23-254-cv

Trivedi v. Gen. Elec. Co., et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

3rd day of July, two thousand twenty-four. 

PRESENT: 

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

Chief Judge, 

DENNY CHIN,

BETH ROBINSON,

Circuit Judges. 

_____________________________________ 

Madhuri Trivedi, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 23-254-cv

General Electric Company, GE Healthcare, 

Larry Culp, Michael Swinford, Carl Conrath, 

John Dineen, David Mehring, Nicole Boyles, 

Adam Holton, Michael Truman, Ayesha Khan, 

Jeffrey R. Immelt, Timothy Kottak, David 

Elario, Robert Swieringa, Susan Hockfield, 

Diane Smith, Dipti Patel, Nathan Davis, 

Gregory Stratton, William Barbiaux, Reema 

Poddar, Michael Harsh, Fragomen, Del Rey, 

Bernsen & Loewy, LLP, Jenny Schrager, Foley 

& Mansfield law firm, Seymour Mansfield, 

Andrew Shedlock, U.S. Department of Labor, 
2 

Secretary Martin Walsh, Daniel Koh, OSHA, 

Anthony Rosa, Frederick James, Doug Parker, 

Tamara Simpson, Robert Kuss, William 

Donovan, Denise Keller, Nathan Terwilliger, 

William Trepanier, Office of the 

Administrative Law Judge, ALJ Timothy 

McGrath, Administrative Review board, 

Tammy Pust, Susan Harthill, Thomas H. 

Burrell, Office of the Solicitor, Stefan Babich, 

and Sarah Naji,

Defendants.

*

_____________________________________ 

For Plaintiff-Appellant: Madhuri Trivedi, pro se, Boston, MA. 

For Defendants: No appearance. 

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Laura Taylor Swain, Chief Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

In 2019, Appellant Madhuri Trivedi, pro se, sued her former employer, General Electric 

Co. (“GE”), the Foley & Mansfield law firm (“Foley & Mansfield”), and others in the District 

of Massachusetts, asserting claims under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Dodd-Frank 

Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and Title VII, among others. The district court dismissed that

lawsuit (“Trivedi I”) for lack of personal jurisdiction with respect to the claims against Foley & 

Mansfield, and failure to state a claim against the other defendants. The United States Court of 

*

 The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption to conform to the above. 
3

Appeals for the First Circuit subsequently affirmed. Trivedi v. Gen. Elec. Co., No. 21-1434, 

2022 WL 1769136 (1st Cir. May 3, 2022) (nonprecedential). That same year, Trivedi brought 

two substantially similar lawsuits in the Southern District of New York; both were transferred to 

the District of Massachusetts and subsequently dismissed. See Trivedi v. Gen. Elec. Co., No. 

22-CV-11746, 2023 WL 2988626, at *1 (Jan. 5, 2023) (“Trivedi II”) (dismissing case with 

prejudice on res judicata grounds); Trivedi v. Gen. Elec. Co., No. 23-CV-10067, 2023 WL 

3679030, at *1 (Mar. 29, 2023) (“Trivedi III”) (denying post-judgment relief and enjoining 

further filings after finding Trivedi to be “a vexatious litigant”). 

Trivedi then brought the instant lawsuit (“Trivedi IV”) in the Southern District of New 

York in 2023, raising the same claims against a set of defendants who were parties to the first 

three lawsuits—including Foley & Mansfield. The district court sua sponte, meaning on its 

own initiative, dismissed the complaint based on res judicata and ordered Trivedi to show cause 

why she should not be barred from filing any further actions in the Southern District of New 

York without first obtaining permission from the court. See generally Trivedi v. Gen. Elec. Co., 

No. 23-CV-0126, 2023 WL 1865216 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 6, 2023). Trivedi moved for the district 

judge to recuse herself, but the judge denied the motion. See generally Trivedi v. Gen. Elec. 

Co., No. 23-CV-0126, 2023 WL 2186474 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2023). Trivedi appealed. We 

assume the parties’ familiarity with the remaining facts, the procedural history, and the issues on 

appeal. 

“We review de novo the District Court’s application of the principles of res judicata.” 

EDP Med. Comput. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 480 F.3d 621, 624 (2d Cir. 2007); see also Rollock 

v. LaBarbera, 383 F. App’x 29, 30 (2d Cir. 2010) (summary order) (affirming sua sponte 
4

dismissal of pro se complaint on res judicata grounds). Res judicata, or claim preclusion, 

prevents parties from relitigating issues that were, or could have been, decided on the merits in 

a previous action. Brown Media Corp. v. K&L Gates, LLP, 854 F.3d 150, 157 (2d Cir. 2017). 

To determine whether the doctrine of res judicata applies to bar a subsequent action, we consider

whether “1) the prior decision was a final judgment on the merits, 2) the litigants were the same 

parties [or their privies], 3) the prior court was of competent jurisdiction, and 4) the causes of 

action were the same.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Chase 

Manhattan Bank, N.A. v. Celotex Corp., 56 F.3d 343, 346 (2d Cir. 1995) (“[T]he federal doctrine 

of res judicata applies to a case involving the same parties or their privies.” (internal quotation 

marks omitted)). A court may apply res judicata sua sponte. See Scherer v. Equitable Life 

Assurance Soc’y of U.S., 347 F.3d 394, 398 n.4 (2d Cir. 2003). 

The district court properly applied res judicata as to all but one of the defendants in this 

case. The prior decisions were final judgments on the merits. Trivedi’s initial lawsuit in the 

District of Massachusetts was dismissed and the dismissal was affirmed by the First Circuit. 

The other lawsuits were also dismissed, and the litigants in this case were all parties in the other 

cases. The District of Massachusetts was a court of competent jurisdiction as it had the power 

to hear Trivedi’s federal claims and her supplemental state law claims. Finally, the claims here 

are either the same as in Trivedi’s prior lawsuits or could have been raised in those lawsuits. As 

a result, res judicata bars consideration of nearly all of her claims.

That said, the district court improperly applied res judicata to Trivedi’s claims against 

Foley & Mansfield. Because Trivedi’s claims against Foley & Mansfield were dismissed for 

lack of personal jurisdiction, not failure to state a claim, there has not been a final adjudication 
5

on the merits of her claim against that firm. MSP Recovery Claims, Series LLC v. Hereford 

Insurance Company, 66 F.4th 77, 91 (2d Cir. 2023) (“A dismissal for lack of jurisdiction is by 

its nature a dismissal without prejudice: it does not preclude another action on the same claims.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted)); Robinson v. Overseas Military Sales Corp., 21 F.3d 502, 

507 n.4 (2d Cir. 1994) (“Finally, a dismissal for want of subject matter or personal jurisdiction 

is not a decision on the merits. Consequently, upon such a dismissal the plaintiff is free to 

institute the suit anew in a jurisdiction or under circumstances supporting jurisdiction.”). Thus, 

the district court’s dismissal of Trivedi’s claims against Foley & Mansfield on res judicata

grounds was error. 

Notwithstanding this error, however, we affirm the district court judgment on the ground 

that Trivedi’s appeal is frivolous. When a plaintiff “has abused the judicial process to harass 

defendants with vexations and frivolous suits,” it is appropriate to affirm a district court decision 

limiting the plaintiff’s access to the courts. Sassower v. Sansverie, 885 F.2d 9, 11 (2d Cir. 

1989). Trivedi is “a vexatious litigant who has abused her right to access th[e] Court by 

continuing to pursue baseless litigation against the GE Defendants and anyone else she can blame 

for her failure to succeed with her claims against them.” Trivedi III, 2023 WL 3679030, at *1. 

The judgment on appeal similarly cited Trivedi’s “litigation history” in ordering her “to show 

cause why she should not be barred from filing any further actions.” Trivedi IV, 2023 WL 

1865216, at *4. Trivedi’s briefing to this Court hardly gives us cause to doubt the district 

courts’ findings in this regard, see, e.g., Appellant’s Br. 1-12, and we therefore “give fair warning 

to appellant that[,] if [s]he continues to abuse the judicial process by the instigation of frivolous 

appeals, an injunction will issue directing the Clerk of this Court to refuse to accept for filing 
6

any submissions from h[er], unless [s]he has first obtained leave of the Court to file such papers.” 

Sassower, 885 F.2d at 11. 

Trivedi separately argues that the district court improperly failed to provide notice before 

dismissing her complaint sua sponte. We have vacated sua sponte dismissals where the district 

court failed to offer the plaintiff appropriate notice or an opportunity to be heard, emphasizing 

that doing so is a “bad practice” at a minimum. See Catzin v. Thank You & Good Luck Corp., 

899 F.3d 77, 82 (2d Cir. 2018). However, if “it is unmistakably clear that the court lacks 

jurisdiction, or that the complaint lacks merit or is otherwise defective,” a sua sponte dismissal 

without notice or an opportunity to be heard can be appropriate. Snider v. Melindez, 199 F.3d 

108, 113 (2d Cir. 1999); see also Catzin, 899 F.3d at 82. 

Under the circumstances in this case, the district court did not commit reversible error by 

dismissing the complaint sua sponte. As noted by the district court, Trivedi has a history of 

filing lawsuits alleging the same claims against the same defendants, two of which had been 

dismissed at the time she filed the instant complaint. While not given notice here that her 

allegations were vulnerable to dismissal, Trivedi’s experience in her prior lawsuits would have 

informed her that these kinds of claims were defective. In particular, she should have been 

aware that her claims were vulnerable to dismissal on res judicata grounds because one of her 

prior lawsuits (raising the same claims against most of the same defendants) was dismissed on 

that basis. See Trivedi v. Gen. Elec. Co., No. 22-CV-11746-LEW, 2022 WL 19558081, at *1

(D. Mass. Dec. 12, 2022), report and recommendation adopted by Trivedi II. And as for the 

claims against Foley & Mansfield, they plainly lack merit. See generally Compl., Trivedi IV, 

No. 23-CV-0126, ECF No. 1. It was therefore appropriate for the district court to dismiss the 
7

complaint sua sponte. 

Finally, Trivedi asserts that Judge Swain should have recused herself because she had 

previously transferred Trivedi’s prior cases (resulting in their dismissal) and such actions 

demonstrated bias against her.1 We review a judge’s decision on a recusal motion for abuse of 

discretion. United States v. Lovaglia, 954 F.2d 811, 815 (2d Cir. 1992). Here, aside from the 

dismissal of her complaint and decisions to transfer in prior cases, Trivedi points to nothing in 

the record that suggests bias on the part of the district court. In any event, an adverse ruling is 

not evidence of bias. See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994) (“[J]udicial rulings 

alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.”). Judge Swain’s 

decision on the recusal motion was therefore a proper exercise of her discretion. 

We have considered Trivedi’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court 

1 To the extent Trivedi directly challenges the transfer orders in Trivedi II and Trivedi III, we lack 

jurisdiction to review those orders.