed lag model (lag 0

- 20)

___________ 6- 165

Table. 6

- 43. Percent excess all

- cause mortality per 10

- ppb increase in daily 8

- h max ozone on the same day, by season, month,
and age groups

_________________________________________________________________________ 6- 168

Table 6

- 44. Corresponding effect estimates for Figure 6

- 37 ___________________________________________________ 6- 173

Table 6

- 45. Summary of causal determinations for short

- term exposures to ozone

________________________________ _ 6- 176

Table 7

- 1. Summ ary of selected key new studies examining annual ozone exposure and respiratory health effects

__________ 7- 21

Table 7

- 2. Brief summary of epidemiologic studies of birth weight

_______________________________________________ 7- 32

Table 7

- 3. Brief summary of epidemiologic studies of PTB

_____________________________________________________ 7- 36

Table 7

- 4. Brief summary of epidemiologic studies of fetal growth

_______________________________________________ 7- 40

Table 7

- 5. Brief summary of epidemiologic studies of birth defects

______________________________________________ 7- 42

Table 7

- 6. Brief summary of infant mortality studies

__________________________________________________________ 7- 51

Table 7

- 7. Relative risk (and 95% CI) of death attributable to a 10

- ppb change in the ambient ozone concentration

_________ 7- 62

Table 8

- 1. Prevalence of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes by age and region among individuals 18 years and older in the U.S.

___________________________________________________________________ 8-3

Table 9

- 1 Summary of ozone causal determinations for vegetation and ecosystem effects

______________________________ 9-5

Table 9

- 2. Ozone effects on plant reproductive processes (derived from Table AX9

- 22 of the 2006 ozone AQCD)

__________ 9- 51

Table 9

- 3. Summary of recent studies of ozone effects on crops (exclusive of growth and yield)

________________________ 9- 60

Table 9

- 4. Response of plants to the interactive effects of elevated ozone exposure and N enrichment

___________________ 9- 66

Table 9

- 5. The effects of ozone on primary production, C exchange, C sequestration and yield loss

_____________________ 9- 74

Table 9

- 6. The effect of elevated ozone on leaf/litter nutrient concentrations

_______________________________________ 9- 78

Table 9

- 7. The temporal variation of ecosystem responses to ozone exposure at AspenFACE site

______________________ 9- 80

Table 9

- 8. Ozone exposures at which 10 and 20% yield loss is predicted for 50 and 75% of crop species, based on composite
functions for the 50th and 75th percentiles of 34 Weibull curves for relative yield loss data from 34 non

- droughted NCLAN studies of 12 crop species; curves were standardized to 90

- day W126

_________________________ 9- 119

Table 9

- 9. Ozone exposures at which 10 and 20% yield loss is predicted for 50 and 75% of crop species under drought conditions
and adequate moisture, based on composite functions for the 50th and 75th percentiles of 16 Weibull curves for relative yield loss data from 8 NCLAN studies that paired droughted and watered conditions for the same genotype;

curves were standardized to 90

- day W126

_____________________________________________________ 9- 119

March 2011 xv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTETable 9

- 10. Ozone exposures at which 10 and 20% biomass loss is predicted for 50 and 75 % of tree species, based on composite
functions for the 50th and 75th percentiles of 49 Weibull curves for relative above

- ground biomass loss data from 49
studies of 11 tree species grown under well

- watered conditions for 1 or 2 year; curves were standardized to 90

- day

W126 9- 120

Table 9

- 11. Comparison between relative yield observed in the SoyFACE experiment, and relative yield predicted at the same
values of ozone by the median composite function for NCLAN (two

- parameter relative yield model)

_________ 9- 123

Table 9

- 12. Comparison between yield observed in the SoyFACE experiment and yield predicted at the same values of ozone by
the median composite function for NCLAN (three

- parameter absolute yield model), using two scaling methods to
calculate the intercept

_____________________________________________________________________ 9- 123

Table 9

- 13. Comparison between above

- ground biomass observed under elevated ozone in Aspen FACE experiment in 6 year,

relative to above

- ground biomass observed under ambient ozone and relative above

- ground biomass above

- ground biomass at the same values of ozone predicted by the median composite function for NHEERL/WED (two

- parameter

rel ative biomass model)

___________________________________________________________________ 9- 126

Table 9

- 14. Comparison between above

- ground biomass observed in Aspen FACE experiment in 6 year and biomass predicted by the median composite function based on NHEERL/WED (three

- parameter absolute biomass model), using 2 scaling
methods to calculate the intercept

___________________________________________________________ 9- 127

Table 9

- 15. Meta

- analyses of growth or yield studies published since 2005

_______________________________________ 9- 130

Table 9

- 16. Summary of studies of effects of ozone exposure on growth and yield of agricultural crops

__________________ 9- 132

Table 9

- 17. Summary of studies of effects of ozone exposure on growth of natural vegetation

_________________________ 9- 135

Table 10

- 1. 2000

- 2030 changes in anthropogenic emissions, and CH 4 and tropospheric ozone burdens, and the associated

trop ospher ic ozone forcing for three scenarios; values are ensemble means

___________________________ 10

- 15

March 2011 xvi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

# List of Figures

Figure 1

- 1. Identification of studies for inclusion in the ISA

. _____________________________________________________ 1-9

Figure 2

- 1. Snapshot of evidence for the spectrum of respiratory health effects associated with short

- and long

- term exposure to

ozone.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 2- 39

Figure 2

- 2. Schematic depicting key events in the ozone toxicity pathway.

________________________________________ 2- 40

Figure 2

- 3. The effects of ozone at leaf, plant and ecosystem scales.

____________________________________________ 2- 48

Figure 3

- 1. Schematic overview of photochemical processes influencing stratospheric and tropospheric ozone.

_____________ 3-2

Figure 3

- 2. Estimated anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors for 2005 including NO X (top), VOCs (middle), and CO (bottom)
in the U.S. in million metric tons (MT) per year.

____________________________________________________ 3-5

Figure 3

- 3. Measured concentrations of oz one and NO Z (NO Y – NO X ) during the afternoon at rural sites in the eastern U.S. (grey
circles) and i n urban areas and urban p lumes associated with Nashville, TN (gray dashes); Paris, France (black

Figure 3

- 4. Sample CMAQ modeling domains: 36 km

- grid

- spacing; outer parent domain in bl ack; 12 km western U.S. (WUS)

Figure 3

- 5. Main components of a comprehensive atmospheric chemistry modeli ng system, such as the U.S. EPA ’s Community

Figure 3

- 6. Comparison of global CTM predictions of maximum dail y 8

- h avg ozone concentrat ions and multi

- model mean with

Figure 3

- 7. Time series of daily maxi mum 8

- h avg ozone concentrat ions (ppm) measured at Trinidad Head, CA, from April 18, 2002 diamonds); and Los Angeles, CA (Xs).

_________________________________________________________ 3- 16

domain in red; 12 km eastern U.S. (EUS) domain in blue.

__________________________________________ 3- 18

Model for Air Quality (CMAQ) System.

_________________________________________________________ 3- 19

monthly averaged CASTNET observations in the Mountain West and Southeast regions of the U.S.

__________ 3- 24

through December 31, 2009.

________________________________________________________________ 3- 28

Fi gure 3

- 8. Time series of measured ozone and model calculated ozone at Trinidad Head, CA, during April and May, 2002.

__ 3- 29

Figure 3

- 9. Mean daily 8

- h max ozone concentrations in surface air for the base case (top) and PRB case (bottom) in April

- May,

2001. 3- 34

Figure 3

- 10. Mean daily 8

- h max ozone concentrations i n surface air for base case (top) and PRB case (bottom) in June

- Augu st,

Figure 3

- 11. Distributi on of ozone measured at CASTNET s ites (blue diamonds), ozone calculated by the GEOS

- Chem base model
(red squares) and PRB ozone (green tr iangles) at (a) sites <1500 m elevation and (b) at sites >1500 m elevation for 2001. 3- 35

April
– May; and (c) at sites <1500 m elevation and (d) at sites >1500 m elevation for June

- July

- August._______ 3- 36

Figure 3

- 12. Box plots of precisi on data by year (2005

- 2009) for al l ozone monitors reporting single

- point QC check data to AQS. 3- 43

Figure 3

- 13. Box pl ots of percent

- difference data by year (2005

- 2009) for a l l ozone monitors reporting single

- point QC check data to

AQS. 3- 44

Figure 3

- 15. Box plots of RPD data by year for all U.S. ozone sites reporting single

- poi nt QC check data to AQS from 2005

- 2009. 3- 45

Figure 3

- 17. U.S. Rural NCore, CASTNET and NPS POMS current and proposed s ites as of October, 2010.

______________ 3- 54

Figure 3

- 18. Distribution in nation

- wide year

- round site

- level correlations between daily ozone metrics includi ng 24

- h avg, 1

- h dai ly Figure 3

- 14. Box plots of RPD data by year for the two co

- located sites in Missouri from 2006

- 2009.

____________________ 3- 45

Figure 3

- 16. U.S. ozone sites reporting data to AQS as of 2009.

________________________________________________ 3- 53

max and 8

- h daily max using AQS data, 2007

- 2009.

______________________________________________ 3- 57

Figure 3

- 19. Required ozone monitoring time periods (ozone season) identified by monitoring site.

_____________________ 3- 58

March 2011 xvii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 3

- 20. Location of the 458 ozone monitors meeting the year

- round completeness criterion for all 3 years between 2007 and

2009. 3- 59

Figure 3

- 21. Location of the 1,064 ozone monitors meeting the warm

- season completeness criteria for all 3 years between 2007

and 2009.

_______________________________________________________________________________ 3- 60

Figure 3

- 22. Highest monitor (by county) 3

- year avg (2007

- 2009) of the 8

- h daily max ozone concentration based on the year

- round
data set (top map) with seasonal stratification (bottom 4 maps).

______________________________________ 3- 65

Figure 3

- 23. Highest monitor (by county) 3

- year avg (2007

- 2009) of the 8

- h daily max ozone concentration based on the warm

season data set (top map) with annual stratification (bottom 3 maps).

________________________________ _ 3- 66

Figure 3

- 24. Map of the Atlanta CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravity centers, urban areas, and major
roadways._______________________________________________________________________________ 3- 70

Figure 3

- 25. Map of the Boston CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravity centers, urban areas, and major
roadways._______________________________________________________________________________ 3- 71

F igure 3

- 26. Map of the Los Angeles CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravity centers, urban areas, and major
roadways._______________________________________________________________________________ 3- 72

Figure 3

- 27. Site information, statistics and box pl ots for 8

- h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm

- season data set

inclusion criteria within the Atlanta CSA.

________________________________________________________ 3- 74

Figure 3

- 28. Site information, statistics and box plots for 8

- h d aily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm

- season data set

inclusion criteria within the Boston CSA.

________________________________________________________ 3- 74

Figure 3

- 29. Site information, statistics and box plots for 8

- h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm

- season data set

inclusion criteria within the Los Angeles CSA.

___________________________________________________ 3- 75

Figure 3

- 30. Pair

- wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Atlanta CSA.

__________________________________________________ 3- 77

Figure 3

- 31. Pair

- wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Boston CSA.

__________________________________________________ 3- 78

Figure 3

- 32. Pair

- wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Los Angeles CSA.

______________________________________________ 3- 79

Figure 3

- 33. Pair

- wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Atlanta CSA.

__________________________________________________ 3- 80

Figure 3

- 34. Pair

- wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distanc e between monitors (bottom) for the Boston CSA.

__________________________________________________ 3- 81

Figure 3

- 35. Pair

- wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Los Angeles CSA.

______________________________________________ 3- 82

Figure 3

- 36. Terrain map showing the location of two nearby AQS ozone monitoring sites (red dots) along the western edge of the

Los Angeles CSA. Site A L is near shore, 3 m above sea level.

_______________________________________ 3- 84

Figure 3

- 37. Rural focus area site information, statistics and box plots for 8

- h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the

warm

- season data set inclusion criteria

________________________________________________________ 3- 87

Figure 3

- 38. Terrain map showing the location of five AQS ozone monitoring sites (green/black stars) in Great Smoky Mountain

National Park, NC

- TN (SMNP).

_______________________________________________________________ 3- 89

Figure 3

- 39. Pair

- wise monitor correlations (left) and coefficients of divergence

_____________________________________ 3- 90

Figure 3

- 40. Terrain map showing the location of the AQS ozone monitoring site in Rocky Mountain National Park, CO (black/green
star) and the Denver CSA (red dots)

___________________________________________________________ 3- 91

Figure 3

- 41. Terrain map showing the location of two AQS ozone monitoring sites (black/green stars) in Sequoia National Park, CA. 3- 93

Figure 3

- 42. National 8

- h ozone trends, 2001

- 2008 (average of the annual fourth highest 8

- h daily max concentrations in ppm). 3- 94

March 2011 xviii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 3

- 43. Diel patterns in 1

- h avg ozone for Atlanta, Boston and Los Angeles between 2007 and 2009 using the year

- round data set for the cold month/warm month comparison (left half) and the warm

- season data set for the weekday/weekend
comparison (right half).

_____________________________________________________________________ 3- 96

Figure 3

- 44. Distribution of Pearson correlation coefficients for comparison of 8

- h daily max ozone from the year

- ro und data set with

co

- located 24

- h avg CO, SO 2 , NO 2 , PM 10 and PM 2.5 from AQS, 2007

- 2009

_____________________________ 3- 98

Figure 3

- 45. Distribution of Pearson correlation coefficients for comparison of 8

- h daily max ozone from the warm

- season (May

Sept) data set with co

- located 24

- h avg CO, SO 2 , NO 2 , PM 10 and PM 2.5 from AQS, 2007

- 2009.

______________ 3- 99

Figure 3A

- 1. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with

PRB estimates for Acadia NP, ME.

___________________________________________________________ 3- 112

Figure 3A

- 2. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone conc entrations (ppb) with
PRB estimates for Everglades NP, FL.

________________________________________________________ 3- 112

Figure 3A

- 3. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with

PRB estimates for Crockett, KY.

_____________________________________________________________ 3- 113

Figure 3A

- 4. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with

PRB estimates for Coffeeville, MS.

___________________________________________________________ 3- 113

Figure 3A

- 5. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with
PRB estimates for Voyageurs NP, MN.

________________________________________________________ 3- 114

Figure 3A

- 6. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with
PRB estimates for Big Bend NP, TX.

_________________________________________________________ 3- 114

Figure 3A

- 7. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with
PRB estimates for Rocky Mountain NP, CO.

___________________________________________________ 3- 115

Figure 3A

- 8. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with

PRB estimates for Mesa Verde NP, CO.

_______________________________________________________ 3- 115

Figure 3A

- 9. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb) with

PRB estimates for Yellowstone NP, WY.

______________________________________________________ 3- 116

Figure 3A

- 10. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb)

with PRB estimates for Centennial, WY.

_______________________________________________________ 3- 116

Figure 3A

- 11. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb)
with PRB estimates for Canyonlands NP, UT.

___________________________________________________ 3- 117

Figure 3A

- 12. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentratio ns (ppb)

with PRB estimates for Glacier NP, MT.

_______________________________________________________ 3- 117

Figure 3A

- 13. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb)

with PRB estimates for Mt. Rainier NP, WA.

____________________________________________________ 3- 118

Figure 3A

- 14. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb)

with PRB estimates for Lassen Volcanic NP, CA.

________________________________________________ 3- 118

Figure 3A

- 15. Time series of observed and GEOS

- Chem base model and PRB model 8

- h daily max ozone concentrations (ppb)

with PRB estimates for Pinnacles NM, CA.

_____________________________________________________ 3- 119

Figure 3A

- 16. Map of the Atlanta CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravi ty centers, urban areas, and ma jor
roadways.______________________________________________________________________________ 3- 120

Figu re 3A

- 17. Map of the Baltimore CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravi ty centers, urban areas, and ma jor
roadways.______________________________________________________________________________ 3- 121

Figure 3A

- 18. Map of the Birmingham CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravi ty centers, urban areas, and ma jor
roadways.______________________________________________________________________________ 3- 122

March 2011 xix DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 3A-19. Map of the Boston CSA including ozone monitor locati ons, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-123

Figure 3A-20. Map of the Chicago CSA including ozone monitor lo cations, population gravity cent ers, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-124

Figure 3A-21. Map of the Dallas CSA including ozone monitor locati ons, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-125

Figure 3A-22. Map of the Denver CSA including ozone monitor locati ons, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-126

Figure 3A-23. Map of the Detroit CSA including ozone monitor locati ons, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-127

Figure 3A-24. Map of the Houston CSA including ozone monitor locations , population gravity centers, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-128

Figure 3A-25. Map of the Los Angeles C SA including ozone monitor locations, populat ion gravity centers, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-129

Figure 3A-26. Map of the Minneapolis C SA including ozone monitor locations, populati on gravity centers, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-130

Figure 3A-27. Map of the New York CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-131

Figure 3A-28. Map of the Philadelphia C SA including ozone monitor locations, populati on gravity centers, urban areas, and majo r roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-132

Figure 3A-29. Map of the Phoenix CBSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-133

Figure 3A-30. Map of the Pittsburgh CSA including ozone monitor locations , population gravity centers, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-134

Figure 3A-31. Map of the Salt Lake City CSA including ozone monitor locati ons, population gravity centers, urban areas, and ma jor
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-135

Figure 3A-32. Map of the San Antonio C BSA including ozone monitor locations, populati on gravity centers, urban areas, and majo r roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-136

Figure 3A-33. Map of the San Francisco CSA including ozone mon itor locat ions, population gravity centers, urban areas, and maj or roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-137

Figure 3A-34. Map of the Seattle CSA including ozone monitor locati ons, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-138

Figure 3A-35. Map of the St. Louis CSA including ozone monitor locations, population gravity c enters, urban areas, and major
roadways.

_________________________________________________________________________________ 3-139

Figure 3A-36. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria within the Atla nta CSA. ______________________________________________________ 3-140

Figure 3A-37. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria with in the Balt i more CSA.

____________________________________________________ 3-140

Figure 3A-38. Site informa tion, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Birmingham CSA.

__________________________________________________ 3-141

Figure 3A-39. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Boston CSA.

______________________________________________________ 3-141

March 2011 xx DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 3A-40. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Chicago CSA. _____________________________________________________ 3-142

Figure 3A-41. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Dallas CSA. _______________________________________________________ 3-142

Figure 3A-42. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Denver CSA. ______________________________________________________ 3-143

Figure 3A-43. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Detroit CSA._______________________________________________________ 3-143

Figure 3A-44. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Houston CSA. _____________________________________________________ 3-144

Figure 3A-45. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria with in the Los Angeles CSA. __________________________________________________ 3-145

Figure 3A-46. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria with in the Minneapo lis CSA. __________________________________________________ 3-146

Figure 3A-47. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria with in the New York CSA. ____________________________________________________ 3-146

Figure 3A-48. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria with in the Philadelphia CSA. __________________________________________________ 3-147

Figure 3A-49. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Phoenix CBSA. ____________________________________________________ 3-148

Figure 3A-50. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria with in the Pittsburgh CSA.____________________________________________________ 3-149

Figure 3A-51. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria within the Salt Lake City CSA._________________________________________________ 3-149

Figure 3A-52. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria with in the San Antonio CBSA. _________________________________________________ 3-150

Figure 3A-53. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria within the San Francisco CSA. ________________________________________________ 3-150

Figure 3A-54. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the Seattle CSA. ______________________________________________________ 3-151

Figure 3A-55. Site information, statis tics and box plots for 8-h daily max ozone from AQS monitors meeting the warm-season dat a

set inclusion criteria wi thin the St. Louis CSA. _____________________________________________________ 3-151

Figure 3A-56. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Atlanta CSA. ____________________________________________ 3-153

Figure 3A-57. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Baltimore CSA. __________________________________________ 3-154

Figure 3A-58. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Birmingham CSA. ________________________________________ 3-155

Figure 3A-59. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Boston CSA. ____________________________________________ 3-156

Figure 3A-60. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Chicago CSA. ___________________________________________ 3-157

March 2011 xxi DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 3A-61. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (bo ttom) for the Dallas CSA. ____________________________________________ 3-158

Figure 3A-62. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Denver CSA.____________________________________________ 3-159

Figure 3A-63. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Detroit CSA. ____________________________________________ 3-160

Figure 3A-64. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Houston CSA. ___________________________________________ 3-161

Figure 3A-65. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (bottom) for the Los Angeles CSA.________________________________________ 3-162

Figure 3A-66. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Minneapolis CSA. ________________________________________ 3-163

Figure 3A-67. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the New York CSA.__________________________________________ 3-164

Figure 3A-68. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Philadelphia CSA.________________________________________ 3-165

Figure 3A-69. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (bo ttom) for the Phoenix CBSA. __________________________________________ 3-166

Figure 3A-70. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Pittsburgh CSA. _________________________________________ 3-167

Figure 3A-71. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (bottom) for the Salt Lake City CSA. ______________________________________ 3-168

Figure 3A-72. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (bottom) for the San Antonio CBSA. ______________________________________ 3-169

Figure 3A-73. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (bottom) for the San Francisco CSA. ______________________________________ 3-170

Figure 3A-74. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the Seattle CSA. ____________________________________________ 3-171

Figure 3A-75. Pair-wise monitor correlations expressed as a histogram (top), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus
distance between monitors (botto m) for the St. Louis CSA.___________________________________________ 3-172

Figure 3A-76. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Atlanta CSA. ___________________________________________________ 3-173

Figure 3A-77. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Baltimore CSA. _________________________________________________ 3-174

Figure 3A-78. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Birmingham CSA. _______________________________________________ 3-175

Figure 3A-79. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Boston CSA. ___________________________________________________ 3-176

Figure 3A-80. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Chicago CSA. __________________________________________________ 3-177

Figure 3A-81. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Dalla s CSA. ____________________________________________________ 3-178

March 2011 xxii DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 3A-82. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Denver CSA. ___________________________________________________ 3-179

Figure 3A-83. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Detroit CSA. ___________________________________________________ 3-180

Figure 3A-84. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Houston CSA. The colors in the histogram bins correspond to the levels of the

contour matri x. _____________________________________________________________________________ 3-181

Figure 3A-85. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) fo r the Los Angeles CSA. _______________________________________________ 3-182

Figure 3A-86. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Minneapolis CSA. _______________________________________________ 3-183

Figure 3A-87. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the New York CSA. _________________________________________________ 3-184

Figure 3A-88. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) fo r the Philadelphia CSA. _______________________________________________ 3-185

Figure 3A-89. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Phoenix CBSA. _________________________________________________ 3-186

Figure 3A-90. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Pittsburgh CSA._________________________________________________ 3-187

Figure 3A-91. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Salt Lake City CSA. ______________________________________________ 3-188

Figure 3A-92. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the San Antonio CBSA. ______________________________________________ 3-189

Figure 3A-93. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the San Francisco CSA. _____________________________________________ 3-190

Figure 3A-94. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the Seattle CSA. ___________________________________________________ 3-191

Figure 3A-95. Pair-wise monitor COD expressed as a histogram (t op), contour matrix (middle) and scatter plot versus distance
between monitors (bottom) for the St. Louis CSA.__________________________________________________ 3-192

Figure 3A-96. Diel patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Atl anta CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the c old month/warm month comparison (left half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison (right
half). No year-round monitors were av ailable for the cold month/warm month comparison in this CSA.

________ 3-193

Figure 3A-97. Diel patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Balt imore CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half).

________________________________________________________________________________ 3-194

Figure 3A-98. Diel patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Bi rmingham CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for th e cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half).

________________________________________________________________________________ 3-194

Figure 3A-99. Diel patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Bo ston CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the co ld month/warm month comparison (left half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison (right
half). 3-195

Figure 3A-100. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Ch icago CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the

cold month/w arm month comparison (left half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-195

March 2011 xxiii DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 3A-101. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Dalla s CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the c old month/warm month comparison (left half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison (right
half). 3-196

Figure 3A-102. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Denv er CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). _

_______________________________________________________________________________ 3-196

Figure 3A-103. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Detr oit CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-197

Figure 3A-104. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the H ouston CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-197

Figure 3A-105. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Los Angeles CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for
the cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend
comparison (right half).

_______________________________________________________________________ 3-198

Figure 3A-106. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Mi nneapolis CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for
the cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend
comparison (right half).

_______________________________________________________________________ 3-198

Figure 3A-107. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the New York CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-199

Figure 3A-108. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Ph iladelphia CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for
the cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend
comparison (right half).

_______________________________________________________________________ 3-199

Figure 3A-109. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the P hoenix CBSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-200

Figure 3A-110. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Pi ttsburgh CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for t he
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-200

Figure 3A-111. Diel patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Salt Lake Ci ty CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set f or the cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend
comparison (right half).

_______________________________________________________________________ 3-201

Figure 3A-112. Diel patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the San Antonio CBSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for
the cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend
comparison (right half).

_______________________________________________________________________ 3-201

Figure 3A-113. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the San Francisco CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set fo r the cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the warm-season data set for the weekday/weekend
comparison (right half).

_______________________________________________________________________ 3-202

Figure 3A-114. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the Sea ttle CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for the
cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-202

Figure 3A-115. Di el patterns in 1-h avg ozone for the S t. Louis CSA between 2007 and 2009 using the year-round data set for th e cold month/warm month comparison (l eft half) and the wa rm-season data set for the weekday/weekend comparison
(right half). ________________________________________________________________________________ 3-203

Figure 4-1. Correlations between 1-week ozone concentrations and co-pollutants. _____________________________________ 4-9

March 2011 xxiv DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 4-2. Distribution of time that NHAPS respondents spent in ten microenvironments based on smoothed 1-min diary data.4-16

Figure 5-1. Structure of lower airways with pr ogression from the large airw ays to the alveolus. ___________________________ 5-3

Figure 5-2. Schematic overview of ozone interaction with PU FA in ELF and lung cells. It should be noted that not all secondary
reaction products are shown. ____________________________________________________________________ 5-4

Figure 5-3. Total ozone uptake efficiency as a function of breathing frequency at a mi nute ventilation of 30 L/min. Subjects b reathed

0.25 ppm ozone oronasally th rough a breathing mask. _______________________________________________ 5-10

Figure 5-4. Ozone uptake fraction as a function of volumetric penetration (V p ) in a representative subject. __________________ 5-11

Figure 5-5. Species comparison of antioxidant / protein ratios of: (a) nasal lavage fluid and, (b) bronch oalveolar lavage flui d. __ 5-18

Figure 5-6. Schematic depicting key events in ozone's toxicity pathway. Solid arrows denote pathways for which there is greater
certainty. Broken arrows repres ent pathways of emerging interest.______________________________________ 5-60

Figure 6-1. Cross-study comparison of mean ozone-induced FEV 1 decrements following 6.6 hours of constant, square-wave

exposure to ozone. ____________________________________________________________________________ 6-5

Figure 6-2. Frequency distributions of FEV 1 decrements observed by Schelegle et al. ( 2009) in young healthy adults (16 F, 15 M)
following 6.6-h exposures to ozone or filtered air. ___________________________________________________ 6-10

Figure 6-3. Changes in FEV 1 (mL) or PEF (mL/sec) in association with ambi ent ozone exposure in studies of children attending

summer camp. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6-20

Figure 6-4. Changes in FEV 1 (mL or percent change) or PEF (mL/sec) in as sociation with ambient ozo ne exposures of adults and
children during outdoor exercise. ________________________________________________________________ 6-22

Figure 6-5. Changes in lung function parameters in associ ation with ambient ozone expos ures among outdoor workers. ______ 6-24

Figure 6-6. Changes in lung function parameters (percent-predi cted or %change) in association with ambient ozone exposures
among asthmatic children. _____________________________________________________________________ 6-27

Figure 6-7. Changes in lung function parameters (L/min or mL/ 10) in association with ambient ozone exposures among asthmatic

children.

___________________________________________________________________________________ 6-28

Figure 6-8. Changes in lung function paramet ers in association with ambient ozone exposur es in studies not restricted to asthm atic
populations.

________________________________________________________________________________ 6-34

Figure 6-11. Associations of ambient ozone exposure with bi ological markers of airw ay oxidative stress and airway inflammation. 6-50

Figure 6-14. Associations of ambient ozone ex posure wi th respiratory symptoms in studi es not restricted to asthmatic population s.6-69

Fi gure 6-15. Percent increase in respiratory hospital admissions from natural spline models for a 40-ppb increase in 1-h max oz one Figure 6-9. Comparison of ozone-lung function effect estimates in single- and co-pollutant models._______________________ 6-38

Figure 6-10. Associations of ambient oz one exposure with changes in concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). __________ 6-49

Figure 6-12. Associations of ambient ozone exposure with respiratory sy mptoms in asthmatic subjects. ____________________ 6-62

Figure 6-13. Associations of ambient oz one exposure with as thma medication use.____________________________________ 6-66

concentrations for each locati on of the APHENA study. ______________________________________________ 6-81

Figure 6-16. Estimated relative risks (RRs) of ozone-related as thma hospital admissions allowi ng for possible nonlinear relatio nships
using natural splines. _________________________________________________________________________ 6-87

Figure 6-17. Ri sk ratio for respiratory ED visits and different ozone exposure metrics in Atlanta from 1993-2004. _____________ 6-89

Fi gure 6-18. Loess dose-response estimates and twice-standard error est imates from generalized additive models for associations
between 3-day avg ozone conc entrations and ED visits for pediatric asthma. _____________________________ 6-91

Figure 6-19. Percent increase in respiratory-related hospital admission and ED visits in studies that presented all-year and

seasonal anal yses. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6-93

March 2011 xxv DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFi gure 6-20. Percent increase in respiratory-related hospital admissions and ED visits for st udies that presented single and
co-pollutant mod el resu lts. _____________________________________________________________________ 6-95

Fi gure 6-24. Odds Ratio (95% confidence in terval) per increment ppb increase in ozone for myocardia l infarction, angina, ischem ic

Fi gure 6-26. Odds Ratio (95% confidence in terval) per increment ppb* increase in ozone for arrhythmia and dysrhythmia ED visits or

Figure 6-27. Summary of mortality risk esti mates for short-te rm ozone exposure and all-cause (nonaccidental) mortality from all -year

Fi gure 6-29. Community-sp ecific ozone-mortali ty risk estimates for nona ccidental mortality per 10-ppb increase in same-day 24-h

Fi gure 6-30. Percent increase in all-cause (nonaccidental) and cause-specific mortality from the APHENA study for single- and c oFigure 7-1. Interaction of gene presence and ozone level on the Haza rd Rat io (HR) of new-onset asthma in the 12 Children's Hea lth

Figure 7-2. Ozone modifies the effect of TNF G-308A genotype on bronchitic symptoms among children w ith asthma in the CHS.7-7

Figure 7-3. Ozone-asthma concentrati on-response relationship using the mean conc entration during the entire follow-up period
adjusted for child’ s sex, age, birth we ight, and gestational age; maternal race, ethnicity, age, education, insurance,

Figure 7-4. Birthweight deficit by decile of 24- h avg ozone concentration averaged over the entire pregnancy compared w ith the

Figure 7-5. Adjusted ozone-mortality relative ri sk estimates ( 95% CI) by time period of analysi s per subject-weighted mean ozo ne Figure 6-21. Odds ratio (95% confidence in terval) for stroke by quintiles of ozone

. ____________________________________ 6-108

Figure 6-22. Odds ratio (95% CI) per increment ppb increase in ozone for over all cardiovascular ED visits or HAs. _________ 6-119

Figure 6-23. Odds Ratio (95% CI) per increment ppb increase in ozone for congestive heart failure ED visits or HAs. ________ 6-121

heart disease, and coronary heart di sease ED visits or HAs. _________________________________________ 6-123

Figure 6-25. Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) per increment ppb increase in ozone for stroke ED visits or HAs._________ 6-125

HAs. 6-126

and summer seas on analyses._________________________________________________________________ 6-141

Figure 6-28. Scatter plots of ozone mortality risk es timates with versus without adjustment for PM 10 in NMMAPS cities. ______ 6-146

avg summertime ozone concentra tions in single-pollutant models and co -pollutant models with sulfate.

________ 6-147

pollutant models. ___________________________________________________________________________ 6-149

Figure 6-31. Ozone mortality risk estimates and c ommunity-specific characteri stics, U.S., 1987-2000. ____________________ 6-156

Figure 6-32. Community-specific Bayesian ozone-mortali ty risk estimates in 98 U.S. communities._______________________ 6-159

Figure 6-33. Map of spatially dependent ozone-mortality coefficients for 8-h max ozone concentra tions using summer data. ___ 6-159

Figure 6-34. Estimated combined smooth distributed l ag for 48 U.S. cities du ring the summer months.____________________ 6-164

Figure 6-35. Estimated combined smooth dist ributed lag in 21 European cities duri ng the summer (June-August) months. ____ 6-166

Figure 6-36. Estimated combined C-R curve for ozone and nonacci dental mortality using the nonlinear (spline) model._______ 6-169

Figure 6-37. Percent increase in cause-specific mortality. _______________________________________________________ 6-172

Study communities. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7-5

and smoking status during pregnancy; and r egional poverty level and temperature. ________________________ 7-11

decile group with the lowe st ozone exposure. ______________________________________________________ 7-30

concentration in the Cancer Prevention Study II by the American Cancer Society. _________________________ 7-60

Figure 9-1. The effects of ozone at lea f, plant and eco system scales. _____________________________________________ 9-4

Figure 9-2. The microarchitecture of a dico t leaf. _____________________________________________________________ 9-27

Figure 9-3. Possible reactions of ozone within water.

_________________________________________________________ 9-27

Figure 9-4. The Crigee mechanism of oz one attack of a double bond.

____________________________________________ 9-28

Figure 9-5 Composite diagram of major themes in the temporal evolution of the genetic response to ozone stress. ________ 9-34

Figure 9-6. The oxidative ce ll death cycle. __________________________________________________________________ 9-37

March 2011 xxvi DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEFigure 9-7. Conceptual diagram showing wher e ozone disrupts C flow in a tree-soil s ystem, including transfer between biotic and
abiotic components below ground that influenc e soil physical and chemical properties.

______________________ 9-77

Figure 9-8. Diagrammatic representation of several exposure indices, il lustrating how they weight concentration and accumulate

exposure.

__________________________________________________________________________________ 9-94

Figure 9-9. Trends in May to September 12-h SUM06, peak 1-h ozone concentration and number of daily exceedances of 95 ppb for

the Crestline site in 1963 to 1999 in relation to trends in mean daily maximum temperature for Crestline and daily
reactive organic gases (ROG) and oxides of nitrogen (NO X ) for San Bernardino County. ___________________ 9-101

Figure 9-10. The number of hourly average concentrations between 50 and 89 ppb for the period 1980-2000 for the Crestline, San
Bernardino County, CA , monitoring site. _________________________________________________________ 9-102

Figure 9-11. Mean diurnal. ______________________________________________________________________________ 9-105

Figure 9-12. Maximum 3-month, 12-h W126 plotted agai nst maximum 6-month, 12-h W126.

__________________________ 9-108

Figure 9-13. Quantiles of predicted relative yield loss for 34 NCLAN crop experiments.

________________________________ 9-115

Figure 9-14. Quantiles of predicted relative yield loss for 4 crop species in NCLAN experiments. ________________________ 9-116

Figure 9-15. Quantiles of predicted relative biomass lo ss for 49 tree species in NHEERL/WED experiments. _______________ 9-117

Figure 9-16. Quantiles of predicted relative biomass lo ss for 4 tree species in NHEERL/WED experiments. ________________ 9-118

Figure 9-17. Comparison of yield observed in SoyFACE experiment in a given year w i th yield predicted by the median composite

function based on NCLAN.____________________________________________________________________ 9-124

Figure 9-18. Comparison of composite functions for the quartiles of 7 curves for 7 genotypes of soybean grown in the SoyFACE
experiment, and for the quartiles of 11 curves for 5 genotypes of soybean grown in the NCLAN project. _______ 9-125

Figure 9-19. Comparison between above-ground biomass observed in Aspen FACE experiment in 6 year and biomass predicted by
the median composite functi on based on NHEERL/WED.____________________________________________ 9-127

Figure 9-20. Above-ground biomass for one genotype of cottonwood gr own in seven locations for one season in 3 years. ____ 9-129

Figure 10-1. Flow chart for the effect s of tropospheric ozone on climate.

____________________________________________ 10-5

Fi gure 10-2. Global average radiative forcing (RF) estimates and ranges in 2005 for anthropogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , ozone and other
important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geogr aphical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the

assessed level of scientif ic understanding (LOSU).__________________________________________________ 10-6

Figure 10-3. Ensemble average 1900-2000 surface temperature trends (oC per century) in respons e to tropospheric ozone changes and the input radiative forcing (W/m 2 ), as computed by the NASA GISS chemistry-climate model. ____________ 10-13

Figure 10-4. Global mean radiative forci ng estimates calculated by a set of model s for the 2000-2100 change in tropospheric ozo ne.10-17

Figure 10-5. Diagram of the factors that deter mine human exposure to ultr aviolet radiation.

____________________________ 10-19

Figure 10-6. Monthly stratospheric ozone number density (scaled by 1 × 10 12 molecules/cm 3 ), in 3 latitude belts as a function of time
(August 2002 - December 2008) and altitude (15-40 km) from the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars
(GOMOS) instrument onboard the European Sp ace Agency’s ENVI SAT satellite. _________________________ 10-21

March 2011 xxvii DRAFT – DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

# O zone Project Team

Executive Direction

Dr. John Vandenberg (Director)

— National Center for Environmental Assessment

- RTP Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms. Debra Walsh (Deputy Director)

— National Center for Environmental Assessment

- RTP Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Mary Ross (Branch Chief)

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Develop ment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Doug Johns ( Acting Branch Chief)

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy, Research Triangle Park, NC

S cientific Staff

Dr. James Brown (O 3 Team Leader)

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Christal Bowman

— National Center for Environmental Assess ment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Barbara Buckley

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms

. Ye Cao

— Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. Allen Davis

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Jean

- Jacques Dubois

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Steven J. Dutton

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Jeffrey Herrick

— National Center for En vironmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Erin Hines

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agen cy, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Dennis Kotchmar

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

March 2011 xxviii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEDr. Meredith Lassiter

— National Center for Environmental As sessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Lingli Liu

— Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Thomas Long

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Thomas Luben

— National Ce nter for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Qingyu Meng

— Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Kristopher Novak

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Elizabeth Oesterling Owens

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Molini Patel

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Re search and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Joseph P. Pinto

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms

. Joann Rice

— on detail to the National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, from the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. Jason Sacks

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Lisa Vinikoor

- Imler

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Resear ch and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy, Research Triangle Park, NC

Technical Support Staff

Mr. Kenneth J. Breito

– Senior Environmental Employment Program, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms. Ellen Lorang

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. J. Sawyer Lucy

– Student S ervices Authority, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms. Deborah Wales

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and

Dev elopment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

March 2011 xxix DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEMr. Richard N. Wilson

– National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms. Barbara Wright

— Senior Environmental Employment Program, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

March 2011 xxx DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

# Authors

, Contributors , and Reviewers

Authors

Dr. James Brown (O 3 Team Leader)

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Christal Bowman

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and

Dev elopment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Barbara Buckley

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Maggie Cl ark

— Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

Dr. Jean

- Jacques Dubois

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy, Re search Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Steven J. Dutton

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Kelly Gillespie

— Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO

Dr. Terry Gordon

— Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY

Dr. Jeffrey Herrick

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Erin Hines

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Kazuhiko Ito

— Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY

Dr. Dennis Kotchmar

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Meredith Lassiter

— National Center for Environm ental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Lingli Liu

— Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Postdoctoral Research Fellow to

National Center for Environmental Assessme nt, Office of Research and Development,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Thomas Long

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triang le Park, NC

Dr. Thomas Luben

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

March 2011 xxxi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEDr. Loretta J. Mickley

— School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge,

MA

Dr. Kristopher Novak

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Elizabeth Oesterling Owens

— National Center for Environmental Asse ssment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Molini Patel

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research T riangle Park, NC

Dr. Jennifer Peel

— Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

Dr. Joseph Pinto

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmen tal Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms

. Joann Rice

— on detail to the National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, from the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Env ironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. Jason Sacks

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. George Thurston

— Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY

Dr. Lisa Vinikoor

- Imler

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Cosima W iese

— Department of Biology, Misericordia University, Dallas, PA

Contributors

Mr. Brian Adams

— Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Ag ency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Halil Cakir

— Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms. Ye Cao

— Oa k Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. Allen Davis

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Of fice of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. Mark Evangelista

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. E

. Henry Lee

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR

March 2011 xxxii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEDr. Qingyu Meng

— Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Postdoctoral Research Fellow to

National Center for Envir onmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. David Mintz

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Resea rch Triangle Park, NC

Mr. Mark Schmidt

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Huiquin Wang, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

Mr. Benjamin Wells

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Reviewers

Dr. Christian Andersen

— National Health and Environmental Effects Rese arch Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR

Ms. Lea Anderson

— Office of General Counsel

, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,

D.C.

Dr. Robert Arnts

— National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Developme nt,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. John Balmes

— Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA

Dr. Souad Benromdhane

— Office of Air Qu ality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Fitzgerald Booker

— USDA

- ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC

Dr. Philip Bromberg

— School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC

Dr. Kent Burkey

— USDA

- ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC

Dr. David DeMarini

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Russ Dickerson

— Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

M r. Patrick Dolwick

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc y, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Aimen Farraj

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Arlene Fiore

— NOAA/Geophysical Dynamics La boratory, Princeton, NJ

Dr. Ian Gilmour

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

March 2011 xxxiii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEDr. Tara Greaver

— National Center for Environmental A ssessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Gary Hatch

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Bryan Hubbel

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Karl Jensen

— National Health and Environmental Effects Resear ch Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Urmila Kodavanti

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental P rotection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Petros Koutrakis

— Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

Mr. John Langstaff

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. Environment al Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Christopher Lau

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Mr. Gary Lear

— Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Administration and Policy, Washington, DC

Dr. Morton Lippmann

— Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo,

NY

Dr. Karen Martin

— Office of Air Quality Planning an d Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms. Connie Meacham

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research T riangle Park, NC

Mr. David Mintz

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. Pradeep Rajan

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and R adiation,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. John Rogers

— National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms

. Vicki Sandiford

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Ms . S usan Stone

— Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation,

U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. John Vandenberg

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr. James G. Wagner

— Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

March 2011 xxxiv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEMs. Debra Walsh

— National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Dr . Jason West

— Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC

March 2011 xxxv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

# Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee

Ozone NAAQS Review Panel

Chair of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Air Scientific Advisory C ommittee

Dr. Jonathan M. Samet *, Department of Preventive Medicine at the Keck School of Medicine, and Director of the Institute for Global Health at the University of Southern California, Los A ngeles, CA

Chair of the Ozone Review Panel

Dr. Jonathan M. Sam et *, Department of Preventive Medicine at the Keck School of Medicine, and Director of the Institute for Global Health at the University of Southern California, Los A ngeles, CA

Members

Dr. George A. Allen*, Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM), Boston,

MA

Professor Ed Avol, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of

Southern California, Los Angeles, CA

Dr. John Bailar, The National Academies, Washington, D.C.

Dr. Michelle Bell, School of Forestry & Env ironmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT

Dr. Joseph Brain*, Department of Environme n tal Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA

Dr. David Chock, Independent Consultant, Bloomfield Hills, MI

Dr. William Michael Fost er, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

Dr. H. Christopher Frey*, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, R aleigh, NC

Dr. Judith Graham, Independent Consultant, Pittsboro, NC

Dr. David Grantz, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Air Pollution Research Center, University of California Riverside, Parlier, CA

Dr. Jack Harkema, Center for Integrated Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

Dr. Daniel Jacob, Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA

Dr. Steven Kleeberger, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of

H ealth, Research Triangle Park, NC

March 2011 xxxvi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTEDr. Frederick J. Miller, Independent Consultant, Cary, NC

Dr. Howard Neufeld, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC

Dr. Armistead (Ted) Russell * , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

Dr. Helen Suh MacIntosh*, Environmental Health, NORC at the University of Chicago, and the School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA

Dr. James Ultman, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvan ia State University, University Park, PA

Dr. Sverre Vedal, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Dr. Kathleen Weathers*, Cary Institute of Ecosyst em Studies, Millbrook, NY

Dr. Peter Woodbury, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

* Members of the statutory Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC) appointed by the

EPA Administrator

Science Advisory Board Staff

Dr. Holly Stallworth , Designated Federal Officer, Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code 1400R, 13 00 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20004, Phone: 202

- 564

- 2073, Email: stallworth.holly@epa.gov

March 2011 xxxvii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

# Acronyms and Abbreviations

α alpha, ambient exposure factor

α

- TOH Alpha tocopherol Ångström, angstrom (10

- 10 

### meter) Å, A

AA arachidonic acid; ambient air; atomic absorption; ascorbic acid

AADT annual average daily traffic

AAS atomic absorption (spectrophotometry, spectrome try, spectroscopy)

ABA abscisic acid

ABI2 phospho

- tyrosine

- specific protein phosphatase

AC air conditioning

ACC 1

- aminocyclopropane

- 1

- carboxylate

ACE angiotensin converting enzyme

ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

ACh acetylcholine

AChE acetylcholinesterase

ACS American Cancer Society; 1

- aminocyclopropane

- 1

- carboxylase synthase

ACS

- CPS

- II ACS Cancer Prevention Study II

ADC arginine decarboxylase

ADSS aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke

AED aerodynam ic equivalent diameter

AER air exchange rate

AEROCE Atmospheric/Ocean Chemistry Experiment

AF atrial fibrillation; absorption fraction; adsorbed fraction

AGL above ground level

AH 2 

### ascorbic acid

AHCs aromatic hydrocarbons

A horizon uppermost layer of soil (litter and humus)

AHR airway(s) hyperresponsiveness, airway(s) hyperreactivity

AhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor

AHSMOG (California Seventh Day) Adventist Heath and Smog (Study)

AirPEx Air Pollution Exposure (model)

AirQUIS Air Qualit y Information System (model, Norwegian Institute for Air Research [NILU])

AIRS Aerometric Information Retrieval System; Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (instrument)

March 2011 xxxviii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### ALI air liquid interface

AM alveolar macrophage(s)

A

max 

### maximum photosynthesis rate

AN F atrial natriuretic factor

ANN artificial neural network

ANOVA analysis of variance

ANP Acadia National Park

AOP2 antioxidant protein 2

AOS allene oxide synthase

AOT40 seasonal sum of the difference between an hourly concentration

at the thresh old value of 40 ppb, minus the threshold value of 40 ppb

AOT60 seasonal sum of the difference between an hourly concentration at the threshold value of 60 ppb, minus the threshold value of 60 ppb

AOT

x 

### family of cumulative, cutoff concentration

- based expo sure indices

AP alkaline phosphatase

AP

- CIMS Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer

APEX Air Pollutants Exposure (model)

APHEA Air Pollution on Health: a European Approach (study)

APHENA Air Pollution and Health: A European and North American Approach

APX ascorbate peroxidase

AQCD Air Quality Criteria Document

AQS (U.S. EPA) Air Quality System (database)

AR Acoustic rhinometry

AR4 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) from the IPCC

ARE antioxidant response element

ARG arginase

ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities

A sat 

### photosynthetic assimilation in saturating light

ASC ascorbate

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ATLAS atmospheric model (by Kurucz)

ATP adenosine triphosphate

ATPase adenosine triph osphatase; adenosine triphosphate synthase

ATS American Thoracic Society

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Research

March 2011 xxxix DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### A/V surface

- to

- volume ratio

AVG 1

- aminoethoxyvinyl

- glycine

avg average

AZO azoxystrobin

β beta, beta coefficient, sl ope; log relative risk

β 2 

### - AR beta

- 2

- adrenergic receptor

BNP β

- type natriuretic peptide

BAL bronchoalveolar lavage; British anti

- Lewisite (AKA dimercaprol)

BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

BALT bronchus

- associated lymphoid tissue(s)

B[a]P benzo [a]pyrene

BC black carbon

BCB blue copper binding protein

BEIS Biogenic Emissions Inventory System

BERLIOZ Berlin Ozone Experiment

BHC biogenic hydrocarbons

BLD below limit of detection

BME Bayesian Maximum Entropy (framework)

BMI body mass index

BMZ basement membrane zone

BP blood pressure

bpm breaths per minute

BrdU bromodeoxyuridine

BS black smoke

BSA bovine serum albumin; body surface area

B scatter 

### back scatter

bw body weight

C carbon; concentration

C3 plants that use o nly the Calvin cycle for fixing the carbon

dioxide from the air

C3a complement protein fragment

C4 plants that use the Hatch

- Slack cycle for fixing the carbon

dioxide from the air

CA Conducting airways

Ca calcium

Ca 2+ 

### calcium ion

CAA Clean Air Act

March 2011 xl DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### CAAA Amendments to the Clean Air Act (1990)

Cab chlorophyll a/b binding protein

CADS Cincinnati Activity Diary Study

CAM plants that use crassulacean acid metabolism for fixing the

carbon dioxide from the air

CAP(s) concentrated ambient particles

CAPMoN Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network

CAR centriacinar region

CARB California Air Resources Board

CASAC Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee

CASTNET Clean Air Status and Trends Network

CAT catalase; computer

- aided tomograp hy

CB carbon black

CBL convective boundary layer

CBU cumulative breath units

CBVD cerebrovascular disease

% C/C percent carbon of total carbon

CC16 Clara cell protein, Clara cell 16 protein

CCh carbachol

CCSP Climate Change Science Program; Clara cell secretory protein

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

cDNA complementary DNA

CDPHE Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

CDT Central Daylight Time

C dyn 

### , Cdyn dynamic lung compliance

CE continuous exercise

CEC controlled environment chambers

CEPEX Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment

CF charcoal

- filtered

CFA charcoal/Purafil

- filtered air

CFCs chlorinated fluorocarbons

CFD computational fluid dynamics (modeling)

CFI continuous forest inventory

CFR Code of Federal Regulations; reference method

CG cloud

- to

- ground (lightning flash)

CGRP Calcitonin gene

- related peptide

CH 3 

### methyl group

March 2011 xli DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### CH 4



### C 2 

### H 4



### C 5 

### H 8



### C 6 

### H 6



### C 10 

### H 16



### CHAD

ChAT

CH 3 

### Br

CH 2 

### =C(CH 3 

### )

– CHO

CH 3 

### CCl 3



### C 6 

### H 5 

### CH 3



### CH 3 

### CHO

CH 3 

### CH(ONO 2 

### )CHO

CHCl 3



### CH 3 

### Cl

CH 3 

### CN

CH 3



### – CO

CH 3



### – C(O)

– CH=CH 2



### CH 3 

### C(O)CH 2 

### ONO 2



### CH 3 

### CO 3 

### NO 2



### CH 3



### – C(O)O 2 

### , CH 3



### – C(O)OO

C 2 

### H 5



### – H; C 2 

### H 6



### CH 2 

### O

CH 3 

### O

CH 3 

### O 2 •



### CH 3 

### OH

CH 3



### – O(O)CH 3



### CH 3 

### OOH

CHD

CHF

CH 3 

### I

CHIP

CHO

CIE

CIMS methane

ethene

isoprene

benzene

terpene

Consolidated Human Activity Database

choline acetyl

- transferase

methyl bromide

methacrolein

Methyl chloroform

toluene

acetaldehyde

2

- nitratopropanol

chloroform

Methyl chloride

acetonit rile

acetyl

methyl vinyl ketone

1

- nitratopropanone

PAN, peroxyacetyl nitrate

acetyl peroxy radical; peroxyacetyl

ethane

formaldehyde

methoxy

me thyl peroxy (radical)

methanol

acetone

acetic acid; methyl hydroperoxide

coronary heart disease

congestive heart failure

methyl iodide

Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Ozone on Potato Tuber Qual ity in the European Multiple Site Experiment

Chinese hamster ovary cells

confidence interval(s)

Commission Internationale de l’Eclaiarage (International Commission on Illumination)

chemical ionization mass spectroscopy

March 2011 xlii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE 

### CI

### CINC cytok ine

- induced neutrophil chemoattractant

CIU cumulative inhalation units

CL chemiluminescence

Cl chlorine

CLM chemiluminescence method

CMAQ Community Multi

- scale Air Quality modeling system; Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality

CMBO chloromethyl butenone

CMD count median diameter

CMSA consolidated metropolitan statistical area

CN condensation nuclei

CO carbon monoxide; Cardiac output

CO 2 

### carbon dioxide

COD coefficient of divergence; coefficient of determination

ConA concanavalin A

C OP Conference of Parties

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

C

- R concentration

- response

CRKs cysteine

- rich RLKs, which are part of the receptor

- like/Pelle kinase (RLKs) group

CRP C

- reactive protein

CS corticosteroid

CSA Combined Statistic al Area

CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor

CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte

CTM chemical transport model

CU cumulative uptake (coefficient of variation)

CUOt The cumulative stomatal uptake of O 3 

### , using a constant O 3 

### uptake rate threshold of t nmol/m 2 

### /s

CV; c.v.; cv Cultivar

CV cardiovascular

C.V. coefficient of variation

CVD cardiovascular disease

CYP cytochrome (e.g., CYP1A, CYP

- 2A6, CYP3A4, CYP450)

CYP 1A1 cytochrome P450 1A1

CyS Protein cysteines

cyt cytochrome

Δ, δ delta, difference; change

March 2011 xliii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### 2

- D two

- dimensional

3

- D three

- dimensional

d 50 

### 50 percent cut point or 50 percent diameter

D

a 

### aerodynamic diameter

Da Dalton

DA dry airstream; dopamine; dopaminergic

DAHPS 3

- deoxy

- D

- arabino

- heptulosonat

- 7

- phosphat e synthase

DBP diastolic blood pressure

DD doubling dose

df degrees of freedom

DG diacylglycerol

DGDG digalactosyldiacylglycerol

DHA dehydroascorbate; docosahexaenoic acid

DHAR dehydroascorbate reductase

DHBA 2,3

- dihydroxybenzoic acid

DI dry intrusion

DIAL differential absorption lidar (system)

DLEM Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model

DMPO dimethylphrrolise 1

- oxide; 5,5

- dimethyl

- 1

- pyrroline N

- oxide

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

DOAS differential optical absorption spectroscopy

DOC dissolv ed organic carbon

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

DOPAC 3,4

- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

DPCC 1,2

- dipalmitoyl

- SN

- glycero

- 3

- phosphocholine

DR disulfide reductase

DTPA diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid

DU Dobson units

ε epsilon; convergence prec ision

EBC exhaled breath condensate (fluid)

EC elemental carbon

EC 0.05% 

### 0.05% excess risk in mortality

EC 50 

### effect concentration for 50% of test population

ECG electrocardiography; electrocardiogram

ECM ectomycorrhizal fungi

ECOPHYS whole

- tre e ecophysiological growth process model

EC

- SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase

March 2011 xliv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### ED emergency department

EDMAS Exposure and Dose Modeling and Analysis System

EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EDU ethylenediurea

EE energy expenditure (averag e EE rate)

EEA(s) Essential Ecological Attribute(s)

EEG electroencephalogram; electroencephalographic

eGPx extracellular glutathione peroxidase

EGTA ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid

EGU(s) electricity generating unit(s)

EKG, ECG electrocardiogram

ELF epithelial lining fluid; extracellular lining fluid

ELISA enzyme

- linked immunosorbent assay

EM electron microscopy

ENA

- 78 epithelial cell

- derived neutrophil

- activating peptide 78

eNO exhaled nitric oxide

eNOS endothelial nitric oxide syntha se

ENSO El Niño

- Southern Oscillation

EOFs empirical orthogonal functions

EOTCP European Open Top Chamber Programme

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPEM Event Probability Exposure Model

EPO epoxyconazole

EPR Electron Paramagnetic Reson ance

EPRI Electric Power Research Institute

ER emergency room; excess risk

ERAQS Eastern Regional Air Quality Study

ERD1 ethylene response

ESPACE

- wheat European Stress Physiology and Climate Experiment on the Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen on Spring Wheat

ESR electron spin resonance (spectroscopy); EPR

EST Eastern Standard Time

ET ethylene; endotracheal

ETS environmental tobacco smoke

EU endotoxin units; European Union

EVR equivalent ventilation rate

F female

March 2011 xlv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### f, f , f B 

### frequency of breathing

F344 Fischer 344 strain of rats

FA filtered air; fatty acid; fractional absorption; absorbed fraction

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FACE free

- air CO2 enrichment (system)

f B 

### breathing frequency

FDA Food and Drug Admi nistration

FEF forced expiratory flow

FEF 25

- 75 

### forced expiratory flow between the times at which 25% and 75% of the vital capacity is reached

FEF

x 

### forced expiratory flow after (x)% vital capacity (e.g., after 25, 50, or 75% vital capacity)

FEM Fed eral equivalent method

FEV 1 

### forced expiratory volume in 1 second

FFAs free fatty acids

FGF fibroblast growth factor

FGFR fibroblast growth factor receptor

FHM Forest Health Monitoring

FIA USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis Program

F inf 

### infiltra tion factor

FIVC forced inspiratory vital capacity

FLAG Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup

FN; Fn fibronectin

FP fluticasone propionate

FPM Forest Pest Management

FR Federal Register; fixed

- ratio operant conditioning; fi xed ratio

schedule

FRAP ferric reducing ability of plasma

FRC functional residual capacity

FRM Federal reference method

FS field stimulation

FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

FVC forced volume vital capacity

Fv/Fm a measure of the max imum efficiency of Photosystem II

FVI fruit and vegetable index

G plants rooted in ground

GAM generalized additive model(s)

GBS group B streptococcus

March 2011 xlvi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### GC gas chromatography

GCE Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (model)

GC

- FID gas chromatography

- flame ion ization detection

GCM(s) general circulation model(s), global climate model

GC/MS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

GD gestational day

GDP guanosine diphosphate

GDT glutathione

- disulfide transhydrogenase

GEE generalized estimating equations

GEOS Goddard Earth Observing System

GEOS

- 1DAS Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System

GEOS

- Chem Goddard Earth Observing System

- Chemistry (model)

GHG greenhouse gas

GLM(s) generalized linear model(s)

GLMM(s) generalized linear mi xed model(s)

GLRAG Great Lakes Regional Assessment Group

GLU glutamate

GM

- CSF granulocyte macrophage colony

- stimulating factor

GMD Global Monitoring Division

GMT Greenwich mean time

G6P glucose

- 6

- phosphate

G6PD glucose

- 6

- phosphate dehydrogenase

GPP Gross Primary Production

GPx glutathione peroxidase

GR glutathione reductase

GRSM Great Smoky Mountains National Park

GSFC NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

GSH glutathione; reduced glutathione

GSHPx, GPx glutathione peroxidase

GSMNP Great Smoky Mountains National Park

GSSG oxidized glutathione; glutathione disulfide

GST glutathione transferase; glutathione S

- transferase

GSTM1 glutathione S

- transferase polymorphism M1

GSTM1null glutathione S

- transferase μ

- 1 null (genotype)

GSTP1 glutathione S

- transferase P 1

GSx glutathione; glutathione

- containing material

H; H + 

### ; H • 

### atomic hydrogen, hydrogen ion; hydrogen radical

March 2011 xlvii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE3 

### H

h

H 2



### HA

ha

HC(s)

HCFC(s)

HCHO

HCO •



### H 2 

### CO, HCHO

HDM

2HDM, 2ndHDM

HDMA

HEPA

HERO

HF

HFCs

Hg

HHP

- C9

HIST

HLA

HMOX

HMOX1

HNE

HNO 2 

### , HONO

HNO 3



### HNO 4



### HO

HO •



### HO 2 •



### HO 3 •



### H 2 

### O

H 3 

### O +



### H 2 

### O 2



### HOCH 2 

### OOH radiolabeled hydrogen; tritium

hour

molecular hyd rogen

hospital admission

hectare

hydrocarbon(s)

hydrochlorofluorocarbon(s)

formaldehyde

formyl (radical)

formaldehyde

house dust mite

second

- highest daily maximum 1

- h concentration

house dust mite allergen

high efficiency particle air (filter)

Health and Environmental Research Online, NCEA Database System

hydrogen fluoride; hydrofluoride; Howland Forest site; (HRV signal) high

- frequency power

hydrof luorocarbons

mercury

1

- hydroxy

- 1

- hydroperoxynonane

histamine

human leukocyte antigen

Heme oxygenase

heme

- oxygenase (decycling)

- 1

4

- hydroxynonenal

nitrous acid

nitric acid

pernitric acid

hydroxyl; heme oxygenase

hydroxyl radical

hydroperoxyl; hydroperoxy radical; protonated superoxide

protonated ozone radical

water

Hydronium ion

hydrogen peroxide

hydroxymethylhydroperoxide

March 2011 xlviii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### HONO ni trous acid

HO 2 

### NO 2 

### peroxynitric acid

HOONO pernitrous acid

HO X 

### hydrogen radical(s)

HPLC high

- pressure liquid chromatography

HPOT 13

- hydroperoxide linolenic acid

HR heart rate, hazard ratio; hypersensitive response

HR

max 

### maximum heart rate

HRP horseradish peroxidase

HRV heart rate variability

hs

- CRP high

- sensitivity C

- reactive protein

H 2 

### SO 4 

### sulfuric acid

5

- HT 5

- hydroxytryptamine

h v Energy per photon of electromagnetic energy at frequency v

HVAC heating, ventilation, and air condition ing

Hz hertz

I iodine

I/O indoor

- outdoor ratio

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

IAS interalveolar septum

IBM individual

- based model or modeling

IC inspiratory capacity; intracloud (lightning flash)

ICAM

- 1 intercellular adhes ion molecule

ICAS Inner City Asthma Study

ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator(s); International

Classification of Diseases

ICD

- 9 International Classification of Disease 9th revision

ICD

- 10 International Classification of Disease 10th revisio n

ICEM Indoor Chemistry and Exposure Model

ICNIRP International Commission on Non

- Ionizing Radiation Protection

ICP Forests International Cooperative Programme on Assessment of Air

Pollution Effects on Forests

ICS inhaled steroids

ID# identificati on number

IDW inverse

- distance

- weighted

IE intermittent exercise

IFN interferon (e.g., IFN

- ())

IFN

- γ interferon

- gamma

March 2011 xlix DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### Ig immunoglobulin (e.g., IgE)

IgA immunoglobin A

IgE immunoglobin E

IGF 1 

### insulin

- like growth factor 1

IgG immunoglobin G

IgM Immunoglobulin M fraction

IHD ischemic heart disease

IL interleukin

Ile isoleucine

IL

- x in terleukin

- 6, 8, etc.

i.m. intramuscular (route)

IMPACT Interactive Modeling Project for Atmospheric Chemistry and Transport

IMPROVE Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment

IN intranasal

INF interferon

inh inhalation

iNOS inducibl e nitric oxide synthase

INTRASTAND a stand

- level model designed for hourly, daily and annual integration of forest carbon and water cycle fluxes

IL

- 1β Interleukin

- 1Beta

IOM Institute of Medicine

i.p. intraperitoneal (route)

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPCC

- AR4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th Assessment Report

IPCC

- TAR Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chan ge Third Assessment Report

IPMMI International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Modeling

Inter

- comparison

IQR interquartile range

IR infrared

ISA Integrated Science Assessment

ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project

ISO Inte rnational Standards Organization

8

- iso

- PGF 8

- isoprostane

IT intratracheal, intratracheally

IU International Units

IUGR intrauterine growth restriction

March 2011 l DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### i.v. intravenous (route)

IVF in vitro fertilization

JA jasmonic acid

Jmax maximum rate of elect ron transport (for regeneration of RuBP)

J(NO 2 

### ) photolysis rate coefficient for NO 2


### J(O 3 

### ) photolysis rate coefficient for O 3



### JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Jsat saturating light

κB kappa B

k dissociation rate; root:shoot allometric coefficient

K

+ 

### potassium ion

K

a 

### intrinsic mass transfer coefficient/parameter

K g 

### mass transfer coefficient for gas phase

kHz kilohertz

kJ kilojoules

K

l 

### mass transfer coefficient for liquid phase

km kilometer

KM particle optical reflectance

KO knockout

K

r 

### reaction rate constant

KROFEX Krauzberg Ozone Fumigation Experiment

K

TB 

### tracheobronchial region overall mass transfer coefficient

L, dL, mL, μL Liter, deciLiter, milliLiter, microLiter

LAI leaf area index

LBW low birth weight

LC 50 

### median lethal concentration

LCL lower 95th% confidence limit

LDH lactate dehydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase

LDL low

- density lipoprotein

LF (HRV signal) low

- frequency power

LFHFR low frequency/high frequency (ratio)

LFT lower free troposphere

labeling index

LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging (remote sensing system)

LIF laser

- induced fluorescence

LINKAGES individual

- based model of forest succession

LIS lateral intercellular space

March 2011 li DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE 

### LI

### LLJ low

- level jet

LM light microscopy

Ln Natural logarithm

LnRMSSD natural log of RMSSD; measure of HRV

lnSDNN natural log of the standard deviation of NN intervals in an EKG

LOAEL lowest ob served adverse effect level

LOD limit of detection

LOEL lowest

- observed

- effect level

LOESS locally weighted scatterplot smoothing

LOP lipid ozonation products

LOWESS locally weighted scatter plot smoother

LOX

- 1 Lipoxygenase; lectin

- like oxidized low density lipoprotein

receptor

- 1

LPS lipopolysaccharide

LRS lower respiratory symptoms

LRT lower respiratory tract; lower airways; Long range transport

LST local standard time

LT leukotriene (e.g., LTB4 , LTC 4, LTD4 , LTE4); local time

LTA l ymphotoxin

- alpha

LT

- α lymphotoxin

- α

LUR land use regression

LWC liquid water content

μ mu, micro

μeq microequivalent

μg microgram

μg/m 3 

### micrograms per cubic meter

μm micrometer, micron

M male; maximum number of iterations; air molecule

M7 7

- hour seasonal mean

M12 12

- hour seasonal mean of O 3 

### M, mM, μM, nM, pM Molar, milliMolar, microMolar, nanoMolar, picoMolar

m, cm, μm, nm meter(s), centimeter(s), micrometer/[micron](s), nanometer(s)

ma moving average

mAOT modified accumulated expo sure over threshold

MAP mitogen

- activated protein; mean arterial pressure

MAPK mitogen

- activated protein kinase(s), MAP kinase

MAQSIP Multiscale Air Quality Simulation Platform (model)

March 2011 lii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### MARAT Mid

- Atlantic Regional Assessment Team

MARCO Macrophage r eceptor with collagenous structure

max maximum

MBL marine boundary layer

MCCP Mountain Cloud Chemistry Program

Mch; MCh methacholine

MCM master chemical mechanism

MCP monocyte chemotactic protein

MDA malondialdehyde

MDAR monodehydroascorbate reductase

MDI Mediterranean diet index

MDL minimum detection level

MED minimal erythema dose

MEF 50% 

### maximal midexpiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity

MeJA methyl jasmonate

MENTOR Modeling Environment for Total Risk Studies

METs metabo lic equivalent unit(s) [of work]

MGDG monogalactosyldiacylglycerol

MHC major histocompatibility complex

MI myocardial infarction, “heart attack”

MIESR matrix isolation electron spin resonance (spectroscopy)

min minute; minimum

MIP macrophage infl ammatory protein

mL milliliter

MLN mediastinal lymph node

Mm megameter

MM Mt. Mt. Mitchell site

MM5 National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State Mesoscale Model, version 5

MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter; mass median aerodynamic

dens ity

MMEF maximal midexpiratory flow

mmHg millimeters of mercury

MMMD mean maximum mixing height depth

MnSOD Manganese superoxide dismutase

mo month

MOA(s) mode(s) of Action

March 2011 liii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### MONICA

MoOx

MOSES

MOZAIC

MPAN

MPO

MQL

MRI

mRNA

MS

ms

MS/MS

MSA

MSL

MT

MT, Mt

MT1

Mtn

MV

MW

N

15 

### N

n, N

N 2



### N100

NA

NA; N/A

Na

Na +



### NAAQS

NAD

NADH

NADP

NADPH; NAD(P)H Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular

Disease

molybdenum oxides

Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme

Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In

- Service

Aircraft

peroxymethacryloyl nitrate; peroxy

- methacrylic nitric anhydride

myeloperoxidase

Minimum quant ification limit

magnetic resonance imaging; Midwest Research Institute; Meteorological Research Institute

messenger RNA

mass spectrometry; Mt. Moosilauke site

millisecond

tandem mass spectrometry

Metropolitan Statistica l Area; methane sulfonic acid

mean sea level

million tons; metric ton

metallothionein

mitochondria

mountain

methyl viologen

molecular weight

nitrogen; North

nitrogen

- 15, stable isotope of nitrogen

nu mber; number of observations

molecular nitrogen; nonreactive nitrogen

number of hours ≥ 0.10 ppm

noradrenaline

not available

sodium

sodium ion

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

nicotinamide adenine nucleotide

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; nicotinamide

adenine d inucleotide dehydrogenase

National Atmospheric Deposition Program

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

March 2011 liv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### NADPH

- CR reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatecytochrome c reductase

NaE sodium erythorbate

Na

- K

- ATPase sodium

- potassium

- dependent adenosine triphosphatase

NAMS National Ambient Monitoring Stations

NAMS/SLAMS National Ambient Monitoring Stations and State and Local Air Monitoring Stations

NAPAP National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program

N APBN National Air Pollution Background Network

NARE North Atlantic Regional Experiment

NARSTO North American Regional Strategy for Atmospheric Ozone

NAS National Academy of Sciences; Normative Aging Study

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Admini stration

NBS National Bureau of Standards

NBTH 3

- methyl

- 2

- benzothiazolinone acetone azine

NCEA National Center for Environmental Assessment

NCEA

- RTP NCEA Division in Research Triangle Park, NC

NCHS National Center for Health Statistics

NCICAS N ational Cooperative Inner

- City Asthma Study

NCLAN National Crop Loss Assessment Network

NCore National Core multi

- pollutant monitoring network

NC

- R resistant clones of white clover

NC

- S sensitive clones of white clover

ND; n.d. not detectable; not d etected; no data

NDF neutral detergent fiber

NEE net ecosystem CO 2 

### exchange

NEI National Emissions Inventory

NEM National Ambient Air Quality Standards Exposure Model

NEP Net Ecosystem Production

+NERAG New England Regional Assessment Group

NERL National Exposure Research Laboratory

NESCAUM Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management

NF National Forest; non

- filtered

NF

- κB nuclear factor kappa B

NH northern hemisphere

NH 3 

### ammonia

NH 4 + 

### ammonium ion

NHANES National Health and Nut rition Examination Survey

March 2011 lv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### NHAPS

NHEERL/WED

NH 4 

### HSO 4


### (NH 4 

### ) 2 

### SO 4 

### ; (NH 4 

### ) 2 

### HSO 4



### NHIS

NIH

NIST

NK

NKT

NL

NLF

NM

NMHC( s)

NMMAPS

NMOC(s)

NMVOCs

NN

NNK

nNOS

NO

NO 2



### NO 3 

### ; NO 3 •



### NO 3 −



### N 2 

### O

N 2 

### O 5



### NOAA

NOAEL

NOS

NOS

- 1

NOS

- 2

NOS

- 3

NO X



### NO Y



### NO Z 

### National Human Activity Pattern Survey

EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division

Ammonium bisulfate

ammonium sulfate

Natio nal Health Interview Survey

National Institutes of Health

National Institute of Standards and Technology

natural killer cells; neurokinin

Natural killer T cells

nasal lavage

nasal lavage fluid

National Monument

nonmethane hydrocarbon(s)

National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study

nonmethane organic compound(s)

nonmethane volatile organic compounds

normal

- to

- normal (NN or RR) time interval between each QRS complex in the EKG

4

- (N

- nitrosomethylamino)

- 1

- (3

- pyridyl)

- 1

- butanone

neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS)

nitric oxide

nitrogen dioxide

nitrate, nitrate radical

nitrate, nitrate ion

nitrous oxide

dinitrogen pentoxide

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

no observed adverse effect level

nitric oxide synthase

neuronal nitric oxide synthase

inducible nitr ic oxide synthase; iNOS

endothelial nitric oxide synthase

nitrogen oxides, oxides of nitrogen (NO + NO2)

sum of NO X 

### and NO Z 

### ; odd nitrogen species; total oxidized nitrogen

sum of all inorganic and organic reaction products of NO X 

### (H ONO, HNO 3 

### , HNO 4 

### , organic nitrates, particulate nitrate,

nitro

- PAHs, etc.)

March 2011 lvi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### NP National Park

NPP net primary production

NPS National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior

NQO1 NAD(P)H

- quinone oxidoreductase (genotype)

NQO1wt NAD(P)H

- quinone oxidoreductase wild type (genotype)

NR not reported

Nr reactive nitrogen

NRC National Research Council

Nrf

- 2 nuclear factor erythroid 2

- related factor 2

NS; n.s. nonsignificant; non

- smoker; national seashore; natural splin e

NSAID non

- steroidal an ti

- inflammatory agent

NSBR nonspecific bronchial responsiveness

NSF National Science Foundation

NTE nasal tur binate epithelial (cells)

NTN National Trends Network

NTP National Toxicology Program

NTRMs NIST Traceable Reference Materials

NTS nu cleus of the solitary tract (in brainstem)

NWR national wildlife refuge

NWS National Weather Service

NZW New Zealand white (rabbit)

O oxygen; horizon forest floor

1 

### O 2 

### singlet oxygen

18 

### O oxygen

- 18, stable isotope of oxygen

O 2 

### molecular oxygen

O 2 − 

### superoxide

O 2 • 

### superoxide radical

O 3 

### ozone

18 

### O 3 

### (oxygen

- 18 labeled) ozone

O 3 

### * electronically excited ozone

OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards

OAR Office of Air and Radiation

OBMs observationally based methods

OC organic carbon

OD outer diameter; optical density

O( 1 

### D) electronically excited oxygen atom

OH, OH • 

### hydroxyl group, hydroxyl radical

March 2011 lvii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### 8

- OHdG 8

- hydroxy

- 2 ́

- deoxyguanosine

OLS ordinary least squares

OMI Ozone Monitoring Instrument

O( 3 

### P) ground

- state oxygen atom

OPE ozone production efficiency

OPECs Outdoor Plant Environment Chambers

OR odds ratio

ORD Office of Research and Development

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OTC open

- top chamber

OVA ovalbumin

O X 

### odd oxygen species; t otal oxidants

OxComp oxidative capacity of the atmosphere

Ф Phi; calculated efficiency

ФPSII

- max maximum photochemical effective quantum yield of PSII

P pressure in atmospheres; plants grown in pots

p probability value

P 90 

### 90th percentile of the absolute difference in concentrations

P450 cytochrome P450

PAD peripheral arterial disease; pollutant applied dose

PAF platelet

- activating factor; paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

PAH(s) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s)

PAL phenylalanine ammonia lyase

PAMS Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations network

PAN peroxyacetyl nitrate; peroxyacetic nitric anhydride

PaO 2 

### arterial oxygen pressure

PAR photosynthetically active radiation; proximal alveolar region

P atm 

### Pressure in atmospheres

p

- ATP para

- acetamidophenol

PBL planetary boundary layer; peripheral blood lymphocytes

PBM population

- based model or modeling

PBN C

- phenyl N

- tert

- butyl nitrone

PBPK physiologically based pharmacokinetic (model)

PBS phosphate buffered saline

PC phosphatidylchloline

PC 20 

### provocative concentration that produces a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second

March 2011 lviii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### PC 20 

### FEV 1 

### provovative concentration that produces a 20% decrease in

FEV1

PC 50 

### provocative concentration that produces a 50% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second

PCA principal component analysis

PC

- ALF 1

- palmitoyl

- 2

- (9

- oxonononoyl)

- sn

- glycero

- 3

- phosphocholine

PCD programmed cell death

PCl picryl chloride

pCNEM Canadian version of National Ambient Air Quality Standards Exposure Model

PCO 2 

### Average partial pressure of O 2 

### i n lung capillaries

pCO 2 

### partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PCR polymerase chain reaction

PCR

- DGGE PCR

– denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

PD 100 

### provocative dose that produces a 100% increase in sRAW

PD 100 

### SRaw provocative dose that produces a 1 00% increase in SRaw

PD 20 

### ; PD 20 

### FEV 1 

### provocative dose that produces a 20% decrease in FEV 1



### PE post exposure, phosphatidylethanolamine

PEF peak expiratory flow

PEF 0.75 

### peak expiratory flow in 0.75 second

PEFR peak expiratory flow rate

PEFT time to peak flow

PEG

- CAT polyethylene glycol

- catalase

PEG

- SOD polyethylene glycol

- superoxide dismutase

PEM(s) personal exposure monitor(s)

P enh 

### enhanced pause

PEPc phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PFD photosynthetic flux density

PG prostaglandin (e.g., PGE2 ,PGF2); phosphatidylglycerol

6PGD 6

- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

PGHS

- 2 prostaglandin endoperoxide G/H synthase 2

PGP protein gene product (e.g., PGP9.5)

PGSM Plant Growth Stress Model

pH relative acidity; Log of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion

concentration

PHA phytohemagglutinin A

PI phosphatidylinositol; probability interval; posterior interval

PIF peak inspiratory flow

PK pharmacokinetics

March 2011 lix DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### pKa dissociation constant

PLFA Phospholipid fatty acid

PM particulate matt er

PM 0.1 

### particulate matter with a nominal mobility diameter less than or equal to 0.1 μm (referred to as ultrafine PM)

PM 1 

### particulate matter with a nominal aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 1 μm

PM 2.5 

### particulate matter with a nominal aero dynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (a surrogate for fine PM)

PM 10

- 2.5 

### particulate matter with a nominal aerodynamic diameter greater than 2.5 μm and less than or equal to 10 μm (a surrogate for thoracic coarse particulate matter or the coarse fraction of PM 10 

### ). Concentration may be measured or calculated as the difference

between measured PM 10 

### and measured PM 2.5 

### concentrations.

PM x-y 

### particulate matter with a nominal diameter greater than x μm and less than y μm where x and y are the numeric mean aerodynamic or mobility diameters (μm).

PM 10 

### particulate matter with a nominal aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm

PM 13 

### particulate matter with a nominal aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 13 μm

PM 15 

### particulate matter with a nominal aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to15 μm

PM

x 

### particulate matter of a specific size range. X refers to the diameter at which the sampler collects 50% of the particles and rejects 50% of the particles. Collection efficiency increases for

p articles with smaller diameters and decreases for particles with larger diameters. The variation of collection efficiency with size is given by a collection efficiency curve. The definition of PMx is frequently abbreviated as “particles with a nominal

aero dynamic diameter less than or equal to x μm. See 40 CFR

58.1 for a full definition.

PM

- CAMx Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions and with particulate matter chemistry

PMN(s) polymorphonuclear leukocyte(s)

PMT photomultiplier tube

PND po st natal day

pNEM probabilistic National Exposure Model

PnET Photosynthetic EvapoTranspiration model

PNN proportion of interval differences of successive normal

- beat

intervals in EKG

PNN 50 

### proportion of interval differences of successive normal

- beat intervals greater than 50 ms in EKG

POC particulate organic carbon

POD peroxidase

polyADPR poly(adenosinediphosphate

- ribose)

March 2011 lx DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### ppb parts per billion

ppbv parts per billion by volume

pphm parts per hundred million

ppm parts per million

ppm

- h parts per million hours; weighted concentration values based on hourly concentrations: usually summed over a certain number of hours, day(s), months, and/or season.

ppmv parts per million by volume

PPN peroxypropionyl nitrate; peroxypropionic nitric an hydride

PPPs power plant plumes

ppt parts per trillion

pptv parts per trillion by volume

PQH 2 

### plastoquinone

PR pathogenesis

- related (protein)

PR

- 1 promoter region 1

PRB policy

- relevant background

PRYL predicted relative yield (biomass) l oss

PS penalized spline

PS II Photosystem II: enzyme that uses light to obtain electrons from water (for photosynthesis).

PSA picryl sulfonic acid

PSC polar stratospheric clouds

PTB preterm birth

PTR

- MS proton

- transfer

- reaction mass spectroscopy

PU, PUL pulmonary

PUFA(s) polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)

PV potential vorticity

PVCD peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disease

PVD peripheral vascular disease

PVOCs photochemical volatile organic compounds

PWM pokeweed mitogen

Pxase per oxidase

QCE quasi continuous exercise

q NP 

### non

- photochemical quenching

qP photochemical quenching

QRS A complex of three distinct electrocardiogram waves which represent the beginning of ventricular contraction

QT interval measure of the time inte rval between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave in the heart’s electrical cycle

March 2011 lxi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### r Pearson correlation coefficient

R, r correlation coefficient

r 2 

### correlation coefficient

R 2 

### multiple regression correlation coefficient

R 2 2 

### , r coeff icient of determination

RACM Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism

RADM Regional Acid Deposition Model

rALP recombinant antileukoprotease

RAMS Regional Atmospheric Modeling System

RANTES regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and s ecreted (cells)

R

aw 

### , Raw airway resistance

RB respiratory bronchiole

RBC(s) red blood cell(s); erythrocyte(s)

rbcL Rubisco large subunit

rbcS Rubisco small subunit

rcd1 Arabidopsis mutant radical induced cell death

R'C(O)

– O 2 

### acyl peroxy

RDBM S Relational Database Management Systems

Re Reynolds number

REHEX Regional Human Exposure Model

RER rough endoplasmic reticulum; Respiratory exchange ratio

RF radiative forcing

RGR Relative growth rate

RH relative humidity

RIOPA Relationship o f Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (study)

R L 

### total pulmonary resistance

RLKs receptor

- like/Pelle kinase group

RMR resting metabolic rate

rMSSD root mean squared differences between adjacent normal

- to

­ normal heartbeat intervals

Rn nasal resistance

RNA ribonucleic acid

RO 2 

### organic peroxyl; organic peroxy

ROG reactive organic gases

ROI reactive oxygen intermediate/superoxide anion

RONO 2 

### organic nitrate

ROOH organic peroxides

March 2011 lxii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### ROONO 2 

### , RO 2 

### NO 2 

### peroxy nitrate

ROS reactive oxygen species

RR normal

- to

- normal (NN or RR) time interval between each QRS complex in the EKG; ribonucleotide reductase; risk ratio;

relative risk

RRMS relatively remote monitoring sites

RT respiratory tract

R T 

### transepithelial resistance

RTLF respiratory tract lining fluid

RuBisCO; Rubisco ribulose

- 1,5

- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

RuBP ribulose bisphosphate

σ sigma, standard deviation

σ g 

### sigma

- g; geometric standard deviation

S smoker; sulfur; South

s second

SA salicylic acid

SAB Science Advi sory Board

SAC Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 strain

SAG21 senescence

SAI Systems Applications International

SAMD S

- adenosyl methionine decarboxylase

S

a 

### O 2 

### oxygen saturation of arterial blood

SAPALDIA Study of Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults

SAR systemic acquired resistance

SAROAD Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency centralized database; superseded by Aerometric Information Retrieval System [AIRS])

SAW grp 

### small airway function group

SBP systolic blood pressure

SBUV Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer

SC stratum corneum

Sc scandium

s.c. subcutaneous

SCAQS Southern California Air Quality Study

SCE(s) sister chromatid exchange(s)

SD standard deviation; Sprague

- Dawley rat

SDNN standard deviation normal

- to

- normal (NN or RR) time interval between each QRS complex in the EKG

SE standard error

March 2011 lxiii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### SEBAS Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study

SEM simultaneously extracted metal; standard error of the mean; scanning electron microscopy

SES socioeconomic status

SF 6 

### sulfur hexafluoride (tracer gas)

SGA small for gestational age

SGaw specific airway conductance

SH Shenandoah National Park site

SHEDS Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation

SHEN Shenando ah National Park

sICAM

- 1 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule

SIDS sudden infant death syndrome

SIGMOID sigmoid weighted summed concentration

SINIC Simple Nitrogen Cycle model

SIPK salicylic acid (SA) induced protein kinase

SK shikimate kinase

SLA specific leaf area

SLAMS State and Local Air Monitoring Stations

SMD soil moisture deficit

SME soybean oil methyl ester

SNAAQS Secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards

SNP(s) single

- nucleotide polymorphism

SO 2 

### sulfur dioxide

SO 4 2 − 

### sulfate

SOA secondary organic aerosol

SOD superoxide dismutase

SOS Southern Oxidant Study

SO X 

### sulfur oxides

SoyFACE Soybean Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment Facility

SP surfactant protein (e.g., SPA, SPD); substance P

SPF specific pat hogen free

SRaw, sRaw, specific airway resistance

SRBC sheep red blood cell

SRES Special Report on Emissions Scenarios

SRM standard reference method

SSCP single

- strand conformation polymorphism

STE stratosphere

- troposphere exchange

March 2011 lxiv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### STEP Strato spheric

- Tropospheric

- Exchange Project

STN speciation trends network

STP standard temperature and pressure

STPD standard temperature and pressure, dry

STRF Spatio

- Temporal Random Field (theory)

SUM00 sum of all hourly average concentrations

SUM06 seasonal sum of all hourly average concentrations ≥ 0.06 ppm

SUM07 seasonal sum of all hourly average concentrations ≥ 0.07 ppm

SUM08 seasonal sum of all hourly average concentrations ≥ 0.08 ppm

SURE Sulfate Regional Experiment Program

SZA sol ar zenith angle

τ tau, photochemical lifetime; atmospheric lifetime

T time; duration of exposure

t t

- test statistical value; t statistic

T cell T lymphocyte

T lymphocytes thymus

- dependent lymphocytes

T 3 

### triiodothyronine

T 4 

### thyroxine

TAR IPCC Third Assessment Report

TAR WGI IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group I

TB tracheobronchial; terminal bronchioles; tuberculosis

TBA thiobarbituric acid

TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TC total carbon

99m 

### Tc Technetium

- 99m

99m 

### Tc

- DTPA 99mTc

- diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

T

- ce1ls Thymus

- derived lymphocytes

T

co 

### core temperature

T CTL 

### cytotoxic T

- lymphocytes

TDLAS Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer

T

e 

### expiratory time

TEM transmission electron microscopy; Terrestrial Ecosystem Model

TexAQS Texas Air Quality Field Study

Tg teragram(s)

TGF transforming growth factor

TGF β β transforming growth factor

Th T helper type

March 2011 lxv DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### tHcy total homocysteine

T i 

### inspiratory time

Ti titanium

TIA transient ischemi c attack

TiO 2 

### titanium dioxide

TLC total lung capacity

TLNISE two

- level normal independent sampling estimation

TLR Toll

- like receptor

TMPO tetramethylphrrolise 1

- oxide

TNC total nonstructural carbohydrate

TNF tumor necrosis factor (e.g., TNF

- α)

TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor

TNF

- α tissue necrosis factor alpha

TOMS Total Ozone Mapping/Monitoring Satellite; total ozone mapping

spectrometer

TOPSE Tropospheric Ozone Production About the Spring Equinox

TPLIF two

- photon laser

- induced fluorescence

TREGRO Tree Growth Model

TRIFFID Top

- down Representation of Interactive Foliage and Flora Including Dynamics

TRIM Total Risk Integrated Methodology (model)

TRIM.Expo Total Risk Integrated Methodology Exposure Event (model)

TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

TSP total suspended particles

TTFMS two

- tone frequency

- modulated spectroscopy

TVA Tennessee Valley Authority

TWA time

- weighted average

TX tromboxane (e.g., TXB2)

U.K. United Kingdom

U.S. United States of America

U.S.C.; USC U.S. Code

UA uric acid

UAM Urban Airshed Model

UCL upper 95th% confidence limit

UDGT UDP

- galactose

- 1,2,

- diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase

UDP uridine diphosphate

ULLI unit length labeling index

March 2011 lxvi DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### UN ECE ICP

- Vegetation

UNECE

UNEP

UNFCCC

URI

URS

URT

USDA

USFS

USGCRP

USGS

UT

UTC

UV

UV

- A

UV

- B

UV

- C

UV

- DIAL

V

V, mV, μV

V A



### Val

VC

VCAM

V d



### V D



### VE

V E



### V Emax



### V

max



### V max25%



### V max50%



### V max75%



### VMD

Vn United Nations Ec onomic Commission for Europe International Cooperative Programme on effects of air pollution and other stresses on crops and non

- woody plants (UN/ECE

- Vegetation; formerly

- Crops)

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

United Nations E nvironmental Programme

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

upper respiratory infection

upper respiratory symptoms

upper respiratory tract; upper airways

U.S. Department of Agriculture

U.S. Forest Se rvice

U.S. Global Change Research Program

U.S. Geological Survey

Universal Time

Coordinated Universal Time

ultraviolet radiation

ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths of 320 to 400 nm

ultraviolet radiation at wa velengths of 280 to 320 nm

ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths of 200 to 280 nm

Ultraviolet Differential Absorption Lidar

vanadium

volt, millivolt, microvolt

alveolar ventilation

valine

vital capacity

vascular cell adhesion molecule

deposition rate, deposition velocity (cm/s)

volume of the anatomic or physiological dead space

v entilatory volume

ventilation rate ; minute ventilation

maximum minute ventilation

maximum vel ocity

maximum expiratory flow at 25% of the vital capacity

maximum expiratory flow at 50% of the vital capacity

maximum expiratory flow at 75% of the vital capacity

volume median diameter

Nasal volume

March 2011 lxvii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

### VO 2 

### oxygen co nsumption

VO 2max 

### maximum volume per time, of oxygen (maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake or aerobic capacity)

VOC(s) volatile organic compound(s)

V P 

### volumetric penetration

V P50% 

### volume at which 50% of an inhaled bolus is absorbed

VPD vapor pressure deficit; Vehicles per day; Ventricular premature depolarization

V T 

### tidal volume

V TB 

### terminal bronchiole region volume

V Tmax 

### maximum tidal volume

V UA 

### volume of the upper airways

vWF von Willebrand factor

W width; wilderness

W/m 2 

### , W m - 2 

### watts per square meter

w/v weight per volume

W126 cumulative integrated exposure index with a sigmoidal weighting function

W95 cumulative integrated exposure index with a sigmoidal weighting function

WBC white blood cell

WBGT wet bulb gl obe temperature

WCB warm conveyor belt

WF, WFM White Face Mountain site

WHI Women’s Health Initiative

WHO World Health Organization

wk week(s)

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WMO/UNEP World Meteorological Organization/United Nations

Envi ronment Program

Ws Wassilewskija Arabidopsis ecotype

WS wood smoke

WT wild type; White Top Mountain site

wt % percent by weight

yr year

ZAPS Zonal Air Pollution System

ZELIG a forest succession simulation model

Zn zinc

March 2011 lxviii DRAFT
– DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE