UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS 

Before 

COOK, TELLITOCCI, and HAIGHT 

Appellate Military Judges 

UNITED STATES, Appellee 

v. 

Sergeant GEORGE D. BROWN 

United States Army, Appellant 

ARMY 20130177 

Seventh U.S. Army, Multinational Training Command 

Joshua S. Shuey, Military Judge 

Lieutenant Colonel David E. Mendelson, Staff Judge Advocate 

For Appellant: Captain Patrick A. Crocker, JA (argued); Colonel Kevin Boyle, JA; 

Lieutenant Colonel Peter Kageleiry, Jr.; Major Vincent T. Schuler, JA; Captain 

Patrick A. Crocker, JA (on brief). 

For Appellee: Captain Carling M. Dunham, JA (argued); Colonel John P. Carrell, 

JA; Lieutenant Colonel James L. Varley, JA; Major Catherine L. Brantley, JA; 

Captain Daniel M. Goldberg, JA (on brief). 

21 November 2014 

--------------------------------- 

SUMMARY DISPOSITION 

--------------------------------- 

TELLITOCCI, Judge: 

A panel consisting of officer and enlisted members sitting as a general courtmartial convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of aggravated 

sexual assault, in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice 

[hereinafter UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. § 920 (2006 & Supp. V 2012).1

 The panel sentenced 

appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for six months, forfeiture of all 

pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening authority 

approved the adjudged sentence. 

 

1

 Appellant was acquitted of one specification of assault consummated by battery, in 

violation of Article 128, UCMJ. 
BROWN—ARMY 20130177 

2 

This case is before us pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ. Appellant raises 

numerous assignments of error, one of which merits discussion but no relief. 2 

FACTS 

 In the early morning of 3 June 2012, appellant and Ms. AB engaged in sexual 

intercourse in the appellant’s hotel room in Nuremburg, Germany. Earlier that 

evening, Ms. AB, a 17-year-old local national, had been drinking with the appellant, 

whom she had just met, and others at a night club. Witnesses attributed various 

levels of intoxication to AB, but everyone agreed that she was intoxicated to such a 

degree that she vomited in the street outside the club and the group decided it was 

best to take her to appellant’s hotel room to recover. Appellant volunteered to stay 

behind in the room to keep an eye on AB. 

AB’s recollection of events throughout the evening and in the hotel is 

intermittent. She testified that she did not consent to intercourse with appellant, that 

she was unable to resist, and that “she could see what was happening but couldn’t do 

anything.” After the sexual act, AB got under the bed covers and went to sleep. 

Shortly thereafter, appellant woke up AB, got her out of bed, assisted her with 

putting on her clothing, and told her she had to leave the room. AB testified that 

appellant then escorted her to a pedestrian area near the hotel and left her standing 

there while he proceeded back to the club. Sometime thereafter, AB returned to the 

street outside of the club crying while shouting that she had been raped. 

The government charged appellant with one specification of aggravated sexual 

assault by engaging in a sexual act with AB, “who was substantially incapacitated.” 

At trial, appellant filed a motion requesting the military judge instruct the panel with 

a modified version of the substantial incapacitation instruction from the Military 

Judge’s Benchbook. Dep’t of the Army, Pam. 27-9, Legal Services: Military Judges’ 

Benchbook [hereinafter Benchbook], para. 3-45-5d (1 Jan. 2010). The version 

proposed by the defense (as modified by strike-outs from the Benchbook version and 

substitution as highlighted below) read: 

“Substantially incapacitated” and “substantially 

incapable” mean that level of mental impairment due to 

consumption of alcohol, drugs, or similar substance; while 

asleep or unconscious; or for other reasons; which 

rendered the alleged victim an individual unable to 

appraise the nature of the sexual conduct at issue, unable 

 

2

 Appellant also personally raises three issues pursuant to United States v. 

Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), none of which merit discussion or relief. 
BROWN—ARMY 20130177 

3 

to physically communicate unwillingness to engage in the 

sexual conduct at issue, or otherwise unable to make or 

communicate competent decisions or to decline 

participation in the sexual act. 

 The military judge denied the request to strike language from the Benchbook, 

but the military judge did add the language requested by appellant in his second 

proposed addition—that is “unable to decline participation in the sexual act.” The 

version of the instruction ultimately provided by the military judge was: 

“Substantially incapacitated” means that level of mental 

impairment due to consumption of alcohol, drugs, or 

similar substance; while asleep or unconscious; or for 

other reasons; which rendered the alleged victim unable to 

appraise the nature of the sexual conduct at issue, unable 

to physically communicate unwillingness to engage in the 

sexual conduct at issue, unable to decline participation in 

the sexual act, or otherwise unable to make or 

communicate competent decisions. 

LAW AND DISCUSSION 

In the pertinent assignment of error, appellant alleges: 

THE MILITARY JUDGE ABUSED HIS DISCRETION BY 

USING THE TERM “COMPETENT DECISION” TO 

DEFINE “SUBSTANTIALLY INCAPACITATED” IN 

THE JURY INSTRUCTION, THEREBY LESSENING 

THE GOVERNMENT’S BURDEN OF PROOF FOR THE 

ELEMENT OF SUBSTANTIAL INCAPACITATION. 

An allegation that the panel members were improperly instructed is an issue 

that we review de novo. United States v. Garner, 71 M.J. 430, 432 (C.A.A.F. 2013); 

United States v. Ober, 66 M.J. 393, 405 (C.A.A.F. 2008). When instructional error 

regarding the elements of a crime is found, the error must be tested for prejudice 

under the standard of harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Upham, 

66 M.J. 83, 86 (C.A.A.F. 2008). The instructions given to a panel are reviewed “in 

the context of the overall message conveyed” to the panel. United States v. Prather, 

69 M.J. 338, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (quoting Humanik v. Beyer, 871 F.2d 432, 441 (3d 

Cir. 1989)). 

At the outset, we note the language “otherwise unable to make or 

communicate competent decisions” in the Benchbook instruction is not found in 

Article 120, UCMJ. Article 120 only uses the word “competent” in explaining the 
BROWN—ARMY 20130177 

4 

affirmative defense of consent relative to a “competent person.” UCMJ art. 

120(g)(8). In the Benchbook definition of “substantially incapacitated,” the object 

modified by “competent” is not a “person” as in Article 120, but is “decisions.” 

There is no explanation for this change of language in the Benchbook and neither the 

parties nor this court have been able to determine the source of, or rationale behind, 

this change. 

Appellant argues the standard, unmodified Benchbook version, would have 

allowed the members to find guilt if they decided that AB made a “bad” decision. 

Put another way, due to the instruction given, the members could have made a 

determination that a poor exercise in judgment or a bad decision equals an 

“incompetent” one. Therefore, under this theory, the members could have found AB 

was not capable of making competent decisions and was, therefore, substantially 

incapacitated. We disagree with appellant’s argument. 

In addition to the standard Benchbook instruction regarding substantial 

incapacitation, the military judge properly instructed the panel regarding consent to 

include the following: 

[C]onsent is a defense to that charged offense. “Consent” 

means words or overt acts indicating a freely given 

agreement to the sexual conduct by a competent person. 

. . . . A person cannot consent to sexual activity if that 

person is substantially incapable of appraising the nature 

of the sexual conduct at issue due to mental impairment or 

unconsciousness resulting from the consumption of 

alcohol, drugs, or similar substance, or otherwise is 

substantially incapable of physically declining 

participation in the sexual conduct at issue; or 

substantially incapable of physically communicating 

unwillingness to engage in the sexual conduct at issue. 

The prosecution has the burden to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that consent did not exist. Therefore, to 

find the accused guilty of the offense of aggravated sexual 

assault, as alleged in the Specification of Charge I, you 

must be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that, at the 

time of the sexual act alleged, [AB] did not consent. 

The argument that the substantial incapacitation instruction lessened the 

government’s burden is, at best, strained. The instruction given by the military 

judge contained language not included in the statutory definition of “substantially 

incapacitated.” However, we are unable to conclude that such an instruction 

lessened the government’s burden or that it prejudiced the rights of appellant. 
BROWN—ARMY 20130177 

5 

The military judge defined consent in terms of a competent “person” and not a 

“decision.” Since “substantial incapacitation” is a condition under which a person is 

incapable of giving legal consent, the underlying, determinative finding is whether 

consent was or was not given.3

 Here, the panel was properly instructed regarding 

consent and they were charged that the government had the burden to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that AB did not consent. As a result, in convicting appellant, the 

panel necessarily found that AB did not consent because consent was not freely 

given by a “competent person.” 

Assuming, arguendo, that utilizing the use of the phrase “competent 

decisions” was error, we are convinced that in the context of this case and 

considering the entirety of the instructions given, any such error was harmless 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Accord United States v. Cartwright, ACM 37641, 2013 

CCA LEXIS 735 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App 15 Aug. 2013); United States v. Perry, 

NMCCA 201100273, 2012 CCA LEXIS 2008 (N.M. Ct. Crim. App. 31 Jul. 2012). 

CONCLUSION 

Accordingly, the findings of guilty and the sentence are AFFIRMED. 

Senior Judge COOK and Judge HAIGHT concur. 

 

 FOR THE COURT: 

SHELLEY GOODWIN-MATHERS 

 Deputy Clerk of Court 

 

3

 Giving consent can be viewed as a decision or, at a minimum, as a manifestation of 

a mental process or calculation. This is demonstrative of just how closely 

intertwined are the concepts “substantially incapacitated” and “substantially 

capable,” with only an “abstract distinction” between them. Prather, 69 MJ. 338.