IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-0046

Filed March 30, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF J.J., C.J., and E.J.,

Minor Children,

G.J., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Cynthia S. Finley, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Robert W. Davison, Cedar Rapids, for appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Robin L. O’Brien Licht, Cedar Rapids, attorney and guardian ad litem for 

minor children.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Greer and Ahlers, JJ.
2

TABOR, Presiding Judge.

A mother, Giada, appeals the termination of her parental relationship with

fourteen-year-old J.J., thirteen-year-old C.J., and ten-year-old E.J.1 She argues 

(1) the State failed to establish a basis for termination; (2) termination was not in 

the children’s best interests, (3) termination was improper because of the bond that 

she and an older brother share with these children; and (4) she would be ready to 

parent after a six-month extension. Because the State proved its case and 

termination is the best path forward, we affirm.

2

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

The Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) became involved with this 

family most recently in late 2020.3 In mid-October, the DHS received a report that 

Giada was abusing methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin in her Cedar Rapids 

home.4 Less than a week later, police executed a search warrant for Lee’s 

Knoxville home where they found marijuana, methamphetamine, and drug 

paraphernalia. At the scene, Lee admitted he was “selling a bit.” He was later 

charged with possession with intent to distribute and child endangerment.

 

1 The juvenile court also terminated the parental rights of their father, Lee. He 

does not appeal. The termination order did not involve their older son, Co.J.

2 Termination reviews are de novo. In re M.D., 921 N.W.2d 229, 232 (Iowa 2018). 

We give weight to the juvenile court’s fact findings, but they do not bind us. Id. 

3 The DHS had previous interactions with this family. In the past, the DHS

investigated allegations of substance abuse, domestic violence, and inadequate 

supervision.

4 Giada and Lee were then living apart. At first, all four children lived with Lee. But

in short order the two youngest, C.J. and E.J., returned to Giada. Soon after J.J. 

returned too. By October 2020, Co.J. lived with Lee and the three younger children 

lived with Giada. 
3

In early November, the DHS drug tested all four children. Each of their hair 

samples tested positive for methamphetamine, and Co.J.’s and J.J.’s hair tested 

positive for THC.5 Around this time, the children were adjudicated in need of 

assistance (CINA) and removed from their parents’ homes.

Following their removal, the four children were separated—Co.J. in a 

residential treatment program, J.J. and E.J. with one foster family, and C.J. with 

another. Co.J. didn’t do well in his placement, regularly running away.

6

 But the 

younger three children fared better. Their foster families have provided stable 

home environments, addressed the children’s mental health concerns, and 

ensured regular visits among the siblings. J.J., C.J., and E.J. have all asked to be 

adopted and their foster parents are open to adoption.

As for Giada, she has struggled since the children were removed. For most 

of the yearlong removal period, she lacked stable housing, employment, and

transportation. She did not engage with mental-health services, often missing 

therapy sessions and medication appointments. And she did not comply with 

substance-abuse testing or treatment recommendations. She provided only one 

test of the roughly fifty offered and was discharged from a substance abuse 

program for nonattendance. In August 2021, she was charged with possession of 

 

5 At the termination hearing, Giada denied exposing the children to drugs. She 

believes the children were exposed while living with Lee, noting that hair-based 

testing has a long detection window. Lee also denied using drugs around his 

children. 

6 Because his placement was not working out and he was nearly eighteen, the 

DHS dismissed Co.J.’s CINA case in November 2021. Since then, he has been 

living with Giada.
4

drug paraphernalia.7 On a positive note, Giada regularly attended the weekly, 

fully-supervised visitation sessions.

In September 2021, the State moved to terminate parental rights. After a 

December hearing, the juvenile court approved termination. Giada now appeals. 

II. Analysis

Our review follows a three-step process. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706 

(Iowa 2010). First we look for a termination ground. Iowa Code § 232.116(1)

(2021). Then we consider the children’s best interests. Id. § 232.116(2). And

finally, we examine factors weighing against termination. Id. § 232.116(3). 

A. Termination Basis

The court terminated parental rights under Iowa Code section 232.116

(2021), paragraph (f). Under that paragraph, a court may terminate rights if:

(1) The child is four years of age or older.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of 

assistance pursuant to section 232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or 

for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home 

has been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present 

time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents 

as provided in section 232.102.

Id. § 232.116(1)(f). 

Giada takes aim at the fourth element, arguing “there are minimal safety 

concerns,” and emphasizes her recent progress toward reunification. The State 

offers two rebuttals. Procedurally, it contests error preservation, arguing Giada 

 

7 The criminal complaint alleged her possession of a “glass pipe with burnt residue 

consistent with methamphetamine.” At the December termination trial, Giada

testified that the pipe was not hers.
5

only asked the juvenile court for more time to reunify. On the merits, the State 

highlights Giada’s non-engagement with treatment as evidence that the children 

could not be returned safely.

Error preservation first—we agree with the State. Giada’s focus during trial 

was twofold, but neither challenged the ground for termination. As the State 

presented its case, Giada’s attorney homed in on the children’s best interests.8 

And while presenting her case, Giada pointed to her recent progress and asked 

for six more months to prove she could safely care for the children.

Even if Giada had preserved error, we see clear and convincing evidence 

for termination. See id. § 232.116(1)(f)(4). The children were removed because 

of drug exposure. Despite this concern, Giada did not acknowledge a problem 

with substance abuse. During trial, she denied abusing methamphetamine, 

cocaine, or heroin.

9

 Instead, she claimed her only vice was alcohol. She tried to 

shift blame, arguing Lee was responsible for the children’s positive drug tests and 

insisting she shouldn’t “be held accountable for his actions.” So, having denied 

the problem’s existence, Giada failed to engage with DHS services. She was

inconsistent with both mental health and substance abuse treatment. And, with 

one exception, she missed all drug testing. See In re C.F., No. 20-1067, 2020 WL 

 

8 For instance, while cross examining the DHS worker, Giada’s attorney asked

“regardless of whether the grounds for termination exist, the court also has to find 

that termination is in the kids’ best interest, correct?”

9 At first, Giada argued that her family, not her, had a history of methamphetamine 

use. When pressed, she conceded she did have a personal history, but it was 

ancient history, twenty years having passed since her last usage. 

But her testimony is contradicted by medical records. According to an April 

2021 evaluation, Giada told her doctor she “had used meth for three months 

straight.”
6

6482073, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 4, 2020) (“We presume these missed drug 

tests would have resulted in positive tests.” (citation omitted)). 

True, Giada logged belated progress by securing employment and stable 

housing a few weeks before the termination hearing.10 But those measures did 

not erase the months of inaction on other safety concerns.

B. Best Interests

Next, we consider the children’s best interests. Giada believes termination 

does not serve their long-term needs. Supporting this claim, she notes the close 

bond between herself and these three children, as well as their relationship with 

older brother Co.J.11

Statutory factors guide the best-interests analysis. See, e.g., In re P.L., 778 

N.W.2d 33, 35 (Iowa 2010). We give primary consideration to the children’s safety, 

to the best placement for furthering their long-term nurturing and growth, and to 

their physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs. Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(2). For a child placed in family foster care, this consideration may 

include “whether the child has become integrated into the foster family to the extent 

that the child’s familial identity is with the foster family, and whether the foster

family is able and willing to permanently integrate the child into the foster family.”

Id. § 232.116(2)(b).

 

10 We discuss Giada’s recent progress in depth below.

11 In a common shortcut, Giada’s petition treats the parent-child close-bond 

exception as a best-interests argument under Iowa Code section 232.116(2). 

Because close bonds implicate a permissive exception under Iowa Code section 

232.116(3), we consider that argument under a separate subheading.
7

These principles in mind, we believe termination is in the children’s best 

interests. The children have been removed from their parents’ custody for over a 

year. Since then, they have thrived with their foster families. C.J., the middle child, 

loves his foster parents and has expressed his desire to live with them “tomorrow, 

next year, [or] until he was eighteen.” Like C.J., J.J. and E.J. are doing well in their 

placement. Their caseworker noted that they’re “like two different kids” since

moving in with their foster parents. What’s more, all three children have made their 

desire for adoption clear and their foster families want to adopt them.

True, termination would impact the siblings’ relationships with each other, 

cementing separate living arrangements. But, on balance, we think termination 

better serves their needs. See In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 800 (Iowa 2006) (noting 

a preference to keep siblings together, but confirming the preference is not 

absolute because the ultimate concern is the best interests of the child). Both 

foster families try to minimize that separation. Indeed, they arrange several visits 

per week and sometimes do overnights. We appreciate Giada’s concerns that 

Co.J. has not been included in these visits. But we must consider the younger 

children’s best interests.12 And we believe they are better served by permanency. 

Indeed, the children seem to agree. According to his caseworker, C.J. wants to 

be adopted by his foster parents even though that “would mean he wouldn’t be 

living with his siblings.”

 

12 What’s more, Co.J is only a few months from adulthood. So his relationship with 

his younger siblings would no longer depend on preserving Giada’s parental rights. 
8

C. Permissive Factor

Giada also cites her close relationship with the children in arguing against 

termination. Giada must show, by clear and convincing evidence, that termination 

would harm her children. Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). That harm must outweigh 

the concerns over her inability to care for them. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709. 

The close-bond exception is permissive, not mandatory, so we afford juvenile 

courts considerable discretion. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 2014). 

Giada did not meet her burden, failing to present clear and convincing 

evidence of the detriment to her children. We have no doubt that she shares a 

strong bond with the children. But all three have asked to be adopted and 

understand the consequences of termination and adoption.

D. Deferred Permanency 

Finally, based on her recent progress, Giada asks for more time to work 

toward reunification.13 A court may, at its discretion, defer permanency if it can 

“enumerate the specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes which 

comprise the basis for the determination that the need for removal of the child from 

the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” 

Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b); see also A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113.

No question, Giada has made strides. She has found stable housing. She 

is holding down a job. And she’s been providing a home for Co.J. for about a 

 

13 The State argues this issue is waived because it was “only mentioned in passing 

in [the] petition on appeal.” But petitions on appeal are, by design, more cursory

than traditional briefing. And despite the quick analysis, Giada references 

pertinent facts and relevant authority. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2) (discussing 

waiver standard). So we proceed to the merits.
9

month. Although we credit these steps, we believe the juvenile court was justified 

in denying the extension. Giada’s progress came late in the game—about thirteen 

months into the proceedings and just a few weeks before the termination hearing. 

In fact, a month before the hearing, Lee suggested Giada couldn’t care for the 

children because she was unstable. When faced with twelve months of Giada’s 

non-engagement, the juvenile court declined to speculate from a few weeks of 

buzzer-beating improvements. See In re J.H., 952 N.W.2d 157, 171 (Iowa 2020). 

Because patience with Giada can lead to “intolerable hardship” to the children, we 

agree with the court’s decision. See In re E.K., 568 N.W.2d 829, 831 (Iowa Ct. 

App. 1997).

As for Co.J, yes, he moved in with Giada. But it was his action, not Giada’s, 

that prompted the reunion. Co.J. regularly fled from the treatment center, at times 

choosing to live on the streets. Because he was “essentially living an independent 

life” and only months from adulthood, the DHS felt that “a roof over his head [is] 

better than him running the streets.” Preferring the lesser of two evils, the State 

dismissed his CINA case. 

III. Conclusion

Because the State met its burden of proof and termination offers the best 

option for ensuring a secure future for the children, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.