### In the 

# United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit

____________________ No. 17-2836

R OMAN L EE J ONES , Plaintiff-Appellee
,

v.

R OBERT E. C ARTER , J R ., Commissioner, Indiana Department of Correction, Defendant-Appellant

.

____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division. No. 16 C 2887 — William T. Lawrence

, Judge

.

____________________

A RGUED S EPTEMBER 7, 2018

— D ECIDED F EBRUARY 15, 2019

____________________

Before W OOD , Chief Judge , and R OVNER and B RENNAN , Circuit Judges

. W OOD , Chief Judge . While a serving of meat from a prison kitchen would not prompt most Americans to run to a federalcourthouse, it raises a critical problem for Indiana inmate Roman Lee Jones. Jones adheres to a sect of Islam that requires its members to follow a diet that regularly includes halal meat. It would not cost the stat e of Indiana a single penny to2 No. 17-2836

provide Jones with the diet he has requested. The only question before us in this appeal is whether Indiana’s refusal to provide Jones with meat substantially burdens his exercise of religion under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (“RLUIPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1. We hold that it does. Jones observes Islamic dietary restrictions, which forbid the consumption of certain food s and require that others be prepared in accordance with Islamic law—that is, his foodmust be halal. Since there is overlap in halal and Jewish kosher requirements, some Muslims—including Jones—find kosher food to be an acceptable alternative to a purely halal diet. (There are differences, to be sure: followers of a kosher diet may not consume meat and dairy products together, while followers of halal may do so; alcohol is permissible for kosher, but not for halal; and the lists of permissible animals and seafoods differ slightly. See Halal vs Kosher, D IFFEN

. COM , https://www.diffen.com/difference/Halal_vs_Kosher (last visited February 14, 2019). Jones does not argue that these differences matter for his prison diet.) The Indiana Department of Correction (“DOC”) formerly provided pre-packaged kosher meal trays, which included kosher meat, to all inmates who requested them. As demand for the kosher trays went up, however, so did the cost, which rose to between $40,000 and $60,000 a month on top of the per capita amount the DOC pays its contractor for standard meals. Unhappy with this trend, the DOC stopped offering the kosher trays and put all th e affected inmates on a vegandiet (that is, one with no products made or derived from animals).No. 17-2836 3

That move satisfied no one: a class of inmates seeking kosher food sued the DOC and prevailed under RLUIPA in Willis v. Commissioner, Indiana Department of Correction . 753 F. Supp. 2d 768, 772 (S.D. Ind. 2010). Rather than go back to providing everyone with kosher trays, the DOC worked out a new arrangement with its contractor so that kosher meals are now included in the per capi ta amount it pays the contractor. The DOC built kosher kitchens at a few of its facilities and moved as many kosher inmates into those facilities as possible. Inmates who could not be moved would continue to receive the kosher trays, but inmates (including Jones) in a facility with a kosher kitchen were given only the option of eating the food prepared there. That food, however, is vegetarian ( i.e. plant-derived, plus animal pr oducts not requiring slaughter, such as eggs, milk, cheese, and honey).While many Jewish and Muslim inmates would find a nutritionally adequate vegetarian diet that otherwise satisfies kosher standards to be fully compatible with their beliefs, Jones does not. Jones and the ot her members of his sect within Islam believe that the holy Qur’an plainly commands him to “eat what is on earth, Lawful and good”—including meat. Some Muslim scholars support Jones’s interpretation, and the Imam employed by the DOC agreed that Jones’s view is “a valid opinion” shared by some other Muslims, though not the Imam himself. Jones does not take the position that he needsto eat meat with every meal, but he believes it must be a regular part of his diet. After the DOC refused his request for kosher trays that include meat, he filed this suit. Under RLUIPA, the DOC cannot “impose a substantialburden on the religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an institution ... unle ss the [DOC] demonstrates that4 No. 17-2836

[it] ... (1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2) is the least restrictive means of furthering thatcompelling governmental interest.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1. Following a brief trial, the district court held in favor of Jones and ordered the DOC to give Jones atleast eight meals a week that “contain kosher or halal meat.” The judge left it up to DOC to decide on the most effective wa y to do this, but he specified that one permissible response wo uld be to send Jones the kosher trays the DOC was already providing to inmates at facilities without kosher kitchens. The record indicates that this would not impose any incremen tal cost on the DOC. The court found that by requiring Jones to engage in conduct—refraining from all meat—that violates his sincerely held religious belief, the DOC had substantially burdened his religious exercise and on this re cord the DOC lacked a compelling government interest to justify that burden. On appeal, the DOC does not contest the sincerity of Jones’s belief or the districtcourt’s finding that the DOC lacked a sufficient justification for its treatment of Jones. The sole issue the DOC raises is whether the district court erred inholding that Jones was substantially burdened by the vegetarian kosher diet when, as the DOC argues, he could have purchased the halal meat he needs to supplement his diet at the prison commissary. The DOC characterizes Jones’s lack ofmeat as the result of “his own spending choices,” not the result of any DOC action. It urges us to find that nothing less than the coercive pressure of the choice between violating hisreligion and facing starvation qualifies as a substantial burden under RLUIPA.
For a time, there was some co nfusion among the circuits about what constitutes a subs tantial burden under RLUIPA.No. 17-2836 5

We interpreted the language as requiring that the government’s action rendered the religious exercise “effectively impracticable.” Nelson v. Miller, 570 F.3d 868, 878 (7th Cir. 2009). Other circuits developed different tests. See, e.g. , Abdulhaseeb v. Calbone , 600 F.3d 1301, 1313 (10th Cir. 2010) (government must require, prohibit, or subs tantially pressure religiously relevant conduct); Moussazadeh v. Texas De p't of Criminal Justice , 703 F.3d 781, 793 (5th Cir. 2012) (government must influence an adherent to act or fo rce him to choose between a generally available non-trivial benefit and religious beliefs); Patel v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons , 515 F.3d 807, 814 (8th Cir. 2008) (government must significantly inhibit, meaningfully curtail, or deny reasonable opportunities for religious exercise). Thisconfusion was largely dispelled, however, in two recent decisions from the Supreme Court: Holt v. Hobbs , 135 S. Ct. 853 (2015), and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. , 134 S. Ct. 2751 (2014). We recognized in Schlemm v. Wall that Holt and Hobby Lobby “articulate[d] a standard much easier to satisfy” than our former search for something rendering the religious exercise “effectively impracticable.” 784 F.3d 362, 364 (7th Cir. 2015).

In Hobby Lobby, a case involving RLUIPA’s sister statute, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1, three closely held corporations faced the choice between providing contraceptive coverage for their employees in violation of their religious beliefs or paying a substantial fine that would enable them to omit the coverage to which they objected. The Supreme Court found that this choice was no choice at all: itimposed a substantial burden on the owners’ religious exercise, and the government had not shown that it was the least re strictive means of serving the government’s (assumed) compe lling interest. 134 S. Ct. at6 No. 17-2836

2759. The Court rejected the suggestion that the corporations could “eliminate[] the substantial burden” and avoid the fine by dropping employee health in surance entirely since that would also cause economic harm. Id. at 2776–77. In so ruling, the Court emphasized that Congress explicitly stated that RFRA should “be construed in favor of a broad protection of religious exercise, to the maximum extent permitted by the terms of this chapter and the Constitution.” Id. at 2762 (quoting § 2000cc-3(g)). The next year, in Holt, the Court considered the case of a Muslim inmate who wanted to grow a 1/2-inch beard in accordance with his religious be liefs. Such a beard, however, offended the grooming policy of the Arkansas Department of Corrections, and so the Departme nt refused to allow him to grow it. When the case arrive d at the Supreme Court, the Court read RLUIPA as an “expa nsive protection for religious liberty” and held that the inmate “easily” demonstrated asubstantial burden because he faced “serious disciplinary action” if he violated the gr ooming policy and grew the beard. 135 S. Ct. at 860, 862. The Court further rejected attempts tocall the burden of shaving “slight” if shaving was not absolutely prohibited by the inmate’s beliefs, writing that “RLUIPA ... applies to an exercise of religion regardless of whether it is ‘compelled.’” Id. at 862. The burdens on the person a sserting religious rights in Holt and Hobby Lobby involved large fines and significant disciplinary consequences. But the Court did not indicate that pressures of that severity represented the floor for finding a substantial burden under RFRA or RLUIPA. To the contrary, the Court clarified that RLUIPA’s substantial burden inquiry robustly supports inmate religious practice—it specificallyNo. 17-2836 7

disapproved of the practice of offsetting against the burden imposed by the rule any other religious accommodations offered or the strength of the religio us command. These principles govern Jones’s case and indicate that the DOC’s food policy is placing a substantial burden on him. The DOC estimates it will cost Jones a few dollars a day($14.00 a week) to pay for his own halal meat at the commissary. While that amount may seem minor in comparison to the multi-million-dollar fine Hobby Lobby faced, it is a large amount for Jones. He makes, at most, $8.40 per week at hisprison job. Even though that amount is supplemented by sporadic funds sent from his friend s and family, Jones cannot reliably afford to pay for the meat himself. The state is in effect demanding that Jones, uniquely among all inmates, zero out his account and forgo purchasing other items such as hygiene products or over-the-counter medicine, if he wants to avoid a diet that violates his religious beliefs. When the state forces a pris oner to choose between adequate nutrition and religious practice, it is imposing a substantial burden on his religious practice under the rules announced in Hobby Lobby and Holt

. Thompson v. Holm , 809 F.3d 376, 380 (7th Cir. 2016) (collectin g cases). After these recent cases, there can be no doubt thatwhen the state forces a prisoner to give away his last dime so that his daily meals will not violate his religious practice, it is imposing a substantial burden. We therefore have no need here to decide whether a truly negligible or unquestionably a ffordable fine would similarly be subject to attack under RLUIPA.Jones’s case is not near any relevant line. Indeed, even before Hobby Lobby and Holt , other circuits found that asking prisoners to pay daily for religiously compliant diets was a8 No. 17-2836

substantial burden, especially where an inmate was indigent. See Moussazadeh , 703 F.3d at 793–94 (holding it is a substantial burden to require an inmate to pay for a kosher meal because daily meals are a generally available benefit); Love v. Reed, 216 F.3d 682, 689 (8th Cir. 2000) (rej ecting the argument that the availability of food for purchase at the commissary alleviated the substantial burden on an indigent inmate); Beerheide v. Suthers , 286 F.3d 1179, 1188 (10th Cir. 2002) (calling a 25% copayment program for kosher meals that would require even prisoners with financial support from their friends and family“to sacrifice nearly all of that income to maintain their religious duties” a “Hobson’s choice rather than a true alternative”); Abdulhaseeb , 600 F.3d at 1317 (“[A]ny ability to purchase is chimerical where a plaintiff is indigent....”). The dissent suggests that the re cord before us is insufficient to hold that Jones is substantially burdened, and that we ought to require a showing of in digency or other hardship to satisfy the substantial burden test. To support the suggestion that the court ought to further scrutinize Jones’s ability to pay, the dissent relies on pre- Hobby Lobby cases from our sister circuits that required similar findings of indigency for inmates requesting religious accommodations. See infra at 11 (citing Abdulhaseeb , 600 F.3d at 1317–18, and Patel, 515 F.3d at 814). When the Supreme Court was presented with a far sparser record supporting the claimed substantial burden in Hobby Lobby, however, the Court declined to inquire further into the question of ability to pay, despite criticism in dissent both at the Court and in the Tenth Circuit. Instead, it gave greaterweight to the religious freedom concerns and implicitly disapproved the ability-to-pay aspe ct of the earlier opinions from our sister circuits. Hobby Lobby, 134 S. Ct. at 2775–76No. 17-2836 9

(finding the large fines were clearly a substantial burden without requiring Hobby Lobby to prove its inability to pay or whether the fines would be “m erely” significant or actually crippling); id at 2798 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) (criticizing the majority opinion for “barely paus[ing] to inquire whether any burden imposed ... is substantial”); Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. v. Sebelius , 723 F.3d 1114, 1164 (10th Cir. 2013) (Briscoe, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“At the hearing onplaintiffs’ motion for preliminary injunction, plaintiffs presented no evidence of any kind . ... As a result, we know very little about any of the important facts of this case” including evidence of substantial burden); id. at 1181, 1181 n.4 (10th Cir. 2013) (Matheson, J., concurring inpart and dissenting in part) (expressing concern that “plaintiffs have provided almost no evidence” including “plaintiffs have failed, for example, to provide the district court with complete information about the financial strain they wo uld bear”). The Supreme Court thus consciously chose not to require a demonstration of hardship—or detailed findings on finances—before determining that the fine at issue triggered protection for Hobby Lobby’s owners. Hobby Lobby, 134 S. Ct. at 2759. Jones is entitled to no less. He has testified to his meager sources of income, and the state has confirme d that the cost to Jones ofsubsidizing his own religiously compelled diet would systematically outpace his reliable income. That would be enough under Hobby Lobby for the Supreme Court, and thus it is enough for us. DOC’s position also cannot be reconciled with the text of RLUIPA. The statute applies to “a ny exercise of religion,” no matter which faith or specific practice. §2000cc-5(7)(A); see Holt, 135 S. Ct. at 860 (citing this language to reaffirm10 No. 17-2836

RLUIPA’s strength and breadth)

. Some religious diets prohibit certain foods; others require complex preparation. Jones’s diet requires him to consume one additional item of food beyond what he is currently being offered. We find no principled reason for endorsin g DOC’s practice of withholding a readily available food for Jones—one that it is serving to many other inmates. See Willis , 753 F. Supp. 2d at 772 (requiring the Indiana DOC to provide inmates with kosher diets, though it was substantially more burdensome on the state to do so). See also Moussazadeh , 703 F.3d at 793–94 (emphasizing that the denial of generally available benefits such as a daily meal is always a substantial burden, since such action is akin to denying the otherwise available benefits in Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 404 (1963), and Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division, 450 U.S. 707, 717–18 (1981)). The DOC’s final pitch is that it should not have to “subsidize” or “underwrite” Jones’s religious diet. Perhaps it fears escalating costs. It did not, however, appeal the question of the state’s interest. The district court held that on this record, DOC did not demonstrate that any such risk exists, and we have no reason to take issue with its conclusion. This is not aclass action, and Jones is asking only to receive the same kosher trays that DOC is already providing to other inmates. If enough other inmates come al ong and express the same religiously based need, then the state always has the option ofadding halal or kosher meat to its new kitchens (if that appears to be the cost-effective wa y to handle the issue). But thatis not our case, and we see no reason to opine on a hypothetical situation. That forbearance is especially appropriate given the fact that Jones’s belief that eating meat is a requirementNo. 17-2836 11

for devout Muslims appears to be a minority view within Islam.

We A FFIRM the judgment of the district court.12 No. 17-2836

B RENNAN , Circuit Judge , dissenting. To prevail on an RLUIPA claim of this sort, an inmate must show his religious exercise has been substantially burdened; a lesser burden is insu ffi cient. At issue in this case is whether the fi nancial responsibility placed on inmate Jones to include halal meat in his diet rises to the level of a substantial burden. We do not have enough evidence to make that determination because the district court never reached the issue. Jones’s claim should be remanded for the district court to conduct fact- fi nding as to whether he is indigent or su ff ers other fi nancial hardship, and whether his religious exercise was substantially burdened.

Our court addressed RLUIPA’s “substantial burden” requirement in Schlemm v. Wall , 784 F.3d 362 (7th Cir. 2015), in the wake of Holt v. Hobbs , 135 S.Ct. 853 (2015), and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. , 134 S.Ct. 2751 (2014). There we noted that while Holt held that the “substantial burden” requirement was met by a “serious violat[ion] [of] religious beliefs,” what “serious” requires remained unde fi ned. Schlemm , 784 F.3d at 364–65 (quoting Holt , 135 S.Ct. at 862, in turn quoting Hobby Lobby , 134 S.Ct. at 2775).The majority opinion does not grapple with this unresolved question. Its interpretation of “substantial” e ff ectively means that any burden on an inmate’s religious diet, no

ma tt er how slight, violates RLUIPA. While acknowledging that Holt and Hobby Lobby “involved large fi nes and signi fi

cant disciplinary consequences,” the majority opinion states that the “pressures of that se verity [do not] represent[] the fl oor for fi nding a substantial burden under RFRA or RLUIPA.” Million dollar fi nes and serious prison disciplinary actions, as in Hobby Lobby and Holt
, might not be the fl oor forNo. 17-2836 13

a substantial burden. But 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1 requires some sort of fl oor. Congress so provided when it incorporated a relative and proportionate term (“substantial”) into the statute. The text of RLUIPA requires courts to assess the severity of the burden placed on an individual inmate, and whether that burden rises to the level of “s ubstantial.” Anything less risks rendering the statutory term “substantial” super fl uous. See A NTONIN S CALIA & B RYAN A. G ARNER , R EADING L AW 174–79 (2012) (discussing the surplusa ge canon). This evaluation requires a full factual record, which we do not have here.

Other courts have considered two factors to determine whether a burden on an inmate ’s diet is “substantial”: the religious meal options available, and the ability of the religious inmate to obtain them. See Abdulhaseeb v. Calbone , 600 F.3d 1301, 1317–18 (10th Cir. 2010) (“First, any ability to purchase is chimerical where a plainti ff is indigent, as is Mr. Abdulhaseeb. Second, ... [because] no Halal vendors have been approved by DOC ... Mr. Abdulhaseeb could not have purchased halal foods ev en if he had funds.”); see also Patel v. U.S. Bureau of Prisons , 515 F.3d 807, 814 (8th Cir. 2008) (“[The inmate] only o ff ers his single, vague and unsupported statement about the potential cost, and the record o ff ers no evidence regarding Patel’s fi nancial status. ... Patel has not

o ff ered su ffi cient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact ... [to show he] has been substantially burdened.”). 1 Compare with Moussazadeh v. Texas Dept. of Criminal Justice
,

1 Whether Patel will survive post- Holt and Hobby Lobby is currently on appeal in the Eighth Circuit. For that case’s district court opinion, see Muhammad v. Wheeler, No. 5:15-cv-130-KGB/PSH, 2018 WL 1558279 (E.D. Ark. Mar. 30, 2018).14 No. 17-2836

703 F.3d 781, 793–94 (5th Cir. 2012) (holding that denying a Jewish inmate free kosher meal trays available to all other Jewish inmates denies the inmate an “‘essential’ bene fi t given to every prisoner”). 2 This court should adopt a similar standard.

The fi rst inquiry can be assessed by examining the halal (or kosher, or other religious) options available in a prison’s cafeteria or commissary. The parties do not dispute Jones has been housed in a prison facility with a vegetarian kosher kitchen and a commissary stocked with halal meat. Indeed, Jones purchased halal meat to supplement his vegetariankosher meals. This option is available to all inmates in facilities with kosher kitchens. Rather than requesting a generally available bene fi t, Jones asks to be given for free what other inmates in his prison facility must purchase. Cf. Moussazadeh
, 703 F.3d at 793 (“[D]enial of religiously su ffi cient food where it is a generally available bene fi t would constitute a substantial burden on the exercise of religion.”). The second inquiry can be resolved by a showing of indigency or other hardship for the particular inmate. For Jones, that remains a genuine question of fact.

2 The majority opinion cites Moussazadeh for the proposition that “the denial of generally available benefits such as a daily meal is always a substantial burden.” But the Fifth Circuit in Moussazadeh was careful to distinguish the facts before it, in which a Jewish inmate was denied free kosher cafeteria trays, from those in Patel , where kosher and halal food was freely provided in the cafeteria “and satisfied all other Muslims in the prison, [but did not meet the] particularly nuanced version of halal food” preferred by the specific inmate. Moussazadeh , 703 F.3d at 794. Here, the parties do not dispute that in the DO C cafeteria Jones has access to free, nutritionally adequate, vegetarian kosher trays.No. 17-2836 15

The majority opinion states that unless the district court is

a ffi rmed, Jones will be forced to “give away his last dime” to obtain halal meat. Were that true, the DOC’s policy may very well impose a substantial burden on Jones. But because the district court never made any fi ndings of fact on this topic, Jones’s fi nancial situation—and the severity of the burden commissary purchases place on him—is an unresolved fact dispute. The DOC submi tt ed evidence tending to impeach Jones’s narrative of fi nancial di ffi culty: for example, Jones regularly purchased halal meat at the prison commissary as recently as nine months before hi s deposition in this case. The majority opinion notes Jones makes “at most, $8.40 per weekat his prison job.” Yet Jones continues to make regular commissary purchases of up to sixty dollars a month. This implies Jones has access to funds beyond his prison salary, possibly contributed by friends and family members. The majority opinion examines the con fl icting testimony and resolves it in favor of Jones. But the district court never addressed thisgenuine issue of material fact in its opinion, and as a reviewing court, we are not in a position to do so. Because this remains unresolved, the severity of the burden placed on Jones’s religious exercise by the DOC cannot be assessed as “substantial,” or as insubstantial. We just do not know.

In addition to the claim’s othe r elements, to recover in this lawsuit Jones should be required to show he is indigent and unable to acquire halal meat on his own. The district court did not hear the necessary evidence on the expenses of prison life and made no fi nding as to Jones’s fi nancial circumstances. Because halal meat options are readily available within the16 No. 17-2836

facility where Jones is housed, remand is warranted for further fact- fi nding on these questions. For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.