L EC

June 30th, 2003

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

The Department of Energy (Department) invites public review and comment on the assumptions,

methodologies, and findings presented in the attached report, Draft Framework for Determination

Analysis of Energy Conservation Standards for High Intensity Discharge Lamps, June 30th, 2003. This is

the framework for the analysis that the Department is conducting to determine whether energy

conservation standards for high intensity discharge lamps would be technologically feasible,

economically justified and would result in significant energy savings.

The Department is interested in receiving comments and data concerning all aspects of the analysis and

data in the draft report. The Department particularly requests comments on specific areas and issues

raised in the attached questions (which are also embedded in the report).

This draft report makes no recommendation concerning what, if any, determination should be made or

whether standards should be promulgated for HID lamps. Rather, this report presents the market and

technology assessment and proposes a substitution analysis for stakeholder review. It also outlines how

the Department intends to conduct the life-cycle cost assessment and national energy savings analysis.

When the analysis is complete, the Department plans to conduct a public workshop presenting the results

of this analysis, prior to issuing its determination.

Procedures for Submitting Comments:

DATE: Comments submitted by electronic mail will be considered timely if they are submitted by 11:59

p.m. (Eastern time) September 5, 2003. Comments submitted on paper through the United States mail or

other delivery service should contain a signed original and must be received at the Department of Energy

by September 5, 2003.

ADDRESSES: The Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of Energy Conservation Standards for

High Intensity Discharge Lamp, June 30th, 2003, may be viewed on the World Wide Web at

http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/commercial/hid_lamps.html. Also, a copy is

available in the Department of Energy Freedom of information Reading Room, U.S. Department of

Energy, Forrestal Building, Room IE-190, 1000 independence Avenue, SW, Washington, 20585-0101,

telephone (202) 586-3142, between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, except

Federal holidays.

The Department encourages the submission of comments, data and information electronically to the

following Internet address: hid.determinationee.doe.gov. Submit electronic comments as a

WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, Adobe PDF, or ASCII format file and avoid the use of special characters

or any form of encryption. Jdentif' comments in electronic format by the docket number EE-DET-03-

001, and, wherever possible, include the electronic signature of the author. Comments submitted

electronically without an electronic signature must be followed and authenticated by submitting the

signed original paper document. No telefacsimiles (telefaxes) will be accepted.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Submit written comments filed on paper to: Ms. Brenda Edwards-Jones, U.S. Department of Energy,

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies, EE-2J, 1000 Independence

Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585-0121. Comments filed on paper should be identified by the docket

number EE-DET-03-00l. Please submit one signed original and a computer diskette or compact disc

(CD) in WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, Adobe PDF or ASCII file format.

For Further Information Contact:

Brian Card, U.S. Department of Energy, Building Technologies (EE-2J), Office of Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20585-0121. Telephone (202)

586-9228, or brian.card@ee.doe.gov.

Francine Pinto, Esq., U.S. Department of Energy, Office of General Counsel, Mail Station GC-72, 1000

Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20585-0 103. Telephone (202) 586-7432, or

francine.pinto@hq.doe.gov.

Thomas DePriest, Esq., U.S. Department of Energy, Office of General Counsel, Mail Station GC-72,

1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20585-0 103. Telephone (202) 586-2946, or

thomas.depriest@hq.doe.gov.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
The following is a list of the questions the Department has embedded in the attached report. This list is

provided to ensure stakeholders locate all the specific areas and issues in which the Department is looking

for comment. Stakeholders are invited to comment on these and all other sections of the report.

Section Question

1.2. High Intensity The Department requests stakeholder comments on this working definition.

Discharge Lamp

Definition

2.4.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp The Department welcomes comments on the product applications and

Product Applications identification of lamp wattages presented in Table 2-13.

2.6. Potential Small The Department requests comments on the possibility of small business impacts

Business Impacts from HID energy conservation standards.

4.2.1. Mercury Vapor Lamp- The Department invites stakeholder feedback on the direct lamp-to-lamp

to-Lamp Direct replacements presented in Table 4-2. Are there other lamps that the Department

Substitution should consider?

4.2.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp- The Department invites stakeholders to comment on the technologies shown

to-Lamp/Ballast and the shaded lamp/ballast combinations selected in Table 4-3. Are there other

Substitution lamp/ballast combinations that the Department should consider or select?

4.2.3. Mercury Vapor Lamp- The Department invites stakeholders to comment on the replacement luminaires

to-Luminaire shown in Table 4-4. Are there other luminaire replacements that the

Substitution Department should consider or some that the Department should remove?

4.4.1. Summary of Relevant The Department invites stakeholders to comment on the replacement scenarios

Substitution Analyses presented in Table 4-5. Are the correct types of substitutions considered for

each of the product application? Are there some that the Department should

drop or some that the Department should add?

5.2. Life-Cycle Cost The Department requests stakeholder comments on the proposed LCC

calculation method.

5.2.1. Income Tax Effects The Department seeks input on whether income tax effects are significant

enough to warrant inclusion in the LCC analysis for the Determination. The

Department specifically requests information on how many firms that purchase

HID equipment actually pay taxes and, if they do, what "expense" practices are

utilized to depreciate the purchase costs.

5.3.1. Equipment Cost The Department requests that stakeholders comment on these proposed methods

and provide any additional sources they believe the Department should

consider.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on how to handle this

variability in discount multipliers, price, and shipment apportionment by

distribution channels.

5.3.1 .1. Contractor Markup The Department requests stakeholder comments on contractor markup and other

sources for this information.

5.3.1.2. Sales Tax The Department requests stakeholder comments on data sources and methods

for estimating and weighting sales taxes.

5.3.2.1. Labor Times The Department requests stakeholder comments on data sources and the

proposed method for estimating labor times.

5.3.2.2. Labor Rates The Department requests stakeholders to suggest other sources that the

Department should review for labor rates or labor classifications associated with

the installation, maintenance, and operation of HID lamps.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Section Question

5.4.1. Ballast and Lamp The Department requests conmients from stakeholders on lamp and ballast

Lifetimes lifetimes. The Department also requests comments on relamping practices for

HID lamps, specifically the relative likelihood of spot replacement and group

replacement.

5.4.2. Discount Rate for Life- The Department requests comments from stakeholders on the discount rates it

Cycle Cost intends to use in the LCC Analysis.

5.4.3.1. Annual Electricity The Department requests stakeholder comirients on the proposed method for

Consumption obtaining wattages.

The Department requests stakeholder input on the operating hours for the

luminaire types in Table 5-2.

5.4.3.2. Electricity Prices and The Department requests stakeholder comments on sources for electricity price

Trends data for the commercial, industrial, public, and residential sectors, as well as

other sources that indicate future trends for these prices.

5.5. Payback Period The Department requests stakeholder comments on the proposed calculation

method for payback period.

5.6. Life-Cycle Cost Cases The Department requests stakeholder comments on the percentage of the market

that will choose each substitution technology option (Replace Lamp, Replace

Lamp/Ballast, or Replace Luminaire) in Table 5-4 through Table 5-12, in

response to the baseline lamp possibly becoming unavailable due to a standard.

The Department will use these percentages (replacement weights) to select the

most common substitution technology options for the LCC analysis.

6.1. National Energy The Department requests stakeholder comments on this modeling approach to

Savings Spreadsheet estimating national energy savings.

6.3.1. Shipments The Department requests comments on methods for estimating forecasts of

shipments and on possible scenarios.

The Department asks stakeholders to provide their estimates of the breakdown

of MV lamp shipments by wattage and product application shown in Table 6-1.

The total of the percentages for each column should add to 100%.

The Department asks Stakeholders to provide their estimates of the sectoral

breakdown of MV lamp shipments for each product application and sector

shown in Table 6-2. The total of the percentages for each row should add to

100%.

6.3.2. Substitution The Department asks stakeholders to provide their estimates of the percentage

Technology Option of the market that will choose each Substitution Technology Option for each

Weights Product Application in Table 5-4 through Table 5-12. (Substitution Technology

Option Weights within each replacement type should total 100%, as shown in

the example Table 6-3.)

6.3.6. Cumulative Regulatory The Department requests comments on related regulatory actions that it should

Burden review.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of

Energy Conservation Standards for

High Intensity Discharge Lamps

Building Technologies Program

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

U.S. Department of Energy

June 30, 2003

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction

1.1. Legal Authority

1.2. High Intensity Discharge Lamp Definition

2. Market Assessment

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2.1. Shipment Estimates 13

2.1.1. EnergyUsebySector 13

2.1.2. High intensity Discharge Lamp Shipment Estimates 16

2.1.3. High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipment Estimates 21

2.1.3.1. Commercial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixtures 21

2.1.3.2. Industrial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixtures 22

2.1.3.3. Outdoor-type High Intensity Discharge Fixtures 23

2.2. Market and Structure 24

2.2.1. Manufacturers of High Intensity Discharge Lamps, Luminaires, and

Ballasts 24

2.2.2. Distribution Channels 26

2.2.3. Decision Makers 28

2.2.3.1. Residential Decision Makers 28

2.2.3.2. Commercial, Industrial, and Outdoor Lighting Decision Makers 29

2.3. Applications for High Intensity Discharge Lamps 30

2.3.1. Residential Applications 30

2.3.2. Commercial Applications 30

2.3.3. Industrial Applications 31

2.3.4. Public Sector Applications 31

2.4. Classification of High Intensity Discharge Luminaires 32

2.4.1. Proposed High Intensity Discharge Lamp Classification System 33

2.4.1.1. Product Applications: Indoor 33

2.4.1.2. Product Applications: Outdoor 34

2.4.1.3. Product Applications: Specialty 37

2.4.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp Product Applications 37

2.5. Regulatory and Non-Regulatory Programs Impacting High Intensity Discharge

Lamps 38

2.5.1. Regulatory Programs Impacting High Intensity Discharge Lamps 38

2.5.2. Non-regulatory Programs Impacting High lntensity Discharge Lamps 39

2.6. Potential Small Business Impacts 40

3. Technology Assessment 41

3.1. Specifications, Test Standards, and Procedures

3.2. Mercury Vapor

3.2.1. Construction

3.2.2. Lamp Performance

3.2.3. Electrical Characteristics

3.2.4. Other issues

41

43

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45

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Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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3.3. High-Pressure Sodium 49

4

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3.3.1. Construction 49

3.3.2. Lamp Performance 50

3.3.3. Electrical Characteristics 52

3.3.4. Other Issues 53

3.4. Metal Halide 54

3.4.1. Application 54

3.4.2. Construction 55

3.4.3. Lamp Performance 59

3.4.3.1. Probe-Start 60

3.4.3.2. Pulse-Start 61

3.4.4. Electrical Characteristics 63

3.4.5. Other issues 64

3.5. High Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts 64

Substitution Analysis Framework 65

4.1. New Installations 67

4.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp Substitution Technology Options 67

4.2.1. Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Lamp Direct Substitution 67

4.2.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Lamp/Ballast Substitution 68

4.2.3. Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Luminaire Substitution 69

4.3. Lamp/Ballast Retrofit 71

4.3.1. Mercury Vapor Lamp/Ballast-to-Lamp/Ballast 71

4.3.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp/Ballast-to-Luminaire 71

4.4. Summary 71

. . .

4.4.2. Relevant Components for the Life-Cycle Cost and National Energy

Savings 73

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 76

5.1. Treatment of Sectors 76

5.2. Life-Cycle Cost 76

5.2.1. Income Tax Effects 79

5.3. Total Installed Cost 79

5.3.1. Equipment Cost 80

5.3.1.1. Contractor Markup 82

5.3.1.2. Sales Tax 82

5.3.2. Installation Cost 82

5.3.2.1. Labor Times 82

5.3.2.2. Labor Rates 83

5.4. Lifetime Operating Cost 83

5.4.1. Ballast and Lamp Lifetimes 83

5.4.2. Discount Rate for Life-Cycle Cost 84

5.4.3. Annual Operating Cost 84

5.4.3.1. Annual Electricity Consumption 85

5.4.3.2. Electricity Prices and Trends 85

5.4.4. Period of Analysis

4 4 1 Summary of Relevant Substitution Analyses 72

87

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Drafi Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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5.4.5. Lamp Replacement Costs and Terminal Values 87

5.5. Payback Period 88

5.6. Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options 89

5.7. Results of the Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 98

6. National Energy Savings and Net Present Value 99

6.1. National Energy Savings Spreadsheet 99

6.2. Net Present Value 100

6.3. Inputs 102

6.3.1. Shipments 102

6.3.2. Substitution Technology Option Weights 104

6.3.3. Conversion from Site to Source Energy 105

6.3.4. National Energy Savings Time Period 105

6.3.5. Discount Rate for Net Present Value 105

6.3.6. Cumulative Regulatory Burden 106

6.4. Results of National Energy Savings and Net Present Value Analysis 106

Appendix A. Glossary of Terms 107

Appendix B. Industry High Intensity Discharge Lamp Definitions 111

Appendix C. Existing Classification Systems 113

Appendix D. Non-regulatory Incentive Programs 116

Appendix E. High Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts 121

Appendix F. Product Availability Tables 124

Appendix G. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Life-Cycle Cost

and Payback Calculation Comparison 138

References 141

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lmnps

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: U.S. National Energy Use for Lighting by Sector 14

Table 2-2. Installed Base of High Intensity Discharge Luminaires in the U.S. by Sector 16

Table 2-3: Distribution of High Intensity Discharge Lighting Electricity Consumed 16

Table 2-4: U.S. Shipments of High Intensity Discharge Lamps 17

Table 2-5: Total Imported High Intensity Discharge Lamps and Member Percentages 18

Table 2-6: Mercury Vapor Shipments by Wattage 20

Table 2-7: High Intensity Discharge Lamp Manufacturers 25

Table 2-8: High Intensity Discharge Ballast Manufacturers 25

Table 2-9: High Intensity Discharge Luminaire Manufacturers 26

Table 2-10: Classification for Indoor Applications 33

Table 2-1 1: Classification for Outdoor Applications 35

Table 2-12: Classification for Specialty Applications 37

Table 2-13: Product Applications and Wattages for the Mercury Vapor Lamp 38

Table 2-14: Non-regulatory Programs Relating to High Intensity Discharge Lamps 40

Table 3-1: Standards Documents Pertaining to High Intensity Discharge Lighting 42

Table 3-2: Performance Summary of Mercury Vapor Lamps 48

Table 3-3: Performance Summary of General-Purpose High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 51

Table 3-4: Performance Summary of High Color Rendering High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 52

Table 3-5: Performance Summary of Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps 61

Table 3-6: Performance Summary of Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps 62

Table 3-7: Performance Summary of Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps 63

Table 4-1: Mercury Vapor Substitution Event Scenarios 66

Table 4-2: Direct Lamp-to-Lamp Replacement 67

Table 4-3: Lamp-to-Lamp/Ballast Substitution 69

Table 4-4: Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Luminaire Substitutions 70

Table 4-5: Summary of Proposed Substitution Event Analyses 73

Table 4-6: Lamp Types by Technology 74

Table 4-7: Ballast Types by Lamp Technology 74

Table 4-8: Luminaire Types by Technology 75

Table 5-1: Potential Sources of High Intensity Discharge Equipment Pricing 81

Table 5-2: Anuual Operating Hours for High Intensity Discharge Lighting 85

Table 5-3: Life-Cycle Cost Analyses by Product Application, Sector and Baseline

Mercury Vapor Lamp Wattage 89

Table 5-4: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 1: High-Bay 90

Table 5-5: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 2: Low-Bay 91

Table 5-6: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 3: Roadway

Architectural 92

Table 5-7: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 4a: Streetlighting

(100W) 93

Table 5-8: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 4b: Streetlighting

(175W) 94

Table 5-9: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 5: Large Area 95

Table 5-10: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 6: Small Area 96

Table 5-1 1: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 7: Security 97

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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Table 5-12: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 8: Landscape 98

Table 6-1: Percent of Mercury Vapor Mogul-Based Lamp Shipments by Wattage and

Product Application 103

Table 6-2: Percent of Mercury Vapor Mogul-Based Lamp Shipments by Product

Application and Sector 104

Table 6-3: Market Shares for Product Application 1: High-Bay (Commercial Sector) 105

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Fra,neworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Shares of Sectoral Energy Use by Lighting Technology 15

Figure 2-2: Annual High Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipments for the United States 19

Figure 2-3: Percentage Market Share of Each High Intensity Discharge Lamp Type 19

Figure 2-4: Total Shipment of High Intensity Discharge Fixtures by Fixture Type 21

Figure 2-5: Commercial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments 22

Figure 2-6: Industrial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments 23

Figure 2-7: Outdoor-type High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments 24

Figure 2-8: Lighting Market Distribution Channels 27

Figure 2-9: Residential Decision Web on High Intensity Discharge Lighting 29

Figure 2-10: The Commercial and Industrial Lighting Design Decision Web 29

Figure 3-1: Mercury Vapor Lamp Construction 45

Figure 3-2: Typical High Intensity Discharge Bases with Standard Designations 45

Figure 3-3: Spectral Power Distribution of Mercury Vapor Lamps (a) Without Phosphors

and (b) With Phosphors 47

Figure 3-4: High-Pressure Sodium Lamp Construction 50

Figure 3-5: Spectral Power Distribution of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (same

distribution for bare and coated lamps) 51

Figure 3-6: Trapezoid Boundary for High-Pressure Sodium Ballast Design 53

Figure 3-7: Metal Halide Lamp Construction 56

Figure 3-8: Common Arc Tubes: (a) Ovoid, (b) Pinched-Body 57

Figure 3-9: Common Configurations for Horizontal MH Lamps 58

Figure 3-10: Metal Halide Arc Tube with a Shroud 59

Figure 3-1 1: Spectral Power Distribution of Metal Halide Lamps (a) Without Phosphors

and (b) With Phosphors 60

Figure 5-1: Illustration of Life-Cycle Costs for Two Technologies: Baseline and Standards 77

Figure 5-2: Flow Diagram of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for High Intensity Discharge

Lamps 78

Figure 6-1: Flow Diagram of National Energy Savings Analysis for High Intensity

Discharge Lamps 99

Figure 6-2: Flow Diagram of Net Present Value Analysis for High Intensity Discharge

Lamps 101

Figure 6-3: Example of Annual Net Costs or Savings Contributing to Net Present Value 102

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

B Self-Ballasted Mercury

CCT Correlated Color Temperature

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp

CIE International Commission on Illumination

CR1 Color-Rendering Index

CW Constant Wattage Isolated Transformer

CWA Constant Wattage Autotransfonner

DC Direct Current

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EPCA Energy Policy and Conservation Act

FTA Federal Tax Administration

HID High-Intensity Discharge

HPS High-Pressure Sodium

HX High-Reactance Autotransformer

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

K Kelvin (degrees)

LCC Life-cycle cost

LLD Lamp Lumen Depreciation

LPS Low-Pressure Sodium

LPW Lumens per Watt

MH Metal Halide

MSDS Material and Safety Data Sheet

MV Mercury Vapor

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NES National Energy Savings

NPV Net Present Value

NRECA National Rural Electric Cooperative Association

OCV Open Circuit Voltage

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PAR Parabolic Aluminized Reflector

PB Payback Period

PMH Pulse-Start Metal Halide

R Reflector

RE Rare-Earth (phosphor)

RUS Rural Utilities Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture

SPD Spectral Power Distribution

TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

UV Ultra-Violet

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The following illustrations in this report are proprietary and may not be distributed or reproduced

separate from this report without the prior written consent of the owners of these figures. This

copyright notice relates to the following illustrations:

Figure 3-1 © GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

Figure 3-2 © GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

Figure 3-3 © Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

Figure 3-4 © GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

Figure 3-5 © Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

Figure 3-6 © NEMA, 2001. Reprinted from ANSI document C78.42-2001 High-Pressure

Sodium Lamps by permission of the National Electrical Manufacturers

Association.

Figure 3-7 © GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

Figure 3-8 © Venture Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Venture, 2003e.

Figure 3-9 © Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

Figure 3-10 © Venture Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Venture, 2003e.

Figure 3-1 1 © Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

Table C-2 © IESNA, 2000. Reprinted from the IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition 2000,

courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, IESNA,

2003.

Table C-3 © TESNA, 2000. Reprinted from the IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition 2000,

courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, IESNA,

2003.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

1. Introduction

The Department of Energy ("the Department") is preparing a Determination Analysis on

High-Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps. The Department will analyze one or, if necessary, other

possible standard levels in the HID lamp Determination Analysis. The initial focus is on a

possible standard level at efficacies higher than those typical of current mercury vapor HID

lamps. The purpose of the Determination Analysis is to provide the basis for ascertaining if

mandatory energy conservation standards are technologically feasible and economically justified,

and would result in significant energy savings. The Secretary of Energy will decide these issues

after the Determination Analysis is complete. Presently, the Department is publishing this Draft

Framework for Determination Analysis of Energy Conservation Standards for HID lamps to

obtain early input from stakeholders on the work completed, the methodology to gather input

data, the proposed Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and National Energy Savings (NES) models, and the

strategy for further action on the Determination Analysis.

If the Secretary decides that standards are warranted, i.e. are technologically feasible and

economically justified and would result in significant energy savings, the Department will

develop a test procedure and then initiate a rulemaking to determine what the appropriate

standard should be.

This draft framework contains draft sections of the Market Assessment, Technology

Analysis and Substitution Analysis. These sections explore questions such as:

Market Assessment - How large is the HID lighting market? How are HID lamps

specified (i.e., which products will service a particular job)? What are the distribution

chaimels servicing the market? What are the product applications the Department will use

in this analysis?

Technology Analysis - What are the HID lamp technologies and their performance

characteristics? What are the ballasts that operate them?

Substitution Analysis - If an efficacy standard results in the removal of the mercury

vapor lamp from the market, which technologies could replace mercury vapor? Which

are the high-volume mercury vapor markets that the Department should consider when it

conducts its LCC analysis?

This draft framework also outlines the methodology for the LCC and Payback Period

Analysis and the NES Analysis. These two sections incorporate:

LCC and Payback Period Analysis - What LCC model will the Department use for the

analysis? What LCC and payback period calculation methods will the model use? What

are the inputs to the model? How will the Department gather data to provide these

inputs?

NES Analysis - What NES model will the Department use for the analysis? What NES

and Net Present Value calculation methods will the model use? What Base Case (no HID

lamp standards) and Standards scenarios will the Department analyze? What are the

inputs to the model? How will the Department gather data to provide these inputs?

10

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Fra,nework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

To facilitate review of the draft framework presented in this document, the Department

provides in Appendix A (Glossary of Terms) definitions for terminology relating to lighting and

HID technology.

1.1. Legal Authority

The Department is conducting a Determination Analysis under the authority of Section 346

of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) (42 U.S.C. 6317), the relevant portion of

which reads as follows:

Sec. 346. Energy conservation standards for high-intensity discharge lamps,

distribution transformers, and small electric motors

(a) High-intensity discharge lamps and distribution transformers

(I) The Secretary shall, within 30 months after October 24, 1992, prescribe testing

requirements for those high-intensity discharge lamps and distribution transformers

for which the Secretary makes a determination that energy conservation standards

would be technologically feasible and economically justified, and would result in

significant energy savings.

(2) The Secretary shall, within 18 months after the date on which testing

requirements are prescribed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (I), prescribe, by

rule, energy conservation standards for those high-intensity discharge lamps and

distribution transformers for which the Secretary prescribed testing requirements

under paragraph (1).

(3) Any standard prescribed under paragraph (2) with respect to high-intensity

discharge lamps shall apply to such lamps manufactured 36 months after the date

such rule is published.

Thus, the Secretary of Energy will make a determination whether energy conservation

standards for HID lamps are technologically feasible and economically justified, and would

result in significant energy savings. If the Secretary finds that energy conservation standards are

warranted, the Department will commence work on a test procedure. Following the issuance of

the test procedure, the Department will initiate a standards rulemaking process to establish

energy efficiency standard (or standards) for HID lamps.

1.2. High Intensity Discharge Lamp Definition

EPCA does not define "high-intensity discharge lamps." Therefore, the Department

developed the following definition based on existing definitions used by the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

(IESNA).1

High-intensity discharge (HID) lamp means an electric discharge lamp in which the arc

tube wall temperature stabilizes a light-producing arc, and the arc tube wall loading is

Complete definitions of HID lamps from the ANSI and IESNA sonrces appear in Appendix B of this report.

11

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Deter,nination Analysis of HID Lamps

in excess of 3.0 watts per square centimeter. The following are examples of lamps

that, when they meet these criteria, are considered HID lamps:

I. A seif-ballasted lamp, i.e. a lamp which contains the ballast within the lamp.

2. A lamp in which radiation from mercury produces the major portion of the light. This

type of lamp is commonly referred to as a mercury vapor lamp, and it typically

operates at a partial vapor pressure in excess of 1.013 x 1O5 pascals (760 ton).

3. A lamp in which radiation of metal halides and their products of dissociation in

combination with metallic vapors such as mercury produces the major portion of the

light. This type of lamp is commonly referred to as a metal halide lamp.

4. A lamp in which radiation from sodium vapor produces the major portion of the light.

This type of lamp is commonly referred to as a high-pressure sodium lamp, and it

typically operates at a partial pressure equal to or greater than 6.67 X 1 3 pascals (50

torr).

Due to a lower level of arc tube wall loading, low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps are not

HID lamps. Therefore, this draft framework does not include LPS lamps in its scope nor in the

HID lamp definition. However, it is important to note that the lighting industry generally treats

LPS lamps as HID lamps due to commonality in construction, operational characteristics, and

application.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on this working definition.

12

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

2. Market Assessment

When conducting a Determination Analysis, the Department gathers information on the

state of the industry and the market characteristics of the product concerned. The Department

uses these data as some of the inputs to the LCC analysis and the NES estimate, which, in turn,

the Secretary uses to determine whether to proceed with a rulemaking.

This section reports on the quantitative and qualitative findings of the market assessment

including: shipment estimates, market structure, installations and applications, and nonregulatory efficiency improvement initiatives.

2.1. Shipment Estimates

The HID lamp market in the United States is approximately a 390 million-dollar-per-year

industry (NEMA, 2003c). Annual HID lamp sales exceed 30 million units (NEMA, 2003a).

Nationally, HID lamps as a light source consumed 130 terawatt-hours, or approximately 3.7%, of

total US electricity generated in 2001 (Nd, 2002).

Three primary types of light sources characterize the HID lighting market: high-pressure

sodium (HPS), mercury vapor (MV), and metal halide (MH). Technical information on HID

technologies, including details about their performance, light characteristics, operating life, and

other information, is provided in Section 3, the Technology Assessment.

2.1.1. Energy Use by Sector

Table 2-1 presents the energy consumption for lighting in four general sectors: three

building sectors (residential, commercial and industrial) and one called 'outdoor stationary' that

incorporates lighting installations, such as street and area lighting, parking lots and garages,

airport runway systems, traffic signals, and billboard lighting (Nd, 2002). However, the

outdoor stationary sector does not represent all outdoor stationary luminaires. in this study, the

three building sectors also include some outdoor stationary lighting, where the circuit for the

outdoor luminaires is tied to the circuit for a building (e.g., architectural lighting, office parking

lot lighting, residential security lighting) (NCI, 2002).

13

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 2-1: U.S. National Energy Use for Lighting by Sector

Table 2-1 presents the estimate of total lighting electricity consumption in the United

States as 765 Terawatt-hours (TWh), or 8.2 quadrillion British thermal units (quads) of primary

energy. To put this into a broader context, the United States used approximately 98.3 quads in

2001, of which more than a third (about 37 quads) was used to generate electricity (EJA, 2002a).

Thus, lighting accounted for approximately 8.3% of national primary energy consumption, or

about 22% of the total electricity generated in the U.S., in 2001.

Figure 2-1 shows the total lighting energy consumption for the four sectors, and

illustrates the amounts of energy used by the various lighting technologies. From this figure, the

significance of the HID technology and its dominance in the outdoor stationary sector is evident.

2 Primary energy refers to the total energy required to generate and supply electricity to the customer site. The

factor used in the Nd, 2002 study to convert the site-use electrical energy to primary energy consumed at the

generating power plant was I 0,768 BTU/kWh for the year 2000. This conversion factor incorporates generation,

transmission, and distribution losses on an average basis for the U.S. Note that the conversion efficiency varies from

year to year, depending on the mix of electrical generating power plants used in a given year.

14

Source: Lighting Market Characterization, NCI, 2002.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HiD Lcnnps

_

Outdoor LII Incandescent

Stationary ] LIII Fluorescent

Industrial

Discharge

Residential

Commercial

0 100 200 300 400 500

Annual Energy Consumption (T\Nhlyr)

Figure 2-1: Shares of Sectoral Energy Use by Lighting Technology

Source: Lighting Market Characterization, NCI, 2002.

The outdoor stationary lighting energy consumption is primarily from HID sources,

which account for 87% (50 TWhlyear or 0.5 quads) of the outdoor stationary's 58 TWhlyear of

lighting electricity use. The industrial sector operates a large share of HID sources, which

constitute 31% (33 TWhlyear or 0.36 quads) of this sector's 108 TWhlyear of lighting-related

energy consumption. The commercial sector also has a reasonably large share of HID light

sources, which constitute approximately 12% (46 TWhIyr or 0.5 quads) of the annual 391

TWhlyear of electricity use in this sector. In the residential sector, where 90% of lighting energy

use is consumed by incandescent technologies, HID sources account for less than 1% (0.7

TWhlyear or 0.1 quads) of the energy consumption. Across all four sectors, HID sources

consumed a total of 130 TWhlyear (1.4 quads) in 2001. This amounts to approximately 17% of

the annual electricity consumption for lighting.

Table 2-2 presents the estimated installed base of HID luminaires in the U.S. by

technology and sector (Nd, 2002). HPS is estimated to be the most prevalent HID luminaire,

with a market share nearly twice that of MV. HPS is the leading source in the outdoor stationary

sector, while MH dominates in the commercial and industrial sectors. In the residential sector,

MV is the most prevalent technology, with nearly three times more installations than HPS. The

total estimated installed base of HID luminaires in the U.S. for 2001 was approximately 101

million.

15

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 2-2. Installed Base of High Intensity Discharge Luminaires in the U.S. by Sector

Table 2-3 shows the electricity consumption of each lamp type as a percentage of total

HID electricity consumption (approximately 130 TWhIyr) as illustrated in Figure 2-1 (NCI,

2002). HPS is prominent in the outdoor stationary sector and MH is the largest electricity

consumer in the commercial and industrial sectors. Overall, the residential sector accounts for

approximately one-half of I % of HID energy consumption.

Table 2-3: Distribution of High Intensity Discharge Lighting Electricity Consumed

2.1.2. High Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipment Estimates

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) members who are HID lamp

manufacturers are responsible for 100% of domestic HID lamp production, and over 90% of

national HID lamp sales (NEMA, 2003a). Table 2-4 presents NEMA estimates of annual HID

lamp shipments to the U.S. lighting market, broken down into the three HID lamp types (LPS

shipments were not provided).

NEMA also provided shipment estimates of non-NEMA companies operating in the U.S.

market. It prepared these estimates by deducting NEMA-member HID lamp imports from total

HID imports reported by the Census Bureau. However, the data that NEMA supplied to the

Department for non-NEMA shipments only dates back to 1999 for HPS and MH, and to 1993 for

MV. Thus, the non-NEMA imports shown in the gray-shaded boxes of Table 2-4 are estimates

(in millions) that the Department made by calculating an average of the proportion of NEMA

imports to total imports reported by the Census Bureau for the given years.

16

Source: Adapted from ighting Market Characterization, Nd, 2002.

Source: Adapted from Lighting Market Characterization, NCI, 2002.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 2-4: U.S. Shipments of High Intensity Discharge Lamps

As shown in Table 2-4, the market for HPS appears to have reached a plateau at

approximately 12 million units per year for the last seven years. MR shipments are growing,

having more than tripled in market share over the last 12 years, while MV shipments have

declined by nearly 60% over that same time period.

Table 2-5 presents the number of units imported (in millions) for the U.S. lighting market

and the percentage of those imports attributable to NEMA members. The lamp imports include

both the NEMA and non-NEMA members. On average, NEMA member imports calculated

from 1990 to 2002 were: 90% of HPS, 76% of MH, and 33% of MV. Their share has been

steadily growing, reaching 100% of HPS, 84% of MH, and 71% of MV by 2002.

17

Note: Shaded cells are estimates. Source: NEMA, 2003a; Census, 2003a.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 2-5: Total Imported High Intensity Discharge Lamps and Member Percentages

I!

1990 1.82 - - - 0.82 -

1991 1.56 - - - 1.09 -

1992 1.22 - - - 0.76 -

1993 1.27 - - - 0.78 0%

1994 0.76 - - - 0.77 9%

1995 2.33 - - - 1.23 27%

1996 1.96 - 1.46 - 0.92 24%

1997 2.24 - 1.66 - 1.71 42%

1998 1.96 - 1.28 - 2.46 19%

1999 3.45 74% 1.92 58% 3.03 31%

2000 2.22 86% 4.72 70% 2.8 50%

2001 2.03 100% 3.59 92% 1.79 55%

2002 1.69 100% 2.47 84% 1.75 71%

Average: - 90% - 76% - 33%

Source: Census, 2003a; NEMA, 2003a.

Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3 illustrates the annual shipnients and market share by source

type (MV, MH, and HPS). From these figures, the decline in MV shipments is evident, in

contrast with the HPS and MH shipments. Figure 2-2 plots the total shipments, domestic and

imports, by HID lamp type from 1990 to 2002. The figure also plots the sum of the three HID

sources annually to track the growth of each type with respect to each other.

18

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Deter,nination Analysis of HID Lamps

40.0

35.0

. 30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

H

5.0

0.0 - -- ------- -- -

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20002001 2002

Shipment Year

MV

OMIT

FIPS

Figure 2-2: Annual High Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipments for the United States

Source: NEMA, 2003a.

Figure 2-3 presents annual shipments data as a percent of total shipments in a given year.

In this figure, the decline in MV's share of the market is even more evident, since its shrinking

proportion contrasts with the expanding MR market share.

4::

c/-i

a)

C::

-

I

MV

DMH

HPS

Figure 2-3: Percentage Market Share of Each High Intensity Discharge Lamp Type

Source: NEMA, 2003a.

National shipments of HPS lamps appear to have leveled off, after a strong growth period

in the early I 990s. HPS lamps are a mature technology, having been commercially available for

more than 30 years. Similarly, the growth in MH lamp shipments has slowed, although it is the

19

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Di-aft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

only HID lamp that has increased its market share in the last five years. Industry continues to

invest in MH technology, and improvements in this technology will further enable it to compete

in applications, which typically use non-HID sources. Examples of these performance

improvements (which are discussed in section 3 of this draft framework, the Technology

Assessment) include pulse-start technology and the development of a ceramic arc tube. These

and other improvements have lengthened the operational life of MH technology, enabling it to

compete directly with HPS and MV. Additionally, the introduction of the ceramic arc tube and

the improvement in the color-rendering index (CR1) have enabled the MH lamp to compete with

non-HID sources, such as fluorescent and incandescent, in certain applications.

The MV lamp market, in contrast to MH, shows a gradually decreasing market share.

MV technology has been commercially available for more than 60 years, and now the market

may be moving to other light sources, which offer greater efficiency and improved light quality.

However, the rate of market-share decrease for MV has slowed over the last twelve years, and

the data suggest that this slowing of the rate of decline will continue. The low initial first cost

and long operating life are attributes of MV lamps that may slow their retirement from the

market.

In response to the Department's inquiry about principal MV lamp wattages, NEMA

provided a table disaggregating wattages shipped in 1993 and 2001. Table 2-6 displays that

information.

Table 2-6: Mercury Vapor Shipments by Wattage

The data show a 39% decline in total shipments between 1993 and 2001. Yet, the

proportion of wattages within those total shipments remained relatively constant over that eight

time period. This suggests that MV lamp shipments are not migrating toward a few particular

wattages over time; rather, they are maintaining their respective proportions in the declining

market. Furthermore, the data in Table 2-6 show that the 175-watt mogul base accounts for

approximately 60% of the total MV shipments. The sales of this lamp are five times greater than

those of the next closest high-volume MV wattage (400 watt mogul), which constitute only 12%.

20

Source: NEMA, 1995; NEMA, 2003a.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

2.1.3. High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipment Estimates

Starting in 1962, the Department of Commerce's Census Bureau, for its Current Industrial

Reports program, began conducting surveys to provide periodic assessments of production and

shipment of various electric lighting fixtures. The Census Bureau tracks physical shipments of

all products sold, transferred to other establishments of the same company, or shipped on

consignment, whether for domestic sale or export (Census, 2001).

The Census Bureau divides HID fixtures into three product types: commercial, industrial

and outdoor. The Census Bureau bundles residential HID fixtures with all outdoor-type fixtures.

Although the Census Bureau classifies fixtures by sector-type, this does not necessarily imply

exclusive sale or use to one of those sectors. Rather, this classification is based on which sector

has the largest usage of each type of fixture. For example, a fixture classified as an "industrial

type" fixture may not be sold exclusively to the industrial sector - it may also have some

commercial applications.

Figure 2-4 shows the total number of HID fixture shipments by year for the period from

1996 to 2001, by Census Bureau fixture type. The outdoor-type fixture shipments represent the

majority of all shipments for HID light sources, constituting approximately two-thirds of all HID

lighting fixture shipments in 2001. Although the outdoor-type fixtures include residential-type

fixtures , the contribution of the residential sector is insignificant in comparison to the other

sectors(see Figure 2-1 and Table 2-2).

14000

12000

110000

3000

6000

0

4000

Outdoor

Industrial

Comm ercial

2000

Census Year

Figure 2-4: Total Shipment of High Intensity Discharge Fixtures by Fixture Type

Source: Census, 2001.

The following sub-sections present a more detailed breakdown of the shipments by

sectoral fixture type.

2.1.3.1. Commercial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixtures

Figure 2-5 shows the total shipments of HID commercial-type fixtures from 1996 to

2001. Insulation contact (IC) fixtures can be in direct contact with ceiling insulation. The non21

1996 1997 1992 1999 2000 2001

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

IC fixtures require a 3-inch-minimum clearance from the ceiling insulation. A fixture is

designated as 'enclosed' if a lens, louver or other cover is used to shield the lamp from the

environment. Direct fixtures include all surface- or pendant-mounted fixtures that provide direct

illumination, while indirect fixtures include pendant- or wall-mounted fixtures that provide

indirect illumination.

141)0

1200

1000

800

600

E

200

Censi.s Year

IC: Enclosed

IC: Open

non-IC: Enclosed

non-IC: Open

General: Indirect

General: Direct

Figure 2-5: Commercial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments

Source: Census, 2001.

There has been an extremely low volume of shipments of IC enclosed and IC open

fixtures over the six-year period shown in Figure 2-5. Conversely, non-IC fixtures were

responsible for the majority of commercial-type shipments for all six years shown. In 2001, nonIC open fixtures accounted for approximately 59% of commercial-type HID fixture shipments.

General indirect fixtures commanded 19% of the market, and non-IC enclosed fixtures were

responsible for 17%. General direct fixtures were popular in 1996 and 1997, but have had little

market share in the last four years.

2.1.3.2. Industrial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixtures

Figure 2-6 shows the total shipments of industrial-type HID fixtures from 1996 to 2001.

The Census Bureau tracks industrial-type fixtures in three classifications: general open fixtures,

general enclosed fixtures, and parking garage fixtures. The parking garage fixtures include only

fixtures that are specifically designed for this application. The general enclosed and open

fixtures include fixtures with integrally mounted and remote ballasts. The enclosed designation

is given to fixtures with a lens, louver or other cover that provides a barrier between the lamp

and the environment.

22

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

4,500

4,000

' 3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

o 1000

Parkirg Garage

General: Enclosed

General: Open

500

Censue Year

Figure 2-6: Industrial-type High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments

Source: Census, 2001.

For industrial-type HID fixtures, the general open-type fixture constitutes over half of all

industrial-type fixture shipments. The general enclosed fixtures are second, accounting for

approximately 30% of the market. The parking garage fixtures command approximately 5% of

shipments. Although there is some limited variation over the six-year period presented, the

proportions of these three industrial-type fixtures are relatively constant.

2.1.3.3. Outdoor-type High Intensity Discharge Fixtures

The third HID fixture type reported by the Census Bureau is the outdoor-type. Figure 2-7

shows the shipments of outdoor-type HID fixtures for the years 1996 to 2001. Wall packs

include all fixtures that are installed on the exterior wall of a building. For this classification, it

is important to note that the Census Bureau does not differentiate HID wall packs from

incandescent wall packs. The large area fixtures are arm-mounted on a 20-to-60-foot pole. Posttop fixtures are mounted directly on top of a post less than 20 feet in height. Bollards are fixtures

that have the appearance of a short thick post. Small area fixtures are the same as the large area

fixtures, except the pole height is less than 20 feet. Sports lighting fixtures are designed

specifically for illuminating athletic facilities. Precise optics and specialized mounting gear to

acquire the critical distribution and glare control characterize these fixtures. General flood

fixtures include all other integrally mounted and remote ballasted fixtures in the outdoor-type

category. The tunnel fixtures comprise all roadway (street and highway) fixtures, including

fixtures designed to light tunnels and bridges. The popular outdoor-type HID fixture referred to

as a "cobra head" is also included in the Census Bureau's enclosed tunnel fixture classification.

23

1996 1997 199S 1999 2000 2001

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

-e

0..

cooo

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

Area: Wail Pack

Area: Large

Area: Post-Top

Area: Bollards

Area: Small

Flood: Sports

Flood: General

Tunnel: Enclosed

Tunnel: Open

Census Year

Figure 2-7: Outdoor-type High Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments

Source: Census, 2001.

Figure 2-7 shows an overall decline in fixture shipments. The Department believes this

decline results from market saturation, rather than a shift away from outdoor-type HID fixtures.

The outdoor-type fixture market is reaching an equilibrium point where growth in this part of the

market is leveling out, and new fixture installations are becoming less frequent. The four

consistently dominant fixture types in this group are area wall packs, small area (poles less than

20 feet), general flood and tunnel enclosed. Together, these four classifications constitute more

than 80% of the shipments between 1996 and 2001.

2.2. Market and Structure

NEMA members represent 100% of the domestic market production for HID lamp

sources (NEMA, 2003a). Furthermore, as Table 2-5 shows, NEMA members are responsible for

over 85% of the import market, and that share is growing.

2.2.1. Manufacturers of High Intensity Discharge Lamps, Luminaires, and Ballasts

Six manufacturers listed in Table 2-7 make up the NEMA membership for HID lamp

manufacturing. These six members are responsible for the entire domestic production of HID

lamps (NEMA, 2003a). The six firms, like many of NEMA's members, may have

manufacturing facilities located overseas, and bring their products into the U.S. as imports.

Consequently, the Census Bureau's report on foreign imports may overstate the influence of

foreign manufacturers on the HID lamp market (demonstrated by Table 2-4 and Table 2-5).

24

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 2-7: High Intensity Discharge Lamp Manufacturers

EYE Lighting International of N.A.

GE Lighting

OSRAM Sylvania

Philips Lighting Company

Ushio America, Inc.

Venture Lighting

Source: NEMA 2003b.

Table 2-8 presents the NEMA member companies that manufacture HID ballasts.

Electronic ballasts for HID lamps are relatively new, so the list of manufacturers is shorter. The

magnetic ballast market is more established and has a greater number of companies participating.

Table 2-8: High Intensity Discharge Ballast Manufacturers

'iu itT fl I

Advance Transformer Company Advance Transformer Company

GE Lighting Cooper Lighting

Universal Lighting Technologies EYE Lighting International of N.A.

Venture Lighting Power Systems Genlyte Thomas Group LLC

Holophane

Killark Electric Manufacturing Company

OSRAM Sylvania

Universal Lighting Technologies

Source: NEMA, 2003b; Company websites of those listed, 2003.

Luminaires may include any tecimology, including incandescent, HID, LPS, and

fluorescent lighting, as their primary integrated light source. NEMA structures its HID lamp

industry into manufacturers of adverse location lighting, indoor lighting, lamp-holders, outdoor

lighting, and remote illumination. Although HID light sources are also used in adverse and

remote illumination applications, those applications represent a small niche and do not hold a

significant share of the typical HID market. Therefore, the list in Table 2-9 represents all NEMA

manufacturers of general-purpose HID luminaires.

25

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqfl Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 2-9: High Intensity Discharge Luminaire Manufacturers

•

American Electric Lighting American Electric Lighting

Cooper Crouse-Hinds Cooper Crouse-Hinds

Cooper Lighting Cooper Lighting

EGS Electrical Group EGS Electrical Group

EYE Lighting International of N.A. Ericson Manufacturing Company

GE Lighting GE Lighting

Genlyte Thomas Group LLC Genlyte Thomas Group LLC

Holophane Holophane

Hubbell Incorporated Hubbell Incorporated

Indy Lighting, inc indy Lighting, Inc

Juno Lighting Inc. Juno Lighting Inc.

Killark Electric Manufacturing Company Killark Electric Manufacturing Company

Lightolier Lightolier

Lithonia Lighting Lithonia Lighting

National Cathode Corp. Prescolite

Prescolite Progress Lighting

Progress Lighting R. Stahl inc.

R. Stahl inc. Simkar Corporation

Ushio America, Inc. Ushio America, Inc.

Source: NEMA, 2003b; Company websites of those listed, 2003

The HID lamp market is highly concentrated. Similarly, a few manufacturers dominate

the domestic ballast and luminaire markets. The top three manufactures of HiD luminaires in the

U.S. are Cooper Lighting, Lithonia Lighting and Genlyte Thomas Group. Together, these three

companies represent over 50% of all domestic production of these fixtures (NEMA, 2003a).

2.2.2. Distribution Channels

The distribution channels for the HID lighting market are shown in Figure 2-8. The

structure of this figure is relevant for all end-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial and

public sector); however, the volume of product going through the various channels will vary.

The Department adapted this model for the lighting distribution channels-introduced by

Sardinsky in 1995 (LBNL, 1997)- and updated it, using manufacturer literature and market

research on various lighting specifiers, to reflect the current HID lamp market. HID lamp

manufacturers sell products through six categories of distributors. The specialty, local and

regional retailers primarily serve the residential sector. The mail order and electrical distributor

network are the principal outlets used by the commercial, industrial and public sector lighting

markets. The national accounts serve all sectors.

26

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frainewoi* for Deier,nination Analysis of HID Lamps

HID Lamp Manufacturer

Manufacturer Representative

(1) (2) (3)

Specialty Local Regional

Retailer Retailer_J Retailer

Contractor Contractor

(4) (5)

Mail Order Electrical

Distributor Distributor

Internet

Consumer

(6)

National

Accounts

Contractor Contractor

Figure 2-8: Lighting Market Distribution Channels

The specialty distributor is a broad distribution category that includes a range of

constituents, including numerous independently owned specialty lamp retailers. However, as an

HID lamp distribution channel, it represents a very small share of the total market for HID

lamps.

Local retailers are the larger retail outlets, such as local hardware stores and

supermarkets. This is also a limited outlet for HID products that primarily serves the residential

sector. Although product availability is limited, some local and small contractors may opt to

purchase HID lamps through these channels.

Regional retailers are the larger chain stores that have multiple locations. Similar to the

local retailers, they will usually offer a limited selection of HiD lamp products tailored to the

residential sector. Once again, contractors have very limited contact with this channel.

Mail-order distribution is another major distribution channel. Although these distributors

stock products used in all sectors, lamp availability through this channel is typically limited to

high-volume items. Smaller businesses and contractors are the primary end-users for these

distributors. However, the Internet is expanding the end-user base for these outlets, and enabling

them to adapt more quickly to end-user needs.

Large electrical-equipment distributors handle the bulk of the HID lamp shipments.

They effectively operate as a wholesale clearinghouse for the HID lamp industry. Often, a

contractor will operate as a middleman between the end-user and distributor. Building

management companies, maintenance contractors, developers, municipalities and utilities

27

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Di-aft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

purchasing street/roadway lamps, and other such entities purchase either directly from an

electrical equipment distributor or through a contractor.

The sixth and last major channel of distribution is through the national accounts. Lamp

manufacturers sell some products through large national retailers such as Wal-Mart, Sears and

do-it-yourself centers such as Home Depot. Large maintenance companies and other national

businesses may also purchase lamps directly from the manufacturers. However, product

availability through these outlets is limited to high-volume (commodity) HID products.

The advent of the Internet has created a new opportunity that could have a significant

impact on all distribution channels and sectors. In response to the growing base of Internet users,

manufacturers have created new online databases that list product offerings and links to various

distribution channels for purchase. Although the references are primarily linked to mail-order

distribution houses, other links to walk-in retailers are also available. For end-users interested in

accessing products, these new online sources and distributors offer an alternative to the

traditional channels of large retailers and specialty stores. Many of these websites incorporate

"design centers" that help the end-users match lamps with their needs, much like a

knowledgeable specifier or sales representative would do. The total impact on shipments for this

industry is small at this time.

2.2.3. Decision Makers

After the initial installation of a luminaire is complete, purchase of replacement lamps

becomes essentially a maintenance issue. Therefore, the decision-maker decides on the light

source prior to installation. The specifiers who determine which light source to install are the

electrical contractors, architects, lighting designers, electrical engineers, building owners,

homeowners, building maintenance personnel, municipal officials, state officials (highway

departments), and corporate officials who select fixtures for their properties. In addition,

electrical distributors and manufacturers may also influence the choice of light source.

2.2.3.1. Residential Decision Makers

For the residential sector, the interaction between the builder (or homeowner) and the

other stakeholders (i.e., designer, contractor, engineer, retailer, and electrical distributor) may

change based on the budget and type of installation: new or retrofit. In either case, a decision

web, as illustrated in Figure 2-9, shows the exchange of input among the interested parties.

28

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

For both new and retrofit installations, the builder or homeowner typically acts as the

primary specifier. The budget of the development or project determines the level of involvement

of the various stakeholders. The role and decision-making power of the designer and contractor

typically grow with the escalating cost of the project. However, as project budgets become

tighter, direct involvement with retailers, electrical distributors, and the Internet gains

prominence.

2.2.3.2. Commercial, Industrial, and Outdoor Lighting Decision Makers

Conway published a study of energy-efficient lighting in commercial buildings in 1990.

The original study identified key stakeholders in the decision-making process for commercial

lighting. The most influential were: 1) the owner (or developer), 2) the building manager, and 3)

the electrical contractor. Tying the influential decision makers into the process, Conway mapped

out a decision-making web, illustrating the broad range of communication channels used. Figure

2-10 is adapted from that study, updated to represent the current HID lamp market, reflecting the

author's recent review of manufacturer literature and discussions with industry experts (Conway,

2003).

Owner!

Developer

Building \ Electrical

Manager Contractor

Utility DSM \\ \

/ (

Lighting

Program /) \ Designer

Contractor! \\ I (' Architect!

nergy Audito} ('OccuPant) (Manu1acturer) ngineei

Code

Inspector )

Distributors

Figure 2-10: The Commercial and Industrial Lighting Design Decision Web

Source: Conway, 2003.

29

Figure 2-9: Residential Decision Web on High Intensity Discharge Lighting

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Some commercial businesses delegate the authority to maintain the lighting system to

lighting management companies. In the public sector, local utilities, municipalities, and state

highway agencies install and maintain many of these luminaires. In these two cases, the

owner/developer at the top of the decision web in Figure 2-10 would include these companies or

officials as the final decision makers.

2.3. Applications for High Intensity Discharge Lamps

The following sub-sections discuss where and how HID lamps are used by the residential,

commercial, industrial and public sectors.

2.3.1. Residential Applications

In comparison to other lamp technologies, HID sources occupy a very small niche in the

residential sector. Due to its electrical and photometric characteristics, HID lighting is not well

suited for most residential applications; it is, however, used in landscape and security-lighting

applications.

For security applications, MV lamps are popular because of their low initial cost and

extremely long life. HPS sources, while being significantly more efficacious, are more costly

than comparable MV luminaires with similar light output and lamp life. Homeowners often

purchase luminaires to use in their backyard at a home center or similar outlet, and typically seek

lowest first cost. MH is not typically used in this application because of its shorter life, and its

benefits in terms of color-rendering properties are not important for residential security lighting.

In rural areas, home and farm owners may lease a security light from a utility, often a rural

cooperative. This lease may carry a fixed tariff that does not measure the energy consumption.

Hence, these "barnyard" lights often use MV sources.

For landscape lighting, the ability of the MV lamp to enhance the color of the foliage has

created a niche application. The spectral power distribution of MV light results in greater

saturation of the shorter wavelength colors (i.e., from the green to the blue). Since most of the

foliage is green, the light from the MV lamp gives it a richer appearance than the lumen output

of the lamp would suggest, while creating greater contrast with its surrounding objects by muting

the longer-wavelength colors (i.e., red to yellow). MH lamps offer comparable performance

while maintaining a much higher efficacy level; however, they have a higher initial cost and

shorter operating life than MV. A review of manufacturer literature and discussion with

landscape lighting designers, distributors and manufacturer representatives indicate that the

primary MV lamp used for this application is the 175-waft mogul base lamp.

2.3.2. Commercial Applications

HID lamps account for about a tenth of the total lighting energy consumed for the

commercial sector, with incandescent lamps accounting for about one-third and fluorescent

Efficacy is the measure of energy efficiency for lamps, reporting light output (lumens) per unit of energy input

(watts); thus, its units are lumens per watt.

30

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

lamps consuming between one-half and two-thirds of the total energy (Nd, 2002). In spite of

their potential for significant energy savings, HID lamps are not widely used in the commercial

sector for several reasons. The primary reason is a low CR1. Other limiting factors include long

warm-up and re-strike times, ballast noise, limited correlated color temperature (CCT), and color

shift.

Recent improvements in MH technology incorporating pulse-start systems and ceramic

arc tube variants have made the MH lamp more attractive than incandescent and fluorescent

sources in certain applications. However, there are some installations (e.g., security

applications) where specifiers may use a MV luminaire due to its long operating life.

Additionally, some gymnasiums and government buildings may still use MV lamps, typically in

175- and 400-watt fixtures. Some exterior landscape may still use the MV lamp in the 175-watt

package.

2.3.3. Industrial Applications

As in the commercial sector, lighting energy consumed across industrial sub-sectors is

relatively constant (NCI, 2002). However, in terms of aggregate consumption, HID plays a

much larger role in the industrial sector than in either the commercial or the residential sector. It

accounts for about one-third of industrial-sector electricity use for lighting, while fluorescent

lighting accounts for about two-thirds and incandescent lighting accounts for less than 5% of the

total lighting-related energy consumption (Nd, 2002). HID lamps are popular in the industrial

sector because there are few tasks requiring high color accuracy, and the long life of the HID

sources is ideal for the sector's long operating hours.

MV luminaires in wattages of 1 75 and 400 watts continue to illuminate the interiors and

exteriors of many old industrial buildings and warehouses. HPS sources are gaining usage in

these areas. However, the strobe effect of this light source requires careful installation in

facilities with certain types of machinery.

2.3.4. Public Sector Applications

HID sources dominate public sector lighting installations and represent the largest

application of the HID lamp technology. Public sector installations account for roughly 8% of

the total electricity consumed by all lighting in the United States, and HID sources are

responsible for almost 90% of lighting-related energy use in this sector (NCI, 2002) '. Based on

market research on lighting designers, specifiers, distributors, electrical contractors and

manufacturer representatives, the Department determined the predominant MV lamp wattage to

be 175 watts.

Note that this is an approximation, as the Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory

and Energy Consumption Estimate uses the term "Outdoor Stationary" when referring to light sources situated

outdoors, not attached to residential, commercial, or industrial buildings. The outdoor stationary sector is dominated

by public sector lighting applications (e.g., street and highway lighting, municipal lighting, traffic signals), but it is

not exclusively public sector (e.g., it includes airport and runway lights, billboard lighting).

31

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Diaft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

For street and roadway lighting, HPS has been gradually replacing MV because of its

lower energy costs. However, some rural utilities continue to use MV for roadway lighting,

because the lamp gets increasingly dimmer at the end of its life but doesn't burn out. Hence

customers do not complain to the utility, allowing the utility to leave the MV lamp burning. In

contrast, HPS lamps cycle on and off as they fail. If an HPS lamp cycling on and off is not

replaced, the ignitor will fail, resulting in an expensive replacement of both lamp and ignitor.

Lamp companies have addressed this HPS failure mode with technology improvements in recent

years. Still, some electric utilities, including many rural utilities, plan to continue their use of

MV lamps unless mandated otherwise (by State or Municipal ordinances or energy efficiency

standards). Often, these HID luminaires are equipped with daylight sensors that turn the

luminaires on at dusk and off at dawn. A preliminary analysis estimated that rural cooperatives

supply about 7% of national roadway lighting (LBNL, 2003). However, accurate data are not

currently available on the percentage of MV and HPS rural roadway lighting.

MH lamps are now replacing some HPS luminaires, which had replaced MV lamps.

Although MH sources are less efficacious than HPS, they offer superior "white light" and color

rendition. In some area and streetlighting applications, municipalities have had their requests for

MH sources turned down by the utility because the maintenance costs are too high. Pulse-start

MH addresses this problem, increasing lamp life as compared to the standard MH probe-start

variety, however it is still shorter than typical HPS and MV lamps. Meanwhile, lamp

manufacturers are addressing HPS color issues, to try and shift this orange-colored light toward

"white light." The "white light" HPS products available today offer better CR1 and CCT, but

these improvements come at the cost of shorter lamp life and lower efficacy. MH and whitelight HPS may be considered competitors in some applications, although typically, lighting

specifiers will specify MH for any application where color is important.

2.4. Classification of Iligh Intensity Discharge Luminaires

Luminaire classifications help describe, organize and catalog the HID lamp market for

easy identification by specifiers, manufacturers and consumers. The Department reviewed the

various industry classification systems, and found that they focused on particular subsets of HID

lighting; no single classification system cut across a sufficient range of products to represent the

universe of HID lighting. The system by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE)

classifies luminaires by the proportion of upward and downward light emission; however, this

system is based almost exclusively in fluorescent applications. For luminaires used outdoors,

NEMA created a classification system based on circular or oval symmetric distribution of light,

defined in terms of its field angle. Similarly, IESNA developed a classification system for

outdoor luminaires based on the shape of the area illuminated by the luminaire. Details on these

three classification systems appear in Appendix C.

In the absence of a comprehensive HID classification system, the Department developed

a system that takes into account the application, construction and photometrics of HID

luminaires. This proposed classification system would form the basis for product applications

used in the Determination Analysis.

32

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Framework for Determinaiion Analysis of HID Lamps

2.4.1. Proposed High Intensity Discharge Lamp Classification System

In the following sections, the Department categorizes luminaires by selecting their most

appropriate and distinguishing feature-whether in terms of their source, mounting, construction

or application. The three primary groups are indoor, outdoor and specialty applications. For the

indoor applications, the Department adapted the classifications and their descriptions from

luminaire manufacturers' literature and the Lighting Handbook (IESNA, 2000). For the outdoor

applications, the Department adapted the product applications for outdoor luminaires from the

product scope defining NEMA's luminaire section (NEMA, 2003b). Although the specialty

application luminaires do not account for a large portion of the general-service HID market, the

Department presents these to complete the universe of HID light sources. This classification

system will constitute the product applications which the Department will use in the

Determination Analysis.

2.4.1.1. Product Applications: Indoor

Table 2-10 shows a summary of the suggested classifications by indoor application.

More detailed descriptions of, and commentary on, each classification follow.

Table 2-10: Classification for Indoor Applications

J

Lurninaires providing directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or Accent surface feature or to draw attention to a part of the field of view.

Track Luminaires consisting of a housing for the lamp and ballast, and a track or rail

that provides power and a mounting surface for the housing.

Self-contained luminaires that can be easily moved and positioned to provide Portable illumination for a task.

Small direct-lighting units that direct the light downward. They may be Downlighting recessed or surface-mounted.

Luminaires that may use pendants or cable, or be suspended from a post. They

Suspended may be direct, indirect, or direct/indirect combination luminaires.

Luminaires providing general illumination, primarily in industrial applications,

High-Bay where the floor-to-ceiling height is greater than 25 feet.

Luminaires providing general illumination, primarily in industrial applications,

Low-Bay where the floor-to-ceiling height is equal to or less than 25 feet.

Source: IESNA, 2000; Manufacturer's literature, 2003

Accent Lighting - provides directional lighting (light that is predominantly from a preferred

direction) to emphasize a particular object or surface feature, or to draw attention to a part of the

field of view. The ability of the light source to approximate a point source is advantageous for

this class, because a point source significantly simplifies the optical design necessary to create

directional lighting with specific beam patterns. Although the small point source and high CR1

of the new ceramic MH make it a competitive addition to this class, the light sources in this class

are typically incandescent.

33

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Track Lighting - a system consisting of a housing for the lamp and ballast, and a mounting rail

that provides power. Mounting rails may be mounted horizontally or vertically on ceilings or

walls, and may be either recessed into or extended out of the surface. Although ceramic MH has

become a viable alternative light source for this class, the necessity for an additional ballast

component and the high cost of the ceramic MH lamps has slowed the use of those lamps in this

product application. Track lighting is typically incandescent.

Portable Lighting - any self-contained luminaires that can be easily moved and positioned to

provide illumination for a task. Examples include table lamps, desk lamps, torchieres, and clamp

lamps. The potential use of new, low-wattage ceramic HID sources in this class seems

promising, but the high cost of these low-wattage systems has delayed their adoption in this

class. The light sources in this class are typically incandescent and fluorescent.

Downhighting - luminaires that are used to provide general or ambient lighting in residential and

commercial spaces. They consist of a small, direct-lighting unit that directs light downward, and

can be either recessed into the ceiling, surface-mounted or suspended. The low- and midwattage MH lamps have made many inroads into this application. However, incandescent and

fluorescent sources dominate this class.

Suspended Lighting - luminaires using pendants, a cable or a post. Their light delivery may be

direct, indirect, or a combination of direct and indirect. Typically, these luminaires are

ornamental, manifesting as decorative chandeliers. Incandescent sources dominate this class, but

fluorescent sources have made inroads, and ceramic MH looks promising.

High-Bay Lighting - luminaires that provide general illumination, primarily in industrial

applications where the floor-to-ceiling height is greater than 25 feet (e.g., in industrial

warehouses). Ceiling spacing-to-mounting height ratios-derived by taking the mounting

distance between two luminaires and dividing that number by the mounting height-are typically

less than 1 .0. Thus, high-bay lighting fixtures would be spaced closer together than their

mounting height. These luminaires may be recessed, surface-mouffied or pendant-mounted. Due

to the typically long operating hours and low priority for color accuracy in this class, HID use is

dominant. Fixtures for this class are no longer manufactured for exclusive use with MV lamps.

Low-Bay Lighting - luminaires that provide general illumination in primarily industrial

applications where the floor-to-ceiling height is equal to or less than 25 feet. Spacing-tomounting height ratios are typically greater than 1.0, meaning the distance between the fixtures is

greater than their mounting height. Low-bay fixtures are similar to the high-bay fixtures, except

that they are usually fitted with an additional refractor to achieve the wider light distribution in

areas with restricted ceiling heights. Similar to high-bay lighting, HID use is dominant. Fixtures

for this class no longer require the exclusive use of MV lamps.

2.4.1.2. Product Applications: Outdoor

Table 2-1 1 shows a summary table of the classifications for outdoor applications. The

Department first separated the outdoor luminaires into three broad types: roadway, area, and

floodlighting. Roadway luminaires are designed to provide minimal illumination of large areas

such as roadways, streets, bridges, tunnels, interchanges, highways, and other transient areas

0

3

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Fra,nework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

frequented by vehicular traffic. The Department broke these down further into architectural,

streetlighting, high-mast, and specialty luminaire-type product applications. Area lighting

luminaires are non-directional lighting designed to provide minimal illumination of large areas

such as parking areas, walkways, courtyards, and other transient areas used by pedestrians. The

Department further divided these into four product applications: large area, small area, pathway

and security. Finally, floodlighting luminaires offer directional lighting, designed for exterior

applications. The Department split floodlighting luminaires into landscape and sports-lighting

product applications.

ahie 2-I : ( lassiticalion br ( )ithboor .pplicalions

Architectural Decorative luminaires equipped with roadway optics with a

maximum mounting height of 50 feet.

Luminaires equipped with roadway optics mounted on an

Streetlighting extended arm affixed to a pole for more favorable positioning

Roadway _____________

of the light source (e.g., cobra head, NEMA head).

High-Mast Luminaires equipped with roadway optics with mounting

heights exceeding 50 feet.

Specialty Luminaires equipped with roadway optics not included in the

architectural, streetlighting, or high-mast classes of lurninaires.

o Large Area Luminaires designed to illuminate large areas with wattages of

0 250 watts or more, mounted less than 50 feet above base.

o Small Area Luminaires designed to illuminate small areas with wattages

A Li h i

less than 250 watts.

rea g t ng

Pathway Luminaires used for localized illumination of walkways,

grounds, and other pedestrian areas.

Security Luminaires designed to help visually secure an area such as an

entry point to a building.

Landscape Luminaires designed to illuminate objects of interest such as

signs, building exteriors and foliage.

Floodlighting Luminaires equipped with precise optics and specialized

Sports mounting gear for specific light distribution patterns and glare

_____ _____________ _____________

control.

Roadway: Architectural - ornamental luminaires equipped with roadway optics for illuminating

the road surface. They are architecturally pleasing in design and mounted up to 50 feet above a

base. Light sources for these luminaires include HID, fluorescent and incandescent.

Roadway: Streetlighting - a luminaire affixed to a light or telephone pole with roadway optics

for illuminating the road surface. The most common configuration for this product application is

available in what industry refers to as a "cobra head" luminaire. These are typically equipped

with an arm-mount that extends the light source, enabling a more favorable distribution of light

on the road surface. HID sources, typically HPS and MI-I, are used almost exclusively in

streetlighting applications, but there are some lurninaires that may be manufactured with a MV

lamp (e.g., "NEMA-head" and "tear-drop" lurninaires). The NEMA-head luminaire is typically

35

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

equipped with a 175-watt mogul based MV lamp. The tear-drop luminaire is typically equipped

with a 100-watt mogul based MV lamp. Rural utilities and municipalities may still opt for MV

luminaires like the NEMA head and tear-drop, due to their low initial cost and the ability of the

MV lamp to continue operating for extreme lengths of time without catastrophic failure (i.e.,

when the lamp no longer emits light).

Roadway: High-Mast - a luminaire with roadway optics for illuminating the road surface and a

mounting height equal to or greater than 50 feet. Due to the extreme mounting heights, light

sources for these luminaires tend to be exclusively MH or HPS, and tend to be higher wattages.

Roadway: Specialty - this category includes other luminaires primarily used for illuminating

the road surface not mentioned in the architectural, streetlighting or high-mast luminaire

categories.

Area Lighting: Large Area Luminaires - luminaires with wattages of 250 watts or more

mounted less than 50 feet above a base. Typical configurations include arm-mounts, post-tops

and building mounts. These luminaires tend to be almost exclusively HID. Though fixtures are

no longer manufactured for exclusive use with MV lamps, older installations still use these

lamps.

Area Lighting: Small Area Luminaires - fixtures with wattages less than 250 watts. Typical

configurations include arm-mounts, post-tops, building-mounts and other surface-mounted

luminaires. Applications for these luminaires include sign lighting and billboard lighting.

Municipalities and state transportation departments usually own sign lighting, and MV lamps are

often used, as well as fluorescent lamps. Billboard lighting is generally privately owned and

tends to use MH for its superior color rendering.

Area Lighting: Pathway Luminaires - fixtures that provide localized illumination of

walkways, grounds and other pedestrian areas. Bollards are typically mounted in the ground and

have the form of a short thick post. Low-mount floods are typically mounted on a wall in the

immediate vicinity of the pathway of interest. Predominant sources are incandescent and

fluorescent. Low wattage MV use is limited and most luminaires use MH or HPS.

Area Lighting: Security Luminaires - luminaires designed to help visually secure an area such

as an entry point to a building. A wall pack or other surface-mounted luminaire may be used to

create the necessary vertical illuminance for recognition of potential intruders. A lantern shape

with an integrated photosensor is another common security lighting configuration found

primarily in the residential sector. Commonly referred to as "barnyard" fixtures, these

luminaires typically incorporate 100 watt and 175 watt MV lamps.

Floodlighting: Landscape Luminaires - used to illuminate objects of interest such as building

facades and foliage. In-grade fixtures are also used for this application, with a high design factor

(associated with very high initial cost). HID lamps are well suited for this application due to

their high power, efficacy and long life, in addition to the optical control provided by their small

point source. Due to their spectral distribution light emission, MV light sources provide good

36

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

saturation of the color of plants. MH sources induce a similar saturation of color. Other common

light sources for this application are incandescent and fluorescent reflector lamps.

Floodlighting: Sports Arena Luminaires - these luminaires have precise optics and are

equipped with specialized mounting gear to acquire the critical distribution and glare control

necessary for illuminating large open fields. MH is the most common technology used because

of its good color rendering. HPS is not usually used because of the strobe effect on moving

objects as well as the poor color rendition for TV cameras. Although there are no new

installations of MV luminaires for this application, it is still used in some old installations.

2.4.1.3. Product Applications: Specialty

HID luminaires in specialty applications often employ lamp shapes and bases that are not

typically associated with general service HID lamps discussed in the indoor and outdoor

application groupings. Therefore, most lamps used in specialty applications would be exempt

from standards. Although the impact from this product application would be very small, the

Department has included them in this draft framework for completeness. Table 2-12 presents the

three types of specialty product applications.

Table 2-12: Classification for Specialty Applications

2.4.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp Product Applications

The preceding sections outlined a classification system that cuts across all HID lamp

applications. This section identifies the HID product applications where the Department believes

MV lamps are in use today, because they are the ones where a standard level that would result in

a phase out of MV lamps would have the most impact.

After reviewing manufacturer's literature and NEMA data (NEMA, 2003a) and speaking

to lighting experts and HID lamp specifiers, the Department identified critical product

applications and wattages. Table 2-13 lists these MV lamp product applications by lamp

37

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

wattage. A small "x" marks the wattages and applications where MV is used. A large bolded

"X" marks the wattages where MV lamps represent a majority in a given product application.

Table 2-13: Product Applications and Wattages for the Mercury Vapor Lamp

iiTikr."' i i:i- T I4j IlITI"

L1 ' P Li

I-ugh-Bay x x X

Indoor

Low-Bay X x x

Architectural x x X x x

Roadway

Streetlighting X X x x x

______________

Large Area x X

Outdoor Area

Lighting Small Area x X

Security x x X

Floodlighting Landscape x x X

Note: A small "x" indicates wattages where MV lamps are used in a particular product application;

large bold "X" indicates wattages where MV shipments are most significant.

The Department welcomes comments on the product applications and identification of

lamp wattages presented in Table 2-13.

2.5. Regulatory and Non-Regulatory Programs Impacting High intensity Discharge

Lamps

As part of the Determination Analysis, the Department reviews all voluntary and

compulsory programs that relate to HID lighting. This review provides the Department with a

greater understanding of the marketplace in which H1D lamp, ballast and luminaire

manufacturers operate, as well as what programs and trends may influence the future of the

market.

2.5.1. Regulatory Programs impacting High Intensity Discharge Lamps

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 requires states to adopt an energy code for buildings,

which includes energy consumption guidelines for lighting.5 On July 15w, 2002, the Department

issued a Determination that ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 was more stringent than 90.1-1989

(DOE, 2002a). As a result, each state must certify that it has reviewed and updated the

"(b) Certification of commercial building energy code updates: (I) Not later than 2 years after October 24, 1992,

each State shall certify to the Secretary that it has reviewed and updated the provisions of its commercial building

code regarding energy efficiency. Such certification shall include a demonstration that such State's code provisions

meet or exceed the requirements ofASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989." 42 USC 6833.

0

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drafi Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

provisions of its commercial building code regarding energy efficiency to meet or exceed

Standard 90.1-1999 by July 15, 2004 for any "building" under the means of Section 303(2) of the

Energy Conservation and Production Act as amended. The ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999 code

requires that all exterior building grounds luminaires that operate at greater than 100 watts

contain lamps having a minimum efficacy of 60 lumens-per-watt (LPW), unless the luminaire is

controlled by a motion sensor or qualifies for one of the exceptions (ASHRAE, 1999). So far,

many States have adopted ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 as their standard for lighting commercial

buildings. However a few States have developed and adopted their own building energy codes

that are more stringent, such as California's Title 24. These energy codes contain provisions for

interior lighting that specify performance criteria, such as lighting power density (wattage per

square foot of area illuminated). For exterior lighting, the energy codes, including the proposed

exterior lighting update to ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999 and the proposed update to California

Title 24, use a variety of metrics, including minimum efficacy (lumens/watt), watts/linear foot,

and lighting power density.

Several states and a number of municipalities have passed "dark-sky" ordinances aimed

at reducing light pollution. While most focus on eliminating light pollution by addressing

luminaire type, some ordinances (e.g., the state of Arizona) have banned MV light sources (IDA,

2003). However, regulatory authority is not consistent; some ordinances cover only the lighting

owned by the regulatory entity (e.g., State or Municipal), while others cover privately owned

lighting as well. The lighting industry has attempted to work with the International Dark Sky

Association to draft a model ordinance to address this issue from the best technical perspective.

In addition to these dark-sky ordinances, the Department is aware of procurement

specifications, implemented on a state and municipal basis (e.g., City of Philadelphia, State of

New York), which call for streetlighting fixtures other than MV. This procurement specification

is not a regulatory ban on MV, but it directs these large purchasers of outdoor stationary HID

lighting to move toward alternative technologies, such as HPS and MH.

2.5.2. Non-regulatory Programs Impacting High Intensity Discharge Lamps

The Department's review of non-regulatory programs promoting more efficient HID

sources found that there are generally three types of programs. The first type promotes energy

efficiency through sponsoring retrofits, either on a prescriptive (technology) basis or on a

minimum efficacy (lumens per watt threshold) basis. The second type encourages the

installation of the most efficient technology in new installations. The third type encourages more

efficient technology, but with the objective of reducing peak load demand. This type of program

focuses on indoor HID luminaires, rather than outdoor lighting that typically operates during offpeak hours.

In Appendix D, the Department provides a summary of several non-regulatory programs.

These results are representative (not exhaustive), and demonstrate the efforts of the Department

to identify and understand what programs exist throughout the nation. The summaries include a

brief description of each program, the target technology, the incentives offered, and contact

information for the sponsoring agency. Table 2-14 provides a list of those programs summarized

in Appendix D.

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 2-14: Non-regulatory Programs Relating to High Intensity Discharge Lamps

_________

Commercial Power Saver 2003 Modesto Irrigation Department California

Commercial and Industrial Retrofit

Program

Sacramento Municipal Utility District California

_________________

Express Efficiency Lighting Program

______________________________________________________

Pacific Gas and Electric, San Diego Gas and

Electric and Southern California Edison

California

Commercial Lighting Efficiency Offer Los Angeles Department of Water and Power California

Express Rebate Program Northeast Utilities Connecticut

Energy Blueprint Program United Illuminating Connecticut

Commercial I Industrial Lighting Program Florida Power and Light Florida

Design 2000 Plus Program; New

Equipment and Construction Program

Massachusetts Electric, Nantucket Electric and

Granite State Electric

Massachusetts

Construction and Retrofit Program Nstar Massachusetts

Granite State Electric Retrofit Program Granite State Electric New Hampshire

Smart Equipment Choices Program New York State Energy Research and Development

Authority

New York

_____________________________________ _______________

Commercial Construction Program Long Island Power Authority New York

Building Efficiency Program Energy Trust of Oregon Oregon

Commercial Energy Opportunities Efficiency Vermont Vermont

Energy Smart Services Financial

Incentives

Seattle City Light Washington

2.6. Potential Small Business Impacts

The Department will consider whether there may be an impact on small businesses if the

Department were to promulgate a standard for HID lamps. if such impacts could occur, the

Department will analyze those impacts a later date.

The Department requests comments on the possibility of small business impacts from HID

energy conservation standards.

40

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

3. Technology Assessment

HID lamps produce light by generating an electrical discharge between tungsten

electrodes contained within an arc tube. Because the electrical discharge exhibits a negative

resistance, a ballast regulates this electrical discharge and prevents it from drawing excessive

current that would lead to its destruction. Therefore, with one notable exception, HID lamps

always operate with a ballast. The exception is a self-ballasted mercury vapor lamp. Section

3.2discusses this lamp, along with the ballasted mercury vapor lamp.

The following discussion examines and summarizes current specifications, standards and

guidelines governing the classification, testing and evaluation of HID lamps.

3.1. Specifications, Test Standards, and Procedures

The Department conducted a search to review available data dealing with the evaluation

of the electrical and photometric properties of HID lamps and ballasts. Table 3-1 shows a

complete list of standards publications pertaining to HID lighting.

41

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 3-1: Standards Documents Pertaining to High intensity Discharge Lighting

!_____________

ANSI C78. 1340 1 995R 450W SeIf-Ballasted Mercury Lamps

C78.1341 1995R 750-Watt, 120-Volt SeIf-Ballasted Mercury Lamps

C78.1342 I 995R 160-Watt, 1120-Volt B87 SeIf-Ballasted Mercury Halide Lamps

C78.1372 1996 70-Watt, M98 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1374 1996 50-Watt, Ml 10 Single-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78.1375 1996 400-Watt, M59 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78. 1376 1996 1000-Watt, M47 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78. 1377 1996 175-Watt, M57 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1378 1996 1500-Watt, M48 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1379 1996 250W, 120V, S55 SeIf-Ballasted Mercury Lamps

C78.1380 1988 Electric Lamps--250 Watt, 120 Volt, SeIf-Ballasted Mercury Lamps Specifications

C78.1381 1998 Electric Lamps--250 Watt, 70 Watt, M85 Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1382 1996 100-Watt, M90 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1384 1997 150-Watt, M102 Single-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78.l385 1998 For Electric Lamps: 150-Watt, M8l Double-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78.l386 1998 For Electric Lamps: 100-Watt, M9l Double-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78.1387 2001 250-Watt, M80 Double-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.380 1997 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, Method of Designation

C78.386 1989 Mercury Lamps--Method of Measuring Characteristics

C78.387 2002 Electric Lamps Metal Halide Method of Measuring Characteristics - Supplement

C78.388 1990 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps--Methods of Measuring Characteristics

C78.40 1992 Specifications for Mercury Lamps

C78.42 2001 High Pressure Sodium Lamps

C82.4 2002 Ballasts for HID and LPS Lamps (Multiple-Supply Type)

C82.5 I 995R Reference BalJasts for HID and Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps

C82.6 1996R Ballasts for High Intensity Discharge Lamps--Method of Measurement

C82.9 1996 HID and LPS Lamps, Ballasts and Transformers--Definitions _______

IESNA LM-35-02 2002 Photometric Testing of Floodlights Using HID or Incandescent Filament Lamps

LM-46-98 1998 Photometric Testing of Indoor Luminaires Using HID or Incandescent Lamps

LM-47-0I 2001 Life Testing of High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

LM-51-00 2000 Electrical and Photometric Measurements of HID Lamps

______

LM-61 -96 1996 Identifying Operating Factors for Installed Outdoor HID

CIE 84-1989 1989 Measurement of Luminous Flux

Source: NEMA, 2003b. IESNA website, 2003. CIE website, 2003

NEMA, as the Secretariat for ANSI, publishes test standards for lamps (C78), bulbs

(C79), lamp bases and holders (C8 1), and ballasts (C82) as part of its lighting standards program

(NEMA, 2003b). The standards in C79 and C81 are of limited use for the purposes of this

document and are omitted in Table 3-1. The C79 documents deal with incandescent lamps and

generic lamp shapes. The C81 documents deal with the construction and form of the coupling

from lamp to lamp holder. Discrete test procedures exist for each lamp type: ANSI C78.3'86 for

42

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Deier,nination Analysis of HID Lamps

MV, ANSI C78.387 for MH, and ANSI C78.388 for HPS. These publications describe the

procedures for measuring the electrical characteristics for each HID lamp type.

NEMA also publishes a system of nomenclature for the designation of HID lamps in their

C78 technical support documents. The designation code, at a minimum, includes the class,

electrical characteristics, and physical characteristics of the lamp. In addition, NEMA publishes

a set of corresponding performance specifications. The designations and specifications not only

provide a system of identification, but also ensure a level of product commonality and

interchangeability among the manufacturers of HID lamps and ballasts.

Other organizations promulgating test standards for HID lamps include IESNA and CIE.

The CIE publication deals with the quantification and measurement of luminous flux. The

IESNA LM-5 1-00 describes the procedure for the electrical and photometric measurement of

HID lamps. By definition, HID lamps include MV, MH and HPS lamps. This publication builds

on the NEMA/ANSI standards (ANSI C78.386, ANSI C78.387 and ANSI C78.388) to include

procedures for taking photometric measurements in addition to electrical measurements.

Publications by the IESNA reflect consensus of industry stakeholders, including NEMA

members. Currently, publications by these organizations exclude the evaluation of ballasts in

their procedures, and contain only an electrical and photometric evaluation of the lamp itself.

IESNA LM-5 1-00 is the industry standard test procedure for determining the electrical

and photometric performance of HID lamps. As such, this procedure defines testing conditions,

lamp stabilization, and other critical aspects to ensure consistency in the testing of lamp

performance and efficacy.

3.2. Mercury Vapor

Mercury Vapor (MV) was the first HID light source, introduced in the 1930's and has

remained fundamentally unchanged. HID light sources are based on the principle of an arc

discharge tube that produces light, in the movement toward developing more efficient lighting,

one development was the invention of a self-ballasted mercury (B) lamp. This lamp originated

as a direct replacement for the Edison incandescent lamp. By using a length of tungsten filament

within the lamp structure to provide current regulation, the lamp is able to function without an

external ballast.

Due to its low CR1, MV lamps are used primarily in spaces that are not frequently

occupied by people. A phosphor coating is added to get better CR1, but the improvement is

marginal. Outdoor security, streetlighting, and landscape lighting are some of the applications

for MV lamps, but better-performing MH and HPS lamps are gradually replacing these. There

are some niche applications where the long life and low initial cost of the MV system has

allowed it to maintain market share. However, even in those niche applications, MV is losing

ground as other HID sources slowly close the technology gap in life and initial cost. The MV

lamps are available in wattages from 50 to 1000 watts. The most common wattage is the 175-

watt lamp, followed by the 400-watt lamp, and then the 100-watt lamp (see Table 2-6).

43

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

The B lamp has carved out a special niche because of its unique ability to replace the

standard incandescent lamp without a ballast. Although it offers no significant advantage in

terms of energy savings, it does offer a huge advantage over the incandescent lamps in terms of

lifetime, resulting in much longer intervals between relamping. B lamps are available in wattages

of 160, 250, 450, and 750 watts. B lamps are facing increasing competition from other light

sources, such as the integrally ballasted, screw-based, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) that can

also directly replace incandescent lamps.

3.2.1. Construction

In MV lamps, an electric current arc passing through mercury vapor in the arc tube

generates light. MV lamp electrodes are usually made of tungsten. The emission material,

composed of several metallic oxides, is embedded within the turns of a tungsten coil, protected

by an outer tungsten coil. Energy received from the arc heats the electrodes to the proper

electron-emissive temperature. Since mercury has a low vapor pressure at room temperature,

and an even lower vapor pressure when it is cold, a small amount of more-readily-ionized argon

gas facilitates starting. The initial arc is struck through the ionization of the argon gas. Once the

arc strikes, its heat begins to vaporize the mercury, and this process continues until all of the

mercury is evaporated. The amount of mercury in the lamp essentially determines the final

operating pressure, which is 200 to 400 kPa (29 to 58 pounds per square inch) in the majority of

lamps (TESNA, 2000).

An outer glass bulb contains the arc tube to protect the arc tube and internal electrical

connections from the environment. The inner envelope (arc tube) is made of fused silica with

thin molybdenum ribbons sealed into the ends as current conductors. The essential construction

detail is shown in Figure 3-1, typical of lamps with fused silica (quartz) inner arc tubes within an

outer envelope (IESNA, 2000).

The outer envelope (bulb) is usually in the shape of an ellipse and made of hard

(borosilicate) glass, but it also can be made of other glasses for special transmission, or where

pollution and thermal shock are not problems (IESNA, 2000). The outer bulb also absorbs the

majority of ultra-violet (UV) energy radiated by the arc tube, while allowing light to pass

through. The outer glass bulb can be coated with a diffusing material to reduce the source

brightness of the lamp. This diffusing coating is usually a color-correcting phosphor that uses

UV energy radiated by the arc tube to improve the lamp's overall color-rendering properties, as

in a fluorescent lamp. The shape of the bulb is also available in a reflector package.

Within the outer bulb, there are wires suitable for high temperatures to conduct electricity

to the arc tube and structural components to support the arc tube. The atmosphere in the outer

bulb might be a low-pressure gas (usually nitrogen) or, in many cases, a vacuum (IESNA, 2000).

If the outer bulb is broken and the arc tube continues to operate, the lamp will emit a significant

amount of UV energy. Self-extinguishing lamps usually contain a tungsten filament, in place of a

portion of nickel wire, which will oxidize quickly and separate. This separation turns the lamp

off and renders the lamp inoperable.

44

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Argon fill ga

& mercury

Main electrc

Starting resi

Draft Fra,neworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Nitrogen fill gas

Main electrode

Quartz tube

/

Starting electrode

Outer bulb

Base

Figure 3-1: Mercury Vapor Lamp Construction.

© GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

The self-ballasted MV lamp (B) has a tungsten filament coil inside the outer envelope

that both provides ballasting and acts as a supplemental light source. The coupling for the

general service MV lamp, and all other HID lamps, is typically a medium (Med) screw base or a

mogul (Mog) screw base made from brass, nickel, or special alloys to minimize corrosion.

Figure 3-2 shows typical HID bases with their ANSI designations.

____ L ....I IL

I [I 7

Me7 Screw EJqnWt Meg Screw EX3. Positfl- Exiert Aoznefliwi MeiI Skirt

E2 E27 E39 OrignteøMlJffuI E40 Skirtee E2fO49

Figure 3-2: Typical High Intensity Discharge Bases with Standard Designations

© GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

3.2.2. Lamp Performance

The pressure at which a mercury lamp operates has a significant impact on its

characteristic spectral power distribution, in general, higher operating pressure tends to shift a

larger proportion of emitted radiation into longer wavelengths. At extremely high pressure, there

is also a tendency to spread the line spectrum into wider bands. Within the visible region, the

mercury spectrum consists of five principal lines (404.7, 435.8, 546.1, 577, and 579 nm), which

result in greenish-blue light at efficacies of 30 to 65 LPW, excluding ballast losses (IESNA,

2000). While the light source itself appears to be bluish-white, there is a deficiency of long45

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqfl Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

wavelength radiation, and most objects appear to have distorted colors. Blue, green, and yellow

are emphasized; orange and red appear brownish.

The efficacies of the B lamp are slightly better than those of the incandescent lamp it

replaces. Typically, efficacies range between 15 to 25 LPW. The spectrum consists of the line

spectrum of the MV, in addition to the blackbody radiation pattern from the incandescent

component of the tungsten filament. CCT ranges from 3300 to 4000K, with a CR1 of 50,

depending on the mercury pressure and the application of a phosphor coating.

Clear MV lamps generally have a CR1 value of approximately 15, and are not desirable

for use where people will occupy the space. Since a significant portion of the energy from the

arc discharge is in the UV region, phosphor coatings on the inside surface of the outer envelope

convert some of this UV radiation to visible light, as occurs with a fluorescent lamp. The most

widely used lamps of this type have a coating of vanadate phosphor (designation DX) that emits

long-wavelength radiation (orange-red) (IESNA, 2000). This phosphor also is blended with

others to produce a cooler or warmer CCT, given in degrees Kelvin (K) from 3200K to 6700K.

The phosphor coating can raise the CR1 rating to 50. Figure 3-3 shows the spectral power

distributions (SPDs) of a clear lamp and lamps using these phosphors.

46

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis qfHID Lamps

--

H39KB-1 75

0.86 -

E

Iii

-

-l----------------------

- - ._._ J.L

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm)

OSRAM SYLVANIA INC Test and Measurement Laboratory 2044430

(a)

H39KC-1 751DX

..0.61

U)

C

E -

0.OL - - - -

'E ________ -

200 300 400

OSRAM SYLVANIA INC Test and Measurement Laboratory

600 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm)

204430

(b)

Figure 3-3: Spectral Power Distribution of Mercury Vapor Lamps

(a) Without Phosphors and (b) With Phosphors

©Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

The light output from a MV lamp decreases over the operating life of the lamp.

Typically, industry has found that light (lumen) output depreciates about 25% from its initial

output level at 50% of its rated life. Its rated life is 24,000 hours, but it is not uncommon for the

lamp to continue burning long after its rated life. The MV lamp has a reputation of being

virtually indestructible, continuing to operate while the light output gradually decreases over

time. However, as the light output declines, the power consumption remains constant - meaning

that the efficacy of the light source steadily decreases with use. For the B lamp, a more modest

47

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

12,000 to 16,000 hours of rated life is reported, with slightly better lumen depreciation of 15%-

20% at 40% of rated life.

To achieve the necessary high vapor pressures within the arc tube, the MV lamp requires

a significant warm-up time of approximately 5 to 7 minutes. Re-strike times are about as long,

requiring 5 to 7 minutes for the vapor pressure to come down to a level where the arc can be

restarted. Warm-up time for the B lamp is approximately 3 minutes, with a re-strike time of 5

minutes.

Table 3-2 summarizes the performance of MV sources.

3.2.3. Electrical Characteristics

Because MV lamps have an additional electrode located at one end of the arc tube to

assist in lamp starting, they do not require a separate starter circuit. These lamps typically

require an open circuit voltage (OCV) of approximately twice the operational lamp voltage to

initiate and sustain the arc discharge.

MV lamps may operate with any of the commonly available HID ballasts, without an

ignitor. MV lamps may use a reactor ballast, a high-reactance autotransformer (HX) ballast, a

constant wattage autotransformer (CWA) ballast, or a constant wattage isolated transformer

(CW) ballast. Taking ballast losses into account may reduce system efficacy of MV lamps (and

other HID sources) 5 to 15%. That brings the efficacy range for MV systems down to

approximately 26-55 LPW.

The B lamp does not require a ballast for operation. This hybrid-type lamp produces

light by two mechanisms. Primarily, an electrical discharge is created across a discontinuity in

the filament. Concurrently, the tungsten filament is heated to incandescence as current flows

through it. Since tungsten exhibits a positive response (resistance increases) to current, current

regulation is achieved as the filament counteracts the negative resistance response of the arc

discharge.

48

Table 3-2: Performance Summary of Mercury Vapor Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

3.2.4. Other Issues

Although the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) does not require

them to do so, all three lamp major manufacturers (GE, Philips, and Sylvania) provide material

and safety data sheets (MSDS) for manufactured articles such as HID lamps. The MSDS reports

that MV lamps contain anywhere from 15 mg of mercury in their 50-watt lamps up to 250 mg in

the 1000-watt units. Although other toxic materials (e.g., scandium iodide) are in the lamps,

these are present in trace amounts and are not hazards. Lead is used in soldering the connection

in the lamp.

A Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for lead and mercury, as

prescribed by NEMA standards publication LL 3-1999, resulted in MV lamps being classified as

a hazardous waste. They come under the Universal Waste Rule published by the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) on July 6, 1999. The lead in the lamp and the mercury in the arc tube

pose little risk under normal use, but disposal regulations will depend on state and local

requirements.

3.3. High-Pressure Sodium

Introduced in the 1960's, HPS lamps went on sale just before MH lamps. HPS is

currently the most efficacious HID light source; however, its physical, electrical and photometric

characteristics differ from other HID lamps, making it suitable for some applications but not

others.

HPS lamps are used in applications where energy efficiency and long life are of primary

concern with little regard to color rendering. Although HPS lamps are available in wattages

from 35 watts up to 1000 watts, typical wattages for these applications range from 50 to 400

watts. The long and slender arc tube makes reflector design difficult. in addition, the limited

color temperatures and low color rendering results in the lamp's inherent lack of variety in

available product packages. Applications include outdoor stationary, commercial and industrial

sectors. Commonly used as street and parking lights, HPS lamps also provide visibility and a

sense of security by illuminating public access areas, subways, parks and other pedestrian areas.

Large commercial and industrial buildings may use this technology where CR1 and CCT are of

little concern. Many of these areas of application overlap with MH; the two technologies

therefore compete for market share.

3.3.1. Construction

Figure 3-4 shows the basic construction of the HPS lamps. Similar to the MH lamps,

they have a two-bulb construction. The arc tube is made of a ceramic material that contains the

electrodes, sodium and mercury amalgam, and a small amount of xenon. No starter probe is

present in the HPS arc tube. The tube is long and slender and is made of polycrystalline

aluminum oxide ceramic. The high temperatures needed to vaporize sodium dictate the

geometry and material. Furthermore, the highly corrosive nature of sodium, especially at

elevated temperatures, precludes the use of certain materials such as quartz, which is used in the

other HID lamps. Therefore, the arc tube is manufactured from a ceramic material. An amalgam

49

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

reservoir inside the arc tube helps to stabilize the pressure, similar to amalgam-based fluorescent

lamps. This allows the HPS lamp to operate in any physical orientation, simplifying stocking

and installation (Sylvania, 2003b).

The outer envelope is elliptical in shape and is made of a hard glass that primarily acts to

protect the arc tube from damage. Usually, it contains a vacuum, which acts to reduce

convection and heat losses from the arc tube to maintain high efficacy (Sylvania, 2003b).

Outer bulb

Xenon fill g

sodium &

mercury va

Arc tube

mount stru

Cu urn

am electrode

mic arc tube

am electrode

Base

Figure 3-4: High-Pressure Sodium Lamp Construction

© GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

In some HPS lamps, an additional coil is wrapped around the outside of the ceramic arc

tube to assist in starting the lamp (Sylvania, 2003b). It is similar in function to the starting probe

in probe-start MR and MV lamps. This type of HPS lamp can directly replace the MV lamps

and will operate under the same ballast without an ignitor.

3.3.2. Lamp Performance

The efficiency of the HPS lamp is critically dependent on the specific vapor pressure of

the sodium in the arc tube. Any deviation from this target pressure level will result in reduced

performance of the lamp. However, HPS lamps offer the highest efficacy of HID sources,

achieving a 64 LPW for the 35-waft source up to 133 LPW for the 1000-watt source. HPS lamps

over 100-watts offer efficacies over 100 LPW. Life ratings of 24,000 hours are typical, with

some long-life lamps rated at 40,000 hours. A lamp operating at 40% of its rated life has an

expected maximum lumen depreciation value of 15%.

During the warm-up, the light output will go through a sequence of color shifts from red

to blue to the characteristic monochromatic yellow of the sodium vapor. Ultimately, it will settle

50

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqfl Framework for Deler,nination Analysis of HID Lamps

on the yellow-white of the HPS lamp (IESNA, 2000). Typical CCT values are 2000K at a CR1 of

20. Higher CCT values are possible, but some trade-offs need to be made. The highest CCT

commercially available is 2200K at a CR1 of 70. That is achieved at the cost of reduced lifetime.

Figure 3-5 shows a spectral power distribution for an HPS lamp. Application of the diffuse

coating does not significantly change the spectral power distribution (SPD) of a HPS lamp.

LU400JECO

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

OSPAM SYLVANIA INC. Test and Measurement Laboratory 2044 43c

Figure 3-5: Spectral Power Distribution of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

(same distribution for bare and coated lamps)

©Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

Table 3-3 summarizes the performance of general-purpose HPS sources.

Table 3-4 summarizes the performance of high CR1 HPS sources.

51

Table 3-3: Performance Summary of General-Purpose High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

3.3.3. Electrical Characteristics

Due to the long and narrow arc tube geometry, the presence of xenon gas, and the lack of

starting probes, an ignitor generates the high voltage pulse necessary to start the lamp. Once the

arc is generated, a cold lamp will require approximately 3 to 4 minutes of warm-up time to attain

full light output with a re-strike time typically ranging from I to 3 minutes.

Unlike the typical MV or MH lamp, whose voltage remains relatively constant

throughout its lifetime, the arc tube voltage increases significantly during the operational life of

the HPS lamp. Over the lifetime of the lamp, some of the sodium is lost, and as the ratio of

sodium to mercury changes, the arc voltage rises. Therefore, the HPS ballast must change the

operating voltage to maintain an acceptable median wattage over its lifetime. Figure 3-6

illustrates the trapezoid-shaped boundary (ANSI C78.42) that restricts the performance of the

lamp and ballast to certain acceptable limits.

52

Table 3-4: Performance Summary of High Color Rendering High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of I-lID Lamps

dropout locus

E

-J

nominal wattaga

20% of norilnal

lamp voltage

voltage maximum

characteristic voltage

Lamp vo'tage

Figure 3-6: Trapezoid Boundary for High-Pressure Sodium Ballast Design

© NEMA, 2001. Reprinted from ANSI document C78.42-2001 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps by

penTnission of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

The HPS ballast must operate the HPS lamp within this trapezoid for any input voltage

within the rated input voltage-range of the ballast. Toward the end of the lamp's life, the lamp

operating voltage will rise to a level beyond the ballast's ability to sustain the arc. At this point,

the lamp will start, warm up to full brightness, and extinguish. The repeating of this sequence is

known as cycling, and signals the end-of-life for the HPS lamp. If the lamp is not replaced

within a reasonable amount of time at this juncture, premature failure of the ballast can occur.

The simplest and most economical ballast for HPS is the reactor ballast. This ballast is

commonly used with 35- to 150-watt HPS lamps. HX ballasts are also used where the input

voltage does not meet the starting voltage requirements of the lamp. CWA is the most popular

ballast type, for reasons of balancing cost and performance (similar to MH and MV). CW

ballasts are better than the previous three, but they come at a cost of increased ballast size, losses

and price. These ballasts incorporate three coils in their design instead of the usual two or one;

the third coil and capacitor stabilizes the lamp.

3.3.4. Other issues

The standard HPS lamp contains small amounts of mercury used as an amalgam for the

sodium. It also uses lead solder for connections. Therefore, TCLP tests classify the HPS lamps

as hazardous waste, subject to state and local disposal regulations. in response, manufacturers

developed mercury-free alternatives that use a non-mercury amalgam. Additionally,

manufacturers developed lead-free alternatives to address other disposal concerns.

53

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

The two primary strengths of the HPS light source are its high efficacy and its long life.

The poor color rendering of the typical HPS lamp limits its share of the HID market.

Development of better arc tube material would be required for these lamps to attain the higher

vapor pressures to increase CCT and CR1, and this would have to be accomplished while

maintaining its advantage in efficacy and life. Also, development of instant restart lamps is

critical to expand its marketability into fluorescent technology-dominated applications.

3.4. Metal Halide

Developed in the 1 960s just after the HPS lamp, MH lamps offer the best combination of

quality, performance and flexibility in the current HID lamp group. They are available in low

(less than 175 watts), medium (from 175 to 400 watts) and high (greater than 400 watts)

wattages.

The standard MR lamp is similar to its mercury lamp ancestors, with the major difference

that the metal halide arc tube contains various metal halides in addition to the mercury and

argon. When the lamp attains full operating temperature, the metal halides in the arc tube are

partially vaporized. As the halide vapors approach the high-temperature central core of the

discharge, they are dissociated into the halogen and the metals, with the metals radiating their

light spectrum. As the halogen and metal atoms move near the cooler arc tube wall by diffusion

and convection, they recombine, and the cycle repeats (Sylvania, 2003a).

The use of metal halides inside the arc tube presents two advantages. First, metal halides

are more volatile at arc tube operating temperatures than pure metals. This allows the

introduction of metals with desirable emission properties into the arc at normal arc tube

temperatures. Second, those metals that react chemically with the arc tube can be used in the

form of a halide, which does not readily react with fused silica.

3.4.1. Application

Refinements in pulse-start technology are improving MR lamp performance in almost

every aspect. Average operating life of pulse-start MR lamps is now approaching the operating

life of HPS and MV lamps. With MR lamp efficacy levels approaching those of HPS lamps,

MI-I lamps can now compete with HPS lamps in outdoor applications such as roadway and

parking lights, security lights, and pedestrian walkways. Furthermore, the color rendering of

MB lamps are almost on par with incandescent sources through advancements in ceramic arc

tube design.

The unique SPD of MR lamps may offer another advantage over HPS lamps. As light

levels decrease, the spectral response of the human eye shifts to what is called the "scotopic

visibility function." The result is, under very low light "scotopic" conditions, the perceived light

from a MR source may be many times greater than the perceived light from an HPS source thai

54

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

provides equivalent visibility under photopic (high light level) conditions6. This advantage may

be realized in outdoor lighting installations where specified light levels are very low.

The small physical dimensions and high intensity of the arc make it an ideal point source

around which to create application specific light distributions through precise optical design of a

reflector. High-wattage (above 1000 watts) MH lamps appear in stadiums, in searchlights, and

any other application that require powerful white light. MH lamps in low-wattage (below 175

watts) configurations illuminate a variety of applications, including billboard displays, recessed

lighting, and track lighting. Very low-wattage MH lamps (in the range of 30-60 watts) appear in

applications like automotive headlights and some residential lamp fixtures.

in some cases, probe-start MR lamps can directly replace MV lamps. Manufacturers

produce interchangeable similar-wattage MR lamps that operate on the MV ballast. However,

the MR lamp will produce significantly more light for the same wattage than the MV lamp. For

example, replacing a 400-watt MV lamp with a 380-watt MR retrofit lamp achieves a power

savings of 20 watts. However, the MR retrofit lamp will generate on the order of two to three

times more light than the MV lamp.

3.4.2. Construction

MR lamp construction is similar to that of a MV lamp (Figure 3-7). One significant

design characteristic is that the arc tubes of MR lamps usually are smaller for equivalent

wattages. The arc tube is typically made of either quartz or ceramic, and contains a starting gas

(usually argon), a mercury base, and a discrete mixture of metal halide salts for the desired

spectral emissions. MH arc tubes operate at higher temperature and pressure than their MV

counterparts. A white coating at the ends of the arc tube increases the temperature and

vaporization of the metal halides by trapping the thermal energy inside the arc tube. Use of

ceramic materials in the arc tube construction yields even higher temperatures and pressures,

resulting in improved efficacy, CR1 and color stability.

An elliptical-shaped soft or hard glass outer bulb contains the arc tube, usually made of

borosilicate glass, to protect and buffer the arc tube and internal electrical coimections from the

environment. The outer envelope contains a low-pressure inert gas (e.g., nitrogen), or a vacuum,

which helps minimize oxidation of the internal components, provide additional thermal buffering

for a more stable arc temperature, and absorb some of the UV energy radiated by the arc.

However, the glass itself absorbs the majority of the UV energy (Sylvania, 2003a).

The manufacturers may coat the outer glass bulb with a diffusing material. Usually, this

is a phosphor coating that helps change the emission spectra for small improvements in CR1.

However, the primary purpose of the coating is to reduce the source brightness of the lamp for

glare control. The technology advantage of this lamp is its ability to emit the desired spectra

without the addition of a phosphor coating like MV. Adding a diffuse coating to the lamp will

reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of a luminaire with optics.

The metric for light is the "lumen" and is defined by the photopic (high light level) sensitivity function of the

human visual system.

55

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Within the outer bu]b are wires suitable for high temperatures to conduct electricity to the

arc tube and structural components to support the arc tube. There might be other components,

including resistors or diodes used to help start the arc discharge, and devices called "getters" to

purify the atmosphere in the outer lamp. Most MH lamps use getters to overcome impurities

that, if present in the outer jacket of a metal halide lamp in sufficient concentrations, can

compromise performance. The predominant problems arise from hydrogen and carbon

contamination.

In some MH lamps, a small nonmagnetic wire keeps the electrical connection to the

electrode at the dome of the lamps separate from the arc tube. This prevents diffusion of sodium

through the arc tube by electrolysis caused by a photoelectric effect when the current lead is near

the arc tube (Sylvania, 2003a).

Like the other lamps in the HID group, MH lamps typically have screw bases (medium or

mogul) made from brass, nickel, or special alloys to minimize corrosion. A characteristic of MH

arc tubes is that they can take different forms and can be made from different materials.

Argon 110 gas,

metal halide

& mercury vap

Main electrode

Starting resistoi

ogeH fill gas

in electrode

uartz tube

g electrode

Outer bulb

Base

Figure 3-7: Metal halide Lamp Construction

© GE Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, GE, 2003b.

in the classic, pinched-body MH lamps that use a starter electrode, the lamp body must

also contain a system that provides for either shorting the starter electrode to the main electrode

or opening the starter electrode circuit after the lamps have started (Figure 3-8b). This prevents

electrolysis in the fused silica between the starting and operating electrodes, especially when a

halide such as sodium iodide is used in the lamp. Failure to short or open the starter electrode

circuit will result in very short lamp lives. These starter circuits typically use a bimetal switch.

The location and type of switch can restrict the lamp operating position, as the bimetal must

56

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determinalion Analysis of HID Lamps

achieve a certain temperature to function. Lamps of this configuration are referred to as probestart MH lamps, in reference to the presence of the starter probe in the arc tube (IESNA, 2000).

The evolution of the probe-start lamp configuration resulted not only in a different arc

tube shape, but also in a new lamp design called the pulse-start metal halide (PMH) lamp (see

section 3.4.3.2). In PMH lamps, the starter electrode is no longer present in the arc tube (Figure

3-8a). One of the shapes employed in the PMH lamps is the ovoid shaped arc tube. The ovoid

arc tubes are actually formed in a mold using high-pressure gas. They are commonly referred to

as formed-body arc tubes. However, the older-style pinched-body arc tubes, typical in probestart lamps, are available in a pulse-start configuration (NLPIP, 2003).

ic Chambe

'Exhaust Tp

ELectrode

Pinch Sea'

Figure 3-8: Common Arc Tubes: (a) Ovoid, (b) Pinched-Body

© Venture Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Venture, 2003e.

The most recent iteration of the MH arc tube design incorporates the use of a new

ceramic material in arc tube shape. Like the formed body arc tube, this is also a pulse-start

technology, lacking a starter probe. This new arc tube material represents the newest evolution

in the development of MH lamps. The lamp performance and electrical characteristics sections

of this MH lamp section discuss the improvements in performance of these new shapes and

materials.

To compensate for the sensitivity of the operating position for MH lamps, the arc tubes

often are custom-shaped to fit the application. This is more relevant to the classic probe-start

pinched-body arc tube configuration than for the pulse-start technologies. Figure 3-9 shows a

typical configuration referred called a bowed arc tube shape that follows the natural bowing of

the horizontal arc (Sylvania, 2003a). In this design, the chemicals are confined to the ends of the

arc tube, since the shape prevents migration. Another design is an asymmetric arc tube with the

57

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID La,nps

electrodes lower in the arc tube body, such that the arc bows to the center of the arc tube

(IESNA, 2000).

Figure 3-9: Common Configurations for Horizontal MH Lamps

©Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

A special base and socket are always used with horizontal high-output lamps to help

ensure proper arc tube orientation. In response to the sensitivity of these lamps to their operating

position, a position mogul base, such as the ANSI designation EP39 Mog, is used to ensure

proper positioning of the lamp for optimal operation.

Some lamps use a transparent sleeve called a shield (also known as a shroud) to surround

the arc tube, illustrated in Figure 3-10. A thin-walled shroud is useful as a heat shield because it

helps achieve a more uniform arc tube temperature. Lamps suitable for open luminaires use

heavy shrouds. These shrouds prevent the outer jacket of the lamp from breaking in case of an

arc tube violent failure. It is important to use only open luminaire-rated lamps (those with

shrouds) with MH fixtures without a protective cover. Furthermore, the lack of an outer jacket

will transmit UV energy. In these designs, the luminaire must have a cover glass providing the

UV filtration. To prevent user misapplication, the industry has developed unique socket and

base combinations for both medium and mogul base lamps.

58

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Deler,ninal ion Analysis of HID Lamps

Protective Shroud Arc tube

Figure 3-10: Metal Halide Arc Tube with a Shroud

© Venture Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Venture, 2003e.

3.4.3. Lamp Performance

Commercially available MM lamps have efficacies of 75 to 125 LPW (excluding ballast

losses), making them superior performers to MV lamps. Furthermore, almost all varieties of

white-light MM lamps have color-rendering properties (approximate CR1 of 70) superior to

phosphor-coated MV lamps and HPS lamps. This unique capability results from their ability to

tailor their spectral outputs by design.

The metal halides in these lamps have characteristic emissions that are spectrally

selective. Some metals produce visible radiation at a single wavelength (i.e., sodium for orange,

thallium for green, indium for blue, and iron for UV). Other metals, such as tin, when introduced

as halides, radiate as molecules, providing continuous band spectra across the visible spectrum.

Two typical combinations of halides used are I) scandium and sodium iodides, and 2)

dysprosium, holmium, and thulium rare-earth (RE) iodides. Various combinations of these

halides can create a wide range of color temperatures for these lamps. For example, the

scandium-sodium system can produce CCT values from 2500K to 5000K by varying the blend

ratio and arc tube operating temperature. The rare-earth system has a characteristic CCT of

approximately 5400K, which fall to 4300K with the inclusion of sodium iodide (IESNA, 2000).

Phosphor coatings can also change the spectral emission of these sources. Since

phosphors convert shorter-wavelength radiation to longer-wavelength radiation, these phosphors

effectively lower the CCT of the lamps by approximately 300K. Although a slight improvement

in CR1 may occur, the primary function of the phosphor coating is to create a more diffuse light

source. These combinations of metals and their halides, and phosphors (to a lesser extent), create

an almost infinite template of possibilities, giving the MH lamps a flexibility in light output

design unique to the MID sources. Figure 3-11 shows typical SPD plots for MH lamps with and

without a phosphor coating.

59

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frametr'ork for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

j

0.30

0.25

MPI OO/CJUIMED

0

0

0.20

0.15

0.10

_0.05

0.00 --

- -

200 300 400 600 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm)

OSAM LYLVANIA INC. Test and Measurement Laboratory 204443b

(a)

MPI QOUMED

0.35

0.3C

0.25

I0.26

a,

0.15

0.16

005

0 ___Jk\j 0.0c

300 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm) TR20014366 OSRAM SYLVANIA INC. Tent and Measurement Laboratory

(b)

Figure 3-11: Spectral Power Distribution of 1\letal Halide Lamps

(a) Without Phosphors and (b) With Phosphors

©Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission, Bleasby, 2003.

A more detailed analysis of lamp performance of the probe-start MR lamp and the pulsestart MR lamp follows in the next section.

3.4.3.1. Probe-Start

The older pinch-seal designs use a secondary starter electrode that helps to initiate

breakdown of the arc tube gases. However, performance of the MR lamps in this design may be

affected by the physical operating orientation of the lamp. Most MH lamps are life-rated and

lumen-rated in the vertical operating position. For example, a MI-I lamp classified as universal

orientation (i.e., operates in any orientation) has its best performance in the vertical position.

When a universal lamp operates horizontally, the arc bows upward due to convection currents.

At the same time, the metal halide pool (which is liquid) moves to the center of the arc tube. The

60

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

bowed arc moves farther from the metal halides than when the lamp is vertical, causing them to

cool. This lowers the vapor pressure of the metal halide chemicals and decreases the

concentration of metals in the arc, with a resulting loss in light. n addition, the bowed arc

moves closer to the top of the arc tube wall, causing its temperature to increase. The higher wall

loading on the arc tube material results in a decrease in life of approximately 25%.

This problem led to the development of the shaped arc tube design shown in Figure 3-9.

Since the horizontal arc tubes accommodate the upward bow of a horizontally-operating arc, the

lamp must operate horizontally to prevent overheating of the arc tube walls. If these lamps do

not operate horizontally, users will experience a dramatic reduction in lamp life and increase the

probability of a violent failure. Both of these designs provide increased light (approximately

25%) and longer life (approximately 33%) over the universal lamps with symmetrical arc tubes

operated horizontally.

When operated to specifications, the probe-start lamps have a rated life from 10,000 to

20,000 hours with efficacies of approximately 90 LPW. Lumen depreciation is about 35% at

40% of rated life.

Table 3-5 summarizes the performance of probe-start MH sources.

3.4.3.2. Pulse-Start

The contour and shape of a formed-body arc tube for pulse-start MH lamps give this arc

tube some excellent benefits in performance. The walls of the arc tube are contoured to better

follow the shape of the arc, thereby allowing for a more uniform thermal profile for the arc tube.

Also, formed-body arc tubes have much smaller pinch-seal areas. This shape also allows the

metal halide chemicals to heat up more rapidly than those in the conventional pinched-body arc

tube. On average, formed-body arc tubes wann up three times faster than pinched-body arc tubes

of the same wattage. in the classic pinched-body arc tubes, these areas served to cool the arc tube

end chambers, resulting in a reduction in lamp efficacy by lowering the temperature of the metal

halide pool. This undesirable cooling is more of a problem in lower-wattage lamps in which the

pinch-seal area comprises a greater part of the total thermal mass of the arc tube. However, in

terms of performance and light output, manufacturers claim longer life (up to 50% longer) and

improved lumen maintenance (up to 33% better) than traditional probe-start MH lamps.

61

Table 3-5: Performance Summary of Probe-Start Metai Halide Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

When operated to specifications, the pulse-start quartz formed-body lamps have a rated

life from 15,000 to 30,000 hours, with a slight improvement in efficacies of approximately 100

LPW. Lumen depreciation is about 25% at 40% of rated life. In addition, burning position has

virtually no effect on the performance of these lamps.

The ceramic arc tubes achieve similar results, but by different means. Their

improvements are primarily a result of the advanced materials, not the shape. The material better

insulates the arc tube from the environment and allows higher vapor pressures. Unfortunately,

this technology is currently limited to wattages of less than 400 watts. Evolution in ceramic arc

tube design will soon make higher power versions available.

When operated to specifications, the pulse-start ceramic lamps have a rated life from

9,000 to 15,000 hours, with efficacies of approximately 90 LPW. Lumen depreciation is

improved to about 20% at 40% of rated life. Burning position also has virtually no effect on the

performance of these lamps. The big advantage of ceramic pulse-start MH lamps over other HID

sources is its ability to render color; it has a CR1 value ranging from 85 to 93.

Table 3-6 summarizes the performance of pulse-start MH sources while Table 3-7

summarizes the performance of ceramic MR sources.

62

Table 3-6: Performance Summary of Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Framework for Deier,njnaiion Analysis of HID Lamps

3.4.4. Electrical Characteristics

The additional electrode located at one end of the arc tube in the probe-start lamps allows

operation without requiring an ignitor circuit. A result of this configuration is that the ballasts

used not only eliminate the need for ignitors, but also allow the MR lamps to share the same

ballast with MV lamps, within limits. Lamp manufacturers have taken advantage of this, and

produce MH lamps that operate on MV lamp ballasts. However, replacement is a more

complicated issue because it raises questions about application. The Substitution Analysis

Framework section (section 4) of this document addresses these issues. Probe-start MH lamps

have warm-up times in the range of 2 to 15 minutes, and a re-strike time in the range of 5 to 20

minutes (Advance, 2003h).

The pulse-start MR lamp has different electrical requirements and performance results.

The smaller pinch-seal area of the formed body arc tube has an effect on lamp starting. There is

no room for the secondary electrode. Consequently, a high-voltage pulse (typically 3 kV

minimum) applied directly across the main electrodes initiates the arc. Ignitors are used to

provide these starting pulses. These lamps start faster and more reliably than their probe-start

counterparts. The higher voltages generated by the ignitor allow the lamps to re-strike at much

higher vapor pressures, thereby reducing the required time for the lamps to cool enough for reignition to take place. Furthermore, increasing the fill pressure inside the MH arc tube helps to

retard tungsten evaporation from the electrode, which reduces lumen depreciation due to arc tube

wall darkening. Both the warm-up time (1 to 4 minutes) and the re-strike time (2 to 8 minutes)

are much shorter than those of the probe-start MR lamps, MV lamps, and HPS lamps (Advance,

2003li).

Commonly used probe-start MH ballast systems for mid-wattage MR lamps include

high-reactance autotransformer (RX), constant-wattage autotransformer (CWA), constantwattage isolated transformer (CW), and regulated lag (magnetically regulated) ballasts.

Pulse-start MH lamps require a different type of ballast than probe-start MR lamps. The

ballasts used for probe-start lamps require an ignitor circuit. Commonly used pulse-start ballasts

include super constant-wattage autotransformer (SCWA), reactor, and constant wattage isolated

transformer (CW) ballasts. Electronic ballasts also are available for these lamps, promising even

better performance.

63

Table 3-7: Performance Summary of Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

3.4.5. Other Issues

Standard MH lamps typically contain from 5 rng of mercury, for a 35-watt lamp, up to

165 mg for a 1500-watt lamp. Lead is present in these lamps as a solder for the coupling. A

TCLP test on these lamps classifies them as hazardous waste for mercury and lead. Therefore,

they come under the Universal Waste Rule (EPA, July 6, 1999). State and local regulations will

vary on their disposal, but recycling is recommended.

3.5. High Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts

HID lamp ballasts start the lamp, regulate the operating current, and provide the

appropriate voltage to sustain the arc discharge. For HPS and pulse-start MH lamps, an

additional ignitor circuit generates the high-voltage starting pulse necessary to initiate the arc

discharge. Typical input voltages for HID lighting systems are 1 20V, 208V, 240V and 277V, of

which 1 20V and 277V are the most popular. Appendix E provides summary descriptions of each

ballast type from Advance Transformers: Pocket Guide to HID Lamp Ballasts (Advance, 2003a).

64

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

4. Substitution Analysis Framework

As discussed in Section 1, this analysis will assess if there are significant energy savings

that are technologically feasible and economically justified for HID lamps. In order to make this

determination, the Department estimates what the market response would be to such a standard.

In other words, the Department makes an economic comparison between market behavior in the

absence of standards (i.e., business as usual, or the base case) and the market response in the

presence of standards (i.e., less-efficient lamps no longer available).

To evaluate the economic justification of a standard, the Department evaluates a base

case and one or more standard levels above the base case. For this analysis, the focus is on a

possible standard level at efficacies higher than those typical of today's mercury vapor HID

lamps. These trial standard levels would have the effect of removing MV lamps from the HID

market.

This substitution analysis framework presents substitute lighting technology options as

replacements for MV lamps and fixtures. The Department considered product offerings from all

NEMA lamp manufacturers in the development of this substitution analysis (see Appendix F for

a complete listing of these products). This comparison will consider issues such as the cost of

the affected lamps (and ballasts and fixtures, where appropriate), the energy they consume, their

effective lifetime, and maintenance requirements. It will also consider technical issues, such as

light output, light color, and other performance characteristics. Sections 5 and 6 of this draft

framework describe the economic analyses that the Department will conduct to evaluate these

trial standard levels.

Working from the complete list of applications where MV lamps are in use today (from

Section 2.4.2, summarized in Table 2-1 3), there are three possible reasons for purchasing an HID

lamp in the market today: I) to install a new HID luminaire, II) to replace a failed HID lamp in

an existing installation, or 111) to replace the lamp and ballast in an existing fixture (i.e., ballast

failure and discarded lamp). For the purposes of this substitution analysis, the Department

considers only magnetic ballasts,7 including all luminaire components except the lamp and

fixture. Thus, the ballast components include the transformer, capacitor (for power factor

correction), and ignitor (for HPS and PMH). in this analysis, the Department treats the failure of

any ballast component as a ballast failure. The three substitution events that would lead to the

purchase of an HID lamp, ballast and/or luminaire are:

I) New installation - The analysis compares a lighting specifier's two choices for a new

installation: A new MV luminaire or a new luminaire using a different light source (e.g.,

MH, HPS, fluorescent).

Section E.I .1 of Appendix E discusses electronic HID ballasts, noting the small market share they currently

command, and the technical issues that still need resolution. The Department is not considering electronic ballasts

for any of the substitutions.

65

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Fra,nework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

II) Lamp Replacement - A MV lamp has failed, and the maintenance team needs to replace

the lamp. In the absence of standards, the replacement will be another MV lamp.

However, if there is a standard in place that removes MV lamps from the market, the

maintenance team may respond in three ways: a direct substitution with a lamp that

operates on the existing MV ballast, a lamp/ballast replacement, or a completely new

luminaire. The direct substitution involves using a screw-in direct replacement HPS or

MH lamp, which will operate on the existing MV ballast and within the constraints of the

MV fixture optics. In the lamp/ballast replacement scenario, the maintenance team may

choose to keep the same MV HID fixture, but replace the lamp and ballast to operate with

a different HID light source (which complies with the new standard). Clearly, for the

optics to be consistent, the lamp size of the replacement will have to be the same as the

original MV lamp. Finally, the maintenance team may choose to simply install a

completely new luminaire, including a new lamp, ballast and fixture.

III) Lamp and Ballast Retrofit - A MV ballast has failed and needs replacement, or a

maintenance team has decided it wants to upgrade all the HID lamp fixtures at a given

site. Within this scenario, there are two possible responses. The maintenance team can

either retrofit a new lamp and ballast into the existing MV fixture (making sure the light

output and optics of the new lamp match that of the retired MV lamp), or replace the

entire luminaire.

Table 4-1 summarizes these three possible substitution event scenarios for MV lamps,

ballasts, and luminaires. These three possibilities represent all the replacement scenarios the

Department is considering in the event that an end-user cannot install, replace, or retrofit a MV

lamp.

Table 4-1: Mercury Vapor Substitution Event Scenarios

1

Lurninaire Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV luminaire with a

New Installation compliant luminaire of equivalent light output

Lamp Lamp

Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp

Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

Lamp Lamp/Ballast compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

Lamp Replacement the existing fixture

Lamp Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast, and fixture)

Compare retrofit of a MV lamp and ballast

Lamp/Ballast Lamp/Ballast combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

III combination of equivalent light output

Lamp/Ballast

Retrofit Compare retrofit of a MV lamp and ballast

Lamp/Ballast Luminaire combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

ballast, and fixture) of equivalent light output

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
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The following sections explore the three MV installation types (i.e., new installation,

lamp replacement and lamp/ballast retrofit) and possible market responses, identifying

replacement lamps, ballasts and luminaires.

4.1. New Installations

For new installations, the Department is basing the substitution analysis on a direct

comparison between the baseline and a luminaire with equivalent light output and distribution.

The fact that only two major MV luminaire types are available from the key HID luminaire

manufacturers simplifies the analysis. One, the NEMA head luminaire used for streetlighting,

has two possible replacements - MH or HPS. The second is a lantern shaped security-type

luminaire that can be pole-mounted or wall-mounted on the exterior of buildings. This luminaire

has three possible replacements: CFL, MH, and HPS. In addition to these two major luminaire

types, a limited number of landscape lighting applications specify MV luminaires. Although

manufacturers do not market these MV luminaires explicitly, fixtures may be custom-ordered

with any HID light source, as long as the shape of the lamp and the coupling of the base are

consistent with ANSI bulb and base specifications (ANSI C78.40).

42. Mercury Vapor Lamp Substitution Technology Options

There are three possible ways an end-user could respond to the need for replacing a failed

MV lamp under a regulatory framework where MV technology is no longer available in the

market: (1) install a retrofit lamp, (2) install a new lamp and ballast, or (3) replace the entire

luminaire.

4.2.1. Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Lamp Direct Substitution

The first substitution for the lamp replacement case compares the substitution of a

replacement lamp for a MV lamp. The lamp is a direct replacement that can take the place of a

MV lamp, matching the lamp shape and base, without any changes to the existing fixture and

ballast. Table 4-2 lists all the direct replacement options available today.

Table 4-2: Direct Lamp-to-Lamp Replacement

67

Note: Shaded boxes are the most common MV wattages, and represent the scenarios that the

Department will consider in the LCC analysis (see Section 5) for this type of replacement.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 4-2 identifies the most likely replacement wattages for the MV lamps. For the 400-

watt MV lamp, the 400-watt MH lamp would have much greater light output, but no realized

energy savings.

The Department invites stakeholder feedback on the direct lamp-to-lamp replacements

presented in Table 4-2. Are there other lamps that the Department should consider?

4.2.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Lamp/Ballast Substitution

The Department is basing the second substitution analysis for the lamp replacement case

on a comparison of the cost of a MV lamp to the cost of a replacement lamp/ballast combination.

This case involves replacing both the lamp and ballast in an existing MV luminaire. The bulb

shape and coupling must meet the same ANSI specifications. The Department will consider only

options with light output greater than or equal to the existing MV source. Light output is based

on the rated mean-lumen output of the bare lamp. Table 4-3 lists the options the Department will

consider for this lamp replacement case.

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 4-3: Lamp-to-Lamp/Ballast Substitution

The Department invites stakehoiders to comment on the technologies shown and the

shaded lamp/ballast combinations selected in Table 4-3. Are there other lamp/ballast

combinations that the Department should consider or select?

4.2.3. Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Luminaire Substitution

The third lamp replacement case considers the substitution of a MV lamp with a

luminaire of equivalent light output and distribution. The Department identifies likely

69

Note: Shaded rows represent the most likely replacements for MV lamps. and represent the scenarios

that the Department will consider in the LCC analysis (see Section 5).

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Framewoi*for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

substitution technology options for these applications, based on lurninaire availability and

performance. For each case, the Department considers substitution technology options with light

output equal to, or greater than, that of the original MV source, as shown in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4: Mercury Vapor Lamp-to-Luminaire Substitutions

I CFL (4x26w) CFL (6x32w) CFL ((x42w) T-5H0(6x54w)

T-8 (3x32w) 175 MH T-SHO(4x54w) 450 PMH

High-Bay 100 PMR 150 PMH 250 MU 750 PMH

7OHPS I5OHPS 250 PMH 400HPS

CFL (4x26w) CFL (6x32w) CFL (6x42w) T-5H0(6x54w)

T-8 (3x32w) 175 MH T-51-1O(4x54w) 450 PMH

Low-Bay 100 PMH 150 PMH 250 MR 750 PMH

70BPS 15OHPS 25OPMH 400HPS

______________ _____________

200 HPS ______________

7OPMH

___ ___________

IOOPMH

___ ______________

175MH 250MH 45OPMH

Roadway 5OHPS 7OHPS I5OPMR 200PMH 75OPMH

Architectural 55 QL QL 85 150 HPS 250 PMH 400 HPS

______________ ________________ ___________ QL 165 200 HPS ______________

50 lIPS 100 PMH 175MH 250 MR 45OPMH

Streetlighting 70 lIPS 70 HPS 150 PMH 250 PMH 750 PMH

I5OHPS 2001-IPS 4001-lIPS ____________ ______________ ____________

l75MH 250MB 450 PMH

150 PMH 250 PMB 750 PMH

Large Area I5ORPS 200 UPS 400HPS

QL 165

42 CFL TOO PMH

55 QL 70 BPS Small Area 70 PMH QL 85

_____________

50 HPS _____________ _____________ _____________

42 CFL

_____________

100 PMII 175 MR 250 MH

Security 70 PMH 70 BPS 150 PMH 250 PMH

____________

5OHPS I5OHPS 200HPS ____________

42CFL

____________

IOOPMI1 175MH 250MR 45OPMH

Landscape 70 PMR 70 BPS 150 PMH 250 PMH 750 PMR

5OHPS I5ORPS 200HPS 4001-lIPS ____________ ____________

Note: Shaded boxes represent the most common MV wattages for each of these product applications,

and represent the scenarios that the Department will consider in the LCC analysis (see Section 5).

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For each of the eight product applications, shaded boxes highlight the most common MV

wattage found in those applications. The Department selected these MV wattages based on

feedback from NEMA and lighting specifiers, and the Lighting Market Characterization report

(Nd, 2002). The Department will conduct an LCC analysis on each of the shaded boxes;

however, the NES analysis will consider MV shipments across all the product applications

(including the MV shipments and the substitution technology options in the non-shaded boxes).

The Department invites stakeholders to comment on the replacement luminaires shown in

Table 4-4. Are there other luminaire replacements that the Department should consider or

some that the Department should remove?

4.3. Lamp/Ballast Retrofit

For the scenario where both the lamp and ballast of an existing MV luminaire need

replacing, the Department considers two possible outcomes: 1) replacement of the MV

lamp/ballast with a substitute lamp/ballast, and 2) replacement of the MV lamp/ballast with an

equivalent (çerforming) luminaire.

4.3.1. Mercury Vapor Lamp/Ballast-to-Lamp/Ballast

The first replacement option is to substitute an alternative lamp/ballast for a failed MV

ballast and its lamp in an existing MV luminaire. The bulb shape and coupling must meet the

same ANSI specifications, and the Department considers only options with a bare lamp mean

light output equal to or greater than the existing MV lamp. The replacements are identical to the

ones presented in Table 4-3. The difference in this scenario is that, for the baseline, The

Department will include the cost of MV ballasts, along with the cost of MV lamps.

4.3.2. Mercury Vapor Lamp/Ballast-to-Luminaire

The second replacement option is to substitute a new luminaire for a failed MV ballast

and its lamp. For this case, an entire luminaire replaces the MV luminaire. The Department

considers only luminaires with light output greater than or equal to the existing MV luminaire.

For the baseline, the Department must include the cost of the MV lamp ballast, along with the

cost of the MV lamp. The replacement options take into account the lighting service that the MV

luminaire had been performing, and thus will match the substitutions presented in Table 4-4.

4.4. Summary

Based on these scenarios and substitution technology options, Table 4-5 presents a

summary of the LCC inputs by product application.

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4.4.1. Summary of Relevant Substitution Analyses

The MV substitution analyses presented in Table 4-1 do not apply to all the product

applications and wattages that the Department will consider in the Determination Analysis. For

example, some of the product applications may not have any new installations of MV luminaires,

rendering the new installation substitution analysis unnecessary. Therefore, based on

preliminary market research on manufacturers, distributors and lighting specifiers, the

Department will look at only those specific types of substitution analyses for the product

applications and MV lamp wattages shown in Table 4-5. As presented in Table 4-1, the

substitution analyses correspond to the following:

I. New Installation

II. Lamp Replacement

III. Lamp/Ballast Retrofit

When constructing the NES analysis (Section 6), the Department will estimate the

likelihood of each of the three substitution events occurring. These estimates will be based on

lamp and ballast lifetimes, estimated operating hours and an estimated growth rate for new

installations.

For the LCC analysis (Section 5), within a Type II and Type III substitution event, there

is more than one action an end-user may take. For example, for a Lamp Replacement (Type II),

each of three replacement scenarios is possible; therefore the Department will develop a

likelihood replacement weighting, such as 30% Lamp-to-Lamp, 25% Lamp-to-Lamp/Ballast and

45% Lamp-to-Luminaire. The appropriate weighting estimates will be based on the 1ESNA

recommended practices and consultation with industry experts, including specifiers, distributors,

designers and manufacturers. The Department will conduct LCC analyses on those replacement

options that have significant replacement weights according to these sources.

Based on the LCC results and consultation with industry experts, the Department will

also develop likely substitution technology option weights for the technologies that will replace

the baseline technologies (see Section 5 for further discussion).

The Department will perform the LCC analysis on each replacement case separately. The

Department will use both the replacement weighting and the substitution technology option

weights in the NES, as discussed in Section 6, when combining these scenarios into an aggregate

national estimate of energy savings.

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The Department invites stakeholders to comment on the replacement scenarios presented

in Table 4-5. Are the correct types of substitutions considered for each of the product

application? Are there some that the Department should drop or some that the

Department should add?

4.4.2. Relevant Components for the Life-Cycle Cost and National Energy Savings

This section summarizes all the components (lamps, ballasts, and luminaires) for which the

Department will need to gather price data to conduct its economic analysis. The Department's

methodology for gathering these inputs appears in Section 5, Life Cycle Cost and Payback

Period Analysis, and Section 6, National Energy Savings Analysis.

There are at least 25 lamps for which the Department will require average industry prices

for the analysis. Table 4-6 presents these lamps.

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Table 4-5: Summary of Proposed Substitution Event Analyses

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Table 4-6: Lamp Types by Technology

1IIF J4 _ __ ____

lOOMog l5OMog 7OMed* 325Mog 5OMed* l5OMog 26watt*

BT/ED23.5 BT28/ED28 E/ED17 ED37 ED/B17 BT28/ED28 4-pin CFL

175 Mog 360 Mog 70 Mog* 50 Mog 300 Mog 42 watt*

BT28/ED28 BT37/ED37 ED28 BT37 4-pin CFL

70 Med*

400Mog lOOMed* ED/B17 36OMog 32watt48"*

BT37/ED37 E/EDI7 BT37/ED37 4-pin T-8 7OMog*

100 Mog ED23.5 54 watt 48"*

ED28 150 Mog 4-pin T-5R0

BT28/ED28

B3!ED3 c*

250 Mog

ED37

* Lamps needed to complete luminaire package

Table 4-7 lists the ballasts for which the Department needs to obtain input data. There

are 10 ballasts in total. All ballasts greater than 1 50 rated watts are CWA multi-tap ballasts

capable of operating at a variety of input voltages (typically 120/240/277/480). The other

ballasts are reactor types (HX) designed to work at a single input voltage of 120 volts. The

ballast includes the coil and core, capacitor, and ignitor (for HPS and PMH).

Finally, Table 4-8 lists the luminaire types for which the Department will need to obtain

input data. There may be large variability in pricing, depending on the manufacturer, quantity,

and product chosen.

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Table 4-7: Ballast Types by Lamp Technology

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Table 4-8: Luminaire Types by Technology

i!U

Security: High-Bay: High-Bay: High-Bay: High-Bay:

175 watt 250 watt 250 watt 200 watt 6x42w CFL

Streetlighting: Large Area: Low-Bay: Low-Bay: Low-Bay:

175 watt 250 watt 100 watt 70 watt 4x26w CFL

Roadway Roadway High-Bay:

Architectural: Architectural: 4x54 T-5H0

100 watt 100 watt Low-Bay:

Streetlighting: Streetlighting: 3x32 T-8

100 watt 70 watt Small Area:

Large Area: Large Area: 85 watt Induction

250 watt 70 watt

Small Area: Small Area:

100 watt 70 watt

Security: Security:

100 watt 70 watt

Landscape: Streetlighting:

100 watt 50 watt

Landscape:

70 watt

It is important to note that manufacturers typically package the luminaire without the

lamp. In other words, they package and sell only the fixture and ballast. Therefore, the

Department may need to determine the price of the associated lamp separately, and then add this

to the cost of the fixture and ballast package, in order to calculate the total price of the luminaire.

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5. Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis

Increasing the energy efficiency of a product in order to comply with a standard affects

the costs of purchasing and operating the product. Higher-efficiency products usually have an

increased purchase price and decreased operating costs. For this reason, the Department will

perform a LCC analysis to determine whether the operating cost savings (reduced electricity

bills) are sufficient to justify the higher end-user installed cost of the technology that meets the

possible standard compared to the installed cost of the baseline.

For the purposes of this Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of Energy

Conservation Standards for HID Lamps, the Department will analyze an energy conservation

standard that results in higher-efficacy HID lamps. The Department will analyze the LCC for

individual installations in order to assess the net economic impacts of various substitution

technology options that a standard may require.

5.1. Treatment of Sectors

The Department will calculate the LCC for each product application, for the sectors that

typically use the luminaires in that product application. This section presents brief explanations

of each sector of the LCC analysis. See Section 5.6, Life-Cycle Cost Cases, for details on

product applications that the Department will analyze for each sector.

Commercial Sector. This sector includes luminaires used for interior lighting in

commercial buildings. It also includes exterior ]ighting aftached to, or associated with, a

commercial building or complex of buildings whose owner pays for the lighting, whether it is

metered along with the interior lighting or metered separately.

Industrial Sector. This sector includes luminaires used for interior lighting in industrial

buildings. It also includes exterior lighting attached to, or associated with, an industrial building

or complex whose owner pays for the lighting, whether it is metered along with the interior

lighting or metered separately.

Public Sector. This sector accounts for those luminaires from the outdoor stationary sector

described in Section 2.4.1 .2 that provide public roadway lighting (including rural roadways),

streetlighting, and area lighting (including parking lot lighting) not associated with the

residential, commercial or industrial sectors.

Residential Sector. This sector includes residential outdoor lighting.

5.2. Life-Cycle Cost

The LCC is the sum of the total installed cost (i.e., to purchase and install a product) and

the operating costs over the product life. For this analysis, the Department discounts and sums

lamp and ballast replacement costs and lifetime operating costs, such as electricity costs. It then

adds these costs to the total installed cost to obtain the LCC, as shown in Equation 5.1.

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LCC = P +

(1±r)t

Where:

P = Total installed cost ($)

= Sum over analysis period

= Annual operating cost ($)

r = Discount rate for life cycle cost

t = Lifetime (years)

(Equation 5.1)

The Department calculates the LCC by adding the installed cost and all the annual

operating costs until the end of the equipment lifetime. It discounts future costs to the year of

initial purchase before adding them to the installed costs. The analysis calculates the LCC

savings as the difference between the LCC of the baseline technology option and the LCC of the

technology option after standards. If the LCC of the technology option after standards is lower,

then the difference is positive and is expressed as "life cycle cost savings." Figure 5-1 illustrates

the total LCC for two technology options, a baseline (no standards) and a substitution technology

option (after standards).

COSTS

(5) Baseline A A A A

A Difference:

A Baseline- Standards

A

Do

0

0

n

$0 0

0

2009 Years Since Purchase

A A Baseline LCC

(a)

0

LCC Savings

Figure 5-1: Illustration of Life-Cycle Costs for Two Technologies: Baseline and Standards

In each case, the initial purchase involves installed costs (to pay for the HID system and

its installation). Typically, the more energy-efficient substitution technology option required in

the standards case has a higher initial equipment cost than the baseline technology. Over the

years that the HID system is in use, the system incurs lamp replacement costs and, in some cases,

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ballast replacement costs, as well as operating costs, including electricity costs. The baseline

system uses more electricity than the more efficient substitution technology option in the

standards case, so total costs accumulate more quickly over time for the baseline technology than

for the standards case substitution technology option.

Figure 5-2 provides a flow diagram, illustrating the inputs, calculated values, and outputs

in the LCC analysis. A representative value or a range of values (for sensitivity analysis) will

represent each input. The Department will label data sources in the LCC spreadsheet and fully

document them in a spreadsheet user's guide. For review and use by non-technical users, the

spreadsheet incorporates pull-down menus for sensitivities (e.g., alternative assumptions).

abor Rate

End User

ectPrice rTime1Es:ion

Contractor Initial Total

Sales Tax Equipment Installed Markup Cost Cost

Equipment

Price

Pavback Life-C cle

Period

Annual Annual Annual Lifetime

System Wattage Electricity Electricity Operating Operating

Consumption Cost Cost Cost

Operating Electricity Ballast

Hours Price Lifetime L

Replacement Lamp Discount

Lamp & Labor Replacement Rate LCC Inputs

Costs Cost ___________________

I

I LEII7 Calculated Values Electricity

Lamp

Lif ti I

Price Trend

e L LCC Output tne

Figure 5-2: Flow Diagram of Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for High intensity Discharge Lamps

The Department will conduct the LCC analysis using representative values to reflect

product prices and lifetimes, energy costs, energy usage, and discount rates. The Department

will analyze the LCC of the baseline technology (MV) and one or more substitution technology

options (usually MH and HPS options). The LCC djfference is the savings (or costs) associated

with each substitution technology option relative to the baseline. The following sections discuss

the LCC inputs and describe the intended approach for obtaining them. For some inputs, the

Department proposes a value to use, based on previous analysis or publicly available

information. For other input variables, the Department proposes method(s) of obtaining input

values. When the Department has completed its research on these inputs, it will publish the

intended inputs to the LCC analysis. This will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to

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comment on the proposed inputs and methodology. Section 5.6 below presents more detail on

the LCC cases that the Department will analyze.

IESNA's Lighting Handbook, 9th edition (2000), presents a calculation method for the

LCC of lamps. Appendix G of this document describes this method and compares it to the

proposed calculation method. Appendix G also shows that the payback period methods

described here and in the IESNA Handbook are essential]y the same.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on the proposed LCC calculation method.

5.2.1. income Tax Effects

The Department is considering whether to include the impact of income taxes in the LCC

ana]ysis for this Determination. The Department recognizes that there are two ways in which

taxes affect the net impacts attributed to purchasing more energy efficient equipment compared

to baseline equipment: (I) energy efficient equipment typically costs more to purchase than

baseline equipment which in turn lowers net income and may lower company taxes; and (2)

efficient equipment typically costs less to operate than baseline equipment which in turn

increases net income and may increase company taxes. In some cases these two tax impacts

balance each other out, in other cases tax benefits outweigh costs, and in still other cases tax

costs outweigh benefits. in general, the Department believes the net impact of taxes on the LCC

analysis depends upon: (1) firm profitability and (2) firm "expense" practices (how firms

expense the purchase cost of equipment). In the case of finn profitability, data from the Internal

Revenue Service (IRS) and the Value Line survey indicate that a large percentage of firms do not

pay taxes.8'9 Thus, for these firms, income taxes have no bearing on the LCC analysis. For those

firms that do pay taxes, the firm's "expense" practice, such as straight-line depreciation,

accelerated depreciation, and first year expensing, affects the degree in which taxes are lowered.

The Department seeks input on whether income tax effects are significant enough to

warrant inclusion in the LCC analysis for the Determination. The Department specifically

requests information on how many firms that purchase HID equipment actually pay taxes

and, if they do, what "expense" practices are utilized to depreciate the purchase costs.

53. Total In stalled Cost

The total installed cost for an HID system includes the equipment cost and the installation

cost as shown in Figure 5-2.

IRS, Statistics of Income Bulletin, Winter 2001-2002, Publication 1136 (Rev. 2-2002).

Damordoran, Aswaith. New York University. Stem School of Business. Accessed June, 2003.

http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/-odamodar/ (Click on Updated Data. Download Excel spreadsheet providing companyspecific information at top of The Data Page by clicking on the "clicking here" button.)

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5.3.1. Equipment Cost

The purchaser of the equipment pays the equipment cost, which includes the sales tax

applied to the equipment price. The equipment price is either the end-user's direct price or, if the

equipment is purchased through a contractor, the manufacturer's equipment price plus a

contractor markup.

Because HID lamps are part of a lamp/ballast/luminaire system, the Department needs

prices for all of these components. The initial equipment price includes lamp, ballast, and

luminaire. When a lamp or ballast bums out, a substitution event occurs in which an end-user

replaces only the lamp, or the ballast and lamp, or the entire luminaire. For each of these events,

the corresponding equipment cost is considered, i.e., replacement lamp, ballast and lamp, or the

entire luminaire, respectively.

There are several approaches the Department is considering to determine equipment

prices. The Department will exercise some or all of the approaches, which are shown in Table

5-1. The Department recognizes that the price differs according to the number of lamps

purchased (e.g., single lamp or bulk purchase of a large quantity) and proposes to arrive at an

average cost for each sector. The Department expects single lamp purchases to be more common

for residential applications, and bulk purchases to be more common for commercial and

industrial applications.

The Department requests that stakeholders comment on these proposed methods and

provide any additional sources they believe the Department should consider.

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Table 5-1: Potential Sources of High Intensity Discharge Equipment Pricing

________________

Electrical Product-specific pricing information will be The prices obtained will establish a 'user net'

Distributors and gathered from firms and individuals price, that is, the price a contractor or 'end

Electrical regularly engaged in the trade of selling or user' would reasonably expect to pay for the

Contractors purchasing of lighting fixtures and lighting selected luminaire, ballast, or lamp. In

products. selected instances, published pricing

available via electronic media will be used to

corroborate pricing that has been provided by

contacts or where direct pricing is not

available or practical.

Manufacturer Blue Blue Book prices are the manufacturer list Contract one or more lighting specifier(s) to

Book Averages prices, generally representing the upper part review Blue Book prices lists of the major

of the pricing range. Manufacturers and manufacturers, identify the most common

distributors develop discount multipliers to products specified, and calculate average

apply to the list prices in order to calculate Blue Book prices to use. The Department

the electrical contractor's price, which the will estimate typical discount schedules

contractor then marks up for the end-user, provided to lighting contractors to arrive at a

final selling price.

Internet Sources www.bulbs.com End-user pricing; bulk procurement price

www.homedepot.com reductions

Other sources

General Services Negotiated price schedules for all federal Publicly-available information; prices paid

Administration purchasing officers of HID light sources. for HID lighting systems

State Purchasing Some States coordinate purchasing through Contact State Purchasing Officers and

Offices one entity to secure larger procurements and request pricing schedules on HID lighting

better prices, technology.

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The Department is aware that there are a number of important issues regarding lamp

equipment pricing. These include the typical discounts applied to list prices, the price variability

associated with bulk procurement opportunities, and the apportionment of shipment volumes by

each of the six distribution channels identified in Figure 2-8 in Section 2.2.2 of this draft

framework. These issues will impact the price ultimately used as an input to the LCC.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on how to handle this variability in

discount multipliers, price, and shipment apportionment by distribution channels.

5.3.1.1. Contractor Markup

For the contractor markup on HID lighting, the Department proposes using 15%. For the

Department's energy efficiency standards rulemaking for fluorescent lamp ballasts (DOE, 2000),

the contractor markup was 13%. HID lighting often has higher mounting heights, requires

special equipment, and has higher risks for the contractor calling for a slightly higher markup

rate.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on contractor markup and other sources

for this information.

5.3.1.2. Sales Tax

State and local sales taxes vary in the U.S. from 0 to 10%, with a population-weighted

national average of 6.7%. The Department obtained information on State sales taxes from the

Federation of Tax Administrators (FTA, 2003) and information on local taxes from the Sales Tax

Clearinghouse (STC, 2003). The Department derived population by state from the U.S. Census

Bureau (Census, 2003b). The Department intends to use 6.7% for the sales tax.

The Department requests stakehoder comments on data sources and methods for

estimating and weighting sales taxes.

5.3.2. Installation Cost

The installation cost involves both the time to install or replace a lamp, ballast, or

luminaire and the associated labor rate. A new installation incurs the costs of the luminaire

including the ballast, and the initial lamp. Replacements include the cost of lamp, lamp and

ballast, or lamp, ballast and fixture, depending on the specific case. The Department will

quantify differences in labor time (e.g., between installing a lamp and replacing a luminaire) and

include these in the LCC analysis.

5.3.2.1. Labor Times

The Department proposes to use existing estimates of the amount of time required to

replace a lamp, ballast and lamp, or complete lurninaire, based on the 2003 Craftsman National

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Electrical Estimator. For the product applications established in section 2 of this draft

framework, the amount of time required to replace a lamp, replace a lamp and ballast, or install a

new luminaire will vary, depending primarily on the mounting height of the luminaire.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on data sources and the proposed method

for estimating labor times.

5.3.2.2. Labor Rates

The Department will estimate labor rates (dollars per hour) from R.S. Means Electrical

Cost Data 2002 and from Census Bureau reports. The Department will estimate labor rates for

maintenance workers responsible for lamp replacement and electrical contractors responsible for

replacing ballasts and installing hard-wired fixtures.

The Department requests stakeholders to suggest other sources that the Department

should review for labor rates or labor classifications associated with the installation,

maintenance, and operation of HID lamps.

5.4. Lifetime Operating Cost

The lifetime operating cost includes the armual operating costs, discounted over the LCC

analysis period at an appropriate discount rate, using a projection of electricity prices for the

analysis period. Elements of the Department's proposed methodology for performing this LCC

analysis are as follows:

The analysis period starts in 2011, the probable start year for possible standards.

The Department proposes to express all monetary results as 2002 dollars.

• The analysis will discount energy cost savings and equipment costs in the LCC analysis

to the year that standards are assumed to start (2011).

5.4.1. Ballast and Lamp Lifetimes

For this draft framework, all the HID ballasts and luminaires considered in the

substitution analysis (Section 4) are electromagnetic ballasts. The Department proposes to use

50,000 hours as the HiD ballast lifetime, based on information from a major ballast manufacturer

(Advance, 2003).

The service life of the HID ballast (in years) is the rated ballast lifetime (in hours) divided

by its aimual operating hours. Annual operating hours are specific to each product application

and sector.

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The LCC analysis will use manufacturers' catalogs to determine rated lamp lifetimes.

For lamp replacements, the Department will estimate current relamping hours (the number of

hours after which end users typically replace lamps) through consultations with experts from

lighting maintenance companies, In many cases, end users "spot replace" lamps when they fail

(on average, at the end of rated lifetime) and, in other cases, end users "group replace" all of the

lamps in a space as preventive maintenance. Relamping hours are a weighted-average of the

percentages of spot replacement and group replacement.

The Department requests comments from stakeholders on lamp and ballast lifetimes. The

Department also requests comments on relamping practices for HID lamps, specifically the

relative likelihood of spot replacement and group replacement.

5.4.2. Discount Rate for Life-Cycle Cost

The calculation of consumer LCC requires the use of an appropriate discount rate to

calculate the present value at the time of purchase of future annual operating costs. The discount

rate approximates the cost of capital for those who will make the required investment in HID

lamps that will meet a possible energy efficiency standard. Conceptually, the cost of capital

reflects all of the funding sources available to the owner, including debt financing and retained

profits (owner's equity). Consequently, the most appropriate discount rate depends on the

characteristics of the businesses, institutions, or other parties affected by a standard.

For the recent commercial fluorescent ballast rulemaking (DOE, 2000), the Department

used a (real or inflation-adjusted) discount rate of 8%, with sensitivities performed at 4% and

15%. For this analysis, the Department proposes to use the same discount rates for the

commercial and industrial sectors. It will base a discount rate for roadway, street, and area

lighting on the national average state and local bond rate, adjusted for inflation. The proposed

discount rate based on Federal Reserve Board data is 3%, with sensitivities of 1% and 7% (FRB,

2002). The rationale for this approach is that both municipalities and state highway agencies

use bonds to finance capital and operating costs. The proposed discount rate for residential

outdoor lighting will be 6% with sensitivities at 2% and 10%. Those are the same residential

discount rates the Department used in the LCC analysis of standards for residential central air

conditioners and heat pumps in 2002 (DOE, 2002b).

The Department requests comments from stakeholders on the discount rates it intends to

use in the LCC Analysis.

5.4.3. Annual Operating Cost

Annual operating cost is the annual electricity cost plus any operating or maintenance

costs. For HID luminaires, lamps are replaced as they bum out individually or at a

predetermined time interval (typically 75% of rated lamp life) as in the case of group rclaniping.

The Department will calculate lamp replacement costs in the year in which they occur and will

add them to electricity costs to determine annual operating cost.

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5.4.3.1. Annual Electricity Consumption

The Department will calculate energy consumption as the product of wattage and

operating hours.

Wattage - The Department will take system (lamp/ballast) wattages from current

manufacturer catalogs.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on the proposed method for obtaining

wattages.

Operating Hours - The Department proposes to use operating hours for the commercial,

industrial, and public sectors adapted from the Lighting Market Characterization (NCI, 2002),

shown in Table 5-2. These hours are based on a national database of lighting audits of existing

buildings for the commercial and industrial sector, and on data from state and local

transportation agencies for the public sector. Operating hours for outdoor security and landscape

applications are generally from dusk to dawn. The Department proposes to use the same hours

for the residential sector as those proposed for the public sector, since both use photo sensors that

turn lights on after sunset and off before sunrise.

The Department requests stakeholder input on the operating hours for the luminaire types

in Table 5-2.

5.4.3.2. Electricity Prices and Trends

The annual electricity cost is the product of electricity consumption of the HID luminaire

and the annual electricity price. The price of electricity varies from one installation to another,

depending on who operates it. Typical HID lighting installations include roadway lighting

(operated by State and Federal transportation departments and rural utilities), streetlighting

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Table 5-2: Annual Operating Hours for High Intensity Discharge Lighting

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(operated by local governments), and area and outdoor security lighting (operated by local

governments, and commercial, industrial and residential customers). The Department will

develop an electricity price for each product application in each applicable sector.

Current electricity prices - For highway lighting, the Department will estimate average

retail electricity prices from the Energy Information Administration (EIA)'s Form 861 for the

year 2000 (ETA, 2000). The Department will determine the average from a price distribution to

reflect the range of variation among utilities. Data for electricity sales and revenues are available

by utility type, including cooperatives, municipal, investor-owned utilities, and power marketers.

Preliminary analysis of the E1A data gives an average revenues/sales for highway lighting

of 9.0 - 11.0 cents/kWh. The Department proposes to use this as an estimate of streetlighting

prices, subject to further analysis to determine whether this price differs significantly between

publicly owned versus privately owned utilities. The Department will also research whether the

Department can use this data from those cooperatives and municipal utilities that serve rural

areas to estimate the price for rural roadway lighting.

For commercial and industrial lighting, the Department has estimated a marginal price of

8.8 - 9.0 cents/kWh. The Department will further investigate whether to adjust this value to

account for the timing of HID usage, which may occur predominantly during nighttime hours.

The Department will also research the costs of electricity for residential outdoor lighting.

Some of these lighting systems are leased from utilities, while the rest are owner-installed and

connected to the residential meter. Additional information sources for rural lighting may include

the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) and the Rural Utilities Service

(RUS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Complications in estimating electricity prices will arise for several reasons. The price of

electricity for streetlighting may need to account for the fact that some lighting customers may

pay a flat (fixed $) based on number and type of fixtures, irrespective of the amount of electricity

used. The use of a flat fee rather than a tariff impacts the relationship between customer energy

and monetary savings. ETA highway lighting data also include cases where municipalities do not

pay for streetlighting, and frequently lighting power is estimated rather than metered. There is

also a great deal of divergence in the per-kWh rate estimate from the ETA data for small utilities,

which are mostly cooperatives. For all of these reasons, the Department is considering

examining a set of utility tariffs to get a more accurate estimate of marginal electricity prices,

including those for smaller or rural utilities.

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Electricity Price Trends - Estimating operating costs over the life of the lamps requires

future electricity prices. The Department will base trends in future electricity prices on reference

case projections of national average electricity prices for streetlighting and commercial,

industrial, and residential customers obtained from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook 2003 (EIA,

2003). Future electricity price sensitivity cases (i.e., high and low economic cases) also will

come from this source.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on sources for electricity price data for

the commercial, industrial, public, and residential sectors, as well as other sources that

indicate future trends for these prices.

5.4.4. Period of Analysis

The period of analysis for calculating LCC is usually based upon the service life of the

technology, in the case of HID lamps, the lifetimes differ among components (lamp, ballast and

lurninaire) and among technology options (MV lamp vs. MH lamp vs. HPS lamp). Since some

of the baseline lamp technologies have different lifetimes than the substitution technology

options that will be substituted for them in the standards cases, any single period of analysis will

not correspond to the service life of all the technology options. To facilitate a fair comparison of

costs among different technology options with different service lives, the Department analyzes

all technology options within each substitution event over the same period of analysis.

The Department proposes to use one ballast service life (see Section 5.4.1 for definition)

as the period of analysis for substitution events I (new installation) and III (ballast failure) and to

use half of one ballast service life as the period of analysis for substitution event II (lamp

failure). The proposed period of analysis in years for events I and III is 50,000 hours divided by

operating hours (by product application and sector) and the proposed period for event II is

25,000 hours divided by operating hours.

The shorter analysis period for event II (lamp failure) corresponds to half the ballast

service life. As it is unknown how long any ballast in this event has been operating when the

lamp fails, the Department assumes that the representative ballast in the LCC analysis has been

in service an average of one-haifa ballast lifetime.

5.4.5. Lamp Replacement Costs and Terminal Values

The Department includes the first lamp for a new installation in total installed cost. It

calculates the number of subsequent lamp replacements during a ballast lifetime by dividing the

ballast rated lifetime, in hours, by the lamp rated lifetime, in hours, and rounding to the next

lower integer. This assumes that, when the ballast reaches the end of its operating life, its

partially used lamp is discarded. in the LCC, the Department includes the cost of replacing

lamps (including equipment and labor) and adds them to electricity costs for determining

operating costs.

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As discussed above, the analysis period for substitution events I (new installation) and III

(ballast failure) corresponds to one ballast service life. For these events, the LCC calculation

accounts for lamp replacement costs in the year in which they occur and discounts them to the

first year.

For the standards cases of event II (lamp failure), the period of analysis does not

correspond to the service life of the direct replacement lamp, the replacement ballast or

replacement luminaire. Therefore, the Department intends to take account of terminal values for

the equipment at the end of this shortened analysis period. A terminal value is the remaining

value of the technology option from the end of the period of analysis to the end of its service life.

The terminal value is applied as a "credit" at the end of the period of analysis. For example, in

the analysis of direct lamp replacement in response to a lamp failure, if the period of analysis is 6

years and the lamp service life is 6 years, there is no terminal value. But if the period of analysis

is 6 years and the lamp service life is 8 years, then there is value remaining in the lamp after the

period of analysis corresponding to the 2 years of remaining lamp service life. The terminal

value is prorated, so 2/8 of the installed cost of the lamp is applied as a credit (subtracted from

the LCC) in the last year of the period of analysis, and discounted to the first year. For an event

II, a terminal value of half the initial ballast costs or half the luminaire costs will be incorporated

into the LCC calculation, since the analysis period encompasses only half of the ballast service

life of these options.

5.5. Payback Period

Based on the same inputs, a simpler measure of the impact of an energy-efficiency

standard is the payback period (PB). PB is the ratio of increase in total installed costs to the

decrease in annual operating costs, where the differences are between the baseline and the

substitution technology option. The PB is expressed in years. The Department does not discount

costs in this formulation of payback period.

The PB is the amount of time needed to recover through lower operating costs, OC, the

additional consumer investment, PC, in increased efficiency. PB is found by solving the

equation:

APC+z\0C1 =0 (Equation 5.2)

In general, PB is found by interpolating between the two years when the expression in

Eq. 5.2 changes sign. If the operating cost is constant, the equation has the simple solution:

PB=- APC

AOC

(Equation 5.3)

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Numerically, the PB is the ratio of APC, the difference in purchase (and installation)

price between the baseline and the energy-efficient models, to AOC, the decrease in annual

operating expenditures (including maintenance).

IESNA's Lighting Handbook, 9th edition (2000), presents a calculation method for

payback period. Appendix G of this document describes this method and compares it to the

proposed calculation method. Appendix G also shows that the payback period methods

described here and in the JESNA Handbook are equivalent.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on the proposed calculation method for

payback period.

5.6. Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options

The Department will run LCC analyses for the product applications and sectors that

appear below.

Table 5-3: Life-Cycle Cost Analyses by Product Application, Sector

and Baseline Mercury Vapor Lamp Wattage

ii

Commercial 400W Table 5-4 Indoor, High-Bay

industrial 400W Table 5-4

Commercial 175W Table 5-5 Indoor, Low-Bay

industrial 175W Table 5-5

Outdoor, Roadway, Architectural Public Sector 175W Table 5-6

100W Table 5-7 Outdoor, Roadway, Streethghting Public Sector

175W Table 5-8

Commercial 400W Table 5-9 Outdoor, Area Lighting, Large Area

industrial 400W Table 5-9

Commercial 175W Table 5-10 Outdoor, Area Li ghting, Small Area

industrial 175W Table 5-10

Residential 175W Table 5-1 1

Outdoor, Area Lighting, Security Commercial 175W Table 5-1 1

industrial 175W Table 5-1 1

Floodlighting, Landscape Commercial 175W Table 5-12

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The eight product applications are shown in Table 5-4 through Table 5-12. The

Department will calculate three replacement options-luminaire replacement, lamp/ballast

replacement, and direct lamp replacement-separately for each product application. The

Department will analyze replacement options for all of the product applications for each sector

(commercial, industrial, public, and/or residential) where they are commonly used. These cases

are based on Table 4-5, which summarizes the substitutions for each of the eight product

applications.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on the percentage of the market that will

choose each substitution technology option (Replace Lamp, Replace Lamp/Ballast, or

Replace Luminaire) in Table 5-4 through Table 5-12, in response to the baseline lamp

possibly becoming unavailable due to a standard. The Department will use these

percentages (replacement weights) to select the most common substitution technology

options for the LCC analysis.

Table 5-4: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 1: High-Bay

I!U!LIJI 1'

NewMV NA There are no new installations occurring for MV

New Installatton Luminaires lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5),

therefore this substitution event is not considered.

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

325W MH compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

400W MH

300W HPS

360W HPS

Replace Lamp/Ballast Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

Replace Lamp 360W MR compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

320W PMH the existing fixture.

Lamp Failure 400W MV 250W HPS

Replace Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

250W MI-I compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

250W PMH

200W HPS

T-5H0 (4x54w)

CFL (6x42w)

_______________________________________

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

III Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 400W MV Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-5: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 2: Low-Bay

II M I I

iiFt t'

New MV NA There are no new installations occurring for MV

New Installation Luminaires lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5),

therefore this substitution event is not considered.

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

150W HPS compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

Replace Lamp/Ballast Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

Replace Lamp I SOW MH the existing fixture.

Lamp Failure 175W MV

I5OWHPS

Replace Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

70W HPS

T-8 (3x32w)

CFL (4x26w)

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

III Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 175W MV Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-6: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 3:

Roadway Architectural

____________

- V>

.

New MV NA There arc no new installations occurring for M\'

New Installation Luminaires lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5),

therefore this substitution event is not considered.

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

1 50W HPS compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

Replace Lamp/Ballast Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

II Replace Lamp 150W MH the existing fixture.

Lamp Failure 175W MV I SOW HPS

Replace Lurninaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

70W HPS

QL 85

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

III Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 175W MV Same as Lurninaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant himinaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-7: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 4a:

Streetlighting (100W)

- L. RtL.J

I New Luminaire There are no new installations occurring for MV

NA lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5),

New Installation therefore this substitution event is not considered.

NA There is no replacement of a MV lamp with that of

a compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

There is no replacement of a MV lamp with that of

II Replace Lamp NA a compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

Lamp Failure 100W MV the existing fixture.

Replace Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

50W HPS compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

There is no retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

NA combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

Replace combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 100W Mv Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-8: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 4b:

Streetlighting (175W)

TT

rn r .. .. !.L.-....

I \ew Lummaire New Luminaire Compare installation of a MV luminaire with

0

New Installation 175W MV 70W HPS compliant luminanes, producing equivalent light

t Ut

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

1 50W HPS compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

Replace Lamp/Ba] last Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

II Replace Lamp 150W MH the existing fixture.

Lamp Failure 175W MV 150W HPS

Replace Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

70W HPS

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

Ill Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 175W MV Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-9: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 5: Large Area

___ ________________

___

New MV NA There are no new installations occurring for MV

New Installation Luminaires lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5),

therefore this substitution event is not considered.

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

325W MR compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

400W MR

300W RPS

360W HPS

Replace Lamp Replace Lamp/Ballast Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

360W MR compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

Lamp Failure 400W MV 320W PMH the existing fixture.

250W HPS

Replace Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

250W MR compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

2SOWPMH

200WHPS

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

III Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 400W MV Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-10: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 6: Small Area

____ 1 I1JIL

I N MV ew

There are no new installations occlJrring for MV

New Installation Luminaires NA lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5).

.

therefore this substitution event is not considered.

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

1 50W HPS compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

Replace Lamp/Ballast Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

II Replace Lamp 150W MH the existing fixture.

Lamp Failure 175W MV 150W HPS

Replace Lurninaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

7OWHPS

QL 85

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 175W 4\I Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-11: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 7: Security

t!LI_ I •

____

V

___ ____ ___

_________

New MV

I I

There are no new instaflaiions occurring for MV

New Installation Luminaires NA lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5),

therefore this substitution event is not considered.

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

1 50W HPS compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

Replace Lamp/Ballast Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

1] Replace Lamp 100W PMH compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

Lamp Failure 175W MV

150W MH the existing fixture.

150W HPS

Replace Lurninaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

70W HPS

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

111 Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 175W MV Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

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Table 5-12: Life-Cycle Cost Technology Options for Product Application 8: Landscape

::

I NewMV There are no new installations occurring for MV

New Installation Luminaires NA lamps in this product application (see Table 4-5),

therefore this substitution event is not considered.

Replace Lamp Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

1 50W HPS compliant screw-in direct replacement lamp.

Replace Lamp/Ballast Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

II Replace Lamp 100W PMH compliant lamp and ballast combination utilizing

Lamp Failure 175W MV

150W MH the existing fixture.

150W HPS

Replace Luminaire Compare replacement of a MV lamp with that of a

100W PMH compliant luminaire (lamp, ballast and fixture).

70W HPS

Same as Lamp/Ballast Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant lamp and ballast

III Replace Lamp Failure combination of similar light output.

Lamp/Ballast

Ballast Failure 175W MV Same as Luminaire Compare retrofit from a MV lamp and ballast

replacement under combination to a compliant luminaire (lamp,

Lamp Failure ballast and fixture) of similar light output.

5.7. Results of the Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis

The difference in LCC between the baseline technology and the substimtion technology

option is the LCC Savings. Normally, the LCC of the substitution technology option is lower

than that of the baseline, and the LCC Savings are positive. The results of the LCC Savings will

include:

G Increased Total Installed Cost ($)

• Decreased Annual Operating Costs ($)

• Life-Cycle Cost Savings ($)

• Payback Period (years)

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6. National Energy Savings and Net Present Value

The Department will calculate national impacts of higher energy-efficiency levels for

HID lamps as national energy savings (NES) and net present value (NPV). Figure 6-1 shows the

inputs, calculated values, and outputs in the NES analysis.

Technology Option

________________ Annual

Weights Shipments

Lamp & Ballast yi/ Surviving

Lifetimes HID Lamps

Unit Electricity

Consumption

(Base & Standards)

Annual Electricity

Consumption

(Base & Standards

Site-to-Source

Energy Conversion

NIES Inputs

/ 7 Calculated Values

Start / End onlergy NES Ouut

Years

Figure 6-1: Flow Diagram of National Energy Savings Analysis

for High intensity Discharge Lamps

6.11. National Energy Savings Spreadsheet

The Department intends to calculate national energy consumption for each year

beginning with the probable effective date of possible standards in 2011 through 2035. The

Department will calculate national electrical energy consumption for the base case and a

standards case. It will carry out this calculation using a spreadsheet model to multiply shipment

forecasts by unit energy savings, calculated for each year and summed over the NES analysis

period.

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Dm11 Framework/br Deter,ninaiion Analysis of HID Lamps

The HID NES spreadsheet will be similar to the NES spreadsheet developed by DOE for

analyzing standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts (DOE, 2000) and will provide a forecast of

NES and NPV for HID lighting systems.

The Department requests stakeholder comments on this modeling approach to estimating

national energy savings.

6.2. Net Present Value

The Department calculates the national NPV of the standards case relative to the base

case in conjunction with the national electricity consumption. It calculates annual electricity

expenditures from annual electricity consumption by incorporating forecasted electricity prices.

The Department will calculate annual total installed costs for HID equipment as the product of

costs per unit and the annual unit shipments. Section 5.3.1 discusses these costs per unit (lamp,

ballast, or luminaire). The difference between the base case and the standards case scenario

gives the national electricity bill savings and increased installed costs in dollars. The difference

each year between electricity bill savings and increased installed costs is the net savings (if

positive) or net costs (if negative). The Department discounts these annual values to the present

time and sums them to arrive at a net present value.

Figure 6-2 shows the inputs, calculated values, and outputs in the NPV analysis.

100

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Era inework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

/ Annual Incremental

Unit Installed Cost Installed Cost

/ (Standards - Base)

Technology ___________________/ Annual

Option Weights Shipments

Lamp & Ballast I___________________/ Surviving

Lifetimes HID Lamps //'

, ___________________________

________________ NPV Inputs

Lamp I

Replacement I

/Annual Operating

Cost Savings / Calculated Values

Costs I (Base - Standards),,/

NPV Output

Unit Electricity I

Costs (Base & I

Standards) I

Start/End Years

Discount Rate I I Net Present Value

Figure 6-2: Flow Diagram of Net Present Value Analysis for

High Intensity Discharge Lamps

Figure 6-3 shows an example (from a previous rulemaking concerning an energy efficient

standard for fluorescent lamp ballasts -- DOE, 2000) of the costs and benefits that contribute to

NPV, with benefits shown as positive values and costs shown as negative values. The

"Equipment Costs Change" bars show the change in total installed costs, changing with

shipments year by year. The "Equipment Costs Change" is the change in total installed costs,

calculated as the product of annual shipments and the increase in price due to standards. The

"Electricity Cost Savings" bars show the change in annual operating costs. The savings from

reduced annual operating costs increase over time as shipments increase, until all equipment has

been replaced, and then decrease. The decrease occurs because the base case reflects a dynamic

market in which more efficient technology will have gained some market share at some point in

the future, even without the standards. The middle line ("Net Savings") is the annual net value

(the sum of positive benefits and negative costs). The net present value (not shown) is the sum

over the years of discounted annual net costs or benefits. in this example, the discounted sum of

benefits is $3.5 billion, while the discounted sum of costs is $0.9 billion, for a Net Present Value

of $2.6 billion (1997$ at 7% real).

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Annual Economic Impacts of Fluorescent Ballast Standards

1000

800

600

e

; 400

e

200

-200

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Figure 6-3: Example of Annual Net Costs or Savings Contributing to Net Present Value

6.3. Inputs

in addition to the inputs discussed in the LCC Analysis section, the following additional

inputs are required for the NES: a shipments forecast, substitution technology option weights,

conversion from site to source energy, time period, and a discount rate for the NPV calculation.

6.3.1. Shipments

For all baseline and substitution technology options, the Department needs to estimate

shipment forecasts to calculate the national benefits of standards (electricity savings and NPV).

The Department will compare a standards case against the base case. The base case depicts what

would happen to electricity consumption and costs over time without new energy conservation

standards. The base case predicts HID lamp shipments (by product application and sector) over

time, the mix of efficiencies sold in the absence of standards, and how that mix would change

over time. To determine the base case, the Department uses data on HID lamp shipments and the

substitution technology option weights of the different efficiency levels offered for each. NEMA

provided HID lamp shipments data for 1990 through 2002 to the Department for the Market

Assessment. Section 2.1 presents these data.

The Department plans to estimate shipments and substitution technology option weights

for future years based on statistical analysis of market trends from the NEMA shipments data.

Future shipments are uncertain and will depend on market conditions as well as possible changes

in technologies, material costs, or other production factors. The Department will deal with this

uncertainty by constructing alternative base case scenarios intended to provide reasonable

bounds to the uncertainty. Possible scenarios may include a more rapid decline of MV lamp

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shipments, or a "truncated decline" case, in which MV lamp shipments decline, then stabilize at

some lower level that remains constant (or declines more slowly) in future years.

The Department requests comments on methods for estimating forecasts of shipments and

on possible scenarios.

For the NES analysis, the Department plans to estimate the percentage of shipments of

each major MV wattage that goes to each product application. Table 6-1 shows the MV mogulbased lamps and product applications for which the Department seeks these percentages. The

shipments shown in Table 6-1 are NEMA data from Table 2-6. In any colunm, a black box

indicates a product application in which the Department thinks that MV lamps are scarce in that

wattage.

Table 6-1: Percent of Mercury Vapor Mogul-Based Lamp Shipments

by Wattage and Product Application

The Department asks stakeholders to provide their estimates of the breakdown of MV

lamp shipments by wattage and product application shown in Table 6-1. The total of the

percentages for each column should add to 100%.

'°Section 2.1.2 of this report discusses development of these estimates.

103

* "Other" represents all the product applications that use MV lamps that are not in the eight product applications that

the Department intends to study in this analysis.

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Table 6-2 shows the MV mogul-based lamps and the sectors where the Department seeks

information on their use. The Department considers that, for each product application, the white

boxes in the table represent the sectors where most of these MV lamps are used. in any row, a

black box indicates a sector in which the Department thinks that MV lamps may be present, but

are scarce.

The Department asks Stakeholders to provide their estimates of the sectoral breakdown of

MV lamp shipments for each product application and sector shown in Table 6-2. The total

of the percentages for each row should add to 100%.

6.3.2. Substitution Technology Option Weights

If existing technologies cannot meet the new standard, alternative technologies will

replace them. For example, MH or HPS systems may replace MV systems. The Department

will estimate substitution technology option weights in the standards case for each alternative

light source that substitute for the MV systems that were in the base case, based on available

time series information. As an example, Table 6-3 presents the substitution technology options

for one product application for which the Department needs substitution technology option

weights (percentages), for each sector in which the product application operates (see Table 5-2).

The Department asks stakeholders to provide their estimates of the percentage of the

market that will choose each Substitution Technology Option for each Product Application

in Table 5-4 through Table 5-12. (Substitution Technology Option Weights within each

replacement type should total 100%, as shown in the example Table 6-3.)

104

Table 6-2: Percent of Mercury Vapor Mogul-Based Lamp Shipments

by Product Application and Sector

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table 6-3: Market Shares for Product Application 1: High-Bay (Commercial Sector)

_______

,

r

Replace Lamp (Total = 100%)

325WMH

400WMH

300W HPS

360W HPS

Replace Lamp/Ballast (Total = 100%)

36OWMH

II Replace Lamp

Lamp Failure 400W MV 320W PMH

2SOWHPS

Replace Luminaire (Total = 100%)

25OWMH

250W PMH

200W HPS

CFL (6x42W)

T-5H0 (4x54W)

6.3.3. Conversion from Site to Source Energy

The Department will calculate energy consumption and savings as site energy and then

convert them to source energy. The Department proposes to use site-to-source energy

conversion factors (from TWh to Quads) from the Animal Energy Outlook, 2003 (ELk, 2003).

6.3.4. National Energy Savings Time Period

The probable start year for possible standards is 2011. The Department assumes that it

will complete the Determination analysis in 2004. It would complete a possible rulemaking by

2008, followed by the 3-year phase-in period follows with standards taking effect in 2011. The

Department is calculating the NES through the end year of 2035 for consistency with other

current DOE rulemakings. in the NPV analysis, the Department includes total installed costs and

lifetime operating costs for equipment purchased from 2011 to 2035.

6.3.5. Discount Rate for Net Present Value

Office of Management and Budget requirements set the discount rate at 7% real for

calculating NPV, and recommend a sensitivity analysis at 3% real (0MB, 2003).

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6.3.6. Cumulative Regulatory Burden

The Department will recognize and seek to mitigate the overlapping effects on

manufacturers of athended DOE standards and other regulatory actions affecting the same

equipment or companies.

The Department requests comments on related regulatory actions that it should review.

6.4. Results of National Energy Savings and Net Present Value Analysis

The NES and NPV calculations depend on two scenarios-the base case and the

standards case. The Department will calculate the impact on energy savings, installed costs, and

annual operating costs as the difference between base case and standards case.

Base Case. The Department will create a base case with total shipments extrapolated

from cunent trends. The Department will extrapolate market shares (e.g., for MV, MH, and

HPS), with sensitivity cases if needed. As discussed in the Technology and Market Assessment

section, the Department will distinguish between the new and renovation markets, since their

equipment and labor costs are considerably different.

Standards Case. In the standards case, technologies with efficiencies below the standard

level will no longer be available for sale after the effective date. The Department will revise

market shares and shipments to reflect the change.

Results will include annual estimates-for years from 2011 to 2035-of energy savings,

installed costs, and operating costs. The Department will report cumulative NES and NPV.

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Appendix A. Glossary of Terms

Ballast - a device used to obtain the necessary electrical conditions to start and operate an

electric-discharge lamp. (IESNA, 2000)

Ballast Efficiency - the measurement of energy-related performance of a ballast. In

assessing a ballast in terms of energy efficiency, it may be helpful to look at the losses incurred

by the ballast. The Department's analysis will examine the total power dissipation by the ballast

at rated conditions, in addition to determining the ratio of the power provided to the lamp and the

input power to the ballast. The power dissipation will be given in the unit of watts and the ratio

will be given as a percentage of ballast output power to its input power at rated conditions.

(IESNA, 2000)

Ballast Factor - The ballast factor quantifies the performance of a ballast with respect to

a reference ballast as defined by ANSI (C82) standards documents.

Blackbody - a temperature radiator of uniform temperature whose radiant excitance in all

parts of the spectrum is the maximum obtainable from any temperature radiator at the same

temperature. Such a radiator is called a blackbody because it absorbs all the radiant energy that

falls upon it. All other temperature radiators can be classed as non-blackbodies. Nonblackbodies radiate less in some or all wavelength intervals than a blackbody of the same size

and the same temperature. (IESNA, 2000)

Color Rendering Index (CR!) - a metric to gauge the quality of light. Using eight

standard color samples under a reference light source, the chromati city of the samples under the

test lamp are compared to the chromaticity of the samples under a reference lamp. A perfect

rendering with respect to the reference source is subjectively given a maximum value of 100.

The changes (or shifts) in chromaticity are averaged and a single CR1 value is determined scaled

to the maximum value. A limitation of this metric is that it is only applicable to light sources of

the same correlated color temperature (CCT). In other words, CR1 values of two light sources

with different CCT cannot be compared. For example, comparison of a "cool" lamp and a

"warm" lamp provides no useful information. However, the metric does allow for comparison of

lamps across different source technologies. For example, the CR1 values for a 5000K fluorescent

lamp can be compared to a 5000K HID lamp. (IESNA, 2000)

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) - the absolute temperature of a blackbody whose

chromaticity most nearly resembles that of the light source. The metric for color is CCT, given in

degrees Kelvin (K). Cooler temperatures (less than 3200K) are referred to as being "warm" in

color, while hotter temperatures (in excess of 4000K) are referred to as being "cool" in color.

(IESNA, 2000)

Direct Lighting - refers to luminaires that direct 90 to 100% of the emitted light in the

general direction of the surface to be illuminated; this term usually refers to light emitted in a

downward direction. (IESNA, 2000)

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Efficacy - the measure of energy efficiency for lamps, reporting light output per unit of

energy input. Its units are lumens per watt (LPW). For example, an electric heater may be very

efficient in converting electrical energy to radiant energy, but it has a very low efficacy since the

energy conversion does not result in light. So, efficacy provides a metric to compare the energy

efficiency of white light sources. However, this does not take into account the contribution of

the ballast to the overall efficacy of the lamp/ballast system. (IESNA, 2000)

Fixture - the housing into which a lamp and ballast are installed to create a finished

luminaire. The fixture protects the lamp, and usually manages source light distribution.

Fluorescent Lamp - a low-pressure mercury electric-discharge lamp in which a

fluorescing coating (phosphor) transforms some of the UV energy generated by the discharge

into light. (IESNA, 2000)

Foot-Candle - (fc) is a unit of illuminance equal to 1 lm/ft2 or 10.76 lux (IESNA, 2000).

For this measure of illuminance, one foot-candle is equivalent to the amount of light emitted by a

single candle onto a plane orthogonal to the angle of incidence at a distance of one foot from the

candle.

Illuminance - (E) is the area density of the luminous flux incident at a point on a surface.

This is expressed by the following equation, E = dcp/dA (IESNA, 2000). in other words,

illuminance is the density of light determined by taking the total amount of light that falls on a

plane divided by the total area of the plane.

Incandescent (Filament) Lamp - a lamp in which light is produced by a filament heated

to incandescence by an electric current. (IESNA, 2000)

Indirect Lighting - refers to luminaires that direct 90 to 100% of the emitted light away

from the surface to be illuminated (generally upward). (IESNA, 2000) A common example of

indirect lighting is a torchiere lamp.

Induction Lamp - a fluorescent lamp where the electric discharge is induced by a

magnetic field rather than an electric field, as in a fluorescent lamp. Therefore, an induction

lamp does not have any electrodes.

Lamp - a generic term for a source created to produce optical radiation. By extension, the

term is also used to denote sources that radiate in regions of the spectrum adjacent to the visible.

Through popular usage, a portable luminaire consisting of a lamp with shade, reflector, enclosing

globe, housing, or other accessories is also sometimes called a lamp. In such cases, in order to

distinguish between the assembled unit and the light source within it, the latter is often called a

bulb or tube, if it is electrically powered. (TESNA, 2000)

Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) - the intrinsic reduction in light output from start to

finish of lamp. Many factors affect this reduction in light output such as the fixture construction

and application. For example, the accumulation of dust on the lamp (and fixture) will contribute

to the reduction in light output over time. We are concerned only with the loss of light output

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over time due to non-recoverable intrinsic factors such as the loss of eniissive material on the

electrodes, change in transmissivity of the arc tube, leakage of gas in the arc tube (JESNA,

2000). For the HID family of lamps, manufacturers often provide mean lumens as a measure of

the lamp lumen depreciation. Usually its light output is given at 40% of its rated life. Since no

standard exists, caution needs to be exercised when comparing the mean lumen value for

different models and manufacturers. The interpretation in the definition of mean lumen may

vary among the various manufacturers.

Light - radiant energy that is capable of exciting the retina and producing a visual

sensation. Since the energy at each wavelength does not stimulate the human visual system

equally, to go from radiant energy to light, it is necessary to factor the contribution of radiant

energy from each wavelength by the visibility function of the human eye. That function is

defined by the CIE as the photopic visibility function. This effectively limits the useful radiant

energy to a very small range in the electromagnetic spectrum called the visible spectrum

(wavelengths greater than 380 nanometer and shorter than 780 nanometer). Since it is the

distribution of the converted electrical energy in the visible spectrum that determines the efficacy

of a light source, a highly-efficient source, capable of converting electrical energy to radiant

energy, may not necessarily be a source of high efficacy. (IESNA, 2000)

Lighting Specifier - lighting experts who have the knowledge and authority to decide

(specify) which lighting products will provide the desired service for a particular job.

Light Loss Factor - (LLF), the ratio of illuminance for a given area to the value that

would occur if a lamp operated at its (initial) rated illuminance output, and no system variation

or depreciation had occurred. The light loss factor is used in lighting design calculations to allow

for depreciation of light output from a lamp, luminaire, light control elements, or room surfaces,

so that a minimum desired level of illuminance is maintained. Formerly called the maintenance

factor, the LLF had been widely interpreted as the ratio of average illuminance in service to

initial illuminance. (IESNA, 2000)

Lumen - (Im.) is the SI (metric) unit of luminous flux. Radiornetrically, it is determined

from the radiant power as in luminous Jiux. Photometrically, it is the luminous flux emitted

within a unit solid angle (1 steradian) by a point source having a uniform luminous intensity of I

candela. (IESNA, 2000)

Luminaire - a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps and ballast(s) (when

applicable) together with a fixture (housing and parts) designed to distribute the light, to position

and protect the lamps, and to coimect the lamps to the power supply. (TESNA, 2000)

Mounting Height - the vertical distance between the illuminated surface and the center

of the apparent light source of a luminaire. Note, this term is commonly used in association with

roadway lighting. (IESNA, 2000)

Rated Life - defined by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)

as the time for 50% of a large group of lamps to cease producing light. From that definition, the

rated life of an HID lamp is specified as its cumulative operation time to end of life in hours.

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Although that definition is sufficient in terms of absolute life, it is insufficient in evaluating the

useful life of the HID lamp. For example, consider a theoretical lamp rated for 100,000 hours of

life. After 5,000 hours, the light output has dropped to 50% the initial light output; after 20,000

hours the light output is at 25% the initial light output. By the time the lamp reaches 100,000

hours of operation, the light output may only be 5% of the initial light output. The lamp would

have outlived its usefulness in most applications long before it reached the end of its 100,000

hours rated life. Therefore, a discussion of life without consideration to the reduction in light

output over operational time is incomplete. (IESNA, 2000)

Reflector Lamp- an incandescent filament or electric-discharge lamp in which the outer

blown glass bulb is coated with a reflecting material so as to direct the light (such as R- or ERtype lamps). (IESNA, 2000)

Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) - a pictorial representation of the radiant power

emitted by a light source at each wavelength or band of wavelengths in the visible region of the

electromagnetic spectrum (360 to 770 nanometers). The CCT and CR1 of the light source is

determined from the SPD to indicate the perceived color and quality of the light generated by the

lamp. (IESNA, 2000)

System Efficacy - the measurement of energy efficiency for a lamp-ballast combination.

H1D lamps are never used independent of a ballast (with the exception of seif-ballasted mercury

vapor lamps). The application of system efficacy is the same as for lamp efficacy except it takes

into account the contribution of the ballast as it delivers power to the lamp from the main.

Multiplying the rated lamp lumens by the ballast factor and dividing the product by total input

watts produces a metric for system efficacy. (IESNA, 2000)

Warm-Up and Re-strike Time - the time required for the lamp to reach full light output

and the time required for the lamp to restart when extinguished after prolonged operation

respectively. Each HID lamp type contains a mixture of a starting gas (e.g., argon, xenon, neon)

and some metals and/or halide compounds of metals that, when evaporated into the arc

discharge, produce characteristic lines of radiant energy. A certain amount of time is required

for the metals and halide compounds to evaporate and attain their optimal vapor pressure. When

the arc discharge is extinguished after prolonged operation, the immediate high vapor pressure

inside the arc tube would require an inordinately high voltage, many magnitudes greater than its

cool-start voltage, to re-establish the arc discharge. Therefore, the arc tube must be allowed to

cool so that the vapor pressure will come down to a level where the arc can be restarted. (IESNA,

2000)

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Appendix B. Industry High Intensity Discharge Lamp Definitions

This appendix provides the definitions of HID lamps as provided by ANSI (C82.9-1996)

and IESNA (Lighting Handbook 9th Edition).

B.1 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Definition

ANSI C82.9-1996: American National Standard for High-Intensity Discharge and LowPressure Sodium Lamps, Ballasts and Transformers - Definitions

3.25 High-intensity discharge (HID) lamp: An electric discharge lamp in which the

light producing arc is stabilized by the wall temperature, and has a bulb wall loading in

excess of three watts per square centimeter. High-intensity discharge lamps include

groups of lamps known as mercury, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium.

3.27 High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp: A high-intensity discharge lamp in which the

major portion of the light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor operating at a

partial pressure of about 6.67 X 1 0 pascals (50 torr) or greater.

3.40 Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamp: A discharge lamp in which light is produced

by radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of 0.13 to 1 .3 pascals (1 0

to I 02 ton).

3.44 Mercury lamp: A high-intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of the

light is produced by radiation from mercury operating at a partial pressure in excess of

1 .013 X I 0 pascals (760 ton).

3.45 Metal halide lamp: A high-intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of

the light is produced by radiation of metal halides and their products of dissociation in

combination with metallic vapors such as mercury.

3.76 SeIf-ballasted lamp: An arc lamp containing an internal ballast.

B.2 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (1ESNA) Definition

IESNA Lighting Handbook 9th Edition: Chapter 6: Light Sources (p. 6-42 to 6-59)

Page 6-42 High-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps include the groups of lamps

commonly known as mercury, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium. The lightproducing element of these lamp types is a wall-stabilized arc discharge contained within

a refractory envelope (arc tube) with wall loading in excess of 3 W/cm2 (19.4 W/in2).

Page 6-43 In mercury lamps, light is produced by the passage of an electric cunent

through mercury vapor. The amount of mercury in the lamp essentially determines the

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final operating pressure, which is 200 to 400 kPa (29 to 58 lb/in2) in the majority of

lamps.

Page 6-44 Metal halide lamps are similar in construction to mercury lamps, the major

difference being that the metal halide arc tube contains various metal halides in addition

to the mercury and argon.

Page 6-47 In high-pressure sodium lamps, light is produced by electric current

passing through sodium vapor.

Page 6-55 ... these lamps [self-ballasted lamps] do not require an auxiliary ballast.

Page 6-59 In low-pressure sodium discharge lamps, the arc is carried through

vaporized sodium. In order to obtain the maximum efficacy of the conversion of the

electrical input to the arc discharge into light, the vapor pressure of the sodium must be

approximately of 0.7 Pa, which corresponds to an arc tube bulb wall temperature of

approximately 260°C.

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Appendix C. Existing Classification Systems

The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) specifies a system of classification

commonly used today for indoor luminaires (see Table C-i). This system identifies the

luminaire type by the proportionality of the upward and downward component of the light.

Table C-i: CIE Classification of Indoor Luminaires

Indirect 90 - 100% of light is directed upward

_____

Semi-indirect 60 - 90% of light is directed upward

General Diffuse Equal portions of the light are directed upward and ______

downward

w.

Semi-Direct 60 - 90% of light is directed downward

Direct 90- 100% of light is directed downward

Source: JESNA, 2000.

Although HID lurninaires have an upward and downward component to their light

distribution analogous to this classification system, the CIE system primarily classifies linear

fluorescent luminaires.

For outdoor luminaires, NEMA created a classification system based on circular or oval

symmetric distribution of light defined in terms of its field angle. The TESNA adopted this

system and developed an approved method for photometric testing for this system. Table C-2

summarizes the various types of luminaires and their associated field angles. The field angle is

measured between points of 10% of maximum intensity. Table C-2 shows the seven light

distributions for this classification system. A numerical value denotes the width of the beam. A

single designation based on its symmetrical field angle represents circular patterns. Two values,

for horizontal and vertical field angles, represent oval patterns. For example, the illustration in

Table C-2 shows an intensity distribution on a polar coordinate system with a maximum intensity

of 100,000 candela at zero degrees. The field angle is the value between the points of

intersection of the intensity distribution curve and the polar coordinates at 10,000 candelas. This

occurs at the 30° mark, resulting in a field angle of 60°. Since 60° lies somewhere between 46°

and 70°, this sample is a NEMA Type 4 luminaire.

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Table C-2: NEMA Classifications for Luminaires

Reprinted from the JESNA Handbook, 9th Edition 2000, courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America, TESNA, 2003.

This system classifies lurninaires used in lighting large areas and sports facilities. Mosl

manufacturers have adopted this simple NEMA classification system. However, this system is

only useful for classifying luminaries with symmetric oval patterns; it is insufficient for

classifying luminaires with complex, asymmetrical light distributions. Therefore, TESNA

developed a system to describe more complex systems with non-oval and asymmetrical beam

patterns.

TESNA developed a classification system for outdoor luminaires based on the shape of

the area illuminated by the luminaire. Table C-3 shows the five classifications based on light

distribution pattern: a narrow symmetrical pattern is a Type I luminaire; a narrow asymmetrical

pattern is called Type II; a wide asymmetrical pattern is a Type III luminaire; a very wide

asymmetrical pattern is a Type IV luminaire; and a circular (square) symmetrical pattern is a

Type V(VS) luminaire. Using this classification system, a single pole-mounted luminaire

positioned at a corner of a four-way roadway intersection providing a uniform distribution of

light limited to the roadway surface would be a Type 11 luminaire. However, if a luminaire

positioned exactly at the center of the intersection provides the same unifonu distribution of

light, then it would be a Type I luminaire. If the luminaire positioned at the center of an

intersection provided a circular symmetrical pattern that spilled beyond the road surface, it would

be a Type V luminaire.

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Reprinted from the IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition 2000, courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America, JESNA, 2003.

This system classifies luminaires used in roadway applications. Although systems such as these,

based on light distribution, are more than adequate in identifying luminaires for their specific

applications, it is insufficient for classifying all luminaires that use HID sources.

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Appendix D. Non-regulatory Incentive Programs

D.1 California Incentive Programs

The Modesto Irrigation Department (MID) manages a regional program called

Commercial Power Saver 2003. This program has, as one of its objectives, the promotion of

energy-efficient HID lighting. The equipment promoted under this program includes pulse-start

MH fixtures for interior applications and pulse-start MH and HPS fixtures for exterior

applications. To be eligible, the program requires that HID fixtures must replace existing

incandescent, mercury vapor, standard MH, HPS or T-12 fluorescent fixtures. Rebates are

available based on lamp wattage - for indoor luminaires, the program offers $25 per fixture for

installing a pulse-start MH to replace a fixture that consumes 175W or less. And, for interior

fixtures that consume more than 175W, the program offers a $40 incentive. For exterior

applications, the program offers $10 per fixture for installing a pulse-start MH or HPS fixture in

place of a fixture that consumes 175W or less. Similarly, the programs offer $20 per fixture for

upgrading exterior fixtures that consume more than 175W. For more information about this

program, please contact Zane Williams, MD, tel: 209-526-7458, zanew@inid.org.

The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) manages a Commercial and

lndustrial Retrofit Program that seeks to reduce the peak load demand of commercial and

industrial customers. This program focuses on interior RID lighting and offers $225 per average

kW saved from 1-9 p.m., Monday through Friday. Incentives are offered for retrofits only. For

more information, contact Robert Chen, SMUD, tel: 916-732-7470.

Three electric utilities in California, Pacific Gas and Electric, San Diego Gas and Electric

and Southern California Edison, jointly manage a state-wide program called the Express

Efficiency Lighting Program. This initiative seeks to promote energy-efficient lighting retrofits,

such as MR (including pulse-start) and HPS fixtures. MH or HPS lamps must have an efficacy

greater than or equal to 60 LPW for compaci sources (less than or equal to 100 watts) and 80

LPW for standard or larger sources (greater than 100 watts). The program concentrates on

promoting interior and exterior HID fixtures to replace existing incandescent or MV fixtures. In

order to be eligible, interior pulse-start MR fixtures must replace existing standard MH lamps

and ballasts, incandescent or MV lamps having a minimum of 400 watts. The pulse-start MR

lamps can have a maximum 350 watts. The rebates offered are shown in Table D-l. For more

information, contact Carol Harty, PG&E, tel: 415-973-2256, carh8@pge.com or Charles

Middleton, PG&E, tel: 415-973-4008, cem6@pge.com.

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Table D-1. Express Efficiency Lighting Program Incentives (California)

j _

Interior HID Fixtures

0-35 watts $25 $23

36-70 watts $32 $30

71-100 watts $40 $38

101-175 watts $40 $38

176-250 watts $40 $38

251-400 watts $50 $48

Exterior HID Fixtures

0-100 watts $12 $11

101-175 watts $16 $15

>=l76watts $25 $24

Interior Pulse-Start MH Fixture

- $45 -

The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) manages the Commercial

Lighting Efficiency Offer. This program seeks to promote energy-efficient lighting retrofits,

specifically HPS and MH. The LADWP offers a rebate of $37 per fixture for replacing MV or

incandescent lighting with HPS or MH. The rebate requires pre-approval from LADWP. For

more information, contact Simone Taylor, LADWP, tel: 213-367-4046,

simone.taylor@ladwp.com

D.2 Connecticut Incentive Programs

Northeast Utilities manages an Express Rebate Program which works to promote energyefficient lighting in retrofit applications. This program promotes pulse-start MH retrofit kits by

offering a rebate of $45 per fixture. in order to be eligible, the installation must be a retrofit of a

higher wattage MV, MI-I or HPS luminaire. For more information, contact David Bebrin,

Northeast Utilities, tel: 860-832-4712, bebridj@nu.com.

United Illuminating manages an Energy Blueprint Program with the objective of

promoting energy-efficient lighting in renovation and new construction projects. The equipment

promoted includes HPS and MH technologies through incentives based on exceeding the

ASHRAE 90.1-1999 lighting density standards (watts per sq. ft). Incentives provided are $25

per qualifying fixture or 0.06/sq. foot for each tenth of a watt below the qualifying baseline up to

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a maximum of $0.24/sq. foot. For more information, contact Roy Hailer, United Illuminating,

tel: 203-499-2025; roy.hai1er@uinet.com

D.3 Florida Incentive Programs

Florida Power and Light (FP&L) manages a Commercial/Industrial Lighting Program

that works to reduce the utility's peak demand from 3 pm to 6 pm during summertime weekdays.

The equipment promoted under this program includes hard-wired luminaires based on HPS, LPS

and MM technologies. FP&L offers $75 per kilowatt saved for high permanency, major fixture

lighting modifications. For more information, please contact Matt Macon, Florida Power &

Light, tel: 561-640-2580, mattmacon@fpl.com.

D.4 Massachusetts Incentive Programs

National Grid, consisting of member utilities Massachusetts Electric, Nantucket Electric

and Granite State Electric, manages a regional program to promote energy efficient pulse-start

MH fixtures in new construction projects. These programs are called Design 2000 Plus Program

and the New Equipment and Construction Program. National Grid offers a $10-iS incentive per

eligible fixture. For more information, please contact Fouad Dagher, National Grid, tel: 508-

303-7231, fouad.dagher@us.ngrid.com or James Hurst, National Grid, tel: 603-443-4235.

Nstar, servicing more than 100 eastern Massachusetts communities, manages a

Construction Program and Retrofit Program that aims to promote energy-efficient lighting in

retrofit and new construction projects. The equipment promoted by this program includes pulsestart MM fixtures for new installations and pulse-start MH and HPS fixtures for retrofit

applications. The incentives offered are as follows: for new construction, a pulse-start MM

fixture receives a $10 subsidy; for retrofit installations, a pulse-start MH lamp and ballast kit

receives $45, a new pulse-start MM luminaire receives $80 and a new HPS luminaire receives a

$100 incentive. For more information, contact Timothy Lee, NStar, tel:781-441-3128,

timothy_lee@nstaronline.com

D.5 New Hampshire Incentive Programs

Granite State Electric manages an energy-efficient lighting program for retrofit

applications. The equipment includes pulse-start MH fixtures, pulse-start MM lamp and ballast

kits, and HPS fixtures. In order to qualify for the incentive, each fixture must meet a minimum

watt reduction criterion, based on the difference between the existing and replacement

lurninaires. The incentives provided are $40 for a pulse-start MM lamp and ballast kit that

reduces wattage consumption by 29 watts or more; a $70 incentive for a pulse-start MM lamp

that reduces wattage consumption by 51 watts or more; and a $70 incentive for HPS fixtures that

reduce fixture energy consumption by 41 watts or more. For more information, contact Fouad

Dagher, National Grid, tel: 508-303-7231, fouad.dagher@us.ngrid.com or James Hurst, National

Grid, tel: 603-443-4235

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D.6 New York Incentive Programs

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)

manages a Smart Equipment Choices Program that seeks to promote energy-efficient lighting in

retrofit applications. The target equipment of this program include HPS fixtures for both interior

and external applications, and pulse start MH for interior use. Table D-2 shows the incentive

levels and minimum lamp efficacies for the eligible HID fixtures. For more information, contact

Cullen O'Brien, NYSERDA, tel: 518-862-1090 ext. 3414, cmo@nyserda.org.

Table D-2: NYSERDA incentives for Smart Equipment Choices Program

Pulse Start Metal Halide Fixtures for Interior Use

Less than or equal tolSO Watts $30 40 LPW

Between lSOand400 Watts $38 75LPW

Greater than or equal to 400 Watts $45 85 LPW

High Pressure Sodium Fixtures

Less than or equal to 100 Watts 55 LPW

Between lOOand400 Watts $20 8OLPW

Greater than or equal to 400 Watts 100 LPW

Non-Pulse Start Metal Halide

Greater than 1200 Watts $55 91 LPW

The Long Island Power Authority manages a Commercial Construction Program to

promote energy-efficient lighting in new construction projects. This program works to promote

pulse-start MH lamps and ballasts, where lamps must have a minimum efficacy of 6OLPW for

small sources (less than 100 Watts) and 80 LPW for sources greater than 100 watts. An

incentive of $30 per fixture is offered. For more information, contact Scott Scherer, LIPA, tel:

631-436-5769, sscherer@keyspanenergy.com.

D.7 Oregon incentive Programs

The Energy Trust of Oregon manages a State-wide program called the Building

Efficiency Program. This program aims to promote energy-efficient lighting upgrades that

incorporate HPS or MH fixtures. The Energy Trust offers rebates for replacing MV and

incandescent lighting with HPS or MH fixtures - $25 for a HPS or MH fixture less than 175

watts; and $30 rebate for a HPS or MH fixture greater than 175 watts. For more information,

please contact Will Miller, Energy Trust of Oregon, tel: 503-243-7844, wmiller@aspensys.com.

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D.8 Vermont Incentive Programs

Efficiency Vermont, a state-wide non-profit organization funded out of an efficiency

charge applied to the electricity bill, manages a program called Commercial Energy

Opportunities. This program works to promote energy-efficient lighting in retrofit projects,

specifically pulse-start MH lamps and ballasts. Incentives of $25 per fixture are offered. For

more information, contact Art Sousa, Efficiency Vermont, tel: 1888-921-5990, asousa@veic.org

D.9 Washington Incentive Programs

Seattle City Light manages a program called Energy Smart Services Financial Incentives

that work to promote energy-efficient lighting in new installations. This program focuses on

HPS and MH lamps, and offers $0.13 per annual kWh saving for upgrading a light source to

HPS or MH. For more information, please contact Surinder Rekhi, Seattle City Light, tel: 561-

640-2551, rekhi.s@seattle.gov.

120

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Dejerininalion Analysis of HID Lamps

Appendix E. High Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts

E.1 High Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts

HID lamp ballasts are required to start the lamp, regulate the operating current, and provide

the appropriate voltage to sustain the arc discharge. For HPS and pulse-start MH lamps, an

additional ignitor circuit is required to generate the high-voltage starting pulse necessary to

initiate the arc discharge. Typical input voltages for HID lighting systems are 120V, 208V,

240V, and 277V, of which 120V and 277V are the most popular. The Department obtained

descriptions of each ballast type from Advance Transformers: Pocket Guide to HID Lamp

Ballasts (Advance, 2003a); they are summarized below.

E.I.1 Electronic Ballasts

Electronic ballasts are not common in HID lighting applications. Electronic ballasts are

only manufactured and sold for pulse-start MR lamps, operating these lamps either with

alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). Manufacturers state that DC operation of the

lamps provides improved performance in a smaller package - that is, it results in a higher power

factor, less heat, better power regulation, and lower maintenance costs, and it saves energy. If a

DC electronic HID ballast is installed, it must be used with an HID lamp designed for DC

operation. Electronic ballasts for AC systems are also manufactured and sold; however, these

lamp-ballast combinations must operate as a matched pair - meaning a ballast must be

manufactured to operate a specific lamp, or premature failure may result. AC-operated

electronic ballasts generate an acoustic resonance that causes photometric and electrical

problems contributing to premature lamp failure (Lee, 2001). These technical issues have not

been fully resolved yet, and have therefore delayed the widespread availability and use of

electronic ballasts for HID lamps.

However, once these technological hurdles have been addressed, electronic ballasts will

provide significant improvement in performance and function over existing magnetic ballasts.

For example, electronic ballast high-frequency ignition is expected to reduce blackening on the

arc tube wall, reducing lumen depreciation, and contributing to better color stability and longer

lamp life. Manufacturers also state that ballast losses will be dramatically reduced with a shift to

electronic ballasts. Finally, continuous dimming of HID sources is more easily done with

electronic ballasts. For example, electronic ballasts today can dim a MR lamp down to 33% of

rated lamp output. (NLPIP, 2003)

E.1.2 Reactor Ballasts

The reactor-type ballast may be the most simple, efficient, and economic solution to

ballasting HID lamps. Efficiencies of 5% can be achieved with this configuration. However, it

comes with some limitations that need to be considered. The input voltage must meet the

starting voltage requirements of an HID lamp. Since most MV lamps and probe-start MH lamps

are designed to start approximately at 240V, reactor ballasts may be employed where the main

input voltage is greater than 240V. So, if a 120 V main is to be used, it may not provide

sufficient voltage to start or operate the lamp. Power factor is a nominal 50% for these ballasts;

121

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqfi Framework for Deiermination Analysis of HID Lamps

it can be improved to about 90% with the addition of a capacitor across the input terminals.

Power regulation is poor in these units. For a 5% swing in input voltage, the lamp wattage will

vary by 12%. Also, these ballasts will draw substantially higher current during warm-up and/or

open circuit operation. Therefore, the power distribution system must provide ample current

capacity for this condition. These ballasts are also known as "choke" or "lag" ballasts.

E.1.3 High Reactance Autotransformer Ballasts

The reactor ballast evolved into the high reactance autotransformer (HX). This ballast

employs two coils, primary and secondary, which transform the input voltage to the required

level. Since the two coils share common windings, is the system is called an autotransformer.

This transformation of the input voltage allows this ballast to operate MV, probe-start MH, and

LPS from any input voltage. The ballast raises the voltage up to the required levels for the lamp

it will operate via the primary and secondary windings. Otherwise, the operating characteristics

are identical to the reactor ballast. Efficiencies of 5% to 10% can be expected from this

configuration. These ballasts are also sometimes referred to as "lag" ballasts.

E.1.4 Constant Wattage Autotransformer Ballasts

The most widely-used circuit is the constant wattage autotransformer (CWA). it offers

the best compromise between cost and performance. When employed in MV systems, it offers

very good power regulation; a 10% change in line voltage will only result in a 5% change in

lamp wattage. For MH systems, the CWA ballast offers a unity change in lamp wattage to

changes in line voltage. Furthermore, input current during warm-up does not exceed current at

steady-state operation. Once again, a capacitor is used for no other purpose than power factor

correction. Efficiencies of 5% to 10% can be expected from this configuration. For MH and

HPS, these ballasts are sometimes referred to as "lead peak" ballasts.

E.1.5 Constant Wattage Ballasts

The constant wattage isolated transformer (CW) ballast, referred to as regulated or

premium constant wattage, currently provides the best lamp regulation. its operational

characteristics are similar to the CWA. However, when used with MV lamps, a 13% change in

line voltage only results in a 2% change in lamp wattage. Furthermore, because the lamp circuit

is completely isolated from the primary coils, this topology offers a safety factor against the

danger of shock. Efficiencies as low as 15% can be expected from this configuration. These

ballasts are also known as "magnetic regulator" or "regulated lag" ballasts.

E.l.6 ignitors for High Intensity Discharge Ballasts

ignitors are used in the ballast circuit for most HPS lamps and some MH lamps (e.g.,

pulse-start MH). The ignitor starts cold lamps by first providing a high enough voltage for

ionization of the gas to produce a glow discharge. To complete the starting process, the starting

pulse to sustain an arc through a glow-to-arc transition must provide sufficient power. The range

of pulse voltages to start cold lamps is I to 5 kV, usually provided by an electronic resonant

122

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqfi Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

circuit that applies multiple pulses to the lamp when the circuit is energized. The circuit turns

itself off after the lamp starts by either sensing the reduction in open-circuit voltage or, with

some ignitors, shutting itself off after a fixed period of time.

Instant restarting of hot lamps can be accomplished by increasing the ignition voltage.

However, most HID lamps require extremely high voltage pulses of 10 to 70 kV. To reduce the

voltage-to-ground values, ignitor circuits apply opposing pulses simultaneously to both ends of

the lamp. Most instant-restart lamps are of double-ended construction to minimize arc-over

between lead wires, internal supports, or base contacts. These high-voltage starting pulses

normally are applied in one or several short bursts, using the open-circuit voltage reduction on

restart to turn off the ignitor.

Under normal conditions, an ignitor actually operates for only a few cycles, once each day,

when the lights are started. Even if the lights were turned off momentarily, once each day, it

requires only about one minute of pulsing by the ignitor to restrike the lamp. Assuming an

ignitor case temperature of 90°C (worst case), an operating period of one minute per day would

total only about five hours of actual operation per year. Since average ignitor life at 90°C is a

total of 800 hours, the use of five hours per year is an insignificant portion of the total time.

However, ignitor life can be used up at a significant rate when an inoperative lamp remains in an

energized socket for extended periods of time. Assuming a very severe application with a 75°C

case temperature, a total of 10,000 hours of continuous pulsing can be expected. If it were

pulsing 24 hours per day, this would result in a total ignitor life of just over one year.

123

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Appendix F. Product Availability Tables

The following tables list product availability for HID general service lamps from all

NEMA members. For the purposes of this document, general service HID lamps are limited to

'medium and mogul' base types. Column headings in the tables are defined as follows:

Rated Lamp Power: wattage range from 0 to 2000 watts.

Manufacturer: Limited to NEMA members GE, Philips, Sylvania, Venture, Ushio, and EYE.

Bulb Designation: ANSI designation for bulb shape and size. Nomenclature is a letter or letters

indicating the shape followed by numbers indicating max bulb diameter.

Coating: Only interested if it has it or not (clear or coated / diffuse).

Base Type: The metal coupling connecting the lamp to the socket (either mogul or medium).

ANSI Ballast Code: Electrical operating designation of lamp which matches the ballast.

Nomenclature is a letter indicating lamp classification followed by numbers representing key

electrical characteristics of the lamp.

Lamp Life: Given in operating hours determined when half of a large group of lamps operated at

standard test conditions have failed.

Initial Light Output: Lamp light output after 100 hours of seasoning.

Mean Light Output: Lamp light output after a period of time, usually at 40% rated life. (Note

that GE lamps are given at 50% rated life for their MV, HPS and LPS).

CCT: Correlated Color Temperature - Color appearance of lamp.

CR1: Color Rendering index - relative index of lamp ability to render color.

124

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-i: Product Availability: Mercury Vapor Lamp (1 of 2)

-•' '-':- - k' - - - _#- -

40 GE B17 Clear Med H45 6000 I V: 1140 I V: 910 '3900 I 50

_____

H: 1575 H: 1250 _________

50

_______

Eye

_ ________

[17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

H46

____________

8000 1650-1900 1320-1520 4100-5700

______

25-40

R20 Frosted

_________ R30 Frosted ____________ ___________ _______

GE B17 Coated Med

______

H46

______________

6000

____________

V:1140

_

V:910 3900 50

_______ H:1575 H:1250 _________ _____

Sylvania

_______

[17

______

Coated Med

_____

H45

___________

24000+ 1580 1300 4000 45

_______ ______ H46 ____________ ___________ ___________ _________ ______

Philips

________

_____ ED17 Clear Med H46 24000+ 1580 1260 3200 45

75 Eye [17 Clr/Ctd Med H43 16000 2700-3000 2160-2400 4100-5700 25-40

GE B17 Coated Med H43 16000 2700 2250 3900 50

Sylvania E17 Coated Med H43 24000+ 2700 1800 4300 45

Philips ED17 Clear Med H43 24000+ 2800 2250 3200 45 _____

80 Eye [21 Coated Med - 16000 3600 2880 4100 40

100 Eye [17 Clr/Ctd Med H38 24000 4000-4500 3200-3600 4100-5700 25-40

[24 Clr/Ctd Mog

R30 Diffuse Mog

________ RD4O Diffuse jçg _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

GE A23.5 Clr/Ctd Med

______

H38

______________

18000-24000+ 3700-4000 2400-2600 3800-5700 15-50

B1 7 Coated Med

ED23.5 Clr/Ctd Mog

________ R40 Clr/Ctd Med ______________ _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

Sylvania [17 Coated Med

______

H38 24000+ 4000-4100 3000-3560 4000-5900 20-45

ET23.5 Clr/Ctd Mog H44

PAR38 Clear Med

PAR38 Clear Med

________ R40 Coated Med ____________ ___________

Philips A23 Clear Med

______

H38

______________

24000+

____________

41 00-4400

_

3400-3450 3700-7000

_______

20-45

ED23.5 Mog

_____ R40 Med _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

125

_ ________

[ye E24

_______

Coated Mog

______

H42

______________

24000 6250 5000 4100 40

_____ R40 Clear Med _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

175

_ ________

Eye BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog

______

H39

______________

24000 7800-8900 6240-7120 4100-5700 25-40

________ RD4O Diffuse Med ____________ ___________

GE ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog

______

H39

______________

24000+

____________

7800-7850

_

6800-6830 3900-5700

_______

15-50

RD4O Clr/Ctd Med

________ RD4O Clear jg ______________ _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

Sylvania BT/[D28 Clr/Ctd Mog

______

H39 24000+ 7700 7150 4000-5900 22-45

________ R40 Coated Med ______________ _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

Philips ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog

______

H39 24000+ 7900-8500 7400-7600 3700-6800 20-45

______ ________ R40 Clear Med ______ ______________ _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

125

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Dete,-,nination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-Il: Product Availability: Mercury Vapor Lamp (2 of 2)

250

._

Eye BT28 Clr/Ctd

-

Mog

-e---

H37 1

.ts. ._flS__

24000

__

12000-13700

Lsr....c&JnjSMi.ta..

9600-10960

t4a.fl1thI-.

4100-5700 25-40

R63 Clear

_________ R52 Clear

GE ED28 Clr/Ctd H37

_______________

24000+

_____________

11000-11200

_____________

8250-8400

___________

3900-5700

_______

15-50

Sylvania BT/ED28 Clr/Ctd jçj H37 24000+ 10800-12500 10000 4000-5900 22-45

_____ Philips ED28 Clr/Ctd jyp H37 24000+ 11700-13000 9650-10700 3700-6700 20-45

400 Eye BT37 Clr/Ctd Mog H33 24000 21000-24000 16800-19200 4100-5700 25-40

R63 Clear

R57 Clear ________

GE BT37 Coated Mog H33

______________

12000-24000+

____________

20000-22600

____________

13400-18200

___________

3900-5700

_______

15-50

ED37 Clr/Ctd

R52 Coated

R60 Coated

________

116 Clear

Sylvania B137 Clr/Ctd Mog H33

____________

12000-24000+

___________

18700-23000

___________

16000-1 6500

__________

4000-5900

______

16-45

116 Coated

Philips ED37 Clr/Ctd Mog H33 24000+ 21000-23000 18900-19100 3700-6500 20-45

R57 Clear

______ ________ R60 Clear

700 Eye BT46 Coated jj H35

______________

24000

____________

44000

____________

35200

___________

4100

_______

40

______ Philips BT46 Clear jg H35 24000+ 43000 33600 3700 45

1000 Eye BT56 Clr/Ctd Mog H36 24000 58000-64000 46400-51200 4100-5700 25-40

R88 Clear ________

GE B156 Clr/Ctd Mo9 H34

______________

16000-24000+

_____________

57000-58300

____________

28500-29200

___________

3900-5700

______

15-50

_________ BT56 Coated H36

Sylvania BT56 Clr/Ctd Mog H34

______________

16000-24000+

_____________

55000-58000

____________

44000-50000

___________

4000-5900

______

22-45

________ H36

Philips

________

B156

_______

Clear Mog H34

____________

16000-24000+

____________

56700-63000

___________

42800-48400

__________

3700-6300

______

20-45

_____ ________ ________ _______ H36 ____________ ____________ ___________ __________ ______

I 26

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-2: Product Availability: Self-Ballasted Mercury Vapor Lamp

i1 . iII1 !IL 1I I$f1 .

100

-

Eye

-_

[21 Coated Med 6000 1100 830 3200

-

60

160 Eye E24 Coated Med 8000- 2550- 1910- 3200- 60

R40 Frosted 12000 3100 2330 3300

_______ RSP38 Clr/Ctd

GE ED24 Coated

_______

Med

__ ________

12000

_ ________

2300

_ ________

1600

_ _______

3900

__ _________

50

_____ Philips [23 Clear Med 12000 2800 2250 3300 50

250 Eye [28 Coated Med 12000 5000- 3750- 3200- 50

________ R40 Frosted Mog 5700 4280 3300

GE ED28 Coated Med

_________

12000

_

5000 3750 3900

__________

50

________ __________ Coated Mog

Philips E28 Clear Med

_________

12000

_ _________

5990

_ ________

4790

__ ________

3300

__ __________

50

____ _______ Mog

300

______

Eye R40

_______

Frosted Med

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______

____ ______ _______ _______ Mog

450 Eye BT37 Coated Mog

______

16000

_ ______

10000-

_ ______

7500-

_ ______

3200-

_ _______

50

_______ R57 Frosted 11500 8630 3300

GE BT37 Coated

_______

Mog

__ ________

16000

_

9100 8280 3900

_________

50

_____ Philips BT37 Coated Mog 16000 9700 8300 3300 50

750 Eye BT46 Coated Mog 16000 19000- 14250- 4000 40-45

________ R57 Clr/Fr 22000 16500

GE B57 Coated

_______

Mog

__ ________

16000

_

14000 11200

________

3900

_ _________

50

Philips R57 Coated Mog 16000 14000- Ni/A 3300- 40-50

_____ ________ _________ _________ _________ _________

17300 _________4000 _________

127

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Dm11 Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-3: Product Availability: Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamp (1 of 3)

J_ _ -4 _

_

___

50 Eye ED17N ClrICtd Med M110 10000 3000-3450 1820-1900 2900-3000 70

Sylvania [17 Clr/Ctd Med M110 V: 15000 3200-3450 1750-2000 2900-3000 70

H: 10000

Venture EDX17 Coated Med DC 10000 5300 4000 3400 70

70 Eye [D17N Clr/Ctd Med M98 15000 4800-5200 3600-3900 2900-3000 75

Sylvania [17 Clr/Ctd Med M85 V: 7500-1 5000 4700-6000 3100-4900 2900-4200 75-85

H: 6000-1 0000

Venture R40 Clear Med M85 3000-10000 5200-5600 3400-3600 3000-4200 65-75

PAR64 Coated Mog

PAR56 Clear Mog

PAR38 Clear Med

75 Ushio [26 Coated Med M98 10000 5000-6000 3550 3000-4200 70

100 Eye [017 Clr/Ctd Med M90 10000-15000 7900-8500 5800-6400 2900-4200 65-75

Sylvania [17 Clr/Ctd Med M90 V: 7500-1 5000 7700-8500 5525-7500 2900-4200 75-82

H: 6000-1 0000

Ushio R

Venture R40 Clear Med M90 3000-10000 9000 5900 3200-4200 65-70

PAR64 Coated Mog

PAR56 Clr/Ctd Mog

PAR38 Clear Med

148 Venture [DX17 Coated Med DC 10000 13500 11500 3400-4500 70

150 Eye [D17N Clr/Ctd Med M102 15000 12000-13300 9000-10000 2900-3000 75

GE ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog M57 V: 1000-1 0000 V: 10000-1 3500 V: 8000-11000 3000-5000 65-80

H: 7500 H: 10900-11500 H: 6900-7200

Sylvania BT28 Clear Mog M107 V: 9000-1 5000 V: 11000-1 3000 V: 7500-11000 2900-4200 65-88

E17 Clr/Ctd Med M102 H: 6000-10000 H: 11000-12500 H: 8500-9500

Philips ED17 Clr/Ctd Med M107 10000-12000 11250-12500 7900-8500 3400-4200 65-80

Ushio R

Venture PAR56 Clr/Ctd Mog M102 6000-1000 11250-14000 8400-10500 3000-4200 65-70

PAR64 Coated M81

175 Eye BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog M57 U: 10000 U: 12900-15000 U: 8200-11000 3800-4200 65-70

[028 Mog V:10000 V:14000-15000 V:10500-11000

ED17 Med H: 6000 H: 13500-14000 H: 10000-10500

GE BD17 Clr/Ctd Med M57 V: 10000 V: 12000-1 5000 V: 7600-8800 3000-4000 65-70

ED28 CIr/Ctd Mog H: 6000 H: 10300-119000 H: 6500-7900

PAR38 Clear Med

Sylvania BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog M57 V: 7500-1 0000 V: 11800-1 5000 7600-1 0800 3200-4200 65-70

[017 Med H:7500 H:11080-12800

Philips [017 CIr/CId Med M57 10000 12000-15000 7560-12000 3200-4300 65-70

ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog

PAR38 Clear Med

Venture [017 Clr/Ctd Med M57 7500-10000 12000-15000 8600-12000 3200-5200 65-70

[028 Mog

P40 Clear Med

T15 Mog

128

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-3: Product Availability: Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamp (2 of 3)

250 Eye

. F-- -

BT28 Clr/Ctd _I Mog

----

ED28

M58

' _______

V:10000

U: 10000_________________

V:20750-21500

U: 19800-20800 _________________

V:17200-17250

U: 12600-1 3500 _____________3800-4200 _______65-70 _ _______ H: 6000 H: 19650-1 9700 H: 13800-1 5850 _________

Sylvania

______

BT28

______

Clr/Ctcl Mog

_____

M58 9000-1 0000 V: 17200-23000 V: 12500-17500 3200-5200

_____

65-93

ET18 Clear Mog H: 19500-20000 H: 13500-16000

________

T14.5 Clear jg

Philips ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog

______

M58

______________

10000

________________

18000-23000

______________

11300-16800

_________

3200-4300

______

65-70

T15 Clear ________

Ushio [39 Clear g

_____

M80

_____________

9000

_______________

19000

______________

N/A

_________

5200

_____

N/A

Venture ED28 Clr/Ctd E39 M58 7500-10000 19000-23000 12400-15000 3000-5200 65-70

T15 Clear

360

________

GE ED37 Clr/Ctd

_____

M59

_____________

20000

_______________

35000-39000

______________

23000-27000

_________

4000-4300

_____

65-70

Sylvania BT37 Clr/Ctd MUg M59 V: 20000 V: 34500-36000 22500-23500 3600-4000 65-70

H:15000 H: 30000 H: 19000 ________

400

______

Eye

_____

BT37

_____

Clr/Ctd MUg

_____

M59 U: 20000 U: 35000-36000 U: 21000-24000 3800-4200

_____

65-70

BT28 V: 20000-30000 V: 36000-42000 V: 28000-33000

_______ ED37 H: 15000-20000 H: 32000-39000 H: 24800-30800

GE ED28

______

Clr/Ctd Mog

_____

M59 10000-20000 25000-44000 13300-31000

_________

3000-6000

_____

65-90

BT28 Clr/Ctd

BT37 Clr/Ctd

T15 Clear _______

Sylvania BT28 Clr/Ctd MUg

_____

M59

_____________

V: 20000

_______________

V: 33500-42000

______________

V: 22000-26000

_________

3200-5200

_____

60-90

BT37 Clr/Ctcl H: 15000 H: 32000-33000 H: 20500-21 500

ET18 Clear

T14.5 Clear ________

Philips ED28 Clear MUg

______

M59

______________

10000-20000

________________

32500-40000

_______________

20800-27400

__________

3200-4300

______

65-70

ED37 Clr/Ctd

R60 Clear

T15 Clear _______ _____________ _________

Venture ED28 Clr/Ctd MUg

_____

M59

____________

10000-20000

______________

32500-40000 21100-26000 3200-5200

_____

65-70

ED37 Clr/Ctd

T15 Clear _____ ______________ _________

1000

_______

Eye BT56 Clr/Ctd Mo9

_____

M47

_____________

U: 12000

_______________

U: 99800-1 05000 U: 59900-66000 3400-4200

_____

65-70

BT37 V:12000 V:110000-120000 V:86000-96600

_______ H: 9000 H: 105000-110000 H: 82000-86300

GE

______

BT56

______

Clr/Ctd MUg

_____

M47 V: 12000-15000 V: 105000-115000 V: 80000-90000

_________

3500-4000

_____

65-80

_______ BT37 Clear H: 9000-11000 H: 96600-1 0500 H: 73000-82000 _________

Sylvania BT56 Clr/Ctd MUg

_____

M47 V: 6000-1 8000 V: 100000-115000 V: 80000-96000 3400-4200

_____

65-70

BT37 Clear _______ _____ _____________ _______________ ______________ _________ _____

Philips BT37 Clear MUg M47 10000-12000 104500-120000 65800-83600 3400-3900 65-70

_______ BTS6 Clr/Ctd _________

Ushio [39 Clr/Ctd jg

_____

N/A

_____________

8000

_______________

N/A

______________

N/A 10000

_____

N/A

Venture BT56 Clr/Ctd MUg M47 6000-12000 80000-115000 52000-86300 3400-5200 65-70

_____ _______ BT37 Clear _____ _____________ _______________ ______________ _________ _____

129

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
130

Drqfl Framework for Determination Analysis of HiD Lamps

Table F-3: Product Availability: Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamp (3 of 3)

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drafi F,-a,nework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

_

Table F-4: Product Availability: Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamp (1 of 2)

32 GE ED17 Coated

I

Med M100

NV

10000

h

2400

J1

1700 1 3200

- _ 70

50 _GE ED17 Clr/Ctd Med MilO 5000-10000 2900-3900 1500-2200 3200-4000 70-75

________ BD1 7 _____ _____________ _____________ _____________ _________ ______

Sylvania E17

______

Clr/Ctd Med MilO V: 15000 3200-3450 1750-2000 2900-3000 70

________ H: 10000 _____________ _________ ______

Venture

______

ED17

______

CIr/Ctd Med

_____

M110 V: 10000

_____________

V: 3000-3400 V: 2000-2200 3200-4000 65-70

_____ H: 7500 H: 2700-3100 H: 1800-2000 ________ _____

70

_______

GE

_____

ED17

_____

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M98 12000 4500-5500 2800-3500 3200-4000 70-75

________ BD1 7 _________

Sylvania E17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M98

_____________

V: 7500-1 5000

_____________

4700-5500

_____________

3100-4000 2900-4200

______

75-82

________ PAR38 Clear H: 6000-10000

Venture ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

______

M98 V: 15000

______________

V: 5000-5600

_____________

V: 3300-3600

_________

2700-4000

______

65-70

_____ ED28 Clear jj H: 11250 H: 4500-5000 H: 3000-3300

100

________

GE ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M90 15000 7600-9000 4900-6200

_________

3200-4000

______

70-75

_______ BD1 7 ______ _____ _____________ _____________ _____________ _________ ______

Sylvania E17 Clr/Ctd Med M90 V: 7500-1 5000 7700-8500 5525-7500 2900-4200 75-82

_______ PAR38 Clear H: 6000-1 0000 _________

Venture ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M90 V: 15000

_____________

V: 81 00-9000

_____________

V: 5300-5900 2700-4000

______

65-70

_____ ED28 Clr/Ctd H: 11250 H: 7300-81 00 H: 4800-5300 _________

150

_______

GE ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M102 15000 11200-12500 7700-8600 3200-4000

______

70-75

BD1 7 _______

Sylvania E17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M102

_____________

V: 7500-1 5000

_____________

11500-1 2900

_____________

9000-11000

_________

2900-4200

______

75-88

_______ PAR38 Clear H: 6000-1 0000 _________ ______

Venture ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M102 V: 15000

_____________

V: 12600-14000

_____________

V: 9500-10500 2700-4000 65-70

_____ ED28 H:11250 H:11300-12600 H:8500-9500 ________ _____

175

______

GE ED23.5

_____

Clr/Ctd Mog

_____

M137 15000 16000-17500 12000-13000 3200-4000 65-75

______ BD17 _____ Med ____ ___________ __________ __________ _______ _____

Philips ED28 Clear M137 15000 16000 11200 3900 65

Venture ED17 CIr/Ctd Med M137 15000 16600-17500 13300-14000 3700-4000 65-70

_____ ED28 ________ ______

200

______

Venture ED17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M136

____________

12000-15000

___________

19000-21000

___________

15200-16800 3200-4000 65-70

_____ ED28 ________

250

______

GE ED28

______

Clr/Ctd

_____

M138

____________

15000-20000

___________

21500-23000

___________

15500-17000 3900-4200

______

65

Sylvania BT28 Clr/Ctd M138 15000 21500-23000 17200-19200 3600-4200 65-70

Philips ED28 Clear M138 15000 23800 16600 4000 65

Venture ED28 Clr/Ctd M138 15000 22600-25000 18100-20000 3700-4000 65-70 _____

320 GE ED28 ClrlCtd jj M132 20000 30000-34000 16500-25000 3700-4000 65-70

Sylvania BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog M131 V: 20000 V: 28500-32000 V: 19000-21000 3800-4300 65-70

_______ H: 15000-20000 H: 28000-33500 H: 18400-24000

Philips

______

ED28

_______

Clr/Ctd

_____

M132 20000 30100-31700 21500-23140

_________

3600-3900

______

5-7O

Venture ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog M132 15000-20000+ 27900-34000 22300-27200 3200-4000 65-70

______ ________ ED37 _______ ______ ______________ _____________ _____________ _________ _______

131

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
132

Droll Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-4: Product Availability: Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamp (2 of 2)

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft F,-amework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-5: Product Availability: Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps

39 GE PAR2O

±La±

Med

L.---

M130 9000-10000 3400 2400-2600 3000 >80

_______ PAR3OL ______ _____ ___________ ___________ _________ _____

Sylvania PAR2O Med M130 9000 V: 3300

__________

2640-2720 2900-3000 82-85

________ PAR3OL __________ ______

Philips PAR2O

_______

Med

______

M130

____________

9000-12000

____________

2000-3400

___________

1600-2805 3000 81

_____ PAR3OL

50

_______

Philips ED17P

______

Clear Med M110

___________

10000-15000

___________

3560-4250

__________

2600-3200

_________

3000-4000

_____

82-90

_____ ED17 ClrICtd -M148

70

_______

GE PAR3OL Med M85

___________

9000-15000

___________

5100-7000

__________

4300-5600

_________

3000-4200

_____

>80

PAR38 M98 >90

______

BD17 M139

Sylvania E17

_____

Clr/Ctd Med M98

_________

9000-12000

_________

V: 5500-6600

_________

4400-5280

________

2900-4200

_____

83-90

PAR3OL Clear H: 6300

PAR38 Clear ________ ___________ _________ _____

Philips PAR3OL Med M98 6000-1 5000

___________

6000-6600

__________

4800-5440 3000-4000 82-92

PAR38

ED17

_____ ED17P

100

_______

GE PAR38

______

Med M90

__________

10000

__________

8700-9200

_________

6300-6600

________

3000

_____

>80

_______ BD17 M140

Sylvania E17

______

Cir/Cid Med M90

__________

12000

__________

8500-9000

__________

6900-7200

_________

3000

_____

85

________ PAR38 Clear ____________ ____________ __________ ______

Philips PAR38 Clear Med M90 10000-15000 7500-9300

___________

6375-7500 3000-4100 85-93

ED17 Clr/Ctd M140

ED17P Clr/Ctd

ED28 Clear ______

150

________

Sylvania E17 Clr/Ctd Med M142

____________

9000-12000

____________

12700-14000

___________

10800-12200

__________

3000-4200

______

85-90

Philips ED17 Clr/Ctd Med M142 6000-15000 11500-14200 8750-1130 3000-4200 85-96

______ ED17P CIr/Ctd

400

________

Philips ED37 Clr/Ctd EEM M128

____________

20000

____________

34000-37000

___________

28900-31450

__________

3700-4000

______

90

____ _____ _____ _____ Ml 35 ________ ________ _______________ ____

133

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

134

Table F-6: Product Availability: Direct Replacement Metal Halide Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Frameworkfor Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-7: Product Availability: High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (1 of 2)

tW$ 1 . -

' ' - }4D

=- j

--

4J

i'--,- - . -,r - . . _j' r

35 Eye

& -i

ED17 Cu/Duff Med

-'-.-

S76 24000+ 2150-2250 1935-2025 2100 21

GE B17 Cir/Diff Med S76 16000 2150-2250 1935-2025 1900 22

Sylvania E17 CIr/Diff Med S76 16000+ 2100-2250 1935-2050 1900 22

Philips ED17 ClrIDiff Med S76 24000+ 2150-2250 1935-2025 2100 20 _____

50 Eye ED17 CIr/Diff Med S68 24000+ 3800-4000 3420-3600 1900-21 00 21

_______ ED23.5 ______ ____________ ___________ ____________ __________ ________

GE B17 Cir/Diff Med S68 24000+ 3800-4000 3420-3600 1900 22

_______ ED23.5 __________ ________

Sylvania ET23.5

______

Cir/Diff Mog S68

____________

24000-30000

___________

3700-4000

____________

3420-3600 1900 22

_______ E17 Med _________ _______

Philips ED17

______

CIr/Diff Med S68

___________

10000-24000+

__________

2350-4000

____________

2000-3600 2100-2700 21-85

_____ ED23.5 __________ ________

70

_______

Eye ED17

______

CIr/Diff Med S62

____________

24000+

___________

5860-6300

____________

5270-5670 1900-21 00 21

_______ ED23.5 ____________ __________ ________

GE B17

______

CIr/Diff Med S62 10000-40000

___________

3800-6400

____________

3040-5670 1900-2200 22-65

_______ ED23.5 ____________ _________ _______

Sylvania ET23.5

______

Cir/Diff Mog S62 24000-40000

__________

5500-6300

____________

4900-5600 1900-2150 22

_______ E17 Med

Philips ED17

______

Cir/Diff Med S62

____________

24000+

__________

5860-6300

____________

5270-5670

_________

2100-2200

_______

21-60

ED23.5 Cir/Diff Mog

_____ PAR38 Clear Med __________ ________

100

_ ________

Eye ED17 CIr/Diff Med S54

_____________

24000+

____________

8800-9500

_____________

7920-8550 2100 21

_______ ED23.5 ____________ __________ ________

GE B17

______

Clr/Diff Med S54 24000-40000

___________

8800-10500

____________

7920-9450 2000 22-23

_______ ED23.5

Sylvania ET23.5

______

CIr/Diff Mog S54

____________

24000-40000

___________

8800-9800

____________

7500-8550

__________

2100-21 50

________

22

_______ E17 Med ____________ __________ _________ _______

Philips ED17

______

CIr/Diff Med S54 10000-24000+ 4900-9500

____________

4170-8550 2100-2700 21-85

______ _______ ED23.5 ____________ ___________ ____________ __________ ________

150 Eye ED17

______

CIr/Diff Med S55 24000+ 15000-16000 13500-14400 2100 21

_______ ED23.5 ______ jpçj ____________ ___________ ____________ __________ ________

GE B17 Cir/Diff Med S55 15000-40000 10500-16000 9135-14400 2000-2200 22-65

ED23.5 Cir/Diff Mog S56

________ ED28 Clear jj

Sylvania ET23.5 Clr/Diff Mog S55

_____________

24000-40000

____________

12500-16000

_____________

12100-14400

__________

2100-2200

________

22

E17 CIr/Diff Med S56

BT28 Clear ________ __________ ________

Philips ED17 CIr/Diff Med S55

_____________

15000-24000+

____________

11000-16000

_____________

9900-14400 2100-2200 21-60

ED23.5 Clr/Diff Mog S56

______ ________ ED28 Clear _____________ ____________ _____________ __________ ________

135

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

Table F-7: Product Availability: High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (2 of 2)

u - ___

200

_____

Eye

____

ED18

____

Clear

___

Mog

___

S66

______

24000+ 22000 19800 2100 21

GE ED18 Clear Mog 566 24000-40000 21500-22000 18150-19800 2000-2100 22

Sylvania ET18 Clear Mog S66 24000-40000 21500-22000 18000-19800 2100 22

_____ Philips ED18 Clear Mog 566 24000+ 22000 19800 2100 21

225 Philips ED18 Clear Mog 550 24000+ 27500 24800 2100 21

250 Eye ED18 Clear Mog S50 24000+ 26000-28500 23400-25650 2100 21

ED37 Diffuse

ET18 Clear

GE ED18 Clear Mog S50

___________

15000-40000 22500-29000

____________

20700-27500

_________

2000-2200 22-65

ED28 Diffuse

Sylvania ET18 Clear Mog S50

____________

24000-40000 26000-29000

____________

23200-26100

__________

2100 22

BT28 Diffuse

Philips ED18 Clear Mog S50

____________

15000-24000+ 23000-30000

____________

20700-27000

__________

2100-2200 21-65

_____ ED28 Diffuse

310 GE ED18 Clear 567

____________

24000+ 37000

____________

33300

__________

2100 22

Sylvania ET18 Clear S67 24000+ 37000 33300 2100 22

_____ Philips ED18 Clear S67 24000+ 37000 33300 2100 21

360 Philips ED18 Clear çj S51 24000+ 47500 42800 2100 25

400 Eye ED18 Clear Mog S51 24000+ 47500-50000 42750-45000 2100 21

ED37 Diffuse

ET18 Clear

GE ED18 Clear Mog S51

____________

15000-40000 37400-54000

____________

34400-48600

__________

2000-2200 22-70

ED28 Clear

ED37 Diffuse

Sylvania ET18 Clear Mog S51

______________

24000-40000 46000-50000

______________

40000-45000

___________

2100 21-22

BT37 Diffuse

Philips ED18 Clear Mog S51

_____________

15000-24000+ 37500-50000

_____________

33750-45000

__________

21 00-2200 21-65

______ ED37 Diffuse

430 Philips ED18 Clear jj S51

_____________

16000 53000

_____________

47700

__________

2100 21

600 GE 15 Clear S106 12000+ 90000 81000 2000 22

Sylvania Tm Clear 5106 24000 90000 81000 2200 22

______ Philips T14 Clear jj S106 24000+ 90000 81000 2100 21

750 GE ED37 Clear Sill 24000+ 110000 99000 2100 22

______ Sylvania BT37 Clear jçj Sill 24000 105000 94500 2100 22

1000 Eye E25 Clear Mog S52 24000+ 140000- 126000 2100 21

145000

GE

______

E25

______

Clear Mog S52

____________

24000-40000 137500-

____________

115000-12600(

__________

2000-2100 22-25

______ ______ ____________

140000 ____________ __________

Sylvania E25 Clear Mo9 S52 24000+ 127000- 11500-124000 2100 22

______ ______ ____________

130000 __________

Philips ED37 Clear Mog S52 24000+ 125000-

____________

112000-12600( 2100 21

_____ E25 ______ ____________

140000 ____________ _________

136

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drafi Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

137

Table F-8: Product Availability: Direct Replacement High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drqft Framework for Delerminalion Analysis of HID Lamps

Appendix C. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Life-Cycle Cost and

Payback Calculation Comparison

This section presents a comparison of the Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period

calculation methods presented in the TESNA Lighting Handbook, Ninth Edition (IESNA, 2000),

Chapter 25, Lighting Economics, with the LCC and payback methods proposed by the

Department for this draft framework.

G.1 Life-Cycle Cost

The Department's proposed LCC model calculates the LCC of an HID ballast and its

initial and replacement lamps over the lifetime of the ballast. Therefore, the Department's LCC

method is more complex than the example calculation presented in the IESNA Handbook, which

calculates the LCC of a lamp. The Department's proposed calculation procedure is similar to

that used in its LCC analysis of fluorescent lamp ballasts, in which both lamp and ballast costs

were calculated over the lifetime of a ballast.

The following five points compare the Department's LCC method with the IESNA LCC

method.

1. The equations for the present value of the operating costs are the same.

2. In the fluorescent ballast Technical Support Document (DOE, 2000), Chapter 4, Equation 4.1

is the general LCC equation where the operating costs can vary from year to year. This

equation is in the LCC spreadsheet where the electricity prices change over time. Equation

4.1 is the same as equation 5.1, shown again below for reference:

01 LCC=P+

(1 +r)

Where:

P = Total installed cost

= Sum over analysis period

O = Annual operating cost

r = Discount rate for life cycle cost

t = Year (from I to lifetime)

(Equation 5.1)

138

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Delerinination Analysis of HID Lamps

3. Equation G.1 represents a special case where the operating cost (Or) is constant every year.

If operating costs are constant over time, Equation 5.1 simplifies to Equation G. 1:

LCC = P + PWF *(Equation G.1)

Where the PWF (Present Worth Factor) is represented by Equation G.2:

PWF= !*[i 1 1

r L -1+ r

N J

(Equation G.2)

Where:

PWF = Present Worth Factor

r = Discount rate for life cycle cost

N = Lifetime (in years)

Equation G.2 is equivalent to equation (25-5) in the IESNA Handbook, removing the A

(amount of annual payment) on the right side of the IESNA equation.

P=A* (l+i) -1

i(1 + i)'

Where:

= Discount rate for life cycle cost

y = Lifetime (in years)

(IESNA Equation 25-5)

Equations G.l and G.2 are for illustration purpose and are not used in the LCC analyses,

since the operating cost does vary by year in the analysis, according to the electricity price

forecast.

139

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Drall Framework for Delernunalion Analysis of HID Lamps

4. The JESNA Handbook does not show an equation for the LCC that includes the installed

cost. It does refer to the present value of the operating costs (over the lifetime). The IESNA

Equations 25-8a to 25-8c show the calculation of the present value of the operating costs

when the operating costs are escalating at a rate of k% per year. This only works when the

escalation rate is constant over years, and will not work in this analysis, where the electricity

prices vary by year. The general form of IESNA Equation 25-8a is:

P = A

(1 + r)'

k=I (l+i)h

Where:

(JESNA Equation 25-8a)

P = Present worth, or amount at present (dollars)

A = initial annual payment (dollars)

y = Number of years

= Opportunity or interest rate

r = Rate of escalation, or percentage by which the annual payment

increases each year, as decimal fraction (5% equals 0.05)

G.2 Payback Period

For the Payback Period calculation, the equation presented in the IESNA Handbook is a

definition of payback period. The IESNA equation is:

P = - (IESNA Equation 25-2)

Where:

P = payback period (years)

= incremental investment (dollars)

A = incremental annual cash flow

The incremental annual cash flow is the decreased annual operating costs. IESNA equation 25-2

is similar to Eqn. 5.3, the payback period equation in this document.

PB =

-

APC (Equation 5.3)

AOC

Where:

PB = payback period (years)

PC = total initial purchase and installation cost (dollars)

OC = annual operating cost (dollars/year)

140

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Framework for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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141

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Draft Fmmeworlc for Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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142

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 01
Diafi Franieworkfor Delermination Analysis of HID Lamps

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145

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Draft Frameworkfo,- Determination Analysis of HID Lamps

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