UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

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BRIAN BECKER, et al., )

Plaintiffs )

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v. ) Civ. Action No. 01-0811 (PLF/JMF)

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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., )

Defendants )

)

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This matter has been referred to me by Judge Friedman. Currently pending and ready for

resolution is the Defendants’ Second Renewed Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer

[#337]. For the reasons stated herein, the Defendants’ motion will be denied.

I. Background

This class action arises out of protests surrounding the World Bank and International

Monetary Fund (“IMF”) meetings of April 16-17, 2000. Complaint (“Compl.”) [#1] ¶¶ 43, 44. 

The Plaintiffs, various nonprofit groups and individuals, brought suit against the District of

Columbia, the Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”), its officials and officers, and various

federal agency defendants alleging, inter alia, violations of their First, Fourth, and Fifth

Amendment rights; claims of excessive force; and common-law false arrest. Compl. ¶ 2. 

Relevant to this motion is the claim arising out of a mass arrest of 673 protestors that took place

in the vicinity of 20th and I Streets NW on April 15, 2000, in conjunction with their march from

the U.S. Department of Justice on 10th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW toward Dupont

Circle. Id. ¶¶ 88-94. The circumstances of the arrests, bookings, and subsequent releases of the
arrestees are highly contested by the parties, but undisputed facts show that the processing of

arrestees was lengthy and somewhat chaotic, with the final arrestee not having been booked until

the following morning, April 16, 2000. Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Second Renewed Motion for

Leave to File Amended Answer (“Pls. Opp.”) [#340] at 13-14. The Plaintiffs, on behalf of a

class comprising those protestors arrested in the April 15, 2000 incident, brought this claim

against the District of Columbia MPD, then-MPD Chief of Police Charles Ramsey, and

then-Executive Assistant to the MPD Chief of Police Terrence Gainer in part alleging that the

arrests violated the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution because they were undertaken without

individualized probable cause.

Defendants now seek to amend their answer to add the affirmative defense of failure to

mitigate damages, based on allegations that some of those arrested in conjunction with the World

Bank/IMF protests refused to self-identify after being arrested, thereby prolonging their

detentions. Defendants’ Memorandum in Support of Second Renewed Motion for Leave to File

Amended Answer (“Defs. Mem.”) at 2. This evidence is disputed by Plaintiffs, who assert that

the refusal to self-identify was undertaken by a different group of protestors, not members of this

particular class. Pls. Opp. at 3. It is undisputed that approximately 150 persons arrested at some

point during the protests did refuse to provide identification; these persons were eventually

released on April 22, 2000, but the date and time at which they were arrested appears at this point

to be undetermined. Id. The impact of this refusal to self-identify on the length of detention as

opposed to any number of other factors is further disputed by the Plaintiffs. Pls. Opp. at 13-15. 1

 Plaintiffs argue that many factors contributed to length of detention, including to which 1

bus an arrestee was assigned for transport to the receiving facility. Pls. Opp. at 14. There has

been no discovery as to what factors may have affected length of detention or as to what the

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II. Analysis

The amendment of pleadings in civil matters is governed by Rule 15 of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure. Rule 15 permits amendment under a relatively liberal standard; leave to

amend should be freely granted when justice so requires. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The decision

to grant or deny leave to amend is within the sound discretion of the trial court, however, it is an

abuse of discretion to deny leave without a sufficient reason. Dove v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit

Auth., 221 F.R.D. 246, 247 (D.D.C. 2004). A denial of leave to amend is appropriate in cases of

undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments

previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party, and/or futility of the amendment. 

Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). The party opposing the amendment bears the burden

to show why leave should not be granted. Dove, 221 F.R.D. at 247.

Defendants’ Motion essentially argues they should be permitted to amend their answer on

the basis of the policy that leave should be freely given to aid in the disposition of cases on the

merits. Defs. Mem. at 6. Defendants assert that the amendment is timely following the

certification of the class, as opposed to any time prior to certification, because the pool of

plaintiffs to which the affirmative defense may be applicable expanded. Id. at 4-5. Plaintiffs

argue in opposition that leave should be denied largely on the basis of undue delay, given that the

Defendants offer little justification for waiting more than five years to first move to amend. Pls.

Opp. at 20-21. Plaintiffs also raise the issue of burden and argue that allowing amendment at this

stage, after discovery has closed, would be overly prejudicial. Id. at 23.

A. Undue Delay

relative impact of any of these factors was. Id.

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The Defendants’ five-year delay in bringing forth this new affirmative defense after

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discovery has closed is unsubstantiated and undue. Delays of anywhere between 38 months and

eight years have been found to be undue, and therefore barred amendment of the pleadings. See

Williamsburg Wax Museum, Inc. v. Historic Figures, Inc., 810 F.2d 243 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (seven 

years after filing of complaint, after close of discovery and summary judgment); Doe v.

McMillan, 566 F.2d 713, 720 (D.C. Cir. 1977) (38 months after initial pleadings); Abdullah v.

Washington, 530 F. Supp. 2d 112, 115 (D.D.C. 2008) (five years after initial pleadings), app.

dismissed, No. 08-7022, 2008 U.S. App. Lexis 9082 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 12, 2008). Equally

significant in evaluating whether there has been undue delay is the status of the case at the time

of the proposed amendment. Waiting to move to amend until after the close of discovery and

after the filing of or ruling upon dispositive motions has been considered an undue delay. See

Williamsburg Wax Museum, 810 F.2d at 247; Abdullah, 530 F. Supp. 2d at 115. Defendants in

the present case waited over five years from the time of their initial answer until they first moved

to amend, after discovery was closed, and some motions for summary judgment filed.

Further, the Defendants offer little justification and certainly no “sound reason” for

waiting five years to assert this defense, providing a further bar against granting leave. See Doe

v. McMillan, 566 F.2d at 720 (movants provided “no sound reason for failure to seek amendment

earlier”); Preferred Meal Sys. v. Save More Foods, Inc., 129 F.R.D. 11, 12 (D.D.C. 1990)

(denying motion to amend because defendant provided no justification for two-and-a-half year

 The Defendants first moved to amend their answer to add this affirmative defense in 2

December 2006. It would unfairly prejudice Defendants to use the date of their Second Renewed

Motion to determine how much time has elapsed, as they have attempted twice before to assert

this defense, both times being dismissed without prejudice. Therefore, for the purposes of this

motion, we assume a five-year delay (2001-2006) as opposed to an eight-year delay (2001-2009).

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delay in seeking to add new defense and no indication that they only recently learned of the

information). There is no assertion in the current Defendants’ Motion that the information was

only revealed during discovery; that is belied by the facts of the case. The Defendants had notice

in 2001 that the Plaintiffs intended to pursue a class action regarding the mass arrests. See

generally Compl.; Motion to Certify Class [#15] (Oct. 30, 2001). It therefore must be assumed

that the Defendants conducted their discovery with an eye toward the possibility of a class action. 

The information about large numbers of arrestees refusing to self-identify was widely reported in

the media at that time, and the Defendants cite those articles in their own motion. See Defs.

Mem. at 3. The Defendants arguably have no more information now about the affirmative

defense than they had in 2000 when the events occurred, and, as there was no discovery focused

on these allegations, certainly no more than they had at the close of discovery in 2005. Why the

Defendants did not assert this affirmative defense prior to or during discovery so that it could be

probed while discovery was still being conducted is unknown and apparently without

justification.

B. Prejudice to non-moving party

In evaluating the possibility of prejudice to the nonmoving party, one significant factor is

whether the amendment will require additional discovery. See Abdullah, 530 F. Supp. 2d at 115

(finding prejudice when discovery was closed); Nurriden v. Goldin, 382 F. Supp. 2d 79, 91

(D.D.C. 2005) (finding no prejudice when, inter alia, amendment would require no additional

discovery), aff’d on other grounds, No. 05-CV-5386, 2007 WL 1126199 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 16,

2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1473 (2008). In Abdullah, the Plaintiff’s “real and substantial”

discovery burden – he would have formulated his discovery differently and the new discovery

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that would be necessary to rebut the affirmative defense had become largely inaccessible over the

preceding five years of delay – amounted to prejudice barring amendment. Abdullah, 530 F.

Supp. 2d at 115. The current Plaintiffs have a similar discovery problem. Discovery has long

since closed and the Plaintiffs assert that they would have undertaken discovery differently and

probed the allegation during discovery had they known of the District’s intent to assert the failure

to mitigate affirmative defense. Pls. Opp. at 23. The evidence now needed to address the

affirmative defense would require extensive additional discovery, as the field arrest and booking

records are either incomplete or nonexistent and there has been no information discovered as to

the times of release. Id. at 6-10, 15. It likely will take extensive discovery to even determine if

the defense applies to any of the class members, given the state of the records and the fact that

more than 1,300 people were arrested and booked over the course of that weekend. The fact that

discovery is closed and the amount of additional discovery that would be needed to properly

rebut the affirmative defense prove too prejudicial to Plaintiffs to permit amendment for its

assertion. 

Allowing amendment after an unjustified five-year delay and causing the discovery phase

to be re-opened in this now-eight-year-old case goes beyond the generous standard prescribed by

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and therefore, must be denied.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Second Renewed Motion for Leave to File

Amended Answer [#337] will be denied. An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

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/S/ 

Dated: July 20, 2009 JOHN M. FACCIOLA

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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