NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.

DANNY RAY HENDERSON, Jr.,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 16-30157

D.C. No. 

4:15-cr-00248-BLW-1

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Idaho

B. Lynn Winmill, Chief Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted October 6, 2017

Portland, Oregon

Before: PAEZ and BEA, Circuit Judges, and ANELLO,** District Judge.

 

Danny Henderson appeals the district court’s 240-month sentence. We

affirm.

FILED

OCT 26 2017

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Michael M. Anello, United States District Judge for

the Southern District of California, sitting by designation.
Henderson pled guilty to possession, distribution, and receipt of sexually

explicit images of minors. As part of the presentence investigation, Henderson’s

mother, F.H., informed a psychologist, and later the probation officer, that

Henderson had molested a young child while in foster care. The presentence

investigation report recommended a pattern-of-activity guidelines enhancement

based on the foster care incident and a 2002 state conviction of lewd conduct with

a child, for which Henderson served ten years in prison.

At sentencing, the district court did not impose the recommended five-level

enhancement. The court concluded that without extrinsic corroboration, F.H.’s

statements were not sufficiently reliable to establish that the foster care incident

occurred by clear and convincing evidence.

1

 The court, however, considered the

foster care incident as part of Henderson’s history and characteristics under 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), in which such facts may be established by a preponderance of

the evidence. See United States v. Dare, 425 F.3d 634, 642 (9th Cir. 2005).

On appeal, Henderson argues that the district court’s consideration of the

foster care incident deprived him of due process. To succeed on his due process

1

 “[W]hen a sentencing factor has an extremely disproportionate effect on

the sentence relative to the offense of conviction, the government may have to

prove the factor by clear and convincing evidence.” United States v. Felix, 561

F.3d 1036, 1045 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

2
claim, Henderson “must establish the challenged information is (1) false or

unreliable, and (2) demonstrably made the basis for the sentence.” United States v.

Vanderwerfhorst, 576 F.3d 929, 935–36 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks

omitted). “[T]he district court may consider a wide variety of information at

sentencing that could not otherwise be considered at trial” and “is not bound by the

rules of evidence.” Id. at 935 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3661; Fed. R. Evid. 1101(d)(3)). 

Due process requires only that “some minimal indicia of reliability accompany a

hearsay statement.” United States v. Petty, 982 F.2d 1365, 1369 (9th Cir. 1993).

Henderson contends that his mother’s hearsay statements were

unaccompanied by minimal indicia of reliability because they lacked any extrinsic

corroboration, see United States v. Egge, 223 F.3d 1128, 1132–33 (9th Cir. 2000);

United States v. Ponce, 51 F.3d 820, 828 (9th Cir. 1995), and concerned an

incident that occurred thirty years ago. He also argues that the foster care incident

was demonstrably made the basis for the sentence. 

We conclude that F.H.’s statements were sufficiently reliable to be credited

for general sentencing purposes, and therefore we need not decide whether the

foster care incident was demonstrably made the basis for the sentence. Unlike the

hearsay declarants in Ponce and Egge, F.H. is not a co-defendant or person who

aided the defendant’s illegal activity. We can discern no improper motive behind

3
F.H.’s statements, nor does Henderson suggest that one existed. To the contrary,

the record reflects that F.H.’s statements were against her interest. As the district

court noted, Henderson and his mother have a meaningful relationship, and he

lived with her and assisted in caring for her prior to his arrest. Thus, minimal

indicia of reliability accompanied F.H.’s statements. 

That the foster care incident occurred thirty years ago does not render F.H.’s

statements unreliable. Presentence investigation reports routinely rely on family

interviews to glean information about a defendant’s history and characteristics for

purposes of section 3553(a)(1). Reliance on such information, even when

unfavorable to the defendant, does not run afoul of due process merely because of

the passage of time.

AFFIRMED.

4