J-A35026-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellant

v.

LEA ANN MYERS,

Appellee No. 428 WDA 2015

Appeal from the Order February 6, 2015

In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-10-CR-0001375-2014

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., SHOGAN, and MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 05, 2016

The Commonwealth appeals from the order of the trial court granting 

the motion filed by Appellee, Lea Ann Myers, seeking to suppress all 

evidence obtained as a result of her vehicle stop. We affirm.

We summarize the history of this case as follows. At approximately 

9:00 p.m. on June 8, 2014, Butler Township Police Officer Paul Kuss was 

patrolling in an unmarked cruiser when he noticed Appellee’s vehicle make a 

turn behind him. Officer Kuss turned around to follow Appellee and 

observed her vehicle allegedly exceeding the speed limit. The officer 

increased his speed but lost sight of Appellee when he stopped at a traffic 

light. Officer Kuss was unable to catch up to the vehicle to perform a 

measure of distance and time to ascertain Appellee’s actual speed. Officer 

Kuss eventually spotted Appellee’s vehicle again and began to follow it. 
J-A35026-15

- 2 -

While following Appellee’s vehicle the second time, Officer Kuss claims he 

observed her car move onto or across the double yellow lines and the white 

fog line. Officer Kuss activated his emergency lights and sirens, and 

Appellee drove approximately one-half mile before pulling over. Appellee 

was charged with Driving on Roadways Laned for Traffic, pursuant to 75 

Pa.C.S. § 3309(1); Driving Under the Influence, pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 

3802(A)(1); and Driving Under the Influence with a BAC of .16% or higher, 

pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(C).

On October 14, 2014, Appellee filed a motion to suppress evidence 

gained during the traffic stop. A suppression hearing was held on November 

10, 2014. In an order dated February 6, 2015, the suppression court 

granted Appellee’s motion to suppress. The order was docketed on February 

12, 2015. On March 3, 2015, the Commonwealth filed a motion for 

reconsideration and a motion to vacate, which were denied on March 20, 

2015. The Commonwealth initiated this appeal on March 10, 2015, noting 

that under Pa.R.A.P. 311(d), the order dated February 6, 2015, and 

docketed on February 12, 2015, substantially handicaps or terminates 

prosecution. Both the Commonwealth and the trial court have complied with 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

The Commonwealth presents the following issues, which we have 

renumbered for purposes of our review:
J-A35026-15

- 3 -

I. Did the Trial Court err in proceeding to conduct a probable 

cause analysis when the Appellee was only challenging the initial 

stop?

II. Did the Trial Court commit an error of law when it granted the 

Appellee’s Pre-Trial Motion to Suppress by concluding that 

Officer Kuss did not have reasonable suspicion or probable cause 

that the vehicle or driver was in violation of some provision of 

the vehicle code to initiate a traffic stop of Appellee’s vehicle?

Commonwealth’s Brief at 1.

The Commonwealth first argues that, in addressing Appellee’s motion 

to suppress, the trial court erred in conducting a probable cause analysis. 

Commonwealth’s Brief at 8. The Commonwealth contends that “[b]ecause 

the Appellee only challenged the vehicle stop and not the cause for arrest 

after the vehicle was pulled over, the lower court only needed to use a 

reasonable suspicion framework.” Id. We disagree with the 

Commonwealth’s claim.

“The issue of what quantum of cause a police officer must possess in 

order to conduct a vehicle stop based on a possible violation of the Motor 

Vehicle Code [(“MVC”)] is a question of law, over which our scope of review 

is plenary and our standard of review is de novo.” Commonwealth v. 

Holmes, 14 A.3d 89, 94 (Pa. 2011). The MVC provides the following 

statutory authorization for a police officer to stop a motor vehicle:

Whenever a police officer . . . has reasonable suspicion that a 

violation of this title is occurring or has occurred, he may stop a 

vehicle, upon request or signal, for the purpose of checking the 

vehicle’s registration, proof of financial responsibility, vehicle 

identification number or engine number or the driver’s license, or 
J-A35026-15

- 4 -

to secure such other information as the officer may reasonably 

believe to be necessary to enforce the provisions of this title.

75 Pa.C.S. § 6308(b). However, this Court has explained the following:

[Section 6308(b)] requires only reasonable suspicion in support 

of a stop for the purpose of gathering information necessary to 

enforce the [MVC] violation. However, in Commonwealth v. 

Feczko, 10 A.3d 1285, 1291 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en banc), 

appeal denied, 611 Pa. 650, 25 A.3d 327 (Pa. 2011), this Court 

held that a police officer must have probable cause to support a 

vehicle stop where the officer’s investigation subsequent to the 

stop serves no “investigatory purpose relevant to the suspected 

[MVC] violation.” In Feczko, the police officer observed the 

defendant’s vehicle cross over the double yellow median line and 

the fog line. Id. at 1286. During the ensuing vehicle stop, the 

officer noticed the scent of alcohol on the defendant’s breath. 

Id. Importantly, the officer did not testify that the stop was 

based on suspicion of DUI. Id. The defendant was convicted of 

DUI and a [MVC] violation, and argued on appeal that the

vehicle stop was illegal. Id. at 1287.

This Court noted the distinction between “the investigative 

potential of a vehicle stop based on a reasonable suspicion of 

DUI as compared to other suspected violations of the [MVC].” 

Id. at 1289 (citing Commonwealth v. Sands, 887 A.2d 261, 

270 (Pa. Super. 2005)). Whereas a vehicle stop for suspected 

DUI may lead to further incriminating evidence such as an odor 

of alcohol or slurred speech, a stop for suspected speeding is 

unlikely to lead to further evidence relevant to that offense. Id. 

Therefore:

a vehicle stop based solely on offenses not 

“investigable” cannot be justified by a mere 

reasonable suspicion, because the purposes of a 

Terry1stop do not exist - maintaining the status quo

while investigating is inapplicable where there is 

nothing further to investigate. An officer must have 

probable cause to make a constitutional vehicle stop 

for such offenses.

1 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 

L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).
J-A35026-15

- 5 -

[Feczko, 10 A.3d] at 1290 (quoting Commonwealth v. Chase, 

960 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa. 2008)).

Commonwealth v. Busser, 56 A.3d 419, 423 (Pa. Super. 2012) (footnote 

in original).

Our review of the record reflects that on June 8, 2014, Officer Paul 

Kuss, of the Butler Township police department, stopped Appellee’s vehicle 

due to an alleged violation of driving on a roadway laned for traffic and of 

exceeding the posted speed limit. Neither of these MVC violations allegedly 

witnessed by Officer Kuss required further investigation. Accordingly, in 

order to effectuate a legal stop of Appellee’s vehicle, Officer Kuss would have 

needed to possess probable cause. Busser, 56 A.3d at 423. Thus, we 

conclude that the trial court utilized the appropriate standard in conducting 

its analysis, and the Commonwealth’s contrary claim lacks merit.

The Commonwealth next argues that the trial court erred in granting 

Appellee’s motion to suppress. Commonwealth’s Brief at 5-7. The 

Commonwealth contends that Officer Kuss possessed the requisite 

reasonable suspicion to stop Appellee for violations of speeding under 75 

Pa.C.S. § 3362 and driving within a single lane under 75 Pa.C.S. § 3309(1).

We have stated the following with regard to reviewing an order 

granting a defendant’s motion to suppress evidence:

we are bound by that court’s factual findings to the extent that 

they are supported by the record, and we consider only the 

evidence offered by the defendant, as well as any portion of the 

Commonwealth’s evidence which remains uncontradicted, when 

read in the context of the entire record. Our review of the legal 
J-A35026-15

- 6 -

conclusions which have been drawn from such evidence, 

however, is de novo, and, consequently, we are not bound by 

the legal conclusions of the lower courts.

Busser, 56 A.3d at 421 (quoting Commonwealth v. Wallace, 42 A.3d 

1040, 1048 (Pa. 2012)).

We begin our assessment of the trial court’s decision to grant the 

motion to suppress by again noting that the trial court properly concluded 

that Officer Kuss was required to possess probable cause to justify the stop 

of Appellee’s vehicle for violations of 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3362 and 3309(1), as 

the stop did not “serve a stated investigatory purpose.” Feczko, 10 A.3d at 

1291. In Feczko, this Court held the following:

“[m]ere reasonable suspicion will not justify a vehicle stop when 

the driver’s detention cannot serve an investigatory purpose 

relevant to the suspected violation. In such an instance, it is 

encumbent [sic] upon the officer to articulate specific facts 

possessed by him, at the time of the questioned stop, which 

would provide probable cause to believe that the vehicle or the 

driver was in violation of some provision of the [MVC].”

Id. at 1291 (citations, internal quotation marks, and emphasis omitted). 

Thus, because these two alleged violations do not require additional 

investigation, Officer Kuss was required to possess probable cause to make 

the stop, not merely reasonable suspicion. Therefore, we will conduct our 

review using the appropriate probable cause requirement.

“Probable cause is made out when the facts and circumstances which 

are within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the arrest, and of 

which he has reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to warrant a 
J-A35026-15

- 7 -

[person] of reasonable caution in the belief that the suspect has committed 

or is committing a crime.” Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 

931 (Pa. 2009) (quotation marks omitted).

The question we ask is not whether the officer’s belief was 

correct or more likely true than false. Rather, we require only a 

probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity. 

In determining whether probable cause exists, we apply a 

totality of the circumstances test.

Id. (emphasis in original) (citations and quotation marks omitted). 

Pennsylvania law makes clear, however, that a police officer has probable 

cause to stop a motor vehicle if the officer observed a traffic code violation, 

even if it is a minor offense. Commonwealth v. Chase, 960 A.2d 108, 113 

(Pa. 2008).

The trial court concluded that Officer Kuss failed to prove that he had 

probable cause to believe that Appellee’s vehicle had committed a violation 

of the MVC. As the Commonwealth correctly states, section 3362 of the 

MVC addresses maximum speed limits and provides, in relevant part, as 

follows:

§ 3362. Maximum speed limits.

(a) General rule. -- Except when a special hazard exists that 

requires lower speed for compliance with section 3361 (relating 

to driving vehicle at safe speed), the limits specified in this 

section or established under this subchapter shall be maximum 

lawful speeds and no person shall drive a vehicle at a speed in 

excess of the following maximum limits[.]

75 Pa.C.S. § 3362(a).
J-A35026-15

- 8 -

In addition, the MVC defines the offense of roadways laned for traffic 

as follows:

§ 3309. Driving on roadways laned for traffic

Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more 

clearly marked lanes for traffic the following rules in addition to 

all others not inconsistent therewith shall apply:

(1) Driving within single lane. --A vehicle shall be 

driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a 

single lane and shall not be moved from the lane 

until the driver has first ascertained that the 

movement can be made with safety.

75 Pa.C.S. § 3309(1).

Our review of the record reflects that at the time Officer Kuss stopped 

Appellee’s vehicle, he was not certain of the speed Appellee was actually 

driving or even the speed that Officer Kuss was driving himself. As the 

officer’s testimony explains, he first encountered Appellee’s vehicle when she 

was driving behind him and she turned onto a different road. N.T., 

11/10/14, at 6. The officer stated that he was looking for vehicles to follow 

to see any violations. Id. at 15. Officer Kuss then decided to follow 

Appellee’s vehicle, performed a U-turn, and attempted to catch up to 

Appellee. Id. at 6. In fact, Officer Kuss admitted that he was not using 

VASCAR at the time, and he did not clock Appellee’s vehicle for three/tenths 

of a mile. Id. at 10, 16. Rather, Officer Kuss stated, “To me, my 

experience, this vehicle was going over the speed limit.” Id. at 6. In 

addition, the officer testified that Appellee’s vehicle “seemed to be exceeding 
J-A35026-15

- 9 -

the speed limit.” Id. at 10. Interestingly, when asked how fast he was 

traveling in relation to the speed limits, Officer Kuss admitted that he was 

not watching his speedometer. Id. at 8. Moreover, Officer Kuss explained 

that he calculated his own speed during the incident by use of his car video 

only “[w]hen [he] received notice of the [suppression] hearing.” Id. at 12. 

Again, after the fact, the officer calculated only his own speed and did not 

calculate Appellee’s speed. Id. at 13. In light of these facts, we are 

constrained to conclude that the officer did not possess the requisite 

probable cause to stop Appellee’s vehicle for a speeding violation.

We next address whether Officer Kuss had probable cause to stop 

Appellee’s vehicle for failure to properly remain in her lane of traffic. Our 

review of the record reflects that Officer Kuss testified that from a distance 

of about thirty feet, he saw Appellee’s vehicle “go onto the fog line” one 

time, and “go onto the double yellow line” one time. N.T., 11/10/14, at 9, 

14. The officer indicated that he did not know “the distance between when 

Appellee’s vehicle hit the fog line and then later when it hit the double yellow 

line.” Id. at 19. Furthermore, the officer could not state whether there 

were other vehicles traveling in the opposite direction when Appellee’s 

vehicle drove onto the double yellow line. Id. at 18. Hence, we must 

conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that Officer Kuss 

lacked probable cause to stop Appellee’s vehicle for a violation of driving on 
J-A35026-15

- 10 -

roadways laned for traffic under 75 Pa.C.S. § 3309(1). Therefore, the trial 

court properly granted Appellee’s motion to suppress.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 2/5/2016