2010 Minerals Yearbook

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

CEMENT [ADVANCE RELEASE]

July 2012
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.1

CEMENT

By Hendrik G. van Oss

Domestic survey tables were prepared by Richard H. Kraft, statistical assistant, and the world production table was 

prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator.

Production of portland and masonry cement in the United 

States in 2010 totaled 66.4 million metric tons (Mt) 

(table 1). This was nearly 4% higher than production in 2009, 

but output in 2009 was the lowest since 1983. Measured by sales 

to domestic fi nal customers, domestic consumption of cement in 

2010 declined slightly to 70.5 Mt (table 9) and thereby replaced 

2009 as the lowest sales volume year since 1983. However, the 

decline in 2010 was mostly because of very low sales volumes 

in the fi rst 2 months of the year; sales for the remainder of the 

year showed a 3% increase overall. In perspective, consumption 

in 2010 was 57.5 Mt, or 45%, lower than the record level in 

2005. Whereas the large (nearly 27%) decline in sales volumes 

in 2009 was accompanied by comparatively modest (4%) price 

decreases, prices fell substantially in 2010 and the overall value 

of sales fell by nearly 8% to about $6.5 billion (tables 1, 11–13). 

Based on typical portland cement mixing ratios in concrete, the 

delivered value of concrete (excluding mortar) in the United 

States was estimated to be at least $37 billion in 2010. World 

cement production increased by 9% to 3.31 billion metric tons 

(Gt).

Percentage or other changes expressed in this report compare 

activity in 2010 with that of 2009 unless specifi ed otherwise. 

Except where otherwise indicated, data and trends in this 

report exclude those in Puerto Rico. Cements covered in this 

report are mainly limited to those hydraulic varieties broadly 

classifi ed as portland cement (including blended cement and 

other varieties listed in table 15) and (or) masonry cement 

(including portland-lime and plastic cements); these are the 

binding agents in concrete and most mortars. A few other 

types of hydraulic cements and (or) clinker (notably aluminous 

cement) are included in some of the trade data (tables 16–18 

and 21) and within the world production data (table 22). Except 

where incorporated as components within fi nished portland 

(blended) or masonry cements or as raw feed for clinker, this 

report’s tables exclude supplementary cementitious materials 

(SCM), such as fl y ash, other pozzolans, and ground granulated 

blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Sales data for blended (also called 

composite) cements listed separately from portland cement are 

available in the monthly Mineral Industry Surveys reports of the 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

The bulk of this report is based on data compiled from USGS 

annual questionnaires sent to cement and clinker manufacturing 

plants and associated distribution facilities and import terminals, 

and some terminals that are independent of U.S. cement 

manufacturers. For 2010, questionnaires were received from 

154 of 159 facilities canvassed, a response rate of 97%, which 

included all of the production sites. Not all forms were returned 

fully completed, but the data received included 100% of the 

2010 cement and clinker production and 99% of the total cement 

sales tonnages tabulated in this report. For 2009, questionnaires 

were received from 152 of 156 facilities canvassed, a response 

rate of 97%, which included all of the production sites. If 

missing data could not be obtained by followup telephone 

inquiries, they were estimated based on monthly data or past 

annual reporting. For both years, the data exclude several 

importers that have yet to participate in the surveys. To the 

degree that they are independent of the participating companies, 

sales by the missing importers for 2009 and 2010 are estimated 

to be no more than an additional 1% of the total portland 

cement sales tonnages shown in this report. General background 

information on cement and its manufacture and on the USGS 

cement canvasses is given in van Oss (2005).

Government Programs and Environmental Issues

Various Government programs provide funding and direction 

for public sector construction and are thus of importance 

to cement consumption levels when budgets are actually 

established. By comparison to some other construction 

materials, however, concrete can be less sensitive to rapid 

swings in construction spending levels, owing, in part, to lead 

times preparatory to concrete construction and the common 

need to coordinate between State and Federal agencies. Because 

of very low cement sales volumes, it was likely that very little of 

the 2009 Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) (“stimulus”) 

funding was spent in 2009 on concrete construction projects, it 

had been widely anticipated that concrete projects would benefi t 

from ARRA spending in 2010. By yearend 2010, continued 

lackluster cement consumption levels indicated that little 

stimulus spending had gone to concrete projects in that year 

either.

Environmental issues pertaining to the cement industry are 

mostly associated with the manufacture of the intermediate 

product called clinker. In making clinker, the consumption 

of large amounts of raw materials and fuels leads to large 

emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2

), and can yield signifi cant 

emissions (if not scrubbed out) of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 

sulfur oxides (SOx), mercury and some other metals, volatile 

organic carbon compounds, and particulates. Increasingly, these 

emissions are regulated or are being considered for regulation or 

reregulation.

The largest volume emissions are of CO2; the cement industry 

is one of the leading industrial emitters of this greenhouse 

gas (GHG). Overall, generation of CO2 by the U.S. cement 

industry in 2010 was calculated to be in the range of 0.87 to 

0.92 metric ton (t) of CO2 per ton of clinker produced; the 

high end incorporates fuel combustion emissions calculated 

using “standard” heat values for the fuels consumed (table 7), 

and the low end incorporates heat values actually reported by 

the individual plants. Both ratios are unchanged from those of 

2009, and include a standard emissions factor from calcination 
16.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

of limestone of 0.51 t of CO2 per ton of clinker as detailed by 

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Hanle and 

others, 2006), but exclude any correction for cement kiln dust 

(CKD) not recycled to the kiln (for which data are lacking). 

The standard calcination component of CO2 emissions can be 

reduced in the calculation in proportion to the calcium oxide 

contributed by noncarbonate alternative raw materials such as 

ferrous slags and coal combustion ashes. This incorporation 

would allow a reduction of calcination-related emissions of 

about 2.5% (0.8 Mt) in 2010 and 2.4% (0.7 Mt of CO2

) in 2009; 

relative reductions can be signifi cantly larger for the subset 

of individual plants that actually burn these alternative raw 

materials. Certain fuels, including alternative or waste fuels, 

can either directly reduce plant-level CO2 emissions or may be 

allowed to be deducted from reported combustion emissions 

because the fuels are considered to be carbon-neutral (certain 

biofuels) or because credits may be allowed for their use 

(certain waste fuels). Fuel deductions have not been made in 

the averages noted above. Plant-level emissions can be reduced 

through upgrading to more fuel-effi cient kiln line technology. 

Unit emissions on a fi nished product basis can also be reduced 

by use of SCM in fi nished cement and in concrete to reduce 

the clinker content of these products and (or) by allowing 

the addition of “inert” fi llers to boost cement output without 

simultaneously boosting clinker output.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has long 

used methods similar to those used above to calculate and report 

overall U.S. levels of GHG emissions by various industries; 

for cement, these methods made use of national-level clinker 

production data published by the USGS. However, to eventually 

refi ne the determination of U.S. emissions of GHG, the EPA 

released a fi nal rule for mandatory site/plant-specifi c reporting 

of GHG emissions, with reporting to begin in 2010 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009b). For the cement 

industry’s CO2

 emissions, relevant calculation procedures were 

covered under Part 98, subpart C (p. 56397–56411) for fuel 

combustion, and in subpart H (p. 56420–56422) for calcination 

and related process emissions. The published results of the 2010 

mandatory reporting (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2012), combined with USGS data for clinker production, show 

an average emission of 0.90 t CO2 per ton of clinker, excluding 

the EPA addition of minor CO 2-equivalent emissions of methane 

and nitrous oxide (N2

O); this is in close agreement with the 

USGS estimate noted above.

In September 2010, the EPA issued the fi nal rule pertaining 

to the national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants 

(NESHAP), in which new, very low, limits on individual plant 

emissions of mercury, total hydrocarbons, particulate matter (as 

a surrogate for nonvolatile metal pollutants), and hydrochloric 

acid were established for cement plants that do not burn 

hazardous wastes (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2010c). The fi nal rule revised the emissions limits in the 2009 

proposed NESHAP (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2009a); for mercury, the fi nal rule’s standards were 55 pounds 

of mercury per million short tons of clinker for existing plants 

(revised from 43 pounds); and 21 pounds of mercury (revised 

from 14 pounds) for new plants. It remained unclear how many 

plants could meet the standards using their current mix of 

raw materials and fuels without installing a mercury scrubber. 

Likewise, it was unclear how many, if any, plants could meet the 

NESHAP standards for all four pollutants. The rule provided for 

a 3-year compliance timeframe.

In June 2010, in response to a 2007 District of Columbia 

Circuit Court of Appeals decision vacating several of the 

defi nitions within the commercial and industrial solid 

waste incineration units (CISWI) sections of the Resource 

Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the EPA issued 

proposed new defi nitions as to what nonhazardous secondary 

materials would be considered to be solid wastes (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 2010a). This ruling 

potentially would affect the regulatory status of a large number 

of cement plants because many of them routinely burn a variety 

of alternative raw materials and fuels instead of, or as partial 

substitution for, traditional geological raw materials and fuels.

In June, the EPA proposed options for modifying how coal 

combustion residuals (CCRs, also known as coal combustion 

products or byproducts), particularly fl y ash, were to be 

regulated under RCRA. Under one option, CCRs would 

be classifi ed as “special waste” and subject to regulation 

under subtitle C when destined to be landfi lled but not when 

benefi cially reused. Under the second option, disposal of the 

CCRs would essentially remain as currently regulated under 

subtitle D (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b). 

Concern in the construction sector was that if fl y ash were 

to be reclassifi ed as a hazardous waste, even under restricted 

circumstances, the material would be stigmatized and demand 

for it would decrease or cease altogether (Goss, 2010).

Production

Output of portland cement increased by 4.2% to 64.5 Mt in 

2010 (table 3), after a nearly 26% decline in 2009. Following 

a weak fi rst quarter, production responded to modest increased 

sales demand thereafter, but, except for 2009, output for 

the year remained the lowest since 1991. Although most of 

the cement import terminals are controlled by the domestic 

cement producers, with import volumes mainly in response to 

production shortfalls, closure or idling of some independent 

import facilities may have stimulated some of the additional 

domestic production. Production increases and declines among 

districts were mixed, but most declines were small. A few 

districts (especially Missouri) showed substantial increases. 

Yearend stockpiles increased by about 2%. 

Overall annual production capacity in 2010 was about 122 Mt, 

a slight decline resulting from the closure in 2009 of four plants; 

one each in California, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Missouri. 

The plant count in 2010 refl ects these closures, but that in 

California is somewhat artifi cial because the 2009 count retained 

an essentially idle facility that produced a small quantity of 

masonry cement (hence retained active grinding capacity) in 

that year but which was considered closed in 2010. In reality, 

both years show somewhat infl ated plant counts and grinding 

capacities, because while certain plants remained offi cially idle 

for all of both years, no formal closure announcements for them 

had been made as of yearend 2010. Most of these idle facilities 

remained active as distribution terminals.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.3

Continued weakness in the housing, especially multifamily 

units, construction sector led to a 3.4% decline in masonry 

cement production in 2010 to just 1.9 Mt (table 4), the lowest 

level since at least 1954. The percentage decline in 2010, 

however, was much lower than the 35% decrease in production 

in 2009 relative to that in 2008.

With multiple subsidiaries of common parents combined 

under the larger subsidiary’s name and with joint ventures 

apportioned, the 10 leading companies at yearend 2010, in 

descending order of portland cement production, were CEMEX, 

Inc., Holcim (US) Inc., Lafarge North America Inc., Lehigh 

Cement Co., Buzzi Unicem USA Inc. (including Alamo Cement 

Co.), Ash Grove Cement Co., Essroc Cement Corp., Texas 

Industries, Inc. (TXI), Eagle Materials Inc., and St. Marys 

Cement Group. The U.S. industry continued to be heavily 

consolidated, with the 5 leading cement companies, combined, 

contributing nearly 60% of total U.S. portland cement 

production, and the 10 leading companies accounting for 82% 

of total production. Of the above named companies, all except 

Ash Grove and TXI were foreign owned as of yearend, and for 

the U.S. industry overall, about 81% of total cement output was 

by foreign-owned companies.

Clinker output in 2010 increased by 6.6% to 59.8 Mt 

(tables 1, 5) but, except for 2009, was still the lowest production 

since 1983. Clinker production actually increased signifi cantly 

in nearly all months after March, but January through March 

showed a 13.3% decline overall. Apparent annual production 

capacity declined by about 4% to 109 Mt, refl ecting kiln and 

(or) plant closures the previous year, but utilization of capacity 

increased modestly to about 55% from 49% in 2009. Utilization 

in 2010 was still well below the presumed “full practicable” 

capacity utilization rates of 85% or more experienced during 

years of high cement sales volumes. It should be noted that the 

utilization statistic is dependent on the reported downtime for 

routine maintenance. As in 2009, many plants reported much 

longer than normal downtimes for this purpose in 2010; where 

this was obvious, corrections were made in both years (after 

consultation with the plants) to remove the extra downtime 

(a result of slow sales) from the statistic. Yearend clinker 

stockpiles showed an overall decline of 7.2%. This apparent 

drawdown would appear to indicate production shortfalls 

relative to subsequent cement production, but the statistic is 

diffi cult to fully evaluate because of regional variation in the 

clinker stock changes and because many kilns continued idle for 

much or all of the year. In terms of kiln technology, the count for 

wet plants in 2010 fell by four because of the closure in 2009 of 

wet plants; one each in Michigan, Missouri, and Pennsylvania; 

and the replacement of the wet kilns with a precalciner (dry) 

kiln in 2010 (hence shift to “Both” status for the year) at a plant 

in Arkansas. The dry plant count increased by two because of 

the permanent shutdown in 2009 of the wet kilns at former 

combination (“Both”) plants in Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

Nonfuel raw materials consumed to make clinker and 

cement are listed in table 6. Ratios among the raw materials 

and between them and the total cement and clinker produced 

in 2010 appear to be broadly similar to those in 2009; apparent 

changes or substitutions may refl ect consumption at a relatively 

small number of plants. One apparently signifi cant change is 

a 22% increase in the consumption of granulated blast furnace 

slag for cement; this is in accord with increased sales of blended 

cements that contain GGBFS, although the relative sales 

increase is even larger (table 15). 

 For fl y ash and bottom ash, the table 6 data in the past have 

been similar to those published by the American Coal Ash 

Association (ACAA) for sales during the year for use in making 

clinker and cement (combined). For 2010, however, the ACAA 

tonnage for fl y ash (1.856 Mt) was 26% lower than that in table 

6, and the ACAA tonnage for bottom ash (0.861 Mt) was 18% 

higher (American Coal Ash Association, 2011). It is unclear if 

the differences represented an issue of actual sales (as reported 

by the ACAA) versus consumption, including from stockpiles 

(table 6), or problems with mischaracterization of the material 

in one or both surveys. The “Gypsum and anhydrite” data for 

2010 in table 6 included 0.801 Mt of synthetic gypsum, but 

this may underrepresent actual use of the synthetic material 

because a split, if any, between natural and synthetic gypsum is 

not required by the USGS canvass. In recent years, the USGS 

data for synthetic gypsum have exceeded those reported by the 

ACAA, likely because the ACAA does not survey the cement 

plants’ own production of the synthetic material. In 2010, 

however, the ACAA reported 1.03 Mt of synthetic gypsum sales 

to the cement industry.

Data on fuel consumption by the cement industry are listed in 

table 7. Data shifts can refl ect activities at just a few plants. In 

terms of overall mass ratios among fuels in total and relative to 

clinker production, signifi cant declines in 2010 were especially 

evident for wet plants, refl ecting the lower plant count. For dry 

plants, a decline in fuel oil consumption was likely because of 

escalating fuel oil prices and appears to have been more than 

offset by an increase in consumption of liquid waste fuels. 

Although not shown in table 7, overall heat consumption 

(gross heat basis) in 2010 was about 4.1 billion joules (GJ) per 

metric ton of clinker, down slightly (2.6%) from the revised 

average for 2009. The reduction appears to refl ect a combination 

of the closure of wet plants in 2009 and of wet kilns at two 

former combination plants (which were thus dry plants in 

2010), and the addition of a dry kiln at a former wet plant. Heat 

consumption at the remaining operational wet plants averaged 

6.7 GJ per ton of clinker, very slightly (probably of no statistical 

signifi cance) higher than the revised average for 2009, and dry 

kilns averaged 4.0 GJ per ton of clinker, very slightly lower. It 

remained unclear whether or not the industry was experiencing 

any heat (effi ciency) penalties for the common practice in 2009 

and 2010 of operating kilns on an intermittent basis and with 

longer overall downtimes than customary in busy years. For 

the industry overall, coal continued to supply the largest share 

of total heat consumed (62%, up by about 3%), followed by 

petroleum coke (about 19%, down by nearly 10%), and waste 

fuels (14%, up by 8%). 

Average unit electricity consumption was substantially 

unchanged in 2010 for the industry overall and for dry plants, 

but increased at the remaining wet plants (table 8). As with heat 

consumption, many plants operated on an intermittent basis in 

2009 and 2010, and this has made it diffi cult to evaluate changes 

related to closures of older facilities and to technology upgrades.
16.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

The only signifi cant ownership change in 2010 within the 

U.S. cement industry was the purchase in May of Continental 

Cement Co. by Summit Materials, LLC (2010). Continental was 

an independent company that operated a 1.0-million-metricton-per-year precalciner kiln plant at Hannibal, MO. Toward 

yearend, Drake Cement LLC completed construction of its new 

1,800-metric-ton-per-day (t/d) integrated plant at Drake, AZ. 

Production of clinker and cement was expected to commence 

in early 2011. Drake Cement was a subsidiary of Peruvian 

company Cementos Lima SA.

The pace of plant closures and long-term idlings slowed in 

2010 by comparison to 2008 and 2009. In March 2010, CEMEX 

closed the Wampum, PA, plant, which had been the oldest 

continuously operating cement plant in the country. In December, 

Buzzi Unicem announced that the “indefi nite idle” status of its 

Oglesby, IL, plant, which had been idle since November 2008, 

would now be considered permanent. The company expected to 

service the Illinois market from its plant at Selma, MO. At the end 

of October, Lafarge permanently closed the kilns at its Seattle, 

WA, plant but announced that the facility would retain its grinding 

facilities, primarily to produce GGBFS from imported granules. 

In July, TXI announced that the wet kilns at its Midlothian, 

TX, plant would be closed; they had been on indefi nite idle 

status since October 2008. The facility continued to operate its 

precalciner (dry) kiln. In addition to these plant closures, and as in 

2009, many operating multikiln plants had one or more kilns idle 

for all or extended portions of 2010. 

Although several plant upgrade or expansion projects 

remained on hold pending a recovery in cement sales, a few 

projects were completed in 2010. In March, Ash Grove fi red 

its new precalciner kiln at its Foreman, AR, plant; the new 

kiln had an annual capacity of about 4,200 t/d and replaced 

the facility’s three wet kilns (total capacity of 2,500 t/d ) that 

shut down in February. The new kiln line also had new milling 

facilities. At its Newberry, FL, plant, Florida Rock Industries, 

Inc. (a subsidiary of Vulcan Materials Co.) brought a second 

precalciner kiln online in June. The new kiln had an annual 

capacity of about 0.74 Mt of clinker and was essentially 

identical to the existing kiln at the facility. Essroc brought a 

new fi nish mill online at its Martinsburg, WV, plant early in 

2010; this followed the startup of the plant’s precalciner kiln in 

November 2009.

Consumption 

Cement consumption in the United States is reported 

monthly by the USGS in terms of sales to fi nal customers, 

and the monthly data are summarized in table 9. Despite close 

agreement between the national domestic sales totals in table 9 

and those in tables 11, 12, and 14, only the table 9 regional 

breakout tonnages represent State-level consumption. The 

regional breakouts in tables 11, 12, and 14 simply pertain to 

the locations of the reporting entities (chiefl y the production 

sites), not the locations of consumption. It is very common for 

shipments to cross State lines. 

In the fi rst 2 months of the year, the U.S. cement market 

continued a steep decline that began in early to mid-2006; this 

refl ected continued stagnation in most construction sectors, 

continued tight credit, and ongoing shortfalls in State property tax 

revenues. Beginning in March, however, sales of portland cement 

began to improve, albeit erratically and relative to the weak levels 

seen in 2009. Thus, although sales for 2010 overall were down 

by 0.5% (table 9), those for March through December were up by 

3.1%. Individual State changes in sales were mixed; of the three 

traditionally largest consuming States (California, Florida, and 

Texas), only Texas showed an increase in 2010. The single largest 

gain in sales volumes was in Louisiana. Per-capita consumption 

of portland cement was 222 kg in 2010, signifi cantly unchanged 

from that of 2009, and was the lowest level since 1947. By 

comparison, during the record consumption year of 2005, per 

capita consumption was 413 kg. After declining by 31% in 2009, 

masonry cement consumption decreased by a further 9% in 2010 

to just 1.9 Mt, the lowest level since 1946.

As noted earlier, the sales data in this report are missing 

some imported material. An estimate of cement sales volumes 

by importers that do not report to the USGS can be made by 

comparing U.S. Census Bureau trade data (tables 17 and 21) 

with the USGS data for import origins of sales (table 9). The 

U.S. Census Bureau cement imports (including into Puerto 

Rico) were about 0.35 Mt higher in 2010 than the foreign origin 

tonnages reported to the USGS and 0.49 Mt higher than those 

of 2009. These differences, however, appear to underestimate 

the missing sales of imported cement, based on known gaps in 

the USGS sales data relating to the imports (table 18) from the 

Republic of Korea into the Philadelphia, PA, customs district 

and of much of the material from Colombia into the Houston, 

TX, Savannah, GA, and Wilmington, NC, districts. Adjusting 

for these, and for stockpile changes at importers, it is estimated 

that the annual sales tables are missing at least about 0.4 Mt of 

sales in 2010 and about 0.6 Mt in 2009. 

Although table 9 gives the better indication of regional 

consumption tonnages, regional breakouts of price data (as 

mill net values) are listed in tables 11 and 12. Unit prices 

fell only modestly in 2009 despite the very large decrease in 

sales volumes, but in 2010, prices for portland cement fell 

signifi cantly almost everywhere in the country. Price changes 

commonly lag changes in sales volumes because of the common 

existence of long-term pricing contracts, and prices in 2010 

appeared to have “caught up” to the oversupply of cement 

on the market. Price shifts for masonry cement (table 13) are 

diffi cult to evaluate because of the high but variable percentage 

of sales that are in bag or package form rather than the much 

cheaper bulk form; the split between bag and bulk sales is not 

reported to the USGS. 

Table 10 lists sales of portland cement by mode of 

transportation. The major change evident was that a higher 

percentage of sales in 2010 were directly at or from the cement 

plants (as opposed to from terminals) than was the case in 2009. 

Cement consumption levels within a given category of 

construction broadly refl ect levels of construction spending, 

although signifi cant time lags may exist between the onset or cutoff 

of spending and changes in the consumption of cement. In terms of 

1996 constant dollars, overall construction spending in 2010 fell by 

nearly 9% to $503 billion (Portland Cement Association, 2012). 

Of this total, public sector construction was the largest share, 

at $182 billion, down by 2%, but included spending for road 

construction that increased by nearly 3%. Residential construction, 
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.5

the second largest sector, was essentially stagnant at about 

$164 billion; within this sector, single-family construction spending 

increased by nearly 9%, and multifamily construction spending 

decreased by nearly 50%. Nonresidential construction spending 

decreased by nearly 29% to about $94 billion.

A breakout of 2010 portland cement sales by customer type is 

provided in table 14. Sales to ready-mixed concrete producers 

accounted for 69% of total shipments, but the true percentage 

to this type of customer was larger because some of the sales 

were reported under other customer categories, such as road 

paving contractors, that also make use of ready-mixed concrete. 

As listed, the sales to ready-mixed customers fell by 3.7%, but 

if combined with airport and road paving contractors (to better 

approximate true sales into the ready-mixed sector), the decline 

was just 1.9%. Within the contractor sales category, overall sales 

for road paving increased by nearly 28%, considerably higher 

than the overall spending increase noted above, and suggestive 

of a possible gain in concrete’s market share in that subsector. 

Sales to brick and block makers declined by nearly 11%, and 

sales to precast and prestressed slab makers decreased by about 

4%. Sales to oil (and gas) well drilling companies were up by 

55%, in line with increased oil and gas prices during the year, 

and presumably would have been higher if there had not been a 

6-month moratorium on offshore drilling in 2010. 

Sales of various types included as portland cement by the 

USGS are broken out in table 15. As in past years, sales were 

dominated by Types I and II cements and sulfate-resistant 

varieties of cement (Type V and Type II/V hybrids reported as 

Type V); these also included equivalent cements sold under 

the specifi cations of ASTM C–1157. Most of the decline in 

sales in 2010 was in the Types I and II grouping. Oil-well 

cement sales were up, as noted above. White cement sales 

increased by about 11%. Unlike the case in recent years, the 

white cement sales tonnage in 2010 was signifi cantly higher 

than the imports of white cement (table 20). The relationship of 

white cement sales and imports has always been complicated 

by the use of some white cement in masonry cement (sales of 

which are not included in table 15), in colored cements that 

may have been reported with the gray varieties, and by the fact 

that some imported white cement is blended with domestically 

produced white cement. Because of the relatively low overall 

tonnages involved, sales versus imports of white cement may be 

particularly sensitive to changes in stockpile tonnages.

Blended cement sales were up by nearly 21%, especially of 

varieties containing GGBFS. As in 2009, the overall tonnage 

of blended cement sales in 2010 was signifi cantly lower than 

the nearly 2.0 Mt listed in the monthly sales data for the year. It 

remains uncertain why this difference exists, but it most likely 

relates to continued inconsistencies in characterizing cement 

sold under the general performance standard ASTM C–1157, 

which at one time applied only to blended cements but which 

now applies to hydraulic cements in general.

Foreign Trade

Trade data supplied by the U.S. Census Bureau are listed in 

tables 16–21. Exports (table 16) increased by about one-third 

in 2010 to nearly 1.2 Mt. Although this was the highest level in 

more than 60 years, exports remained a very small part of total 

sales by the U.S. industry and continued to be small compared 

to cement imports. Canada was the main destination for U.S. 

exports, accounting for 69% of the total. 

Total imports of cement and clinker in 2010 fell slightly to 

6.6 Mt (tables 1, 17), continuing, but at a much slower rate, 

a trend of decline since the record importation year of 2006 

(35.6 Mt). As usual, most of the imports were of gray portland 

cement, and most of the decline in imports was of material 

from Colombia and Turkey. Imports from most other countries 

increased (table 19). As in 2009, Canada remained by far the 

leading source of cement imports. Imports from Asian countries, 

although growing slightly in 2010, had yet to even remotely 

recover their dominance of former years (such as 54% of total 

imports in 2006).

Offi cial imports of white cement are listed in table 20. In 

many past years, and based on unexpectedly low unit values, 

the data appeared to have included some gray cement or clinker; 

the apparent errors were because of the use of the wrong tariff 

code by importers. For 2010, the average unit value for imports 

from China indicates the possible inclusion of some tonnage of 

gray cement. For 2009, the value data for the Republic of Korea 

suggest that most of the material was gray cement. 

Imports of clinker increased by 10% to 0.61 Mt (table 21), 

but the data are incomplete with regard to overland imports 

from Canada; the tonnages listed are insuffi cient to have fully 

supplied the three grinding plants in Michigan and Washington. 

The annual defi cit is estimated to be about 0.2 Mt in both 2009 

and 2010. The unreported Canadian clinker appears mostly to 

have come in by truck, at a value of less than $2,000 (customs 

value) per truckload; such shipments are classifi ed as “informal 

entries” and data on them are not routinely transmitted by the 

U.S. Customs Service to the U.S. Census Bureau for recordation 

into the offi cial trade data (reproduced in tables 17–21). This 

problem presumably does not exist for imports by rail or by ship 

because these shipments are larger. 

For cement and clinker combined, the 10 busiest customs 

districts of entry in 2010 were, in descending order of tonnage, 

Detroit, MI; Seattle, WA; Houston-Galveston, TX; Buffalo, NY; 

Cleveland, OH; Columbia-Snake, ID, OR, and WA; Honolulu, 

HI; El Paso, TX; New York, NY; and San Francisco, CA 

(table 18). These leading districts accounted for about 72% of 

the total imports for the year. 

World Review

World hydraulic cement production data are listed in table 22. 

The data are intended to include all forms of hydraulic cement; 

however, the data for the United States are for portland and 

masonry cement only and data for some other countries may 

be incomplete. For some countries, the production data may 

include exports of clinker.

World cement output in 2010 was an estimated 3.31 Gt, up by 

about 9%. Production was from more than 150 countries. China 

was again the world’s leading producer by far, with an output of 

1.88 Gt or nearly 57% of the world total. 

The remaining top 20 producers in 2010 were, in descending 

order of tonnage, India, the United States, Turkey, Brazil, 

Japan, Russia, Iran, Vietnam, Egypt, the Republic of Korea, 

Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Italy, Mexico, Pakistan, Germany, 
16.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Spain, Indonesia, and Algeria. Cumulatively, the top 5 countries 

accounted for 69% of total world output; the top 10 countries, 

about 76%; and the top 20 countries, about 86%. 

Regionally, Asia and the Pacifi c contributed nearly 73% 

of world production, including 9 of the 20 leading producing 

countries, and had the highest growth rate of all regions; the 

region had accounted for 58% of world output in 2000 and 65% 

in 2005. Because of this rapid growth in Asia (particularly in 

China), most other regions, although increasing output tonnage, 

have had generally diminishing shares of total world output. For 

example, North America (including Mexico) contributed 8% of 

world output in 2000 and 6.5% in 2005 but only 3.5% in 2010. 

Central and South America (including the Caribbean) accounted 

for about 5% of world production in 2000 but less than 4% 

in 2010. Western Europe contributed 12% of world output in 

2000 but only 9% in 2005 and just 5% in 2010. Eastern Europe 

produced nearly 2% of world output in 2000 but just 1.4% in 

2010. Other regions have held fairly constant world shares during 

the past decade, at about 4% for Africa, nearly 7% for the Middle 

East, and about 3% for the Commonwealth of Independent States. 

Outlook

The general increase in cement sales that began in March 

2010 was expected to continue in 2011, with sales for 2011 

anticipated to be about 3% higher for the year and with further 

modest increases expected for the next few years thereafter. 

High rates of growth were not expected until the housing market 

and tax revenues to States recovered signifi cantly. Absent 

improvement to the latter, State contributions to public sector 

construction projects would likely continue to be hampered.

Given the signifi cant underutilization of production capacity 

in 2010, domestic production normally would be favored 

instead of imports to meet all or most increases in short-term 

cement demand. However, given that much of the underutilized 

capacity was in the form of year- or multiyear-long idlings of 

extra kilns (or even of entire plants), and because many of the 

idle kilns were old or of energy-ineffi cient technology, many 

of the older facilities may be unable to meet or justify upgrades 

to meet NESHAP emissions limits. Because many plants have 

experienced signifi cant and extended layoffs of personnel, it was 

unclear how quickly domestic production could recover should 

demand increase faster than expected. Thus, while imports were 

not expected to increase in 2011, these production-related issues 

offered the possibility of imports gaining market share in the 

medium term. In the long-term, should the cement market recover 

to high (such as 2005) consumption levels, and if NESHAP or 

other new regulations lead to a large number of plant closures, 

it is unclear if current importation capacity will be adequate to 

compensate for the production shortfalls.

References Cited

American Coal Ash Association, 2011, 2010 coal combustion product (CCP) 

production and use survey report: Aurora, CO, American Coal Ash Association 

fact sheet, 1 p. (Accessed January 25, 2012, at http://acaa.affi niscape.com/

associations/8003/fi les/2010_CCP_Survey_FINAL_102011.pdf.)

Goss, D.C., 2010, Usage declines may signal beginning of troubling trend: Ash 

at Work, issue 2, p. 14–17.

Hanle, Lisa, Maldonado, Pedro, Onuma, Eiichi, Tichy, Milos, and van Oss, 

H.G., 2006, Mineral industry emissions, chap. 2 in Eggleston, Simon, 

Buenda, Leandro, Miwa, Kyoko, Ngara, Todd, and Tanabe, Kiyoto, eds., 

Industrial processes and product use: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 

 v. 3, CD-ROM.

Portland Cement Association, 2012, Construction put in place: Monitor, v. 22, 

no. 3, March, p. 10.

Summit Materials LLC, 2010, Summit Materials announces a majority investment 

in Continental Cement: Washington, DC, Summit Materials LLC press release, 

May 27. (Accessed January 25, 2012, at http://www.summit-materials.com/

news/summit-materials-announces-a-majority-investment-in-continentalcement.html.)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009a, 40 CFR Parts 60 and 63—

National emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants from the portland 

cement industry (Proposed rule): Federal Register, May 6, v. 74, no. 86, 

 p. 21136–21192.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009b, 40 CFR Part 98—Mandatory 

greenhouse gas reporting (Final rule): Federal Register, October 30, v. 74, 

 no. 209, p. 56374–56519. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010a, 40 CFR Parts 241—

Identifi cation of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid waste 

(Proposed rule): Federal Register, June 4, v. 75, no. 107, p. 31833–31893.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b, 40 CFR Parts 257, 261, 264, 

265, 268, 271 and 302—Hazardous and solid waste management system; 

Identifi cation and listing of special wastes; Disposal of coal combustion 

residuals from electric utilities (Proposed rule): Federal Register, June 21, 

 v. 75, no. 118, p. 35128–35264.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010c, 40 CFR Parts 60 and 63—

National emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants from the portland 

cement manufacturing industry and standards of performance for portland 

cement plants (Final rule): Federal Register, September 9, v. 75, no. 174, 

 p. 54970–55066.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012, Summary 2010 GHG data: U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency. (Accessed April 27, 2012, via http://

www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgdata/2010data.html.)

van Oss, H.G., 2005, Background facts and issues concerning cement and 

cement data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1152, 88 p. 

(Accessed January 2, 2012, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/.)

GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Cement. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.

Cement. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Other

American Coal Ash Association, annual survey.

Cement. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of 

Mines Bulletin 675, 1985.

Cement Americas, bimonthly.

Concrete Products, monthly. 

European Cement Association, The.

Global Cement Magazine, monthly.

International Cement Review, monthly.

North American Cement Directory, Cement Americas, annual.

Portland Cement Association:

 Monitor, The, monthly.

 North American Cement Industry Annual Yearbook.

 U.S. and Canadian Portland Cement Industry, Plant 

Information Summary, annual.

Rock Products, monthly.

Slag Cement Association, annual survey.

World Cement, monthly.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.7

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Production:

Cement3 98,167 95,464 86,310 63,907 r 66,421

Clinker 88,555 86,130 78,382 56,116 59,802

Shipments from mills and terminals:3, 4, 5

Quantity 127,000 114,000 96,700 71,000 r 70,300

Value6 thousand dollars 12,900,000 11,900,000 9,990,000 7,020,000 6,470,000

Average value6 dollars per metric ton 101.50 104.00 103.50 99.00 92.00

Stocks, yearend:

Cement 9,380 8,890 8,360 6,080 6,180

Clinker 5,370 6,550 7,070 5,130 4,760

Exports 723 7 886 7 823 884 1,178

Imports:8

Cement 32,141 21,496 10,744 6,211 6,013

Clinker 3,425 972 621 556 613

Total9 35,566 22,468 11,365 6,767 6,626

Consumption, apparent10 127,660 116,550 96,760 71,510 r 71,160

World productione, 11 2,620,000 r 2,810,000 2,850,000 3,030,000 r 3,310,000

5

Shipments to final domestic customers. Data are from an annual survey of plants and terminals and may differ from the totals in table 9, which are 

4

Includes imported cement.

2

Excludes Puerto Rico.

3

Includes cement made from imported clinker. Includes a double-counted component (less than 0.3% per year) of portland cement subsequently

change in yearend cement stocks. 

11Total hydraulic cement. May include clinker exports for some countries.

6

Value free on board mill or independently reporting terminal.

7

Official export data have been corrected to remove an apparent excess of aluminous cement from Laredo, TX, of 943,939 metric tons in 2006 and 

653,255 metric tons in 2007.

8

All forms of hydraulic cement or clinker.

9

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

10Production (including that from imported clinker) of cement plus imports of hydraulic cement minus exports of hydraulic cement minus the 

TABLE 1

SALIENT CEMENT STATISTICS FOR THE UNITED STATES1, 2 

based on consolidated monthly surveys from companies.

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

e

Estimated. rRevised.

1

Unless otherwise indicated, data are for portland (including blended) and masonry cements only. Even where presented unrounded, data are 

thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

converted by the cement plants to masonry cement; because of the involvement of stockpiles, the precise amount converted from actual production 

cannot be determined.
16.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

State subdivision Defining counties

California, northern Alpine, Fresno, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Monterey, Tulare, Tuolumne, and all counties farther north.

California, southern Inyo, Kern, Mono, San Luis Obispo, and all counties farther south.

Illinois, metropolitan Chicago Cook, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, McHenry, and Will Counties in Illinois.

Illinois, excluding Chicago All counties other than those in metropolitan Chicago.

New York, eastern Delaware, Franklin, Hamilton, Herkimer, Otsego, and all counties farther east and south, except those within 

Metropolitan New York.

New York, western Broome, Chenango, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, St. Lawrence, and all counties farther west.

New York, metropolitan New York City (Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond), Nassau, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester.

Pennsylvania, eastern Adams, Cumberland, Juniata, Lycoming, Mifflin, Perry, Tioga, Union, and all counties farther east.

Pennsylvania, western Centre, Clinton, Franklin, Huntingdon, Potter, and all counties farther west.

Texas, northern Angelina, Bell, Concho, Crane, Culberson, El Paso, Falls, Houston, Hudspeth, Irion, Lampasas, Leon, Limestone,

 McCulloch, Reagan, Reeves, Sabine, San Augustine, San Saba, Tom Green, Trinity, Upton, Ward,

 and all counties farther north.

Texas, southern Brazos, Burnet, Crockett, Jasper, Jeff Davis, Llano, Madison, Mason, Menard, Milam, Newton, Pecos, Polk, 

Robertson, San Jacinto, Schleicher, Tyler, Walker, Williamson, and all counties farther south.

TABLE 2

COUNTY BASIS OF SUBDIVISION OF STATES IN CEMENT TABLES
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.9 Number Grinding Percentage Yearend Number Grinding Percentage Yearend District2 of plants Production capacity3 utilized4 stocks5 of plants Production capacity3 utilized4 stocks5 Maine and New York 5 2,118 4,341 49 219 6 5 2,122 4,236 50 198 Pennsylvania, eastern 7 3,042 r 5,420 6 57 247 7 3,382 7 6,790 6, 7 50 6, 7 346 7 Pennsylvania, western 3 678 1,805 38 103 2 W 7 W 7 W 7 W 7 Illinois 3 1,487 3,390 44 237 3 1,620 2,755 59 235 Indiana 4 2,685 3,740 6 72 188 4 2,473 3,745 66 219 Michigan 5 3,548 6,983 51 163 4 3,482 5,530 63 230 Ohio 2 550 1,166 47 25 2 627 1,166 54 56 Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 5 2,991 5,840 6 51 266 5 2,677 5,840 6 46 6 257 Kansas 3 1,669 2,940 6 57 166 3 1,824 2,937 62 240 Missouri 6 4,418 13,035 34 622 5 6,469 10,817 60 661 Florida8 7 3,145 7,610 6 41 260 7 3,354 9,380 6 36 6 306 Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 6 3,859 7,180 6 54 334 6 4,305 7,906 54 418 South Carolina 3 1,868 5,085 37 77 3 2,048 5,085 40 114 Alabama 5 3,416 7,292 47 231 6 5 3,286 7,292 45 266 Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 4 1,958 3,702 53 147 4 2,193 3,702 59 268 Arkansas and Oklahoma 4 2,067 3,127 66 182 4 2,012 4,078 49 165 Texas, northern 6 3,833 7,580 6 51 609 6 3,867 7,765 50 176 Texas, southern 6 4,519 6,505 69 226 6 6 5,000 6,185 81 214 Arizona and New Mexico 3 1,464 3,116 47 91 3 1,244 3,116 40 98 Colorado and Wyoming 4 2,165 4,517 48 149 4 2,333 4,517 52 114 Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 6 2,050 3,728 55 156 6 2,055 3,725 55 146 Alaska and Hawaii -- -- -- -- 55 -- -- -- -- 66 California 11 7,153 13,600 6 53 417 6 10 6,945 12,851 54 422 6 Oregon and Washington 4 1,254 2,435 51 275 6 4 1,200 2,435 49 269 Importers9 -- -- -- -- 182 6 -- -- -- -- 269 6 Total10 112 61,939 r, 11 124,000 6 50 5,620 6 108 64,520 11 122,000 6 53 5,750 6 Puerto Rico 2 936 1,780 53 47 6 2 755 1,780 42 49 Grand total10 114 62,875 r, 11 126,000 6 50 5,670 6 110 65,275 11 124,000 6 53 5,800 6 6Data contain estimates for nonrespondents or incompletely reporting facilities. 7For 2010, data for Western Pennsylvania are included with those for Eastern Pennsylvania. 1Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Includes data for white cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker. 2District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers for which district assignations were possible. 3Grinding capacity is based on fineness needed to produce a plant’s normal output mix, including masonry cement, and allowing for downtime for routine maintenance. 4Calculated relative to portland cement output; utilization would be higher if calculated to include output of masonry cement. 5Includes imported cement. Includes stocks at mills, terminals, and in transit. rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “Total.” -- Zero. TABLE 3 PORTLAND AND BLENDED CEMENT PRODUCTION, CAPACITY, AND STOCKS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT 1 (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) 2009 2010
16.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

8

of the involvement of stockpiles, but is less than 0.5% of the totals listed.

Production and capacity data exclude a plant that produced only masonry cement.

9Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible.

10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.11The production totals include a small amount of portland cement subsequently consumed to make masonry cement; the amount thus double-counted cannot be determined precisely because 

TABLE 3—Continued

PORTLAND AND BLENDED CEMENT PRODUCTION, CAPACITY, AND STOCKS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.11

Number Number

of active Yearend of active Yearend

District2 plants Production3 stocks4 plants Production3 stocks4

Maine and New York 4 41 12 4 40 14

Pennsylvania 9 176 46 8 147 41

Indiana and Ohio 6 244 52 6 260 59

Michigan 4 80 28 3 83 24

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 2 W W 1 WW

Kansas 2 W W 2 WW

Missouri 1 W W 1 WW

Florida 6 123 38 6 198 42

Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 6 250 42 6 251 42

South Carolina 3 174 16 3 152 17

Alabama 4 208 61 4 191 47

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 3 W W 3 WW

Arkansas and Oklahoma 3 97 21 4 92 17

Texas 8 202 22 8 199 22

Arizona and New Mexico 3 W W 3 WW

Colorado and Wyoming 2 W W 2 WW

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah -- W W 1 WW

California 7 236 45 5 6 178 32 5

Importers6 -- -- 3 5 -- -- 9 5

Total7 73 1,968 456 5 71 1,901 427 5

TABLE 4

W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “Total.” -- Zero.

1

Includes masonry, portland-lime, plastic, and stucco cements. Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than 

three significant digits.

2

District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers for which district assignations were possible.

3

Includes cement produced from imported clinker.

MASONRY CEMENT PRODUCTION AND STOCKS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

2009 2010

4

Includes imported cement.

5

Data contain estimates for nonrespondents or incompletely reporting facilities.

6

Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible.

7

Data may not add totals shown because of independent rounding.
16.12 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 Daily Average Apparent annual Yearend capacity4, 5 days of capacity4, 7 Production Percentage stocks Number (thousand routine (thousand (thousand of capacity (thousand District Wet Dry Both3 Total of kilns4 metric tons) maintenance6 metric tons) metric tons) utilized metric tons) Maine and New York 2 2 -- 4 5 11.3 32.8 3,748 1,971 52.6 115 Pennsylvania 2 6 -- 8 14 19.2 18.9 8 6,500 8 3,198 49.2 8 244 Illinois -- 3 -- 3 6 7.7 10.9 2,677 1,474 55.0 122 Indiana 1 3 9 -- 4 8 10.2 21.1 8 3,470 8 2,326 67.1 8 108 Michigan -- 2 -- 2 6 11.2 32.3 3,679 2,703 73.5 159 Ohio 1 1 -- 2 3 3.4 9.7 1,202 680 56.6 89 Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota -- 4 1 5 9 14.1 15.7 8 4,870 8 2,351 48.3 8 131 Kansas 1 2 -- 3 5 8.5 21.6 2,956 1,937 65.5 90 Missouri -- 5 -- 5 5 28.5 30.0 8 9,620 8 5,909 62.1 8 340 Florida -- 7 -- 7 10 25.9 8 15.3 8 9,090 8 3,303 36.3 8 394 Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia -- 5 -- 5 5 19.5 29.6 8 6,500 8 4,090 63.0 8 264 South Carolina -- 3 -- 3 3 12.3 26.8 4,180 1,906 45.6 265 Alabama -- 5 -- 5 5 16.9 21.0 8 5,790 8 3,185 55.0 8 223 Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 1 3 -- 4 4 11.0 15.5 8 3,810 8 2,193 57.6 8 134 Arkansas and Oklahoma 1 2 1 4 11 12.5 24.9 4,125 1,803 43.7 105 Texas, northern 2 4 10 (10) 6 12 19.0 23.2 6,552 3,374 51.5 383 Texas, southern -- 5 -- 5 6 16.2 19.4 5,606 4,536 80.9 222 Arizona and New Mexico -- 3 -- 3 7 8.6 3.6 3,091 1,205 39.0 174 Colorado and Wyoming -- 4 -- 4 5 11.5 27.5 3,829 2,162 56.5 252 Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 3 3 -- 6 8 8.5 22.9 8 2,880 8 1,770 61.6 8 174 California -- 9 -- 9 11 37.9 8 17.9 12,900 8 6,634 51.2 734 Oregon and Washington 1 2 -- 3 3 6.0 30.0 2,033 1,091 53.6 47 Total11 15 83 2 100 151 321.0 8 20.8 8 109,000 8 59,802 54.8 8 4,760 Puerto Rico -- 2 -- 2 2 5.3 42.5 8 1,730 8 642 37.1 8 64 Grand total11 15 85 2 102 153 326.0 8 21.0 8 111,000 8 60,444 54.6 8 4,830

7Sum of apparent annual capacities for all kilns. For each kiln, the statistic is calculated as 365 days minus days reported for routine maintenance and then multiplied by the unrounded daily capacity.11Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.3Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year.4Includes kilns active for at least 1 day during the year. For kilns idle all year, excludes those that cannot be restarted, fully permitted, in less than 6 months.5Sum of reported kiln capacities for all plants in a district.8Data contain estimates for nonrespondents and incompletely reporting facilities and have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.

TABLE 5

CLINKER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2010, BY DISTRICT1

Number of active plants2

-- Zero.

Process used

6Total days of routine maintenance (summed for all kilns) divided by the number of kilns.2Includes white cement plants. Includes all plants that produced clinker for at least 1 day during the year.9Includes one semiwet kiln.10Includes as a dry operation one plant, formerly operating both wet and dry kilns, whose wet kilns were idle all year (2009) and which, in 2010, were declared permanently closed.1Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.13

 Materials Clinker Cement3 Clinker Cement3

Calcareous:

Limestone (aragonite, chalk, coral, marble) 73,600 1,510 78,500 1,550

Cement rock (includes marl) 6,560 -- 7,500 30

Cement kiln dust (CKD)4 288 156 256 141

Lime4 17 5 20 17

Other 62 -- 47 13

Aluminous:

Clay 2,500 3 2,830 --

Shale and schist 2,540 -- 2,370 13

Other5 438 -- 478 --

Ferrous:

Iron ore 481 -- 501 --

Mill scale 536 -- 522 --

Other6 40 -- 19 --

Siliceous:

Sand, calcium silicates 2,550 -- 2,830 --

Sandstone, quartzite, soils, nonpozzolanic rocks 464 -- 506 --

Fly ash 2,290 74 2,430 85

Other ash, including bottom ash 706 -- 727 --

Granulated blast furnace slag7 44 192 70 235

Other blast furnace slag 99 -- 30 --

Steel slag 169 -- 238 --

Other slag 38 -- 165 2

Natural rock pozzolans8 -- 11 -- 20

Other pozzolans9 45 3 9 1

Other:

Gypsum and anhydrite (10) 3,367 (10) 3,550

Other11 79 57 62 61

Total12 93,600 5,380 100,000 5,720

Clinker, imported, raw materials equivalent13 -- 1,250 -- 1,190

Grand total12 93,600 6,630 100,000 6,910

RAW MATERIALS USED TO PRODUCE CLINKER AND CEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES1, 2

TABLE 6

(Thousand metric tons)

3

Includes portland, blended, and masonry cements.

2

Data have been rounded to three significant digits to reflect inherent reporting accuracy and the incorporation of estimates for some facilities.

4

Data are probably underreported.

5

Includes alumina, aluminum dross, bauxite, spent catalysts, and other aluminous materials.

6

Includes iron sludges, pyrite, and other ferrous materials.

7

Includes both ground (GGBFS) and unground material.

2010

-- Zero.

2009

1

Excludes Puerto Rico.

13Converted as 1.7 times the weight of foreign clinker consumed.

8

Includes pozzolana and burned clays or shales (except where directly reported as clay or shale).

9

Includes diatomite, silica fume, other microcrystalline silica, and other pozzolans, even if not used as such.

10Included with Calcareous: Other.

11Includes fluorspar and all other materials not listed earlier.

12Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
16.14 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 Quantity Coal4 Petcoke Oil5 Natural gas6 Tires Solid Liquid Number (thousand Percentage (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand Kiln process of plants metric tons) of total metric tons) metric tons) liters) cubic meters) metric tons) metric tons) liters) 2009: Wet 19 4,866 8.7 569 157 7,310 96,200 50 16 256,000 Dry7 81 50,112 89.3 4,690 1,300 26,500 247,000 263 307 493,000 Both8 3 1,138 2.0 186 33 1,810 1,190 -- -- 34,600 Total9 103 56,116 100.0 5,450 1,490 35,600 344,000 313 324 784,000 2010: Wet 15 3,918 6.6 498 148 6,480 27,200 52 59 229,000 Dry7 83 54,600 91.3 5,110 1,320 24,100 252,000 270 351 639,000 Both8 2 1,285 2.1 194 -- -- 7,260 -- -- 41,300 Total9 100 59,802 100.0 5,810 1,470 30,500 287,000 322 411 909,000 TABLE 7 CLINKER PRODUCED AND FUEL CONSUMED BY THE U.S. CEMENT INDUSTRY, BY KILN PROCESS

1

Conventional fuels3 Clinker production2 Waste fuels

3

2Clinker production data are all reported. Although unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

1Excludes Puerto Rico.

 -- Zero.during the year. Excludes one plant as noted in footnote 7.

9Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.6Includes landfill gas and propane.3All fuel data have been rounded to no more than three significant digits. 4All reported to be bituminous. 5Distilliate and residual fuel oils. Excludes used oils that were reported under liquid wastes.7Includes one semiwet plant. Also includes one plant that operated a dry kiln, but also had wet kilns which, although technically idle all year, were officially closed in 2010. 8Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.15 Average Cement consumption Quantity Quantity Quantity produced4 (kilowatthours Number (million Number (million Number (million Percentage (thousand per ton of Plant process of plants kilowatthours) of plants kilowatthours) of plants kilowatthours) of total metric tons) cement produced) 2009: Integrated plants: Wet -- -- 19 815 19 815 8.8 5,804 140 Dry5 2 223 83 6 7,980 83 6 8,200 88.6 55,601 148 Both7 -- -- 3 222 3 222 2.4 1,334 166 Total or average3 2 223 105 6 9,020 105 6 9,250 100.0 62,738 147 Grinding plants8 -- -- 6 103 5 r 103 -- 1,047 99 Exclusions9 -- -- 3 XX 3 XX -- 143 XX 2010: Integrated plants: Wet -- -- 15 621 15 621 6.5 4,277 145 Dry5 3 226 85 6 8,470 85 6 8,700 91.3 59,654 146 Both7 -- -- 2 205 2 205 2.2 1,377 149 Total or average3 3 226 102 6 9,300 102 6 9,520 100.0 65,309 146 Grinding plants8 -- -- 4 96 4 96 -- 965 100 Exclusions9 -- -- 3 XX 3 XX -- 147 XX 9Plants at which production of portland cement was by simply regrinding of one type into another, or which reported production only of masonry cement. 5Includes one plant that operated a dry kiln but that had wet kilns which, although technically idle all year, were officially closed early in 2010. 6Includes two grinding plants whose data were included with the integrated plants. 7as noted in footnote 5. reported a substantial component of grinding of excess granulated blast furnace slag. Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year. Excludes one plant 8Plants that did not produce clinker but ground clinker from outside sources. Excludes plants that only made masonry cement or just reground one type of portland cement into another, or which also 1Excludes Puerto Rico. 2Electricity data are rounded to no more than three significant digits because they contain estimates. 3Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 4Portland and masonry cement. Data are all reported and are unrounded. rRevised. XX Not applicable. -- Zero. TABLE 8 ELECTRICITY CONSUMED BY U.S. CEMENT PLANTS, BY KILN PROCESS 1 Electricity consumed2 Generated Total3 Purchased
16.16 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Destination and origin 2009 2010 2009 2010

Destination:

Alabama 1,140 1,009 85 77

Alaska3 146 137 -- --

Arizona 1,727 1,477 26 22

Arkansas 732 757 40 38

California, northern 2,133 2,081 45 35

California, southern 4,395 4,137 170 145

Colorado 1,403 1,467 7 6

Connecticut3 478 469 11 11

Delaware3 159 172 5 4

District of Columbia3 129 109 (4) (4)

Florida 3,946 3,486 231 211

Georgia 1,887 1,685 131 116

Hawaii3 306 262 2 3

Idaho 367 387 (4) (4)

Illinois, excluding Chicago 1,397 1,413 10 10

Illinois, metropolitan Chicago3 1,181 1,020 19 14

Indiana 1,454 1,482 39 34

Iowa 1,448 1,431 1 1

Kansas 1,133 1,172 7 5

Kentucky 870 852 49 45

Louisiana3 2,135 2,742 49 48

Maine 185 185 2 2

Maryland 902 888 42 42

Massachusetts3 702 679 11 10

Michigan 1,384 1,554 42 40

Minnesota3 1,135 1,200 12 12

Mississippi 805 774 40 39

Missouri 1,728 1,563 19 17

Montana 256 259 1 (4)

Nebraska 1,018 988 2 1

Nevada 1,008 897 12 6

New Hampshire3 198 185 7 7

New Jersey3 1,152 1,123 43 40

New Mexico 534 604 7 4

New York, eastern 476 456 10 9

New York, western3 652 657 16 14

New York, metropolitan3 1,304 1,189 59 50

North Carolina3 1,612 1,581 135 127

North Dakota3 375 408 1 1

Ohio 2,232 2,352 78 71

Oklahoma 1,338 1,432 39 39

Oregon 663 609 (4) (4)

Pennsylvania, eastern 1,270 1,436 37 37

Pennsylvania, western 913 979 33 32

Rhode Island3 106 93 1 1

South Carolina 822 931 70 61

South Dakota 450 447 1 (4)

Tennessee 1,223 1,230 108 103

Texas, northern 4,255 4,713 79 73

Texas, southern 5,344 5,392 157 153

Utah 1,058 1,023 (4) (4)

See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 9

CEMENT SHIPMENTS TO FINAL CUSTOMER, BY DESTINATION AND ORIGIN1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Portland cement Masonry cement
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.17

Destination and origin 2009 2010 2009 2010

Destination:

Vermont3 95 103 2 1

Virginia 1,526 1,368 80 76

Washington 1,437 1,322 1 (4)

West Virginia 402 426 14 12

Wisconsin3 1,410 1,431 10 9

Wyoming 348 322 (4) (4)

Total5 68,885 68,544 2,102 1,913

Puerto Rico 979 808 (4) 3

Foreign countries6 502 707 (4) (4)

Grand total5 70,366 70,059 2,102 1,918

Origin:

United States 63,486 63,627 2,070 1,897

Puerto Rico 932 731 -- (4)

Foreign countries7 5,948 5,701 32 21

Total shipments5 70,366 70,059 2,102 1,918

Data do not match the imports in tables 17–20.

to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

3

Has no cement plants.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

2

Data are developed from consolidated monthly surveys of shipments by companies and may differ from data in tables 1, 10–12,

7

Imported cement sold to final customers in the United States as reported by domestic producers and other importers. 

 -- Zero.

6

Includes shipments to U.S. possessions and territories.

1

Includes cement produced from imported clinker and imported cement shipped by domestic producers and importers.

Portland cement Masonry cement

and 14–15, which are from annual surveys of individual plants and importers. Although presented unrounded, data are thought

TABLE 9—Continued

CEMENT SHIPMENTS TO FINAL CUSTOMER, BY DESTINATION AND ORIGIN1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)
16.18 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Total to

In bulk In bags3 In bulk In bags3 In bulk In bags3 customers4

2009:

Railroad 9,580 8 1,460 2 528 4 2,000

Truck 4,000 116 36,000 1,040 29,400 400 66,900

Barge and boat 7,120 -- 55 -- -- -- 55

Total4 20,700 125 37,500 1,040 29,900 r 404 68,900 r, 5

2010:

Railroad 8,980 6 1,660 10 467 4 2,140

Truck 3,570 83 37,600 966 27,200 307 66,100

Barge and boat 6,270 15 67 -- 93 58 218

Total4 18,800 105 39,300 977 27,800 370 68,400 5

TABLE 10

SHIPMENTS OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, BY TYPE OF CARRIER1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

2

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits because they contain estimates. 

3

Includes packages, bags, and supersacks.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5

Shipments are based on an annual survey of plants and importers; may differ from totals in table 9, which are based

on consolidated monthly data.

Plant to terminal Plant to customer Terminal to customer

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. Excludes Puerto Rico. 
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.19

Quantity3 Average Quantity3 Average

(thousand Total (per (thousand Total (per 

District4 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton)

Maine and New York 2,560 r, 5 $248,000 r, 5 $97.00 5 2,459 $225,563 $91.72

Pennsylvania, eastern 2,995 285,000 5 95.00 5 3,887 6 369,000 5, 6 95.00 5, 6

Pennsylvania, western 949 90,800 5 95.50 5 W 6 W 6 W 6

Illinois 2,014 191,586 95.11 2,016 179,580 89.07

Indiana 1,951 169,069 86.66 1,907 153,623 80.55

Michigan 4,114 406,143 98.72 3,920 5 393,000 5 100.50 5

Ohio 582 55,691 95.69 598 55,111 92.18

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 3,382 365,298 108.01 3,017 311,194 103.13

Kansas 1,627 166,000 5 102.00 5 1,596 155,919 97.66

Missouri 4,219 414,000 5 98.00 5 6,253 517,000 5 82.50 5

Florida 3,790 5 371,000 5 98.00 5 3,260 5 295,000 5 90.50 5

Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 4,141 367,335 88.70 3,978 334,768 84.16

South Carolina 1,826 165,160 90.46 1,894 164,338 86.78

Alabama 3,515 315,408 89.72 3,024 252,000 5 83.00 5

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 1,885 187,660 99.53 1,740 162,965 93.65

Arkansas and Oklahoma 2,300 231,363 100.60 2,254 219,468 97.38

Texas, northern 4,557 453,000 5 99.50 5 4,511 412,000 5 91.00 5

Texas, southern 4,730 452,380 95.65 5,300 455,862 86.01

Arizona and New Mexico 2,173 255,708 117.68 1,786 182,539 102.20

Colorado and Wyoming 1,932 190,508 98.63 2,090 5 194,000 5 93.00 5

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 2,063 199,834 96.87 1,971 182,061 92.36

Alaska and Hawaii 406 66,690 164.27 357 57,700 5 162.00 5

California 6,835 618,000 5 90.50 5 6,880 5 543,000 5 79.00 5

Oregon and Washington 1,651 150,011 90.85 1,244 111,988 90.05

Importers7 2,747 315,000 5 115.00 5 2,480 5 289,000 5 116.50 5

Total or average8 68,900 r, 5 6,730,000 5 97.50 5 68,400 5 6,220,000 5 91.00 5

Puerto Rico 978 5 W W 830 W W

Grand total8 69,900 5 W W 69,300 5 W W

The data are ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include all varieties of portland cement and both bulk and bag shipments.

Unless otherwise specified, data are presented unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value indicators, accurate to no more than

the nearest $0.50 or $1.00 per metric ton.

3

Tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. They differ from the data in table 9, which are the actual

reported sales into the specific States. 

2

Values are mill net or ex-plant (free on board) valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants’ external distribution terminals. 

Value2 Value2

r

Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.

1

Includes gray and white portland cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker. Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate

to no more than three significant digits.

TABLE 11

PORTLAND CEMENT SHIPPED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT1

2009 2010

8

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

4

District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include shipments

by importers where district assignations were possible.

5

Data are rounded (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.

6

For 2010, data for Western Pennsylvania are included with those for Eastern Pennsylvania.

7

Importers for which district assignations were not possible.
16.20 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Quantity4 Average Quantity4 Average

(thousand Total (per (thousand Total (per

District5 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton)

Maine and New York 56 $6,265 $112.54 46 $4,712 $101.96

Pennsylvania 187 25,300 6 135.00 6 172 20,600 6 120.00 6

Illinois, Indiana, Ohio 230 33,900 6 147.50 6 213 30,800 6 145.00 6

Michigan 95 11,538 121.87 78 9,680 6 123.50 6

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 15 1,921 128.09 1 98 100.88

Kansas and Missouri 51 6,353 124.50 92 6 12,000 6 129.50 6

Florida 192 6 29,100 6 151.50 6 191 25,230 131.92

Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 214 36,547 170.78 199 34,143 171.68

South Carolina 169 21,376 126.43 163 19,536 120.19

Alabama 242 29,735 122.90 192 24,448 127.48

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 57 8,360 146.39 55 8,033 144.87

Arkansas and Oklahoma 93 11,100 6 119.00 6 93 11,286 121.14

Texas 221 31,000 140.40 187 25,100 6 134.50 6

Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 

New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming 42 5,387 129.76 32 4,200 129.81

Alaska and Hawaii 2 620 289.54 3 796 6 286.50 6

California, Oregon, Washington 232 6 27,700 6 119.50 6 185 20,177 109.34

Importers7 6 6 1,220 6 191.50 6 6 6 1,070 6 174.00 6

Total or average8 2,100 6 287,000 6 136.50 6 1,910 6 252,000 6 132.00 6

TABLE 12

1

Shipments are those by cement companies to final customers and include imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. Sales are those by cement 

MASONRY CEMENT SHIPPED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DISTRICT 1, 2

2009 2010

plants and exclude sales of masonry cement made by portland cement customers from purchased portland cement. Data exclude Puerto Rico, which did not

record any masonry cement sales. Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Data include true masonry, plastic, portland-lime, and stucco cements. 

3

Values are mill net or ex-plant (free on board) valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants external distribution terminals. 

Value3 Value3

district assignations were possible. 

6

Data are rounded (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.

7

Importers for which district assignations were not possible.

8

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

The data are ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include both bulk and bag shipments. Unless otherwise specified, data are presented 

unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value indicators, accurate to no more than the nearest $0.50 or even $1.00 per metric ton.

4

Tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. They differ from the data in table 9, which are the actual

reported sales into the specific States. 

5

District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include importers for 
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.21

Masonry All

Year Gray White3 Total cement cement

2009 96.50 211.00 97.50 136.50 99.00

2010 90.00 199.00 91.00 132.00 92.00

TABLE 13

AVERAGE MILL NET VALUE OF CEMENT SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES1, 2

(Dollars per metric ton)

Portland cement

1

Values are average of sales to final customers, free on board the plant or independently reporting

terminal. Values include any bagging charges, but exclude delivery charges to customers or to 

external terminals. Data exclude Puerto Rico.

2

Data are rounded to the nearest $0.50 per metric ton because they contain estimates.

3

Data for white cement include a component of resales showing significant price markups.
16.22 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Oil well,

Ready- Concrete Building mining, Government

mixed product material waste and

District2 concrete manufacturers Contractors dealers stabilization other3 Total4, 5

Maine and New York 1,750 256 216 213 -- 64 2,459

Pennsylvania 2,260 874 390 205 24 139 3,887

Illinois 1,390 101 185 31 224 92 2,016

Indiana 1,340 214 234 38 12 71 1,907

Michigan 2,840 426 527 110 13 7 3,920

Ohio 471 66 39 11 12 -- 598

Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 2,300 249 345 20 94 14 3,017

Kansas 1,260 141 97 51 50 1 1,596

Missouri 4,510 619 739 79 126 182 6,253

Florida 2,340 625 155 110 3 26 3,260

Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 2,790 767 217 96 2 103 3,978

South Carolina 1,270 251 154 82 2 134 1,894

Alabama 2,110 466 291 95 19 44 3,024

Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 1,400 173 81 50 21 19 1,740

Arkansas and Oklahoma 1,340 92 583 106 122 9 2,254

Texas, northern 2,480 290 847 105 706 84 4,511

Texas, southern 3,570 443 595 233 442 21 5,300

Arizona and New Mexico 1,350 274 98 39 16 14 1,786

Colorado and Wyoming 1,440 148 256 56 187 1 2,090

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah 1,350 173 155 65 203 29 1,971

Alaska and Hawaii 277 55 8 17 -- -- 357

California 4,830 880 444 565 106 49 6,880

Oregon and Washington 934 144 81 55 20 10 1,244

Importers6 1,710 257 188 46 159 125 2,480

Total5 47,300 7,980 6,920 2,480 2,560 1,240 68,400

Puerto Rico 429 69 31 300 -- -- 830

Grand total5 47,700 8,050 7 6,950 8 2,780 2,560 9 1,240 69,300

unspecified—2,170.

9

Grand total shipments include oil well drilling—2,140; mining—221; and waste stabilization—201. 

3

Includes shipments to miscellaneous customer types and for which customer types were not specified.

4

District totals are unrounded except in accord with table 11.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

6

Shipments by importers for which district assignations were not possible.

TABLE 14

PORTLAND CEMENT SHIPMENTS IN 2010, BY DISTRICT AND TYPE OF CUSTOMER 1

(Thousand metric tons)

-- Zero.

1

Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. Except for district totals, data have been rounded to three significant digits, but are likely

7

Grand total shipments to concrete product manufacturers include brick and block—2,760; precast and prestressed—2,230; pipe—889; and other or

2

District is the location of the reporting entity, not the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include shipments by importers for 

which district assignations were possible.

8

Grand total shipments to contractors include airport—166; road paving—3,710; soil cement—1,900; and other or unspecified—1,180.

accurate to only two significant digits. District totals are likely accurate to no more than three significant digits.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.23

Type4 2009 2010

General use and moderate heat (Types I and II)5, 6 54,900 r 53,500

High early strength (Type III) 2,460 2,590

Sulfate resisting (Type V)5 8,610 8,630

Block 167 154

Oil well 846 1,300

White7 577 638

Blended:8

Portland, natural pozzolans 34 48

Portland, ground granulated blast furnace slag 580 953

Portland, fly ash 357 304

Portland, other pozzolans9 325 263

Total blended10 1,300 1,570

Expansive and regulated fast setting 13 18

Miscellaneous11 27 30

Grand total10 68,900 r 68,400

TABLE 15

PORTLAND CEMENT SHIPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY TYPE OF CEMENT 1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

5

Type II/V and similar sulfate-resisting cement hybrids are included within Type V.

4

Sold mostly under specifications ASTM C–150, ASTM C–595, and ASTM C–1157.

11Includes low heat (Type IV), waterproof, and other portland-type cements.

8

Cements sold under ASTM C–590 and those under ASTM C–1157 that contain pozzolans.

1

Includes sales of imported cement. Excludes Puerto Rico.

3

Gray portland-type cements unless otherwise specified.

10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

r

Revised.

2

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.

9

Includes blends with cement kiln dust, silica fume, or other pozzolans, and blends containing multiple pozzolans.

6

Includes ASTM C–1157 general use cements that contain no pozzolans.

7

White or colored portland-type cements. Most are Types I or II but may include Types III and V and block cements.
16.24 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Country Quantity Value2 Quantity Value2

United States:

Angola 2 323 1 1,153

Anguilla 4 255 (3) 3

Aruba 2 336 1 157

Australia (3) 106 1 404

Bahamas, The 48 5,628 99 9,063

Belize 36 1,513 7 693

Brazil (3) 39 3 213

Canada 674 79,836 807 113,598

Cayman Islands (3) 95 1 103

China (3) 133 2 955

Colombia 1 680 2 715

Costa Rica (3) 19 3 135

Dominican Republic 2 219 1 483

Greece 15 729 14 637

Haiti 1 62 13 1,056

Hong Kong 1 326 1 402

India (3) 97 2 264

Ireland 4 225 6 367

Israel (3) 92 1 262

Jamaica 26 2,737 66 6,556

Japan 1 225 11 2,526

Madagascar -- -- 1 60

Mexico 23 5,915 39 8,914

Netherlands Antilles 1 196 2 366

Pakistan 1 43 (3) 82

Panama 28 3,794 67 8,051

Peru 1 198 1 364

Russia 1 47 (3) 90

St. Christopher and Nevis 2 102 (3) 57

Suriname (3) 39 1 108

Sweden 1 77 (3) 81

Taiwan (3) 149 1 3,099

Trinidad and Tobago (3) 98 1 346

Turks and Caicos Islands (3) 55 8 759

United Kingdom (3) 75 9 1,614

Other 6 r 2,868 r 7 4,629

Total4 884 107,330 1,178 168,308

Puerto Rico:

British Virgin Islands 15 1,807 4 664

Netherlands Antilles (3) 5 3 231

Turks and Caicos Islands 1 152 -- --

Other (3) 30 (3) 3

Total4 16 1,994 7 898

Grand total4 900 109,323 1,185 169,206

See footnotes at end of table.

2009 2010

TABLE 16

U.S. EXPORTS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT AND CLINKER, BY COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.25

cost of loading.

TABLE 16—Continued

U.S. EXPORTS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT AND CLINKER, BY COUNTRY 1

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes portland and masonry cements.

3

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

2

Free alongside ship value. The value of exports at the U.S. seaport or border point of export is based on the transaction price, including 

inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier. The value excludes the 
16.26 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States:

Algeria 14 1,576 2,123 9 811 1,135

Canada 3,426 272,829 291,298 3,410 265,248 283,314

China 608 35,251 50,161 655 34,975 51,111

Colombia 654 39,799 56,216 315 19,652 27,367

Croatia 15 5,687 6,890 24 9,459 11,346

Denmark 69 9,924 12,302 54 9,653 13,262

Dominican Republic 4 307 381 (4) 10 11

Egypt 55 6,345 7,965 56 5,160 7,097

France 65 20,373 21,607 91 31,318 32,960

Greece 186 10,705 12,429 191 9,173 11,918

India 1 151 209 1 68 102

Japan 1 523 654 28 2,348 2,552

Korea, Republic of 855 34,694 56,700 1,018 39,214 61,801

Mexico 366 35,342 39,132 370 36,703 40,138

Netherlands 2 1,925 2,539 3 3,363 3,735

Sweden 74 3,821 7,074 83 3,524 6,804

Taiwan 254 11,332 16,677 265 11,242 17,825

Thailand 21 2,594 3,801 16 2,159 3,382

Trinidad and Tobago -- -- -- 8 544 551

Turkey 95 7,858 12,220 21 1,881 2,637

United Kingdom 1 153 281 1 171 290

Venezuela -- -- -- 8 2,648 3,405

Other 1 r 403 r 488 r 1 436 544

Total

5 6,767 501,592 601,148 6,626 489,762 583,288

Puerto Rico:

Colombia 5 674 862 7 898 1,172

Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322 27 1,350 2,322

Mexico 14 1,641 2,216 12 1,393 1,970

Spain 81 5,694 7,064 109 7,206 9,166

Other (4) 174 r 181 r (4) 80 92

Total5 127 9,532 12,645 155 10,927 14,721

Grand total5 6,894 511,125 613,793 6,781 500,689 598,009

Value Value

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes portland, masonry, and other hydraulic cements.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other 

delivery charges to the first port of entry.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

TABLE 17

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT AND CLINKER,

BY COUNTRY1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2009 2010

U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

2

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.27

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

United States:

Anchorage, AK:

Canada 9 745 2,267 5 298 1,017

China 15 1,036 1,561 12 842 842

Korea, Republic of 72 3,165 5,658 95 3,968 7,676

Taiwan 16 1,047 1,066 -- -- --

Total4 112 5,994 10,552 112 5,108 9,536

Baltimore, MD:

China -- -- -- 1 18 22

Other (5) 62 70 (5) 39 43

Total4 (5) 62 70 1 57 64

Boston, MA:

Canada 77 4,196 6,824 23 1,010 1,693

Other -- -- -- (5) 36 37

Total4 77 4,196 6,824 23 1,046 1,731

Buffalo, NY:

Canada 574 48,103 52,028 590 49,366 52,718

Other (5) 13 13 (5) 24 24

Total4 574 48,116 52,041 590 49,390 52,742

Charleston, SC, Other (5) 59 70 (5) 71 82

Chicago, IL, Other (5) 218 280 1 744 865

Cleveland, OH:

Canada 493 34,399 36,894 554 40,960 44,235

Value Value

TABLE 18

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2009 2010

Canada 493 34,399 36,894 554 40,960 44,235

Other (5) 159 183 1 800 950

Total4 494 34,558 37,077 555 41,759 45,185

Columbia-Snake, ID, OR, WA:

Canada 55 4,256 4,503 56 3,802 4,007

China 237 13,016 19,757 277 12,893 20,154

Other -- -- -- (5) 8 8

Total4 292 17,272 24,259 332 16,703 24,169

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX, Netherlands (5) 34 95 -- -- --

Detroit, MI:

Canada 841 66,897 68,458 939 72,812 78,669

Other (5) 101 142 (5) 175 192

Total4 841 66,998 68,600 939 72,988 78,862

Duluth, MN, France -- -- -- (5) 3 3

El Paso, TX:

Canada -- -- -- (5) 33 36

Mexico 275 23,449 25,875 266 23,407 25,705

Total4 275 23,449 25,875 266 23,440 25,741

Great Falls, MT, Other (5) 189 227 (5) 79 109

See footnotes at end of table.
16.28 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Honolulu, HI:

China (5) 14 47 (5) 15 24

Korea, Republic of 84 3,569 7,329 165 7,278 10,421

Taiwan 188 8,281 12,233 112 4,928 7,537

Thailand 3 188 552 -- -- --

Total4 276 12,052 20,160 277 12,221 17,983

Houston-Galveston, TX:

Algeria 6 728 1,022 -- -- --

China 2 186 274 4 390 402

Colombia 235 14,822 20,624 9 1,239 1,514

Egypt 28 3,230 3,988 28 2,591 3,543

Korea, Republic of 472 19,219 30,821 571 21,418 34,614

Taiwan 49 1,968 3,198 -- -- --

Other (5) 124 146 1 404 484

Total4 793 40,278 60,074 612 26,041 40,558

Laredo, TX, Mexico 85 11,467 12,646 88 11,887 12,441

Los Angeles, CA:

China 21 2,408 2,876 26 2,926 3,149

Egypt 1 68 72 3 255 349

Thailand 12 1,629 2,202 10 1,322 2,064

Other 1 404 592 1 203 303

Total4 35 4,508 5,741 39 4,706 5,864

Miami, FL:

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2009 2010

Value Value

Miami, FL:

Algeria 7 848 1,101 9 811 1,135

Colombia 6 790 997 5 735 877

Egypt 19 2,197 2,807 15 1,402 1,954

Mexico 5 410 590 15 1,372 1,915

Sweden 73 3,270 6,455 82 3,057 6,230

Turkey 74 6,618 9,585 21 1,871 2,628

Other (5) 41 73 (5) 27 30

Total4 185 14,174 21,609 147 9,276 14,769

Minneapolis, MN:

Canada 113 12,105 12,117 118 13,923 13,937

Other (5) 31 31 (5)56

Total4 113 12,136 12,148 118 13,929 13,943

Mobile, AL, Mexico (5) 7 12 -- -- --

New Orleans, LA:

China 5 1,062 1,269 9 1,990 2,165

Croatia 15 5,410 6,542 22 8,891 10,567

Korea, Republic of 34 1,273 1,961 47 1,533 3,056

Taiwan 1 36 180 -- -- --

Turkey 21 1,240 2,634 -- -- --

Other -- -- -- (5) 25 28

Total4 75 9,021 12,586 78 12,438 15,816

See footnotes at end of table.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.29

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

New York City, NY:

Denmark 24 2,804 3,655 21 2,137 2,758

France 3 107 110 (5) 39 45

Greece 186 10,705 12,429 191 9,173 11,918

Other 1 260 355 1 299 378

Total4 214 13,876 16,550 213 11,648 15,099

Nogales, AZ, Mexico (5) 9 10 -- -- --

Norfolk, VA:

Canada 53 5,003 5,373 13 1,366 1,454

Egypt 3 389 482 1 122 177

France 63 20,222 21,447 91 31,175 32,792

Sweden 1 551 619 1 342 421

Other (5) 34 39 8 2,663 3,420

Total4 120 26,198 27,961 113 35,667 38,264

Ogdensburg, NY:

Canada 248 23,489 23,989 174 14,839 15,398

Other (5)55 (5) 13 14

Total4 248 23,494 23,994 174 14,852 15,412

Pembina, ND, Canada 162 12,370 12,455 167 10,701 10,787

Philadelphia, PA: 

Korea Rep blic of 139 4 988 7 063 139 5 018 6 033

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2009 2010

Value Value

Korea, Republic of 139 4,988 7,063 139 5,018 6,033

Netherlands 1 814 937 1 1,261 1,400

Other (5) 111 153 (5) 59 105

Total4 140 5,913 8,153 141 6,337 7,538

Portland, ME: 

Canada 37 4,469 4,954 26 2,372 2,676

Japan6 -- -- -- 27 6 1,332 1,332

Total4 37 4,469 4,954 53 3,705 4,009

Providence, RI, Canada 62 4,069 6,273 40 2,290 3,404

San Francisco, CA:

China 211 10,114 13,216 42 2,555 3,168

Egypt 1 108 173 2 182 265

India 1 127 184 1 68 102

Taiwan -- -- -- 153 6,314 10,288

Thailand 6 777 1,047 6 799 1,260

Total4 219 11,126 14,620 203 9,919 15,083

Savannah, GA:

Colombia 221 12,861 18,609 149 8,447 12,201

Egypt 3 354 443 7 608 809

Other (5) 256 398 (5) 255 282

Total4 224 13,471 19,450 156 9,310 13,292

See footnotes at end of table.
16.30 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Seattle, WA: 

Canada 611 42,802 44,572 630 43,279 44,627

China 117 7,158 10,833 285 13,170 20,940

Japan 1 398 519 1 550 703

Korea, Republic of 54 2,480 3,869 -- -- --

Other (5) 40 61 (5) 116 139

Total4 783 52,879 59,853 916 57,115 66,410

St. Albans, VT:

Canada 89 9,904 10,571 75 8,181 8,640

Other (5)44 (5)77

Total4 89 9,907 10,575 75 8,188 8,647

St. Louis, MO:

Croatia -- -- -- 1 371 508

Other (5) 340 459 (5) 501 571

Total4 (5) 340 459 1 872 1,079

Colombia 58 3,225 4,557 22 1,640 2,089

Denmark 45 7,117 8,644 34 7,510 10,497

Total4 103 10,342 13,201 56 9,150 12,586

U.S. Virgin Islands:

Colombia -- -- -- 13 291 302

Dominican Republic 4 307 381 -- -- --

Trinidad and Tobago -- -- -- 8 544 551

TABLE 18—Continued

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

Value Value

 AND CLINKER, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT AND COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2009 2010

Total4 4 307 381 21 835 853

Wilmington, NC:

Colombia 134 8,033 11,313 117 7,270 10,343

Netherlands -- -- -- (5) 19 20

Total4 134 8,033 11,313 117 7,289 10,363

 U.S. total4 6,767 501,592 601,148 6,626 6 489,762 583,288

Puerto Rico (San Juan):

Colombia 5 674 862 7 898 1,172

Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322 27 1,350 2,322

Mexico 14 1,641 2,216 12 1,393 1,970

Spain 81 5,694 7,064 109 7,206 9,166

Other (5) 174 181 (5) 80 92

Total4 127 9,532 12,645 155 10,927 14,721

Grand total4 6,894 511,125 613,793 6,781 6 500,689 598,009

-- Zero.

2

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import 

duties, freight,insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States. 

1

Includes all varieties of hydraulic cement and clicker.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

6

Material (27,070 metric tons in August 2010) from Japan into Portland, ME, is granulated blast furnace slag, not hydraulic cement as

recorded in error by the importer.

the first port of entry.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.31

Country Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2 Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2

United States:

Canada 2,642 205,197 222,340 2,626 199,772 216,660

China 573 30,463 44,369 606 28,532 44,096

Colombia 636 37,333 52,800 274 15,638 22,335

Dominican Republic 4 307 381 (3) 10 11

France 3 107 110 -- -- --

Greece 186 10,705 12,429 191 9,173 11,918

Korea, Republic of 854 34,641 56,563 1,017 39,169 61,707

Mexico 185 11,770 13,305 184 12,311 13,833

Sweden 73 3,270 6,455 82 3,057 6,230

Taiwan 254 11,332 16,677 265 11,242 17,825

Thailand 3 188 552 (3) 11 13

Other (3) 216 r 324 r 9 750 820

Total

4, 5 5,414 345,529 426,307 5,254 319,665 395,448

Puerto Rico:

Dominican Republic -- -- -- (3)22

Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322 27 1,350 2,322

Spain 81 5,694 7,064 109 7,186 9,146

Total4, 5 108 7,044 9,386 136 8,539 11,470

Grand total4, 5 5,521 352,572 435,693 5,390 328,204 406,918

these quantities are included in table 20.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

r

Revised. -- Zero.

charges to the first port of entry.

TABLE 19

3

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Value Value

2009 2010

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF GRAY PORTLAND CEMENT, BY COUNTRY

1

The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. 

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

2

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery 

5

Total imports do not include gray portland cement that was misregistered by importers under the white cement tariff code; 
16.32 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Country Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2, 3 Quantity Customs1 C.i.f.2, 3

United States:

Algeria 14 1,576 2,123 9 811 1,135

Canada 251 33,932 34,681 252 34,814 35,573

China 29 3,396 4,125 38 4,105 4,407

Colombia 18 2,466 3,415 20 2,792 3,278

Denmark 69 9,921 12,300 54 9,647 13,255

Egypt 53 6,028 7,628 56 5,160 7,097

India 1 130 178 1 68 102

Korea, Republic of 2 53 137 (4) 45 94

Mexico 113 15,822 17,357 121 16,560 17,832

Thailand 18 2,406 3,249 16 2,149 3,369

Turkey 95 7,858 12,220 21 1,871 2,628

United Kingdom 1 99 219 (4) 121 235

Other (4) 77 (4) 30 33

Total5 664 6 83,693 97,638 588 78,173 89,038

Puerto Rico:

Colombia 5 674 862 7 898 1,172

Mexico 14 1,641 2,216 12 1,393 1,970

Other -- -- -- (4) 51 54

Total5 19 2,315 3,078 19 2,342 3,195

Grand total5 683 6 86,008 100,715 607 80,515 92,233

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

TABLE 20

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF WHITE CEMENT, BY COUNTRY

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2009 2010

Value Value

1

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S.

 import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

2

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to 

3

Values of less than $90.00 (c.i.f.) per metric ton likely indicate the mistaken total or partial inclusion of data for gray portland or 

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

cement tariff code.

-- Zero.

 the first port of entry.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

similar cement or clinker. This error happens when the importer records the wrong tariff number with the U.S. Customs Service. 

6

Total imports of white cement include substantial quantities of gray cement that were misregistered by importers under the white

Values that exceed $200 per ton likely indicate misidentified specialty cement, not white cement.
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.33

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Canada 489 30,192 30,459 501 27,512 27,799

China 3 709 855 1 175 231

Colombia -- -- -- 21 1,222 1,754

Egypt 3 318 337 -- -- --

France 62 19,571 20,732 89 29,595 31,090

United Kingdom -- -- -- (4) 7 7

Total5 556 50,789 52,383 613 58,511 60,882

Value

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

-- Zero.

1

For all types of hydraulic cement.

TABLE 21

U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF CLINKER, BY COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2009 2010

Value

2

Customs value. The price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding

U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing in the merchandise to the United States.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. The import value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges

to the first port of entry.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
16.34 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e

Afghanistan 50 50 e 37 r 32 r 36 3

Albania 525 889 918 r 1,108 r 1,300

Algeria 14,702 15,886 17,398 19,100 r 20,000

Angolae 1,373 3 1,400 1,780 1,800 1,500

Argentina 8,929 9,602 9,703 10,000 e 10,000

Armenia 625 722 770 467 r 488 3

Australiae 9,000 9,200 r 9,400 r 9,200 r 9,000

Austria 4,852 5,203 5,309 4,646 r 4,254 3

Azerbaijan 1,622 1,693 r 1,595 1,286 r 1,279 3

Bahrain 400 400 438 700 r, e 1,200

Bangladeshe 5,100 5,100 5,000 5,000 5,000

Barbados 338 294 316 r 301 r 300

Belarus 3,495 3,821 r 4,219 4,350 4,531 3

Belgium 8,192 9,571 r 6,225 r 9,403 r 8,722 3

Benine 1,489 3 1,550 1,500 1,500 1,500

Bhutane 180 180 180 180 180

Bolivia 1,636 1,739 1,985 2,292 2,414 3

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,226 1,283 1,406 1,074 949 3

Brazil 41,895 46,551 51,970 51,748 59,118 3

Bruneie 240 200 240 220 220

Bulgaria 4,093 4,413 4,903 2,662 3,000

Burkina Fasoe 30 30 30 30 30

Burma4 570 608 676 670 534 3

Cambodia -- 87 772 774 775

Cameroone 1,000 1,150 3 1,000 1,000 1,000

Canada 14,336 15,078 13,672 10,985 12,431 3

Chile 4,112 4,440 4,622 3,876 3,871 3

China 1,236,770 1,361,170 1,400,000 1,644,000 r 1,880,000 p, 3

Colombia5 10,038 11,068 10,456 9,232 r 9,488 3

Congo (Brazzaville)e 100 100 105 r 110 r 100

Congo (Kinshasa) 519 530 411 444 530

Costa Rica 1,400 r 2,300 2,500 1,498 r 1,276 3

Côte d’Ivoire 360 r 469 r 360 r 283 r 280

Croatia 3,598 3,587 3,637 2,838 r 2,664 3

Cuba 1,705 1,805 1,707 1,626 r 1,600

Cyprus 1,786 1,873 1,870 e 1,481 r 1,329 3

Czech Republic 4,239 4,899 4,710 3,637 3,345 3

Denmark 2,937 r 2,871 r 2,539 r 1,578 r 2,000

Dominican Republice 3,777 3 4,100 4,000 3,000 3,000

Ecuador 4,110 4,420 5,493 5,000 e 5,000

Egypt 36,100 r 38,469 r 39,844 r 46,500 48,000

El Salvador 1,311 1,300 e 1,300 e 1,212 r 1,200

Eritreae 45 45 45 45 45

Estonia 849 937 808 326 375

Ethiopia 1,731 1,626 1,834 2,300 e 2,700

Fijie 143 145 143 110 110

Finland 1,685 1,743 1,745 1,052 r 1,050

France 22,540 22,300 e 21,700 18,300 18,300

French Guianae 62 r 62 r 62 62 62

Gabone 260 229 3 230 230 230

See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 22

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.35

Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e

Georgiae 450 450 450 870 r, 3 857 3

Germany 33,630 33,382 33,581 30,441 29,894 3

Ghanae 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800

Greece 15,674 16,667 16,500 e 16,000 e 15,000

Guadeloupee 230 230 230 230 230

Guatemalae 2,400 r 2,500 2,500 1,500 1,500

Haitie 290 r 290 r 290 r 290 r 290

Honduras 1,668 r 1,776 r 1,784 r 1,800 e 1,800

Hong Konge 1,010 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Hungary 3,724 3,552 3,544 3,200 e 3,200

Icelande 141 3 140 r 138 r 138 r 138

Indiae 160,000 170,000 185,000 205,000 210,000

Indonesiae 35,000 36,000 36,000 22,195 r, 3 22,000

Irane 35,300 41,000 44,400 3 50,000 50,000

Iraqe 3,500 4,500 6,453 3 8,500 10,000

Irelande 4,981 3 4,700 r 3,900 r 2,600 r 2,600

Israel 5,089 5,000 e 4,819 4,759 5,139 3

Italy 47,814 47,542 43,030 36,317 36,300

Jamaica 761 592 725 737 r 723 3

Japan 69,942 67,685 62,810 54,800 51,526 3

Jordan 3,967 4,138 r 4,284 r 3,799 r 4,000

Kazakhstan 4,880 5,699 5,837 r 5,694 r 6,686 3

Kenya 2,174 2,546 2,829 3,320 3,730

Korea, Northe 6,160 6,130 6,415 3 6,400 6,400

Korea, Republic of 53,971 52,182 51,653 50,127 47,236 3

Kosovo6 450 e 470 590 600 e 600

Kuwaite 2,200 3 2,200 2,600 r 2,000 2,000

Kyrgyzstan 1,060 1,230 1,218 579 r 600

Laose 400 400 400 400 400

Latviae 280 300 310 650 r 1,100

Lebanon 3,348 r 3,945 r 4,250 r 4,900 r 5,227 3

Liberia 155 157 94 71 r 67 3

Libya 5,300 e 5,206 5,509 6,500 6,000

Lithuania 1,065 1,105 r 1,076 r 583 r 834 3

Luxembourg 901 r 1,081 r 1,091 r 1,000 r 1,078 3

Macedonia 924 945 916 909 910

Madagascare 150 270 3 270 240 270

Malawi 188 185 240 e 240 e 240

Malaysia 18,400 e 19,480 19,629 r 19,457 r 19,500

Martiniquee 220 220 220 220 220

Mauritania 374 410 322 r 340 r 350

Mexico 40,362 38,757 r 37,139 r 35,160 34,502 3

Moldovae 837 3 800 750 700 700

Mongolia 141 180 269 235 r 323 3

Morocco 11,352 r 12,792 r 14,047 r 14,519 r 14,000

Mozambique7 605 r 665 r 744 r 777 r 884 3

Nepale, 4 295 300 295 295 r 295

Netherlandse 2,790 3 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700

New Caledonia 119 r 122 r 137 r 138 r 160 3

See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)
16.36 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010

Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e

New Zealande 1,120 3 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,200

Nicaraguae 530 530 530 530 530

Nigere 62 r 42 r 40 r 40 40

Nigeria 3,300 4,700 5,000 5,000 r 5,400

Norwaye 1,695 3 1,700 1,700 1,650 1,650

Oman 3,611 3,880 3,991 4,000 e 4,200

Pakistan 20,652 25,745 r 26,000 r, e 28,000 r, e 30,000

Panama 1,050 e 1,050 e 1,843 r 1,679 r 1,700

Paraguaye 600 600 600 600 600

Peru 5,782 6,231 6,922 6,862 6,865 p, 3

Philippines8 12,033 13,048 13,369 14,865 15,900 3

Poland 14,688 17,120 17,207 15,537 15,521 3

Portugal 8,340 12,631 12,650 12,700 12,750 3

Qatar 1,568 2,400 r, e 3,800 r, e 4,095 r 3,780 3

Réunione 400 400 400 375 375

Romania 8,253 10,060 r 10,660 r 7,902 r 7,008 3

Russia 54,731 r 59,939 r 53,548 r 44,266 r 50,400

Rwanda 103 103 103 92 r 100

Saudi Arabia 27,056 30,369 31,823 36,500 r 42,300 3

Senegal 2,884 3,152 3,084 3,327 r 3,000

Serbia9 2,565 2,677 2,843 2,232 2,300

Sierra Leone 234 236 254 236 r 230

Slovakia 3,593 3,718 4,157 3,011 2,888 3

Sloveniae 1,269 3 1,300 1,300 1,000 1,000

South Africa, sales 12,658 13,651 13,473 r 11,784 r 13,000

Spain, including Canary Islands 54,033 54,720 42,088 29,505 23,473 3

Sri Lankae 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000

Sudan 202 326 247 r 622 r 962 3

Surinamee 65 65 65 65 65

Sweden 2,952 2,950 2,900 e 2,950 e 2,900

Switzerlande 4,040 3 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000

Syria 4,804 5,104 5,336 5,605 6,000 3

Taiwan 19,294 18,957 17,330 15,918 16,301 3

Tajikistan 282 313 190 195 r 288 3

Tanzania 1,370 1,630 1,756 1,941 r 2,000

Thailand 39,408 35,668 31,651 33,562 r 36,496 3

Togoe 800 800 800 800 800

Trinidad and Tobago 883 902 r 958 870 r 800

Tunisia 6,932 7,052 7,559 7,511 r 7,500

Turkey 47,499 49,553 54,027 53,973 62,737 3

Turkmenistan 921 r 941 r 1,026 r 1,100 r 1,100

Ugandae 630 650 650 650 650

Ukraine 13,732 15,000 14,918 9,496 9,457 3

United Arab Emirates 13,000 r, e 16,000 r, e 21,885 18,997 18,000

United Kingdom 11,471 r 11,887 10,071 7,623 r 7,600

United States, including Puerto Rico10 99,712 96,850 87,610 64,843 r 67,176 3

Uruguaye 620 620 620 620 620

Uzbekistane 5,700 6,500 3 6,600 6,850 r 6,872 3

See footnotes at end of table.

TABLE 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)
CEMENT—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.37

Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e

Venezuelae 11,000 r 11,000 r 11,000 r 11,000 r 11,000

Vietnam 32,690 37,102 40,009 47,900 50,000

Yemen 1,470 1,728 2,111 r 2,118 r 3,000

Zambiae 550 r 540 r 560 r 880 r 1,000

Zimbabwee 700 400 400 700 r 700

Totale 2,620,000 r 2,810,000 2,850,000 3,030,000 r 3,310,000

10Portland and masonry cements only. Includes a small (less than 0.3% per year) component of double-counting where portland cement

(not clinker) is consumed to make masonary cement; the precise amount of double-counting can not be determined because of the 

involvement of portland cement stockpiles.

1

World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. Even where presented

unrounded, reported data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Data are from a variety of sources, including the 

5

Data for 2006–08 are for gray cement only; white cement output was likely to have been an additional 50,000 to 100,000 tons per year.

6

Not included in Serbia data.

7

Cement sales from Cimentos de Moçambique SARL (Sociedade Anónima de Responsabilidade Limitada) only.

8

Philippines reports cement production, in bags: 2006—300,822,821; 2007—334,228,355; 2008—378,214,634; 2009—371,628,730; 

 and 2010—375,000,000 (estimated).

9

Excludes Kosovo data.

European Cement Association.

2

Table includes data available through July 23, 2011. Data may include clinker exports for some countries.

3

Reported figure.

4

Data are for fiscal year ending March 31 of the following year.

TABLE 22—Continued

e

Estimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero.

HYDRAULIC CEMENT: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)