NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 12-4485

_____________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

RICARDO BROWN,

a/k/a Richard Anthony Brown

a/k/a Munch,

 Appellant

___________ 

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Crim. No. 2-10-cr-00140-001)

District Judge: Honorable Alan N. Bloch

___________ 

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

September 24, 2013

Before: CHAGARES, VANASKIE and SHWARTZ, Circuit Judges

(Filed: December 6, 2013)

___________ 

OPINION

___________

VANASKIE, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Ricardo Brown pleaded guilty to armed bank robbery pursuant to a 

written plea agreement that stipulated that his sentence would include a requirement that 
2

he make restitution to his victims “in such amounts, at such times, and according to such 

terms as the Court shall direct.” More than one year after sentencing, Brown moved 

under Rule 36 to correct a clerical error in the judgment, claiming that the District Court 

mistakenly imposed inappropriately onerous terms of restitution by directing that 50% of 

all funds obtained by Brown while incarcerated be applied towards his restitution 

obligation. The District Court denied the motion. Because we agree with the District 

Court that no clerical error occurred, we will affirm.

I.

We write primarily for the parties, who are familiar with the facts and procedural 

history of this case. Accordingly, we set forth only those facts necessary to our analysis. 

On July 21, 2010, Brown was indicted by a grand jury on five counts stemming 

from an alleged armed bank robbery. On April 11, 2011, Brown pleaded guilty to Count 

3, armed bank robbery, pursuant to a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement.1 In pertinent part, 

the agreement stated:

3. [Brown] will pay mandatory restitution under the VictimWitness Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. §§3663, 3663A and 3664, 

to the victims and/or other persons or parties authorized by 

law in such amounts, at such times, and according to such 

terms as the Court shall direct.

. . . .

5. If the Court imposes a fine or restitution as part of a 

sentence of incarceration, Ricardo Brown agrees to 

participate in the United States Bureau of Prisons’ Inmate 

 1 Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1)(C), such an agreement “binds the court once the 

court accepts the plea agreement.”
3

Financial Responsibility Program, through which 50% of his 

prison salary will be applied to pay the fine or restitution.

App. 95 (emphasis added). During the plea colloquy, the government observed that, 

under the plea agreement, Brown agreed that he would “participate in the BOP’s inmate 

financial responsibility program, through which a portion of his prison salary will be 

applied to pay the fine or restitution.” App. 37 (emphasis added).

The District Court accepted the plea agreement and sentenced Brown to 131 

months and 19 days imprisonment, three years of supervised release, a special assessment 

of $100, and restitution in the amount of $169,520.34. In imposing the restitution 

obligation, the District Court stated that it was ordering that “50 percent of all funds 

obtained by the Defendant while incarcerated shall be applied toward restitution.” App. 

69 (emphasis added). No objection to this requirement was interposed during the 

sentencing proceeding. Consistent with the District Court’s oral pronouncement at 

sentencing, the written judgment, entered on August 18, 2011, provided that “50 percent 

of all funds obtained by the defendant while incarcerated shall be applied toward 

restitution.” App. 6.

On November 16, 2012, more than one year after the sentence was imposed, 

Brown filed a motion to correct a clerical error in the restitution order pursuant to Rule 36 

of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.

2 Specifically, Brown contended that the 

judgment erroneously directed that 50% of all funds obtained by him while incarcerated 

 2 The government argues that the plea agreement contained a waiver of appeal that

foreclosed both the Rule 36 motion itself and this appeal. In light of our disposition of 

the appeal on the merits, we need not decide the applicability of the waiver provision.
4

would be applied to his restitution obligation, rather than only 50% of any salary earned 

by him while in prison. The District Court denied the motion on November 27, 2012, 

finding that no clerical discrepancy existed between the Court’s oral pronouncements at 

sentencing and the sentence as recorded.

II.

The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have 

appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.3

The standard of review for denial of a Rule 36 motion is undecided in this Circuit 

and unsettled elsewhere. See, e.g., United States v. Niemiec, 689 F.2d 688, 692 (7th Cir. 

1982) (applying an “abuse of discretion” standard); United States v. Dickie, 752 F.2d 

1398, 1400 (9th Cir. 1985) (applying a “clear error” standard). We will not resolve that 

question here because we conclude that Brown is not entitled to relief under either 

standard.

The essence of Brown’s claim is that under the terms of his plea agreement, the 

District Court was obligated to impose a sentence ordering Brown to pay no more than 50

percent of his prison salary in restitution. He contends that at sentencing, the District 

Court mistakenly ordered Brown to pay “50 percent of all funds obtained . . . while 

 3 The government contends that we should decline to exercise jurisdiction because 

Brown was obligated to seek administrative relief from the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) 

before filing his Rule 36 motion. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (stating that “[n]o action shall 

be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other 

Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until 

such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted”). Here, the BOP is 

accurately administering the sentence as ordered. Brown seeks modification of the 

underlying sentence, over which the BOP has no control.
5

incarcerated,” which in practice has resulted in what Brown considers the unjust 

garnishment of funds sent by family members to Brown from outside prison. Brown 

suggests that this added burden was completely unintended by the Court or the parties.

Relief under a Rule 36 motion is limited to “the correction of clerical errors in the 

judgment.” United States v. Bennett, 423 F.3d 271, 277 (3d Cir. 2005). A clerical error 

is “a failure to accurately record a statement or action by the court or one of the parties.”

Id. at 277–78 (citations omitted). A Rule 36 motion is not an appropriate means to 

correct “substantive errors in the sentence.” Id. at 278.

Here, as the District Court observed, neither the court reporter nor the clerk made 

a clerical error in recording the Court’s oral pronouncement that 50% of all funds 

obtained by Brown while incarcerated shall be applied toward restitution. Nor is there 

any indication that the district judge simply misspoke while reading the sentence. The 

District Court was thus correct to deny Brown’s Rule 36 motion. 

Brown comingles his “clerical error” argument with the somewhat different 

proposition that he is entitled to relief because the District Court’s purported deviation 

from the text of the Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement, whether clerical in nature or not,

was illegal as a matter of law. As noted above, this is precisely the sort of substantive 

attack on a sentence that should have been raised on direct appeal and not by way of a 

Rule 36 motion.

Even if the claim could be brought by way of a Rule 36 motion, we conclude that 

the imposed sentence did not deviate from the written plea agreement—the sentencing 

judge was entitled to set the terms of restitution precisely as he did. Specifically, 
6

Paragraph 3 of the plea agreement dictated that Brown pay “mandatory restitution . . . in 

such amounts, at such times, and according to such terms as the Court shall direct.” App. 

95. Paragraph 5 provided further specification: “If the Court imposes a fine or restitution 

. . . Ricardo Brown agrees to participate in the United States Bureau of Prisons’ Inmate 

Financial Responsibility Program, through which 50% of his prison salary will be applied 

to pay the fine or restitution.” Id. Paragraph 5 thus acted as a floor for the minimum 

amount that Brown would pay, but did not constrain the District Court in any other way. 

In light of the above, we conclude that the District Court did not commit clear

error or an abuse of discretion in its denial of Brown’s Rule 36 motion. The record 

establishes that there simply is no unambiguous error in the sentence, clerical or 

otherwise, to correct.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.