U.S. Department 

of Transportation

Federal Aviation 

Administration

FAA-S-8081-XX

INSTRUMENT RATING

Airman Certification Standards

Date TBD

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards 

Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125 developed this ACS with the assistance

of the aviation community. The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable support from the many

individuals and organizations who contributed their time and expertise to assist in this endeavor.

AVAILABILITY

This ACS is available for download from www.faa.gov. Please send comments regarding this 

document to AFS630comments@faa.gov. 
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FOREWORD

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has published the Instrument Rating—Airplane Airman 

Certification Standards (ACS) document to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, 

and risk management standards for the instrument rating in the airplane category, single-engine land

and sea; and multiengine land and sea classes.

The FAA views the ACS as the foundation of its transition to a more integrated and systematic

approach to airman certification testing and training. The ACS is part of the safety management system

(SMS) framework that the FAA uses as a systematic approach to achieving acceptable levels of safety

risk. Specifically, the ACS, associated guidance, and test item bank question components of the

airman certification system are constructed around the four functional components of an SMS:

• Safety Policy that defines and describes aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and

risk management as integrated components of the airman certification system;

• Safety Risk Management processes through which internal and external stakeholders identify

and evaluate regulatory changes, safety recommendations, or other factors that require

modification of airman testing and training materials;

• Safety Assurance processes to ensure the prompt and appropriate incorporation of

changes arising from new regulations and safety recommendations; and

• Safety Promotion in the form of ongoing engagement with both external stakeholders (e.g.,

the aviation training industry) and FAA policy divisions.

In this connection, the FAA gratefully acknowledges and deeply appreciates the many hours that

aviation training experts throughout the industry have contributed to the development of this ACS, along

with the associated guidance and a more systematic approach to knowledge test question development.

This kind of collaboration, a hallmark or a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation

safety at every level of the airman certification system.

John M. Allen

Director, Flight Standards Service
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. ii

AVAILABILITY............................................................................................................................................... ii

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................ v

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................vii

Airman Certification Standards Concept ....................................................................................................vii

Using the ACS............................................................................................................................................vii

AREAS OF OPERATION..............................................................................................................................1

I. Preflight Preparation........................................................................................................................1

II. Preflight Procedures........................................................................................................................4

III. Air Traffic Control Clearances and Procedures...............................................................................7

IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments..................................................................................................9

V. Navigation Systems.......................................................................................................................11

VI. Instrument Approach Procedures..................................................................................................12

VII. Emergency Operations..................................................................................................................19

VIII. Postflight Procedures ....................................................................................................................22

APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST .................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Description.....................................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements .................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Centers ..........................................................................................................................1-1

Test Authorization.....................................................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Procedures ....................................................................................................................1-2

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations...............................................1-3

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct................................................................................................1-3

Airman Knowledge Test Report ...............................................................................................................1-3

FAA Written Test Question Coding ..........................................................................................................1-4

APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST ....................................................................................................2-1

Conduct of the Practical Test ...................................................................................................................2-1

Use of Checklists......................................................................................................................................2-1

Use of Distractions ...................................................................................................................................2-1

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls........................................................................................................2-1

Stall and Spin Awareness.........................................................................................................................2-2

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test..................................................................................................2-2

Prerequisites for the Test .........................................................................................................................2-3

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test ...........................................................................2-3
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APPENDIX 3: INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECK ............................................................................3-1

APPENDIX 4: INSTRUCTOR AND EVALUATOR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ............................4-1

Role of Instructor ......................................................................................................................................4-1

Role of Evaluator......................................................................................................................................4-1

APPENDIX 5: USE OF A FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICE (FSTD)........................................5-1

APPENDIX 6: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST .......................................................................................6-1

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist..........................................................................................................6-1

APPENDIX 7: REFERENCES...................................................................................................................7-1

APPENDIX 8: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS................................................................................8-1
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INTRODUCTION

Airman Certification Standards Concept

The goal of the airman certification process is to ensure the applicant is ready to safely manage the

risks of flight as pilot-in-command, consistent with the privileges of the certificate or rating being

exercised. In fulfilling its responsibilities for the airman certification process, the Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA) Flight Standards Service (AFS) plans, develops, and maintains materials related

to airman certification training and testing.

Historically, these materials have included several components. The FAA knowledge test measures 

mastery of the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 

CFR) part 61. The Practical Test Standards (PTS) define the acceptable parameters of flight

proficiency in the Areas of Operation listed in14 CFR part 61. FAA H-series handbooks, test

supplements, and other materials provide guidance to applicants, instructors, and evaluators on

aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk management.

The FAA recognizes that safe operations in today's complex National Airspace System (NAS) 

require a more systematic integration of aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency standards, and

risk management. The FAA further recognizes the need to more clearly calibrate knowledge, skills,

and risk management according to the level of the certificate or rating. To that end, the FAA drew 

upon the expertise of organizations and individuals across the aviation community to develop the

Airman Certification Standards (ACS).

Based on aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency standards specified in 14 CFR part 61, the

ACS integrates the knowledge, skills, and risk management abilities necessary for the safe conduct of

each Task. In keeping with this integrated and systematic approach, the knowledge, skills, and risk 

management sections of each Task stipulate that the applicant must demonstrate understanding of

each specific item. The applicant demonstrates this understanding by passing the knowledge exam

and practical test.

Throughout this process, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in 

accordance with the level of learning (i.e., rote, understanding, application, or correlation) most 

appropriate for the specified Task. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or 

explain. For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario 

that requires the applicant to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and

information to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight portion of the practical test requires 

the applicant to demonstrate flight proficiency, operational skill, and risk management in accordance

with the ACS. (Note: As used in this ACS, an evaluator is any person authorized to conduct airman

testing (e.g., an FAA aviation safety inspector, designated pilot examiner, or other individual authorized

to conduct a practical test.)
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Using the ACS

The ACS consists of Areas of Operation, arranged in a logical sequence that begins with Preflight 

Preparation and ends with Postflight Procedures. Each Area of Operation includes Tasks appropriate to 

that Area of Operation. Each Task begins with an Objective stating what the applicant should know 

and/or do. The ACS then lists the aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management considerations 

relevant to the specific Task, along with the conditions and acceptable standards for performance. The 

ACS uses Notes to emphasize special considerations. The FAA will revise the ACS as circumstances 

require.

Each Task in the ACS is coded according to a scheme that includes up to five elements. For example:

IR.VIII.A.K1.a:

IR = Applicable ACS (instrument rating)

VIII = Area of Operation (postflight procedures)

A = Task (checking instruments and equipment);

K1 = Task element [knowledge (K), skill (S), risk management (R)]

NOTE: [knowledge (K), skill (S), risk management (R)]. A fifth element may be used to indicate the level 

of learning: a=rote; b=understanding; c= application; d= correlation.

Knowledge test questions are mapped to the ACS codes, which replace the previous system of 

“Learning Statement Codes.” Because the airman knowledge test report will list an ACS code that 

correlates to a specific Task Element for a given Area of Operation and Task, remedial instruction and 

re-testing will be specific, targeted, and based on specified learning criteria. Similarly, a Notice of 

Disapproval for the practical test will use the ACS codes to identify the deficient skill(s).

Practical Tests will be based on the ACS in effect the day of the test. The FAA encourages applicants 

and instructors to use the ACS to measure progress during training, and as a reference to ensure the 

applicant is adequately prepared for the knowledge and practical tests.

The FAA expects evaluators to adhere to 14 CFR and this ACS. The ACS uses the terms "will" and 

"must" to convey directive (mandatory) information. The terms "should" and "may" denote items that 

are recommended, but not required.

The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test. Further, the applicant must 

pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion because the oral portion of

the practical test allows the evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to

advance to the flight portion of the practical test.
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AREAS OF OPERATION

I. Preflight Preparation

Task A. Pilot Qualifications

Reference 14 CFR 61, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with the requirements to act as pilot-in-command under Instrument Flight Rules 

(IFR).

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. When an instrument rating is required. (IR.I.A.K1)

2. Recent instrument flight experience requirements. (IR.I.A.K2)

3. Requirements when recent instrument rating flight experience has not been met. (IR.I.A.K3)

4. Pilot logbook/record-keeping. (IR.I.A.K4)

5. Physiological factors that might affect the pilot’s ability to fly under instrument conditions. 

(IR.I.A.K5)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Apply requirements to act as PIC under IFR in a scenario given by the evaluator. (IR.I.A.S1)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Maintaining currency versus proficiency. (IR.I.A.R1)

2. Setting personal minimums. (IR.I.A.R2)

3. Flying with unfamiliar flight display systems. (IR.I.A.R3)
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Task B. Weather Information

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with obtaining, understanding, and applying weather information for a flight under 

IFR.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Weather products required for preflight planning, enroute operations, and proceeding to the 

destination or alternate. (IR.I.B.K1)

2. General elements of weather systems. (IR.I.B.K2)

3. Types and hazards of icing. (IR.I.B.K3)

4. Meteorology to include: (IR.I.B.K4)

a. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts (IR.I.B.K4a)

b. Cloud types and hazards (IR.I.B.K4b)

c. Turbulence (IR.I.B.K4c)

d. Thunderstorms (IR.I.B.K4d)

e. Wind shear (IR.I.B.K4e)

f. Fog (IR.I.B.K4f)

g. Frost (IR.I.B.K4g)

5. Enroute weather resources. (IR.I.B.K5)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing. (IR.I.B.S1)

2. Correlate weather information to determine alternate requirements. (IR.I.B.S2)

3. Correlate weather information to make a competent go-no go decision. (IR.I.B.S3)

4. Obtain weather in-flight. (IR.I.B.S4)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Limitations of aviation weather reports and forecasts. (IR.I.B.R1)

2. Limitations of inflight aviation weather resources. (IR.I.B.R2)

3. Identifying alternate airports along the intended route of flight. (IR.I.B.R3)

4. Anticipating circumstances that would make diversion prudent. (IR.I.B.R4)

5. Identifying hazardous weather conditions that may affect the planned flight. (IR.I.B.R5)

6. Flying in known or forecast icing conditions. (IR.I.B.R6)
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Task C. Cross-Country Flight Planning

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with planning and filing an IFR cross-country flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. How to compute fuel reserves. (IR.I.C.K1)

2. Definitions of minimum or emergency fuel. (IR.I.C.K2)

3. Conditions conducive to icing, windshear, microbursts, and turbulence. (IR.I.C.K3)

4. Symbology found on IFR enroute charts. (IR.I.C.K4)

5. Where to locate and how to apply preferred IFR routing. (IR.I.C.K5)

6. Elements of an IFR flight plan. (IR.I.C.K6)

7. Procedures for activating and closing an IFR flight plan in controlled and non-controlled 

airspace. (IR.I.C.K7)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator. (IR.I.C.S1)

2. Create and file an IFR flight plan for a route assigned by the evaluator. (IR.I.C.S2)

3. Interpret Departure, Enroute, Arrival, and Instrument Approach Procedures. (IR.I.C.S3)

4. Divert to a suitable alternate. (IR.I.C.S4)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Selecting inappropriate IFR altitudes. (IR.I.C.R1)

2. Managing inadvertent icing encounters. (IR.I.C.R2)

3. Understanding the limitations of ATC services. (IR.I.C.R3)

4. Inadequate fuel reserves. (IR.I.C.R4)

5. Not declaring minimum or emergency fuel. (IR.I.C.R5)

6. Planning a route overflying significant environmental influences, mountains, and large bodies 

of water. (IR.I.C.R6)

7. Managing human factors that may impact making an initial, and on-going, go-no go decision. 

(IR.I.C.R7)

8. Overflying areas unsuitable for landing or below personal weather minimums. (IR.I.C.R8)

9. Limitations of protected airspace in mountainous terrain. (IR.I.C.R9)
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II. Preflight Procedures

Task A. Aircraft Systems Related to IFR Operations

Reference FAA 8083-15, Airplane Flight Manual (AFM), FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with Anti-Icing and De-Icings systems.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. General operational characteristics and limitations of anti-icing and de-icing equipment. 

(IR.II.A.K1)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Understand and operate anti-icing and deicing equipment, applicable to their aircraft, in icing 

conditions. (IR.II.A.S1)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Fuselage, wing, tailplane, propeller, carburetor and intake icing. (IR.II.A.R1)

2. Anti and deicing equipment limitations. (IR.II.A.R2)

3. Limitations of systems certified for flight into known icing. (IR.II.A.R3)
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Task B. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, AFM, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with managing instruments appropriate for an IFR flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. General operation of flight instruments. (IR.II.B.K1)

2. General characteristics of navigation instruments. (IR.II.B.K2)

3. General characteristics and common failure modes of autopilot systems. (IR.II.B.K3)

4. Common failure modes of flight and navigation instruments. (IR.II.B.K4)

5. Difference between approved and non-approved navigation devices. (IR.II.B.K5)

6. Limitations of portable navigation devices for guidance or reference. (IR.II.B.K6)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Operate and manage installed flight control and navigation equipment. (IR.II.B.S1)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Improper Automation Management. (IR.II.B.R1)

2. Operating and interpreting unfamiliar flight and navigation instruments. (IR.II.B.R2)

3. Distractions created by programming advanced avionics. (IR.II.B.R3)

4. Using an electronic flight bag. (IR.II.B.R4)
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Task C. Instrument Cockpit Check

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with preflighting the aircraft instruments necessary for an IFR flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Purpose of performing an instrument cockpit check. (I.II.C.K1)

2. Procedures for flying with inoperative equipment. (IR.II.C.K2)

3. Required documentation for flying with inoperative equipment. (IR.II.C.K3)

4. Limitations of flying with inoperative equipment. (IR.II.C.K4)

5. Requirement for having a current aviation database. (IR.II.C.K5)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform an adequate preflight inspection of installed flight instruments and

navigation equipment. (IR.II.C.S1)

2. Make a determination if the aircraft is legal and/or safe to fly with inoperative equipment. 

(IR.II.C.S2)

3. Properly document inoperative equipment. (IR.II.C.S3)

4. Determine if data bases are current. (IR.II.C.S4)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Flying with inoperative equipment. (IR.II.C.R1)

2. Programming avionics during taxi. (IR.II.C.R2)

3. Flying with outdated navigation publications or databases. (IR.II.C.R3)
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III. Air Traffic Control Clearances and Procedures

Task A. Compliance with Air Traffic Control Clearances

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with understanding and complying with Air Traffic Controllers (ATC) clearances and

procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Responsibilities associated with accepting a clearance. (IR.III.A.K1)

2. Requirements to read back ATC clearances. (IR.III.A.K2)

3. Pilot in Command (PIC) emergency authority associated while flying under IFR. (IR.III.A.K3)

4. Methods to obtain ATC clearances. (IR.III.A.K4)

5. Terrain clearance requirements associated with departure procedures.

6. Lost communication procedures. (IR.III.A.K5)

7. Purpose of “expect” in a clearance. (IR.III.A.K6)

8. Procedures involved for departure, enroute, and arrival procedures. (IR.III.A.K7)

9. Position reporting. (IR.III.A.K8)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Use and understand standard phraseology. (IR.III.A.S1)

2. Correctly copy, read back, interpret, and comply with ATC clearances. (IR.III.A.S2)

3. Correctly set up communication frequencies, navigation systems and transponder codes in 

compliance with the ATC clearance. (IR.III.A.S3)

4. Establish two-way communication with the proper controlling agency, in a timely manner, 

using standard phraseology. (IR.III.A.S4)

5. Maintain the applicable airspeed within ±10 knots; headings within ±10°; altitude within ±100 

feet; and tracks a course, radial, or bearing within 3⁄4-scale deflection of the CDI on a 

procedure. (IR.III.A.S5)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess, and mitigate risks associated with:

1. Accepting ATC clearances the PIC does not fully understand. (IR.III.A.R1)

2. ATC issuing an inappropriate clearance. (IR.III.A.R2)

3. Accepting clearances if the aircraft lacks the performance and /or navigation capability to

comply with the clearance. (IR.III.A.R3)

4. Accepting short void times. (IR.III.A.R4)

5. Obtaining a clearance while airborne. (IR.III.A.R5)

6. Terrain avoidance on takeoff and managing those risks in a non-radar environment. 

(IR.III.A.R6)

7. Accepting another aircraft's clearance. (IR.III.A.R7)

8. Using outdated navigation publications and databases. (IR.III.A.R8)

9. Accepting incomplete or incorrect clearance. (IR.III.A.R9)
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Task B. Holding Procedures

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with holding procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Purpose of holding. (IR.III.B.K1)

2. Reporting criteria associated with holding patterns. (IR.III.B.K2)

3. Recommended entry procedures. (IR.III.B.K3)

4. Definitions of Minimum and Emergency Fuel. (IR.III.B.K4)

5. Wind corrections in holding. (IR.III.B.K5)

6. Using the autopilot (if equipped) for holding. (IR.III.B.K6)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Update fuel reserve calculations based on Expected Family Contribution (EFC) times. 

(IR.III.B.S1)

2. Maintain the airspeed within ±10 knots; altitude within ±100 feet; headings within ±10°; and 

track a selected course, radial or bearing within 3⁄4-scale deflection of the Course Deviation 

Indicators (CDI). (IR.III.B.S2)

3. Use appropriate navigation displays, as supplementary devices, to maintain prescribed 

ground track. (IR.III.B.S3)

4. Use proper wind correction procedures to maintain the desired pattern and to arrive over the 

fix as close as possible to a specified time. (IR.III.B.S4)

5. Comply with restrictions, if applicable, associated with the holding pattern. (IR.III.B.S5)

6. Set appropriate power settings for fuel conservation. (IR.III.B.S6)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Inadequate fuel reserves if assigned unexpected further clearance time. (IR.III.B.R1)

2. Not declaring Minimum or Emergency fuel. (IR.III.B.R2)

3. Scenarios which could lead to being assigned holding. (IR.III.B.R3)

4. Possibility of deteriorating weather while holding and/or at the destination. (IR.III.B.R4)
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IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

Task A. Instrument Flight

Reference FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing basic instrument flight maneuvers.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Concepts of instrument flight references. (IR.IV.A.K1)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Maintain altitude within ±100 feet during level flight, headings within ±10°, airspeed within

±10 knots, and bank angles within ±5° during turns. (IR.IV.A.K2)

2. Use proper instrument crosscheck and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, 

power, and trim corrections when applicable. (IR.IV.A.K3)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Situations that can degrade instrument cross-check. (IR.IV.A.R1)

2. Being distracted by passengers. (IR.IV.A.R2)

3. Physiological factors that can degrade instrument cross-check. (IR.IV.A.R3)
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Task B. Recovery From Unusual Flight Attitudes

Reference FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing unusual flight attitudes.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Physiological factors that can lead to, or hinder recovery from, unusual attitudes. (IR.IV.B.K1)

2. Systems and equipment failures that could lead to unusual attitudes. (IR.IV.B.K2)

3. Environmental factors that can lead to unusual attitudes. (IR.IV.B.K3)

4. Recovery process to restore the aircraft to normal flight attitude. (IR.IV.B.K4)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize, confirm, and recover from unusual attitudes (nose-high and nose-low; low or high 

speed). (IR.IV.B.S1)

2. Apply proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, 

bank, and power corrections, in the correct sequence, to return the aircraft to a stabilized 

level flight attitude. (IR.IV.B.S2)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Situations that could lead to loss of control. (IR.IV.B.R1)

2. Encountering unusual attitudes associated with stress, high workload, task saturation, and 

distractions. (IR.IV.B.R2)

3. Making control inputs without confirming the aircraft attitude. (IR.IV.B.R3)

4. Performing incorrect recovery procedures. (IR.IV.B.R4)
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V. Navigation Systems

Task A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems

Reference FAA 8083-15, AFM, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with intercepting and tracking navigation aids.

NOTE: Reference to specific navigational equipment will be disregarded if the aircraft is not 

equipped with those systems.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures for intercepting and tracking. (IR.V.A.K1)

2. Course guidance indications. (IR.V.A.K2)

3. Indications of navigation systems failures. (IR.V.A.K3)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Tune and correctly identify the navigation facility. (IR.V.A.S1)

2. Set and correctly orient the course to be intercepted. (IR.V.A.S2)

3. Intercept the specified course at a predetermined angle, inbound to or outbound

from a navigational facility. (IR.V.A.S3)

4. Maintain airspeed within ±10 knots, altitude within ±100 feet, and selected headings within

±5°. (IR.V.A.S4)

5. Apply proper correction to maintain a course, allowing no more than 3⁄4-scale deflection of the 

CDI or within ±10° in case of an RMI. (IR.V.A.S5)

6. Determine the aircraft position relative to the navigational facility or waypoint. (IR.V.A.S6)

7. Intercept an arc, if applicable for the procedure being flown, and maintain that arc within ±1 

nautical mile. (IR.V.A.S7)

8. Recognize navigational receiver or facility failure, and when required, report the failure to 

ATC. (IR.V.A.S8)

9. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays to monitor position, track wind drift, and

other parameters to intercept and maintain the desired flightpath. (IR.V.A.S9)

10. Properly program the autopilot to intercept courses. (IR.V.A.S10)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Incorrectly intercepting and tracking courses. (IR.V.A.R1)

2. Intercepting and tracking courses using secondary display information in advanced avionics 

aircraft. (IR.V.A.R2)
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VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Task A. Nonprecision Approach

Reference

14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

NOTE: The applicant must accomplish at least two nonprecision approaches (one of which must 

include a procedure turn or, in the case of an En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) approach, a

Terminal Arrival Area procedure). At least one nonprecision approach must be flown without the

use of autopilot and without the assistance of radar vectors. (The yaw damper and flight director 

are not considered parts of the autopilot for purpose of this part). If the equipment allows, at least

one nonprecision approach shall be conducted without vertical guidance. The evaluator will select

nonprecision approaches that are representative of the type that the applicant is likely to use.

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management associated

with performing nonprecision approach procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with nonprecision approach procedures. (IR.VI.A.K1)

2. Differences between Localizer Performance (LP) and Lateral Navigation (LNAV) approach

guidance. (IR.VI.A.K2)

3. Annunciations expected during a Global Positioning System (GPS) approach. (IR.VI.A.K3)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select and comply with the appropriate instrument approach procedure to be performed. 

(IR.VI.A.S1)

2. Establish two-way communications with ATC, as appropriate, to the phase of flight or 

approach segment, and uses proper communication phraseology. (IR.VI.A.S2)

3. Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used 

for the approach procedure. (IR.VI.A.S3)

4. Comply with all clearances issued by ATC or the evaluator. (IR.VI.A.S4)

5. Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate 

action. (IR.VI.A.S5)

6. Advise ATC or the evaluator anytime the aircraft is unable to comply with a clearance. 

(IR.VI.A.S6)

7. Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering turbulence and wind 

shear, and complete the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the phase of the flight. 

(IR.VI.A.S7)

8. Maintain, prior to beginning the final approach segment, altitude within ±100 feet, heading 

within ±10° and allows less than 3⁄4-scale deflection of the CDI or within ±10° in the case of

an RMI, and maintain airspeed within ±10 knots. (IR.VI.A.S8)

9. Apply the necessary adjustments to the published MDA and visibility criteria for the aircraft 

approach category when required. (IR.VI.A.S9)

10. Establish a stabilized approach profile with a rate of descent and track that will ensure arrival 

at the MDA prior to reaching the MAP. (IR.VI.A.S10)

11. Maintain, while on the final approach segment, no more than a 3⁄4-scale deflection of the CDI 

or within 10° in case of an RMI, and maintain airspeed within ±10 knots of that desired. 

(IR.VI.A.S11)

12. Maintain the MDA, when reached, within +100 feet, −0 feet to the MAP. (IR.VI.A.S12)

13. Execute the missed approach procedure when the required visual references for the 

intended runway are not distinctly visible and identifiable at the MAP. (IR.VI.A.S13)

14. Execute a normal landing from a straight-in or circling approach when instructed by the 

evaluator. (IR.VI.A.S14)

15. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind 

drift and other parameters to maintain desired flightpath. (IR.VI.A.S15)

16. Confirm appropriate annunciations during a GPS approach. (IR.VI.A.S16)

Task continued on next page.
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Task A. Nonprecision Approach

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed procedures. (IR.VI.A.R1)

2. Excessive decent rates. (IR.VI.A.R2)

3. Continuing an approach in worsening conditions. (IR.VI.A.R3)

4. Not flying a stabilized approach. (IR.VI.A.R4)
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Task B. Precision Approach

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing precision approach procedures.

NOTE: A precision approach, utilizing aircraft NAVAID equipment for centerline and vertical 

guidance, must be accomplished in simulated or actual instrument conditions to Decision 

Altitude.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with precision approach procedures. (IR.VI.B.K1)

2. Annunciations expected during a GPS approach. (IR.VI.B.K2)

3. Decent rates to maintain vertical guidance. (IR.VI.B.K3)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Establish two-way communications with ATC using the proper communications phraseology, 

as required for the phase of flight or approach segment. (IR.VI.B.S1)

2. Comply, in a timely manner, with all clearances, instructions, and procedures. (IR.VI.B.S2)

3. Advise ATC anytime the applicant is unable to comply with a clearance. (IR.VI.B.S3)

4. Establish the appropriate airplane configuration and airspeed/V-speed considering 

turbulence, wind shear, microburst conditions, or other meteorological and operating 

conditions. (IR.VI.B.S4)

5. Complete the aircraft checklist items appropriate to the phase of flight or approach segment,

including engine out approach and landing checklists, if appropriate. (IR.VI.B.S5)

6. Prior to beginning the final approach segment, maintain the desired altitude ±100 feet, the 

desired airspeed within ±10 knots, the desired heading within ±10°; and accurately tracks 

radials, courses, and bearings. (IR.VI.B.S6)

7. Select tune, identify, and monitors the operational status of ground and airplane navigation 

equipment used for the approach. (IR.VI.B.S7)

8. Apply the n0ecessary adjustments to the published Decision Altitude (DA)/Decision 

Height (DH and visibility criteria for the airplane approach category as required. 

(IR.VI.B.S8)

9. Establish a predetermined rate of descent at the point where the electronic glideslope

begins, which approximates that required for the aircraft to follow the glideslope. (IR.VI.B.S9)

10. Maintain a stabilized final approach, from the Final Approach Fix to Decision Altitude 

(DA)/Decision Height (DH) allowing no more than 3⁄4-scale deflection of either the glideslope

or localizer indications and maintains the desired airspeed within ±10 knots. (IR.VI.B.S10)

11. Immediately initiate the missed approach procedures when at the DA/DH, and the required

visual references for the runway are not unmistakably visible and identifiable. (IR.VI.B.S11)

12. Transition to a normal landing approach only when the aircraft is in a position from which a 

descent to a landing on the runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal 

maneuvering. (IR.VI.B.S12)

13. Maintain localizer and glideslope within 3⁄4-scale deflection of the indicators during the visual 

descent from DA/DH to a point over the runway where glideslope must be abandoned to 

accomplish a normal landing. (IR.VI.B.S13)

14. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, as a supplementary way to 

monitor position, track wind drift and other parameters to maintain desired flightpath. 

(IR.VI.B.S14)

15. Confirms annunciations during a GPS approach. (IR.VI.B.S15)

Task continued on next page.
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Task B. Precision Approach

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed procedures. (IR.VI.B.R1)

2. Descending below DA without proper visual references. (IR.VI.B.R2)

3. Improper aircraft configurations during approach and missed approach. (IR.VI.B.R3)

4. Human factors that might impact continuing an approach in worsening conditions. 

(IR.VI.B.R4)

5. Not flying a stabilized approach. (IR.VI.B.R5)
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Task C. Missed Approach

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing missed approach procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with missed approach procedures. (IR.VI.C.K1)

2. Proper MAP procedures associated with GPS/Flight Management System (FMS). 

(IR.VI.C.K2)

3. Proper autopilot management procedures associated with MAP procedures. (IR.VI.C.K3)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Initiate the missed approach promptly by applying power, establishing a climb attitude, and 

reducing drag in accordance with the aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations. 

(IR.VI.C.S1)

2. Report to ATC beginning the missed approach procedure. (IR.VI.C.S2)

3. Uncouple and re-couples autopilot at appropriate times during the MAP procedure (if 

installed). (IR.VI.C.S3)

4. Comply with the published or alternate missed approach procedure. (IR.VI.C.S4)

5. Advise ATC or evaluator anytime the aircraft is unable to comply with a clearance, restriction, 

or climb gradient. (IR.VI.C.S5)

6. Follow the recommended checklist items appropriate to the go-around procedure. 

(IR.VI.C.S6)

7. Request, if appropriate, ATC clearance to the alternate airport, clearance limit, or as directed 

by the evaluator. (IR.VI.C.S7)

8. Maintain the recommended airspeed within ±10 knots; heading, course, or bearing within

±10°; and altitude(s) within ±100 feet during the missed approach procedure.

(IR.VI.C.S8)

9. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position and track to 

help navigate the missed approach. (IR.VI.C.S9)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed procedures. (IR.VI.C.R1)

2. Options of holding, diverting, or electing to fly the approach again. (IR.VI.C.R2)

3. Executing a missed approach procedure before the missed approach point. (IR.VI.C.R3)
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Task D. Circling Approach

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing circling approach procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with circling approaches. (IR.VI.D.K1)

2. Approach categories and relevant airspeed limitations. (IR.VI.D.K2)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select and comply with the appropriate circling approach procedure considering turbulence 

and wind shear and considering the maneuvering capabilities of the aircraft. (IR.VI.D.S1)

2. Confirm the direction of traffic and adheres to all restrictions and instructions issued by ATC

and the evaluator. (IR.VI.D.S2)

3. Maintain the appropriate circling altitude until in a position from which a descent to a normal 

landing can be made. (IR.VI.D.S3)

4. Maneuver the aircraft, after reaching the authorized MDA and maintains that altitude within

+100 feet, −0 feet and a flightpath that permits a normal landing on a runway. The runway 

selected must be such that it requires at least a 90° change of direction, from the final 

approach course, to align the aircraft for landing. (IR.VI.D.S4)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not following prescribed circling approach procedures. (IR.VI.D.R1)

2. Executing a circling approach at night. (IR.VI.D.R2)

3. Losing sight of the runway during a circling approach. (IR.VI.D.R3)

4. Accepting a circling approach in marginal visibility. (IR.VI.D.R4)
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Task E. Landing from an Instrument Approach

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing the procedures for landing from an instrument approach.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures and limitations associated with landing from an instrument approach. (IR.VI.E.K1)

2. Purpose of a stabilized approach. (IR.VI.E.K2)

3. Regulatory requirements for landing from an instrument approach. (IR.VI.E.K3)

4. Approach lighting systems. (IR.VI.E.K4)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Transition at the DA, MDA, or VDP to a visual flight condition, allowing for safe visual 

maneuvering and a normal landing. (IR.VI.E.S1)

2. Adhere to all ATC (or evaluator) advisories, such as NOTAMs, wind shear, wake turbulence, 

runway surface, braking conditions, and other operational considerations. (IR.VI.E.S2)

3. Complete appropriate checklist items for the prelanding and landing phase. (IR.VI.E.S3)

4. Maintain positive aircraft control throughout the complete landing maneuver. (IR.VI.E.S4)

Risk

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Landing from an unstabilized instrument approach. (IR.VI.E.R1)

2. Flying below glidepath. (IR.VI.E.R2)

3. Runway incursion after landing from an approach. (IR.VI.E.R3)

4. Transitioning to visual references for landing. (IR.VI.E.R4)
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VII. Emergency Operations

Task A. Loss of Communications

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated performing the procedures associated with loss of communication.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Procedures for lost communication at various phases of flight. (IR.VII.A.K1)

2. Criteria for beginning an approach procedure at the destination. (IR.VII.A.K2)

3. When to deviate from an IFR clearance. (IR.VII.A.K3)

4. Techniques for re-establishing communications. (IR.VII.A.K4)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize loss of communication. (IR.VII.A.S1)

2. Accomplish actions to re-establish communication. (IR.VII.A.S2)

3. Continue to destination. (IR.VII.A.S3)

4. Begin an approach at the appropriate time. (IR.VII.A.S4)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Remaining Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in marginal weather conditions. (IR.VII.A.R1)

2. Not following prescribed loss of communication procedures. (IR.VII.A.R2)
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Task B. One Engine Inoperative—Instrument Approach (Multiengine Airplane)

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated the procedures for recovering the aircraft with an inoperative engine.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The procedures and/or differences used during an instrument approach in a multiengine 

aircraft with one engine inoperative versus all engines operating. (IR.VII.B.K1)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize engine failures simulated by the evaluator. (IR.VII.B.S1)

2. Set all engine controls, reduce drag, and identify and verify the inoperative engine. 

(IR.VII.B.S2)

3. Establish the best engine-inoperative airspeed, or airspeed appropriate for the phase of 

flight, and trim the aircraft. (IR.VII.B.S3)

4. Attempt to determine the reason for the engine failure. (IR.VII.B.S4)

5. Accomplish prescribed checklist procedures for restarting and/or securing the 

inoperative engine. (IR.VII.B.S5)

6. Establish and maintain the recommended flight attitude and configuration for the best 

performance during the instrument approach procedures. (IR.VII.B.S6)

7. Monitor all engine control functions and make necessary adjustments. (IR.VII.B.S7)

8. Follow the actual or a simulated ATC clearance for a straight-in or circling instrument

approach. (IR.VII.B.S8)

9. Establish a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the MDA/DA prior to reaching the MAP 

with the aircraft continuously in a position from which descent to a landing on the intended 

runway can be made. (IR.VII.B.S9)

10. Maintain, where applicable, the specified altitude within ±100 feet, the airspeed within ±10 

knots if within the aircraft’s capability, and the heading within ±10°. (IR.VII.B.S10)

11. Set the navigation and communication equipment used during the approach and use the 

proper communications technique. (IR.VII.B.S11)

12. Avoid loss of aircraft control, or attempted flight contrary to the engine-inoperative operating

limitations of the aircraft. (IR.VII.B.S12)

13. Use MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position and 

enhance situational awareness. (IR.VII.B.S13)

14. Comply with the published minima for the approach. (IR.VII.B.S14)

15. Allow, while on final approach segment, no more than 3⁄4-scale deflection of either the 

localizer or glideslope or GPS indications, or within ±10° or 3⁄4-scale deflection of the 

nonprecision final approach course. (IR.VII.B.S15)

16. Complete a safe landing. (IR.VII.B.S16)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not maintaining adequate airspeed. (IR.VII.B.R1)

2. The increased probability of loss of aircraft control. (IR.VII.B.R2)

3. Executing a missed approach with an inoperative engine. (IR.VII.B.R3)

4. Not using vertical guidance, if available, during the approach. (IR.VII.B.R4)
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Task C. Approach with Loss of Primary Flight Instrument Indicators

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with performing an approach with the loss of primary flight control instruments.

Note: This task should evaluate the most realistic failure mode(s) of the aircraft equipment used 

for the test.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Likely failure modes of vacuum and electric attitude instruments. (IR.VII.C.K1)

2. Recognizing and confirming likely malfunctions, and how to correct or minimize the effect of 

their loss. (IR.VII.C.K2)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Advise ATC or evaluator anytime the aircraft is unable to comply with a clearance. 

(IR.VII.C.S1)

2. Completes a nonprecision instrument approach without the use of the primary flight

instrument using the objectives of the nonprecision approach. (IR.VII.C.S2)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Using secondary flight displays. (IR.VII.C.R1)

2. Not using moving map guidance to increase situational awareness. (IR.VII.C.R2)
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VIII. Postflight Procedures

Task A. Checking Instruments and Equipment

Reference 14 CFR 91, FAA 8083-15, FAA 8083-2

Objective

To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills, and risk management 

associated with checking flight instruments after flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The requirements for documenting equipment malfunctions. (IR.VIII.A.K1)

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Check all flight equipment for proper operation. (IR.VIII.A.S1)

2. Note all equipment and/or aircraft malfunctions and makes appropriate documentation of 

improper operation or failure of such equipment. (IR.VIII.A.S2)

Risk 

Management

The applicant applies risk management identification, assessment, and mitigation principles to:

1. Not performing a proper post-flight inspection. (IR.VIII.A.R1)

2. Not properly documenting aircraft discrepancies. (IR.VIII.A.R2)
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APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST

The knowledge test is an important part of the airman certification process. Applicants must pass the 

knowledge test before taking the practical test.

Knowledge Test Description

The knowledge test consists of objective, multiple-choice questions. There is a single best response for 

each test question. Each test question is independent of other questions. A correct response to one does 

not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another.

Test 

Code Test Name Number of Questions

Allotted 

Time

Passing 

Score

IRA Instrument Rating—

Airplane 60 2.5 70

IRH Instrument Rating—

Helicopter 60 2.5 70

IFP Instrument Rating—

Foreign Pilot 50 3.5 70

Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements

For information concerning eligibility for Instrument Rating certification, please refer to:

• Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and Passing Grades: 14 CFR 61.35

• Eligibility: 14 CFR 61.65

Knowledge Test Centers

The FAA authorizes hundreds of knowledge testing center locations. For information on authorized 

testing centers and to register for the knowledge test, contact one of the providers listed at

www.faa.gov.

Test Authorization

In order to take the Instrument Rating knowledge test, you must provide one of the following:

• Graduation certificate issued by a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot school

(14 CFR 61.71), or a

• Written statement or logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the 

applicant completed an applicable ground training or home study course and is prepared for 

the knowledge test (14 CFR 61.55).
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Acceptable forms of retest authorization for Instrument Rating tests:

• The original failed, passed, or expired Airman Knowledge Test Report, provided the applicant

still has the test report in his or her possession.

Note: If the applicant no longer possesses the original test report, he or she may present

an 'expired test/credit' letter issued by AFS-760.

• An applicant retesting after failure is required to submit the applicable test report indicating

failure, along with an endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the

required additional training. The endorsement must certify the applicant is competent to pass 

the test. The test proctor must retain the original failed test report presented as authorization

and attach it to the applicable sign-in/out log.

Knowledge Test Procedures

Before starting the actual test, the testing center will provide an opportunity to practice navigating

through the test. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the

applicant with the look and feel of the software. (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for 

later review, monitoring time remaining for the test, and other features of the testing software).

The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials, as long as the

material does not include actual test questions or answers:

Acceptable Materials Unacceptable Materials Notes

Supplement book provided by 

proctor

Written materials that are

handwritten, printed, or 

electronic

Testing centers may provide

calculators and/or deny the 

use of personal calculators

All models of aviation-oriented 

calculators or small electronic

calculators that perform only 

arithmetic functions

Electronic calculators 

incorporating permanent or

continuous type memory circuits 

without erasure capability

Unit Member (proctor) may 

prohibit the use of your

calculator if he or she is 

unable to determine the

calculator’s erasure capability

Calculators with simple

programmable memories, which 

allow addition to, subtraction from, or 

retrieval of one number from the 

memory; or simple functions, such 

as square root and percentages

Magnetic cards, magnetic tapes,

modules, computer chips, or any 

other device upon which prewritten programs or information 

related to the test can be stored 

and retrieved

Printouts of data must be

surrendered at the completion 

of the test if the calculator 

incorporates this design 

feature.

Scales, straightedges, protractors, 

plotters, navigation computers, blank

log sheets, holding pattern entry 

aids, and electronic or mechanical

calculators that are directly related to

the test

Dictionaries Before, and upon completion 

of the test, while in the

presence of the Unit Member, 

actuate the ON/OFF switch or

RESET button, and perform

any other function that ensures 

erasure of any data stored in 

memory circuits

Manufacturer’s permanently 

inscribed instructions on the front

and back of such aids, e.g., 

formulas, conversions, regulations,

signals, weather data, holding 

pattern diagrams, frequencies,

weight and balance formulas, and air

traffic control procedures

Any booklet or manual 

containing instructions related to

use of test aids

Unit Member makes the final 

determination regarding aids,

reference materials, and test 

materials
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Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations

An applicant with a learning or reading disability may request approval from AFS-630 through the

local Flight Standards District Offices (FSDO) or International Field Offices (IFO) to take an airman

knowledge test using one of the three options listed below, in preferential order:

Option 1: Use current testing facilities and procedures whenever possible.

Option 2: Use a self-contained, electronic device which pronounces and displays typed-in words

(e.g., the Franklin Speaking Wordmaster®) to facilitate the testing process.

(NOTE: The device should consist of an electronic thesaurus that audibly pronounces typed-in

words and presents them on a display screen. The device should also have a built-in headphone

jack in order to avoid disturbing others during testing.)

Option 3: Request the proctor's assistance in reading specific words or terms from the test questions 

and/or supplement book. To prevent compromising the testing process, the proctor must be an

individual with no aviation background or expertise. The proctor may provide reading assistance only

(i.e., no explanation of words or terms). When an applicant requests this option, the FSDO or IFO

inspector must contact the Airman Testing Standards Branch (AFS-630) for assistance in selecting the

test site and assisting the proctor. Before approving any option, the FSDO or IFO inspector must

advise the applicant of the regulatory certification requirement to be able to read, write, speak, and

understand the English language.

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct

Computer testing centers must follow strict security procedures to avoid test compromise in

accordance with FAA Order 8080.6 (as amended), Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests. Testing

centers will terminate a test any time the test proctor suspects an occurrence of cheating.

The FAA will conduct an investigation of the incident. If the investigation determines that cheating or 

unauthorized conduct occurred, any airman certificate or rating the applicant holds may be revoked. In 

addition, the applicant may be prohibited from applying for or taking any test for a certificate or rating 

under 14 CFR part 61 for a period of one year.

Airman Knowledge Test Report

Immediately upon completion of the knowledge test, the applicant receives a printed Airman

Knowledge Test Report documenting the score with the testing center's raised, embossed seal. The

applicant must retain the original Airman Knowledge Test Report and present it to the evaluator 

conducting the practical test.

An Airman Knowledge Test Report expires 24-calendar months from the month the applicant

completes the knowledge test. If the Airman Knowledge Test Report expires before completion of the

practical test, the applicant must retake the knowledge test.

To obtain a duplicate Airman Knowledge Test Report due to loss or destruction of the original, the 

applicant can send a signed request accompanied by a check or money order for $1.00, payable to

the FAA to:

Federal Aviation Administration 

Airmen Certification Branch, AFS760

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125
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FAA Written Test Question Coding

Each task in the Airman Certification Standard includes an Airman Certification Standards (ACS) code. 

This ACS code is displayed on the airman test report to indicate what task element was proven 

deficient on the Knowledge Exam. Instructors can then provide remedial training in the deficient areas 

and evaluators can re-test this element during the practical exam. 

The ACS coding consists of 5 elements. For example: this code is deciphered accordingly: IR.VIII.A.1.a

IR (applicable ACS certificate or rating; i.e. IR = instrument rating, P = private, to Private Pilot 

operation, C applies to Commercial operations, etc.)

VIII = Area of Operation (postflight procedures)

A = Task (checking instruments and equipment); numbers identify the Task Element within that 

list

1 = knowledge (2 = skill, 3 = risk management)

a = rote; b = understanding; c = application; d= correlation), representing the level of learning 

which also informs the manner of the question (rote = define, recall, list, name, match, label)

Every question is correlated to a specific ACS task/element. This coding methodology will be useful to 

all involved with airman certification―the applicant, the evaluator, and the flight instructor. It indicates 

what test subjects (tasks) were satisfactorily passed and what tasks need to be reviewed prior to the 

practical test.
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APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST

The evaluator must conduct the practical test in accordance with this Airman Certification Standards 

(ACS). The evaluator must assess the applicant on all tasks included in each Area of Operation of the

ACS unless otherwise noted.

Note: The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test, and the applicant must 

pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion.

Conduct of the Practical Test

The evaluator must develop a written Plan of Action to conduct the test, which includes all required

Areas of Operation and Tasks. The Plan of Action will include a scenario that evaluates as many of the

required Areas of Operation and Tasks as possible. As the scenario unfolds during the test, the

examiner will interject problems and malfunctions the applicant must manage.

The evaluator has the discretion and flexibility to change the Plan of Action in order to accommodate 

unexpected situations as they arise. The evaluator will evaluate any selected Task in its entirety. The 

evaluator may elect to suspend and then resume the scenario in order to assess certain tasks.

If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety,

the evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Use of Checklists

The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of an approved manufacturer's checklist or equivalent

during the practical test.

Note: If there is no published manufacturer's checklist, the applicant may use the appropriate FAA 

handbook or equivalent checklist.

Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should 

determine the applicant appropriately divides attention and uses proper visual scanning. In some 

situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator 

should assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action "memory"

items along with his or her review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit.

Use of Distractions

Research and accident analysis indicate that pilot distraction during critical phases of flight is a factor in 

many accidents. The evaluator will cause realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical

test in order to evaluate the applicant's ability to use and maintain proper control technique while

dividing attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

There must always be a clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, the pilots 

involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls.

The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots:

• When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, he or she will say,

"You have the flight controls."

• The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, "I have the flight controls."

• The first pilot again says, "You have the flight controls."

Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence

during the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the 

exchange has occurred. There must never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.
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Stall and Spin Awareness

During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always 

maintain situational awareness with respect to operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall

or spin.

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test

There are three possible outcomes of the practical test: (1) pass, (2) fail, or (3) discontinuance. 

Pass

Satisfactory performance requires the applicant to:

• Perform the Tasks specified in the Areas of Operation for the certificate or rating sought within

the approved standards;

• Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft by performing each Task successfully;

• Demonstrate proficiency and competency in accordance with the approved standards;

• Demonstrate sound judgment, exercise aeronautical decision-making, and risk management;

• Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot

operations. Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate.

Note: The tolerances listed in the ACS represent the performance expected in good flying

conditions. Fail

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the

applicant fails the Task and associated Area of Operation, the test is unsatisfactory, and the examiner 

issues a Notice of Disapproval. When the examiner issues a Notice of Disapproval, he or she shall list

the Area of Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard. The Notice of Disapproval

must also list the Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures.

The examiner or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The examiner may

continue the test only with the consent of the applicant and examiner, and the applicant is entitled to

credit for only those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks performed satisfactorily. Though not

required, the examiner has discretion to reevaluate any Task, including those previously passed,

during the retest.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

• Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the

examiner to maintain safe flight.

• Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques and collision avoidance 

procedures to clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.

• Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

• Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

• Failure to exercise Risk 

Management Discontinuance

When it is necessary to discontinue a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance 

(e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator returns all the test paperwork to the applicant. 

The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of

Operation the applicant successfully completed and the time remaining to complete the test. The

evaluator should advise the applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the

practical test resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. The Letter of

Discontinuance becomes part of the applicant's certification file.
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Prerequisites for the Test

According to 14 CFR 61.65, an applicant for the Instrument Rating Practical Test must:

• Be at least 17 years of age;

• Hold at least a private pilot certificate, or be concurrently testing for a private pilot

certificate, appropriate to the category of aircraft instrument rating sought.

• Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language as detailed in AC 60-28;

• Have passed the appropriate knowledge test since the beginning of the 24th month before

the month in which he or she takes the practical test;

• Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the prescribed

aeronautical experience;

• Possess at least a current third class medical certification or, when a military pilot of the

U.S. Armed Forces, show and present evidence of an up-to-date medical examination by

the U.S. Armed Forces authorizing pilot status;

• Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying the applicant has received

and logged three hours of training time within two (2) calendar months preceding the

month of application in preparation for the practical test, and is prepared for the practical

test;

• Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study

course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of 14 CFR part 61.65 that apply to the rating

sought; and

• Have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge

of the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient, if any, on the airman knowledge

test.

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

An applicant is required by 14 CFR 61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the 

practical test. In addition, the aircraft must have a current navigational database.
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APPENDIX 3: INSTRUMENT PROFICIENCY CHECK

Instructors and evaluators conducting an Instrument proficiency check must ensure the pilot

meets the standards established in the ACS for the following Areas of Operation and Tasks:

Guidance on how to conduct an Instrument Proficiency Check can be found at: http://www.faa.gov

Area of Operation Task(s)

Preflight Procedures Instrument Cockpit check

Air Traffic Control Clearances

Compliance with Departure, En Route and Arrival 

Procedures and Clearances

Holding

Flight By Reference to Instruments Recovery From Unusual Flight Attitudes

Navigation Systems Intercepting and Tracking Navigation Systems 

Instrument Approach Procedures

Non Precision Approach 

Precision Approach 

Missed Approach

Landing From an Approach
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APPENDIX 4: INSTRUCTOR AND EVALUATOR ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Role of Instructor

Instructors are responsible for training the applicant to the acceptable standards in all subject 

matter areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in all the Tasks, even if the applicant is simply

adding a category to his or her instrument rating.

Role of Evaluator

The evaluator who conducts the practical test is responsible for determining the applicant meets 

the acceptable standards of aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management for each Task 

in the appropriate ACS.

The FAA does not expect the evaluator to test every Knowledge and Risk Management element on the 

Practical Test, as the Knowledge Test assessed the applicant’s mastery of these areas. The evaluator 

must, however, test at least one item in each of the Knowledge and Risk Management elements for 

every Task, emphasizing the topics (if any) the applicant missed on the Knowledge Test. The evaluator 

must test each item in the Skills elements unless otherwise noted in the Task.

Applicants must complete the oral portion of the practical test before the flight portion; however, oral 

questioning will continue throughout the flight. To the greatest extent practicable, evaluators shall test

the applicant’s ability to apply and correlate information, and only use rote questions when appropriate 

for the material being tested.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator may 

require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. The FAA made this provision in the 

interest of fairness, but it does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an unsatisfactory 

task is permitted during the practical test.

The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures 

throughout the entire test.
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APPENDIX 5: USE OF A FLIGHT SIMULATION TRAINING DEVICE (FSTD)

To be developed.
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APPENDIX 6: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name:

Location:

Date/Time:

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

 Aircraft Documents:

 Airworthiness Certificate

 Registration Certificate

 Operating Limitations

 Aircraft Maintenance Records:

 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance

 Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

 View-Limiting Device

 Current Aeronautical Charts (Printed or Electronic)

 Computer and Plotter

 Flight Plan Form

 Flight Logs

 Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS

 Identification—Photo/Signature ID

 Pilot Certificate

 Current Medical Certificate

 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature

 Original Knowledge Test Report

 Pilot Logbook with appropriate Instructor Endorsements

 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

 Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)

 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

 Evaluator’s Fee (if applicable)
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APPENDIX 7: REFERENCES

This ACS is based on the following 14 CFR parts, FAA guidance material, manufacturer’s publications, 

and other documents.

14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

AC 60-28 English Language Skill Standards Required by 14 CFR Parts 61, 63 and 65

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

FAA-H-8083-2 Risk Management Handbook

FAA-H-8083-15 Instrument Flying Handbook

NOTAMs Notices to Airmen

POH/AFM Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual

Note: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed above. The current 

edition of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov.
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APPENDIX 8: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this ACS.

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations

AC Advisory Circular

ACS Airman Certification Standards

ADM Aeronautical Decision-Making

AFM Airplane Flight Manual 

AFS Flight Standards Service 

ATC Air Traffic Control

CDI Configuration Deviation Indicators

DA Decision Altitude

EFC Expected Family Contribution 

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FMS Flight Management System

FSDO Flight Standards District Office

GPS Global Positioning System

IFO International Field Offices 

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

LNAV Lateral Navigation

LP Localizer Performance

MDA Minimum Descent Altitude

NAS National Airspace System 

NAVAID Navigation Aid

NTSB National Transport Safety Board 

PIC Pilot in Command

PTS Practical Test Standards

RNAV Area Navigation

SMS Safety Management System 

VDP Visual Descent Point

VFR Visual Flight Rules
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