COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Humphreys, Huff and Malveaux

Argued by teleconference

SHANA CONTRELL CLEATON

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0604-19-2 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS

MAY 26, 2020

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BRUNSWICK COUNTY

W. Edward Tomko, Judge

Tessie O. Barnes Bacon (Harris, Matthews & Crowder, P.C., on 

brief), for appellant.

Kelsey M. Bulger, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

On May 25, 2017, a grand jury indicted appellant Shana Contrell Cleaton (“Cleaton”) in 

the Circuit Court for the County of Brunswick (“circuit court”) on, inter alia, one count of felony 

hit and run with $1,000 or more in property damage, in violation of Code § 46.2-894. At a bench 

trial, the Commonwealth did not present any evidence establishing the cost of the property 

damage it alleged Cleaton personally caused. Cleaton was convicted of felony hit and run and 

sentenced to five years’ imprisonment with five years suspended.

On appeal, Cleaton argues that the trial court erred in convicting her of felony hit and run 

because “there was no evidence of damage to the vehicle or personal injury, . . . Cleaton only 

drove less than a mile down the road, was extracting herself from a volatile situation, [and] 

stopped her vehicle and cooperated freely with the police officers that pulled in behind her.”

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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I. BACKGROUND

In the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the party that prevailed below, the 

evidence was as follows:

On the afternoon of May 3, 2017, Cleaton and her sister Mortici Thomas (“Thomas”) 

drove their cars to Pinecrest Apartments (“Pinecrest”) in Brunswick County. Their cousins 

(collectively, “Stith sisters”), Sakena “Shae” Stith (“Sakena”), Kendra Stith (“Kendra”), and 

Daneka “Cookie” Stith (“Daneka”) lived at Pinecrest. Cleaton and Thomas went to confront the 

Stith sisters about a social media post regarding the Stith sisters’ mother.

Cleaton and her three children were in her silver Mitsubishi sedan. Thomas drove her 

blue Honda with her daughter in the backseat. Cleaton parked her car outside one of the 

apartment buildings, next to Sakena’s white Nissan Maxima, and Thomas parked her car on the 

other side of Cleaton. A two-year-old child, P.M. was in the backseat of Sakena’s car.

Cleaton and Thomas got out of their cars and walked toward the Stith sisters, who were 

standing near Sakena’s car. A “squabble” broke out amongst the two sets of sisters, and 

everyone was “going crazy.” Sakena threw a shoe at Cleaton. At that point, Cleaton got in her 

car and started to reverse. As Cleaton was reversing, she ran over Sakena’s toe. Sakena then 

ripped the windshield wiper off of Cleaton’s car and smashed her hand down on Cleaton’s car 

twice. At multiple points throughout the chaos, Kendra and another bystander tried to hold 

Sakena back.

Cleaton drove her car back and forth several times, in and out of the parking spot. 

Cleaton then drove into Sakena’s car. As Cleaton reversed away from Sakena’s car, Sakena 

opened Cleaton’s driver side door and ripped the door handle off, but Cleaton “grabbed her door 

and closed it right back.” Cleaton backed up about the length of a parking spot, and then drove 

forward again, nearly striking the Stith sisters. Cleaton reversed again, and Sakena ran over to
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the vehicle and opened the rear driver-side door of Cleaton’s car. A bookbag fell out of the back 

seat, and one of Cleaton’s children reached out to grab the bookbag as Cleaton continued to 

reverse her car. Sakena pulled on Cleaton’s side-view mirror but did not completely remove the 

mirror. Cleaton backed into a parking spot on the other side of Thomas’s car and waited for a 

couple of seconds while the Stith sisters walked back toward their apartment building.

Cleaton then drove toward the Stith sisters, who were standing outside the apartment 

building, nearly hitting them with her car. Several bystanders yelled to Cleaton that there was a 

baby in Sakena’s car. Cleaton responded, “I don’t give a fuck [that] there was a baby in the car.” 

Thomas also yelled, “F you and F the baby,” saying that “they would run over anybody that was 

in the way.” A bystander pulled P.M. out of Sakena’s car. After that, Sakena pulled Cleaton’s 

side-view mirror all the way off. One of the Stith sisters threw something at Cleaton’s car as 

Cleaton inched her car back and forth, again nearly hitting the Stith sisters. Cleaton reversed the 

length of a few parking spots and rammed her car into Sakena’s car. Sakena tried to open 

Cleaton’s doors again and slammed her hand on Cleaton’s car twice. Cleaton drove her car in 

reverse toward the exit of the apartment complex.

As Cleaton reversed, Thomas drove her car back and forth several times in the parking 

spots. Sakena ran toward Thomas’s car and threw Cleaton’s side-view mirror through Thomas’s 

driver side window, creating a “big hole” in the window. Sakena got in her car and backed it out 

of the parking spot as Thomas drove her car into the group of bystanders, hopping the curb and 

stopping only after her car hit the apartment building. As a result, multiple bystanders were 

injured and taken to the hospital, including one bystander who had to be “med-flighted” to a 

hospital in Richmond. Thomas reversed, turned her car around, and drove toward the exit of 

Pinecrest as Cleaton drove her car back toward Thomas. Cleaton and Thomas then drove slowly 

out of the apartment complex, stopping briefly at the stop sign to check the damage to their cars. 
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The two women drove to Industrial Park Drive, outside of Pinecrest Apartments, where they 

waited for police to respond to the scene.

On March 15, 2018, and July 13, 2018, the circuit court held a bench trial. Captain Gary 

Peterson (“Captain Peterson”), of the Brunswick County Sheriff’s Office who responded to the 

scene, testified that Industrial Park Drive was about seventy-five yards from the stop sign exiting

Pinecrest. Captain Peterson also testified that Cleaton and Thomas travelled approximately the 

length of the courtroom down Industrial Park Drive, which the circuit court estimated to be “no 

more than about 50 feet.” Lieutenant John Myrick (“Lieutenant Myrick”), who also responded 

to the scene, testified that Industrial Park Drive was “one street away from Pinecrest.”

When asked about what property damage he noticed at the scene, Captain Peterson 

testified that one of the Pinecrest apartment buildings had “significant damage” and that there 

was damage to all three cars involved. Specifically, Captain Peterson testified that there was 

“significant damage on the rear-right quarter panel” of Sakena’s car. The site manager at 

Pinecrest, Montinique Ruffin (“Ruffin”), testified that she could not recall exactly how much the 

repairs to the building cost, but she remembered that the repairs cost more than $1,000.

After the close of the Commonwealth’s evidence, Cleaton moved to strike the charges 

against her. Specifically, she argued that “there was no evidence offered by the Commonwealth, 

whatsoever, to establish any value” of the damage to Sakena’s car and “[t]here was no evidence 

from which the Court could conclude that value of damage exceeded $1,000 without entirely 

speculating or filling facts in that [do not] exist in the record.” Although the circuit court denied 

the motion with respect to the hit and run charge, the circuit court did strike a separate 

destruction of property charge from a felony to a misdemeanor. The circuit court stated, “With 

regards to Shana Cleaton, the Court notes that that particular destruction of property dealt with 

the vehicle of Sakena Stith. The Court does not recall any specific monetary values with regards 
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to that, strikes that to a misdemeanor.” At the close of all the evidence, the circuit court found 

Cleaton guilty of felony hit and run. This appeal follows.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the [circuit] court is 

presumed to be correct and will be reversed only upon a showing that it is “plainly wrong or 

without evidence to support it.”’” Cocke v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 11, 14 (2017) (quoting

Ervin v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495, 503 (2011)). While we apply a de novo standard of 

review to the circuit court’s application of the law, “[w]e are bound by the [circuit] court’s 

factual findings unless those findings are ‘plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.’” 

Ward v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 211, 218 (2007) (quoting Pyramid Dev., L.L.C. v. D&J 

Assocs., 262 Va. 750, 753 (2001)). “We do not determine whether we would have convicted the 

defendant, but whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Cocke, 68 Va. App. at 14 (quoting Crowder v. 

Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663 (2003)). “To the extent that we interpret the statute, 

‘[t]he construction of a statute is a question of law that we review de novo upon appeal.’” Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting Belew v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 55, 62 (2013)).

B. Hit and Run with Property Damage

Cleaton challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to establish felony hit and run because 

there was insufficient evidence to prove she caused $1,000 or more in property damage. The 

indictment read,

Hit and run-Driver fails to rpt. $1000+ damage to property 

(Direct Indictment)

On or about May 3, 2017, in the County of Brunswick, as the 

driver of a motor vehicle involved in an accident in which an 

attended vehicle or other attended property sustained more than 
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$1,000.00 in damage, did fail to immediately stop as close to the 

scene of the accident as possible without obstructing traffic and 

provide the information required by law, in violation of §46.2-894 

of the Code of Virginia (1950) as amended.

Generally, “an indictment citing a criminal statute incorporates its contents by reference.” 

Purvy v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 260, 268 (2011). However, “[w]here the indictment 

includes, as here, specific, narrowing language ‘descriptive of the offense charged,’ we cannot 

treat it as immaterial ‘surplusage.’” Id. at 269 (quoting Commonwealth v. Nuckles, 266 Va. 519, 

523 (2003)). In crafting the indictment on more narrow grounds, the Commonwealth cannot rise 

above the limiting language and must either prove the specific offense charged, or an offense that 

is a lesser-included one of that charged. Fontaine v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 156, 165 

(1997) (quoting Harrell v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 1, 6 (1990)), overruled on other grounds 

by Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 765 (2003) (en banc) (overruling Fontaine “to 

the extent that [it] conclude[s] a conviction of an offense that is not a lesser-included offense of 

the indicted charge renders the judgment void, i.e., it can be raised at any time in any court”).

Though there are two ways to establish culpability under Code § 46.2-894—by proving 

personal injury or property damage—one is not a lesser-included offense of the other. Id. at 

164-65. Because the indictment charged Cleaton with violating the hit and run statute based on 

property damage, the Commonwealth may not rely on any injuries that may have occurred to 

sustain the conviction. However, misdemeanor hit and run with property damage, which 

requires no threshold damage value, is a lesser-included offense of felony hit and run with 

property damage. See Kauffmann v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 400, 409 (1989) (defining a 

lesser-included offense as one “which is composed entirely of elements that are also elements of 

the greater offense”).

The Commonwealth argues that the circuit court could reasonably infer from the 

circumstantial evidence of the “extensive damage to Cleaton’s car, and the Stith car with which 
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she collided” that the total property damage exceeded $1,000. Assuming, without deciding, that 

the Commonwealth could rely on property damage to Cleaton’s own car, the circuit court may 

not speculate regarding the value of damage caused because it is an element of the offense that 

must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt by the Commonwealth. Under the hit and run statute, 

the $1,000 in property damage is measured, “[w]here a motor vehicle is capable of being 

repaired . . . [by] the total reasonable cost of returning that vehicle to its pre-crash condition.” 

Cocke, 68 Va. App. at 17. The record is completely devoid of any evidence regarding the cost of 

repairing any of the vehicles involved. The record only contains evidence of the cost of

repairing the apartment building damaged by Thomas. The record thus does not support 

Cleaton’s conviction for felony hit and run with property damage. However, the record does 

support a finding that Cleaton caused some unspecified amount of property damage and would 

therefore support a conviction for the lesser-included misdemeanor hit and run.

Apparently cognizant of its failure to establish the value of any property damage it 

alleged that Cleaton herself caused, the Commonwealth on appeal attempts to remedy that failure 

by asserting for the first time that the circuit court could have relied on the damage to the 

apartment building caused by Thomas. The Commonwealth contends that we should affirm 

Cleaton’s felony conviction under the “right-result-different-reason doctrine” if we find that 

Cleaton and her sister acted in concert. Specifically, the Commonwealth argues:

the two sisters traveled to the Pinecrest apartments together to 

confront their cousins regarding a dispute about their mother. The 

two co-defendants engaged in violence, both using their cars as

weapons. Although it was Thomas whose car collided with the 

apartment building, causing over $1,000.00 worth of damage, 

Cleaton participated in bringing about that act. She is responsible 

as a co-actor in the crime for the damage to the building.

This argument is fatally flawed for two reasons.
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First, the indictment did not allege that Cleaton committed felony hit and run as a 

principal in the second degree, nor did the Commonwealth otherwise place Cleaton on notice 

before via the indictment or otherwise that it was proceeding on the legal theory that she was a 

principal in the second degree to the offenses committed by Thomas. The Due Process Clauses 

of the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of Virginia mandate that an accused 

be given proper notice of the charges against her. U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Va. Const. art. 1, 

§ 8. Code § 19.2-220 provides that an indictment “shall be a plain, concise and definite written 

statement, (1) naming the accused, (2) describing the offense charged, (3) identifying the county, 

city or town in which the accused committed the offense, and (4) reciting that the accused 

committed the offense on or about a certain date.” To be legally sufficient, an indictment or 

other pleading must give the accused notice of the nature and character of the charged offense so 

she can defend against the allegations. Satcher v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 220, 231 (1992).

Cleaton’s indictment alleged that she committed felony hit and run with property damage 

as the driver of a vehicle. The indictment did not allege that Cleaton committed felony hit and 

run as a principal in the second degree by aiding and abetting Thomas, and no other pleading 

such as a bill of particulars was filed that would have done so. 

Second, to establish that Cleaton acted as a principal in the second degree, the 

Commonwealth would have to prove that she was present and aided and abetted Thomas in 

committing the elements of felony hit and run with respect to the damage caused by Thomas to 

the building. However, the plain language of the statute and the specific language of the 

indictment require that Cleaton have acted as a driver. Code § 46.2-894, titled “Duty of driver

to stop, etc., in event of accident involving injury or death or damage to attended property,” 

provides in relevant part:

The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident in which a 

person is killed or injured or in which an attended vehicle or other 
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attended property is damaged shall immediately stop as close to the 

scene of the accident as possible without obstructing traffic, as 

provided in § 46.2-888, and report his name, address, driver’s 

license number, and vehicle registration number forthwith to the 

State Police or local law-enforcement agency, to the person struck 

and injured if such person appears to be capable of understanding 

and retaining the information, or to the driver or some other 

occupant of the vehicle collided with or to the custodian of other 

damaged property.

(Emphasis added). In the context of the hit and run statute, we have defined “driver” as “the 

person in actual, physical control of a vehicle.” Kil v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 802, 809 

(1991) (quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 692 (3d ed. 1986)).

“A fundamental rule of statutory construction is that a penal statute ‘must be strictly 

construed against the State and limited in application to cases falling clearly within the language 

of the statute.’” Smith v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 109, 113 (1989) (quoting Crews v. 

Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 531, 536 (1987)). “The purpose of [the hit and run statute] is to 

prevent motorists involved in accidents from evading civil or criminal liability by leaving the 

scene of an accident and to require drivers involved in an accident to provide identification 

information and render assistance to injured parties.” Id. at 115. Under the plain language of the 

statute and the specific language of the indictment, the Commonwealth was required to establish 

that Cleaton committed the offense “as the driver of a motor vehicle.” See Allen v. 

Commonwealth, 211 Va. 805, 808 (1971) (reversing the conviction where the evidence was 

insufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was the driver of the “hit 

and run vehicle”); Caldwell v. Commonwealth, 198 Va. 454, 460 (1956) (holding portion of the 

hit and run statute imposing reporting duties on a vehicle occupant or witness of an accident 

unconstitutionally vague); but cf. James v. Commonwealth, 178 Va. 28, 34-36 (1941) (holding 

that the owner of a car aided and abetted in a hit and run when he allowed an intoxicated 

individual to drive his car and leave the scene of an accident while he rode in the passenger seat). 
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At oral argument, the Commonwealth asserted that because Cleaton was a driver 

involved in an accident at the same scene as one caused by Thomas, the plain language of the 

statute could support an aiding and abetting theory. However, “[t]he law is settled that mere 

presence is not sufficient to establish that one is a principal in the second degree, an aider and 

abettor to the commission of a crime.” Hall v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 533, 536 (1983). “The 

prosecution must prove that the accused did or said something showing his consent to the 

felonious purpose and his contribution to its execution.” Id. (quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 

208 Va. 370, 373 (1967)). Thus, “to establish the defendant as an aider and abettor, he must be 

present and shown to have procured, encouraged, countenanced or approved commission of the 

crime; he must share the criminal intent of the actual perpetrator or be guilty of some overt act.” 

Id. To be “involved” in an accident within the meaning of the hit and run statute, “there must be 

physical contact between the driver’s vehicle and another vehicle, person, or object, or the driver 

of a motor vehicle must have been a proximate cause of an accident.” Robinson v. 

Commonwealth, 274 Va. 45, 53 (2007).

Here, however, the Commonwealth has not identified specific facts, beyond mere 

presence, to establish that Cleaton was aiding and abetting Thomas when Thomas drove into the 

apartment building. There is no evidence that Cleaton encouraged, countenanced, or otherwise 

approved of the commission of that crime. There is no evidence that Cleaton somehow 

proximately caused Thomas to drive into the building. While it is possible for one to be a 

principal in the second degree to a hit and run offense as was the case in James, unlike in James, 

Cleaton was not present in Thomas’ vehicle nor is there any evidence in the record that Cleaton 

assisted Thomas in either damaging the building or in leaving the scene or encouraged her to do 

so. 
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Accordingly, the evidence is insufficient to establish that Cleaton caused property 

damage in excess of $1,000.

C. Failure to Stop Immediately

Cleaton argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that she did not stop as close as 

possible to the scene of the accident because she only travelled seventy-five yards from the 

accident and “was removing herself from a volatile situation at Pinecrest where people had 

destroyed her vehicle.” The hit and run statute requires that a driver involved in certain 

accidents “shall immediately stop as close to the scene of the accident as possible without 

obstructing traffic, as provided in § 46.2-888.” Code § 46.2-894. Code § 46.2-888 essentially 

requires that a vehicle impeding or rendering the roadway dangerous be moved unless it is an 

emergency, or the vehicle is inoperable. Neither the hit and run statute nor Code § 46.2-888

provide the exception Cleaton asks this Court to infer.

Moreover, “[t]he hit-and-run statute clearly requires drivers to stop as close to the 

accident, or point of impact, as safety will permit.” Edwards, 41 Va. App. at 770. Whether or 

not a defendant stopped immediately as close to the scene of the accident as possible without 

obstructing traffic is a factual finding that will only be disturbed on appeal if it is plainly wrong 

or not supported by the evidence. The circuit court’s implicit finding that Cleaton did not stop 

immediately as required by the statute is supported by the record. Cleaton exited Pinecrest 

apartments and traveled to Industrial Park Drive before stopping. The responding officers 

testified that Industrial Park Drive is about seventy-five yards from the exit of the apartment 

complex and that Cleaton traveled about fifty feet down Industrial Park Drive. Nothing in the 

record suggests that stopping on Industrial Park Drive was an immediate stop after the accident 

or that it was the first safe place to park the car. See id. (finding that the appellant did not stop 

immediately when she drove fifty to one-hundred feet from the accident and had an opportunity 
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to stop sooner). Furthermore, Cleaton briefly stopped at the stop sign exiting Pinecrest to check 

the damage to her car before travelling to Industrial Park Drive. Clearly, Industrial Park Drive 

was not the first safe place to park her car. The circuit court’s factual finding is thus supported 

by evidence in the record.

“When an appellant successfully challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on some (but 

not all) aspects of his conviction, we must determine if the proven elements of the original 

charge qualify as a lesser-included offense.” Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 666. Where the evidence 

establishes a lesser-included offense, and the appellant does not consent to simply be resentenced 

on the lesser-included offense, the appropriate remedy is to remand to the circuit court for a new 

trial on the lesser-included offense. Frango v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 34, 46 (2016). 

Cleaton has not consented to resentencing, so we remand to the circuit court for a new trial on 

the lesser-included offense of misdemeanor hit and run in violation of Code § 46.2-894 if the 

Commonwealth be so advised.

III. CONCLUSION

Finding the evidence insufficient to establish the statutory $1,000 threshold for damage to 

property, we reverse Cleaton’s conviction for felony hit and run under Code § 46.2-894. 

Because the evidence sufficiently establishes every element of the lesser-included offense of 

misdemeanor hit and run under Code § 46.2-894, we remand this matter for retrial on that charge 

if the Commonwealth be so advised.

Reversed and remanded.