UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES August 1 4 , 2007 MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Crop Grouping

– Part V: Analysis of the USDA IR- 4 Petition to Amend

the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR § 180.41 (c ) ( 10) and Commodity Definitions [ 40 CFR 180.1 ( g )] Related to the Crop Group 10 Citrus . MRID 468 340 - 01. FROM: Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry

and Exposure Branch Health Effects Division (7509P) THRU: William Donovan, Ph.D. and Michael Doherty, Ph.D., Chairpersons

HED Chemistry

Science Advisory

Council (ChemSAC) Health Effects Division (7509P) TO: Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer

Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) Registration Division (7505P) cc: IR- 4 Project, Hong Chen, Jerry Baron, Dan Kunkel , Van Starner REQUEST : Dr Hong Chen, Crop Grouping Project Coordinator, USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR- 4), State Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University has submitted a petition (May 11, 200 6) on behalf of the IR - 4 Project, and the Citrus2

2 Fruits Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) to amend the Crop Group Regulation 40 CF R § 180.41 (c) ( 1 0) Crop Group 10, Citrus Fruits Group, and Commodity Definitions 40 CFR 180.1 (h) for citrus fruits and tangerines. The above mentioned Citrus crop group petition requested the following five amendments: 1. Amend the name of the crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) from “Crop Group 10, Citrus Fruits Group (Citrus spp., Fortunella spp.)”, to “Crop Group 10, Citrus Fruits Group”. 2. Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (10) that consists of the following 12 commodity

entri es: 1. Calamondin , Citrus mitis x Citrofortunella mitts 2. C itrus citron , Citrus medica 3. C itrus hy

brids , Citrus spp. [includes chironja, tangelo, tangor] 4. Grapefruit , Citrus paradisi 5. K umquat , Fortunella spp. 6. L emon , Citrus jambhiri, Citrus limon 7. L ime , Citrus auran tiifolia 8. Mandarin (tangerine) , Citrus reticulata 9. O range, sour , Citrus aurantium 10. O range, sweet , Citrus sinensis 11. P ummelo , Citrus grandis , Citrus maxima 12. Satsuma mandarin , Citrus unshiu To an expanded crop group that consists of the following 2 7 commodity entries with updated scientific names : 1. Australian desert - lime , Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swingle 2. Australian finger - lime , Microcitrus australasica (F. Muell.) Swingle 3. Australian round- lime , Microcitrus aust ralis (A. Cunn. ex Mudie) Swingle 4. Brown River f

inger - lime , Microcitrus papuana Winters 5. Calamondin , Citrus madurensis Lour. 6. C itrus citron , Citrus medica L. 7. C itrus hy

brids , Citrus spp. , Eremocitrus spp., Fortunella spp. , Microcitrus spp., and Poncirus spp. 8. Grapefruit , Citrus x paradisi Macfad. 9. Japanese summer grapefruit, Citrus natsudaidai Hayata 10. K umquat , Fortunella spp. 11. L emon , Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 12. L ime , Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 13. Mediterranean Mandarin , Citrus nobilis L oureiro var. deliciosa S wingle 14. Mount White - lime , Microcitrus garrowayae (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 15. New Guinea wild lime , Microcitrus warburgiana (F. M. Bailey) Tanaka3

3 16. O range, sour , Citrus aurantium L. 17. O range, sweet , Citrus sinensis (L .) Osbeck 18. P ummelo , Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. 19. Russell River- lime , Microcitrus in odora (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 20. Satsuma mandarin , Citrus unshiu Marcow. 21. Sweet lime, Citrus limetta Risso 22. T achibana orange , Citrus tachibana (Makino) Tanaka 23. Tahiti Lime , Citrus latifolia Tan. 24. Tangelo , Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H.E. Moore 25. T angerine (M andarin) , Citrus reticulata Blanco 26. T angor , Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis 27. Trifoliate orange , Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. And varieties and/or hyb rid s of these 3. Amend the representative commodities from the current crop group which are sweet orange, lemon, and grapefruit to orange or tangerine/mandarin, lemon or lime, and grapefruit in the proposed expanded group:. 4. Establish the following three new subgroups under the Citrus fruit group as follows: S ubgroup 1 0 A: Orange S ubgroup 1 0 A (rep crop s : Orange or tangerine/mandarin) 1). Calamondin , Citrus madurensis Lour. 2). C itrus citron , Citrus medica L. 3). C itrus hy

brids , Citrus spp ., Eremocitrus spp., Fortunella spp. , Microcitrus spp., and Poncirus spp. 4). Mediterranean Mandarin , Citrus nob ilis Loureiro var. deliciosa S wingle 5). O range, sour , Citrus aurantium L. 6). O range, sweet , Citrus sinensis (L .) Osbeck 7). Satsuma mandarin , Citrus unshiu Marcow. 8). T achibana orange , Citrus tachibana (Makino) Tanaka 9). T angerine (M andarin) , Citrus reticulata Blanco 10). T angor , Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis 11). Trifoliate orange , Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. And varieties and/or hyb rid s of these S ubgroup 1 0 B: Lemon/Lime S ubgroup 10B (rep crop: Lemon or lime) 1). Australian desert - l ime , Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swingle 2 ). Australian finger- lime , Microcitrus australasica (F. Muell.) Swingle 3 ). Australian round - lime , Microcitrus australis (A. Cunn. ex Mudie) Swingle 4 ). Brown River finger lime , Microcitrus papuana Winters 5 ). K umquat , Fortunella spp. 6 ). L emon , Citrus limon (L .) Burm. f. 7 ). Lime , Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 8 ). Mount White lime , Microcitrus garrowayae (F. M. Bailey) Swingle4

4 9 ). New Guinea wild lime , Microcitrus warburgiana (F. M. Bailey) Tanaka 10 . Russell River- lime , Microcitrus inodora (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 11).Sweet l ime , Citrus limetta Risso 1 2 ). Tahiti Lime , Citrus latifolia Tan. And varieties and/or hyb rid s of these S ubgroup 1 0 C: Grapefruit S ubgroup 10 C (rep crop: Grapefruit) 1). Grapefr

uit , Citrus x paradisi Macfad. 2). Japanese summer grapefruit, Citrus natsudaidai Hayata 3). P ummelo , Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. 4 ). Tangelo , Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H.E. Moore And varieties and/or hyb rid s of these 5. Delete the Citrus fruits Commodity Definition and revise the Tangerines Definition in 40 CFR 180.1 ( g ), and establish Commodity Definitions for Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, and Orange as described below: 1). Grapefruit Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Grapefruit apply to the following commodities : Grapefruit , Japanese summer grapefruit; Pummelo, Tangelo, and varieties and/or hyb rid s of these. 2). L emon Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Lemon appl y to the following commodities : Australian desert - lime , Australian finger - lime , Australian round- lime , Brown River finger lime , Calamondin, Kumquats, Lemon, Lime, Mount White lime , New Guinea wild lime , Russell Riverlime , Sweet lime, Tahiti Lime , and varieties and/or hy brid s of these. 3). Lime Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Lime appl y to the following commodities : Australian desert - lime , Australian finger- lime , Australian round- lime , Brown River finger lime , Kumquats, Lemon, Lime, Mount White lime , New Guinea wild lime , Russell River lime , Sweet lime, Tahiti Lime , and varieties and/or hy brid s of these. 4). Orange Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on O range appl y to the following commodities : Calamondin, Citrus citron, Mediterranean mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, Sour oranges, Sweet oranges, T achibana orange , Tangerine (Mandarin) , Tangor, Trifoliate orange, and varieties and/or hy brid s of these. 5). Tang erines Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Tangerine appl y to the following commodities : Tangerines (Mandarins or Mandarin oranges), Mediterranean mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, and varieties and/or hy brid s of th ese.5

5 Each of these proposals will be reviewed in the following anal ys is: BACKGROUND : The current established Crop Group 10, Citrus fruits Group in 40 CFR 180.41 include 12 Citrus and Fortunella commodity entries in the botanical family of R utaceae (4 0CFR40 Part 180.41(10), May 17, 1995 . Three representative commodities for this group are sweet orange, lemon, and grapefruit. There are also two Crop Definitions in 40 CFR 180.1 ( g ), Citrus fruits and Tangerines, which include commodities and their hy brids within the Citrus Fruits Group. The Citrus Fruits Group and the two crop definitions have been successful in establishing several tolerances on citrus fruits. Since this group was established in 1995, the world production of citrus fruits has increased. Based on FAO agriculture statistics, the total hectare for citrus fruits has increased by over one million hectares from 1 995 to 7,605,363 in 2005 and the total production has increased from 93,799,450 Mt (metric ton) in 1995 to 105,431,984 Mt in 2 005 as the world total (FAO 200 5, see Table 5 ) . Some “minor” citrus fruit commodities have also become more popular today than they were 10 ye ars ago. There are several “orphan citrus crops” grown commercially , cultivated in small scale or harvested wild , and are sold and consumed in the U.S. and/or other regions or countries. Many of these are economically important, or have great potential to be grown in larger scale in the future due to their nutritional value and increased market demand. It is important to update this crop group to include commodities that recognized by growers, researchers and market experts. Without doubt the inclusion of these commodities in crop groups will benefit growers and consumers, save time and tax payer’s money on residue studies, save time and money for government agencies to review residue data, and facilitate the establishment of import tolerances. During the USDA/IR- 4 Crop Grouping S ymposium in Washington, DC, October 2002 , the Oilseeds Workgroup , Chaired by IR- 4 Coordinator Michael Braverman and Co - Chaired b y Nancy

Dodd, William Donovan, Maria Rodriquez, and Jonathan Crane, University

of Florida and Edith Lurvey , IR - 4 recommended adding over 20 citrus fruit commodities to the citrus fruit group . The recommendations from the Symposium was further discussed and developed within the Citrus Fruit Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC), which consists of more than 200 U.S. and international crop or regulatory experts from agriculture commodity groups, universities, agrichemical industry, IR- 4 Project, and regulatory agencies representing over 4 0 countries. Another important aspect is the harmonization with the Codex crop classification. The Codex Classification of foods and animal fe eds for Citrus Fruits Group is also undergoing revision. The IR- 4/EPA Crop Grouping Working Group and the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) are making every effort to collaborate with the revision of the Codex crop classification (s ee Table 28 for citrus fruits crop groups established by Codex, proposed by

this petition, and listed by EU regulation.6

6 This IR- 4 his petition proposes “Citrus fruits Group 10” with 2 7 commodity entries. Besides the commodities in the genera Citrus and Fortunella , s everal commodities in genera Eremocitrus , Microcitrus , and Poncirus have also been included. Comparing with many other crop groups, commodities in this group are all closely related as they

are all in the same botanical family and share simi lar morphological and cultural characteristics. Commodities and their varieties , cultivars and/or hy brid s proposed in this group have included all the commodities in the Codex Classification of Citrus Fruits Group and EU Crop List of Citrus Fruits with several additions. Commodity

entry “Citrus fruits” has been deleted from the group since it is rather a collective name of many citrus fruit commodities instead a specific commodity entry . Representative commodities selected for this crop group, orange or tangerine/mandarin, lemon or lime, and grapefruit , are revised from the existing citrus crop group, and are comparable with the commodities that the subgroups are based on in Codex C itrus Fruits Group, and MRL consideration are based on in EU List. In the EU Crop List of Regulation oranges and mandarins are also listed as representative crop s large and small citrus fruit s , respectively

(Muller 2006a). The expanded Citrus Fruits Group and the representative commodities proposed in this petition would facil itate the harmonization of the US and the Codex crop classification systems. RECOMMENDATIONS: Each of the f

ive proposals and recommendations will be discussed below, followed by a series of other recommendations on terminology, database development, and harmonization with CODEX. The EPA would like to commend the valuable and high quality input of the ICGCC, all its members, and the Workgroup Chairperson Dr Hong Chen, as well as Dr. Yuen - Shaung , Biologist and Jessie Cordova, In formation Technical Spec ialist, EPA for their input and development of various databases in this report and Dr. Paul Schwartz, USDA, Office of Minor Use Pesticides for his advice and peer review . IR- 4 Proposal 1: 1. “Amend the name of the crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (1 0 ) f rom “Crop Group 10, Citrus Fruits Group ( Citrus spp. , Fortunella spp. )”, to “Crop Group 10, Citrus Fruits Group”. HED Recommendation for Proposal 1: I recommend that ChemSAC concur to amend the Crop Group Regulation [40 CFR 180.41 (c) (10) ] to revise the name of the Citrus fruit crop group to delete references to Citrus spp . and Fortunella spp.7

7 IR- 4 Proposal 2 : 2. “Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (10) that consists of the following 12 commodity

entries: ” 1. Calamondin , Citrus mitis x Citrofortunella mitts 2. C itrus citron , Citrus medica 3. C itrus hy

brids , Citrus spp. [includes chironja, tangelo, tangor] 4. Grapefruit , Citrus paradisi 5. K umquat , Fortunella spp. 6. Lemon , Citrus jambhiri , Citrus limon 7. Lim e , Citrus aurantiifolia 8. Mandarin (tangerine) , Citrus reticulata 9. O range, sour , Citrus aurantium 10. O range, sweet , Citrus sinensis 11. P ummelo , Citrus grandis , Citrus maxima 12. Satsuma mandarin , Citrus unshiu To an expanded crop group that consists of the following 2 8 commodity entries with updated scientific names : 1. Australian desert lime , Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swingle 2. Australian finger lime , Microcitrus australasica (F. Muell.) Swingle 3. Australian round lime , Microcitrus australis (A. Cunn. ex Mudie) Swingle 4. Brown River finger lime , Microcitrus papuana Winters 5. Calamondin , Citrus madurensis Lour. 6. C itron , Citrus medica L. 7. C itrus hy

brids , Citrus spp. , Eremocitrus spp., Fortunella spp. , Microcitrus spp., and Poncirus spp. 8. Grapefruit , Citrus x paradisi Macfad. 9. Japanese summer grapefruit, Citrus natsudaidai Hayata 10. K umquat , Fortunella spp. 11. L emon , Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 12. L ime , Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 13. Mediterranean Mandarin , Citrus nobilis L oureiro var. deliciosa S wingl e 14. Mount White lime , Microcitrus garrowayae (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 15. New Guinea wild lime , Microcitrus warburgiana (F. M. Bailey) Tanaka 16. O range, sour , Citrus aurantium L. 17. O range, sweet , Citrus sinensis (L .) Osbeck 18. P ummelo , Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. 19. R ussell River lime , Microcitrus inodora (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 20. Satsuma mandarin , Citrus unshiu Marcow. 21. Sweet lime, Citrus limetta Risso8

8 22. T achibana orange , Citrus tachibana (Makino) Tanaka 23. Tahiti Lime , Citrus latifolia Tan. 24. Tangelo , Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H.E. Moore 25. T angerine (M andarin) , Citrus reticulata Blanco 26. T angor

, Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis 27. Trifoliate orange , Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. 28. Uniq fruit, Citrus aurantium Tangelo group And varieties , cultivars and/or hy brid s of these HED Recommendation for Proposal 2: Based on similarities and characteristics of the Rutaceae or Rue plant family which includes all the citrus fruits, cultural practices, edible food and animal feed portions, residue levels, geographical location, pest problems, established tolerances, and for international harmonization purposes, I recommend that ChemSAC concur to amend the Citrus Crop Group 10 from twelve commodities to 2 8 commodities with the inclusion of Uniq fruit, which is a cross between tangerine and pummelo also called U gli® fruit mostly imported from Jamaica . A comparison of established tolerances on citrus fruit oilseed commodities also supports that residue levels will be similar between members of the crop group and subgroups (See Tables 1 9 , 20 , 2 1, and 22). The common name for Citrus citron should be changed to Citron to simplify its tolerance expression. The scientific name for C itrus hy brids , Citrus spp. and Fortunella spp . should be revised to include the following genus: Citrus hy brids, Citrus spp. , Eremocitrus spp., Fortunella spp ., Microcitrus spp., and Poncirus spp. Also, varieties and/or hybrids of these should be changed to, “varieties, cultivars and hybrids , of these commodities ” to avoid all confusion with terminology regarding whether they

are varieties cultivars or hy brids of citrus . IR- 4 Proposal 3: 3. “Amend the representative commodities from the current crop group which are sweet orange, lemon, and grapefruit to orange or tangerine/mandarin, lemon or lime, and grapef ruit in the proposed expanded group: ” . HED Recommendation for Proposal 3: I recommend Chem SAC concur to adopt orange or tangerine/mandarin, lemon or lime, and grapefruit as the representative commodities for the amended Citrus Fruit Crop Group 1 0. The se three representative commodities account for > 99 % of the harvested acres for the members of the amended Citrus Fruit Group. The representative commodities are based on similarities in fruit and cultural practices and geographical locations , as well a s their high production (both acres and yield) and consumption.9

9 IR- 4 Proposal 4 : 4. “ Establish the following three new subgroups under the Citrus fruit group as follows: S ubgroup 1 0 A: Orange S ubgroup 1 0 A (rep crop s : Orange or tangerine/mandarin) 1). Calamondin , Citrus madurensis Lour. 2). C itrus citron , Citrus medica L. 3). C itrus hy

brids , Citrus spp. and Fortunella spp. 4) . Mediterranean Mandarin , Citrus nobilis Loureiro var. deliciosa S wingle 5). O range, sour , Citrus aurantium L. 6). O range, sweet , Citrus sinensis (L .) Osbeck 7). Satsuma mandarin , Citrus unshiu Marcow. 8). T achibana orange , Citrus tachibana (Makino) Tanaka 9). T angerine (M andarin) , Citrus reticulata Blanco 10). T angor , Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis 11). Tri foliate orange , Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. And varieties and/or hyb rid s of these S ubgroup 1 0 B: Lemon/Lime S ubgroup 10B (rep crop: Lemon or lime) 1). Australian desert lime , Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swingle 2 ). Australian finger lime , Microcitrus australasica (F. Muell.) Swingle 3 ). Australian round lime , Microcitrus australis (A. Cunn. ex Mudie) Swingle 4 ). Brown River finger lime , Microcitrus papuana Winters 5 ). K umquat , Fortunella spp. 6 ). L emon , Citrus limon (L .) Burm. f. 7 ). Lime , Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 8 ). Mount White lime , Microcitrus garrowayae (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 9 ). New Guinea wild lime , Microcitrus warburgiana (F. M. Bailey) Tanaka 1 0 ). Russell River- lime , Microcitrus inodora (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 11). Sweet lime, Citrus limetta Risso 1 2 ). Tahiti Lime , Citrus latifolia Tan. And varieties and/or hyb rid s of these S ubgroup 1 0 C: Grapefruit S ubgroup 10 C (rep crop: Grapefruit) 1). Grapefruit , Citrus x paradisi Macfad. 2). Japanese summer grapefruit, Citrus natsudaida i Hayata 3). P ummelo , Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. 4 ). Tangelo , Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H.E. Moore 5) Uniq fruit, Citrus aurantium Tangelo group And varieties and/or hyb rid s of these ”10

10 HED Recommendation for Proposal 4A
– Orange subgroup 1 0A: I recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish three new subgroups, and the first subgroup will be the Orange subgroup 1 0A with orange or tangerine/mandarin being the representative commodity. This subgroup is based on the botanicall y recognized horticultural group which combines the oranges and includes the sweet orange typ es that are the most commonly grown citrus in the world as well as the tangerines or mandarins that have over 100 cultivars and are increasing in popularity because they are eas y to peel and eat out of hand and some are processed into juice. They are very similar to the sweet oranges. They are also likely

to have similar pest problems. This sub group will include the seedless mandarin like clementines and various tangerine hybrids such a s tangor a hybrid of mandarin and orange (‘Murcott’) and tangelos which are hyb rids of mandarin and grapefruit (‘Minneola’). The twelve members of this subgroup will include: Calamondin , C itron , C itrus hy brids , Mediterranean Mandarin , O range, sour , O ran ge, sweet , Satsuma mandarin , T achibana orange , Tangelo, T angerine (M andarin) , T angor , Trifoliate orange , and varieties , cultivars, and/or hy brid s of these crops. HED Recommendation for Proposal 4 B

– Lemon/Lime S ubgroup 10B : I recommend that ChemSAC co ncur to establish the second new subgroup , which will be the Lemon/lime subgroup 10B, with lemon or lime being the representative commodity . This second Crop subgroup is based on the recognized horticultural group that includes lemons and limes. Lemons are widely used for their acid juice content, slices and for processing into juices. Limes have a distinctive flavor and aroma and are small fruited such as the Key

lime or large fruited types such as Tahiti lime that are marketed as fresh seedless fruit. The Key limes are small, round, and seedy, and turn yellow under Mediterranean conditions , while the Tahiti limes are larger, green, and shaped like lemons. The sweet limes are not as popular because they lack a distinctive taste. The EPA Crop Production Regions reported in the OPPTS 860.1000 Residue Chemistry

Guidelines are Region 3 and 10 with most of the acreage in Region 3. However, due to Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , citrus greening, and citrus canker the lime and lemon industries in Florida has practicall y disappeared and production statistics in Florida for lemons and limes has not been reported since 2002. There are less than 800 acres of lemons and limes left in Florida.11

11 The twelve commodities in this subgroup will be Australian desert lime , Australian finger lime , Australian round lime , Brown River finger lime , K umquat , L emon , L ime , Mount White lime , New Guinea wild lime , Russell River- lime , Sweet lime, Tahiti Lime , and varieties , cultivars, and/or hy brid s of these commodities. HED Re commendation for Proposal 4 C

– Grapefruit S ubgroup 10 C : I recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish the third new subgroup , which will be the Grapefruit subgroup 10C, with grapefruit being the representative commodity . The grapefruit are distinct enough based on size and use to be the made into a third subgroup. This third grapefruit subgroup is also based on a widely recognized horticultural class , which include several commodities that are group ed based on their rind or flesh colored pulp pigments. The common or white fleshed grapefruit have the ‘Marsh’ seedless as the main cultivar and ‘Duncan’ as the seeded variety and the pigmented varieties that are either pink or red fleshed is also seedless. Pummelo are also included in the grapefruit group and the pumme lo or shaddock species originates from Southeast Asia where it is as common as grapefruit is in the U . S . They are much larger and thicker-peeled than grapefruit, and have a milder flavor. Utilization of all these grapefruit citrus fruit crops is similar in that they are grown for their fresh fruit, juice, molasses, sy

rups, oil, essence, and marmalade. The representative commodity for this proposed subgroup is the grapefruit . Uniq fruit is also added since it is a distinct ty pe of grapefruit grown mostly

in Jamaica. Also, varieties and/or hybrids of these should be changed to, varieties, cultivars, of these commodities” will avoid all confusion with these terms , and the tangelo being a cross between tangerine and grapefruit will be added both to the Orange/tangerine subgroup 10A and the Grapefruit subgroup 10C. The five commodities in this subgroup will be Grapefruit, Japanese summer grapefruit, P ummelo , Tangelo , and Uniq fruit, and varieties , cultivars, and/or hy brid s of these commodities. IR- 4 Proposal 5 for Commodity Definitions : 5. In 40 CFR 180.1 (g) d elete the Citrus fruits Commodity Definition item 5a; and revise the Tangerine Definition item 5b, and establish new Commodity Definitions for Grapefruit ( 5c ) ; Lemon ( 5d) ; Lime ( 5e ) ; and Orange ( 5 f ) as described below: a). Citrus fruits Commodity Definition: Citrus fruits, Grapefruit, lemons, limes, tangelos, tangerines, citrus citron, kumquat and hy brids of these. b). Tangerines Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established fo r pesticide chemicals in or on Tangerine appl y to the following commodities : Tangerines (Mandarins or Mandarin oranges), Mediterranean mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, and varieties and/or hy brid s of these.12

12 c ) . Grapefruit Commodity Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Grapefruit appl y to the following commodities : Grapefruit , Japanese summer grapefruit; Pummelo, Tangelo, Uniq fruit, and varieties and/or hy brid s of these. ). d). L emon Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Lemon appl y to the following commodities : Australian desert lime , Australian finger lime , Australian round lime , Brown River finger lime , Calamondin, Kumquats, Lemon, Lime, Mount White lime , New Guinea wi ld lime , Russell River- lime , Sweet lime, Tahiti Lime , and varieties and/or hybrid s of these. e ). L ime Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Lime appl y to the following commodities : Australian desert lime , Australian finger lime , Australian round lime , Brown River finger lime , Kumquats, Lemon, Lime, Mount White lime , New Guinea wild lime , Russell River lime , Sweet lime, Tahiti Lime , and varieties and/or hyb rid s of these. f ). Orange Definition: Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on Orange appl y to the following commodities : Calamondin, Citrus citron, Mediterranean mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, Sour oranges, Sweet oranges, T achibana orange , Tangerine (Mandarin) , Tangor, Trifoliate o range, and varieties and/or hy brid s of these. HED Recommendation for Proposal 5 a Citrus Fruit Commodity Definition : a). Citrus fruits Grapefruit, lemons, limes, tangelos, tangerines, citrus citron, kumquat and hy

brids of these. I recommend ChemSAC reject the established commodity definition [ 40 CFR Part 180.1(g)] and proposed updated commodity definition for citrus fruits. It is essentially a repeat of the commodities in the Citrus fruit group 10, and while it may be useful for labeling citrus fruits is no longer a tolerance term, because we have an expanded citrus fruit group and several other commodity definitions such as tangerine are more specific to certain citrus. The term citrus fruits should not be used for setting a tolerance . HED Recom mendation for Proposal 5 b Tangerine Commodity Definition : I recommend establishing a revised Tangerine commodity definition under 40 CFR Part 180.1(g) as follows: Tangerine.................................. Tangerine (mandarin or mandarin orange), clementin e, Mediterranean mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, tangelo, tangor, and cultivars, varieties, or hy brids of tangerines with other fruits. This will help in clarifying what other citrus fruits the tangerine will cover .13

13 HED Recommendation for Proposal 5 c Grapefruit Commodity Definition: I recommend establishing a new a Grapefruit commodity definition under 40 CFR Part 180.1(g) as follows: Grapefruit..................................Grapefruit, Japanese summer grapefruit, pummelo , shaddock, tangelo, Uniq fruit, and cultivars, varieties, or hy brids of grapefruit with other fruits. This will also clarify

what commodities are covered by grapefruit tolerances and follows the EPA Commodity Reviewer’s Guide approved b y ChemSAC, 2006 . The inclusion of cultivars, varieties and hy brids will leave no doubt which specific related varieties are covered. HED Recommendation for Proposal 5 d Lemon Commodity Definition : I recommend establishing a Lemon commodity definition under 40 CFR Part 180.1(g) as follows: Lemon..................................Lemon, lime, and cultivars, varieties, or hyb rids of lemon with other fruits. This commodity

definition is mainly

to show lemons also can cover limes. The list of many

of the limes is not necessary for lemon be cause they are included in the lime commodity

definition. HED Recommendation for Proposal 5 e Lime Commodity Definition : I recommend establishing a Lime commodity definition under 40CFR Part 180.1(g) as follows: Lime.................................. Lime, Australian desert lime , Australian finger lime , Australian round lime , Brown River finger lime , lemon, Mount White lime , New Guinea wild lime , Russell River lime , S weet lime, Tahiti lime , and varieties and/or hy brid s of these l imes with other fruits.14

14 HED Recommendation for Proposal 5 f Orange Commodity Definition : I recommend establishing an Orange commodity definition under 40 CFR Part 180.1(g) as follows: Orange.................................Orange, sweet orange, sour orange, t achibana orange , tangelo, trif

oliate orange, and cultivars, varieties and/or hy brid s of these oranges with other fruits. Additional HED Recommendations/Conclusions: Recommendation 6: The ICGCC considered whether white sapote should be added to the Citrus fruit group 10 and decided it would be better placed in a Tropical fruit

– inedible peel group that will be considered at a future date. This will help harmonize with CODEX that classifies white sapote in the “Assorted tropical/subtropical fruits

– inedible peel.” The original review was conducted in 1998 (Schneider, 1998b) and included in the 2006 Reviewer’s guide . It will be removed from the next revision of the Reviewer’s Guide. Recommendation 7 : Guidance for HED SOP 99.6 - “Cla ssification of Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20, 1999, and HED SOP 2000.1

– “ Guidance for Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect the amendment to the Citrus fruit group 10. Recommendation 8 : Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the Citrus fruit crop group 1 0 and the three proposed subgrou ps ( Orange subgroup 1 0A; Lemon/lime subgroup 1 0B; and the Grapefruit subgroup 1 0 C) are discussed under the “Tolerance expression guidance section of this analysis. Recommendation 9 : The Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database prepared by Dr’s. Yuen - Shaung NG and B. A. Schneider, was updated on June 2006 and updated June, 2007 in Table 37 for the Citrus Fruit Group .15

15 Recommendation 10 : New lookup and preferred EPA terms for the members of the Citrus Fruit Crop Group are listed in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

section of this report and these terms should be added to the updated EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

website. ANALYSIS OF THE USDA IR- 4 PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH AN AMENDED CITRUS FUIT GROUP 10 BOTANICAL C HARACTERISTICS OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES: Citrus fruits are all members of the family Rutace ae . The family Rutaceae or Rue family has six subfamilies of which the orange family is contained in the Aurantioideae . Within this subfamily

is the tribe Citrina e of which there are three c losel y related genera, the Citrus , Fortunella , and the Poncirus . The genera Microcitrus and Eremocitrus are genera native from Australia. There are over 100 genera and 200 species in the Rutaceae family . Citrus fruits were first introduced into the U.S. in Florida by the Spanish explorers and colonists in the 16 th century . Citrus fruits are grown worldwide in arid subtropical and humid tropical areas with adequate moisture and suitable soils and lack of frost. The citrus is grown in a narrow region in the U.S. that extends from Northern California south into southern California; eastward through the low elevation areas of Arizona , into south ern Texas along the Gulf Coast and south through Florida. Many other countries like Japan, China, India, and Mexico have important local varieties that are important in their markets. The citrus fruit belt follows the equator and spreads on both side s at approximately

35° north latitude and 35 ° south latitude. Citrus fruits produced commerciall y in the U.S. are of 5 major and 3 minor kinds. Major kinds are lemon ( Citrus limon ), sweet orange ( C. sinensis ), Mandarin orange ( C. reticula ta ) , grapefruit ( C. x paradis i) , and the lime ( C. aurantiifolia ). Minor fruits are pummelo ( C. maxim a ) , sour or Seville orange ( C. aurantium ) , and the citron ( C. medica ). All are produced on relativel y small, evergreen trees or tall shrubs . Grapefruit trees are the largest, and limes the smallest stature trees of the group. Trees may reach 20

– 30 ft in height, but most cultivated trees are < 15 ft . Stems are often armed with long thorns, particularly the limes, and in all ty

pes when young. Leaves are relatively thick with winged petioles of various widths depending on species for example grapefruit has wide leaves and tangerine has narrow leaves. Citrus trees normally take four years before they can set fruit. All citrus are injured by winter temperatures below about 25 ° F. Ichang papeda is known as a subzero citrus ( Citrus ichangensis ) is known a s a most extraordinary plant which grows wild in southwestern China, reportedly surviving subzero temperatures. The fruit is oblong in shape, much like a lemon, with rough, pale orange rind and meaty flesh packed with seeds.16

16 Citrus can grow well in a wi de range of soils; however they are highl y sensitive to overly moist conditions. Citrus need grow best when the rainfall is at least 1200 mm. The leaves and the peel of the fruit contain oil vesicles. Most are trees or shrubs with evergreen leaves with white and fragrant flowers , and m ost cultivars are self -pollinated. Some are parthenocarpic (e.g., 'Tahiti' lime, and some Navel oranges and tangelos). Cross pollination is necessary only for some tangerines and tangerine hy brids . Citrus fruits range in size from 2.5 cm for calamondin or kumquats to more than 12 - 18 cm in diameter grapefruit or pummelo. The fruit of the c itrus are so important that they have received a special name - a hesperidium. A hesperidium is basically a leathery

rinded berry . This fruit is unique to six genera in the Rutaceae family . These genera are: Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus, Microcitrus , and Clymenia . The endocarp is the edible portion, divided into 8 - 18 segments or occasionally up to 18 for grapefruit and pummelo, 6 - 8 for trifoliate orange and 3

– 5 for kumquat that separated by thin septa, each containing up to 8 seeds, but usually onl y one. Seeds vary in number depending upon cultivar from zero to 40

– 50 for grapefruit. Citrus fruits are either seedy or seedless. Seedless are those citrus with < 2 seeds/fruit. Each segment is composed of juice vesicles ("pulp"), with long stalks attached to the outer wall, containing juice, which may vary from sweet to very

acid. The citrus fruits can range in size from < 2.5 cm for calamondin and kumquats to more than 12

– 18 cm diameter for grapefruit and up to 30 cm for pummelo and some citrons . Citrus fruits have three fundamental parts: the flavedo which is the external colored part of the peel, the albedo which is the white internal part of the peel, the pericarp containing the flavedo and albedo, and the pulp that is subdivided into segments and vesiacs that contain the juice and seeds called the endocarp (Figures 1 and 2). Most fruit peels are relativel y thick, c onsisting of a white, spongy endocarp, and with the surface epidermis containing numerous oil vesicles ( see Figure s 1 and 2 ). The fruit peel has many oil glands. The outer layer of the fruit is the rind or peel and includes the flavedo or epicarp as the outer colored portion, and the albedo the inner colorless or sometimes tinted like pink in grapefruit portion. The flavedo is rich in pigments (chloroplasts and chromoplasts) consists of the epicarp (a single layer), hy prodermis (first colorless layer under the epicarp), outer monocarp , and the oil glands. Both the hy podermis and monocarp layers contain essential oil glands. Oil glands range in size from 10 to 100 μm or more. The internal part of the rind is the albedo which ranges from 1

– 2 mm thick in some fruit such as the ‘ Honey ’ tangerine and a centimeter or thicker in grapefruit. This layer is attached to the flavedo layer. Pectin is manufactured from the albedo layer. Most citrus fruits rinds are considered inedible because of the oil content, except for kumquats which have a sweet rind and pulp. Citrus peel is also scraped in small amounts and added to some dishes to provide a zest. The approximate composition of an orange is shown in Table 1 below:17

17 T able 1. Approximate Composition of a n Orange. Component Percent Notes Juice 40 .0

– 50 .0 % Albedo 15 .0

– 20 .0 % Fiber 0.5

– 1.0 % Dry Matter 5.0

– 12.0 % Juice pH pH 3.5 The pH is due primaril y to the organic acid

– citrus acid . Considering citrus fruit grouping, th e size has the oranges as medium

– small to medium size, with tangerines being small to medium, the grapefruits medium large to large, the lemons medium - small, acid limes being very small to small, pummelos large to very large, citrons medium - large to very large. The size within these types can vary widely based on varietal differences. Figures 1 and 2. Cross Section of a Cit r us Fruit.18

18 CITRUS HYBRIDIZATION: All citrus fruits will cross or hy bridize with each other producing literall y hundreds of cultivars and hybrids . Many such crosses have been made b y plant breeders and some have originated b y chance. As a result, we now have in commerce Mandarin orange x grapefruit crosses called tangelos, sweet orange x Mandarin crosses called tangor , and others. A description of the citrus hy brids is in the ‘Comparison of Citrus Fruit Cultural Practice’ section of this report. There are also hyb rids among Citrus species and between Citrus, Eremocitrus, Microcitrus, and Poncirus or Fortunella , that have been produced either naturally

or through controlled breeding. A series of prefixes and suffixes is used to denote the parents of such hy brids: Some examples of citrus hybrids include: Cicitrange ( citrange x trifoliate o range) Citradia (sour orange x trifoliate orange) Citrandarin (tangerine × trifoliate orange) Citrangedin s (citrange × kumquat x calamondin) Citrangelo (citrange x grapefruit) Citrangequat (citrange × kumquat) Citrangeremos (citrange × Australian desert lime) Citrange (sweet orange × trifoliate orange) Citrangor (sweet orange × citrange) Citremon (trifoliate orange x lemon) Citrumelo (trifoliate orange x grapefruit) Citrumquat (trifoliate orange x kumquat)19

19 Eremolemon (Australian desert lime × lemon) Eremoradias (Australian desert lime × sour orange) Eremorange (Australian finger lime x × sweet orange) Faustrimedin (Australian finger lime x calamondin x kumquat) Lemonage (lemon × sweet orange) Lemondarin (lemon × mandarin) Lemonime (lemon × limes) Lemonquat (lemon x kumquat) Limequat (lime × kumquat) Orangelo (sweet orange x grapefruit) Orangequat (Satsuma orange x kumquat) Ortanique (tangelo x tangor) Procimequat (limequat x kumquat) Segentranges (trifoliate orange x sour orange ) Sydney hy brid (Australian finger lime x Australian desert lime ) Tangor (tangerine x sweet orange) Tangelo (tangerine x grapefruit) Tangtangelo (tangerine x tangelo) Tangelolo (tangerine x grapefruit)
HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE CITRUS: The citrus fruits are commonl y arranged into four separate groups for horticultural purposes based on fruit characteristics . These are: the (1) oranges; the (2) tangerines or mandarins; the (3) grapefruit and pummelo ; and the (4) common acid groups which include the citron, lemon and lime. They are marketed as fresh or desert fruits such as the sweet oranges, grapefruit, and tangerines, and as processed products such as juice, sy rups, candid, rind oil or essence. There is a wide range of citrus of regional or local significance that may have potential to become important commodities in trade seasonable . Also, considering citrus fruit grouping, the size of the fruit generall y has the oranges as medium

– small to medium size, with tangerines being small to medium, the grapefruits medium large to large, the lemons medium - small, acid limes being very small to small, pummel o to large to very large, citrons medium - large to very large. The size within these ty

pes can vary

widely based on varietal differences. Shapes of the citrus fruits vary

and range fro m round through subglobose and oblate to obovoid on one extreme and from broadly p yriform to ovoid , oblong, elliptical, and cylindrical on the other (See Figure 3 for the citrus fruit shapes). Oranges are usuall y round, tangerines are oblate, grapefruits and pummelos are subglobose, lemons are elliptical, and the limes oval, while citrons are highl y variable but mostly cylindrical and some pummelos may be py riform ( See Figure 3) .20

20 Figure 3. Citrus Fruit Shapes.

.

The first horticultural group is the oranges which includes the sweet orange ty pes that are the most commonly grown citrus in the world. The ‘ Valencia ’ is the main sweet orange cultivar grown worldwide. Navel oranges are also widely grown as a seedless orange and u sed for either fresh fruit or processing into juice. Blood or pigmented oranges are popular in Mediterranean countries for their flavor and rind, flesh, and juice pigments . The term "orange" is used rather loosely , sometimes for fruits that look like oranges but are not C. sinensis . Examples include: 'Temple' and ‘Page' oranges (tangerine hyb rids), Satsuma mandarin (a cold hardy variant of tangerine), and trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata ). The second horticultural group includes the tangerines or mandarins that have over 100 cultivars and are increasing in popularity because they

are eas y to peel eaten out of hand and some are processed into juice. They are very similar to the sweet oranges. This group includes the seedless Clementine and vari ous tangerine hy brids such as tangor a hy brid of mandarin and orange (‘Murcott’) and tangelos which are hy brids of mandarin and grapefruit (‘Minneola’ ).21

21 The third horticultural group includes lemons and limes. Lemons are widely used for their acid jui ce content, slices and for processing into juices. Limes have a distinctive flavor and aroma and are small fruited such as the Key lime or large fruited ty

pes such as Tahiti lime that are marketed as fresh seedless fruit. The Key limes are small, round, and seedy, and turn yellow under Mediterranean conditions , while the Tahiti limes are larger, green, and shaped like lemons. The sweet limes are not as popular because they lack a distinctive taste. Kumquats are also listed with lemons and limes were ori ginall y classified with citrus genus , but kumquats were then moved to their own genus ( Fortunella spp.) . They

are evergreen shrubs or small trees (8 - 15 ft), native to southern China, but can be grown around the world into subtropical areas. Unlike citr us fruits, the peel of the fruit is edible, and usually sweeter than the pulp. Citron is a lemon - like fruit that may be the original species of modern lemons and limes. The peel is very thick, and the white, spongy

portion of the peel is edible. The fourth horticultural group is the grapefruit which have several groups based on their rind or flesh colored pulp pigments. The common or white fleshed have the ‘Marsh’ seedless as the main cultivar and ‘Duncan’ as the seeded variety and the pigmented vari eties that are either pink or red fleshed are also seedless. Cultivars include “Flame’, ‘Star R uby ’, ‘Rio Red' , and ‘Ruby Red’. Pummelos are also included in the grapefruit group. This, the largest citrus fruit, is known in the western world mainly as the principal ancestor of the grapefruit

. Grapefruit is thought to be a hybrid of pummelo and sweet orange that occurred naturally somewhere in the Caribbean between the time of Columbus' voyages and its introduction to Florida in 1809. The pumme lo or shaddock species originates from Southeast Asia where it is as common as grapefruit is in the U . S . It is much larger and thicker-peeled than grapefruit, and has a milder flavor. The three proposed subgroups are b ased on the above four horticultural clas ses with the oranges and tangerines combined into one group and lemons and limes in another. The grapefruit are distinct enough based on size and use to be the third subgroup. Utilization of all these citrus fruit crops is similar in that they are grown for their fresh fruit, juice, molasses, s yrups, oil, essence, and marmalade. The representative commodities for the proposed subgroups are the same as the current crop group (sweet orange and lemon and grapefruit) except that choices are given for orange or tangerine and lemon or lime. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITRUS FRUIT CROPS Understanding how the citrus fruit crops grow and develop is a key part of developing a pest control strategy for optimum fruit yi eld and quality and a helpful reference f

or anal ys is of residue field trials by EPA scientists. Proper timing of pesticide applications, based on crop growth stage and pest growth cycle can improve a product’s efficacy and prevent crop injury

and yi eld losses. Pesticide labels often use crop growth stages and codes to identify when to appl y a pesticide. Some of the recognized growth stages for the citrus fruits are discussed in the below Table 2 as well as selected growth22

22 stages for pesticide spray schedules in Florida for insect pests (Table 3 ) and plant diseases ( T able 4) . Table 2. Selected Growth Stages of Citrus ( Citrus spp.). BBCH Identification Codes (Adapted from Agusti et al., 199 5 ). BBCH Code Principal Grow th Stage General Description 00 Sprouting/Bud development Dormancy: leaf and inflorescence buds undifferentiated, closed and covered by green scales . 0 1 Sprouting/Bud development Beginning of bud swelling. 09 Sprouting/Bud development Green leaf tips visible. 10 Leaf development First leaves separating: green scales open, leaves emerging. 11 Leaf development First leaves visible . 19 Leaf development First leaves fully expanded. 3 1 Shoot development Beginning of shoot growth; axes of developing shoots visible. 39 Shoot development Shoots about 90% of final length. 5 1 Inflorescence emergence Inflorescence buds swelling: buds closed , light green scales visible. 5 3 Inflorescence emergence Bud burst: scales separated floral tips visible. 55 Inflorescence emergence Flowers visible still closed (green bud). 56 Inflorescence emergence Flower petals elongating; sepals covering half corolla (white bud). 59 Inflorescence emergence Most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball. 60 Flowering F irst flowers open. 65 Flowering Full flowering, about 10% of flowers open. 69 Flowering End of flowering, all petals fallen. 71 Development of Fruit Fruit set, beginning of ovary grow th, beginning of fruitlets abscission. 72 Development of Fruit Green fruit surrounded by sepal crow n. 74 Development of Fruit Fruits about 40% of final size. 79 Development of Fruit Fruits about 90% of final size. 81 Maturity of fruit Beginning of final fruit coloring called color break. 8 3 Maturity of fruit Fruit ripe for picking, has not developed variety specific color. 89 Maturity of fruit Fruit ripe for consumption, fruit has ty pical taste and firmness, beginning of senescence and fruit abscission. 91 Senescence , beginning of dormancy Shoot growth complete; foliage fully green (91). 93 Senescence , beginning of dormancy Beginning of sene scence and abscission of older leaves. 97 Senescence , beginning of dormancy Winter dormancy period.23

23 Table 3. Selected Growth Stage Timing for Control of Insect Pests of Citrus ( Citrus spp.) for Pesticide Spray Schedules in Florida. (From Shipp , 2002 and Browning, 2007).

Timing Citrus Crop Comments Pre -bloom Jan.15 - Feb. 15 Satsuma Grapefruit Temple Valencia Round Oranges For control of spider mites and

rust mites. Post - Bloom Satsuma mandarin when 75% petals have fallen, other oranges when pea size. All citrus For control of scale, thrips, mealy bugs, mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Post - Bloom 80% petal fall All citrus For mite, leafminer, and thrips control. April All citrus Broadcast control for Fire ants when ants are actively

foraging. June 15 - July

15 All citrus For control of scale, thrips, mealy bugs, mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Aug. 14 - Sept. 15 All citrus For control of scale, thrips, mealy bugs, mites, aphids, and whiteflies. Oct. 15 - Nov. 15 All citrus For mite, lea fminer, and fire ant control.24

24 Table 4. Selected Growth Stage Timing for Control of Plant Disease Pests of Citrus ( Citrus spp.) for Pesticide Spray Schedules in Florida. (F rom Shipp, 2002, and Browning, 2007).

Time Citrus Crop Comments Pre -bloo m Satsuma Grapefruit Temple For control of Scab and

Melanose.. Bloom All citrus

Post - Bloom All citrus For control of Scab and Melanose. Do not use in full bloom or where shrimp or crawfish may

be affected. Make first application at pea - size fruit, and the second 14 - 21 days later. Time applications to follow rain, if possible. May require 200 - 300 gallons per acre for large trees. June 15

– July

15 All citrus For control of Scab and Melanose. Oct. 15

– Nov. 15 All citrus For control of Brown rot, apply foliar spray

when disease conditions develop . Soil Treatment All citrus, including new plantings and nursery stock Control of Phy

tophthora foot rot . Rate depends on tree size .

Climate and Soils Affect Citrus Adaptation to Certain Region s: Citrus fruits are adapted to a wide variety of soil types and conditions from almost pure sand in central Florida, to organic muck near the Everglades, to loamy, heavy, high pH soils in the San Joaquin V alley of California, tolerant of high or low pH and salinity . Citrus species generally

do not tolerate soil flooding for more than a few days without injury . In the United States citrus are grown in a narrow area from northern and southern California, east through the low elevation deserts of Arizona, into southern Texas, along the Gulf Coast and south into Florida. Most citrus perform best in subtropical climates,25

25 where there is a slight change of season but little or no chance of freezing weather. Cold hardiness is the major limiting factor for citrus production in subtropical areas. Flowers and fruit are killed at about 28° F. Leaves and stems are killed b y a few minutes at 20 °F - 2 8 °F , depending on stage of acclimation, species, and age of tissue. Cold hardiness varies with the following list from least to most cold- hardy: citron, lime, lemon, grapefruit and pummelo, most tangerine, sour orange, Satsuma mandarin , kumquat, and trifoliate orange. Flowering is induced following emergence from quiescence, and sometimes by

relief from drought. Most citrus are self pollinated and cross pollination is necessary for onl y some of the tangerines and tangerine hybrids. Internal and external quality differs greatly

between humid subtropical and Mediterranean climates with the temperature and humidity being the main environmental factors controlling quality. One change affects the thickness of the peel since they become thicker and have more pebbl y or rough texture in Mediterranean climates than in subtropical climates. The p eel color is best in Mediterran ean climates in California and Arizona due to cool winters enhancing chlorophyl l destruction and fewer pests that blemish the peel. The j uice content is higher in subtropical than Mediterranean climate , and the acid content is higher and sugar content generally

lower in Mediterranean than subtropical climates, due to warmer temperatures during ripening. Acids break down faster when the nights are warm, and warmer day

temperatures allow greater photosy nthesis. Therefore, the sugar: acid ratio is higher in Florida, and fruit is said to be richer in flavor. Within arid climates, rate of fruit maturation is faster in hot, desert areas of California and Arizona than in the cool er , coastal areas. On - tree storage is generall y better in Mediterranean than subtropical climates. ‘Valencia' oranges maintain color and quality well into the summer if left on trees in California, but not in Florida. U.S./NAFTA AND WORLD PRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CITRUS FRUIT COMMODITIES: Proposed members o f the citrus fruit crop group find widespread distribution throughout the world. Citrus fruits are the largest fruit crop produced in the world. Table 5 provides a list of the hectares and production in metric tons from various countries that are members of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) as countries that grow grapefruit, pummelo, lemon, lime, and oranges. Based on FAO agriculture statistics, the total hectare for citrus fruits has increased from 6,733,019 ha in 1995 to 7,60 5,363 in 2005 and the total production has increased from 93,799,450 Mt (metric ton) in 1995 to 105,431,984 Mt in 2005 as the world total (FAO 200 5, see Table 5 ) . Worldwide, the orange is b y far the most harvested citrus at 47% followed by lemon and limes at 10.6% and by grapefruit at 3.5%. The average yi elds in Mt/ha for the major citrus fruits is 13.96 for grapefruit, 15.5 for lemon, and 16.6 for oranges. In the Mediterranean climates in Spain, Ital y, and California, production of lemons dominates; whereas in the tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico, Brazil, and Florida lime production dominates . The United S tates has 5. 5 % of the total citrus hectares and about 9.8% of the total production (MT) and produces 13% of the orange world supply, 24% of the grapefruits and 5% of the lemons and limes.26

26 Table 5 . M ajor Citrus Fruits Production in 200 5 (FAO 2005; NAGASAWA 2006a, NAGASAWA 2006b) Countries/ regions Grapefruit &

Pomelos Lemons &

Limes Oranges Citrus fruits Total Africa 36,333 ha 1

463,373 M

t 2 51,512 ha

813,231 Mt 374,261 ha

5,030,211 Mt 1,392,117 ha

11,625,666 Mt C . America 18,381 ha

345,897 Mt 150,500 ha

2,039,067Mt 421,493 ha

5,101,231 Mt 631,386 ha

7,920,195 Mt NAFTA 63,000 ha

1,172,151 Mt 168,005 ha

2,570,390 Mt 630,000 ha

12,236,080 Mt 920,585 ha

16,792,611 Mt S. America 24,436 ha

359,412 Mt 157,366 ha

3,042,463 Mt 1,010,987 ha

20,418,307 Mt 1,342,477 ha

26,194,100 Mt Asia 101,721 ha

1,199,642 Mt 327,323 ha

4,320,033 Mt 1,133,860 ha

13,861,195 Mt 3,180,502 ha

37,146,921 Mt Australi a 800 ha

12,000 Mt 1,200 ha

35,000 Mt 22,000 ha

500,000 Mt 28,230 ha

643,000 Mt Europe 2,810 ha

50,200 Mt 74,285 Ha

1,467,035 Mt 263,280 ha

5,902,655 Mt 504,412 ha

10,237,513 Mt Japan 529 ha

10,086 T 285 ha

4,020 T 68,210 ha

1,298,557 Mt 81,100 ha

1,504 ,702 Mt New Zealand 7 0 ha

1,6 00 Mt 360 ha

3,700 Mt 600 ha

6,000 Mt 2,930 ha

29,800 Mt U.S. 50,000 ha

914,440 Mt 27,000 ha

745,500 Mt 300,000 ha

8,266,270 Mt 397,080 ha

10,317,200 Mt World Total 262,817 ha

3,667,862 Mt 806,008 ha

12,554,879 Mt 3,598,389 ha

59,858,474 Mt 7,605,363 ha

105,431,984 Mt In the U.S citrus fruits are widel y consumed with the per capita consumption in 2004 for the following citrus fruits reported as grapefruit at 7.9 lb (48% juice), lemon at 6.7 lbs of lemons (54% juice), lim e at 2.6 lb (28% juice) , oranges and temples at 78.8 lbs (86% as juice), and tangerines and tangelos at 3.9 lbs of tangerines (28% juice) . Citrus fruit juice consumption at single strength gallo n/capita/year include grapefruit at 0.24 gal, lemon at 0.14 g al, lime at 0.03 gal, and oranges at 5.4 gal (USDA ERS, 2005; Buzby , J., 2005) . Based on the USDA CSFII 1994

– 1996, 1998 survey , using two day individual consumption for determined oilseed consumption (g/day) is listed in Table 6 Americans derive about 26% of total Vitamin C from citrus fruits, the highest proportion from any single food group (Reiger, 2005). Per capita consumption of citrus is higher than any other fruit crop when juice and fresh consumption are combined. Consumption over the past 30 ye ars has been constant for most citrus fruits, except lime which has increased and grapefruit, which has decreased. The dietary value of the citrus fruits, per 100 gram edible portion is listed in Appendix I : Table s A

– E.

1 ha = hectare 2 Mt = Metric ton27

27 Table 6 . Consumption of the Citrus Fruits Based on USDA CSFII 1994
– 1996, 1998 survey . COMMODITY CONSUMPTION (g/day) Citron 0.0067 Citrus hy brids 0.045 Grapefruit 2.83 Grapefruit, juice 3.09 Lemon 0.27 Lemon, juice 2.26 Lemon, juice, bab yfood 0.00068 Lime 0.05 Lime, juice 0.41 Lime, juice, bab yfood 0.00006 Orange 6.60 Orange, juice 58.0 Orange, juice, bab yfood 0.026 Orange, peel 0.004 Tangerine 0.038 Tangerine, juice 0.16 IMPORTS/EXPORTS OF THE CITRUS FRUITS : Despite the U.S. being a major producer of c itrus fruit (Tables 5 and 7) s ignificant amounts of some of the citrus fruits are still imported. The amount of a commodity can vary widel y from year to year based on differences in U.S. production, weather effects, and consumer demand. The USDA Foreign Agriculture Trade Statistics (FATUS) reported that in 2005 over 4,322 MT of fresh tangerines were imported from other countries with Mexico accounting for 9 3 % and C hile for 6%. Mandarins as clementines were imported at over 90,641 MT with 69 . 5 from Spain, Republic of South Africa at 66%, 12% from Mexico, and 8.4% from Chile. Over 69,030 MT of fresh oranges were imported from Republic of South Africa at 4 1 %, Australia at 40 % and 1 6 % from Mexico. Over 279,300 MT of Tahiti limes were imported from Mexico at 98.6% and Guatemala at 0.6%. Greater than 99% of the grapefruit 1 , 403 MT imported in 2005 was from Mexico. Fresh lemons were imported from Chile at 58.8%, Mexico at 36.1% and Spain at 2.8% and totaled 34 ,651 MT. Over 97% of the fresh limes were importe d from Mexico at 2 7,838 MT. Over 76% of the grapefruit juice was imported from Mexico. Argentina and Mexico accounted for over 9 9 % of the imported lemon juice and Mexico accounted for over 9 2 % and Argentina for 7% of the imported lime juice. All importe d grapefruit juice was from Mexico in 2005. Over 1,200,000 kl of orange juice was imported f rom Brazil at 65 %, 17 % from Mexico, and 8 % each from Belize and Costa Rica.28

28 The U.S. is also a major exporter of citrus fruit commodities. For example, in 200 5 (USDA FATUS) approximately 44,368 MT of fresh temple orange s was exported with the Republic of Korea accounting for 39%, Japan for 19%, Taiwan for 10% and Hong Kong and Mexico both at 9%. Exports of lemons , limes , and grapefruit juice have not been repo rted since 2001. Mandarins were exported at over 6,700 MT to Republic of Korea at 49% and Canada at 40%. Over 12,800 MT of fresh Tangerines were exported with 63% to Canada and 3% to Japan. Exports of oranges at over 534,000 MT were to Canada at 32%, Republic of Korea at 19%, Japan at 14%, Hong Kong at 12% , and Peoples Republic of China at 6%. Grapefruits were e exported at over 256,309 MT to Japan at 44 %, Republic of Korea accounting for 17%, Canada at 14%, and France and the Netherlands at 7%, respec tively . Frozen orange juice concentrate was exported at more than 151,000 KL to the Netherlands, 18% to Belgium - Luxembourg, 13% to the Republic of Korea, and 8% to Japan. U.S. C ITRUS FRUIT PRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL PRODUCTION: Production in the U.S. is based on the USDA 200 6 Agricultural Statistics, FAO Statistics, 2005, USDA ERS 2005 Citrus Fruits 2005 Summary , USDA NASS Crop Production, 2006, and the U.S. Agricultural Census, 2002: According to the 2002 AgCensus citrus were grown on over 1,279 ,324A. The planted acreages for the citrus fruits in the United States are listed in Table 7. Orange and grapefruit acres account for 90% of the whole citrus fruit group. Oranges have the highest a creages at 998,871A or 78% of the total citrus group. Y ields of Florida frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) for 20 0 6 - 7 season was forecasted to be 1.58 gallons/box at 42° Brix. Florida produced all of the limes in the USA, but hurricane and plant disease damage has all but eliminated the Florida industry . Acreage estimates showed 1 , 000 acres in 2002 and less than 400 in 2003. The yi elds per acre of oranges averages 15,000 lb/A, grapefruit 16,700 lb/A, tangerine 10,600 lb/A, and lemon 13,500 lb/A . Maps showing the harvested acres of the major citrus fruit crops are found in Appendix I I , Figures 1 to 4 .29

29 Table 7 . U.S. Citrus Fruit Planted Acres in 2002 (AgCensus, 2002) and Domestic Production for 2006 (USDA NASS, 2006b) . CITRUS FRUIT PLANTED ACRES

(A) PERCENT OF TOTAL CITRUS ACREAGE D om estic Citrus Production (MT ) 2006 Orange 998,871 78.0 % 8, 101 ,1 6 0 Grapefruit 157,358 12.0 % 1, 117,650 Lemon 81,021 6.0 % 854,570 Tangerine (Mandarin) 31,419 2.0 % 378,300 Tangelo 14,534 1.0 % 57,150 Lime 1,491 0.1 % NR** TOTAL 1,279,324 99.0 % * Based on Food and Feed Crops of the United States and the USDA Agricultural Statistics, USDA NASS, 2006 , and USDA AGCENSUS, 2002 . ** NR

– Not Reported. The U.S. bearing acres and production utilization (fresh + processed) is shown in Table 8 for oranges, Table 9 for tangerines, Table 10 for grapefruits, Table 11 for lemons, and Table 1 2 for limes, and Table 1 3 for kumquats, respectivel y (USDA AGC ensus , 2002, NASS Crop Production, 2006 ) . Th e percent of the total produce sales for the citrus fruits sold in grocery store for the years 2004

– 2005 is shown in Table1 4 (The Packer, Fairchild, 2006). Table 8 . United States Orange Bearing Acres and Utilized Production
– 200 5
– 200 6 (USDA AGC ensu s , 2002, USDA AG STATISTICS, 2005 , USDA NASS, 2006 b ). Orange production includes early, midseason, and Navel varieties and also Valencia**. State Bearing Acres -

2002 Utilized Production

(1,000 boxes)* - 2006 - 2007 Percent of Utilized

Production AZ 5,804 350 0.2% CA 229,242 46,000 24.5 FL 680,327 140,000 74.4 LA 192 TX 9,313 1,780 0.9 Total 925, 635 A 188,130 * Net lb/box = AZ and CA

– 75; FL

– 90; and TX

– 85. ** Valencia accounts for 44 % of the total orange crop. Tangelo production (700,000 boxes) and temple oranges (1,000 are reported only for Florida.30

30 Table 9 . United States Tangerine Bearing Acres and Utilized Production
– 2005
– 2006 (USDA AGC ensus , 2002, USDA AG STATISTICS, 2005, USDA NASS, 2006b) . State Bearing Acres Utilized Production (1,000 boxes)* - 2006

– 2007 Percent of

Utilized Production AZ 2,605 400 5 % CA 7,087 3,800 43 FL 19,025 4,600 52 HI 51 LA 113 TX 158 Total 29,040 A 8,800 * Net lb/box = AZ and CA

– 75; FL

– 95. Table 10 . United States Grapefruit Bearing Acres and Utilized Production
– 2005
– 2006 (USDA AGC ensus , 2002, USDA AG STATISTICS, 2005, USDA NASS, 2006b). State Bearing Acres Utilized Production (1,000 boxes)* - 2006

– 2007 Percent of Utilized Production AZ - 100 0.3 % CA 14,541 5,700 14.8 FL 113,929 26,000** 67.5 TX 18,966 6,700 17.4 Total 149,416 A 38,500 * Net lb/box = AZ and CA

– 67; FL

– 85; and TX

– 80. ** FL production for colored seedless is 17,0 00 boxes and white seedless is 9,000 boxes. Table 11 . United States Lemon Bearing Acres and Utilized Production
– 2005
– 2006 (USDA AGC ensus , 2002, USDA AG STATISTICS, 2005, USDA NASS, 2006b). State Bearing Acres Utilized Production (1,000 boxes)* - 2006

– 2007 Percent of Utilized

Production AZ 14,721 2,800 12 % CA 57,675 19,700 88 FL 762 TX 84 Total 73,275 22,500 * Net lb/box is 76.31

31 Table 1 2 . United States Lime Bearing Acres
– 2002
– 2003 (USDA AG STATISTICS, 2005). State Bearing Acres Percent of Bearing Acres CA 494 39.0 % FL 644 51.0 Total 1258 A
Table 1 3 . United States Kumquat Be a ring Acres
– 2002
– 2003 (USDA AG STATISTICS, 2005). State Bearing Acres Percent of Bearing Acres CA 116 61 % FL 73 39 % Total 189 A Table 1 4 . T he Packer (Fairchild, 2006) list the percent of the total grocery store produce sales for the citrus fruits sold for the years 2004
– 2005 . Commodity Percent of Total

Produce Sales - 2004 Percent of

Total Produce Sales - 2 005 Notes Citrus specialties 0.1 0.1 In cludes Tangelo, tangerine, Satsuma mandarin, Clementine, M inneola , temple orange, honey and murcott orange . Grapefruit 0.7 0.6 In cludes white, pink, and red varieties. Lemon 0.9 1.0 Lime 0.6 0.6 Orange 2.5 2.532

32 Specific Citrus Fruit Crop Production: Australian desert lim e : The Australian desert lime is native to Australia. It is a true citrus, with blue - gre y leaves and prickles along the branches. These l imes are common in the southern and western Darling Downs, especiall y in Brigalow, or cleared Brigalow C ounty . Limes also grow further west, e . g ., in the Longreach, Blackall and Tambo districts where they are often found along creek lines and on slightl y scalded country areas . Australian fing er lime: The Australian finger lime is native to Australia and is found wild as an understorey shrub in the Australian rainforests of Queensland and northern New South Wales. It grows naturall y in heavy shade in areas of high rainfall, but also appears at the edge of cleared forest where there is more sunlight . Australian round lime : The Australian round lime is n ative to Australia and occurs as a shrub or tall narrow tree, with gloss y, dark- green leaves, on the more open and drier rainforest margins o f southeast Queensland, from Brisbane northwards. Brown River finger lime : The brown river finger lime is native to tropical A sia . It is a curious citrus - like shrub growing naturall y i n the transition area between eucal yptus savanna and tropical rainf orest at the Forestry

Station, Brown River, and Central District, Papua New Guinea . Calamondin : The Calamondin is widely grown in India and throughout southern Asia and Malaysia and an important c itrus juice source in the Philippine I slands. It is als o grown in California and Arizona and popular in Florida and Texas Citron: This citron is a citrus fruit in which the peel or rind makes up most of the fruit volume. The origin is unknown but seeds were found in Mesopotamian excavations dating back to 40 00 B.C. The Etrog, used by Jewish people in rites of the Feast of the Tabernacles, is a small citron a little larger than lemons. Commercial citron culture and processing began in California in 1880. In the U.S. there were 1,018 acres with 1,514 tons from Puerto Rico and it is adapted to EPA Crop Production Region 13. Other production regions are in the Mediterranean region.33

33 Citrus hybrids : A number of citrus hyb rids, in addition to tangelos and calamondin are listed separately and have been develope d by plant breeding. These include Tangors which are a hy brid between Mandarin orange x sweet orange, and are generally intermediate in characteristics. Some of these other citrus hybrids are Citrange (sweet orange × trifoliate orange) and the orangelo ( sweet orange x grapefruit). Grapefruit : In 2006, about 1,117,650 metric tons were produced from 157,358 bearing acres (USDA NASS 2006). The top three grapefruit states reported Florida (1 1 3, 929 bearing acres), California (1 4,541 ), and Texas (1 8,966 ) ( Se e Table 10 ). The EPA Crop Production Regions are 3, 6 and 11. J apanese Summer Grapefruit : Japanese summer grapefruit is cultivated in India and Japan. There is no reported production yet in the U.S. Kum quat : Kumquats are believed native to China and in 1712 kumquats were included in a list of plants cultivated in Japan. They have been grown in Europe and North America since 1850 , mainly

as ornamental dooryard trees and as potted specimens in patios and greenhouses. They

are grown mainly

in Califo rnia, Florida and Texas and to a lesser extent in Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Surinam, Colombia and Brazil. There is limited cultivation in Australia and South Africa. Kumquats are small, citrus - like fruits, which will hy bridize readil y with citrus. The fruits are small and deepl y colored, produced on small, evergreen trees that are somewhat hardier than citrus. Fruit shape is round or distinctly oval, the latter being about 1 inch in diameter by 2 inches long. The rind is thin and edible, so the whole fruit may be eaten out of hand. In the United States, kumquats are grown mainly

in home gardens as ornamentals . F ortunella obovata is cultivated in SE China , it is also known as Fukushu kumquat, and sometimes ‘ Changshou ’ kumquat. The ‘ Fukushu ’ kumquat bear s edible round to obovate fruits, with an acidic pulp and a sweet rind. It is a relatively vigorous tree with more rounded leaves than other kumquats. Flowers are simple, white and very fragrant. The fruit is round to obovate
. F. p olyandra is native to Asia . The various kumquats are distinguished as botanical species rather than as cultivars. The following cultivars are those most utilized for food: 'Hong Kong' , or ‘ Hong Kong Wild ’ (

F. Hindsii Swing.), called chin chü, shan chin kan, and chin tou ; 'Mar umi' , or ‘ Round Kumquat ’ ( F. japonica Swing. s yn. Citrus maduremis Lour.) ; 'Meiwa' , or ‘ Large Round Kumquat ’ ( F. crassifolia Swing.), called ninpo or neiha kinkan ; 'Nagami' , or ‘ Oval Kumquat ’ ( F. margarita Swing.) . Kumquats are av ailable from November to March from Southern California and Florida . They are grown in EPA Field Trial Crop Production Regions 3 and 10.34

34 Lemon: The acidic lemons are the only type grown for commercial purposes in the U.S. and with ‘ Eureka ’ and ‘ Lisbon ’ cultivars in Californi a and Arizona. Florida grows the Sicilian ty

pes. The true home of the lemon is unknown, though some have linked it to northwestern India. In 2006 over 854,570 MT were produced on 81,021 A (USDA NASS, 2006). In 2006, the top two states reported as Calif ornia ( 57,675 bearing acres) and Arizona (14, 7 2 1 A) . Due to hurricanes and plant diseases, lemon acreage in Florida has declined from over 1986 A in 1986 to less than 800 A in 2002. The EPA Field Crop Production Regions are Region 3 and 10 with 97% of th e acreage in Region 10. Lime: EPA Crop Production Regions include Region 3 and 10 with most of the acreage in previously

grown in Region 3. Limes grow on relatively small, much branched citrus trees . Fruits are of several ty pes. The Mexican or Key lime is near round 1 to 2 inches diameter, with thin rind and acid pulp. Tahiti limes are larger, 2 to 21/2 inches diameter and usually

seedless. Lo w acid or sweet limes are available and grown in some countries, but rarely in the U.S. Limes have been crossed with other ty pes of citrus. Cultivars of Tahiti lime are ‘ Bearss ’ , ‘ Id emor ’ , and ‘ Pond ’ . Tahiti limes are harvested 8 to 12 times per year with the peak period July to September. The Tahiti lime is presumed to be a hy brid of the Mexican lime and citron. It is widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics, probable origin tropical Asia . The Mexican lime is native to the Indo - Malayan region. Largest importer of Tahiti limes is from Mexico. The tree, its foliage, and the form and size of the fruit resemble the Tahiti lime. Sweet lime is thought to be a hy b rid between lime (Mexican - ty pe), and a sweet lemon or sweet citron . Production in U.S. is l imited to culture in California , and other production regions are in West Indies, Central America, India , northern Vietnam, Mediterranean Region and tropical America . The onl y major EPA Field Crop Production Region is Region 10. The EPA Crop Production Regions were 3 and 10 with most of the acreage in Region 3. However, due to Hurricane Andrew in 1992, po or fruit prices, and trees lost to citrus canker the lime industry in Florida has practicall y disappeared and production statistics in Florida for limes has not been reported since 2002. Yields of limes were about 16,000 lb/A. Mediterranean m andarin : The Mediterranean mandarin is widely cultivated in subtropics, origin from cultivars in Ital y. It s principal importance is in the Mediterranean basin and it is classified as a tangerine. The fruit s are generall y small and seeded.35

35 Mount wh ite lime : The mount white lime is native to tropical Asia and Australia. The species is endemic to foothills and upland rainforest of the Cook District, Mt White on Cape York Peninsula in Australia and Goodenough Island in Papua New Guinea. Itgrows in deciduou s vine thickets as an under - storey s hrub and has been recorded at a height of 15 m. Due to its limited distribution, this species is now classified as rare and is protected under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act . New Guinea wild lime : The New Guinea wild lime is native to tropical Asia . This New Guinea species is very clearl y from the other species of Microcitrus , and this is the only species of the genus outside of Australia, and it occurs nearly a thousand miles away

from M. garrawayi , the Australian species of Microcitrus growing nearest to New Guinea Orange, sour: The sour orange is native to southeastern Asia. The sour orange was widely u sed as a rootstock for other varieties prior to the appearance of the Tristizia virus disease, which affects trees on this root stock. Itis still used in areas where Tristizia is not important. The Bergamot oranges are grown in Mediterranean areas for oil, belong in this group. They are not grown commercially in the U.S. There are no orchards of sour oran ge, but numerous plantings of a few trees serve as seed sources for rootstocks. The sour orange flourishes in subtropical, near- tropical climates, yet it can stand several degrees of frost for short periods. Generally it has considerable tolerance of adverse growing conditions. It is grown in EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 6, and 10. Orange, sweet: Sweet oranges are the most important of the subtropical citrus fruits . Although 73 varieties are recognized ( Reuther, 1967 ) the m ajor production in U.S. consists of six v arieties: ‘ Valencia ’ , ‘ Washington Navel ’ , ‘ Hamlin ’ , ‘ Parson Brown ’ , ‘ Pineapple and Temple ’ . ‘ Valencia ’ has few seeds is available from Florida, California, Arizona and Texas. Navel is seedless and available from Arizona, California, and Texas, ‘ Hamlin ’ is nearl y seedless and ‘ Pineapple ’ is seedy. Blood orange (pigmented orange or Sanguine orange) has few seeds with deep burgundy interior and available from California . Chinese navel oranges are also grown in California. The ‘ Jaff a’ or ‘ Sh amouti ’ is a popular eating sweet orange which is eas y to peel and has no navel and it is grown in the western U.S. In 2006 the total orange production in the U.S. was planted on 998,871 acres and produced 8,101,160 MT (USDA NASS). In 200 2 , the top four states for ‘ Navel ’ and ‘ Valenica ’ oranges were reported as Florida ( 680,327 bearing acres), California (229,242 A), Arizona ( 5,804 A) and Texas ( 9,313 A). Tangelos were produced on 14, 534 A. The sweet oranges are grown in the EPA Field Crop Production Regions 3, 6 and 10.36

36 Orange, t rifoliate The genus Poncirus is closely related to the citrus, but the small, thorny trees are not evergreen but deciduous. Trees are considered hardier than citrus. They will hy bridize with citrus, and such hy brids h ave been made in efforts to increase hardiness in edible citrus fruits. Poncirus is grown as an ornamental dooryard tree in areas too cold for citrus, and occasional trees may be maintained b y nurserymen as seed sources. Fruit appears valueless in the U. S., but can be used for flavoring or marmalade in other countries. The trifoliate orange is important as a rootstock for citrus, especiall y in Japan, although the fruit is scarcel y edible. It is used as a male parent in production of citrange (sweet oran ge x trifoliate orange) rootstocks. Ithas a deciduous habit in cooler areas, and can tolerate more freezing than any other citrus relative. It is native to northern China, and is grown as far north as Philadelphia in the E astern US . Pu mmelo: The pumm elo is an important fruit in the Orient, but only scattered trees are found in the United States. The pummelo is tropical or near- tropical and flourishes naturally at low altitudes close to the sea. It is native to southeastern Asia and all of Malaysia; grows wild on river banks in the Fiji and Friendl y Islands . The variety ‘ Tresca ’ is grown in Florida, where it is marketed as grapefruit. ‘ Oro blanco ’ is a cross between pummelo and grapefruit. Pummelos are available from California (mid- January through midFebruary). In 1995, almost 500 acres were produced in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The pummelos are grown in EPA Field Crop Production Regions 3 and 10. Russell river lime: The Russell river lime is native to Australia . Ithas a limited distribution in the north of Queensland, Australia, growing in lowland rainforest at the foot of the Bellenden Ker range, not far from Cairns. This new species of Citrus is well worthy of cultivation for its fruit, which is juicy

and of equal flavor with the West Indian Lime. Satsuma mandarin: Satsuma mandarin probably originated in Japan, it is widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics . This is one of the most important ty pes of citrus grown world - wide, especiall y in China and Japan. It is also produced in California from mid- October to January . It is commonl y called mikan in Japan, satsuma mandarin in the United States and the UK, and clementine or tangerine in Canada. Itis less commonly called satsuma tangerine or satsuma orange . The tree is believed to have originated from a mutation in Japan, recorded as earl y as 1429. In the UK, mikan are commonly eaten at Christmas. In Canada, they

are a popular snack at any time of the year, and fruit grown in Morocco are commonly

sold in supermarkets.37

37 Tachibana orange : The tachibana orange is native to Asia and is also grown in the U.S . and are adapted to the U.S. p lant hardiness zones 7

– 11. Tahiti lime : The Tahiti lime tree origin is still unknown, but it is presumed to be a hybrid of the Mexican lime and citron, or, less likely, the lemon . Florida had produce d over 90% of the national crop , but production has declined because of hurricane damage and devastating diseases . The Tahiti lime is hardier than the Mexican lime and better adapted to the mainland of Florida . Tangelo and Uniq Fruit : The tangelo is a hybrid produced b y crossing grapefruit and tangerine oranges. . Some cultivars are ‘ Minneola ’ ( ‘ Honey bell ’ ), ‘ Orlando ’ , ‘ Nova ’ , ‘ Earl y K ’ (Sunrise tangelo), and ‘ Sampon ’ . The ‘ Uni q’ or ‘ Ugli ®’ tangelo of Jamaica is believed to be a chance hybrid between mandarin orange and grapefruit. EPA Crop Production Region include s Region 3 and some in Region 10. Tangerine: Tangerines are characterized by a loose skin which separates readi ly from the pulp, and by segments which separate readily from each other. Tangerines are grown in all citrus areas of the U.S. Two main ty pes are grown in the U.S. are the Satsuma group, characterized b y a small tree hardier than other citrus, and earl y ripening fruit of ye llow or light orange color; and the tangerine group, characterized by deep orange color and later ripening. Some Satsuma plantings are along the Gulf States, in areas too cold for other citrus. ‘ Dancy ’ is the leading variety of Tangerine and Owari of Satsuma. About ten other varieties occur occasionally . Clementine is a cultivar of C. reticulata . Tangerine cultivars are ‘ Dancy ’ , ‘ Algerian ’ , ‘ Fairchild ’ , ‘ Honey ’ (Murcott), ‘ Robinson ’ , and ‘ Sunburst ’ . Mandarin cultivars are ‘ Royal mandarin ’ , ‘ Honey ’ , ‘ Satsuma ’ , ‘ Clementine ’ , and ‘ Kara ’ . The U.S. production in 2006 was 378,000 MT on 31,419 planted acres (USDA NASS, 2006). In2002 the t op 3 tangerine producing S tates were reported as Florida ( 19,025 bearing acres), California ( 7,087 A), and Arizona ( 2,605 A) . Tangerines are grown in EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 10 with 66% of the acreage in Region 3.38

38 Tangor: Tangors are deliberate or accidental hy brids of the mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ) and the sweet orange ( C. sinensis ) . Varieties include ' King ' (King of Siam) , it was believed to be originated in Malaya . They are most similar to tangerines. COMPARISON OF CITRUS FRUIT CULTURAL PRACTICES: General Planting Design, Training, and Pruning (adapt e d fro m Rieger, 2006 and USD A Crop Profiles, 2003 ) : In the nursery , citrus scions and rootstock are grafted together. A scion is the detached shoot or twig containing buds from a desired citrus tree, used in grafting. Since a plant produced from seed from any commercial citrus wi ll have a prolonged period of juvenility (eight to twelve years), commercial production is delayed since no flowers are produced. Consequently, since the 1800 ’ s, this juvenility has been overcome by

taking budwood from the desired scion and budding or grafting it into the stem of a young seedling of a different variety , the rootstock. Rootstock is selected for tolerance to pressures such as pests or cold, in addition to how well it influences the final tree’s vigor, size, and fruit quality . Citrus fruit trees are generally, small, spreading evergreen trees or small shrubs. The citrus orchards are usually in rectangular arrangements which eventuall y become tall hedge rows with the tree spacing ty picall y 20 x 25 ft for grapefruit and navel oranges , 15 x 20 ft for oranges and tangerines, and 12 - 15 x 18 - 20 ft for limes and smaller citrus cultivars. Tree densities vary from about 100 - 110 trees/acre for grapefruit, 87

– 116 trees/A for lemon, 290

– 294 tre es/A for kumquat, and 130 - 140 trees/acre for sw eet orange. A common spacing pattern for commercial citrus is 15 - feet square, which equates to 194 trees per acre. While spacing greater than this has been used historically , the recent trend has been toward higher density planting, even to the extent th at the mature tree canopies ultimatel y form a continuous hedgerow. Higher density plantings also maximize the use of land, water, and energy

. Bearing citrus trees are mechanically hedged to keep row middles open for harvesting operations and allow maximum light penetration. The trees are hedged and topped after harvest. They are topped to a height that allows pickers to access all fruit with 20 - foot ladders. Small branches from the hedging are left in row middles and eventuall y mulched into the soil. Hand pruning is only done after catastrophic incidents like a hurricane. Grapefruit trees are the largest in height and limes are the smallest. Very little training of the trees is needed. Young trees may be topped at 30 inches to induce branching, and stripped of trunk sprouts and suckers for the first 2 ye ars. They may be defruited for a ye ar or two to induce vegetative growth. Trees may reach 20 - 30 ft in39

39 nature but cultivated trees are maintained to less than 15 ft. At maturity, trees are mechanically

hedged and topped to form hedges about 12 ft tall and wide. Almost no hand pruning is done. M ature citrus orchards in Yuma, Arizona seen from the air look like parallel hedgerows . Grapefruit orchard s in the Indian River district of Florida are he dged and topped mechanicall y to control size. Specific Individual Citrus Cultural Practices: Australian desert lim e: The Australian desert lime is a true citrus, with blue - gre y l eaves and prickles along the branches. It is usually found growing on clay or heavy clay soils, often as clumps of short bushes up to 2

– 3 m in height. They are occasionally

found as single large trees to 5

– 6 m in height. Older trees have a weeping appearance and have few, or no, prickle . The fruit can be picked when still green, and has a pleasantl y refreshing and tangy taste. Desert lime fruit is extremely popular and becoming very well known within the bush food industry . The fruit is used in a variety of sauces and jams. Fruit is also used within restaurants. The plant has even been investigated overseas as a potential source of drought hardy rootstock for citrus trees. C . gracilis is a close relative of the native Australian citrus varieties formerl y classified as Microcitrus and Eremocitrus . Iswas described as armed straggling tree to 4 m high, often coppicing and suckering; bark crack s into irregular squares ; f lowers usually

solitary ; and the f

ruit are spherical and about 8 cm diameter . Australian finger lime : The Australian f

inger Lime is found wild as an under- storey shrub in the Australian rainforests of Queensland and northern New South Wales. Itgrows as a tall shrub or small tree naturally in heavy shade in areas of high rainfall, but also appears at the edge of cleared forest where there is more sunlight. The fruit is cylindrical, up to 10 cm long and can be green, yellow, red, purple or black when ripe. Oil seeps from the rind into the pulp, giving the fruit a very acidic flavor and lingering turpentine - like aftertaste. The pulp is usually

greenish yello w although there is a variety - Sanguinea - that is red fleshed. Unlike other citrus the Fingerlime flesh consists of tiny, slightly sticky globules, which burst open in the mouth. The taste is quite acidic and slightly lime - like. It s spiny foliage make s it an attractive Australian ornamental. Australian round lime : The Australian round lime oc curs as a shrub or tall narrow tree, with glossy, dark - green leaves, on the more open and drier rainforest margins of southeast Queensland . The round fruits, a

bout 2 cm to 5 cm in diameter have a thick, green to lemon - colored skin and pale green pulp. It looks very similar to a small, bumpy lime .40

40 Brown River finger lime : The brown river finger lime is a curious citrus - like shrub, growing naturally in the transition area between eucal yptus savanna and tropical rainforest s. The fruits are cylindrical , slightl y curved, abruptl y beaked at apex and abruptly narrowed at base, 5 - 8 cm long, 1.0 - 1.3 cm thick at broadest part, green to yellow at full maturity , 3 - 5 - c elled, each cell usually

containing 5 seeds . The brown river tree lime is a shrub ranging from 1 .0

– 2.4 m tall. It has been successfully grown in the U.S. Calamondin: The calamondin originated in China and was introduced into Florida around 1900 as an acid orange. It grows wild in Asia and the Philippines and closel y resembles the mandarin with its small, oblate shape and flattened or depressed ends. The calamondin is a small, slightl y oblate fruit, 3 - 3.5 cm long, and generally not more than 1 1/2 inches in diameter, with a deep orange color and weighs 17.2 g/fruit. The tree is relativel y hardy for a citrus and may reach 20 feet in height. It is rather widel y grown as an ornamental. Fruit is somewhat intermediate between the kumquat and tangerine and is orange red in color with 2

– 5 small seeds. Peel is tender , thin, and edible like the kumquat, and separates from the flesh like a tangerine when fully mature. The fruit makes an excellent marmalade, and an acceptable acid drink. The crop bloom s to maturity

in 8 to 12 months . The fruit may be made into marmalade or juice. Itis grown in EPA Production Region 10 . C itron: Th e citrus citron or citron is a citrus fruit in which the peel or rind makes up most of the fruit volume. The sweet or C orsican citron fruit is large and elliptical in shape with a diameter 3 to 5 inches, length 4 to 7 inches , and the rind about 1 inch thick. The acid citrons are similar in size, shape and rind thickness. The citron is borne by a s low growing shrub or smal l tree reaching 8 to 15 ft (2.4 - 4.5 m) high. The leaflets are evergreen, the flower buds are large and white or purplish, the fragrant flowers about 1 1/2 in (4 cm) wide pinkish or purplish on the outside, with 30 to 60 stamens. The fruit is fragrant, mostly

oblong, obovoid or oval but highly v ariable. Various shapes including smooth or rough fruits sometimes occur on the same branch. The Buddha hand is thought to be a mutant variety that flower carpels fuse ands resemble fingers. The p eel is ye llow when fully

ripe, usually

rough and bumpy

but sometimes smooth , mostly v ery thick, fleshy , tightly

clinging. Pulp pale - ye llow or greenish divided into as many as 14 or 15 segments, firm, not very j uicy, acid or sweet, containing numerous monoembryonic seed s. B loom to harvest takes 8 to 10 months. The citron tree blooms nearly all year, but mostly in spring and the spring blooms produce the major part of the crop. The citr us citron is highly

s ensitive to frost , and it does not enter winter dormancy a s early a s other Citrus species. Foliage and fruit easil y damaged by v ery intense heat and drought. Citron trees are grown readily f rom cuttings taken from branches 2 to 4 ye ars old and41

41 quickly buried deeply

in soil without defoliation. The trees begin to be ar when 3 ye ars old and reach peak production in 15 years; die in about 25 years. Citrus hybrids : A number of citrus hy

brids, in addition to tangelo , tangor, Uniq fruit, and calamondin listed separately , and have been developed by plant breeders . The se include (1) Tangors ( ‘ King Orange ’ , ‘ Tankan ’ mandarin) are : Mandarin orange x sweet orange, and are generall y intermediate in characteristics. Several varieties are grown to a limited extent. Temple, generall y listed as a sweet orange, is probably o f such parentage. (2) The citranges are crosses of trifoliate orange and sweet orange. Several varieties are in cultivation to a limited extent. The juice is tart, and makes an acceptable drink. Trees are hardier than lemons or limes. Fruit varies from > 2 1/2 inches in diameter, and is rather thin - skinned. (3) Citrangequats are crosses of citranges and kumquats. These trees are relatively hardy. Fruits are useful for drinks and marmalade. It is a trigenic hy brid cross between the trifoliate orange, sweet orange, and kumquat. In F lorida, it is grown as the ‘Thomasville’ variety. Iti s pear shaped, with a blaze - orange rind that is quite pebbly. The flesh is golden and seedy and it has a acidic flavor unless full y mature, when it becomes sweet enough for eating fresh. (4) Citrangedins are hy brids of citrange and calamondin. The one named variety is hardy , and suitable for culinary use. (5) Limequats (x citrofortunella sp.) are crosses of lime and kumquat, and resemble limes except they are much hardier. (6) Lemandarin ( Citrus limonia Osbeck) ( ‘ Rangpur ’ lime, Mandarin lime, ‘ Otaheite ’ orange) are crosses of lemon and tangerine. (7) Natsudaidai and small or medium sized tangelos are possibly cross of mandarin and shaddock. (8) Tangelolo is cross of grapefruit and tangelo. ( 9) Chironja is a cross of sweet orange and grapefruit as an orangelo which is sweeter than a grapefruit and grown in Puerto Rico. (10) Oro blanco is a cross of pummelo and grapefruit. ( 11) C alamondin is a cross of kumquat and tangerine. ( 12) Tangelos ( Citrus x tangelo J. W. In gram & H.E. Moore) (Uniq fruit, Ugli ® fruit) are a cross of grapefruit and tangerine , (13) Lemonquat is a cross between lemon and kumquat, and (14) Procime quat is a cross between the ‘ Eustic ’ limequat and the ‘ Hong Kong ’ kumquat. None of the above hy brids, except tangors, tangelos, Uniq fruit, calamondin, oro blanco, and chironja, are in commerce, but are useful for home gardens in areas too cold for other citrus. Citranges are important as rootstocks for other kinds of citrus. Some of the citrus have been discovered by breeders and som e have originated b y chance. As a result, we now have in commerce Mandarin orange x grapefruit crosses called tangelos, sweet orange x Mandarin crosses called tangor, and o thers. Grapefruit : Grapefruit is one of the important citrus fruits . The tree tends to be more vigorous than orange, especiall y when young, with larger and thicker leaves. In the earl y years of growing, the customary

citrus rootstocks were utilize d . Cultural method is similar to that of the orange except that wider spacing is necessary . Fruit is near round to oblate, 3 to 4 1/2 inches in diameter with a rather thick rind. Varieties may be seeded or seedless, and42

42 flesh may be white, red or pink. Fruit sets in small clusters on vigorous trees. Cultivars are Red type ( ‘ Henderson ’ , ‘ Ray ’ , ‘ Rio red ’ , ‘ Flame ’ , ‘ Star rub y ’ , ‘ Marsh ruby ’ ) and White ty pe (Marsh seedless). The grapefruit tree reaches 15 to 20 ft (4.5 - 6 m) or even 45 ft (13.7 m) with age, has a rounded top of spreading branches. The twigs normally bear short, supple thorns. The evergreen leaves are ovate. Flowers are white, 4 -petalled. The fruit is nearl y round or oblate to slightl y pear- shaped, 4 to 6 in (10 - 15 cm) wide with smoo th, finely

dotted peel, up to 3/8 in (1 cm) thick, pale - lemon, sometimes blushed with pink, and aromatic outwardl y; white, spongy and bitter inside. The center may be solid or semi - hollow. The pale - yellow, nearly whitish, or pink, or even deep - red pulp i s in 11 to 14 segments with thin, membranous, somewhat bitter walls , very juicy, acid to sweet - acid in flavor when fully ripe. While some fruits are seedless or nearly so, there may be up to 90 seeds about 1/2 in (1.25 cm) in length. Unlike those of the pummelo, grapefruit seeds are usually pol yembryonic. The number of fruits in a cluster varies greatl y; a dozen is unusual but there have been as many as 20. Grapefruit bloom to harvest varies from 8 to 14 months, depending on location. InFlorida, all c ommercial cultivars reach legal maturity in September or October if sprayed after blooming with lead arsenate to reduce acidity . Grapefruit yields range from 8,000 lb/A in Arizona to 38,000 lb/A in Florida. Japanese summer grapefruit : The Japanese summer grapefruit is cultivated mostly in India and Japan. Kum quat : Kumquats are small, citrus - like fruits that will hybridize readily with citrus, but are not now class ified botanically as citrus. The fruits are small and deepl y colored, produced on sm all, evergreen trees that are somewhat hardier than citrus. Fruit shape is round or distinctly

oval, the latter being about 1 inch in diameter by 2 inches long. Rind is thin and edible, so the whole fruit may be eaten out of hand. In the United States, kumquats are grown mainly in home gardens as ornamentals. Clusters of the highl y colored, attractive fruits are frequently placed in gift packages for the ornamental effect. A few trees may be found in citrus orchards, especially of growers catering to gift package trade. Whole fruits, except for seeds, are sometimes made into marmalade. F . obovata is cultivated in SE China , it is also known as Fukushu kumquat, and sometimes ‘ Changshou ’ kumquat. The ‘ Fukushu ’ kumquat bears edible round to obovate fruits, with an acidic pulp and a sweet rind. It is a relatively vigorous tree with more rounded leaves than other kumquats. Flowers are simple, white and very

fragrant. The fruit is round to obovate. F ortunella p olyandra is native to Asia. The various kumquats are distinguished as botanical species rather than as cultivars. The following are those most utilized for food: 'Hong Kong' , or ‘ Hong Kong Wild ’ (F. Hindsii Swing.), called chin chü, shan chin kan, and chin tou ; 'Marumi' , or ‘ Round Kumquat ’ (F. japonica S wing., s yn. Citrus maduremis Lour.) ; 'Meiwa' , or ‘ Large Round Kumquat ’ ( F. crassifolia Swing.), called ninpo or neiha kinkan ; 'Nagami' , or ‘ Oval Kumquat ’ ( F. margarita Swing.) . The kumquat tree is slow - growing, shrubb y, compact, 8 to 15 ft (2.4 - 4.5 m) tall, the branches light- green43

43 and angled when young, thornless or with a few spines. The apparentl y simple leaves are alternate, lanceolate, 3.25 - 8.6 cm long, dark- green, gloss y above, s weetly fragrant, white flowers are borne singl y or 1 to 4 together in the leaf axils. The fruit is oval - oblong or round, 1.6 - 4 cm wide; the edible peel is golden - yellow to reddish orange, with large, conspicuous oil glands, fleshy, thick, tightly clinging, the outer layer spicy, and the inner layer sweet; the pulp is s cant, in 3 to 6 segments, not very juicy, acid to subacid containing small seeds or sometimes none; they are green within. Kumquats are believed native to China. In 1712, kumquats were included in a list of plants cultivated in Japan. They have been gro wn in Europe and North America since the mid- 19th Century, mainl y as ornamental dooryard trees and as potted specimens in patios and greenhouses. They are grown mainly in California, Florida and Texas; to a lesser extent in Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Surinam , Colombia and Brazil. In South India, they can be grown only

at high elevations. There is limited cultivation in Australia and South Africa. Season: bloom to harvest: 8 to 10 months. Cultivation: As other kumquats, the ‘ Fukushu ’ kumquat should be relativel y frost hardy . It needs well - drained soil . G enerall y propagated b y cuttings, air layers, or grafted. Kumquats are available November to March in the marketplace and are grown in Southern California and Florida . Other production regions: Native to China, also grown in Central and South America and South India. Lemon: Lemons are one of the important acid citrus fruits. Y oung lemon trees grow rapidl y, and tend to be more spreading than oranges or grapefruit . Trees are slightly l ess hardy than oranges. Fruits are generall y oval in shape, about 2 1/4 inches in diameter and 2 1/2 to 4 3 /4 inches long. Most are picked when they reach a certain size and are still green in color. The peel is 6

– 10 mm thick with the pulp is pale - yellow and in 8

– 10 segments. They

m ay b e stored up to several months prior to marketing. Major harvest is during the spring months, while major demand is during mid and late summer. Acidic lemons are the only type grown for commercial purposes in the U.S. and with Eureka and Li sbon cultivars in California and Arizona. Florida grows the Sicilian ty pes of lemons ( ‘ Avon ’ , ‘ Harney ’ and ‘ Villofranco ’ ). The lemon prefers a soil pH ranging from 5.5

– 6.4. L emon trees are not adapted to mechanical harvesting. The true home of the lemon is unknown, though some have linked it to northwestern In dia. The tree reaches 10 to 20 ft (3 - 6 m) in height and usually has sharp thorns on the twigs. Leaves are alternate , mildly

f ragrant flowers may

b e solitary

o r there may

b e 2 or more c lustered in the leaf axils. B loom to harvest is from 9 to 14 months, depending on temperatures. Florida lemons were picked from mid- July to October for shipping fresh, and the balance in November was harvested for processing. The lemon is more sensitive to cold than the orange and less able to recover from cold injury . Inthe U.S. Florida lemon orchards are repeatedly de stroyed by

f reezes. Lemons are grown in both dry and humid atmospheres, the latter being a disadvantage mainl y in the processes of curing and storing. The lemon tree has the reputation of tolerating very i nfertile, very poor soil. The rough lemon is widely grown from seed. The 'Me ye r' lemon is easily reproduced by

rooting large cuttings in the nursery and planting them directly in the44

44 grove. They

f ruit 2 to 3 ye ars sooner than the budded trees and have a long life, remaining in full production for over 30 ye ars, perhaps much longer. Lemon trees should be spaced 25 ft (7.6 in) apart each way . One tree can produce 500

– 600 lemons a year. L emon yi elds range from 16,000 lb/A in Arizona to 32,000 lb/A in California. One thousand lemons yi eld between 1 - 2 lb oil , and l emon juice yi elds are from 6.7

– 8.6 % citric acid. Lime: Limes grow on relativel y small, much branched citrus tre es . Fruits are of several types. The Mexican or Key

lime fruit is near round to egg shaped 1 to 2 inches diameter, with thin rind and acid pulp. Tahiti limes are larger, 2 to 2 3⁄4 inches in length and 1 7/8

– 2 1⁄2 inches in diameter (4.7

– 6.3 cm) and usually seedless. Low acid or sweet limes are available and grown in some countries, but rarel y in the U.S. The lime is considered the most tropical of all the citrus fruits. Limes have been crossed with other ty pes of citrus to make hy

brids. Cultivars of ‘ Tahiti ’ lime are ‘ Bearss ’ , ‘ Idemor ’ , and ‘ Pond ’ . Tahiti limes are harvested 8 to 12 times per year with the peak period July

to September. The Tahiti lime is presumed to be a hyb rid of the Mexican lime and citron. Itis widel y cultivated in tropics and subtropics, probable origin tropical Asia . Lime groves are planted in rows 20

– 25 ft (6

– 3.7 m) apart and hedged to a width of 6

– 8 ft (2

– 3 m). The Mexican or Key lime is native to the Indo - Malayan region. The tree is exceedingl y vigorous , may be shrubby

or range from 6 1/2 to 13 ft (2 - 4 m) high, with many slender, spreading branches, and usually has numerous, very

sharp, auxiliary spines to 3/8 in (1 cm) long. The evergreen, alternate leaves are pleasantl y aromatic, densel y set . Faintly fragrant or scentless flowers white but purple - tinged when fresh, and 20 - 25 bundled white stamens with yellow anthers. The fruit, borne singly or in 2's or 3's (or sometimes large clusters), at the twig tips, is round, obovate, or slightly elliptical , 1 to 2 in (2.5 - 5 cm) in diameter . P eel is green and gloss y when immature, pale - yel low when ripe , somewhat rough to very smooth, 1/16 to 1/8 in (1.5 - 3 mm) thick . P ulp is greenish - yellow in 6 to 15 segments which do not readil y separate , aromatic, juicy, very aci d and flavorful, with few or many small seeds, green inside. The Tahiti lime can yi eld 400

– 3500 lb fruit/year, and good groves will produce 30,000

– 40,000 fruit/A/year. B loom to harvest: 9 months for Mexican limes ; 12 months for Tahiti lime ty

pe. See dlings will begin to fruit in 3 to 6 years and reach full production in 8 to 10 years. The Tahiti lime tree grows to 20 ft tall (5 m) but can be pruned to any size. The fruits ripen and fall 4 to 6 months after flowering. The key lime will drop off the tree when they ripen and do not have to be picked. Trees grown from air layers or cuttings tend to fruit the first year and then cease fruiting until they have attained some growth. On the Florida Keys, the trees produce some fruits more or less the ye ar around, but there are two main seasons

– May /June and November/December. The trees are best set 25 ft (7.5 m) apart each way , which allows for 70 trees per acre (28/ha). The EPA Crop Production Regions are 3 and 10 with most of the acreage in Region 3. However, due to Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and citrus canker the lime industry in Florida has practically disappeared and production statistics in Florida for limes has not been reported since 2002. Yields of limes at that time were about 16,000 lb/A.45

45 Lime, sweet: The sweet lime tree and its foliage, and the form and size of the fruit resemble the Tahiti lime. Sweet lime is thought to be a hy brid between lime (Mexican - ty pe), and a sweet lemon or sweet citron Itis p ropagated from cuttings. The EP A Crop Production Region 10 is the only

growing region for sweet limes in the U.S. Mediterranean mandarin : The Mediterranean mandarin is a small tree 2 - 6m in height; it has a rounded crown, frequentl y without thorns. The leaves are narrowly elliptical or lanceolate, 4

– 8 cm long and 1.5

– 4 cm wide and light green in color. The petioles have a very short wing. The flowers are white and fragrant. The fruits are small, 5 - 7.5 cm in diameter, with thin skin which comes off easil y; they are slightl y flattened and orange in color. Mount white lime: The mount white lime is native to tropical Asia and Australia. The species is endemic to the foothills and upland rainforest of the Cook District, Mt White on Cape York Peninsula in Australia and Goodenough Island in Papua New Guinea. It grows in deciduous vine thickets as an under- storey s hrub and has been recorded at a height of 15m. Due to its limited distribution, this species is now classified as rare and is protected under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992. Iti s similar to the finger lime, but has broader leaves. The flowers are single, auxiliary and the tree bears fruit from April to November. The fruits are also 'finger - shaped', with a green skin and greenish - white pulp on maturity . The fruit have fewer cells than the finger lime, a thicker skin (up to 2mm) containing large oil glands and weigh an average of 25g and re oblong in shape. Oil glands large, giving a tuberculose appearance to the fruits; ultimately these glands sink, and the fruit appears then to be lacunose; rind very thin; cells 4 or 5; pulp of a sharp agreeable acid; seeds 3 - angular, white, free, with more or less very s hort hairs, about 3 lines long and 2 lines thick in the center. New Guinea wild lime: The New Guine a wild lime has small globular fruits, the elongate - elliptical, crenulate leaves, and the narrowly subcrenulate - margined, very s hort petioles separate this New Guinea species very

c learly f rom the other species of Microcitrus . This is the only species of the genus outside of Australia, and it occurs nearl y a thousand miles away from M. garrawayi , the Australian species of Microcitrus growing nearest to New Guinea . The fruit has a deep green rind covers a pale green flesh and the interior pulp has several seeds. It has no individual segments . This is the only species of the genus Microcitrus outside of Australia.46

46 Orange, sour : The sour orange is similar to the sweet orange in tree and fruit appearance, but is characterized b y a very acid pulp and by a hollow axis or core in the fruit. Cut fruits and crushed leaves have a characteristic, very strong odor. Fruit is too acid for fresh use but is used for marmalade. Sour oranges are thought to be a hy bri d between the pummelo and the tangerine. The sour orange was widely used as a rootstock for other varieties prior to the appearance of the Tristizia virus disease, which affects trees on this stock. It is still used in areas where Tristizia is not important. The Bergamot oranges, grown in Mediterranean areas for oil, belong in this group. They are not grown commercially

in the U.S. There are no orchards of sour orange, but numerous plantings of a few trees serve as seed sources for rootstocks. Yuzu is a distinctive hy brid citrus fruit most likely a v ariety of bitter orange. It is one of the most coldresistant of the citrus fruits; it grows wild in Tibet and the interior of China. Itis cultivated on a small scale in parts of China and Japan. The yuzu tree bears fruit from late autumn, and the sight of ripe golden you suggests to the Japanese that winter is approaching. The fruit is the size of a mandarin orange and has a thick uneven skin and paler flesh containing many s eeds. It smells something like a lime, but its fragrance is unique. The Jap anese often wrap several of the fruits in cheesecloth and float them in a hot bath so they will give off a relaxing scent. Other sour orange tree s range in height from less than 10 ft (3 m) to 30 ft (9 m) is more erect and has a more compact crown than th e sweet orange. It has smooth, brown barks, green twigs, thorns from 1 in to 3 1/8 in (2.5 - 8 cm) long. The evergreen leaves are aromatic, alternate, on broad- winged petioles much longer than those of the sweet orange. The highl y fragrant flowers, borne singl y or in small clusters in the leaf axils, are about 1 1/2 in (3.75 cm) wide, with 5 white, slender, widely- separated petals surrounding a tuft of up to 24 yellow stamens. From 5 to 12 % of the flowers are male. The fruit is round, oblate or oblong - oval, 2 3/4 to 3 1/8 in (7 - 8 cm) wide, rough - surfaced, with a fairl y thick, aromatic, bitter peel becoming bright reddish - orange on maturity and having minute, sunken oil glands. There are 10 to 12 segments with bitter walls containing strongl y acid pulp and from a few to numerous seeds. The center becomes hollow when the fruit is full - grown. The bloom to harvest varies from 8 to 12 months . The sour orange flourishes in subtropical, near- tropical climates, yet it can stand several degrees of frost for short periods. Generally it has considerable tolerance of adverse conditions , but the ‘ Bergamot ’ orange is very sensitive to wind and extremes of drought or moisture. Sour oranges are sometimes used in marmalades and liqueurs . Unlike its sweet relative , the sour orange does well on low, rich soils with a high water table and is adapted to a wide range of soil conditions. Sour orange trees volunteer readily

from self - sown seeds. As generally grown for rootstock for sweet oranges, they

are raised in nur series for 1 or 2 ye ars and then budded. Growth of the seedlings, especiall y in diameter, has been expedited by weekl y applications of gibberellic acid to the stems, making it possible to bud them much earlier.47

47 Orange, sweet: Sweet oranges are th e most important of the citrus fruits . Varieties vary f rom earl y ripening, about 8 months from bloom to late, up to 16 months from bloom. There are three main groups: (1): the normal fruited, without navels and with light orange colored flesh; (2) the navel oranges, with a distinct navel development at the styl ar end; and (3) blood oranges with red flesh and juice. The latter are little grown commerciall y in the U.S. Sweet oranges vary in size from 2 inches upward in diameter, are generall y round to obl ong in shape, and have a medium thick and tough rind. Although 73 varieties are listed by W ebber in 1 967 , the major production in U.S. is mainly based on six varieties: ‘ Valencia ’ , ‘ Washington Navel ’ , ‘ Hamlin ’ , ‘ Parson Brown ’ , ‘ Pineapple ’ and ‘ Temple ’ . ‘ Valencia ’ has few seeds and available from Florida, California, Arizona and Texas. ‘ Navel ’ is seedless and available from Arizona, California, and Texas, ‘ Hamlin ’ is nearly seedless and ‘ Pineapple ’ is seedy. B lood orange (pigmented orange, Sanguine orang e) has few seeds with deep burgundy interior and available from California . C hinese navel oranges are grown in California. The ‘Jaffa’ (‘ Shamouti ’ ) is a popular eating sweet orange which is easy

to peel and has no navel. Itis grown in the western U.S The sweet orange bloom to harvest time varies from 8 to 16 months depending on variety and area of production . The only variety o f oranges in Florida that usually h as two crops of fruit on the tree after bloom is the ‘Valencia ’ . F lowering of oranges in F lorida begins in March. While the orange will often come true from seed because of nucellar embryos, the common means of assuring the reproduction of cultivars of known quality i s by budding onto appropriate rootstocks. A spacing of 25 x 25 ft (7.5x7.5 m) was standard in the past. However, many o range groves today are being close -planted and hedged to facilitate both manual and wide enough to accommodate mobile machinery for fertilizing, spraying, pruning and harvesting. Common spacing for oranges in Flo rida is 15 feet square to 194 trees/A. Orange trees are self - forming and do not need to be shaped by earl y pruning . Bearing citrus trees are mechanically h edged to keep row middles open for harvesting operations. Yields of oranges range from 10,000 lb/A in Arizona to over 30,000 lb/A in Florida. Majority o f oranges in Florida are produced by p ractices that maximize fresh fruit production even though 90 % of those harvested are processed for juice. Orange, trifoliate : The genus Poncirus is closely related to citrus, but the small, thorny trees are deciduous. Trees are hardier than citrus, in mid- winter enduring temperatures to near 0 degrees F. F ruits are gl obose, up to 1 1/2 inches in diameter, and very acid and bitter. Poncirus will hy

bridize with citrus, and such hy brids have been made in efforts to increase hardiness in edible citrus fruits. Trifoliate orange seedlings are used as rootstocks for citrus, particularly f or Mandarin oranges. H yb rids of Poncirus with sweet orange, called Citranges are now widel y used as rootstocks. Poncirus is grown as an ornamental dooryard tree in areas too cold for citrus, and occasional trees may b e maintained by

nursery men as seed sources. F ruit appears valueless in the U.S., but may be used for flavoring or marmalade in other countries. B loom to maturity varies from 8 to 10 months. The commercial root stock group variety is ‘ Rubidoux ’ hybrid cultivated48

48 variety is ‘ Carrizo ’ and are very widespread. The ornamental variety is ‘ Flying Dragon ’ or the ‘ Japanese hiryo ’ , this plant was introduced to the US in 1915. Although it bears large and fragrant blossoms in the spring, it is mostly c onsidered a curious monstrosity with its severe - looking limbs and jagged thorns. The botanical variety i s ‘M onstrosa of Tokutaro Ito ’ and bears golf -ball sized fruit having a rough orange rind. Its flesh is pale ye llow with six to eight sections and many seeds Pu mmelo: Pummelo are important fruits in the Orient, but only scattered trees are found in the United States. Quality of the fruit has been disappointing in this country as compared to that of grapefruit, which the pummelo resembles. The fruit is oblate to globose in shape and of large size, 4 to 7 inches, or more, in diameter. The rind is generall y thick over one - hal f inch or more. Juice vesicles separate from peel and segment fibers readil y. The variety ‘ Tresca ’ is grown in Florida, where it is marketed as a grapefruit. ‘ Oro blanco ’ is a cross between pummelo and grapefruit. The pummelo is tropical or near- tropic al and flourishes naturall y at low altitudes close to the sea. It is native to southeastern Asia and all of Malaysia; grows wild on river banks in the Fiji and Friendl y Islands . The pummelo tree may be 16 to 50 ft (5 - 15 m) tall, with a somewhat crooked trunk 4 to 12 in (10 - 30 cm) thick, and low, irregular branches. Its growing season is similar to the grapefruit. Pummelo may

flower 2 to 4 times a year. The main crop matures in November but it is said that fruits that ripen at other seasons have few er seeds and superior quality . In Florida, the fruits ripen from November to February and there may be a small crop in the spring. Most of the pummelo in the Orient are grown from seed. The seeds can be stored for 80 days at 41oF (5oC) and 56

– 58% relative humidity . In Thailand and elsewhere in S outheastern Asia growers like the swamp y land, dig the ditches and canals for drainage and as routes of transportation, and build the raised beds for the orchards . In the 3 to 5 - ye ar period before the beds are ready for the pummelo trees, quick crops such as bananas, sugarcane and peanuts are grown on them . Russell River lime: The Russell river lime has a limited distribution in the north of Queensland, Australia, growing in lowland rainforest at the foot of the Bellenden Ker range, not far from Cairns. This new species of Citrus is well worthy of cultivation for its fruit, which is juicy and of equal flavour with the West Indian Lime. In general appearance the tree resembles the orange, having the same dark green foliage. The fruit is described as oblong or elliptical, somewhat lemon - shaped, 5 - 6.5 X 3 - 3.5 cm and green when ripe. Satsuma mandarin : Th e Satsuma mandarin is one of the most important ty pes of citrus grown world wide, especially

in China and Japan. The tree is believed to have originated from a mutation in Japan, recorded as earl y as 1429 . It is also produced in California from midOctober to January . It is commonly called mikan in Japan, satsuma mandarin in the United States and the UK, and clementine or tangerine in Canada. It is less commonly called satsuma tangerine or satsuma orange . Its fruit is sweet and usually seedless, about49

49 the size of a mandarin orange ( Citrus reticulata ), smaller than an orange. The skin can be peeled easily. Fruits are usually larger than other tangerines. This fruit is grown primarily for the fresh market. Tachibana orange : The tachibana orange grows to about 8 - 10 ft. (2.4 - 3 m) tall. Whitish blooms. Evergreen leaves are aromatic and s hiny glos sy- textured and the flowers are white. It is hardy to USDA Zones 7

– 11. It is a cold hardy typ e of loose - skinned fruit , and is described b y the plant taxonomist Tanaka as a very primitive type of native citrus of Japan . Itb looms in mid spring to e arl y summer. Tahiti lime: The Tahiti lime is a moderatel y vigorous growing tree that is medium to large, up to 15 to 20 ft (4.5 - 6 m), with nearl y thornless, widespread, drooping branches. The leaves are broad- lanceolate, with winged petioles; young shoo ts are purplish. Flowers, borne off and on during the year but mainly in January , are slightly

purple - tinged. The fruit is oval to oblong or short - elliptical, usually rounded at the base, occasionall y ribbed or with a short neck; the apex is rounded with a brief nipple; 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 in (4 .0 - 6.25 cm) wide, 2 to 3 in (5 .0 - 7.5 cm) high; peel is vivid green until ripe when it becomes pale - yellow; smooth, thin, tightly

clinging; pulp is light greenish - yellow when ripe, in 10 segments, tender, acid, but without the distinctive bouquet of the Mexican lime; usually seedless, rarel y with one or a few seeds, especiall y if planted among a number of other Citrus species. The Tahiti lime flowers have no viable pollen. The origin of the Tahiti lime is still unknown , but it is presumed to be a hybrid of the Mexican lime and citron, or, less likely, the lemon . Florida has produced over 90% of the national lime crop . Tahiti limes are harvested 8 to 12 times a year and once a month in winter, but 70% of the crop m atures from May

to fall. The peak period is July to September . The Tahiti lime is hardier than the Mexican lime and better adapted to the mainland of Florida. The plantings in southern Florida are on limestone. Those grown further north are on deep sand. The soil must be well drained. In lowland areas subject to standing water, lime trees are planted on elevated beds. Spacing may be as close as 10 or 15 ft (3 - 4.5 m) in rows 20 ft (6 m) apart, which permits about 150 to 200 trees per acre (60 - 80/h a). When the trees overlap, they

are mechanically

hedged and topped. Greater yi elds will result if the trees are spaced at 20 ft (6 m) and hedging and topping are performed at 2 - to 3 - ye ar intervals50

50 Tangelo and Uniq fruit : Crosses of grapefruit and tangerine oranges have resulted in several varieties, termed tangelos, which are increasing in production and popularity in the United States. These hybrids are intermediate in character between the parents. Fruits are similar in size to sweet orange, but with a tendency to be necked at the stem end. They are extremely juicy and intermediate in acidity between the parents. Peel is relatively thin and tender. General characteristics are similar to sweet orange, except for more tender peel and juicier and tarter flesh. The b loom to harvest: 8 to 14 months . Some cultivars are ‘ Minneola ’ ( ‘ Honey

bell ’ ), ‘ Orlando ’ , ‘ Nova ’ , ‘ Early K ’ ( ‘ Sunrise tangelo ’ ), and ‘ Sampon ’ . The ‘Uniq’ or ‘ Ugli ® ’ tangelo of Jamaica is believed to be a chance hybrid between mandarin orange and grapefruit. They range in size from a navel orange and a large grapefruit. Tangerine: Tangerines are characterized by a loose skin which separates readily from the pulp, and by segments which separate readily from each other. Fruit is generall y oblate and smaller than sweet or round oranges. Diameter is mostly 2 l/2 inches or less, though some varieties average larger. Tangerines are grown in all citrus areas of the U.S. and are considered the hardiest of the citrus fruits. Unlike other citrus, tangerines cannot be pulled off the tree since the peel will be broken and they must have their stems clipped to protect the fruit. Tangerines must be two main types are grown in the U.S.: The Satsuma group, characterized by

a small tree hardier than other citrus, and earl y ripening fruit of ye llow or light orange color; and the tangerine group, characterized by deep orange color and later ripening. Some Satsuma plantings are along the Gulf States that are in areas too cold for other citrus. ‘ Dancy ’ is the leading variety of Tangerine and ‘ Owari ’ of Satsuma. About 10 other varieties occur occasionally . ‘ Clementine ’ is a cultivar of C itrus reticulata . Tangerine cultivars are ‘ Dancy ’ , ‘ Algerian ’ , ‘Fallglo’, ‘ Fairchild ’ , ‘ Honey ’ ( ‘ Murcott ’ ), 'Robinson ’, and ‘ Sunburst ’ . Mandarin cultivars are ‘ Royal mandarin ’ , ‘ Honey , ‘ Satsuma ’ , ‘ Clementine ’ , and ‘Kara ’. Tangerine yi elds range from 9,000 lb/A in Arizona to 25,000 lb/A in Florida. Tangor: Tangors are deliberate or accidental hy brids of the mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and the sweet orange ( C. sinensis ) . Varieties include ' King ' (King of Siam) , a medium size tree formerl y identified as Citrus nobilis Lour. It was believed to be originated in Malaya . Fruit is large about 6.25 - 9.5 cm wide and 5.7 - 9 cm high with thick and rough peel ; ' Murcott ' ( or Honey Murcott'; 'Murcott ’ ‘ Honey Orange'; 'Red'; 'Big Red'; 'Honey Bell' tangelo) is medium size about 7.0 - 8.0 cm wide, 4.7 - 5.2 cm high with a gloss y smooth and thin peel ; ' Temple ' (believed i dentical to the 'Magnet' of Japan) is medium to large about 6.6 - 8.25 cm wide, 5.7 - 6.25 cm high with glossy , slightly51

51 rough, loose, and thick peel , 'Umatilla ' is much like 'King' , large about 8.25 - 12 cm wide, 6.25 - 7 cm high with smooth, glossy , medium - thick peel ; ' Ortanique ' is believed to be a chance cross of sweet orange and tangerine and was discovered in Jamaica . The name is an amalgam of OR(ange)TAN(gerine)(un)IQUE. Climate affects the look, feel, and taste of this fruit dramatically . In tropi cal Jamaica, the fruit is seedless and a pale orange in color, with juicy, sweet orange flavor and a thin rind. In Mediterranean Israel, the fruit has some seeds, a fairl y thick rind, and a mid- orange color , while in semitropical Cy prus, is has a deep orange color, many seeds, and a thicker rind. The Temple tangor fruit matures from January to March . Temple has been propagated on many rootstocks but does best on the less vigorous ones which tend to produce fruit of best quality . Their flowers produce abundance of pollen often being used as pollenizers for self - incompatible varieties such as ‘ Orlando ’ , ‘ Nova ’ , and ‘ Minneola ’ tangelo and ‘ Robinson ’ and ‘ Sunburst ’ tangerines. Worker Activities (Adapted from USDA Citrus Crop Timelines) Development of Ro otstock Rootstock seeds are treated with a fungicide. Following treatment seeds are cold stored until sold to nurseries. Seeds are planted in multi - cell trays and grown in greenhouses. Pest management is performed on an as needed basis. These rootstock seedlings, called liners, are very thorny. After about three months, liners are pulled from the germinating trays using heavy leather gloves and either transplanted into pots or the field. Transplanters use latex gloves. Transplanted liners are then he ld in either the greenhouse or field for an additional three months, and pest management is the same as that for the germinating trays. Certified virus - free mature citrus trees (mother or budwood trees) are used as a source for budwood (scions). Budsti cks six to twelve inches in length are cut by hand and all leaves removed. In the process of budding, all leaves are stripped from the rootstock seedling b y hand and the strippers wear heavy leather gloves for protection against thorns. Budders will make knife cuts in liner stem and insert the budwood. The budder is followed b y wrappers who tie plastic wrap around the bud union. There are usually two wrappers per budder. The wraps are removed after three weeks. There is no contact with foliage as all leaves have been removed by strippers. A team of one stripper, one budder, and two wrappers can bud 1,000 to 2,000 plants per day . This operation is usually conducted over a 40 - hour work week throughout the ye ar. Nurseries generall y grow 30,000 to 100,0 00 seedlings annuall y, and the statewide inventory of seedlings is approximately

25 million.52

52 After the wrapper is removed, the bud is “forced” to grow b y one of three methods: 1. Liner is cut off above bud. The plant trash remaining is removed from th e greenhouse/field by

workers using leather gloves. Approximately 60 percent of the nurseries use this method. 2. Stem above bud is cut half through. The stem is bent over and will eventually be cut off and carried off b y gloved workers. Approximately 30 percent of nurseries use this method. 3. The stem above the bud is bent over and tied to the base of the plant. Heavy leather gloves are worn as protection from thorns

. Once the bud begins to grow, the plant is staked and new growth periodically tied. There is minimal contact with plant parts during this process. Seedlings grown in a greenhouse are periodically moved to maximize utilization of light and water. The seedlings are ready for sale and planting within six to nine months of wrap removal. There is little foliar contact during pesticide applications during this period . Establishmen t of the Grove: Grove establishment in a “normal” grove situation would be done when plants are too mature to be profitable, or when new land is to be planted to citru s. This process is done rather infrequently

with respect to total citrus acreage in Florida. More common are “resets” which are used to fill spots in the grove where previous trees have died out or become unproductive. Both of these procedures involve the use of methyl bromide or some other fumigant/sterilant to sterilize the soil. Land is tarped and sealed during entire grove establishment and holes are fumigated as needed for resets. Since groves don’t sterilize on a yearl y basis as do some other agricultural commodities, the entire grove sterilization process is contracted to certified applicators. The teams that perform the reset operation are often two or three - man, equipped with a back- hoe. Once grove soil is prepared and micro - irrigation has be en laid, seedlings are planted by gloved hand. Irrigation Micro - irrigation is set at grove establishment. For this ty pe of irrigation, there is no worker contact, except during construction, when pesticides would not be expected to be present. If high - rise irrigation is not permanently set in northern groves, it may require a number of workers working nonstop to set it up for one or more nights of freezing weather. However, these conditions are during periods where pest management is not active, and includes little of the main citrus crop acreage.53

53 Cultivation/Weed Control Although cultivation is not used in the grove setting, mowing row middles does occur on a large percentage of the citrus producing acreage. Chemical weed control is generall y used under the tree canopies to maximize fertilizer and water efficiency . In the row middles, vegetative strips are mowed as needed. This process requires one person on a mower- equipped tractor, no hand labor is required. The operator can cover approximately

2 5 to 40 acres per day . Scouting and Pesticide Applications Scouting is conducted for pest pressures which are variable, such as insects and plant pathogens. Ninety- seven percent of Florida citrus acreage was scouted for pests in 2003 and the results were used to make decisions for approximately half of the citrus acreage. Prophyl actic programs are used for pressures such as weeds, nematodes, and post - harvest diseases. The intensity of scouting is correlated to key pest emergence times and conditions. Certified crop advisors and their assistants review their counts and consult on crop protection methods, if so needed by the grower. No workers are used for scouting . A survey conducted in the earl y 90s revealed that most growers use air-blast sprayers for field application of foliar insecticides and fungicides, while boom equipment is used for herbicides and soil - applied insecticides, nematicides, and fungicides. (Crop Profiles, Florida) In addition to the tractor driver (the applicator), there is a se cond worker used as the mixer/loader. The make up of the team varied among growers from one or two applicators plus one mixer/loader (the most common), to seven applicators plus four mixer/loaders. The total number of spray employees thus ranged from two to 40 workers. The range of acres serviced per employee was 140 to 767. Crews worked a 9.5 - to 14 - hour workday, five to six days a week, for three to 25 weeks of spraying per ye ar. A single applicator normally applied four to 30 tanks (500 gallon) per workday , covering an area of eight to 55 acres per workday . Approximately half of the surveyed growers reported using enclosed cabs. Grapefruits have a spray

program of 4

– 8 sprays beginning at bloom (March

– April) and continuing through late summer. There are five basic periods throughout the ye ar during which pesticides are applied. The post -bloom spray commences sometime between March 1 and April 15 and takes from two to seven weeks to complete. Target pests for this spray

period are melanose, s cab, and citrus rust mite. Nutritional materials54

54 are often added to this spray as well. The second, supplemental, application is often the same as the first application, and usually is applied over the six weeks between mid- April and the end of May . The summer spray occurs in June or July . This is the petroleum oil spray and it may

also contain other active ingredients to control greas y spot, mites, or scales. The fall spray

is conducted between mid- august through ye ar end, and there may be a supplemental sprays in addition, on an as - needed basis. These sprays are often miticides to control rust and/or spider mites on fresh market fruit. Survey results revealed that about ten % of growers used aerial application on about 40 percent of their acreage. When aerial application is used, it is largely for micronutrients. However, the remaining respondents said infrequent use of aerial application was not uncommon when a rapid application was necessary (especiall y in fresh market citrus). Pilots operated f or 14 to 23 weeks per year, with wind velocities of five to ten MPH precluding spraying on 15 % of those days. Approximately

a third of the survey

respondents reported using hand- gun application for citrus resets. Additionally, most of the sprays occurring in the nursery setting are either with hand- gun or pump -up sprayers. Hedging/Pruning Hedging and topping are carried out after fruit harvest so that fruit is not affected (except Valencia). This process is conducted b y a dedicated crew of people who follow after the harvest and mechanically hedge and top throughout the year. Some managers hedge and top every tree row each year, while others hedge every other ye ar (Valencia). The crop residue from this process is eventually mowed into mulch when the row middles are mowed for weeds. Rind color and quality

are crucial only

to the fresh fruit market. Such fruit, destined for packinghouses following harvest, must have cosmetic appeal to consumers even though apparent imperfections in the outer rind usually do not adversely

affect the internal quality

of the fruit. Greater pest management inputs are required for fresh fruit production. Approximately 60 - 65 % of the fruit passes the fresh fruit quality tests. Failure of quality

tests is due mainly

to poor color, rind blemish caused by citrus rust mites, scab, melanose and greas y spot, or inadvertent puncturing of fruit as it is picked. Rejected fruit is usuall y processed. Approximately 95 % of oranges are processed, and 50 % of grapefruit is processe d. Generally , very little grapefruit is produced with the intention of it being processing, so fruit quality and finish must be maintained which requires precise season - long management of citrus pests such as citrus rust mites, scab and melanose. As mandated by law, fresh citrus fruit is treated with postharvest fungicides to inhibit decay .55

55 COMPARISON OF HARVESTING, JUICE PROCESSING, POSTHARVEST HANDLING, RAW AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY (RAC), EDIBLE PORTIONS, AND PROCESSED FOOD ITEMS FOR THE CITRUS FRUITS:
Harvest Method Citrus is usually hand harvested, whether processed or marketed fresh. Mechanical harvesters have been used for processed fruit in Florida and are increasing in popularity due to high labor costs and lack of labor availability . Unlike most fruits citrus matures on the trees. All citrus are nonclimacteric fruit, meaning that they

ripen graduall y over weeks or months and are slow to abscise from the tree. External color changes during ripening, but is a function of climate more than ripeness, and a poor indicator of maturity. The best indices of maturity for citrus are internal: Brix (sugar), acid content, and the Brix/acid ratio. . Grove managers take representative samples of oranges from a particular block of trees, about 40 pieces of fruit for a 40 acre block. The juice is squeezed from the sample fruit and the juice is tested for two main attributes

– brix (sugar content) and acid. From these two attributes, the sugar: acid ratio is used to determine the flavor of the juice . Juice must meet minimum standards in order for it to be sold as 100% Florida Orange Juice. The minimum maturity for oranges varies during the season, but generally it is a minimum of 8.5 brix with a 10 to 1 ratio. Many j uice processing plants will have even higher minimum maturity standards. Once a orchard b lock is determined ready for harvest, a crew of harvesters is sent to pick the entire block of fruit by hand , using wooden ladders and canvas pick sacks. In Florida, almost 96% of all oranges are still harvested by hand. Since 1999, the industry has been harvesting a portion of the processed orange crop with mechanical harvesters. The three typ es of machines being used commercial are the continuous canopy shake and catch s ys tem, the trunk shake and catch system, and the tractor- drawn continuous canopy shaker. During this time, over 90,000 acres have been mechanicall y harvested , al l at a savings versus hand harvesting. In the 2004

– 2005 season only 15,000 A or about 2.5% were mechanically

harvested. The pickers dump the fruit into plastic tubs that hold approxim ately

900 pounds of oranges. A special truck, called a "goat" , will then come through the grove and, using a hydraulic boom, pick up the tub and dump it into the back of the goat into a special body . Most mechanically harvested fruit is harvested directl y into a goat. The goat then goes outside the block of trees and the body rises up and dumps its load of oranges into a large open tractor- trailer that holds about 45,000 pounds of oranges. A truck- tractor then hauls the trailer to the processing plant.56

56 Hand harvesting oranges Dumping full bag into a tub Full tub of oranges Mechanical Tree Shaker

A fruit loader or "goat" Dumping tub into the goat Goat dumping oranges into a waiting trailer Harvest Th e largest period of time that agricultural workers come in contact with mature citrus trees is during harvest, which is usually done by hand. All oranges except Valencia have the potential to be machine - harvested. Currently, over 95 percent is hand - harve sted versus machine -picked. The pickers use 20 - foot ladders which are propped up on the tree limbs as the fruit is picked. The fruit is placed in a long bag that is eventually emptied into either a bulk trailer (processed citrus) or bins/boxes (fresh fruit). The fruit is then transported to either the processing plant or the packinghouse. The workers will dress in long - sleeved shirts and pants due to the abrasive nature of the citrus foliage. However, citrus is picked with a bare hand. Pickers never c ontact mechanically- harvested citrus since it is bound for the processing plant. O ff grade fruit color fruits go to juice processing plants. O n average, one picker can pick ten 90 -pound boxes per hour. Production averages 300 to 400 boxes per acre depending on variety. Fresh fruit pickers work a 30 hour week during the harvest season and process pickers work a 40 - hour week (fruit picked for the fresh market must be dry of dew/rain prior to harvest) . For fresh fruit, standard packing line operations are used in this order : dumping, culling, washing, brushing, waxing, drying, grading by humans , sizing, and boxing. Oranges, grapefruit, and tangerines/hybrids mature and are ready for picking in all months but September and August (see Tables 33 and 34 ). Lime and lemon are harvested from June through September. Consequently, citrus harvest can occur during the entire year . From Brown (2005). Hand picking of fruit by snapping each fruit from its stem is the traditional method of harvesting Florida orang es and grapefruit. Mechanical use in Florida is increasing about 17,000 of the 586,859 A of oranges were mechanically harvested during 2002 - 2004. As orchards are replaced they can be replanted more conducive to mechanical harvesting. In Florida 95% of the oranges are processed. A57

57 field box is 90 lb and average harvest b y hand is 10 FB/hr or 900 lb/hr. Crews are usually 20 hand harvesters and harvest 1500 FB/8 hr day or 67.5 lb. Future tree plantings are recommended at densities of 346

– 445 trees/ha ( 140 - 180 trees/A). (Rouse) Future plantings should be in row spacing 10

– 15 ft and 22

– 24 ft between rows. Tree heights need to be limited to 16 ft. Some of the mechanical methods harvested 500 trees/hr, or 800 FB/hr. There are eight different mechani cal harvesting s ys tems being tested. Potential to go from 8

– 10 boxes/hr to 30 boxes/hr with a trunk shaker and catch frame. Majority of mechanical harvesters are of a shake a catch s ys tem. Sanders Orange harvesting s ys tems

– A mechanical harvester has the potential to replace 20

– 50 manual pickers. Max worker rate is 0.5 t/h; shaking harvester is 10t/h and canop y harvester is 25t/h.
Post h arvest For processing citrus, fruit coming into the processing plant is hand- graded by workers on either side of a conveyor belt. Workers remove any broken or decayed fruit prior to the wash process. The number of workers depends on the number of “lines” operated b y the plant. Usually six to eight workers per line work a 40 - hour week during the harvest season. No protective gloves are worn during this process For fres h market citrus, workers conduct the same initial hand- grading, which is followed b y a wash, waxing, and fungicide application. Then, a second hand- grading is performed. There are usually about hal f of the number of graders for the second grading in comparison to the initial grading. Since Florida lacks uniform rainfall throughout the year, irrigation must be set to water the plants during bloom and earl y fruit set. Irrigation is also used for freeze protection for young trees (up to five years in age). Micro - sprinkler s ys tems (95 percent of the acreage) are used for under- canop y irrigation. Older groves that still have high rise irrigation (five % of the acreage) may use this system to form a l ayer of ice on the yo ung trees when conditions are freezing . The state water management districts require that retention ponds be constructed to receive runoff from citrus groves. These must have the capacity

to hold rainwater from a one - day storm with a 10 - year frequency or a three day storm with a 25 - year frequency . The first inch of runoff must be held for five days with no more than a one - half - inch discharge in any

one day . This allows for pesticide degradation to occur. Unlike other fruit, citrus must mature on the tree. It must be sampled to determine the amount of sugar (soluble solids) prior to harvest, as well as the acid to sugar ratio. Of the oranges grown in Florida, approximately 95 percent end up being58

58 processed (either from - concentrate or not - from - concentrate) with the remainder destined for fresh market consumption. All of the grapefruit are destined for fresh market as well. Rind color and quality

are crucial only

to the fresh fruit market. Such fruit, destined for packinghouses after harvest, must have cosmetic appeal to the consumer. Rejected fresh fruit is processed, which still results in approximately half of the grapefruit being processed . Since citrus fruit ripen throughout the ye ar based on species or variety, harvest occurs throughout the year. Harvesters climb on ladders and pick fruit by hand, which is placed in a bag and taken to the bulk trailer. A small amount of processed oranges (15,000 acres or about 2.5 percent) were mechanically harvested in the 2004 - 05 season (4 ). Processed fruit heads to the processor, where it is washed and squeezed. Once fresh market fruit reaches the packinghouse, trash is eliminated, as well as split and rotten fruit. This is followed by

a water spray , wash, and rinse, at which time the f ruit is hand- graded. Off - grade fruit goes to processing, while fresh market fruit are treated with wax and fungicide(s), as mandated by Florida law, to inhibit postharvest decay . There is generally one more minor hand- grading that occurs after the waxing . Processing of the Citrus Fruit Crops for Their Juice (Adapted from Townsend, 2007, University of Florida http://www.ultimatecitrus.com/Story/oj_story.html) and FMC technologies, http://www.fmctechnologies.com/FoodTech/BeveragesJuice , and Milk/CitrusProcessing/CitrusJuiceExtractor.aspx , and Braddock, 1999, Handbook of Citrus Byproducts and Processing Technology) : At the processing plant, the trailer load of oranges is weighed on scales in order to determine the weight of fruit received, which will be used to base the pay ment to the grower. The trailer of oranges is then unloaded onto a conveyor belt. From this belt, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) takes a representative sample to test it for juice content and maturity, and to certify the pounds solids per box (the unit that growers' pay ment is based upon). The fruit is then diverted to storage bins labeled according to the juice specification as determined by FDACS. Oranges are then selected fro m the bins to enable blending of optimal quality . The fruit is conveyed by

belt through a washing process . Then it enters into the processing plant where it is graded for bad or damaged fruit. The fruit is then separated by size and sent to the juice extractors . Inside the extractors, before juicing, the peel is pricked to extract the oils found in the peel, and then the juice is extracted.59

59 Full orange trailers on processing plant's yard Unloading orange trailers Orange storage bins

The oranges are washed Then graded Then juiced in the extractors The pulpy

juice next goes through a finisher screen where the pulp and seeds are removed, which, along with the peel, is diverted to be used for by products , such as cattle feed . From this point, the juice may either go directly

into a pasteurizer in the case of Not From Concentrate (NFC), or it goes on to the evaporators where most of the water is taken out of the juice b y vacuum and heat, then chilled, to yield frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ). This process also strips out certain essences and oils. The concentrated juice, about 65° brix , is then piped to the tank farm where concentrate is stored at about +10° F, separated b y variety and ratio (brix to acid) range.

The finishers or screens . The peel/pulp dryer for cattle feed T he Waste Heat Evaporator

The evaporators; removes water from the juice Juice is being concentrated 100,000 gal. stainless tanks of FCOJ60

60 When ready to ship frozen orange concentrate to a customer, such as a juice packager, the concentrate is blended from the various tanks to meet the specifications of the customer and meet USDA requirements. Essences and oils (recovered in the processing process) are also added back to enhance the flavor. This blending process is how juice made from concentrate, FCOJ, has a more consistent quality year round than fresh juice or NFC. The NFC is the oldest processing technique for orange juice. The FCOJ (at about 6 5° brix) is either put into 55 - gallon drums and shipped in a refrigerated truck, or is loaded onto a special food- grade insulated tanker truck and delivered to a packaging plant. Some F lorida processing plants also have packaging plants at the same site. Many

dairies around the country also package orange juice using the same equipment used to package milk. To make cans of frozen concentrate, filtered water is added back to bring the b rix level down to 42° (about 3 times more concentrated than fresh juice). For chilled reconstituted (recon) ready- to - serve (RTS) orange juice, filtered water is added to bring the brix down to about 11.8°, the average of fresh squeezed juice. It is then put up into cardboard cartons, glass, or plastic jugs to be sold at the retail store. All FCOJ, Recon, and NFC forms of orange juice are always pasteurized before it reaches the consumer to protect from contaminates .

Oil separators/recovery Insulated food grade tanker

FMC FoodTech's , Lakeland, FL c itrus juice extraction systems process 75% of the world's juice production in 50 different countries. The Extractor separates the juice f rom those constituents which, if allowed to remain in contact with the juice for any period of time, will have an adverse effect on the end product. The fruit is penetrated b y a porous tube and then crushed by interlocking fingers. The juice flows through the tube and the shredded peels are collected for further processing. A p remium j uice extractor (PJE) which uses components speci ficall y designed to reduce oil levels and bitterness in juice. The PJE is ideal for both not - from - concentrate and for fresh juice. The other extraction technique is to utilize the Brown Reamer made b y the Brown International, C ovina , CA in which the fruit is cut in half and each half is pressed b y a rotating burr or reamer to extract the juice and the peels are collected separately and further processed for oil.61

61 For the Oil Recovery : The FMC FoodTech Citrus Juice Extractor is unique in that it is a machine in which oil recovery

is performed in the same piece of equipment as juice extraction. This method not only

minimizes the space and energy required to recover oil, but also delivers high yi elds. Water usage and waste disposal are minimized through the use of water recycle systems. The quality of the oil recovered allows processors to market their product as cold pressed oil. Pulp Recovery : The FMC FoodTech Citrus Juice Extractor offers various methods of pulp recovery . The juice cell sac sizes can be custom tailored to the needs of the processor and its customers. In one configuration the FMC Citrus Juice Extractor can produce pure juice sacs of nominal size for use in concentrated juices and other products. Itcan also be configured to produce high quality premium pulp cells as part of the Pulp Recovery System. Juice sacs from this system are primaril y used in the manufacture of not - from concentrate juices. The juice cell sacs produced by this system range in size from 4 mm to 10 mm, are virtually

free of peel and seed particles and embryonic seeds and up to 90% of the juice sacs retain their floating character. Each FMC FoodTech Citrus Extractor is capable of handling 325 - 500 fruits/minute or 2 - 7 tons of citrus per hour. The Brown Model 400 can handle 350 - 400 fruits/minute. For processed fruit, growers are paid for "lbs - solids" or sugar content, based on juice anal ys is. Harvested fruits are culled for rot, and remaining fruit is washed prior to juicing. Juice is extracted by inserting a cylindrical strainer in the center of the fruit and compressing the fruit hydraulicall y . Extracted juice contains some pulp and oils, which are separated from the juice b y centrifugation and screening. Juice is pooled into lots of various colors and sugar levels; some mixing is done to produce uniform product. Sales of frozen concentrate have been outpaced b y single - strength juice products in recent ye ars, due to the superior flavor of the latter .62

62 Figure 4. Flow Chart Process for Preparing Fr ozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Florida Oranges.

Source : Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Florida Oranges, Richard F. Matthews, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University

of Florida, April 1994.63

63 Comparison of the Raw Agricultural Commodities (RAC) and Processed Commodities for the Citrus Fruits (see Table 1 5 ). Table 1 5 . Citrus F ruit Portion Analyzed for the Raw Agricultural Commodity (RAC) and the Processed Commodity (40 CFR Vol. 58, No. 187, 9/29, 1993, pp. 50888
– 50893. Portion of Food Commodities Analyzed Pesticide Residues: Proposed Rule), and Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Pr ocessed Commodities Derived from Crops (EPA Residue Chemistry Guidelines OPPTS 860.1000). Commodity Portion Analy zed (RAC), Use as a Feedstuff (F) Processed Commodity and Use as a Feedstuff (F) Citrus Analyze the whole fruit. Refined oil D ried pulp (F) Juice Juice and oil are the onl y processed food items required for the Citrus fruit group 10 and the dried pulp is a significant livestock feed item. Other uses for the specific citrus fruit commodities are discussed under the p reparation , co oking methods, uses, and marketing standards for members of the citrus and cooking methods for members for members of the citrus fruit crop group: LIVESTOCK FEED ITEMS: Dried citrus pulp is the one significant animal feed items associated with the Citrus crop group 10. It is the ground peel, residue of the in s ide portions and occasional fruits of the citrus famil y which have been dried and produces a coarse flaky product. Most of the dried citrus pulp is from oranges and grapefruit but may contain s ome residues of lemon, lime and tangerines. Itmay contain dried citrus meal or pellets and whole citrus seeds and has an above average palatability . It is also defined as the dried residue of peel, pulp and seeds of orange, grapefruit and other citrus f ruit. Approximately

5 million tons of citrus peel is processed in Florida. Itis dried to a moisture percent of 10%. It can be fed to beef and dairy

cattle only

at 2 0% maximum. Citrus dried pulp is roughage generated mainly

in Florida and smaller amounts in California. Over 70% of the U.S. production is exported to Europe on a ye arl y basis with the remainder used as a maximum amount of 10% in premixed rations. Dried citrus pulp can contain from 1.8 to 8.3% seeds with an average seed content of 4.75% ( Chapman et al.). Wet citrus pulp is also nutritious but is limited in use due to its high moisture content and cost of transporting the material. Citrus molasses is manufactured from the bound juice released from the limes cured and pressed orange and grapefruit peel residues. Approximately 3,125 lb of citrus molasses from press liquor from the peel and pulp residue can be64

64 produced from 85,000 lb of fresh grapefruit. Newer processors that dry the citrus peel residue are greatl y limiting any citrus molas ses production. Over the past 5 ye ars, a significant increase in the amount of citrus pulp being used on Florida ranches. This increase in use is a response to a decrease in demand for dried Florida citrus pulp in the world market. A combination of the decline in export market opportunities and the high energycosts associated with citrus pulp drying have resulted in Florida citrus juice plants offering wet pulp to area c attlemen. This product is ty picall y shipped directly

from the citrus processin g facility, placed in piles in the pasture and offered free - choice to cattle. The surface of these wet citrus pulp piles will quickly harden while the interior of the pile begins to undergo fermentation. Within a few days cattle will begin to rapidly consume the fermented product. Under this management situation, a large amount of waste is expected. The amount of product dry matter delivered along with wastage should be considered when comparing the value of dry and wet citrus pulp. Even though a considerable amount of waste is expected, the feeding of free - choice, wet citrus pulp requires less investment in feeding equipment and storage space compared to dry pulp, which will require some on - ranch investment in dry storage capability . Citrus pulp is clas sified as an energy

concentrate by

product feed, containing low crude protein and a moderate amount of digestible energy . Book values typically provide a citrus pulp total digestible nutrients ( TDN) content ranging from 80 to 84% on a dry matter (DM) bas is. These values were likely obtained as much 30 years ago and have not been updated due to the regional use of citrus pulp and the lack of domestic interest over the past couple decades. With the current wide - spread use of both wet and dry

citrus pulp in Florida, we have begun testing the current energy content. Current TDN values for Florida citrus pulp now appear to be significantly less compared to historic values reported in the literature. Protein has always been low in citrus pulp and ranges from 5 to 9% crude protein (DM basis). This value is insufficient to provide adequate supplemental protein to the diet of cows during the winter months. In Florida there is a need supplemental protein for forage - fed cattle provided citrus pulp supplements. C attle provided citrus pulp with no additional protein voluntarily consumed 23% less forage compared to cattle provided a source of supplemental protein along with the citrus pulp The most commonly adverse reported condition associated with citrus pulp fe eding is ruminal parakeratosis, a digestive disorder associated with the feeding of high concentrate diets. This condition is described as the hardening and enlargement of the rumen papillae, and has been widel y reported in ruminant feeding s ys tems that utilize low roughage rations. Citrus pulp at more than 60% of the concentrate mixture for cattle full fed in feedlot can result in rumen parakeratosis. When supplementing citrus pulp to grazing cattle, make certain there is sufficient pasture forage avail able to prevent ruminal parakeratosis . It is unlikely that rumen parakeratosis would be a problem in grazing cattle unless the supplemental citrus pulp is their only feed option.65

65 POTENTIAL FUTURE USE OF CITRUS PEEL S : In the future orange peels from Fl orida juice production may be diverted from being used for livestock feeds to ethanol production. Excepts from an article by Sara Parker (See Parker 2007) on converting orange peels into cellulosic ethanol is discussed below: “Approximately

5 million to ns of citrus peel waste annuall y, the Florida orange juice industry

has the potential to provide up to 60 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol for Florida residents, according to Bill Widmer, a research chemist with the USDA - ARS Citrus and Subtropical Pro ducts Laboratory in Winter Haven. "After stripping the alcohol we still end up with a residue that we need to get rid of -- about one - third of the solid is still there and the short term solution right now is to dry that, and produce cattle feed from it," said Widmer. "We haven't demonstrated every thing from a raw peel to two - hundred proof alcohol -- and stripping that ethanol out of th e beer stream -- I don't think it's a major hurdle, Ithink it's a minor one. But it's one that we do have to demonstrate."

"I think what you're going to see over the next fifteen ye ars is wood plants in Georgia and Alabama; citrus plants in Florida; and corn plants in the Midwest," said Tom Endres, senior vice -president of operations at Xethanol Cor poration. Xethanol, which formed a joint venture with Renewable Spirits last year to create Southeast Biofuels, plans to build a pilot plant this year with the potential to produce up to 50,000 gallons of ethanol from the citrus waste.
But with more research, material from the residue left after limonene removal and ethanol production could be turned into other profitable industrial products, such as building - material additives for concrete, said Widmer” . Citrus Industry Byproducts One harvested box of orange weighs 90 lb (40.8 kg) and over half of the yi eld is juice (50 lb), while the remainder (40 lb) is waste products (Braddock, 2003) . The peel has essential oils that are recovered during juice extraction such as D - limonene . E ssential66

66 oils are used for food and beverage flavors, in the perfume industry, for personal care and consumer products. Cold press citrus oils are used as a flavoring for orange juice. Table 16 shows the yi elds of oil/ton of citrus fr uits. T able 17 gives the amounts of citrus by products for each ton of oranges and Table 18 gives the ranges of the peel, pulp, and juice content of the representative commodities of the Citrus fruit group as orange, tangerine, lemon and grapefruit. C itru s dried pulp is used for cattle food and is dried to a moisture level of 10 - 12%. The press liquor is concentrated with evaporators to about 72% sugar and is called citrus molasses and is added back to the citrus dried pulp or sold separately f or ethanol production. F lav o noids and limonoids are used for potential medicinal or pharmaceutical uses.

Table 16. Yields of Oil from Various Citrus Fruits (kg oil/ton fruit, FAO Statistics, 2005). Citrus Fruit/Variety Range of Oil (kg/ton) Average Oil Co ntent

(kg/ton) Orange Hamlin 3.5

– 4.2 3.9 Pineapple 3.7

– 4.8 4.8 Valencia 5.2

– 8.1 6.7 Temple 3.4

– 4.5 3.9 Grapefruit Duncan 2.4

– 3.4 2.8 Marsh 2.7

– 3.6 3.1 Ruby Red 2.5

– 3.9 3.2 Tangerine Dancy 6.7

– 8.7 7.7 Orlando 4.8

– 6.2 5.6 Table 17. Typical Amounts of Citrus Byproducts from Orange Processing (Goodrich and Braddock, 2006): Byproduct Kg/box oranges* Dry pellets (90% DM) 4.0 Molasses 1.4 Essential oil and d- limonene 0.3 Pulp wash soluble solids 0.3 Pectin 1.367

67 Frozen pulp 2.0 Flavonoids 0.2 * Oranges

– 40.8 kg/box, juice yields 55% Table 18 . Peel, Pulp, and Juice content of the Representative Commodities for the Citrus Fruit Group 10 which are the Orange, Tangerine, Lemon, and Grapefruit. Citrus Portion O range T angerine L emon Grapefruit Peel % 21.5 - 38.1 25.6 - 33.0 32.0 - 46.6 33.6 - 36.4 Pulp % 61.9 - 78.6 67.6 - 73.6 53.4 - 67.9 63.6 - 67.3 Juice % 23.8 - 51.0 32.5 - 38.6 21.6 - 27.0 30.0 - 33.6

CROP ROTATIONS FOR THE CITRUS : The members of the Citrus fruit group are no t rotated because of their long productive life spans at the same location most citrus orchards are kept at the same location for < 40 years, and will be replanted at the same locations they age and lose production. Trees can range from 25 to 40 ft in hei ght and take 10 to 15 years to develop before they

bear fruit. InFlorida, yi elds for navel, Valencia orange, white and pink grapefruit at different ages from 3 to > 24 ye ars may be are shown in Table 19. Yields increased greatly

as trees mature. Tabl e 19 . Florida Citrus Tree Ages 3 to > 24 years and Yields in Estimated Boxes Fruit/Tree (2001 - 2006) . Commodity 3 - 5 year

old tree 6 - 8 years 9

– 13 ye ars 14

– 23

ye ars > 24

ye ars Average

boxes Earl y Navel orange 1.38

boxes 1.8 2.74 3.51 4.36 3.08 Late Valencia Orange 1.11 1.66 2.10 2.42 3.82 2.25 White grapefruit 1.63 2.83 3.10 3.29 5.00 3.75 Pint/red grapefruit 1.48 2.20 3.27 3.59 4.40 3.46 Navel orange

– 90 lb/box; Valencia

– 90 lb/box; Grapefruit - 85 lb/box.68

68 PEST PROBLEM S FO R THE CITRUS CROPS : (Developed from USDA Crop Profiles from AZ, CA, LA, and TX, Extension Bulletins, and Research Literature). There are several common pest problems among the citrus fruits. The most important pest problems associated with this group of commodities are plant diseases including postharvest diseases, as well as some insects and mites. The following are the list of important insects, mite, and diseases of the citrus fruits (USDA Crop profiles 2006 , Ruther , 1978 ): 1. Insects and mites: Caribbean and Mediterranean fruit flies, citrus bud mite , citrus leafminer, citrus root weevil, black fl y , citrus rust mite , California red scale, cutworm , Asian citrus psyllid, sc ales , black flies, psyllid, glass y winged sharpshooter, Argentina and fire ants , katydid, grasshopper, aphids, meal yb ug, thrips, citrus leafminer, spider mites, whitefly . 2. Diseases: citrus s cab , branch knot , Septoria leaf spot, algal leaf spot, tar spot, oil spotting, lime blotch, California red scale, anthracnose, brown rot, bla ck spot, greas y spot, gummosis, heart rot, damping - off, seedling blight, Diplodia dieback, Fusarium oxysporum , Phy tophtora root rot, charcoal root rot , xyloporosis, melanose, citrus blast, citrus blight, greas y spot, sooty mold, green mold, blue mold, citr us canker , citrus greening, and several viruses including crinkl y leaf virus, psorosis, tristeza virus , and powdery mildew . 3. Nematodes: Citrus nematode , burrowing nematode, sting nematode, sting nematode, lesion nematode, and sheath nematode. 4. Weeds : Over 10 0 weeds found in citrus orchards as a combination of annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds, such as milkweed, morningglory, saltbush, goatweed, Virginia creeper, guineagrass, and lantana . 5. Vertebrate pests : meadow vol e s, rat, rabbit, armadillo, deer, pocket gopher, coyote, and squirrels.69

69 Proposed citrus fruit commodities that are being added to the crop group share many of the same pest problems because of their similar cultural practices and their highl y desirable fruits to many pests. The members of the Citrus Fruit Crop Group share many of the same pest problem s since they are all members of the same botanical family the Rutaceae. Because of the similarity in the botany, cultivars and cultural practices among these crops, they have similar pest problem. Availability of a similar set of pest control options for the Citrus fruit group would be useful in promoting integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Some of the pests affect the external appearance of the fruit some from damage b y feeding on the leaves or buds, and some by reducing postharvest keeping qualities. Asiatic citrus canker caused by a bacterium (

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv . citri) and citrus greening or Huanglongbing ( Candidatus liberibacter) have become much more impo rtant severe plant diseases that must be quarantined to help control the diseases in Florida and prevent spread to other citrus producing States. Grapefruit and Persian limes are highl y susceptible to citrus canker. ‘ Navel ’ , ‘P ineapple ’ , and ‘ Hamlin ’ sweet oranges are moderately susceptible, while ‘ Valencia ’ orange, tangors, tangelos, and other mandarin hybrids are susceptible and mandarins’ are moderatel y susceptible. The wind is a major dispersal agent of the disease, and the best control is eradication of the infected trees. Citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) is a serious disease of citrus because it affects all citrus cultivars and causes rapid decline of trees. HLB has seriously affected citrus production in a number of countries in Asia, Africa , the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula, and was recently discovered in Brazil (2004) and Florida (2005). Huanglongbing is v ectored by the Asian citrus psyllid. When psyllid is abundant and environmental conditions are favorable, HLB can rapi dly destro y existing groves and prevent commercial production of oranges and other citrus cultivars. Mature trees if infected may

decline and become non -productive and young trees that become infected never come into fruit production. HLB is difficult to manage and continued production of citrus has proven difficult and expensive in areas where it is widespread. HLB is one of a few citrus diseases that can be considered a truly limiting factor for citrus production. There are no HLB tolerant mandarin, orange or grapefruit cultivars to replace declining trees. The general control strategy has been to eradicate all existing sources of HLB within an area, then replant with HLB - free trees grown from clean budwood. Psyllid populations must also be reduced as much as possible

. Citrus fruit orchards have many weed control problems that must be controlled to ensure adequate yi elds and harvesting efficiencies. This citrus group shares a multiplude of insect, disease, viral, and nematode s. Weeds include grass y and broadleaf such as annual, biennial, and perennial weeds such as milkweed, morningglory , and saltbush . Animal pest problems include meadow voles, squirrels, deer, armadillos , and rabbits.
COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL RESIDUE LEVELS IN THE CITRUS :70

70 Magness, Markle, and Compton in 1971 classified food and feed crops based on predicting the potential for pesticide residues based on exposure of the edible parts to applied pesticides, which led to the development of the crop groups. The majority of the citrus fruits were classified in the Fruit Crops Category I . Category

Iinclude the citrus fruit crops with fruits mostly medium to large, peel nearl y alwaysdiscarded when consumed or processed. Peels may be dried and used as livestock feed particularly th e orange and grapefruit. Category Ifruit crops will have minimum exposure of the edible portions to direct contact to pesticide. The lime is placed in Fruit Crops Category II since it has somewhat greater exposure of edible parts to pesticides than in C ategory I , because of greater surface in proportion to weight. The fruits are medium to small with the peels generall y discarded before being consumed. The Calamondin, citron, and kumquat are placed in Fruit Crops Category IV with increased exposure of e dible parts to pesticide residues because the peel is commonly consumed. The fruits are medium to small . One would expect pesticide residues to be similar in most of the members of the Citrus fruit crop group , and distinct citrus fruit crop subgroups may be based on potential of residue to be deposited on the fruit . We expect that all proposed members of the citrus fruit crop group will have similar residue levels based on similarities of the raw agricultural commodities (RAC’s), cultural practices, and pest problems. A comparison of established tolerances on citrus fruit commodities also supports that residue levels will be similar between members of the crop group and subgroups (See Tables 20 , 2 1 , 2 2 , and 2 3 ). The proposed representative commoditie s cover over 99% of the total citrus fruit production in the U.S., and they also tend to be an equal or more conservative estimate of tolerances and potential residues. Based on existing tolerances in 40 CFR and the USDA FAS mrldatabase , a comparison of these tolerances for the representative commodities is listed in Table 20 for the U.S., Codex MRL ’s, and the European Union (EU). In several cases the U.S. tolerances are higher than those established in the EU. Tables 2 1 contain tolerances established in the U.S. on the proposed representative commodities (orange, tangerine, lemon, lime, and grapefruit) and are remarkably similar . Table 2 2 for the Orange subgroup and Table 2 3 for the proposed lemon/lime subgroup also show consistent tolerance levels betwe en representative commodities. Grapefruit is listed in Table 2 1 and tolerance levels are also very similar to the other representative commodities.

Table 20 . Tolerances established on Citrus Fruits Group 3 (FASONLINE; Duggan 2006a) Compound CFR

Cit ation US Codex EU 2,4 - D 180.142 5 1 0.05 Abamectin 180.449 0.02 0.01 0.01 3 Only include tolerances established on citrus fruit group, not individual commodities.71

71 Compound CFR

Cit ation US Codex EU Acephate 180.108

– – 0.02 Acequinocyl 180.599 0.2

– – Acetamiprid 180.578 0.5

– – Aldicarb 180.269 0.3 0.2 0.2 Amitraz 180.287

– – 0.05 Atrazine 180.220

– – 0.1 Azinphos - methyl 180.154 2.0 2.0 1 Azoxystrobin 180.507 1 0

– 1 Benomyl 180.294 10

– 5 Bentazon 180.355

– – 0.1 Bifenthrin 180.511 0.05

– 0.1 B romacil 180.210 0.1

– – Bromoxynil 180.324

– – 0.05 Buprofezin 180.511 2.5

– – Captafol - – – 0.02 Captan 180.103

– – 0.1 Carbaryl 180.169 10 1 1 Carbofuran 180.254

– – 0.3 Carfentrazone - Ethyl 180.515 0.1

– 0.01 Chlorfenapyr 180.513

– – 0.05 Chlorothalonil - – – 0.01 Chlor propham - – – 0.05 Chlorpyrifos 180.342 1.0 1 0.3 Clethodim 180.458 1

– – Clofentezine 180. 448

– 0.5 0.5 Cryolite - 7

– – Cyfluthrin 180.436 0.2

– 0.02 Cy permethrin 180.418

– 2 2 Cy romazine 180.414

– – 0.05 Deltamethrin 180.435 0.02 0.05 Diazinon 180.153 0.7 0.02 Dichlorvos 180.235

– – 0.1 Dicofol 180.163 Pending 5 2 Diflubenzuron 180 .377 0.5 0.5 Dimethoate 180.204 2.0 2 0.02 Diphenylamine - – – 0.05 Diquat Dibromide 180.226 0.02

– 0.05 Disulfoton - – – 0.02 Diuron 180.106 1.0

– – Dodine - – – 0.2 Endosulfan - – – 0.5 EPTC 180.117 0.1

– – Esfenvalerate - – – 0.02 Ethion 180. 173 5.0

– 272

72 Compound CFR

Cit ation US Codex EU Ethofumesate - – – 0.05 Ethylene Oxide - – – 0.1 Fenamiphos - – – 0.02 Fenarimol - – – 0.02 Fenbutatin - Oxide 180.362 20 5 5 Fenpyroximate 180.566 0.6 - - Fenpropathrin 180.466 2

– – Fentin Hydroxide - – – 0.05 Fenvalerate - 2 0.02 Ferbam 180.114 7

– – Fludioxonil 180.516 10

– – Fluridone 180.420 0.1

– – F olpet - – – 0.1 Fosetyl - Al 180.415 5

– – Fosthiazate - – – 0.02 Glufosinate - Ammonium - 0.1 Glyphosate 180.364 0.5 0.1 Hexythiazox - – 0.5 Hydrogen Cyanide 180.130 50

– – Imazalil 180.413 10 5 5 Imidacloprid 180.472 0.7 1 Inorganic bromide resulting from fumigation - – 30 0.05 Inorganic bromide resulting from soil treatment - – – 0.05 Iprodione - – – 0.05 Kresoxim- Methyl - – – 0.05 Lambda Cyhalothrin - – – 0.02 Mal athion - 4 2 Maleic Hydrazide - – – 0.2 Mancozeb - – – 5 Maneb - – – 5 Mesotrione - – – 0.05 Metalaxyl 180.408 1 5 0.5 Methamidophos - – – 0.2 Methanearsonic acid 180.289 0.35

– – Methidathion 180.298 2

– 2 Methomyl - – 1 0.05 Metiram - – – 5 M etsulfuron - Methyl - – – 0.05 Mevinphos - – – 0.2 Myclobutanil - – – 3 Napropamide 180.328 0.1

– – Norflurazon 180.356 0.2

– –73

73 Compound CFR

Cit ation US Codex EU O -phenylphenol 180.129 10 10

– Oryzalin 180.304 0.05

– – Oxamyl 180.303 3 5

– Oxydemeton - Methyl - – – 0.02 Paraquat Dichl oride 180.205 0.05

– 0.05 Pendimethalin 180.361 0.1 - - Permethrin - 0.5 0.05 Phorate - – – 0.05 Phosalone - – – 1 Phosmet 180.261 5 5

– Piperonyl Butoxide - – 5

– Procymidone - – – 0.02 Prohexadione Calcium - – – 0.05 Propargite - – 3 Propico nazole - – – 0.05 Propyzamide - – – 0.02 Pymetrozine - – – 0.3 Py raclostrobin 180.582 2 1 Py rethrins - 0.05 1 Py ridaben 180.494 0.5

– – Py ridate - – – 0.05 Py rimethanil 180.518 10

– – Py riproxyfen 180.510 0.3 0.5 Quinoxyfen - – – 0.02 Sethoxydim 180.412 0.5

– – Spinosad 180.420 0.3 0.3 Spiro diclofen 180.608 0.5

– – Sulfosate 180.489 0.05

– – Tebufenozide 180.482 0.8 2 Thiabendazole 180.207 10 10 5 Thiophanate - Methyl

– – 5 Thiram - – – 3 Triadimefon - – – 0.1 Tri allate - – – 0.1 Tri demorph - – – 0.05 Trifloxystrobin 180.555 0.3

– 0.3 Trifloxysulfuron 180.591 0.03

– – Trifluralin 180.207 0.05

– – Zeta - Cypermethrin - – 2 Zoxamide - – – 0.0274

74 Table 2 1 . Tolerances E stablished in U . S . on Representative Citrus Fruit Crops Com p ound CFR

Citation Orange Tangerine Lemon Lime Grapefruit Aldicarb 180.269 0.3 - 0.3 0.3 0.3 Dicofol 180.163 10 10 10 10 10 Dimethoate 180.204 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Fenamiphos 180.349 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Formetanate hydrochloride 180.276 4.0 - 4.0 4.0 4. 0 Malathion 180.111 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Methomyl 180.253 2.0 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 Naled 180.215 3.0 3.0 3.0 - 3.0 O -phenylphenol 180.129 10 10 10 10 10 Oxydemeton methyl 180.330 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 Parathion 180.123 30 30 30 30 30 Phosphine 180.225 0.01 0.01 0 .01 0.01 0.01 Propargite 180.259 5.0 - 5.0 - 5.0 - Simazine 180.213 0.25 - 0.25 - 0.25 Thiazopyr 180.496 0.05 - - - 0.05
Table 2 2 . Tolerance Comparison B etween Members of the Orange Subgroup 10A. (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA OPPIN 6/4 /200 7) . Com pound CFR Citation Orange Tangerine Dicofol 180.163 10 10 Dimethoate 180.204 2.0 2.0 Fenamiphos 180.349 0.6 0.6 Malathion 180.111 8.0 8.0 Methomyl 180.253 2.0 2.0 Naled 180.215 3.0 3.0 O -phenylphenol 180.129 10 10 Parathion 180.123 30 30 Phosphine 180.225 0.01 0.01
Table 2 3 . Tolerance Comparison B etween the Representative Commodities of the Lemon/lime Subgroup 20B. (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA OPPIN 6/4 /200 7) . Com pound CFR Citation Lemon Lime Aldicarb 180.269 0.3 0.3 Dicofol 180.16 3 10 10 Dimethoate 180.204 2.0 2.0 Fenamiphos 180.349 0.6 0.6 Formetanate hydrochloride 180.276 4.0 4.0 Malathion 180.111 8.0 8.075

75 Com pound CFR Citation Lemon Lime O -phenylphenol 180.129 10 10 Parathion 180.123 30 30 Phosphine 180.225 0.01 0.01

REQUIRED NUMBER OF CROP FIELD TRIALS FOR CROP GROUP 10 AND COMPARISON OF EPA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS WITH THE NAFTA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS : The Florida Department of Citrus (Brown, M., 2005) is estimating losses due to citrus canker of orange and grapefruit from 212.3 to 218 million boxes and 27.6 to 33.5 million boxes, respectively over the next ten years. Hurricanes that hit Florida in 2004 - 2005 also caused high citrus tree loss and spead several diseases such as citrus canker and citrus greening . Lime acres have not been reported since 2002 because of the devastating storms and disease . A reevaluation of crop production data fro the 2002 USDA Agricultural Census shows that the amended Citrus fruit crop group 1 0 will not require additional field trials because the acreage for orange, tangerine, lemon, lime, and grapefruit have not significantl y changed from the 1991 data used in the current field trial guidelines (EPA OPPTS 860.1500). The proposed number of crop field trials for Crop group 1 0 Citrus fruit , as well as the required number of crop field trials for Crop subgroups 1 0A, 1 0B, and 1 0C is listed in Tables 2 4 , 2 5 , and 2 6 , respectively as well as suggested regional distribution of the citrus crops is in Table 2 7 . The citrus fruit crops in this group are adapted best to the subtropical areas of the U.S. found in a zone from Florida, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexic o , and California. These include EPA Residue Field Trial Regions 3, 5, 6, 10, and 13 (Table 2 6 and 2 7 ) . Table 2 4 . Draft Required Number of Field Trials fo r Citrus Fruit Commodities to Establish a Citrus Fruit Crop Group 10. (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 2). Representative Number of Field Trials for Number of Field Trials for76

76 Commodity Commodities if Not Part of the Crop Group Commodities as Part of the Crop

Group Based on 2002 AGCensus Orange 16 in current guidelines 12 field trials can combine orange and tangerine. Recommend not more than four tangerine trials. Tangerine 5 in current guidelines Combined with orange. Lemon 5 in current guidelines 5 field trials can combine lemon and lime Lime 3 in current guidelines Combined with lemon. Grapefruit 8 in current guidelines 6 Total 29* 23 * Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number of Field Trials, in Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials. Current guidelines have orange, lemon, and grapefruit as the representative commodities. Table 2 5 . Required Number of Field Trials for Crop Subgroup 10A, 10B, and 10C. (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 3). Crop Subgroup Representative

Commodity Production Acres 2002 Number of Field

Trials 10A Orange or

Tangerine 994,871

– orange or 31,419

– tangerine 12 in current

guidelines.* 10B Lemon or

Lime 81,021

– lemon or 1,491 - lime 5 in current

guidelines. 10C Grapefruit 157,358 8 * Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number of Field Trials, in Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials. Table 2 6 . EPA Crop Production Regions for the Citrus Fruit Crops. [ Represen tative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group ] . Commodity ** 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Calamondin X Citrus citron X Citrus hy brids X X Grapefruit* X X X Kumquat X X Lemon* X X X Lime* X X Lime, sweet X X Orange, sour X X X X Orange, sweet* X X X X77

77 Commodity ** 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pummelo X X X Satsuma mandarin X X Tachibana orange X X Tahiti lime X X Tangelo X X Tang erine * X X Tangor X X Trifoliate orange X X Uniq fruit X X ** Commodities that are not representative commodities have field trial regions generall y based on the USDA Plants Database, 2006. Table 2 7 . EPA Crop Production Regions Suggested Distribution of the Citrus Fruit Crop Field Trials > 3 for the Representative Commodities for the Crop Group b ased on 2002 AGCensus Data. Commodity # Field

Trials 1 3 5 6 7 10 13 Orange 16 12 4 Tangerine 5 3 3 3 2 Grapefruit 8 6 1 1 Lemon 5 7 1 Lime 3 1 2
The citrus crops are not yet adapted to Canada and when full NAFTA regions are developed Table 2 8 will be updated. Efforts to update the NAFTA regions will begin in late 2007. Any

future conflict in testing between regions can generally be resolved by having the ChemSAC review the test protocol regions before residue trials are initiated and any differences can also be resolved b y input from the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC ). Table 2 8 . NAFTA Field Production Regions for the Citrus Fruit Crop Group 10. Commodity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Orange* X X X Tangerine X X Lemon X X Lime X X Grapefruit* X X X X * Representative Commodities for the Crop Group.78

78 CODEX CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES AND EPA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY: See Table 2 9 . Comparison of Citrus Fruit Crop Groups: Codex (001) and EPA (10). (Data prepared b y Dr’s. Yuen - Shaung NG, Hong Chen, and Dr. Bernard A. Schneider, US EPA and USDA IR - 4, 2004, 2007). EPA is proposing 2 8 commodities for the Citrus Fruit Crop Group, and CODEX has a current Citrus Fruits, Except Kumquat Group 001, which has 38 commodity terms. Kumquats are listed in the Codex Crop group 005 for “A ssorted tropical and sub - tropical fruits

– edible peel ” . Sixteen C odex commodity terms already match those in the proposed EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

(See Table 3 8 ). CODEX h as nine commodities in their group that will be considered by EPA as members of other crop groups such as the tropical /subtropical fruit groups. Kumquats are also classified in their group 005 which is for assorted tropical and subtropical fruits with inedible peel. We have placed kumquats in the Citrus fruit group since it has always been a member of the U.S. Crop group 10 and plant taxonomists often classify kumquats in the citrus family . In addition the proposed EPA Citrus Fruit Crop Group has eleven commodities not in the Codex Citrus Fruit Group (Table 28 ). In the next proposed revision to the CODEX Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds we would expect these changes to be considered as additions to their Citrus group in the harmonization effort that Dr. Hong Chen, USDA IR - 4 is coordinating with the Codex delegation. Therefore, this proposal will not only

increase harmonization with the Canadian and NAFTA crop grouping system, but it is compatible with the international system of CODEX. The Fo od Quality Protection Act of 1996 placed increased emphasis on using CODEX MRLs in setting tolerances for pesticides in the U.S.

Table 2 9 . EP A/Codex Citrus Fruit Group C omparison ( B ased on Ng and Schneider, 2007 ) . Codex Group # Codex Commodity Name EPA Group # EPA Commodity Name 001 CALAMONDIN, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0003 MANDARINS 10 CALAMONDIN 001 CITRON, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0002, LEMONS AND LIMES 10 CITRON, CITRUS 001 TANGORS, SEE SUBGROUP 0003 MANDARINS 10 TANGOR 001 ORANGES, SW EET, SOUR (INCLUDI NG ORANGE - LIKE

HYBRIDS) 10 CITRUS HYBRIDS 001 TANGELOLO, SEE SUBGROUP 0005 SHADDOCKS OR

POMELOS 10 CITRUS HYBRIDS 001 CHIRONJA, SEE SUBGROUP ORANGES, SWEET, SOUR 10 CITRUS HYBRIDS 071 CITRUS PULP, DRY 10 CITRUS, DRIED PULP 070 CITRUS JUICE 10 CITRUS, J UICE 069 CITRUS MOLASSES 10 CITRUS, MOLASSES79

79 Codex Group # Codex Commodity Name EPA Group # EPA Commodity Name 001 CITRUS FRUIT 10 FRUIT, CITRUS 001 GRAPEFRUIT, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0005 SHADDOCKS

OR POMELOS 10 GRAPEFRUIT 070 GRAPEFRUIT JUICE 10 GRAPEFRUIT, JUICE 001 NATSUDAIDAI, SEE SUBGROUP 0005 SHADDOCKS OR

POMELOS 10 JAPANESE SUMMER GRAPEFRUIT 005 KUMQUATS 10 KUMQUAT 005 KUMQUAT, MARUMI, SEE KUMQUATS 10 KUMQUAT 005 KUMQUAT, NAGAMI, SEE KUMQUATS 10 KUMQUAT 001 LEMON, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0002 LEMONS AND LIMES 10 LEMON 001 LIME, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0002 LEMONS AND LIM ES 10 LIME 001 SATSUMA OR SATSUMA MANDARIN, SEE SUBGROUP 0003

MANDARINS 10 MANDARIN, SATSUMA 001 MEDITERRANEAN MANDARIN, SEE SUBGROUP 0003

MANDARINS 10 MEDITERRANEAN MANDARIN 070 ORANGE JUICE 10 ORANGE, JUICE 001 MYRTLE - LEAF ORANGE, SEE CHINOTTO 10 ORA NGE, SOUR 001 ORANGE, SOUR, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0004 ORANGES,

SW EET, SOUR 10 ORANGE, SOUR 001 CHINOTTO, SEE ORANGE, SOUR 10 ORANGE, SOUR 001 BIGARADE, SEE ORANGE, SOUR 10 ORANGE, SOUR 001 ORANGE, BITTER, SEE ORANGE, SOUR 10 ORANGE, SOUR 001 SEVILLE ORAN GE, SEE ORANGE, SOUR 10 ORANGE, SOUR 001 BLOOD ORANGE, SEE ORANGE, SWEET 10 ORANGE, SW EET 001 MALTA ORANGE, SEE BLOOD ORANGE 10 ORANGE, SW EET 001 ORANGE, SW EET, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0004 ORANGES,

SW EET, SOUR 10 ORANGE, SW EET 001 SHADDOCK, SEE ALSO SUBGROU P 0005 SHADDOCKS OR

POMELOS 10 PUMMELO 001 POMELO, SEE SHADDOCKS OR POMELOS 10 PUMMELO 001 UGLI, SEE SUBGROUP 0005 SHADDOCKS OR POMELOS 10 PUMMELO 001 SHADDOCKS OR POMELOS (INCLUDING SHADDOCK- LIKE

HYBRIDS) 10 PUMMELO 001 NATSUDAIDAI, SEE SUBGROUP 0005 SHADDOCKS OR

POMELOS 10 PUMMELO 001 TANGELO, LARGE - SIZED CULTIVARS, SEE SUBGROUP

0005 10 TANGELO 001 TANGELO, SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED CULTIVARS, SEE

SUBGROUP 0003 10 TANGELO 001 MANDARIN, SEE ALSO SUBGROUP 0003 MANDARINS 10 TANGERINE 001 MANDARINS (INCL UDING MANDARIN - LIKE HYBRIDS) 10 TANGERINE 001 CLEMENTINE, SEE MANDARIN 10 TANGERINE 001 CLEOPATRA MANDARIN, SEE SUBGROUP 0003

MANDARINS 10 TANGERINE 001 DANCY OR DANCY MANDARIN, SEE SUBGROUP 0003

MANDARINS 10 TANGERINE 001 MEDITERRANEAN MANDARIN, SEE S UBGROUP 0003

MANDARINS 10 TANGERINE 001 TANGERINE, SEE SUBGROUP 0003 MANDARINS 10 TANGERINE 001 TANKAN MANDARIN, SEE SUBGROUP 0003 MANDARINS 10 TANGERINE 001 WILLOWL EAF MANDARIN, SEE MEDITERRANEAN

MANDARIN 10 TANGERINE 001 KING MANDARIN, SEE SUBGROUP 0 003 MANDARINS 10 TANGERINE80

80 Codex Group # Codex Commodity Name EPA Group # EPA Commodity Name NA NA 10 A USTRALIAN DESERT LIME NA NA 10 A USTRALIAN FINGER LIME NA NA 10 A USTRALIAN ROUND LIME NA NA 10 BROWN RIVER FINGER LIME NA NA 10 L IME, SW EET NA NA 10 M OUNT W HITE LIME NA NA 10 N EWGUINEA W ILD LIME NA NA 10 RUSSELL RIVER LIME NA NA 10 TABACHIBAN ORANGE NA NA 10 TAHITI LIME NA NA 10 TRIFOLIATE ORANGE NA NA NA U NIQ Fruit

PREPARATION , FOOD FORMS, COOKING METHODS , FOOD FORMS, SPECIFIC USES, MEDICINAL USES, FRUIT YIELDS, AND MARKETING STANDARDS FOR MEMBERS OF THE CITRUS FRUIT CROP GROUP: Preparation and Cooking Methods for Citrus Fruits: The 2 8 commodities in the proposed amended citrus fruit crop group are all perennial angiosperms (flowering plants) that are herbaceous small trees that produce an edibl e fleshy berry- like fruit called a he speridium . Most small fruits and berries are eaten as fresh fruit, as a hesperidium. The cooking methods and food forms used to prepare citrus is shown in Table 3 7 . Citrus fruits have many food and nonfood uses. The y are used fresh, drinks, flavoring, marmalade, juice or confection. Zest (zeste) is a piece of the peel or of the thin oily, outer skin of normall y an orange or lemon used for flavoring foods similar to spices. Marmalade is a condiment derived from cooking orange and lemon. Citrus fruits have also been used for more medicinal purposes than most other fruit crops. Citrus peel is used for cattle feed and extracted oils used as insecticides, perfumes, and furniture cleaning agents. They also have ornamental landscape uses, plant extracts for medicinal uses, and uses as dye stuffs. Specific uses for some of the citrus fruits will be discussed below. General f ruit preparation for citrus fruits: Navel oranges, tangerines, tangelos, temple oranges and clementines are peeled easil y by simply pulling off the skin. Other citrus fruits can be peeled by cutting as close to the flesh as possible with a sharp paring81

81 knife. Grapefruit may

be cut into segments by

cutting in half horizontally, scoop out seeds with the point of a knife and use a small knife, preferably a curved grapefruit knife, to cut around each segment and free it from the surrounding membrane. Lightly roll whole lemons or limes on a countertop or warm them slightly before cutting to release more juice. Squeeze through a piece of cheesecloth to avoid pits in juice. Specific Uses of Citrus : Calamondin: Calamondin made into juice or marmalades. F ruits are halved, depulped, immersed in salt water to ferment for about 40 days. After partial de - salting and boiling to soften the peel, it is candied in a strong sucrose/glucose solution. The candied peel is sun - dried or put up in jars for future use.

Citron : Fruits are halved, depulped, immersed in salt water to ferment for about 40 days. A fter partial de - salting and boiling to soften the peel, it is candied in a strong sucrose/glucose solution. The candied peel is sun - dried or put up in jars for future use, and its use is for Peel candied, used in confections and culinary . Candying is don e mainl y i n England, France and the United States. The candied peel is widely employed in the food industry , especiall y as an ingredient in fruit cake, plum pudding, buns, sweet rolls and candy. The fruit of the wild 'Chhangura' is pickled in India. In Indonesia, citron peel is eaten raw with rice. The entire fruit of the 'Fingered citron' is eaten. If there is sufficient juice in the better cultivars, it is utilized for beverages and to make desserts. In Guatemala, it is used as flavoring for carbonate d soft drinks. In Malaya, citron juice is used as a substitute for the juice of imported, expensive lemons. A product called "citron water" is made in Barbados and shipped to France for flavoring wine and vermouth. In Spain, a sy rup made from the peel is used to flavor unpalatable medical preparations. In China and Japan the dried fruits are put with in stored clothing to repel moths. In southern China, the juice is used to wash fine linen. Formerl y, the essential oil was distilled from the peel for use in perfumery . In some of the South Pacific islands, "Cedrat Petitgrain Oil" is distilled from the leaves and twigs of citron trees for the French perfume industry . The flowers have been distilled for essential oil which has limited use in scent manufa cturing. Branches of the citron tree are used as walking - sticks in India. The wood is white, rather hard and heavy, and of fine grain. In India, it is used for agricultural implements . Mainly thick peel or rind; the entire Etrog fruit can be e aten. Grapefruit:82

82 Grapefruit is used as a fresh fruit and is canned as juice and segments, and marmalade. About equal amounts fresh and processed. Grapefruit is customarily a breakfast fruit . The juice is marketed as a beverage fresh, canned, or dehydrated a s powder, or concentrated and frozen. It can be made into excellent vinegar or carefull y fermented as wine. An average of 15 lb is needed per canner load of 7 quarts, an average of 13 lb is needed per canner load of 9 pints and an average of about 2 lb yi elds 1 quart (Simmone, 2003). Grapefruit peel is candied and is an important source of pectin for the preservation of other fruits. The peel oil, expressed or distilled, is commonly employed in soft - drink flavoring, after the removal of 50 % of the monoterpenes. The waste from grapefruit packing plants has long been converted into molasses for cattle. After oil extraction, the hulls can be used for soil conditioning, or, combined with the dried pulp, as cattle feed. A detoxification process must precede the feeding of this product to pigs or poultry .

Ku mquat: The kumquat is m ainly

decorative, but whole fruits is edible and may b e eaten out of hand, or made into marmalade, and it is generally e aten fresh with its rind, or transformed into marmalades, je l lies, and f resh kumquats, especiall y the 'Meiwa', can be eaten raw, whole. F or preserving, they s hould be left until they l ose some of their moisture and acquire richer flavor. The fruits are easil y preserved whole in sugar sy rup . C anned kumquats are exported from Taiwan and often served as dessert in Chinese restaurants. For candying, the fruits are soaked in hot water with baking soda, next day cut open and cooked briefl y each day

for 3 days in heavy sy

rup , then dried and sugared. Kumquats are excellent for making marmalade, either alone or half - and- half with calamondin . The fruit may b e pickled by

merely p acking in jars of water, vinegar, and salt, partially se aling for 4 to 5 days, changing the brine, sealing and letting stand for 6 to 8 weeks. To make sweet pickles, halved fruits are boiled until tender, drained, boiled again in a mixture of corn sy rup , vinegar, water and sugar, with added cloves and cinnamon, and then baked until the product is thick and transparent. Kumquat sauce is m ade b y cooking chopped, seeded fruits with honey , orange juice, salt and butter. Lemon : InC olombia, lemon soup is made by adding slices of lemon to dry b read roll that has been sautéed in shortening until soft and then sieved. S ugar and a cup of wine are added and the mixture brought to a boil, and then served. L emon peel can be candied at home and is preserved in brine and supplied to manufacturers of confectionery and baked goods Fresh fruit, canned juice, add to drinks, culinary source of pectin . M ainly f resh, some processed. L emon oil is used for flavoring purposes in soft drinks and baked foods. Slices of lemon are served as a garnish on fish or meat or with iced or hot tea, to be83

83 squeezed for the flavorful juice . Lemon peel oil is much used in furniture polishes, detergents, soaps and shampoos. It is important in perfume blending and especially in colognes. Petitgrain oil (up to 50% citral), is distilled from the leaves, twigs and immature fruits of the lemon tree in West Africa, North Africa and Ital y. W ith terpenes removed, it is greatly

prized in colognes and floral perfumes. The lemon parts consumed include the interior juice vesicles with the rind is candied or used in marmalade. D ried rind from processing plants livestock feed. L ime Besides being used for juice the lime can be pickled by f irst making 4 incisions in the apex, covering the fruits with salt, and later preserving them in vinegar . Before serving, the pickled fruits may

b e fried in coconut oil and sugar and then they are eaten as appetizers. Pickling is done in India by quartering the fruits, layering the pieces with salt in glass or glazed clay

j ars, and placing in the sun for 3 to 4 days. The contents are stirred once a day . Green chili peppers, turmeric, ginger o r other spices may b e included at the outset. Coconut or other edible oil may be added last to enhance the keeping quality . Another method of pickling involves scraping the fruits, steeping them in lime juice, then salting and exposing to the sun. The oi l derived from the Mexican lime is obtained by

three different methods in the West Indies: 1) by h and -pressing in a copper bowl studded with spikes; 2) by m achine pressing, cold expression, of the oil from the spent half

- shells after juice extraction, or s imultaneously but with no contact with the juice; or 3) by

distillation from the oil y pulp that rises to the top of tanks in which the washed, crushed fruits have been left to settle for 2 weeks to a month. Limes are used in lime ade drinks, culinary as fo r marinating meats , flavoring, and in ice cream, confections and as agarnish for desserts. Mainly f resh, some processed. They are available fresh or frozen. Lime juice is made into sy rup and sauce and pies similar to lemon pie. "Key Lime Pie" is a famou s dish of the Florida Keys and southern Florida, but today i s largel y made from the frozen concentrate of the 'Tahiti' lime. Tahiti limes are used fresh for canned lime juice, frozen lime juice, frozen lime juice concentrate, frozen limeade and powdered l ime juice . Li me juice is used to cover sliced fruits to prevent darkened and to keep cauliflower white while cooking. Mexican limes are often made into jam, jelly and marmalade. In Malaya, they are preserved in sy

rup. The minced leaves are consumed in c ertain Javanese dishes. Inthe Philippines, the chopped peel is made into a sweetmeat with milk and coconut. Dried limes are used in Persian cooking. The dehydrated peel is fed to cattle. InIndia, the powdered dried peel and the sludge remaining after clarifying lime juice are employed for cleaning metal. The hand-pressed peel oil is mainly utilized in the perfume industry . Mediterranean m andarin : . The Mediterranean mandarin is used as a b everage base and fresh fruit.84

84 P ummelo : The pummelo is m ainly

eaten as fresh fruit and it is sweeter than the grapefruit. It is used to make jams, jellies, marmalades and sy rups . S our orange : Sour orange is u sed for marmalade, flavoring and in drinks. The normal types of sour orange are usuall y too s our to be enjoyed out - of - hand. In Mexico, however, sour oranges are cut in half, salted, coated with a paste of hot chili peppers, and eaten. The greatest use of sour oranges as food is in the form of marmalade and for this purpose they have no equal. The juice is valued for ade and as a flavoring on fish and, in Spain, on meat during cooking. It is used like vinegar in the Yucatan . InEgy pt and elsewhere, it has been fermented to make wine. "Bitter orange oil", expressed from the peel, is in demand f or flavoring candy, ice cream, baked goods, gelatins and puddings, chewing gum, soft drinks, liqueurs and pharmaceutical products . S weet orange : Sweet oranges are used fresh, canned and frozen juice, canned segments, and marmalade. In addition to its food uses, orange peel oil is a prized scent in perfume and soaps. Oil derived from orange and other citrus seeds is employed as cooking oil and in soap and plastics. The high -protein seed residue is suitable for human food and as an ingredient in cattl e feed and the hulls enter into fertilizer mixtures. The essential oils distilled from orange flowers and foliage is important in perfume manufacturing. Some Petitgrain oil is distilled from the leaves, flowers, twigs, and small, whole, unripe fruits Satsuma mandarin In the UK, mikan are commonly eaten at Christmas. In Canada, they are a popular snack at any time of the year, and fruit grown in Morocco are commonl y sold in supermarkets. Tangerine Tangerines are easil y peeled by h and into separate segments. They c an be eaten fresh or canned and used in fruit salads, as snacks, desserts, puddings, and custards or as a flavoring for meat marinades. The skin can be used as a zeste or garnish for food and sweets . Medicinal Uses of Citrus Fruit s :85

85 There are several medicinal uses of citrus fruits. Citron juice with wine was considered an effective purgative to rid the body of poison. InIndia, the peel is a remedy for dysentery and is eaten to overcome halitosis. The candied peel is sold in China as a stomachic, stimulant, expectorant and tonic. InW est Tropical Africa, the citron is used only as a medicine, particularl y against rheumatism. The flowers are used medicinally by the Chinese. In Malaya, a decoction of the fruit is taken to drive off evil spirits. A decoction of the shoots of wild plants is administered to improve appetite, relieve stomach ache and expel intestinal worms. A leaf infusion is given as an antispasmodic. InS outheast Asia, citron seeds are given as a vennifuge. In Panama, they are ground up and combined with other ingredients and given as an antidote for poison. The essential oil of the peel is regarded as an antibiotic. Lemon juice is widel y known as a diuretic, antiscorbutic, astringent, and febrifuge. In Ital y, the sweetened juice is given to relieve gingivitis, stomatitis, and inflammation of the tongue. Lemon juice in hot water has been widely advocated as a daily laxative and preventive of the common cold, but daily doses have been found to erode the enamel of the teeth. Prolonged use will reduce the teeth to the level of the gums. Lemon juice and honey , or lemon juice with salt or ginger, is taken when needed as a cold remedy . It was the juice of the Mediterranean sweet lemon, not the lime that was car ried aboard British sailing ships of the 18th Century to prevent scurvy, though the sailors became known as "limeys". Oil expressed from lemon seeds is employed medicinally . The root decoction is taken as a treatment for fever in Cuba and for gonorrhea in West Africa. An infusion of the bark or of the peel of the fruit is given to relieve colic. Lime juice dispels the irritation and swelling of mosquito bites. In Malaya, the juice is taken as a tonic and to relieve stomach ailments. The pickled fruit, with other substances, is poulticed on the head to allay n euralgia. In In dia, the pickled fruit is eaten to relieve indigestion. The juice of the Mexican lime is regarded as an antiseptic, tonic, an antiscorbutic, an astringent, and as a diuretic in l iver ailments, a digestive stimulant, a remedy for intestinal hemorrhage and hemorrhoids, heart palpitations, headache, convulsive cough, rheumatism, arthritis, falling hair, bad breath, and as a disinfectant for all kinds of ulcers when applied in a poultice. T he leaves are poulticed on skin diseases and on the abdomen of a new mother after childbirth. The leaves or an infusion of the crushed leaves may

b e applied to relieve headache. The leaf decoction is used as eye drops and to bathe a feverish patient; also as a mouth wash and gargle in cases of sore throat and thrush. The Tahiti lime juice, given quickly , is an effective antidote for the painful oral irritation and inflammation that result from biting into aroids such as Dieffenbachia spp., Xanthos oma spp., Philodendron spp., and their allies. Lime juice has also been applied to relieve the effects of stinging corals. Sour orange juice is antiseptic and hemostatic. Africans appl y the cut - open orange on ulcers and yaws and areas of the body affli cted with rheumatism. In Italy, Mexico and Latin America generally, decoctions of the leaves are given for their antispasmodic, stimulant, tonic and stomachic action. The flowers, prepared as a sy rup , act as a sedative86

86 in nervous disorders and induce sle ep. An infusion of the bitter bark is taken as a tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and vermifuge . Sweet orange is eaten to allay f ever and catarrh. The roasted pulp is prepared as a poultice for skin diseases. The fresh peel is rubbed on acne. In the mid- 1 950s, the health benefits of eating peeled, whole oranges were much publicized because of its protopectin, bioflavonoids and inositol (related to vitamin B). The orange contains a significant amount of the vitamin - like glucoside, hesperidin, and 75 - 80% of it in the albedo, rag and pulp. This principle, also rutin and other bioflavonoids were for awhile much advocated for treating capillary f ragility, hemorrhages and other physiological problems, but they are no longer approved for such use in the United States. An infusion of the immature fruit is taken to relieve stomach and intestinal complaints. The flowers are employed medicinall y by the Chinese people living in Malaya. Orange flower water, made in It al y and France as cologne , is bitter and considered antispasmodic and sedative. A decoction of the dried leaves and flowers is given in It al y as an antispasmodic, cardiac sedative, antiemetic, digestive and remedy for flatulence. The inner bark, macerated and infused in wine, is taken as a tonic and carminative. A vinous decoction of husked orange seeds is prescribed for urinary ailments in China and the juice of fresh orange leaves or a decoction of the dried leaves may b e taken as a carminative or applied on sores and ulcers. An orange seed extract is given as a treatment for malaria in Ecuador but it is known to cause respiratory depression and a strong contraction of the spleen. Pummelo in the Philippines and Southeast Asia, have decoctions of the leaves, flowers, and rind are given for their sedative effect in cases of epileps y, chorea and convulsive coughing. The hot leaf decoction is applied on swellings and ulcers. The fruit juice is taken as a febrifuge. The seeds are employed against coughs, dyspepsia and lumbago. Gum that exudes from dec lining trees is collected and taken as a cough remedy in Brazil.

Citrus Fruit Yields : Table 30 shows the juice equivalents for an individual citrus fruit as well as the peel equivalent. For example one medium orange (154 g) yi elds 1⁄4 cup juice and 4 teaspoons of grated peel. Table 30 . The Juice Yields of the Citrus Fruits and Other Portions Such as the Peel Used for F ood. Citrus Commodity Juice Equivalents Peel Equivalents Citrus specialties One medium tangerine = 109 g.

= about 1⁄4 cup juice. Similar to orange. Grapefruit One medium grapefruit (308 g) One medium grapefruit = 3 - 487

87 Citrus Commodity Juice Equivalents Peel Equivalents

= 2/3 cup juice. Five

– six medium lemons = 1 cup juice. teaspoons grated peel. Lemon One medium lemon (58 g) = 3

tablespoons juice. Five

– six medium lemons = 1 cu

p juice. One medium lemon yields 3

tablespoons of grated peel. Lime One medium lime (67 g) or 2

inch diameter = 1⁄4 cup juice or 2 tablespoons of juice . Orange One medium orange (154 g)

yi elds 1⁄4 cup juice. One medium orange = 4 teaspoons grated peel.

USDA Marketing Standards for Citrus Fruits : The USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (USDA AMS) has established standards for marketing many of the citrus fruits. For citrus the standards are based on size (diameter), color, skin texture, injury, shape, juice content, and lack of diseases or insect damage. Oranges can vary in diameter from 2 6/16 to 5 1/16 inches, grapefruit from 3 5/16 to 5 9/16 inch. There are also eight grades of orange juice that includes: pasteurized orange juice, canned orange juice, orange juice from concentrate, frozen concentrated orange juice, reduced acid frozen concentrated orange juice, canned concentrated orange juice, concentrated orange juice for manufacturing, and dehydrated orange juice. The orange juice standards include items on flavor, defects like seeds, color and Brix. There are al so standards for grades of orange marmalade that include sweet orange, bitter orange, and combination of sweet and bitter oranges and are based on color, absence of defects, uniformity

of the gel, and flavor.

AVAILABILITY AND STORAGE LIFE OF THE CITRUS FRUIT CROP GROUP MEMBERS IN THE MARKETPLACE:88

88 Citrus fruits are widel y available in the marketplace both from domestic production and imports. The available and peak prod uction periods for oranges, lemon, and grapefruit in the marketplace are shown in Tables 3 1 , 3 2 , and 3 3 , respectively . The c itrus varieties and harvesting times for California (Table 3 4 ) and Florida (Table 3 5 ) varieties are also discussed below as well as a description of the citrus varieties. Most c itrus may be stored for periods of up to one to two months and variation in the storage times for the citrus are in Table 3 6 . Specific food uses for citrus fruits are discussed under the Comparison of harvesting, raw agricultural commodity (RAC), edible portions, and processed food item section of this report. In most cases based on U.S. production and imports citrus is now available all year around. Table 3 1 . Availability of Oranges in the U.S. Marketpla ce (A = Available, P = Peak). Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec California P P P P P P A A A P P P Florida A A A A A A A A A Texas P P A A A A A Australia A A

Table 3 2 . Availability of Lemons in the U. S. Marketplace (A = Available, P = Peak). Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Arizona A A A A A A A A A California P P P P P P P P P P P P Chile A A Spain A A P A
Table 3 3. Availability of Grapefruit in the U.S. Marketplace (A = Available, P = Peak). Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec California A A A A A P P P P P A A Florida P P P P P A A P P P Texas P P P A A A P P P Bahamas A A A89

89 Specific Citrus Varie ty Availability : In Florida, most oranges bloom in March - April and there is three main production seasons. Earl y varieties, such as ‘ Hamlin ’ and ‘ Parson Brown ’ , reach maturity in October through January . The midseason varieties such as the ‘ Pineapple Orange ’ reach maturity in December- February. Late season varieties such as the ‘ Valencia ’ mature from February- June. For harvesting citrus in California and Florida see Tables 3 4 and 3 5 , respectivel y.

TABLE 3 4 : Sunkist California Varietals Chart (http://www.sunkist.com/products/varietal_chart.asp90

90 Table 3 5 . Florida Citrus Harvesting Periods. (Adapted from Ferguson, J.J. 2002. Your Florida Dooryard Citrus Guide - Appendices, Definitions and Glossary. Univ FL. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Document HS 891. ( http://edis.ifas.ufl.ed).91

91 Citrus Variety Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Navel X X X X Ambersweet X X X X Hamlin X X X X Parson Brown X X X X Pineapple X X X Sunstar X X X X Midsweet X X X Gardner X X X Valencia X X X X Duncan X X X X X X Marsh X X X X X X X Redblush (Ruby) X X X X X X X Star Ruby X X X X X X Minneola tangelo X X X Orlando tangelo X X X Nova tangelo X X Robinson tangerine X X X Sunburst tangerine X X Dancy tangerine X X Murcott (Honey tangerine) X X X Tem ple orange X X X Osceola X X Fallglow X X Page mandarin X X X X X Owari (satsuma) X X Ponkan mandarin X X Tahiti (Persian) lime X X X X Key Lime (Mexican) X X X X X X X X X X X X Meyer lemon X X X X X Bearss lemon X X X X X X Calamondin X X X X X X92

92 Nagami kumquat X X X X X X Melwa kumquat X X X X X X Limequat X X X X X Midsweet X X X Sunstar X X X X Specific Information on Florida Citrus Fruit Varieties
– Followup to Table 3 5 (Adapted from J.J. Ferguson, 2002 , Walleim, 1996 and Tucker, 1995 ). Sweet Oranges (Representative for Crop Subgroup 10A) : The sweet o ranges grown in Florida can be divided into three broad seasonal categories: ‘ Hamlin ’ , ‘ Parson Brown ’ , ‘ Ambersweet ’ , and navels are considered earlyseason cultivars; ‘ Pineapple orange ’ is a mid- season cultivar; and ‘ Valencia ’ is a late season cultivar. Early- Season Oranges are harvested October to January. The ‘ Haml in ’ orange has a high degree of cold tolerance especiall y with early harvest before winter freezes. Fruit yield is high and juice has a light color. The fruit stores well on the tree but is susceptible to splitting and creasing and there are 0

– 6 seeds per fruit. The ‘ Parson Brown ’ orange is an early season orange that can be harvested slightly earlier than ‘ Hamlin ’ . It s seediness and lower fruit yields make it less desirable than ‘ Hamlin ’ for fresh fruit. There are 0 - 30 seeds per fruit. The ‘ Ambersweet ’ orange is moderatel y cold hardy. The f ruit can usually

be harvested prior to damaging freezes. Fruit resembles navel orange, peels easily, has good fruit and juice color at maturity, but varies greatly in seediness. This is a new er cultivar; so m any questions remain about fruit production and fruit quality . This one is a very good earl y- season orange cultivar for either fresh fruit and/or juice. There are 0 - 30 seeds per fruit.
The ‘ Navel ’ orange is considered an earl y season orange and is h arvested October to January . N avels differ from other oranges by having a rudimentary s econdary

f ruit embedded at the blossom end of the fruit. P remature ye llowing and rot of this secondary fruit often results in premature fruit drop. The fruit peels re lativel y easily and sections well. I f juiced, drink within several hours before a bitter f lavor develops. It tends to require more precise irrigation and nutrition management. Two periods of fruit drop,93

93 earl y- and late - summer, account for 15 - 20 percent of the crop in some years. ‘ Cara Cara navel ’ is used for salads because of its near - crimson flesh. There are 0 - 6 seeds per fruit. Mid - Season Oranges are generally harvested December
– March. The ‘ Pineapple orange ’ is harvested December to Febr uary . This leading midseason cultivar has good external color and internal quality but is the least cold hardy of orange varieties. It is subject to alternate bearing, pre - harvest fruit drop during heavy crop years, creasing and pitting. There are 15

– 25 seeds per fruit. The ‘ Sunstar ’ orange is harvested December to March . This variety has slightl y darker juice color than ‘ Hamlin ‘ and about as much fruit. It is more cold hardy and subject to less pre - harvest fruit drop than ‘ Pineapple ’ orange. It ripens about the same time as ‘ Pineapple ’ . The ‘ Midsweet ’ orange is h arvested January to March . ‘ Midsweet ’ ripens later that ‘ Pineapple ’ and holds well on the tree. Fruit yield and quality are about the same as ‘ Hamlin ’ but juice color is deeper. The ‘ Gardner ’ orange is harvested January to March. This midseason orange ripens around February 1, about the same time as ‘ Midsweet ’ . ‘ Gardner ’ is about as cold hardy as ‘ Sunstar ’ and ‘ Midsweet ’
. Late - Season Oranges : The ‘ Valencia ’ orange is the main late season orange and is harvested March to June. This cultivar carries two crops on the tree after bloom, the current season’s crop and the previous season's crop that takes about 15 months to mature. With its ex cellent internal fruit quality

and juice co lor, the ‘ Valencia ’ is the most important sweet orange variety . The tree tends towards alternate bearing. Fruit stores well on the tree and may regreen late in the season. ‘V alencia ’ orange has superior peel and flesh color. There are 0

– 6 seeds per f

ruit.

Grapefruit (Representative for Crop Subgroup 10C) :94

94 Two basic types of grapefruit are grown in Florida, the white - fleshed ( ‘ Marsh ’ and ‘ Duncan ’ ) and the pink- fleshed or colored grapefruit ( ‘ Redblush ’ , ‘ Thompson ’ , ‘ Flame ’). The ‘ Duncan ’ grapefruit is harvested from December to May . It pro duces seedy , high quality fresh fruit with pale, yellow flesh. This grapefruit is p opular for using the sectioning in deserts . There are 30 - 70 seeds per fruit. The ‘ Marsh ’ grapefruit is h arvested from November to May . This seedless fruit with pale yellow flesh and large, has a open cavity in center, and is used commercially for juice. There are 0 - 6 seeds per fruit. The ‘ Redblush ’ grapefruit is also h arvested from November to May . It is a widely grown ruby

red grapefruit used for juice and cocktail products. The peel is a pink blush and the flesh pink to pale red. There are 0 - 6 seeds per fruit. The ‘ Star Ruby ’ grapefruit is harvested from December to May . Peel has a darkpink blush; flesh is deep red with a smooth peel. These trees are less cold hardy than other grapefruit cultivars and more susceptible to foot rot. Other grapefruit cultivars include ‘ Thompson ’ , ‘ Ray Ruby ’ , ‘ Flame ’ , and ‘ Rio Red ’ . Seeds: and they

contain 0 - 6 seeds per fruit.
Tangerine or Mandarin and Mandarin Type Fruits (Representative for Crop Subgroup 10A): Tangerines or m andarins include fruit of small to medium - size; loose rind and fruit sections; with a distinctive flavor, color and aroma; and excellent eating out- of - h and qualities. Trees are usually very cold tolerant. The peel on some mandarins tears easil y, so harvesting is done b y cutting the stem with pruning shears. Seed numbers generally vary with the degree of cross -pollination.

‘ Minneola ’ tangelo is harvested from December to February . This fruit has a characteristic flavor that often exhibits a prominent neck at the stem end. Fruit production is enhanced by cross -pollination. Trees are extremel y cold hardy, but highly susceptible to Alternaria brown spot . There are 7 - 12 seeds per fruit.

‘ Orlando ’ tangelo is harvested from November to January . This earl y- season cultivar produces a large, cold- hardy tree with cup - shaped leaves. Trees must be fertilized more heavil y and frequentl y than most other cultivars, especially with nitrogen,95

95 as foliage tends to turn yellow in the fall and late winter. It bears fruit within 3 - 4 years as a seedling tree, and is moderatel y susceptible to Alternaria brown spot. There are 0 - 35 seeds per fruit. The ‘Robinson’ tangerine is h arvested from October to December. Cross pollination required for this earl y tangerine of excellent eating quality. Fruit tends to dryout earl y on vigorous rootstocks, is thin - skinned, and susceptible to splitting. It is one of the more cold- hardy

cultivars, but susceptible to twig and limb dieback. There are 1 - 20 seeds per fruit. ‘Sunburst’ tangerine is harvested from November to December. C ross -pollination required. Foliage and twigs are highly susceptible to environmental stre ss and rust mite damage. This thin - skinned fruit is also susceptible to splitting. There are 1 - 20 seeds per fruit. ‘Murcott’ or ‘Honey ’ tangerine is harvested from January to March. It has excellent eating - quality

but heavy

alternate bearing sometimes results in limb breakage and tree collapse. Trees are normally cold hardy , but highly

susceptible to cold damage when heavil y laden with fruit, which is also susceptible to scab. The fruit is borne on the outside canop y, resulting in susceptibility to wind scaring and sunburn. There are 10 - 20 seeds per fruit . The ‘Dancy ’ tangerine is harvested from December to January . It produces large crops of small fruit, though highl y susceptible to Alternaria brown spot. Limb breakage may also occur with h eavy

crops. The fruit is excellent in quality and peels so easily

it must be hand clipped to harvest. There are 6

– 20 seeds per fruit. The ‘Temple’ orange is harvested from January to March. It is an excellent eating quality fruit with a pebbly

rind that is easily

peeled. Mature fresh fruit and juice are of superior flavor and color. The trees are very sensitive to citrus scab, cold temperatures and aphids. There are 15 - 20 seeds per fruit. The ‘Osceola’ is a citrus hy brid that is harvested from October to November. Cross -pollination is required to produce this small, highl y colored but seedy fruit. The tree is relativel y cold hardy, but susceptible to scab. Fruit is also clipped to harvest. There are 15 - 25 seeds per fruit. ‘Fallglow’ i s a citrus hy

brid that is harvested from October to November. The fruit is juicy , may

have a tart taste, and are usually larger than other citrus hy brids. The tree is not as cold hardy as most citrus hybrids and is highly susceptible to aphids. There are 20

- 25 seeds per fruit.96

96 ‘Page’ mandarin is harvested from October to February . It bears many small fruit of excellent eating quality. The tree is relativel y cold hardy, but susceptible to scab. There are 0 - 25 seeds per fruit. The ‘Owari’ mandarin is harvested from September to November. The trees have a characteristic, open - growth habit with less foliage than other cultivars, and perform well on trifoliate orange rootstock. It produces its best - quality fruit in northern areas of Florida. Fruit achieves excellent eating quality before good external color appears, but does not store well on the tree. Itis also clipped at harvest. There are 0 - 6 seeds per fruit.
The Acid Citrus Fruit Types (Representative for Crop Subgroup 10B) : This acid citrus fruit includes lemons, limes and citrons. They u suall y bloom more frequentl y than other cultivars and are highly cold- sensitive. The ’Tahiti ’ or ‘Persian’ lime is harvested from June to September. These thorny trees are highl y susceptible to c old injury, limiting their culture to southern Florida. F ruit is large, acid, and harvested while green. M aturity is based on size and juice content since fruit is pale yellow when fully mature. There are 0

– 1 seeds per fruit. The ‘Key ’ or ‘Mexican’ lime is harvested ye ar around. The small fruit are prized for the lime flavor they

give pies. Juice is also used as condiment. They are susceptible to the cold, so these trees can be grown outdoors only in south Florida, and should be container- grown and moved inside during cold weather in other areas. Key l ime will produce flowers repeatedly, so fruit in various stages of development are found on the tree at the same time. There are 3 - 8 seeds per fruit. The ‘Meyer’ lemon is harvested from November to March. This variety's coldhardiness makes it a popular selection for dooryard plantings. It has a low - spreading growth habit with few thorns. The fruit are relatively l arge with high juice content, a smooth skin, and lower acid levels than other lemon varieties. There are 0 - 10 seeds per fruit. The ‘Bearss’ lemon is harvested from July to December. Trees are very vigorous, thorny , and sensitive to cold. Continuous growth makes it difficult to control tree size. There are 1

– 6 seeds per fruit.
Other Citrus Fruits:97

97 The Calamondin is harvested from November to April. This acid fruit flavors drinks, marmalades and jellies. Popular in landscapes and ornamental containers, rooted cuttings of this cultivar are also widely m arketed as "miniature oranges" for use as a winter houseplant. While rooted cuttings grow like shrubs, budded trees can reach 15 - 20 feet and are cold- hardy . There are 3 - 5 seeds per fruit. The ‘ Nagami ’ kumquat is harveste d from November to April. This oblong or egg s haped fruit has an acid taste and bright- orange color. There are 0 - 3 seeds per fruit. The ‘Meiwa’ kumquat is harvested from November to April. The peel and pulp of these large, round fruit have a pleasant spicy- sweet taste, and are used for preserves and candied fruit. The tree is compact and foliage is dark green. Trees are used in home and commercial landscaping and are quite cold- hardy . There are 1 - 6 seeds per fruit The Limequat is harvested from November to March . The hybrids of limequat are ‘ Eustis ’ , ‘ Lakeland ’ , and ‘ Tavares ’ , hy brids of kumquats and the ‘ West Indian ’ or key lime, all resemble the key lime in size, form and composition and are commonly substituted for key

lime. ‘ Eustis ’ and ‘ Lakeland ’ kumquats are similar in color to the key lime where as the ‘ Tavares ’ limequat has more orange color. ‘ Eustis ’ and ‘ Lakeland ’ are sister hy brids of the ‘ West Indian ’ or key lime and the round or ‘ Meiwa ’ kumquat. ‘ Tavares ’ is a hyb rid of key lime with the oval or ‘ Nagami ’ kumquat. All limequat s are more cold resistant than key limes but less cold resistant than kumquats. There are few to many seeds in a limequat. Storage Life of Citrus Fruits: Most c itrus may

be stored for periods of up to one to two months at temperatures ranging from 32 - 40° F. Chilling injury is common in grapefruit, lemons, and limes when stored below 50°F, but rare in oranges and tangerines. A unique aspect of citrus is the ability

to store fruit on the tree. Fruit may reach minimum maturity standards in earl y winter, but since they

are nonclimacteric, they

ripen slowly

and will not soften or abscise for periods up to several months. Ing eneral citrus fruits have a relativel y long storage time for the fresh marketplace (See Table 3 6 ). The lemon has the longest sto rage life at 4

– 4 weeks and the tangerine the shortest at 2

– 4 weeks.98

98 Table 3 6 . Approximate Storage Life of Citrus Fruits in Commercial Storage (Adapted Hardenburg, et al., 1986). Commodity Approximate Storage Life With Proper Storage Temperatures Blood orange 3

– 8 weeks Calamondin 2 weeks Grapefruit 6

– 8 weeks Jaffa orange 8

– 12 weeks Kumquat 2

– 4 weeks Lemon 4 - 24 weeks Lime 2

– 8 weeks Orange

– CA and AZ 3

– 8 weeks Orange

– FL and TX 8

– 12 weeks Tangerine 2

– 4 weeks Uniq fruit 2

– 3 weeks CHANGES TO EPA DATABASES NEEDED FROM REVISIONS TO THE CITRUS FRUIT CROP GROUP : The revisions to the amended Citrus Fruit Crop Group 10 will affect the need to update many Risk Assessment Models, Residue Chemistry Guidelines, OPP data bases, and/or HED Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). The affected EPA databases may include the following: (1) Risk Assessment Models - The terminology in the Food Exposure Modules of our current Risk assessment Models from DEEM - FCID, Lifeline, and Cares will need to be updated to reflect new terminology and the new Crop Group terminology . (2) EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1000, Background) , Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed Commodities and Feedstuffs Derived from Crops and EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1000, Background), EPA Residue Chemistry

Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1500, Crop Field Trials), Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field Trials b y Region for Crops Requiring > 3 trials and Table 6 Regional Distribution of Crop Production. Any differences between the EPA and NAFTA Crop Production Regions after the NAFTA Regions are updated will be addressed b y the ICCGR Workgroup or by the EPA HED ChemSAC . The EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.150 0, Crop Field Trials) Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field Trials by Region for Crops Requiring >3 trials and Table 6 Regional Distribution of Crop Production will be updated to reflect more recent crop production information. There is no conflict with Canada.99

99 (3) Health Effects Division Standard Operating Procedures: HED SOP 99.3 -– “Translation of Monitoring Data” issued March 26, 1999. This policy provides guidance on translating pesticide monitoring data from one commodity to other similar commodities. Most of the monitoring data is from the USDA Pesticide Data Program (PDP) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The policy is based on the crop groupings in the 40 CFR 180.41. There is an entry

for oranges in which the residue data can be translated to all the members of the Citrus Fruit Group 10. USDA PDP peels the oranges before they anal yz e them for pesticide residues. The policy does no t have to be updated at this time , since it will be applicable to the whole crop group. (4) HED SOP 99.6 - “Classification of Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20, 1999. This SOP provides rationale and guidance to HED on revised criteria for inputting residue values and pesticide usage information into acute dietary exposure and risk assessments based on commodities. These revisions permit the Agency to more fully

utilize data generated by the USDA Pesticide Data Program. Some of the Citrus Fruit Crop Group members are included in the HED SOP 99.6. See Table 36 below. Other members not in the original SOP will need to be added to the HED SOP 99.6. All of the oils are considered refined and blended, while the seeds can be uncooked, cooked, baked, or boiled. TABLE 3 7 . Classification of Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending for the Citrus Fruit Crop Group. (HED SOP 99.6 , April 20, 1999 ). COMMODITY FOOD FORM CLASSIFICATION C itron citrus 1 3 - - Baked P B - Partially blended Citron citrus 14

– Boiled PB - Partially blended Grapefruit - peel 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Grapefruit - juice 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Grapefruit - juice 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Grapefruit

– juice - concentrate 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Grapefruit

– peeled fruit 11 - Uncooked NB

– Not blended Grapefruit

– peeled fruit 12

– Cooked: NFS NB

– Not blended Grapefruit

– peeled fruit 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 12

– Cooked : NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 13 - Baked PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 14

– Boiled PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 15 - Fried PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 32

– Canned: Cooked :NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 34

– Canned: Boiled PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon - juice 41

– Frozen: Cooked PB - Partially blended Lemon juice - concentrate 12

– Cooked: NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon juice - concentrate 13 -- Baked PB - Partially blended Lemon juice - concentrate 14

– Boiled PB - Partially blended Lemon juice - concentrate 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended100

100 COMMODITY FOOD FORM CLASSIFICATION Lemon juice - concentrate 34

– Canned: Boiled PB - Partially blended Lemon juice - concentrate 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon - peel 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Lemon - peel 13 -- Baked PB - Partially blended Lemon - peel 14

– Boiled PB - Partially blended Lemon - peel 31

– Canned: NFS P B - Partially blended Lemon - peel 34

– Canned: Boiled PB - Partially blended Lemon - peel 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Lemon

– peeled fruit 11 - Uncooked NB

– Not blended Lemon

– peeled fruit 12

– Cooked: NFS NB

– Not blended Lemon

– peele d fruit 31

– Canned: NFS NB

– Not blended Lime - juice 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Lime - juice 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Lime - juice 32

– Canned: Cooked:NFS PB - Partially blended Lime - juice 34

– Canned: Boiled PB - Partially blended Lime - juice 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Lime - juice 12

– Cooked: NFS PB - Partially blended Lime - juice 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Lime

– juice - concentrate 12

– Cooked: NFS PB - Partially blended Lime

– juice - c oncentrate 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Lime - peel 13 -- Baked PB - Partially blended Lime - peel 14

– Boiled PB - Partially blended Lime peeled fruit 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Orange - juice 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Orange - juice 12

– Cooked: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange - juice 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange - juice 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange

– juice - concentrate 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Orange

– juice - concentrate 12

– Cooked: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange

– juice - concentrate 13 -- Baked PB - Partially blended Orange

– juice - concentrate 14

– Boiled PB - Partially blended Orange

– juice - concentrate 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange

– juice - concentrate 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange

– juice - concentrate 42

– Frozen: Cooked PB - Partially blended Orange - peel 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Orange - peel 12

– Cooked: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange - peel 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange - peel 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Orange

– peeled fruit 11 - Uncooked NB

– Not blended Orange

– peeled fruit 12

– Cooked: NFS NB

– Not blended Orange

– peeled fruit 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Tangelo 11 - Uncooked NB

– Not blended Tangerine 11 - Uncooked NB

– Not blended Tangerine 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Tangerine 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Tangerine - juice 11 - Uncooked PB - Partially blended Tang erine - juice 31

– Canned: NFS PB - Partially blended Tangerine - juice 41

– Frozen: NFS PB - Partially blended Tangerine

– juice - concentrate Tangerine

– juice - concentrate PB - Partially blended101

101 (5) HED SOP 2000.1
– “ Guida nce for Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000. There is no guidance in the SOP for the new Citrus Fruit Crop Subgroups , so the following guidance for translation of the representative commodities to other members of the group/subgroups will be provided below: Current Crop Group 10: Citrus Fruits Representative Commodities: Sweet orange, lemon, and grapefruit CROP GROUP C OMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Calamondin Sweet orange Citr us citron Sweet orange Citrus hy brids Sweet orange Grapefruit Grapefruit Kumquat Sweet orange Lemon Lemon Lime Lemon Orange, sour Sweet o range Orange, sweet Sweet orange Pummelo Grapefruit Satsuma mandarin Sweet orange Tangerine Sweet orange

____________________________________________________________________ Proposed Crop Group 10 - 07 : Citru s Fruits Representative Commodities: O range or tangerine* , lemon or lime , and grapefruit CROP GROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Australian desert lime Lemon or lime Australian finger lime Lemon or lime Australian round lime Lemon or lime Brown River finger lime Lemon or lime Calamondin O range Citron Orange Citrus hy brids Orange Grapefruit Grapefruit Japanese summer grapefruit Grapefruit Kumquat Lemon or lime102

102 Lemo n Lemon Lime Lime or Lemon Mediterranean m andarin Tangerine Mount white lime Lemon or lime New Guinea wild lime Lemon or lime Orange, sour Orange Orange, sweet Orange Pummelo Grapefruit Russ ell River lime Lemon or lime Satsuma mandarin Tangerine or orange Sweet lime Lime or Lemon T achibana orange Orange Tahiti l ime Lime or lemon Tangelo Orange or tangerine or grapefruit T angerine Tangerin e T angor Orange or tangerine Trifoliate orange Orange Uniq fruit Grapefruit

__________________________________________________________________ The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative commodities to other commodities in the Orange subgroup 10 - 07 - A would be as follows: Proposed Crop Subgroup 10 - 07A: Orange subgroup Representative Commodity : Orange or tangerine/mandarin CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Calamondin Orange Citrron Orange Citrus hy brids Orange Mediterranean m andarin Tangerine Orange, sour Orange Orange, sweet Orange Satsuma mandarin Tangerine T achibana orange Orange Tangelo Orange or tangerine T angerine Tangerine T angor Orange or tangerine Trifoliate orange Orange

_________________________________________________________________103

103 The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative commodities to other commodities in the Lemon/lime subgroup 10 - 07 - B would be as follows: Proposed Crop Subgroup 1 0 - 07 B: Lemon/Lime subgroup Representative Commodity : Lemon or Lime CROP SUB GROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Australian desert lime Lemon o r lime Australian finger lime Lemon or lime Australian round lime Lemon or lime Brown River finger lime Lemon or lime K umquat Lemon or lime Lemon Lemon Lime Lime Lime, s weet Lemon or lime Mount white lime Lemon or lime New Guinea wild lime Lemon or lime Russell River lim e Lemon or lime Tahiti l ime Lime or lemon

________________________________________________________________________ The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative commodities to other commodities in the Grapefruit subgroup 10 - 07 C would be as follows: Proposed Crop Subgroup 1 0 - 07 C: Grapefruit subgroup Representative Commodity : Grapefruit CROP SUB GROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Grapefruit Grapefruit J apanese summer grapefruit Grapefruit Pummelo Grapefruit Tangelo Grapefruit Uniq fruit Grapefruit

__________________________________________ ______________________________104

104 (6) HED Dry Matter Database will be updated to add the Table below : Table 3 8 . Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database. Citrus Fruit Crop Group. Prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider. June 200 7 . Commodity % Dry Matter Calamondin 10.2 Citrus, dried pulp 87.0, 91.0 Citrus, juice 12.0 Citrus, molasses 67.0 Citrus, oil 0.0 Grapefruit, white 19.5 Grapefruit, pink 19.1 Grapefruit, juice 10.0, 11.8 Lemon 7.9, 11.0 , 13.6, 13.7 Lemon, juic e 9.0, 19.0 Lemon, peel 18.3 , 18.4 Lime 10.3, 10.7, 11.8, 12.0 Lime, juice 9.7, 10.0 Orange 13.0 , 13.9 , 17.7 Orange, juice 11.7, 12.0 Orange, nav al 13.0 Orange, peel 27.5, 28.0 Orange, Valencia 13.8 Pummelo 10.9, 11.0 Tangerine 12.0, 12.4 , 13.0 Tangerine, juice 11.1, 13.0105

105 Commodity Definitions: COMMODITY DEFINITIONS [(40 CFR ' 180.1(h)]: There are currently

two commodity

definitions for Citrus fruits and tangerines and four other proposed for grapefruit, lemon, lime, and ora nge that need to be discussed. Current 40 CFR ' 180.1( g): Tolerances and exemptions established for pesticide chemicals in or on the general category of raw agricultural commodities listed in column A apply to the corresponding specific raw agricultural commodities listed in column B. However, a tolerance or exemption for a specific commodity in column B does not apply to the general category in column A. A B --------------------- ----------------------------------------------- Current Citrus fruits Commodity Definition: Citrus fruits .................................. Grapefruit, lemons, limes, oranges, tangelos, tangerines, citrus citron, kumquats and hy brids of these. Current Tangerines Commodity Definition: Tangerines .................................. Tangerines (m andarins or m andarin oranges), tangelos, tangors, and other hyb rids of tangerines with other fruits. Proposed Tangerine Commodity Definition: Tangerine ....... ........................... Tangerine (m andarin or m andarin orange), clementin e, Mediterranean mandarin , Satsuma mandarin, tangelo, tangor, and cultivars, varieties, or hy brids of tangerines with other fruits. Proposed Commodity

Definitions for Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime and Orange. Grapefruit .................................. Grapefruit, pummelo, shaddock, tangelo, Uniq fruit, and cultivars, varieties, or hybrids of grapefruit with other fruits. Proposed Commodity

Definitions for Lemon : Lemon ........... ....................... Lemon, Australian finger lime , Australian round lime , Brown River finger lime , c alamondin, k umquats, l ime, Mount white lime , New Guinea wild lime , Russell River lime , s weet lime, Tahiti l ime , and varieties and/or hyb rid s of these lem ons with other fruits.106

106 Proposed Commodity

Definitions for Lime: Lime..................................Lime, Australian desert lime , Australian finger lime , Australian round lime , Brown River finger lime , calamondin, kumquats, lemon, Mount White - lime , N ew Guinea wild lime , Russell River lime , s weet lime, Tahiti lime , and varieties and/or hyb rid s of these limes with other fruits. Proposed Commodity

Definitions for Orange: Orange.................................Orange, Calamondin, Citrus citron, Mediter ranean mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, Sour oranges, Sweet oranges, T achibana orange , Tangerine (Mandarin) , Tangor, Trifoliate orange, and varieties and/or hy brid s of these. HED Recommendations on C ommodity D efinitions: I recommend ChemSAC reject the esta blished and proposed updated commodity definition for citrus fruits. It is essentiall y a repeat of the commodities in the Citrus fruit group 10, and while it may be useful for labeling citrus fruits is no longer a tolerance term, because we have an expanded citrus fruit group and several other commodity definitions such as tangerine are more specific to certain citrus. I recommend updating the tangerine commodity definition as follows: Tangerine.................................. Tangerine (mandarin or mandarin orange), clementin e, Mediterranean mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, tangelo, tangor, and cultivars, varieties, and/or hy brids of tangerines with other fruits. This will help in clarifying what other citrus fruits a tangerine will cover. Grapefruit..................................Grapefruit, Japanese summer grapefruit, pummelo, shaddock, tangelo, Uniq fruit, and cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of grapefruit with other fruits. This will also clarify

what commodities are covered by grapefruit tolerances and follows the EPA Commodity Reviewer’s Guide approved b y ChemSAC, 2006 . The inclusion of cultivars, varieties and hy brids will leave no doubt which specific related varieties are covered. I recommend establishing a new commodity definition for lemon as follows: Lemon..................................Lemon, lime , and cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of lemon with other fruits.107

107 This commodity

definition is mainly

to show lemons also can cover limes. The list of many

of the limes i s not necessary for lemon and they will be included in the lime commodity

definition. I recommend establishing a new commodity definition for lime as follows: Lime..................................Lime, Australian desert lime , Australian finger lime , Australian round lime , Brown River finger lime , lemon, Mount White lime , New Guinea wild lime , Russell River lime , S weet lime, Tahiti lime , and cultivars, v arieties and/or hy brid s of these l imes with other fruits. I recommend establishing a new commodity definition for orange as follows: Orange.................................Orange, sweet orange, sour orange, calamondin, tachibana orange , tangelo, trif

oliate orange, and cultivars, varieties and/or hybrid s of these oranges with other fruits. I recommend establishing a new commodity definition for grapefruit as follows:
TOLERANCE EXPRESSION GUIDANCE : Until the Federal Register Notice is issued revising the Crop Group Regulation to establish the amended Citrus Fruit Crop Group 1 0 with three Crop subgroups the commodities approved for the crop group and subgroups will have to be listed as separate commodities at the same tolerance level. This also applied to the new Crop subgroups, the individual commodities will have to be listed separately with each at the same tolerance level. When ChemSAC approves the Citrus fruit crop group 10 , the Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) of the Registration Division can immediately implement the new Crop Group and Crop Subgroups with new tolerance expressions located in the Section F submissions. The seven tolerance expression examples will provide an expedited way to establish tolerances in or on citrus fruit crops, especiall y for new reduced risk pesticides, without requiring additional residue data for all the crops noted. This will create a practice in the United States which is already formalized in Canada and promote international harmonization. Several tolerance expression examples for guidance purposes for use b y RIMUERB and HED reviewers will be listed below:108

108 Example 1 . What is the tolerance expression for the amended Citrus Fruit Crop Group 10? Answer to Example 1 : The tolerance expression for the amended Citrus Fruit Crop Group 10 will be “Fruit, citrus, group 10.” Example 2 . What is the correct Section F tolerance expression for the three new Citrus Fruit Subgroups? Answer to Example 2 : The tolerance expression for the three New Citrus Fruit Crop Subgroups is as follows: Name of Crop Subgroup Tolerance Expression for the Crop Subgroup Orange subgroup 10A Orange subgroup 10

–07 A Lemon/Lime subgroup 10B Lemon/Lime subgroup 1 0

–07 B Grapefruit subgroup 10C Grapefruit subgroup 10

–07C Example 3 : How will the Crop group and subgroups appear in the Fe deral Register for the proposed crop group regulation [40CFR 180.41(c)]? This example is for the Field and External Affairs Division (FEAD) use in preparing the new Federal Register Regulation. The example follows the same format as the current Crop Grouping Regulation Federal Register Notice (FR 60, No.95, 5/17/95, 26626 - 26643 ) and the Proposed Expansion of the Crop Groups (FR 72, No. 99, 5/23/07, 28920 - 228930). Answer to Example 3 : “Crop Group 1 0 - 07 : Citrus Fruit Crop Group ” . Representative commodities. Oran g e or tangerine, lemon or lime, and Grapefruit Commodities Related crop subgroups Australian desert lime , Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swingle 10 - 07B Australian finger lime , Microcitrus australasica (F. Muell.) Swingle 10 - 07B109

109 Australian round lime , Microcitrus australis (A. Cunn. ex Mudie) Swingle 10 - 07B Brown River finger lime , Microcitrus papuana Winters 10 - 07B Calamondin , Citrus madurensis Lour. 10 - 07A C itron , Citrus medica L 10 - 07A C itrus hy brids , Citrus spp. and Fortunella spp. 10 - 07A Grapefruit , Citrus x paradisi Macfad. 10 - 07C Japanese summer grapefruit, Citrus natsudaidai Hayata 10 - 07C K umquat , Fortunella spp. 10 - 07B L emon , Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 10 - 07B L ime , Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 10 - 07B Mediterranean Mandarin , Citrus nobilis Loureiro var. deliciosa Swingle 10 - 07A Mount White lime , Microcitrus garrowayae (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 10 - 07B New Guinea wild lime , Microcitrus warburgiana (F. M. Bailey) Tanaka 10 - 07B O range, sour , Citrus aurantium L. 10 - 07A O ran ge, sweet , Citrus sinensis (L .) Osbeck 10 - 07A P ummelo , Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. 10 - 07C Russell River lime , Microcitrus inodora (F. M. Bailey) Swingle 10 - 07B Satsuma mandarin , Citrus unshiu Marcow. 10 - 07A Sweet l ime , Citrus limetta Risso 10 - 07B T achibana orange , Citrus tachibana (Makino) Tanaka 10 - 07A Tahiti Lime , Citrus latifolia Tan. 10 - 07B Tangelo , Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H.E. Moore 10 - 07 A, 10 - 07C T angerine (M andarin) , Citrus reticulata Blanco 10 - 07A T angor , Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis 10 - 07A Trifoliate orange , Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. 10 - 07A Uniq fruit Citrus aurantium Tangelo group 10 - 07C Varieties, cultivars and/or hy brid s of these110

110 (i) Table. The following Table 2 identifies the crop subgroups for Crop Grou p 1 0, specifies the representative commodities for each subgroup and lists all the commodities included in each subgroup. TABLE 2 - Crop Group 10 : Subgroup Listing Representative commodities Commodities S ubgroup 1 0 - 07 A: Orange subgroup. Orange or tangerine/mandarin . Calamondin ; C itron ; C itrus hy brids ; Mediterranean Mandarin ; O range, sour ; Orange, sweet ; Satsuma mandarin ; T achibana orange ; T angerine (M andarin) ; Tangelo, T angor ; T rifoliate orange ; varieties, cultivars and/or hy brids of these. Subgroup 1 0 - 07B. Lemon/lime subgroup. Lemon or lime. Australian desert lime ; Australian fingerlime ; Australian round lime ; Brown River finger lime ; K

umquat ; L emon ; Lime ; Mount White. Lime ; New Guinea wild lime ; Russell River Lime ; Sweet lime, Tahiti Lime ; varietie s, cultivars and/or hy brids of these. Subgroup 10 - 07C: Grapefruit subgroup. Grapefruit Grapefruit ; Japanese summer grapefruit ; P ummelo ; Tangelo ; Uniq fruit; varieties, cultivars and/or hybrids of these. Example 4 : How will I express the tolerances o n an interim basis until the Federal Register Notice is final for the Citrus fruit group 10 - 07 , for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. All the new proposed commodities will have to be listed separately from the crop group tolerance and at the same level as the crop group. Answer to Example 4 : Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Calamondin 1.5 C itron 1.5 C itrus hy brids 1.5 Grapefruit 1.5 Grapefruit , Japanese summer 1.5 K umquat 1.5 Lemon 1.5111

111 Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Lime 1.5 Lime, Australian desert 1.5 Lime, Australian finger 1.5 Lime, Australian round 1.5 Lime, Brown River finger 1.5 Lime, Mount white 1.5 Lime, New Guinea wild 1.5 Lime, Russell River 1.5 Lime, Sweet 1.5 Lime, Tahiti 1.5 Mandarin , Mediterranean 1.5 Mandarin, Satsuma 1.5 O range, sour 1.5 O range, sweet 1.5 Orange, tachibana 1.5 Orange, trifoliate 1.5 P ummelo 1.5 Tangelo 1.5 T angerine 1.5 T angor 1.5 Uniq fruit 1 .5 Cultivars , varieties and/or hy brids of those above commodities Example 5: How will Iexpress the tolerances on an interim basis until the Federal Register Notice is final for the Orange subgroup 10 - 07 A for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. Answer to Example 5 for the Orange subgroup 1 0 - 07A: Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Calamondin 1.5 C itron 1.5 C itrus hy brid s 1.5 Mandarin , Mediterranean 1.5 M andarin , Satsuma 1.5 O range, sour 1.5 O range, sweet 1.5 Orange, tachibana 1.5 Orange, trifoliate 1.5 Tangelo 1.5 T angerine 1.5 T angor , 1.5 Cultivars , varieties, and/or hy brids of those above commodities112

112 Example 6 : How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until the Federal Register Notice is final for the Lemon/lime subgroup 1 0 - 07 - B, for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and H ealth Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. Answer to Example 6 for the Lemon/lime subgroup 1 0 - 07 B: Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Kumquat 1.5 L emon 1.5 L ime 1.5 Lime, Australian desert 1.5 Lime, Australian finger 1.5 Lime, Austral ian round 1.5 Lime, Brown River finger 1.5 Lime, Mount White 1.5 Lime, New Guinea wild 1.5 Lime, Russell River 1.5 Lime, Sweet 1.5 Lime, Tahiti 1.5 Cultivars , varieties, and/or hy brids of those above commodities Example 7: How will Iexpress the tolerances on an interim basis until the Federal Register Notice is final for the Grapefruit subgroup 1 0 - 07 C, for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. Answer to Example 7 for the Grapefruit subgroup 1 0 - 07 C: Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Grapefruit 1.5 Grapefruit, Japanese summer 1.5 Pummelo 1.5 Tangelo 1.5 Uniq fruit 1.5 Cultivars, varieties, and/or hy brids of those above commodities113

113 EPA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY FOR THE CITRUS FRUIT CROP GROUP: The following terms for the oilseed commodities will be incorporated to the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Database (http://www.epa.govopp/foodfeed). The Table 39 below is identical to the current Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

format. A search of the lookup terms will link to the EPA preferred tolerance/commodity term, and the Base crop/Animal term is the specific crop animal terms associated with the preferred term. Until the Federal Register Notice for the Crop Group is final, the Crop Group designation on each term will be listed as no crop group or crop subgroup and given the crop group 99 for the pres ent. Table 3 9 . EPA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY SEARCH OR LOOKUP TERM FOR CITRUS FRUIT COMMODITIES PREFERRED TOLERANCE TERM BASE CROP/ANIMAL TERM Australian desert lime; Des ert lime; australische Wüstenlimette ; Lime, Australian desert Lime, Australian desert lime Australian desert lime Australian finger lime; Australische limette; Lime, Australian finger Lime, Australian finger Australian finger lime Australian round lime; Australian lime; Dooja; Australische Limette Lime, Australian round Australian round lime Brown river finger lime; Lime, brown river finger Lime, b row n river finger Brown river finger lime Calamondin; Golden lime; Lime, golden; Scarlet lime; Lime, scarlet; Panama orange; Orange, panama; Chinese orange; Orange, Chinese ; C alamansi; Kalamansi; Kalamondin; Philippine lime Calamondin Calamondin
Citron, citrus; Citrus citron; Citron; Citron melon; Corsican citron; Diamante citron; Esrog; Ethrog; Etrog; Leghorn citron; Preserving melon; Stock melon; Cidra; Limon cidra; Etrog ; Esrik; Citron citrus; Budda hand C itron Citron

Tangor, Citrange, Citrangequat, Citrangedin, Limequat, Uniq fruit, Tangelolo, Tangelo, Chironja, Ugli fruit, Oro Blanco, Orangelo, King orange, Orange, king; Tem

ple orange, Lemandarin, Rangpur lime, Mandarin lime, Otaheite orange Citrus hybrids Citrus hybrids

Grapefruit; Toronja; Pomelo; Toronjo Grapefruit Grapefruit Japanese summer grapefruit; Japanese summer orange; D ai dai mikan; N atsudaidai; P omelo japonés de verano Grapefruit , Japanese summer Japanes e summer grapefruit114

114 Kumquat; cumquat; comquot; kin kan; kin kit; too kin kan; kin; kin kuit; kuit xu; chu tsu; chantu kumquat; kumquat; laranja de ouro; dos orientalis; Kunquat; Comquot; Changshaw ; Hongkong kumquat; Kumquat, dwarf; Round kumquat; Meiwa; M arumi kumquat; Cumquat; Oval kumquat; Nagami; Nagami kumquat; Cumquat tree; Nagami; Meiwa kumquat; Kumquat, Meiwa Sweet kumquat; Maylayan kumquat; Jiangsu kumquat ; Swingles kumquat Kumquat Kumquat

Lemon ; Limon; Limon Amarillo; Lemon, Rough; Jam

bhiri orang e; rough lemon Lemon Lemon Lime ; key lime; lime, key; bartender lime; Mexican lime; West Indian lime; need more names Lime Lime Mediterranean mandarin; Mandarin, Mediterranean ; Willowleaf mandarin M andarin , Mediterranean Mandarin, Mediterranean Mount wh ite lime; Lime, mount white Lime, Mount white Lime, Mount white New Guinea wild lime; Lime, New Guinea Lime, New Guinea wild Lime, New Guinea wild Orange, sour; Sour, orange; Orange, bergamot; Bergamot orange; Orange, bigarade; Birarade orange; Orange, b itter; Bitter orange; Orange, myrtleleaf; My rtleleaf orange; Orange, Seville; Orange, servile; Orange, soap; Neroli; Petitgrain; Chinotto Orange, sour Orange

Orange, sweet; Sweet, orange; ; Naranja; Orange, blood; Blood orange; Orange, China sweet; Orange , Chinese navel; Malta orange; Orange, malta; Orange, pigmented; Orange, sanguine; Orange, Valencia; Valencia orange; Valencia Orange, sweet Orange

Pummelo; pummelo; Shaddock; Pommelo; Chinese grapefruit; Grapefruit, Chinese; Ugli; Unique fruit Pummelo P ummelo Russell River lime; North Queensland lime; Lime, north Queensland Lime, Russell river Russell river lime Satsuma mandarin; Mandarin, Satsuma; Satsuma tangerine; Tangerine, tangerine Mandarin, Satsuma Mandarin, Satsuma Tachibana orange Orange, tac hibana Tachibana orange Tahiti lime; Lime, Tahiti; Persian lime; Lime, Persian Lime, Tahiti Tahiti lime Tangelo; citrus k early; k early citrus Tangelo Tangelo Tangerine; Mandarin orange; Orange, mandarin; Cleopatra mandarin; Tankan mandarin; Tangerine Tangerine Tangor; temple tangor; tangor, temple Tangor Tangor Trifoliate orange; Orange trifoliate Orange, trifoliate Trifoliate orange115

115 Uniq fruit; Unique fruit; Ugly fruit; Uglifruit; Ugli® Uniq fruit Uniq fruit
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– 684. ROUSE ( c ): Rouse, R.E. 2001. Tracing the Development of Currently Planted Grapefruit Cultivars. Subtropical Plant Science 53: 1 - 5. SANDERS: Sanders, K.F. 2005. Orange Harvesting Systems Review. Biosystems Engineering 90(2): 115 - 125. SAUER: Sauer, J.D. 1993. Historical Geography of Crop Plants - A Select Roster. Le wis Publishers. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL. 309 pp. SAULS: S auls, J.W. and L.J. Jackson. 1 983. L emons, Limes and Other Acid Citrus. University of Florida. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Science. Fruit Crops Fact Sheet FC - 42. 4 pp. SAUNT (a) : S aunt, J. 1 990. An Illustrated Guide to Citrus Varieties of the World. First Ed. Sinclair International Limited. 126 pp. SAUNT (b): S aunt, J. 2000. An Illustrated Guide to Citrus Varieties of the World. S econd Ed. Sinclair International Limited. 156 pp. SCHMIDT: Schmidt, R., R. Goodrich, C. Sims, and M. Parish. 1999. Fresh Juice Processing GMP’s. University of Florida Institute of F ood and Agricultural Sciences. IFAS Extension Bulletin FCircular 1215. SCHNEIDER 1998a : Schneider, B.A. 1998. Response to Comments from DuPont Agricultural Products on Crops that are Not Normally Rotated for the Draft Residue Chemistry Guidelines (860 S eries). DP Bacode: D226438. CBTS# 17215. US Environmental Protection Agenc y. May 15. SCHNEIDER 1998b: Schneider, B.A. 1998. Proposed Technical Amendment

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122 SCHUBERT: Schubert, T. and X. Sun. 2003. Bacterial Citrus Canker. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. IFAS Plant Pathology Circular No. 377. SHAW 2000 : Shaw, P. E. , M. G. Moshonas, and K. L. Bowman. 2000. Volatile Constituents in Juice and Oil of Australian Wild Lime (Micocitrus inodora). Phytochemistry 53:1083 - 1086. SHAW 2001: Shaw , P.E., K.L. Goodner, C.J. Hearn, and M. Moshonas. 2001. Comparison of Grapefruit Hy brid Fruit With Parent Fruit Based Composition of Volatile Components. Scientia Horticulture 91:71 - 80. SHIPP: Shipp, M. 2002. Crop Profile for Citrus in Louisiana . USDA Crop Profiles. SHIPP: Shipp, M. 2006. Crop Profile for Citrus (Major) Orange/Grapefruit in Florida. USDA Crop Profiles. SIMONNE 2003: Simonne, A. 2003. Selecting, Preparing, and Canning: Grapefruit and Orange Sections. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. IFAS Extensi on Bulletin FCS - 8284. SIMONNE 2004 : Simonne, A . Bobroff, A. Cooper, S. Poirier, M. Murphy, M.J. Oswald, and C. Procise. 2004. South Florida Tropical : Lime. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. IFAS Extension Bulletin SS - H EC - 18. SINCLAIR: Sinclair, W.B. 1972. The Grapefruit: Its Composition, Physiology, and Products. University of California. Division of Agricultural Sciences. Riverside, CA. 660 pp. SINGH: Singh, S. and S.A.M.H. Naqvi. 2006. Citrus. International Book D istributing Company. Lucknow, U.P. 588 pp. STOVER 2002: Stover, E., D. Scotto, and J. Salvatore. 2002. Pesticide Spraying in Indian River Grapefruit. I. Survey of Current Practices. HortTechnology 12 (3): 454 - 460. STOVER 2003: Stover, E., D. Scotto, C Wi lson, and M. Salyani. 2003. Pesticide Spraying in Indian River Grapefruit. I I. Overvie w of Factors Influencing Spray Efficacy and Off - Target Deposition. HortTechnology 1 3 ( 1 ): 166 - 177. STOVER 2004: Stover, E., C Wilson, D. Scotto, and M. Salyani.2004. Pesticide Spraying in Indian River Grapefruit. III. Opportunities for Improving Efficacy and Efficiency While Reducing Off - Target Deposition. HortTechnology 14 (4): 564 - 574. SWINGLE: Swingle, W.T. and P.C. Reece. 1967. Chapter 3 : The Botany of C itrus and Its Wild Varieties. Pages 191 - 430 In The Citrus Industry. Vol. I. History, World Distribution, Botany, and Varieties. Reuther, W, H. J. Webber, and L.D. Batchelor, Editors. University of C alifornia. Division of Agricultural Sciences. Davis, CA. 611. pp. TIMMER: Timmer, L.W. 2003. 2003 Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. TOWNSEND: Townsend, C. 2007. Citrus Juice . University of Florida TRADE : Trade Winds Fruit Homepage , http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/index.htm TUCKER 1994: Tucker, D.P.H., T.A. Wheaton, and R.P. Muraro. 1994. C itrus Tree Pruning , Principles , and Practices. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Horticultural Sciences Department Fact Sheet HS - 144,123

123 TUCKER 1995 : Tucker, D.P.H., C.J. Hearn, and C.O. Youtsey. 1995. Florida Citrus Varieties. Florida Cooperative Extensive Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Flo rida. 55pp. USDA 2005: U SDA 2005. Agricultural Statistics. N ational Agricultural Statistics Service. U S Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 486 pp. USDA 2006: CROP PROFILES: USDA 2006 . http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm USDA, ERS: ERS. 2001. Citrus Fruit Crops Outlook. 2/9/01. USDA. Economic Research Service. Citrus Fruits Crop Situation. 0201. USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. (2002). Agricultural Chemical Usage 2001 Fruit Summary. USDA NASS, Washington , DC USDA NASS 2006a : USDA NASS. 2006. California Fruit and Nut Review. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. California Field Office. Vol. 26 (1): 1 - 13. USDA NASS 2006b: USDA NASS. 2006. Crop Production. National Agricultural Statistics Service . Agricultural Statistics Board. Cr Pr 2 - 2. Dec. 2006. VAU GHAN: Vaughan, J. and C. Geissler. 1997. The New O xford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY. 239 pp. VAN WYK: Van - Wyk. 2006. Food Plants of the World. First Ed. Timber Press. Pages 13 - 144. WALDHEIM: Waldheim, L. 1996. Citrus: Com plete Guide to Selecting and Growing More Than 100 Varieties for California, Arizona, Texas, and the Gulf Coast and Florida. Millard Publishing Services and Eric A. Johnson Co. 112 pages. WARDOWSKI 1 986: Wardowski, W.F., S. Nagy, and W. Gierson. 1986. Fresh Citrus Fruits. First Ed. AVI Publishing Co, Inc. Westport, CT. 571 pp. WARDOWSKI 2006 : Wardowski, W.F. 200 6. Fresh Citrus Fruits. Second Ed. Florida Science Source, Inc. Longboat Key, FL. WIKIPE DIA: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Online information.

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124 APPENDIX I: Dietary Value of the Citrus Fruits: Table A. Dietary Value of the Citrus Fruits, per 100 gram edible portion: Sweet orange Grapefruit Tangerine Lemon Lime Water (%) 88 90 87 90 88 Calories 44 40 44 27 37 Protein (%) 0.75 0.45 0.8 1.1 0.1 Fat (%) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 Carbohydrates (%) 10.3 9.5 10.9 8.2 12.3 Crude Fiber (%) 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.9 % of US RDA* Vitamin A 4.0 0.2 (white) 8.8 (pink) 1.9 <1.0 <1.0 Thiamin, B1 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.9 3.1 Riboflavin, B2 1.9 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.1 Niacin 2.2 1.1 1.6 0.5 1.1 Vitamin C 109 84 76 118 88 Calcium 1.2 1.1 4.5 3.2 2.4 Phosphorus 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.9 Iron 2.5 2.0 4.0 6.0 2.6 Sodium --- --- --- --- --- Potassium 4.2 3.4 2.3 2.9 2.1 * Percent of recommended daily allowance s et125

125 TABLE B. Nutritional aspects: Per 100 g of E dible P ortion of the O range C ontains:

Fruit (fresh) Juice

(fresh)* Juice (canned,

unsweetened, undiluted) Frozen

concentrate (unsweetened, undiluted) Juice

(dehydrated) Orange

Peel (raw) C alories 47 - 51 40 -48 223 158 380 Moisture 86.0 g 87.2 - 89.6 g 42.0 g 58.2 g 1.0 g 72.5% Protein 0.7 - 1.3 g 0.5 - 1.0 g 4.1 g 2.3 g 5.0 g 1.5 g Fat 0.1 - 0.3 g 0.1 - 0.3 g 1.3 g 0.2 g 1.7 g 0.2 g Carbohydrates 12.0 - 12.7

g 9.3 - 11.3 g 50.7 g 38.0 g 88.9 g 25.0 g Fiber 0.5 g 0.1 g 0.5 g 0.2 g 0.8 g Ash 0.5 - 0.7 g 0.4 g 1.9 g 1.3 g 3.4 g 0.8 mg Calcium 40 -43 mg 10 - 11 mg 51 mg 33 mg 84 mg 161 mg Phosphorus 17 - 22 mg 15 - 19 mg 86 mg 55 mg 134 mg 21 mg Iron 0.2 - 0.8 mg 0.2 - 0.3 mg 1.3 mg 0.4 mg 1.7 mg 0.8 mg Sodium 1 .0 mg 1.0 mg 5 mg 2 mg 8.0 mg 3.0 mg Potassium 190 - 200

mg 190 - 208

mg 942 mg 657 mg 1,728 mg 212 mg Vitamin A 200 I.U. 200 I.U. 960 I.U. 710 I.U. 1,680 I.U. 420 I.U. Thiamine 0.10 mg 0.09 mg 0.39 mg 0.30 mg 0.67 mg 0.12 mg Riboflavin 0.04 mg 0.03 mg 0.1 2 mg 0.05 mg 0.21 mg 0.09 mg Niacin 0.4 mg 0.4 mg 1.7 mg 1.2 mg 2.9 mg 0.9 mg Ascorbic Acid 45 - 61 mg 37 - 61 mg 229 mg 158 mg 359 mg 136 mg

TABLE C. Nutritional aspects: Food Value Per 100 g of Lemon Edible Portion*

Fruit (fresh, peeled) Juice

(fresh) Juice (canned, unsweetened) Juice (frozen,

unsweetened) Lemonade

(concentrate, frozen) Peel

(raw) Calories 27 25 23 22 195 Moisture 90.1 g 91.0 g 91.6 g 92.0 g 48.5 g 81.6 g Protein 1.1 g 0.5 g 0.4 g 0.4 g 0.2 g 1.5 g Fat 0.3 g 0.2 g 0.1 g 0.2 g 0.1 g 0.3 g Carbohydrates 8.2 g 8.0 g 7.6 g 7.2 g 51.1 g 16.0 g Fiber 0.4 g trace trace trace 0.1 g126

126 Fruit (fresh, peeled) Juice

(fresh) Juice (canned, unsweetened) Juice (frozen,

unsweetened) Lemonade

(concentrate, frozen) Peel

(raw) Ash 0.3 g 0.3 g 0.3 g 0.2 g 0.1 g 0.6 g Calcium 26 mg 7 mg 7 mg 7 mg 4 mg 134 mg Phosphorus 16 mg 10 mg 10 mg 9 mg 6 mg 12 mg Iron 0.6 mg 0.2 mg 0.2 mg 0.3 mg 0.2 mg 0.8 mg Sodium 2 mg 1 mg I mg I mg 0.2 mg 6 mg Potassium 138 mg 141 mg 141 mg 141 mg 70 mg 160 mg Vitamin A 20 I.U. 20 I.U. 20 I.U. 20 I.U. 20 I.U. 50 I. U. Thiamine 0.04 mg 0.03 mg 0.03 mg 0.03 mg 0.02 mg 0.06 mg Riboflavin 0.02 mg 0.01 mg 0.01 mg 0.01 mg 0.03 mg 0.08 mg Niacin 0.1 mg 0.1 mg 0.1 mg 0.1 mg 0.3 mg 0.4 mg Ascorbic Acid 53 mg 46 mg 42 mg 44 mg 30 mg 129 mg

TABLE D. Nutritional aspects: Per 100 g of e dible Grapefruit p ortion s.

Pulp (raw) Juice (raw) Peel (candied)** C alories 34.4 -46.4 37 -42 316 Moisture 87.5 - 91.3 g 89.2 - 90.4 g 17.4 g Protein 0.5 - 1.0 g 0.4 - 0.5 g 0.4 g Fat 0.06 - 0.20 g 0.1 g 0.3 g Carbohydrates 8.07 - 11.5 g 8.8 - 10.2 g 80.6 g Fiber 0.14 - 0.77 g trace 2.3 g Ash 0.29 - 0.52 g 0.2 - 0.3 g 1.3 g Calcium 9.2 - 3 2.0 mg 9.0 mg Phosphorus 15 -47.9 mg 15.0 mg Iron 0.24 - 0.70 mg 0.2 mg Sodium 1.0 mg 1.0 mg Potassium 135 mg 162 mg127

127 Pulp (raw) Juice (raw) Peel (candied)** Vitamin A (white) 10 I.U. 10. I.U. (pink/red) 440 I.U. 440 I.U. Thiamine 0.04 - 0.057 mg 0.04 mg Riboflavin 0.01 - 0.02 mg 0.0 2 mg Niacin 0.157 - 0.29 mg 0.2 mg Ascorbic Acid 36 -49.8 mg 36 -40 mg Tryptophan 2 mg Methionine 0 - 1 mg Lysine 12 - 14 mg

Table E. Dietary Value of the Kum q uat, Calamondin, and Pummelo, per 100 gram edible portion: Kumquat Calamondin Pummelo Water (%) 80.9 85.2 89.1 Calories 71 53 38 Protein 1.88 g 0.81 g 0.76 g Fat 0.86 g 0.31 g 0.04 g Carbohydrates 15.9 g 13.3 g 9.62 g Crude Fiber 6.5 g 1.8 g 1.0 g Vitamin A 290 I.U. 34 mcg 0 Thiamin, B1 0.037 mg 0.058 g 0.034 mg Riboflavin, B2 0.09 mg 0.036 g 0.027 mg Niacin 0.42 g 0.376 mg 0.222 mg Vitamin C 43.9 mg 26.7 mg 61 mg Calcium 62 mg 37 mg 4 mg Phosphorus 19 mg 1.9 17 mg Iron 0.86 mg 0.15 mg 0.11 mg Sodium 10 mg 2 mg 1 mg Potassium 186 mg 20 mg 216 mg * Percent of reco mmended daily allowance set128

128 APPENDIX II: Maps of the Total Acres for Valencia Orange, Tangerine, Lemon, Lime, and Grapefruit - 2002 .129

129130

130131

131132

132