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# iii



# Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................... .................................... 1

Introduction .................................................................................................................. ................................. 2

Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................................. ................ 3

Enteric Viruses and Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination ................................... 3

Previous Studies .............................................................................................................. .................... 4

Enteric Viruses in Ground-Water Supplies ............................................................................ 4

Factors that Affect the Presence of Enteric Viruses in Ground-Water Supplies ............ 6

Indicators of Fecal Contamination in the Subsurface .......................................................... 7

Environmental setting ......................................................................................................... ................ 7

Methods of Study .............................................................................................................. ............................ 9

Sampling procedures ........................................................................................................... ............... 9

Microbiological analyses ...................................................................................................... ........... 10

Enteric Virus Analysis by RT-PCR .......................................................................................... 10

Enteric Virus Analysis by Cell Culture ................................................................................... 11

Indicator Bacteria ............................................................................................................ ......... 11

Coliphage ..................................................................................................................... .............. 11

Ancillary Environmental and Water-Quality Information ............................................................ 11

Quality Assurance and Quality Control ......................................................................................... . 12

Enteric Viruses and Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination in Small Public

Ground-Water Supplies ....................................................................................................... ....... 12

Quality-Control Considerations for Enteric Viruses by RT-PCR ................................................. 14

Occurrence of Enteric Viruses and Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination ...... 15

Microbiological Indicators of Fecal Contamination as Predictors of the Presence of

Enteric Viruses .............................................................................................................. ........ 16

Environmental Factors and Chemical-Quality Constituents Related to the Presence of

Indicators and Enteric Viruses .................................................................................. ................. 17

Summary, Conclusions, and Suggestions for Future Study ................................................................. 23

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... ....................... 25

References Cited .............................................................................................................. .......................... 25



# Figures

1. Map showing well location and surficial geology of the study area ................................... 8

2. Example of hybridization results from reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain

reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for enteric viruses ............................................................. 13

3. Graph showing chloride concentrations in relation to chloride to bromide (Cl:Br)

ratios for small-public-supply wells sampled July 1999 through July 2001:

Distribution of wells by map number, and at least one detection of total

coliforms, enterococci, Escherichia coli , and (or) coliphage, and enteric

viruses .................................................................................................................... .............. 21

# iv



# Tables

1. Summary of literature on the occurrence of enteric viruses, bacterial indicators,

and coliphage in ground-water-supply wells ......................................................................... 5

2. Results of enteric virus analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain

reaction (RT-PCR) of regular and replicate spike samples collected from small-

public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan, July 1999 through July 2001 .................. 14

3. Detections of enteric virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

(RT-PCR), culturable viruses, and microbiological indicators of fecal

contamination from small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan,

July 1999 through July 2001 ................................................................................................. .... 15

4. Small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan with detections of

enteric viruses, July 1999 through July 2001, and detections of

microbiological indicators from the same well .................................................................... 16

5. Predictive accuracy of microbiological indicators for virus occurrence in the

same small-public-supply well in southeastern Michigan, July 1999 through

July 2001 ................................................................................................................... ................... 17

6. Rankings of environmental and chemical-quality categorical variables by risk

of fecal contamination and relations to detections of microorganisms in small-

public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan, July 1999 through July 2001 .................. 18

7. Relations between detections of microorganisms and continuous environmental

and chemical-quality variables of small-public-supply wells in southeastern

Michigan, July 1999 through July 2001 .................................................................................. 20

8. Characteristics of small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan

sampled from July 1999 through July 2001 ............................................................................ 29

9. Oligonucleotide primers and probes used for virus detection in the reverse

transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method ............................................. 35

10. Quality-control samples for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

(RT-PCR) analysis ........................................................................................................... ........... 36

11. Field water-quality measurements and microbiological data for small-public-

supply wells sampled July 1999 through July 2001 .............................................................. 37

12. Chemical-quality data for small-public-supply wells in southeastern Michigan

sampled from July 1999 through July 2001 ............................................................................ 51

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# Environmental Factors and Chemical-Quality Contituents 21



# B

Maximum total coliform concentration 81

No detection of total coliforms

Cl:Br = 400 

# 23

5 18

35 32 22

24 1

16 20

29 14

17

25

34 12 19 28

11 8

37

36

7 33 21

30 3 9

13 10

6 38 Sewage + halite



# 100 1,000 10,000

Background GW GW + sewage GW + halite



# GW+brine upper limit

GW+brine lower limit Sewage



# 10

1 10 100 1,000 100 1,000 10,000

Background GW GW + sewage Sewage + halite



# CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITER GW + halite



# Sewage



# 10 GW+brine upper limit

GW+brine lower limitCHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO



# 18 5

17 1

250 4 1 81

1CHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO



# 1 Map identifier



# Figure 3. Chloride concentrations in relation to chloride to bromide (Cl :Br) ratios for small-public- supply wells sampled

July 1999 through July 2001: A , Distribution of wells by map number, and at least one detecti on of B , total coliforms,

C , enterococci, Escherichia coli, and (or) coliphage, and D , enteric viruses. (Halite end-member from Knuth and others,

1990; domestic sewage end-member from Davis and others, 1998, a nd Peavy, 1978; sewage has a Cl:Br ratio of

30–600 and chloride concentration of 37–101 mg/L (Peavy, 1978, as cited in Thomas, 2000); brine end-members from

Eberts and others, 1990; a Cl:Br ratio of 400 is the theoretica l maximum for natural water (Thomas, 2000).) 

# A

Cl:Br = 400

# 22 Enteric Viruses in Ground Water from Small Public Water Supplies in Southeastern Michigan

1 10 100 1,000 Sewage + halite



# 100 1,000 10,000

Background GW GW + sewage GW + halite



# GW+brine upperlimit

GW+brine lower limit Sewage



# 10 Enteric virus detection 

# D C

100 1,000 10,000

Background GW GW + sewage Sewage + halite 

# GW + halite



# 10 GW+brine upper limit

GW+brine lower limit 2 1 6

88

1

1 9

Sewage Enterococci concentration

Escherichia coli concentration 1 1

No detection of Escherichia coli , enterococci or coliphage

Coliphage detected



# CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION, IN MILLIGRAMS PER LITERCHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO



# Cl:Br = 400

Cl:Br = 400CHLORIDE TO BROMIDE RATIO



# Figure 3. Chloride concentrations in relation to chloride to bromide (Cl :Br) ratios for small-public- supply wells sampled

July 1999 through July 2001: A , Distribution of wells by map number, and at least one detecti on of B , total coliforms,

C , enterococci, Escherichia coli, and (or) coliphage, and D , enteric viruses. (Halite end-member from Knuth and others,

1990; domestic sewage end-member from Davis and others, 1998, a nd Peavy, 1978; sewage has a Cl:Br ratio of

30–600 and chloride concentration of 37–101 mg/L (Peavy, 1978, as cited in Thomas, 2000); brine end-members from

Eberts and others, 1990; a Cl:Br ratio of 400 is the theoretica l maximum for natural water (Thomas, 2000).) – Continued.

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