Filed 8/24/20 Marshall v. Landry’s CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

TERRI MARSHALL,

 Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

LANDRY’S, INC.,

 Defendant and Respondent.

 G057194

 (Super. Ct. No. 30-2017-00913664)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, 

Glenn R. Salter, Judge. Affirmed.

Righetti Glugoski, Matthew Righetti and John Glugoski for Plaintiff and 

Appellant.

Law Offices of Mary E. Lynch, Mary E. Lynch; Sheppard, Mullin, Richter 

& Hampton, Ryan D. McCortney and Karin Dougan Vogel for Defendant and 

Respondent.

* * *
2

INTRODUCTION

Following a bench trial of plaintiff Terri Marshall’s wage and hour claims 

against her former employer Landry’s, Inc. (Landry’s), the trial court found Landry’s had 

properly classified Marshall as exempt in her role as a “front of the house manager” at 

Joe’s Crab Shack restaurants under the executive exemption set forth in Industrial 

Welfare Commission Wage Order No. 5-2001 (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11050) (Wage 

Order No. 5) and section 515 of the Labor Code. Marshall contends the judgment 

entered in favor of Landry’s must be reversed because (1) the trial court erred by failing 

to presume Marshall was a nonexempt employee until Landry’s carried its burden of 

proving the requirements of the exemption had been satisfied; and (2) insufficient 

evidence showed Marshall “plainly and unmistakably” fell within the executive 

exemption.

We affirm. In the statement of decision, the trial court expressly applied

the correct presumption and burden of proof. Substantial evidence supported the court’s 

finding that Marshall was properly classified as an exempt employee during the relevant 

time period.

FACTS1

In March 2002, Marshall began working as a nonexempt employee for 

Joe’s Crab Shack restaurant in Long Beach (the Long Beach restaurant). In 2004, she

applied for and was accepted into the Manager in Training Program (the MIT). During 

her participation in the MIT, Marshall was trained in the areas of recruiting, interviewing 

and hiring employees, scheduling employees, coaching employees, preparing and 

presenting performance reviews, planning and controlling costs, labor law issues, safety 

and OSHA issues, management and leadership theories, and several other management 

1

 The facts contained in this section are taken from facts contained in the trial court’s 

statement of decision and the parties’ stipulated facts. 
3

tasks. During the MIT, Marshall also completed “required management reading and 

management projects, took numerous exams, and was given numerous performance 

reviews and prepared self-evaluations.” While Marshall was in the MIT, she was treated 

as a nonexempt employee.

On May 29, 2004, after she completed the MIT, Marshall was promoted to 

be a front of the house manager at the Long Beach restaurant and was thereafter 

classified as an exempt employee and paid an annual salary of $37,000. As a front of the 

house manager, Marshall managed the front of the restaurant, supervising all the hosts, 

servers, bartenders, busboys, and food expeditors. On occasion, when Marshall was the 

only manager at the Long Beach restaurant, she would be in charge of running the entire 

restaurant. The Long Beach restaurant typically employed about 100 total nonexempt 

employees at any given time. Landry’s expected front of the house managers to work 

between 55 and 60 hours each week. 

In October 2004, Marshall requested that she be transferred to the Joe’s 

Crab Shack restaurant in Oceanside (the Oceanside restaurant); Landry’s granted 

Marshall’s request. Marshall began working as a front of the house manager at the 

Oceanside restaurant on October 11, 2004 where she continued the duties she had 

performed at the Long Beach restaurant of supervising all hosts, servers, bartenders, 

bussers, and food expeditors and, often, supervised the entire restaurant. The Oceanside 

restaurant employed between 65 and 100 nonexempt employees.

Marshall acknowledged that “at all times during both the Long Beach and 

Oceanside restaurants’ operating hours, she supervised and directed the work of at least 

two employees, and most of the time significantly more than two.” Her resume states she 

“independently managed the entire store on most shifts.”

Throughout Marshall’s employment as a front of the house manager, Rio 

Gueli was the regional director for numerous Southern California Joe’s Crab Shack 

restaurants, including both the Long Beach restaurant and the Oceanside restaurant. 
4

From August until October 2004, Gueli worked with Marshall at the Long Beach 

restaurant and also personally observed Marshall working as a front of the house manager 

at both the Long Beach restaurant and the Oceanside restaurant. In February 2005, 

Marshall submitted her resignation. Marshall’s final day of employment was March 6, 

2005. Throughout the time she worked as a front of the house manager, her annual salary 

met the minimum salary requirement for the executive exception under the wage order.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In April 2017, Marshall filed a complaint against Landry’s alleging that,

while she was employed as a front of the house manager, Landry’s misclassified her as an 

exempt employee. Marshall’s complaint included four causes of action: (1) failure to 

pay overtime compensation; (2) violation of section 17200 of the Business and 

Professions Code; (3) failure to provide meal and rest periods; (4) waiting time penalties 

pursuant to Labor Code sections 201 through 203; and (5) failure to furnish wage and 

hour statements pursuant to Labor Code section 226.

2

Following a bench trial in the instant case, the trial court announced its 

decision in a minute order dated July 27, 2018 which stated in part: “The court finds that 

[Marshall] was an exempt employee under the Labor Code. [Marshall] was trained as a 

manager and performed manager duties at both locations. The court finds her claims that 

she performed non-exempt work more than 50% of the time not credible. Importantly, 

2

 In the complaint, Marshall alleged that the statutes of limitations on her claims were 

tolled by the September 2007 filing of a putative class action entitled Roberto Martinez v. 

Joe’s Crab Shack, case No. BC377269 (the Martinez case) in the Los Angeles Superior 

Court involving Joe’s Crab Shack restaurants’ managers. Class certification was denied 

twice in the Martinez case—once in May 2010 and again in May 2012. However, in 

2015, the Court of Appeal overturned the denial of class certification and remanded to the 

trial court to reconsider class certification. On August 3, 2016, the trial court dismissed 

the Martinez case. Martinez appealed the dismissal. During the trial in this matter, the 

appeal in the Martinez case was still pending.
5

but not exclusively, she went through a management-in-training program with [Landry’s]

before she started her new duties, she performed manager duties, she published a resume 

stating she had been a manager at [Landry]’s restaurants, and the explanation of Rio 

Gueli as to the role and function of the manager, as well as his personal (but brief) 

observation of plaintiff while she performed her duties, was credible and compelling. [¶] 

[Marshall]’s claim in the Fifth Cause of Action for violation of Labor Code section 226 is 

denied on the ground it is barred by the statute of limitations. [¶] All other claims are 

denied. [¶] Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 3.1590(c)(3), the court orders the 

defendant to prepare a statement of decision and proposed judgment.”

Landry’s prepared a proposed statement of decision to which Marshall filed 

objections. Following a hearing, the trial court signed the statement of decision. As to 

the three controverted issues jointly presented by the parties at trial, as set forth in the 

statement of decision, the trial court found: (1) Marshall’s fifth cause of action for failure 

to furnish wage and hour statements under Labor Code section 226 was barred by the 

one-year statute of limitations under Code of Civil Procedure section 340, 

subdivision (a); (2) Marshall’s remaining claims were not time barred because the 

applicable statutes of limitations were tolled during the pendency of the Martinez case;

and (3) Landry’s properly classified Marshall as exempt under Wage Order No. 5 and 

Labor Code section 515.

3

 Judgment, which incorporated the statement of decision, was 

entered in Landry’s favor. Marshall appealed.

3

 Marshall does not challenge any of the trial court’s findings on the statute of limitations 

issues in this appeal.
6

DISCUSSION

I.

APPLICABLE STANDARDS OF APPELLATE REVIEW IN CASES WHERE THE TRIAL COURT 

HAS ISSUED A STATEMENT OF DECISION

Where the court issues a statement of decision, it need only recite ultimate 

facts supporting the judgment being entered. (Code Civ. Proc., § 632; Division of Labor 

Law Enforcement v. Transpacific Transportation Co. (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 268, 274.) If 

a party fails to bring omissions or ambiguities in the statement of decision to the trial 

court’s attention, we will infer the trial court made findings favorable to the prevailing 

party on all issues necessary to support the judgment, including the omitted or 

ambiguously resolved issues. (Valley Crest Landscape Development, Inc. v. Mission 

Pools of Escondido, Inc. (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 468, 482; Fladeboe v. American Isuzu 

Motors Inc. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 42, 59-60.) “We review the trial court’s express 

factual findings, and any implied findings, for substantial evidence.” (Apex LLC v. 

Sharing World, Inc. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 999, 1009.)

II.

SUMMARY OF THE EXECUTIVE EXEMPTION UNDER WAGE ORDER NO. 5

“‘Under California law, employees are entitled to overtime pay for any 

work in excess of eight hours in one workday, or 40 hours in any one workweek, unless 

the employer affirmatively establishes that the employee qualifies for a statutory 

exemption.’ [Citations.] Labor Code section 515, subdivision (a), authorizes the 

Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) to establish exemptions from the overtime pay 

requirement for ‘“executive, administrative, and professional employees . . . primarily 

engaged in duties that meet the test of the exemption . . . [who] customarily and regularly 

exercise[] discretion and independent judgment in performing those duties . . . .”’ [¶] 

Each of the 16 wage orders promulgated by the IWC to govern various industries or 

occupations contains an exemption for executive, administrative and professional 
7

employees.” (Martinez v. Joe’s Crab Shack Holdings (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 362, 373.) 

“The wage orders remain in effect alongside the body of law enacted by the Legislature 

and codified in the Labor Code; the two sources of authority establish complementary 

regulations governing wage and hour claims.” (Ward v. United Airlines, Inc. (2020) 9

Cal.5th 732, 743.)

“‘[S]tatutes governing conditions of employment are to be construed 

broadly in favor of protecting employees.’ [Citations.] To that end, we narrowly 

construe exemptions against the employer, ‘and their application is limited to those 

employees plainly and unmistakably within their terms.’ [Citations.] We employ these 

same principles to wage orders promulgated by the Industrial Welfare Commission 

(IWC).” (Peabody v. Time Warner Cable, Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 662, 667.)

Wage Order No. 5 applies to restaurants as part of the “Public 

Housekeeping Industry” and requires employers to provide overtime pay to employees 

working more than eight hours in one day or 40 hours in one week (Cal. Code Regs., 

tit. 8, § 11050, subds. 2(P)(1), 3(A)(1)) unless an employee is employed in an 

administrative, executive, or professional capacity (id., subd. 1(B)). “A person employed 

in an executive capacity means any employee: [¶] (a) Whose duties and responsibilities 

involve the management of the enterprise in which he/she is employed or of a 

customarily recognized department or subdivision thereof; and [¶] (b) Who customarily 

and regularly directs the work of two or more other employees therein; and [¶] (c) Who 

has the authority to hire or fire other employees or whose suggestions and 

recommendations as to the hiring or firing and as to the advancement and promotion or 

any other change of status of other employees will be given particular weight; and [¶] 

(d) Who customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent judgment; and 

[¶] (e) Who is primarily engaged in duties which meet the test of the exemption.” (Id., 

subd. 1(B)(1)(a)-(e).) The term “‘primarily’” means “more than one-half of the 

employee’s work time.” (Id., subd. 2(O).)
8

III.

THE RECORD DOES NOT SHOW THE TRIAL COURT MISAPPLIED THE LAW.

In her opening brief, Marshall argues the trial court erred in rendering its 

decision following the bench trial by failing to apply the presumption that Marshall was a 

nonexempt employee until Landry’s carried its burden of proving otherwise: “[T]he trial 

court did not find Marshall spent more than 50% of her time on exempt work. The trial 

court believed Marshall’s claims that she performed non-exempt work more than 50% of 

the time not credible. [¶] At most, the trial court disregards Marshall’s testimony but that 

does not shift the presumption. The trial court is still left with the presumption that she is 

non-exempt—a presumption that [Landry’s] must overcome. The case law is clear on 

this point. [Landry’s] bears the burden to prove Marshall is exempt not the other way 

around.”

Marshall’s argument that the trial court misapprehended the relevant legal 

standards and thus misapplied the burden of proof is undercut by the statement of 

decision itself in which the court repeatedly acknowledged that it is the employer’s 

burden to prove the applicability of an exemption. For example, the statement of 

decision states: “The Court . . . finds that Defendant Landry’s Inc., formerly known as 

Landry’s Restaurant Inc., has met its burden and established that, while working at Joe’s 

Crab Shack restaurants, Plaintiff Terri Marshall was correctly classified as an exempt 

employee pursuant to the Executive exemption set forth in Industrial Welfare 

Commission Wage Order 5-2001 and California Labor Code § 515.”

The statement of decision also shows that the trial court, after finding 

Marshall’s testimony not credible, found her to have been properly classified as exempt 

based on the evidence presented by Landry’s, and not based on the dearth of evidence 

offered by Marshall on that point: “Here, the evidence presented by Landry’s established 

that it realistically expected front of the house managers to spend more than 50% of their 
9

time on exempt tasks. The evidence also established that Marshall did spend more than 

50% of her time on exempt tasks. Marshall’s testimony to the contrary was not credible.”

Marshall argues the statement of decision is deficient because it fails to 

recite the legal principles that the exemption is narrowly construed and that the trial court 

must find its requirements plainly and unmistakably satisfied before finding the 

exemption applicable. The trial court was not required to include a comprehensive 

statement of the applicable law in its statement of decision. Our record shows the trial 

court was well aware of the cited legal principles and nothing supports Marshall’s 

argument the trial court misunderstood or misapplied the law.4

IV.

SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTED THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDING THAT, AS A FRONT OF 

THE HOUSE MANAGER, MARSHALL WAS PRIMARILY ENGAGED IN EXEMPT WORK.

Marshall argues the trial court erred by finding she had been properly 

classified as exempt under Wage Order No. 5 because insufficient evidence showed that,

during her tenure as a front of the house manager, she was primarily engaged in 

managerial duties within the meaning of the exemption. We disagree.

In determining whether an employee is primarily engaged in exempt duties, 

Wage Order No. 5 provides: “The activities constituting exempt work and non-exempt 

work shall be construed in the same manner as such items are construed in the following 

regulations [in effect as of January 1, 2001] under the Fair Labor Standards Act [of 1938 

(29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq.) (FLSA), specifically, title 29 of the Code of Federal 

Regulations, former parts] 541.102, 541.104-111, and 541.115-116. Exempt work shall 

include, for example, all work that is directly and closely related to exempt work and 

work which is properly viewed as a means for carrying out exempt functions. The work 

4

 The trial court’s statement of decision exceeded the statutory requirement of reciting

the ultimate facts. The statement of decision also correctly stated the law; it does not 

contain any misstatement of law. The trial court was not required to include governing 

legal principles in any greater detail.
10

actually performed by the employee during the course of the workweek must, first and 

foremost, be examined and the amount of time the employee spends on such work, 

together with the employer’s realistic expectations and the realistic requirements of the 

job, shall be considered in determining whether the employee satisfies this requirement.” 

(Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11050, subd. 1(B)(1)(e), italics added.) 

“The significance of the employer’s realistic expectations and the realistic 

requirements of the job in evaluating whether an employee was properly classified as 

exempt from overtime pay requirements, as set forth in various IWC wage orders, 

including IWC wage order No. 5, was recognized nearly 20 years by the Supreme Court 

in Ramirez v. Yosemite Water Co. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 785, 802.” (Martinez v. Landry’s 

Restaurant’s, Inc. (2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 783, 797.) 

In Ramirez v. Yosemite Water Co., supra, 20 Cal.4th at pages 801-802, the 

Supreme Court analyzed whether an employee was properly classified as exempt from 

overtime compensation under Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order No. 7-2001 

because he spent more than half of his time in outside sales: “Having recognized 

California’s distinctive quantitative approach to determining which employees are 

outside salespersons, we must then address an issue implicitly raised by the parties that 

caused some confusion in the trial court and the Court of Appeal: Is the number of hours 

worked in sales-related activities to be determined by the number of hours that the 

employer, according to its job description or its estimate, claims the employee should be 

working in sales, or should it be determined by the actual average hours the employee 

spent on sales activity? The logic inherent in the IWC’s quantitative definition of outside 

salesperson dictates that neither alternative would be wholly satisfactory. On the one 

hand, if hours worked on sales were determined through an employer’s job description, 

then the employer could make an employee exempt from overtime laws solely by 

fashioning an idealized job description that had little basis in reality. On the other hand, 

an employee who is supposed to be engaged in sales activities during most of his working 
11

hours and falls below the 50 percent mark due to his own substandard performance 

should not thereby be able to evade a valid exemption. A trial court, in determining 

whether the employee is an outside salesperson, must steer clear of these two pitfalls by 

inquiring into the realistic requirements of the job. In so doing, the court should 

consider, first and foremost, how the employee actually spends his or her time. But the 

trial court should also consider whether the employee’s practice diverges from the 

employer’s realistic expectations, whether there was any concrete expression of employer 

displeasure over an employee’s substandard performance, and whether these expressions 

were themselves realistic given the actual overall requirements of the job.”

As discussed ante, in the determination of what constitutes exempt and 

non-exempt work, Wage Order No. 5 incorporates by reference certain federal 

regulations for guidance, including former part 541.102, subdivision (b) of title 29 of the 

Code of Federal Regulations which provides: “[I]t is generally clear that work such as 

the following is exempt work when it is performed by an employee in the management of 

his department or the supervision of the employees under him: Interviewing, selecting, 

and training of employees; setting and adjusting their rates of pay and hours of work; 

directing their work; maintaining their production or sales records for use in supervision 

or control; appraising their productivity and efficiency for the purpose of recommending 

promotions or other changes in their status; handling their complaints and grievances and 

disciplining them when necessary; planning the work; determining the techniques to be 

used; apportioning the work among the workers; determining the type of materials, 

supplies, machinery or tools to be used or merchandise to be bought, stocked and sold; 

controlling the flow and distribution of materials or merchandise and supplies; providing 

for the safety of the men and the property.”

Citing evidence of the MIT Marshall completed, the front of the house 

manager job description, and Gueli’s testimony regarding the role and function of a front 

of the house manager, the trial court found Landry’s “realistically expected front of the 
12

house managers, including Marshall, to spend more than fifty percent (50%) of [their]

time performing exempt duties.” Marshall does not challenge the court’s finding 

regarding Landry’s realistic expectations or the evidence cited in the statement of 

decision to support that finding.

Instead, Marshall’s challenge that she was improperly classified as exempt 

is primarily focused on whether, as a front of the house manager, she actually spent more 

than 50 percent of her time on exempt activities. In the statement of decision, the trial 

court stated: “Landry’s produced credible and compelling evidence establishing that 

Marshall spent more than fifty percent (50%) of her working time performing exempt 

tasks. During his testimony, Gueli provided a credible and compelling explanation of the 

role and function of the front of the house manager at Joe’s Crab Shack. Gueli personally 

observed Marshall while she performed her duties as a front of the house manager at both 

the Long Beach and Oceanside locations.[5] Gueli testified that he worked out of the 

Long Beach restaurant four to six days a week from August to October 2004, the same 

period Marshall worked at Long Beach. During this period, Gueli testified that he 

observed Marshall performing her duties and responsibilities as a front of the house 

manager. Gueli testified that Marshall spent 60% to 90% of her time performing 

managerial duties, including but not limited to, interviewing, preparing schedules, 

maintaining and reviewing manager logs, delegating and overseeing the assignment and 

completion of the servers’ ‘side work,’ assigning servers to sections within the restaurant, 

conducting table visits, running the floor, coaching, developing, and directing the work of 

the front of the house employees, controlling inventory, managing all front of the house 

5

Gueli remained Marshall’s regional manager when she moved to the Oceanside 

restaurant where Marshall testified she performed “the same job” as she had at the Long 

Beach restaurant. The record is unclear whether there were instances Gueli was 

physically present at the Oceanside restaurant when Marshall was working. Whether 

substantial evidence supports the specific finding Gueli personally observed Marshall at 

the Oceanside restaurant does not affect our analysis.
13

employees’ meal and rest periods, delegating tasks to employees, deciding when and 

which server to ‘cut,’ cashing out each server and auditing their sales, and preparing and 

reviewing closing reports, such as profit and loss reports, voids and comps reports and 

labor reports.”

Marshall does not argue the statement of decision inaccurately summarizes 

Gueli’s testimony describing the exempt duties of front of the house managers and stating 

that he observed Marshall spending at least 60 percent of her time engaged in exempt 

duties. She challenges Gueli’s credibility citing, in particular, his inability to recall 

specifics regarding his observation of her performing exempt duties. It is the province of 

the trier of fact, however, to make credibility determinations. (See Nestle v. City of Santa 

Monica (1972) 6 Cal.3d 920, 925-926 [“In resolving the issue of the sufficiency of the 

evidence, we are bound by the established rules of appellate review that all factual 

matters will be viewed most favorably to the prevailing party [citations] and in support of 

the judgment [citation]. All issues of credibility are likewise within the province of the 

trier of fact”].)

Marshall next argues the evidence that she spent more than 50 percent of 

her time on nonexempt activities is insufficient because in his testimony “Gueli 

confirmed 1) he does not know how many hours per week she worked 2) he does not 

know what Marshall did when he was not present and 3) he could only talk about when 

he was present with her (which [Landry’s] fails to establish in terms of hours and or days 

per week).” She also argues Landry’s “presented no valid statistical model developed by 

experts”6to determine how she spent her time. Marshall does not cite any legal 

6

 In her opening brief, Marshall cites Duran v. U.S. Bank National Assn. (2014) 

59 Cal.4th 1, 33 in support of her argument that “the trial court’s decision is based on 

representative evidence of a small yet incomplete sample to extrapolate to the entire forty 

(40) week period.” Duran v. U.S. Bank National Assn. is distinguishable as that case 

addressed the use of statistical evidence and the problem of a small sample size to prove 

class wide liability and damages.
14

authority, and we have found none, showing that detailed time records and expert 

testimony are required to prove an employee was primarily engaged in exempt work. 

While evidence of how many hours per week Marshall worked and detailed records of 

how Marshall spent her time during each shift would certainly be relevant to determining 

whether she primarily spent her time on exempt activities, the absence of such evidence 

does not compel the conclusion that requirement was unsatisfied. 

Instead, in the absence of credible evidence that the amount of time 

Marshall spent performing exempt work significantly changed from those periods Gueli 

had personally observed her work, Gueli’s testimony is sufficient to support the inference 

that at least 60 percent of her time was spent performing exempt work. In Batze v. 

Safeway, Inc. (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th 440, 478-479, the appellate court similarly 

concluded: “Although the significant period for determining exempt status is the work 

week, and ‘“employees[’] exempt or non-exempt status can vary on a week by week 

basis”’ [citation], this rule in no way suggests that the trier of fact may not make 

reasonable inferences about a party’s activities during the relevant period based on his or 

her activities in earlier and later periods, particularly where there is nothing to suggest the 

employee’s duties and responsibilities changed significantly. [Citation.] Here, neither 

Batze nor Hayes testified that his responsibilities varied markedly from store to store or 

week to week, and Cesar affirmatively testified that his responsibilities did not. In short, 

the evidence amply supported the court’s conclusion that in all their assignments, 

appellants’ work was primarily managerial and thus exempt.”

As discussed ante, Ramirez v. Yosemite Water Co., supra, 20 Cal.4th at 

page 802 confirmed that the primary duties determination is based on the combination of 

the employer’s realistic expectations of how the employee should be spending her time 

(here, it was the trial court’s uncontested finding Landry’s realistically expected Marshall

to spend more than 50 percent of her time on exempt work) and the amount of time the 

employee actually performed exempt work. The front of the house manager job 
15

description and the substance of the MIT informed Marshall on how she was to spend her 

time as a front of the house manager. Although Gueli’s testimony showed his direct 

observations of Marshall performing her job were brief and limited, he testified he 

observed Marshall to spend 60 to 90 percent of her time on exempt work which 

supported the inference Marshall demonstrated her understanding of Landry’s 

expectations of how she was to perform her job. Marshall does not argue that her typical 

schedule of work functions widely varied from that which Gueli observed. The evidence 

was therefore sufficient to support the court’s finding that during her tenure as a front of 

the house manager, Marshall was primarily engaged in exempt work within the meaning 

of Wage Order No. 5.

V.

MARSHALL’S OTHER CHALLENGES TO THE TRIAL COURT’S EXEMPTION FINDING

ARE WITHOUT MERIT.

At the end of her opening brief, under a heading entitled “Respondent 

Failed to ‘Plainly and Unmistakably’ Establish that Marshall Met the Hire/Fire Prong, 

Independent Judgment and Discretion and Supervise Two or More Employees Prong,” 

Marshall’s entire argument on this broad subject is as follows: “The trial court seemed to 

focus on the primarily engaged (more than 50% on exempt duties) prong. No facts 

relating to these prongs in the July 27, 2018 Minute Order [citation]. [¶] As set forth in 

the Objections to the Statement of Decision, material facts relating to these prongs are not 

even discussed nor are substantial evidence and/or facts supporting a finding that these 

prongs were ‘plainly and unmistakably’ met. The inadequacies and shortcomings of the 

Statement of Decision to establish these prongs have been met as well are set forth in the 

Objection to the Statement of Decision, several of which are mentioned above.”

Marshall has failed to cite any legal authority or provide any analysis to 

support her challenges to the cited findings by the trial court and has therefore forfeited 

those challenges on appeal. Even if Marshall has not forfeited her arguments, they are 
16

without merit. Although the trial court was required to state its findings on ultimate facts, 

here, the statement of decision expressly states the court’s findings on the identified 

sub-issues (in subheadings) and, although also not required, summarizes the evidence that 

supported those findings as set forth below. 

A.

Marshall Customarily and Regularly Directed the Work of 

Two or More Employees.

The statement of decision expressly states that the court found Marshall 

customarily and regularly directed the work of two or more employees, based on the 

following evidence: “As a front of the house manager, Gueli testified that Marshall 

customarily and regularly directed the work of two or more employees, including all 

hosts, servers, bartenders, food runners and breakers. Marshall’s testimony also 

confirmed this point. She testified that at all times during both the Long Beach and 

Oceanside restaurants’ operating hours, she supervised and directed the work of at least

two employees, and most of the time significantly more than two. Marshall also testified 

that she was occasionally the only manager in the entire restaurant and, thus, supervised 

all front of the house and back of the house employees. Marshall’s resume stated that she 

‘independently managed the entire store on most shifts.’”

B.

Marshall’s Suggestions and Recommendations Regarding Hiring, Firing, Advancement, 

and Promotions for Employees Were Given Particular Weight.

The statement of decision also states that the court found Marshall’s 

suggestions and recommendations as to the hiring, firing, advancement, promotion, or 

other change of status of employees were given particular weight. The court explained: 

“Both Marshall’s and Gueli’s testimony support this element. Marshall testified that she 

was involved in employee interviews and made recommendations regarding certain 

employees moving on to a second interview and that she also had the authority to 

recommend employees for hire. Gueli testified that Marshall had the authority to 
17

recommend employees for hire. Gueli also confirmed that based on the time period 

Marshall worked in the Long Beach restaurant, she would have been involved in hiring at 

least twenty (20) front of the house employees. Marshall also confirmed that her 

suggestions and recommendations for disciplining and firing employees were given 

weight. Marshall confirmed that she was involved in disciplining employees and was 

also involved in the decision to terminate at least one employee. Gueli testified that

Marshall had the authority to discipline employees and recommend employees for

termination. [¶] This point was also supported by the Manager in Training and 

Fundamentals of Management manuals that both Marshall and Gueli testified Marshall 

used during her training for the front of the house manager position. Both manuals 

identified ‘interviewing’ and ‘hiring’ as training topics. Joe’s Crab Shack’s Front of the 

House Manager job description, a copy of which is in the Manager in Training manual, 

also confirmed this point. [¶] Finally, Marshall’s own resume stated that she, ‘recruited, 

hired and trained’ her hourly staff.”

C.

Marshall Customarily and Regularly Exercised Discretion and Independent Judgment.

In addition, the statement of decision stated the court found Marshall to 

have customarily and regularly exercised discretion and independent judgment,

explaining: “Gueli confirmed that from the moment managers walk into the restaurant 

until the moment they leave, they’re ‘empowered’ to take any action necessary to take 

care of the restaurant. Both Marshall and Gueli testified that Marshall had discretion and

independent judgment to decide how to handle customer complaints. Gueli testified that 

managers were ‘empowered’ to take any action necessary to ensure guests’ satisfaction. 

This empowerment was significant because guest satisfaction was a large part of Joe’s 

Crab Shack’s culture. Marshall and Gueli also confirmed managers had the discretion 

and independent judgment to approve voids or comps. Gueli pointed out that the 

importance of having a manager approve a void or comp was two-fold: (1) to coach the 
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employee on what, if anything, went wrong; and (2) to ensure the server was not 

engaging in any fraudulent behavior. Marshall and Gueli also testified that the managers 

had the discretion and independent judgment to decide whether to call additional 

employees in for a particular shift, to authorize an employee to work overtime and/or 

miss a meal and/or rest period due to the needs of the restaurant, and to determine when 

to start sending employees home and who to send home. Marshall and Gueli testified 

that she had the discretion and independent judgment to exceed the restaurant’s labor 

budget.” 

The statement of decision continued: “Gueli’s testimony that, as a front of 

the house manager, Marshall customarily and regularly exercised discretion and 

independent judgment, was credible and compelling. Marshall’s testimony that she did 

not have the discretion and independent judgment to run the restaurant was not credible. 

Moreover, the fact that Landry’s had policies and procedures that Marshall was required 

to follow did not prevent or prohibit her from customarily or regularly exercising 

discretion and independent judgment. As the Court of Appeal has stated, even 

micromanaging does not eliminate the need for a person with common sense and 

leadership ability to exercise the discretion needed to make the store operate according to 

the employer’s practices and procedures. [Citation.] Accordingly, even though Landry’s 

had policies and procedures that Marshall was required to follow, the evidence 

established that Marshall customarily and regularly exercised discretion and independent 

judgment in the performance of her duties and responsibilities as a front of the house 

manager.”

D.

Conclusion

Marshall does not argue the summaries of evidence contained in the 

statement of decision are inaccurate or otherwise challenge the evidence relied upon by 

the trial court in making its findings. The cited evidence is sufficient to support the 
19

court’s findings that Marshall customarily and regularly directed the work of two or more 

other employees, that Marshall’s suggestions and recommendations as to the hiring,

firing, advancement and promotion, or any other change of status of employees was 

given particular weight, and that Marshall customarily and regularly exercised discretion 

and independent judgment. 

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Respondent shall recover costs on appeal.

FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

ARONSON, J.