1 

## Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IL-IA

Area Designation for the

2012 Primary Annual PM 2.5 

## National Ambient Air Quality Standard

Technical Support Document

Summary

In accordance with Section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), the EPA must promulgate designations for all areas of the country. In part icular, the EPA must id entify as “nonattainment” those areas that are violating a National Ambien t Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) or contributing to a violation of the NAAQS in a nearby area. Additionally, through the designation process, the EPA identifies areas that are meeting the NAAQS a nd those areas without sufficient data for the Agency to make a determination. The EPA uses a designation category of "unclassifiable/attainment" for areas where air qu ality monitoring data indi cate attainment of the NAAQS and for areas that do not have monitors but for which the EPA has reason to believe are likely to be in attainment and are not contributing to nearby vi olations. The EPA reserves the category of "unclassifiable" for areas wher e the EPA cannot determine based on available information whether the area is meeting or not meeting the NAAQS or where the EPA has not

determined that the area cont ributes to a nearby violation. The EPA must complete this process within 2 years of promulgating a new of revi sed NAAQS, or may do so within 3 years under circumstances not relevant to these designations. 1 

### This technical support document (TSD) describes the basis for EPA’s intent to designa te the Scott County portion of the Davenport area

in Iowa as unclassifiable/attainment and the Rock Island, Henry, and Mercer County portions of the Davenport area in Illinois as unclassifiable for the 2012 primary annual fine particle NAAQS (2012 annual PM 2.5 

### NAAQS). 2



### Under section 107(d), states are required to submit area designation recommendations to the

EPA for the 2012 annual PM 2.5 

### NAAQS no later than 1 year following promulgation of the standard, or by December 13, 2013. On Decemb er 12, 2013, Illinois recommended that Rock Island, Henry and Mercer Counties be designate d as unclassifiable/attainment for the 2012

annual PM 2.5 

### NAAQS, based on air quality data from 2010 to 2012. On April 30, 2014, Iowa recommended a designation of unclassi fiable/attainment for Scott County.

After considering these recommendations and base d on EPA’s technical anal ysis as described in this TSD, the EPA intends to designate Scott C ounty in Iowa as “unclassifiable/attainment” and Rock Island, Henry, and Mercer Counties in Illinois as “unclassifiable” for the 2012 annual

1 Section 107(d) of the CAA requires the EPA to complete the initial designation process within 2 years of promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, unless the Admi nistrator has insufficient information to make initial designation decisions in the 2-year time frame. In such ci rcumstances, the EPA may take up to 1 additional year to make initial area designation decisions (i.e., no later than 3 years after promulgation of the standard).

2 On December 14, 2012, the EPA promulgated a revised primary annual PM 2.5 NAAQS (78 FR 3086, January 15, 2013). In that action, the EP A revised the primary annual PM 2.5 standard, strengthening it from 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter ( μ g/m 3 ) to 12.0 μ g/m 3

.2 

### PM 2.5 

### standards. These intended designations for the four counties in the Davenport area are listed in Table 1. The EPA must designate an area nonattainment if it has an air quality monitoring site 3 

### that is violating the standard or if it has sources of emissions that are contributing to a violation of the NAAQS in a nearby area. No monitoring data indicate

nonattainment of the 2012 annual PM 2.5 

### standards in th e Davenport area.

A recent EPA-conducted technical syst ems audit of the weighing of PM 2.5 

### samples in Illinois revealed that the Cook County Department of En vironmental Control, which weighs all of the filters in Illinois’ monitoring network, did not have appropriate equipment for determining whether the laboratory conditions met the temp erature and humidity criteria in 40 CFR 50 Appendix L for proper conditioning of filters, and the instantaneous temperature and humidity information suggested that many of the we ighings failed to meet these criteria. 4 

### As a result, the EPA believes that no monitoring site in Illin ois has sufficient valid data to support a

determination of either nonattainment or attainment, and ther efore, the EPA cannot rely directly upon analysis/recommendations the states perfor med/provided which partially rely upon this invalid monitoring data. Thus, the EPA cannot dete rmine whether any area in Illinois is meeting or not meeting the NAAQS.

Table 1. Illinois’ and Iowa’s Recommended Desi gnations and EPA’s Intended Designations for the Davenport Area for the 2012 annual PM 2.5 

### NAAQS

Area Illinois’ and Iowa’s

Unclassifiable/attainment

Recommendations EPA’s Intended Designation

Davenport-MolineRock Island, IL-IA Illinois: Rock Island, Henry and Mercer
Counties Iowa: Scott County Illinois: Rock Isla nd – Unclassifiable Henry – Unclassifiable

Mercer

− Unclassifiable Iowa: Scott County –
Unclassifiable/attainment

Illinois’ recommendations for ot her counties in the state outsi de of the Davenport area are addressed in a separate TSD. 5 

### The EPA agrees with Iowa’s r ecommendations that all counties

3 In accordance with 40 CFR 50 Appendix N, PM 2.5 measurements from the primary monitor and suitable collocated

PM 2.5 FRM, FEM or ARMs may be used in a “combined site data record” to establish a PM 2.5 design value to determine whether the NAAQS is met or not met at a particular PM 2.5 monitoring site.

4 Memorandum from Liz P. Naess, Air Quality Assessmen t Division, US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, to EPA Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-091 8, Air Quality Designations for the 2012 PM 2.5 Standards, titled, “Data Issues in Illinois Affecting Air Quality Designations for the 2012 PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality
Standards.”

5 Technical Support Document, August 2014, titled, “Illinois Unclassifiable Area Designations for the 2012 Primary Annual PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards,” prepared by US EPA.3 

### and portions of counties in Iowa should be design ated as “unclassifiable/attainment,” including those in the Davenport area. 6



### Technical Analysis for Davenpo rt-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL

The Davenport-Moline-Rock Isla nd, IA-IL MSA includes Rock Island, Henry and Mercer Counties in Illinois and Scott County in Io wa. Both Illinois and Iowa recommended a designation of unclassifiable/attainment for the four counties within this area. The core of the urban area of Davenport, where the majority of the emissions and emissions activities are located, consists of Scott County, Iowa and Rock Island County, Illinois. As explained above, the EPA intends to designate all of Illinois un classifiable. However, the EPA is evaluating whether the Iowa portion of the Davenport- Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL MSA could be contributing to a potential violati on of the NAAQS in the Illinois portion of this MSA. As part of this analysis, the EPA has considered information re levant to a five factor analysis for the Iowa portion of the MSA. Below is a discussion of the factor-related informati on generally considered for evaluating appropriate boundaries for a nona ttainment area. These factors include: Air Quality Data; Emissions and Emissions-related Data; Meteorology; Geography/Topography; and

Jurisdictional Boundaries.

For the first factor, the EPA cons iders air quality information for the area. As shown in Figure 1, the Iowa portion of the Davenport area currently has four PM 2.5 

### monitors located in Scott County, Iowa. All four monitors have complete and valid data showing attainment of the 2012

PM 2.5 

### NAAQs, with 2011-2013 design values ranging from 10.2 to 10.7 μg/m 3 

### . As noted above, although the monitor located in Rock Island Count y, Illinois, does not have current, reliable monitoring data, this monitor ha s historically measured annual values below the Scott County, Iowa monitors (see historical design value trend chart in Figure 2), suggest ing that it is unlikely

there is a current violation of the NAAQS in the area. However, given the questions concerning the validity of the monitor data the EPA cannot ex clusively rely on this f act, but this information can add to the weight of evidence supporting the EPA’s conclusions regarding appropriate designations for the area. Table 2 shows the re cent design value history for the four valid, attaining monitors located in Scott County, Iowa.

6 Unless a state or tribe has specifically identified juri sdictional boundaries in their area recommendations, when determining “remainder of the state,” the EPA will use Fe deral Information Processing Standard (FIPS) codes maintained by the National Institute of Standards and T echnology (NIST), which are used to identify counties and county equivalents (e.g., parishes, boroughs) of the United States and its unincorporated territories (e.g., American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Isla nds). Available on EPA’s Envirofacts
website at http://www.epa.gov/envirofw/html/codes/state.html

.4 Table 2. Air Quality Data collected at Regula tory Monitors in Davenport (all DV levels in μg/m 3 )

State County Monitor ID State
Recommended

Nonattainment? PM 2.5 Annual Design Value

2009

‐ 2011 PM 2.5 Annual Design Value

2010

‐ 2012 PM 2.5 Annual Design Value

2011

‐ 2013

Iowa Scott 191630015 No 11.4 11.0 10.2

Iowa Scott 191630018 No 11.5 11.2 10.4

Iowa Scott 191630020 No 11.3 10.7

Iowa Scott 191630019 No 10.6



### Historically, the Davenport area has not violated any annual PM 2.5 

### standards, and thus the EPA has not previously establishe d a nonattainment boundary for this area. In the absence of a previously established nonattain ment boundary, the EPA has considered relevant information to assess the possibility of contribution to a potenti al violation of the NAAQS in the Illinois portion of the MSA, and whether that contribution is likely to be significan tly different than the contribution to the valid, attaining monitors in Scott County. Figure 1 shows the Davenport area MSA along with the locations of area monitors. The valid monitors in Scott County, Iowa are shown with blue dots, while the location of the invalid Rock Island, Illinoi s monitor is depicted by an orange star.

Figure 1. Map of MSA Boundary for Davenport with monitor locations

Note: Rock Island PM 2.5 monitor 171613002 location is shown as a star in Figure 1.5 Figure 2. Davenport PM 2.5 Design Value Trends 2003-2013 (μg/m 3 )

Note: Monitor ID 171613002 – All recent design values at this site in Illinois are invalid.



### Recent population data for the Davenport area indi cate similar population in Illinois and Iowa, with 2010 Rock Island County population of 147,612 and 2010 Scott County population of 165,781. While Henry and Mercer Counties in Il linois have an addi tional population of 66,850 combined, the population density in these counties is much less than the two core counties of Rock Island and Scott. Table 3 shows Davenpor t area population and popul ation density for both

2000 and 2010.

Table 3. Population Growth and Population Density.

State County FIPS
Code Population

2000 Population

2010 % Change

from 2000 Land Area (Sq. Miles) Population Density (per
Sq. Mile)

IL Henry 17073 51,020 50,424

‐ 1.2% 823.2 61.3

IL Mercer 17131 16,957 16,428

‐ 3.1% 561.0 29.3

IL Rock Island 17161 149,374 147,612

‐ 1.2% 426.8 345.9

IA Scott 19163 158,668 165,781 4.5% 457.9 362.0



### Several industrial faci lities are located in the Davenpor t area: the MidAmerican Energy Riverside Station (located in the eastern portion of Scott Count y near the Mississippi River), Alcoa (located east of monitors in Scott County and east-northeast of th e Rock Island County monitor), Lafarge North America, Inc. (located in the Southwest portion of Scott County and to

the southwest of all area mon itors), and John Deere Harvester Works (located in Rock Island County south of the MidAmerican Energy plant noted above and genera lly east of all area monitors). Figure 3 shows the location of these poi nt sources in relation to the monitoring site locations (blue dots represent th e valid, attaining Scott County, Io wa monitors, while the orange star represents the Rock Island, Illinois monito r with invalid data). Table 4 summarizes the 2011 reported emissions from these point sources. Emissi ons from each of these stationary sources is 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 

## Design Value Trends 2003

‐ 2013

191630015 191630018 191630019

191630020 171613002 NAAQS6 

### relatively low, with the highest being approximately 1,511 tons per year of NOx and 3,694 tons per year of SO 2 

### from the MidAmerican En ergy Riverside Station.

Figure 3. Point Sources Located in the Davenport Area

Note: Rock Island PM 2.5 monitor 171613002 location is shown as a star in Figure 3.

Table 4. NEI 2011 v1 Point Source Emissions (tons/year)

State County Facility Name NH 3 NO X PM 2.5 SO 2 VOC

IL Henry ANR Pipeline Co* 0 1,007 11 0 54

IL Rock Island John Deere Harvester Works 8 172 6 978 119

IA Scott MIDAMERICAN ENERGY CO ‐ RIVERSIDE STATION 1 1,511 95 3,694 18

IA Scott ALCOA INC 6 159 156 5 240

IA Scott LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA, INC 5 1,605 57 1,527 130 * Located in Illinois outside the core Davenport area view in Figure 3 and not further assessed here.7 

### Overall emissions are similar in the Iowa a nd Illinois counties in the Davenport area with population-related and mobile source emissions in th e core areas at the same order of magnitude. Table 5 provides a summary of the overall direct PM 2.5 

### and PM 2.5 

### precursor emissions in 2011. The aggregate emissions of direct PM 2.5 

### and precursor pollutants from the Davenport area point sources are slightly higher in Scott County and co mprise a significant po rtion of Scott County’s

NOx and SO 2 

### emissions, but are from sources generally located in an area which would be no more likely to impact the Rock Island monitor portion of the Davenport area than the four Scott County monitors, based on the meteorological data.

Table 5. County-Level Emissions of Directly Emitted PM 2.5 and Precursors (tons/year)

State County NH 3 NO X VOC SO 2 PM 2.5

Illinois Henry Co 2,557 4,382 2,319 60 1,720

Illinois Mercer Co 1,311 687 953 33 910

Illinois Rock Island Co 779 4,237 4,339 1,433 1,051

Illinois Rock Island Co % from single point source in Table 4 <1% 4% <1% 68% 11%

Iowa Scott Co 1,935 7,124 5,884 5,349 2,233

Iowa Scott Co % from the three point sources in Table 4 <1% 46% 5% 98% 17%



### A review of the meteorological data for the Dave nport area indicates winds most frequently from the south, east and west with a smaller northwe st component. Figure 4 shows wind roses that the EPA generated from the Davenport Municipal Air port located in the nort hern portion of the urban area and the Quad City International Airp ort in the southern portion of the urban area using 2009-2012 data from National W eather Service locatio ns archived at th e National Climate
Data Center. 7 

### The most frequent wind di rections are from the west- northwest, the south and the east. The least frequent winds are fro m the north, northeast and southwest.

Although the wind data suggest that there could be some contri bution from sources in Scott County to the Rock Island portion of the Davenpo rt area, much of the emissions and emissions activity in Scott County, including key point sources identifi ed in Table 4, comes from sources

located to the north and northeast of the monitor in Rock Island and thus th ere is less likely to be

contribution from such sources. Given these wind direction frequencies, the Scott County sources would not likely differentially impact th e Rock Island monitor (relative to the Scott County monitors that currently i ndicate attainment of the 2012 PM 2.5 

### NAAQS by a significant margin). The historical PM 2.5 

### data in Figure 2 lends additi onal support to this notion.

7 ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa or http://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/map/viewer/#app= cdo&cfg=cdo&theme=hourly&layers=1&node=gis Quality assurance
of the National Weather Service data is described here: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/inventories/ish-qc.pdf8 Figure 4. Wind Roses Representing the Area of Analysis for the Davenport Area.

Note: Rock Island PM 2.5 monitor 171613002 location is shown as a star in Figure 4.



### Conclusion

Based on this technical analysis, the EPA agrees with Iowa’s recommendation and we intend to designate Scott County, Iowa as unclassifiable/att ainment with the remain ing three counties in Illinois (Rock Island, Henry and Mercer) designa ted as unclassifiable. The EPA intends to designate all other counties in Iowa as uncla ssifiable/attainment as recommended by Iowa.