# Managing&Chemistry& and& Biology&in&Produced&Water& to&Lower&Total&Reuse&Costs Flex%Chem) Corporation Weatherford,)OK

# Reuse%of%produced%waters Flowback)&)produced)waters Characteristics)vary)significantly  Suspended)solids  Chemistry  Biology Reuse)quality)requirements

2 

# Quality)targets)drive)treatment  Formation)requirements  Chemical)&)biological)stability  Fluid) systems)compatibility www.epa.gov

www.epa.gov

# Water%constituents Constituent Components Issues Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Formation fines Proppant Mineral scales Formation plugging Decrease biocide effectiveness Oil & Grease Hydrocarbons/ Asphaltenes Fatty acids Treatment chemicals residue Fouling/effects separation Wettability effects Emulsions Degradable Compounds (COD/BOD) Oil & Grease components Frac polymers, alcohols Reduced sulfur compounds Stimulate bacterial growth Negates effect of biocides/disinfectants Bacteria S RB/APB Total Viable Count/ATP/RLU į-/ȕ - proteobacteria H 2 S production/souring Chemical spoilage Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Hardness/salinity ions Chlorides, s ulfates Metals (iron, boron, etc) Scale formation Increase friction Interfere with crosslinkingMore)AdvancedTreatment)Process

3

# General%water%treatment%process 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal Frac make- up Reuse System requirements Discharge Disinfection/ Distribution

4Treatment)Process

# General%water%treatment%process 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal Frac make- up Reuse System requirements Discharge Disinfection/ Distribution

5Treatment)Process

# Primary%treatment Primary)separation)(gravity) Oil)recovery)&)solids)release)  Recover)free)oil

വ Typically)droplets)>150) ʅ m 

#  Lower)suspended) solids  Chemical)feed)normally) required)to)break)emulsion) and)release)oil)wet)solids

വ May)require)coalescing)or) settling)enhancement 

#  Efficiency)increases)revenue
6

# Primary%treatment Secondary)separation O&G)reduction)&)fine)solids)  Remove)dispersed)oil

വ Fine) emulsions 

#  Lower)fine)solids

വ Oil)wet) solids 

#  Efficient)separation)decreases) load)on)downstream) treatment)

7

# General%water%treatment%process 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal Frac make- up Reuse System requirements Discharge Disinfection/ Distribution 

# Primary) treatments) generally) effective) removing)suspended) solids,) free % phase)oil)and) other) non % dissolved)constituentsTreatment)Process

8

# General%water%treatment%process 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal Frac make- up Reuse System requirements Discharge Disinfection/ Distribution 

# Primary) treatments)generally) effective) removing)suspended) solids,) free % phase)oil)and) other) non % dissolved)constituents Secondary)treatment)necessary) for)dissolved)compounds)and)to) stabilize)water)for)storage)and) reuseTreatment)Process

9

# Secondary%treatment Oxidation)processes Remove)degradable)compounds  Oxidizable)compounds

വ Organics
വ N,)P,)S,)metals
വ Quantified)by)oxygen)demand  COD)  BOD t 

#  Decrease)downstream) chemical)demand  Mitigate)regrowth)of) undesirable)bacteria 10

# Secondary%treatment Organics)&)COD/BOD)utilization

 Managed)biological)oxidation) requires)

വ Metabolic)capacity)
വ Aeration,)oxidants 

# Water)biochemistry  Initially)low)redox)(ORP)

വ Reducing)environment
വ Limited) e # 

# acceptors 

#  Oxidation)products) determined)by

വ Physiochemical)conditions  Redox)potential  Availability)of) e # 

# acceptors


# വ Metabolic)content)present  Respiration)pathways 11

# Secondary%treatment Organics)&)COD/BOD)utilization

 Managed)biological)oxidation) requires)

വ Metabolic)capacity)
വ Aeration,)oxidants 

# Metabolic)capacity  Specific)metabolism)needed

വ Degradative)capabilities
വ Facultative)respiration
വ Sufficient) biomass)capacity) to) outcompete)indigenous)SRB 

#  Amendments)normally) required)to)accomplish)in) reasonable)amount)of)time)  Facilitated)by)operations

വ Aeration,)ORP
വ Nutrients,)water)chemistry 12

# Secondary%treatment Metabolic)amendments

 Amendments)determined)by

വ COD/BOD)loading


# വ Inflow)composition
വ Operational)parameters 

# Metabolic)capacity  Specific)metabolism)needed

വ Degradative)capabilities
വ Facultative)respiration
വ Sufficient)biomass) capacity)to) outcompete)indigenous)SRB 

#  Amendments)normally) required)to)accomplish)in) reasonable)amount)of)time)  Facilitated)by)operations

വ Aeration,)ORP
വ Nutrients,)water)chemistry 13

# Secondary%treatment Organics)&)COD/BOD)utilization

 Managed)biological)oxidation) requires)

വ Metabolic)capacity
വ Aeration,)oxidants) 

# Aeration  Creates)conditions)for) biological)oxidation

വ Provides)O 2 

# for)aerobic) respiration

വ Raises)redox)potential  Suppresses)SRB CO 2 + H 2 O C n H 2n+2 + O 2

14

# Secondary%treatment Organics)&)COD/BOD)utilization

 O 2 

# demand)determined)by

വ COD/BOD)loading


# വ Incoming)ORP
വ Operational)parameters) 

# Aeration  Creates)conditions)for) biological)oxidation

വ Provides)O 2 

# for)aerobic) respiration

വ Raises)redox)potential  Suppresses)SRB CO 2 + H 2 O C n H 2n+2 + O 2

15

# General%water%treatment%process Secondary)treatment)decreases) chemical)and)biological)load
വ More)stable)for)storage)and)reuse
വ Less)chemical)demand) 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal System requirements Discharge Frac make- up Reuse Disinfection/ DistributionTreatment)Process

16

# General%water%treatment%process 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal Frac make- up Reuse System requirements Discharge Disinfection/ DistributionTreatment)Process

17 

# Secondary)treatment)decreases) chemical)and)biological)load
വ More)stable)for)storage)and)reuse
വ Less)chemical)demand) Disinfection)maintains)water) quality)in)distribution)system

# Disinfection Disinfection Control)bacteria)&)mitigate)effects  Maintain)water)quality)in) distribution)system

വ Particles,)biomass
വ H 2 

# S,) FeS 

#  Prevent)degradation)of) chemicals)added)in)reuse

വ FR,)inhibitors 

#  Minimize)introduction)of) damaging)bacteria

വ SRB,)APB 18

# Disinfection Disinfectant)selection  Broad)spectrum)effects

വ Effective)against)planktonic)and) sessile)populations 

#  No)negative)effect)on)other) chemicals  Non % corrosive)to)materials  Non % persistent)in)the) environment) Selection  Treatment)determined)by

വ Protection)needs)throughout) system  System)demand  End)point)efficacy 

#  Monitoring) program)to)verify) effectiveness

19

# General%water%treatment%process 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal Frac make- up Reuse System requirements Discharge Disinfection/ DistributionTreatment)Process

20 

# Secondary) treated)water)has)low) 

# chemical) and)biological)load
വ Stable) for)storage)and)reuse
വ Less) chemical) demand Quality)of)secondary)treated)water) is)ideal)for)frac)make % up)and)reuse)

# General%water%treatment%process 1  S eparation Flowback water 2  S eparation

Biological Oxidation Clarification/ Storage Filtration F ree oil recovery Lower TSS Dispersed oil removal Fine solids COD/BOD removal Improve quality dynamics Advanced Treatment Lower TDS Ion removal Frac make- up Reuse System requirements Discharge Disinfection/ DistributionTreatment)Process

21 

# Secondary) treated)water)has)low) 

# chemical) and)biological)load
വ Stable) for)storage)and)reuse
വ Less) chemical) demand Quality)of)secondary)treated)water) is)ideal)for)frac)make % up)and)reuse) Tertiary)treatment)options
വ Reservoir)and)fluid)systems) dependent
വ Secondary)uses

## FlexG Chem&Corporation PO&Box&1647 700&N&Wilson&Rd Weatherford,&OK&73096 580G 772 G 2386 22