# Appendix E.

Ecotoxicity Information

Freshwater Fish Acute Toxicity Data.

Common Name %AI Study parameters Test Results MRID Classification/ Category
Bluegill sunfish
Lepomis macrochirus 100 96 hour study

10 fish/treatment Static study. 96-h LC 50 = 0.710 43249501 Acceptable/ Highly toxic

Rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss 100 96 hour study

10 fish/treatment Static study. 96-h LC 50 = 0.450 43249502 Acceptable/ Highly toxic

Freshwater Invertebrate Acute Toxicity Data

Common Name %AI Study parameters Test Results MRID Classification/ Category

Water flea Daphnia
magna N/A 48-h flow-through study

Nominal treatments: 110, 180 ,310, 510 and 850 μg/L. 48-h EC 50 : 0.640 mg a.i./L NOAEC: 0.280 mg a.i./L 42356101 Acceptable/ Highly toxic

Avian Acute Oral Toxicity

Species Toxicity Value Used in Risk Assessment 1 Citation MRID # (Author & Date) Comments

Northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus) LD 50 = 258 mg a.i./kg-bw 2 41513101 Acceptable/Highly Toxic

1 birds were observed for 30 days after dosing
2 all mortality (28 of birds dosed) occurred within 5 days



### 1Avian Subacute Dietary Toxicity

Species Toxicity Value Used in Risk Assessment 1 Citation MRID # (Author & Date) Comments

Northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus) 5-day LC 50 = 56 mg a.i./kg-diet 2 41513102 Acceptable/Highly Toxic

Mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 5-day LC 50 = 172 mg a.i./kg-diet 3 41513103 Acceptable/Highly Toxic



### Secondary Exposure Toxicity to Birds

Predator/
scavenger (p/s) Prey offered to p/s No. prey offered daily per p/s No. days p/s exposed No. p/s exposed No. p/s dead No. survivors with signs of chlorophacinone toxicity a Reference

Barn owl ( Tyto alba ) rats fed choice of 0.005% bait or untreated bait for 5 days 1-2 10 2 0 0 Mendenhal l and Pank 1980

Black-billed magpie ( Pica hudsonia ) rats fed 0.005% bait for 5 days ad lib. 5 20 0 0 Baroch 1997

American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) voles fed 0.01% bait until dead 1 1 every 3 days 21 61 10 10 0 0 10 (eb/ih) 10 (eb/ih) Radvanyi et al. 1988

Red-tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ) voles fed 10 g 0.005% bait daily for up to 9 days 2 6 5 0 0 Askham and Poché 1992 Great horned owl ( Bubo viriginianus ) voles fed 10 g 0.005% bait daily for up to 9 days 2 6 1 0 0 Askham and Poché 1992

Red-tailed hawk voles fed 0.005% bait for up to 9 days 2 6 5 0 0 Askham 1988

Great horned owl voles fed 0.005% bait for up to 9 days 2 6 1 0 0 Askham 1988

Tawny owl ( Strix aluco ) mice fed 0.0075% bait b ad lib. 10 4 0 (ct) Riedel et al. 1991 c



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### Secondary Exposure Toxicity to Birds

Predator/
scavenger (p/s) Prey offered to p/s No. prey offered daily per p/s No. days p/s exposed No. p/s exposed No. p/s dead No. survivors with signs of chlorophacinone toxicity a Reference

Eurasian buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) mice fed 0.0075% bait b ad lib. 7 10 5+5+5 d
40 4 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 (ct) (ct) (ct) (ct) Riedel et al. 1991 c

Eurasian buzzard mice fed 0.0075% bait b 4 7 4 0 0 Anonymou s 1978 c Carrion crow ( Corvus

corone ) mice fed 0.0075% bait b ad lib. 10 4 0 (ct) Riedel et al. 1991 c

Carrion crow mice fed 0.0075% bait b 3-4 3 5 12 12 0 0 0 0 Sterner 1978 c White stork ( Ciconia ciconia ) mice fed 0.0075% bait b ad lib. (treated /untreated ) 3 14 3 3 0 0 1 or 2 (ct) 1 or 2 (ct) Sterner 1981 c

a eb = external bleeding; ih = internal hematoma; bl = blee ding (unspecified); ct = incr eased blood coagulation time; nr = not reported
b ground squirrels were fed no-choice for 3 days followed by 3 days in which they had a choice of bait or untreated laboratory chow

c baits registered in the U.S. are either 0.005% or 0.01% ai d 

### individual was sacrificed but consid ered ‘dead’ based on coagulation index

3Mammal Acute Toxicity

Species LD50, mg a.i./kg-bw (95% CI) LC50, mg a.i./kgdiet (95% CI) Citation MRID # (Author & Date) Laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 1.14 (1.02-1.36) 1.14 (0.98-1.35) 1.26 (1.11-1.47) 1.26 (0.97-1.64) 

### EPA unpublished data a
Laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 6.2 3.1 (1.5-6.7) 11.0 (6.5-18.5) 41875301

Laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) 

### 0.95 (5-day dose @ 0.19/day) Jackson and Ashton 1992
Norway rat (wild) 0.80 (5-day dose @ 0.16/day) Jackson and Ashton 1992

House mouse 1.0 6 Hone and Mulligan 1982 b 

### Laboratory

mouse 5.95 (5-day dose @ 1.19/day) Jackson and Ashton 1992 Deer mouse 0.49 Clark 1994 Deer mouse 1.0-3.75 c 

### Schafer and Bowles 1985 Norway rat 5.0 Clark 1994 Pine vole 14.2 (11.4-17.6) Byers 1978 Roof rat 15.0 Clark 1994 Dog 50-100 Labe and Lorgue 1977

a the 5 dietary tests for brodifacoum and 4 diet ary tests for bromadiolone were conducted at EPA's former Toxicology Unit, Beltsville, MD; methodology follows that described in McCann et al. 1981
b cited in Hyngstrom et al. 1994

c an approximate lethal dose (ALD); the ALD is es timated from an acute oral test that uses too few concentrations and test animals to statistically derive an LD50



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### Secondary Exposure Toxicity to Mammals

Predator/
scavenger (p/s) Prey offered to p/s No. prey offered daily per p/s No. days p/s exposed No. p/s exposed No. p/s dead No. survivors with signs of chlorophacinone toxicity a Reference

Mongoose ( Galidictis
sp. ) rats fed 0.005% bait for 5 days 1 1 3 5 6 7 9 10 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 nr no survivors no survivors no survivors no survivors no survivors no survivors Pank and Hirata 1976

Coyote ( Canis latrans ) ground squirrels fed 15 g of 0.01% bait for 6 days b 1 5 7 3 0 Marsh and Howard 1986 Red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) mice fed 0.0075% bait c 20 total 4 1 1 d no survivors Bachhuber and Beck 1988 e

European ferret ( Mustela putorius ) rats fed 0.005% bait for 5 days ad lib. 5 20 11 nr Ahmed et al. 1996

European ferret prairie dogs fed 25 g of 0.0025% bait daily for 6 days c 4 (1 every other day) 8 6 5 nr Fisher and Timm 1987

European ferret voles/mice fed 0.0075% bait c 5 total 4 2 1 f (ct) Bachhuber and Beck 1988 e European ferret muskrats fed 0.005% bait ad lib. 4 8 2 1 0 1 1 (bl) no survivors Jobsen 1978 e

European ferret voles fed 0.0075% bait c ad lib. 3 4 0 (ct) Anonymou s 1983 e

Weasel ( Mustela erminea ) mice fed 0.005% bait ad lib. 90 4 3 0 Anonymou s 1981 e

a eb = external bleeding; ih = internal hematoma; bl = blee ding (unspecified); ct = incr eased blood coagulation time; nr = not reported
b ground squirrels were fed no-choice for 3 days followed by 3 days in which they had a choice of bait or untreated laboratory chow

c baits registered in the U.S. are either 0.005% or 0.01% ai
d individual was sacrificed but considered ‘dead’ based on coagulation index



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### Terrestrial and Simulated Field Tests

Common Name %AI Nontarget kill MRID Classification/C ategory California Ground Squirrel ( Spermophilus beecheyi) 0.01% and 0.005% grain baits Poisoning confirmed in 14/15 mice and 2/2 woodrats examined on 5 0.01% bait plots and 9/13 mice and 3/3 wood rats on 5 0.005% bait plots 43922201 Supplemental 2

California Ground Squirrel Bait station with 0.005% grain bait poisoning confirmed in 3/3 mice examined on 2 bait plots 1 43922202 Supplemental 2

California Ground Squirrel 0.005% pelleted bait Poisoning confirmed in 2 dead rabbits (residue levels of 0.011 and 1.16 ppm in GI tract) 41649301 Supplemental 2

Pine vole ( Microtus pinetorum ) 1 ground spray at 0.3 lb/ac No mortality or adverse affects were observed in six captive opossums exposed for 14 days to sprayed ground vegetation in an orchard 234579 Supplemental 3

1 poisoning was indicated by blue-dyed bait in the GI tract, blue stain in fatty tissues, subdermal hematomas, and/or internal hemorrhaging

2 the study was an efficacy test that provide d some information on nontarget hazards

3 sample size (6 opossums) was small



### REFERENCES

Ahmed, M.S., J. Baroch, L. Carlet, and D. Whaley. 1996. Secondary hazard study using chlorophacinone-killed laboratory ra ts fed to domestic ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ). Unpubl. report submitted to EPA by Lipha Tech, Inc., Milwaukee, WI. 84 pp.

Anonymous. 1981. Environmental and vertebrate chemistry - rodenticides. Agricultural Science Service, Research and Development Report, pp. 36-38.

Anonymous. 1983. Unpubl. Report Niedersächsische Forstliche Versuchsanstalt, Göttingen (DE) (in German).

Bachhuber, E. and C. Beck. 1988. [The effect of some anticoagulants on mice relevant in forestry and on mice predators.] Thesis, Munchen (DE) (in German).

Byers, R.E. 1978. Performance of rodenticides for the control of pine vol es in orchards. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103:65-69.

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### Clark, J.P. 1994. Vertebrate Pest Control Handbook. (4 th 

### ed.) California Dept. Food and Agriculture, Sacramento. 803 pp.

Fisher, D.D. and R.M. Timm. 1987. Laborator y trial of chlorophacinone as a prairie dog toxicant. Proc. Great Plains Wildl. Damage Workshop 8:67-69.

Hone, J. and H. Mulligan. 1982. Vertebrate pesticides. Science Bull. 89, Dept. of Agriculture, NSW, Australia. 130 pp.

Hygnstrom, S.E., R.M. Timm, and G.E. Lars on. 1994. Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Univ. Nebraska Cooperative Extens ion, USDA Animal Damage Control, and Great Plains Agric. Council.

Jackson, W.B. and A.D. Ashton. 1992. A review of available anticoagulants and their use in the United States. Proc. Vert ebr. Pest Conf. 15:156-160.

Jobsen, J.A. 1978. [Study on the possibility of secondary poisoning of ferrets by chlorophacinone-poisoned muskrats.] Intern al report of the Dutch Plant Protection Service, Wageningen (NL).

Labe, J. and G. Lorgue. 1977. Intoxication des carnivores domestiques par les raticides anticoagulants. pp128-140. Notes de Toxico logie Veterinaire, No. 3. Centre d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaire, Ec ole Nationale Veterina ire, Marcy L'Etoile, France.

Marsh, R.E. and W.E. Howard. 1986. Ground squirre l--coyote secondary t oxicity studies with chlorophacinone and bromadiolone (an administ rative report of laboratory findings). Unpubl. report submitted to EPA by LiphaTech, Inc., Milwaukee, WI.

McCann, J.A., W. Teeters, D.J. Urban and N. C ook. 1981. A short-term diet ary toxicity test on small mammals. Pages 132-142 in D.W. Lamb and E.E. Kenaga (eds): Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference, ASTM STP 757, American Society for Testing Materials.

Pank, L.F. and D.N. Hirata. 1976. Primary and sec ondary toxicity of antic oagulant rodenticides. Unpubl. report, Denver Wildlife Research Center. 23 pp.

Schafer, E.W., Jr. and W.A. Bowles, Jr. 1985. Acute oral toxicity and relellency of 933 chemicals to house and deer mice. Arc h. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14:111-129.

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