### iii 

### ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to express their appreciati on to the numerous state officials who helped identify commercial disposal facilities in thei r states, and to the company representatives who

took the time and effort to shar e technical and cost informati on. We also thank the following persons who provided comments on the draft version of this report: William Hochheiser, Bobby Pagitt, Wayne Crawley, Ron Gilius, Evan Sedloc k, Dennis Newman, Grady Moore, Jill Kerr, Joe Stephens, Rob Moseley, and Roger Zygmunt.

We also wish to acknowledge the U.S. De partment of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and the DOE National Energy Technolog y Laboratory for sponsoring this work under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38.

### iv

### v 

### CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii

NOTATION....................................................................................................................... .... ix

SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ ... S-1

1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Types of E&P Waste Managed by Offsite Commercial Disposal Facilities................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Reasons for Using Offsite Comm ercial Disposal Facilities ................................ 2 1.3 Regulatory Considerations................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Exemption from Federal Hazardous Waste Management Requirements under RCRA .................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Surface Discharge Regulation under the CWA .................................... 6 1.3.3 Underground Injection Control under the SDWA................................ 6 1.3.4 State Regulation of Waste Management Operations ............................ 7

2 DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY................................................................... 8

2.1 Phase One: Questions for Regulators .................................................................. 8 2.2 Phase Two: Questions for Disposal Companies .................................................. 8 2.3 Challenges Encountered in Phase One and in Phase Two................................... 9

3 PHASE ONE FINDINGS............................................................................................... 10

4 PHASE TWO FINDINGS.............................................................................................. 11

4.1 Background.......................................................................................................... 11 4.2 State-by-State Overview ..................................................................................... 12

4.2.1 Alabama................................................................................................ 12

4.2.2 Alaska ................................................................................................... 13

4.2.3 Arizona.................................................................................................. 14

4.2.4 Arkansas................................................................................................ 14

4.2.5 California .............................................................................................. 15

4.2.6 Colorado................................................................................................ 15

4.2.7 Florida................................................................................................... 16

4.2.8 Illinois ................................................................................................... 17

4.2.9 Indiana .................................................................................................. 17

4.2.10 Kansas................................................................................................... 18 4.2.11 Kentucky............................................................................................... 18

4.2.12 Louisiana............................................................................................... 19 4.2.13 Michigan ............................................................................................... 21

### vi 

### CONTENTS (Cont.)

4.2.14 Mississippi ............................................................................................ 21

4.2.15 Missouri ................................................................................................ 22

4.2.16 Montana ................................................................................................ 22

4.2.17 Nebraska ............................................................................................... 23

4.2.18 New Mexico.......................................................................................... 23

4.2.19 New York.............................................................................................. 23

4.2.20 North Dakota......................................................................................... 23

4.2.21 Ohio ...................................................................................................... 24

4.2.22 Oklahoma.............................................................................................. 24 4.2.23 Pennsylvania ......................................................................................... 25

4.2.24 South Dakota ........................................................................................ 25

4.2.25 Texas..................................................................................................... 25

4.2.26 Tennessee.............................................................................................. 26

4.2.27 Utah....................................................................................................... 26 4.2.28 Virginia ................................................................................................. 26 4.2.29 West Virginia........................................................................................ 26 4.2.30 Wyoming .............................................................................................. 27 4.3 Specific Survey Results: Disposal Costs by Disposal Method............................ 27

4.3.1 Bioremediation ..................................................................................... 27

4.3.2 Burial .................................................................................................... 29

4.3.3 Caverns ................................................................................................. 34 4.3.4 Discharge .............................................................................................. 36 4.3.5 Evaporation........................................................................................... 37 4.3.6 Injection ................................................................................................ 39 4.3.7 Land Application .................................................................................. 44 4.3.8 Recycling .............................................................................................. 46

4.3.9 Thermal Treatment ............................................................................... 47

4.3.10 Treatment.............................................................................................. 48 4.4 Specific Survey Results: Disposal Costs by Survey Waste Stream..................... 51

4.4.1 Contaminated Soils............................................................................... 51

4.4.2 NORM................................................................................................... 54 4.4.3 Oil-Based Muds and Cuttings............................................................... 55

4.4.4 Produced Water..................................................................................... 59

4.4.5 Tank Bottoms........................................................................................ 64 4.4.6 Water-Based Muds and Cuttings .......................................................... 67 4.5 Transportation and Othe r Incidental Costs .......................................................... 72

5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 74

6 REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 76

APPENDIX A: Database of Commerc ial E&P Waste Disposal Facilities

in the United States ..................................................................................... A-1

### vii 

### TABLES

1 E&P Waste Stream Types and Volumes ...................................................................... 1 2 Federal Laws Governing Waste Mate rials and Management Activities ...................... 4 3 Examples of Exempt and Nonexempt E&P Waste Streams......................................... 5 4 Offsite Commercial Disposal in the Oil-and-Gas-Producing States............................. 10 5 Data Dictionary for Offsite Commercial Disposal Survey........................................... 12 6 E&P Waste Types in Louisiana .................................................................................... 20 7 Disposal Techniques in Louisiana ................................................................................ 21

8 Bioremediation.............................................................................................................. 28

9 Landfill Burial.............................................................................................................. . 29

10 Pit Burial .................................................................................................................. ..... 33 11 Cavern Disposal in Texas ............................................................................................. 35 12 Discharge ................................................................................................................... ... 37 13 Evaporation................................................................................................................. .. 38 14 Injection ................................................................................................................... ..... 39 15 Solids Injection ............................................................................................................ . 42 16 Land Application .......................................................................................................... 4 5 17 Recycling ................................................................................................................... ... 46

18 Thermal Treatment........................................................................................................ 47

19 Treatment ................................................................................................................... ... 49 20 Disposal Fees for Contaminated Soils .......................................................................... 52 21 Disposal Fees for NORM.............................................................................................. 55 22 Disposal Fees for Oil-Based Muds and Cuttings.......................................................... 56 23 Disposal Fees for Produced Water................................................................................ 60 24 Disposal Fees for Tank Bottoms................................................................................... 65 25 Disposal Fees for Water-Based Muds and Cuttings ..................................................... 68

A.1 Database of Commercial E&P Waste Disposal Facilities in the United States............ A-3

### viii

### ix 

### NOTATION

The following is list of the acronyms, initia lisms, and abbreviations (including units of measure) used in this report. (Some acronyms a nd abbreviations used only in tables may be defined only in those tables.)

ACRONYMS, INITIALISMS, AND ABBREVIATIONS

AL Alaska

API American Petroleum Institute

AR Arkansas

AZ Arizona

CA California

CCR California Code of Regulations CCS CCS Energy Services LLC

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CO Colorado

CWA Clean Water Act DOE U.S. Department of Energy DNR Louisiana Department of Natural Resources E&P exploration and production EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

FL Florida

FR Federal Register

IL Illinois

KS Kansas KY Kentucky

LA Louisiana MI Michigan

MO Missouri MS Mississippi

MT Montana

ND North Dakota

NE Nebraska

NM New Mexico NORM naturally occurring radioactive material NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

NY New York

OH Ohio

OK Oklahoma PA Pennsylvania POTW publicly owned treatment works RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RCT Railroad Commission of Texas

SD South Dakota

### x 

### SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act TCLP Toxicity Characte ristic Leaching Procedure

TN Tennessee TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

TX Texas UIC underground injection control USLL US Liquids of Louisiana LP

UT Utah VA Virginia WV West Virginia WY Wyoming

UNITS OF MEASURE

bbl barrel(s) oC degree(s) Celsius oF degree(s) Fahrenheit ft foot(feet) gal gallon(s) hr hour(s) L liter(s) lb pound(s) mg milligram(s) yd 3 

### cubic yard(s)

### S-1 

### SUMMARY

A survey conducted in 1995 by the American Petroleum Institute (API) found that the U.S. exploration and production (E&P) segment of the oil and gas industry generated more than 149 million bbl of drilling wastes, almost 18 billi on bbl of produced water, and 21 million bbl of associated wastes. The results of that survey, published in 2000, suggested that 3% of drilling wastes, less than 0.5% of produced water, and 15 % of associated wastes are sent to offsite commercial facilities for disposal.

Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) coll ected information on commercial E&P waste disposal companies in different states in 1997. While the information is nearly a decade old, the report has proved usef ul. In 2005, Argonne began collecting current information to update and expand the data. This report de scribes the new 2005–2006 database and focuses on the availability of offsite commercial disposal companies, the prevailing disposal methods, and estimated disposal costs.

The data were collected in two phases. In the first phase, state oil and gas regulatory

officials in 31 states were contacted to determ ine whether their agency maintained a list of permitted commercial disposal companies dedicate d to oil. In the second stage, individual commercial disposal companies were interviewed to determine disposal methods and costs.

The availability of offsite commercial dispos al companies and facilities falls into three categories. The states with hi gh oil and gas production typically have a dedicated network of offsite commercial disposal companies and faci lities in place. In ot her states, such an infrastructure does not exist and very often, co mmercial disposal companies focus on produced

water services. About half of the states do not have any indus try-specific offsite commercial disposal infrastructure. In those states, operators take their wastes to local municipal landfills if permitted or haul the wastes to other states.

This report provides state-by-stat e summaries of the types of offsite commercial disposal

facilities that are found in each stat e. In later sections, data are presented by waste type and then by disposal method. The categories of waste in the database include:

• Contaminated soils

• Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM),

• Oil-based muds and cuttings,

• Produced water,

• Tank bottoms, and

• Water-based muds and cuttings.

The different waste management or dis posal methods in the database include:

• Bioremediation,

• Burial,

• Salt cavern,

### S-2 

### • Discharge,

• Evaporation,

• Injection,

• Land application,

• Recycling,

• Thermal treatment, and

• Treatment.

The disposal costs vary extensively on the basis of the location of the disposal facility, the method used for disposing of the waste, the t ype of waste, and the extent of competition in the local or regional area. Costs may be reported in different units —per barrel, per cubic yard, or per ton. The costs of offsite comm ercial disposal vary signific antly, depending on the disposal method, the host state of disposal operations, and the degree of competition in the area. The cost ranges for each type of waste are presented below, using only per barr el cost figures. In nearly all cases, most costs fall within a narrower band. Mu ltiple disposal methods are used for each type of waste. By far, the most common commercial disposal method for produced water is injection.

• Contaminated soil disposal costs range from $1.00/bbl to $22/bbl.

• NORM disposal costs range from $4 0/bbl to $300/bbl. Some municipal landfills charge lower tipping fees for wastes with low levels of NORM.

• Oil-based muds and cuttings dis posal costs range from $2.00/bbl to $40.00/bbl.

• Produced water injection costs range from $0.30/bbl to $10.00/bbl, but in most cases do not even reach $1.00/bbl.

• Tank bottom disposal costs ra nge from $0.85/bbl to $40/bbl.

• Water-based muds and cuttings dispos al costs range from $0.50/bbl to $40/bbl.

Although disposal costs are important to an operator when determining which commercial waste disposal company to choose, tr ansportation costs, container washout costs, laboratory fees, and other costs weigh heavily in the operator’s final decision. Because transportation costs typically in crease proportionately with distance or time from well site to disposal site, economic incentives exist for operators to send their wastes to disposal facilities located within a reasonably short distance from the oil and gas E&P site. Generally, operators will not be inclined to transport waste more th an 50 to 75 miles unless no other alternatives are

available.

### 1



### 1 INTRODUCTION

In April 1997, Argonne National Laborator y (Argonne) prepared a report entitled Costs for Offsite Disposal of Nonhazardous Oil Field Wastes : Salt Caverns versus Other Disposal

Methods for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (Veil 1997). The study attracted significant

interest and national attention. In the early summer of 2005, DOE decided to task Argonne with updating the data concerning offs ite exploration and production (E &P) waste disposal methods and costs. This report presents Argonne’s findings.

1.1 TYPES OF E&P WASTE MANAGED BY OFFSITE COMMERCIAL

DISPOSAL FACILITIES

In the United States, most E&P wastes generated at onshore oil and gas wells are disposed of or otherwise manage d at the well site. So me types of wastes are not suitable for onsite management, and some well locations in se nsitive environments cannot be used for onsite management. In these situations, operator s must transport the wastes offsite.

The quantities of drilling wastes generated in the United States were estimated in 1985 and 1995 surveys (Wakim 1987; API 2000) publishe d under the auspices of the American Petroleum Institute (API). The fi ndings are summarized in Table 1.

The API survey (API 2000) was not restrict ed to API members. The intent was to develop a survey sample that was representative of the industry. The sample of E&P operators was stratified by size—small, medi um and large producers. The operator list from which the

TABLE 1 E&P Waste Stream Types and Volumes

Waste Stream 1985 (million bbl) 1995 (million bbl)

Drilling Waste (to offsite commercial disposal facilities) 360

28% 149

3%

Associated Waste (to offsite commercial disposal facilities) 12

52% 21

15%

Produced Water (to offsite commercial disposal facilities) 21,000

2% 17,911

0.5%

Total E&P wastes 21,372 18,081

Sources: Wakim (1987) and API (2000).

### 2



### survey sample was selected was compiled from a variety of sources, including the Oil and Gas

Journal , state oil and gas associations and indepe ndent operator associations, API membership, and others (Petrusak 2005). The st udy focused on onshore operations.

This current study provides survey informa tion for several E&P waste streams. These include water-based muds and cuttings, o il-based muds and cuttings, produced water, contaminated soils, tank bottoms, and naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM).

• Drilling muds and cuttings are drilling waste streams. Muds are used in the E&P process to control subsurface pressure s, lubricate the drill bit, stabilize the well bore, and carry the cuttings to the surface. Mud is pumped from the surface through the hollow drill string, exits through nozzles in the drill bit,

and returns to the surface through the annular space between the drill stringand the walls of the hole. Mud systems can be freshwater-based, saltwaterbased, oil-based, and synthetic. Drill cu ttings are the rock particles ground up by the drill bit. As the drill bit grinds ro cks into drill cuttings, these cuttings

become entrained in the mud flow and are carried to the surface.

• Produced water is the water brought to th e surface along with the oil and gas. It occurs naturally in the formation and is typically salty or brackish. The ratio of produced water to oil increas es over the life of the well.

• Contaminated soils and oil debris are wa ste classes of relatively small-volume wastes—so-called associated wastes—generated as a result of activities related to oil and gas E&P, but are no t drilling wastes or produced water.

• Tank bottoms are the settlings—sediment, dirt, oil emulsified with water and free water—that accumulate in the bottom of storage tanks. The tank bottoms are periodically cleaned up, and settlings can be disposed of or treated by chemicals to recover additional hydrocarbons.

• NORM refers to radionuclides that occu r naturally in the environment. When

NORM accumulates as the result of a t echnological activity, including as oil and gas E&P, it is sometimes called Technologically Enhanced NORM (or TENORM). When NORM accumulates at levels above natural background levels, it may present a human health risk and warrant special management requirements. Radionuclides naturally pr esent in subsurface formations can

become concentrated in certain oil and gas production and processing waste streams, including produced water, s cale deposits, sludge, contaminated equipment, contaminated soils, and biofilm deposits.

1.2 REASONS FOR USING OFFSITE CO MMERCIAL DISPOSAL FACILITIES

Oil and gas companies use commercial dis posal facilities for various reasons. The primary reason is compliance with applicable regula tory requirements. States have the lead role,

### 3



### and most (except California) follow the federal hazardous waste exemption for E&P wastes. Thus, not all conceivable disposal methods are equally available across the board. The regulatory agency with jurisdiction may not allow onsite disposal for the type of drilling waste or the specific location. Examples of ina ppropriate wastes for onsite dis posal include certain saltwater muds or very oily cuttings. Examples of locations that are not appropriate for onsite burial (pits and landfills) or land applica tion (land farming and land treat ment) include areas with high seasonal water tables, marshy environments, or tundra.

A second reason for sending waste to commercial facilities is that it may be more costeffective. If an operator has a relatively small volume of waste, it may make sense to send it offsite rather than have the responsibility fo r constructing, operating, and closing an onsite facility.

Another conceivable motivation could be that some operators may not want the responsibility of managing thei r waste and prefer to send th e waste to a third party for management. Although this practice appears to shif t the burden of responsib ility and liability to the third party, the company that originally gene rates the waste maintains liability indefinitely under the U.S. Superfund law, that is, th e Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. If the dispos al company improperly manages the waste, the government may come back to all companies that generated the wastes disposed of at the commercial facility to share in the cost of remediation. It is important to review the business practices and compliance history of an offsite co mmercial disposal company to minimize the risk of future liability.

Superfund liability can also di scourage oil and gas waste management officials from sending their wastes to numerous different comme rcial disposal companies because once their waste becomes part of that site, they face potentia l liability in the site. Decisions to select or switch to new or alternate waste management co mpanies or sites will th erefore reflect not only the current disposal costs, but also the assuranc e that the disposal company will follow standards and practices in compliance with all applicable legal requirements.

1.3 REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

The major federal laws governing waste materi als and management activities include the

Resource Conservation and Recove ry Act (RCRA), the Clean Wate r Act (CWA), and the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Table 2 provides a quick-reference synopsis of the major federal laws governing waste materials and management activities.

1.3.1 Exemption from Federal Hazardou s Waste Management Requirements

under RCRA

In 1980, Congress conditionally exempted o il and gas E&P wastes, including produced water, from the hazardous waste management requirements of Subtitle C of RCRA,

### 4

TABLE 2 Federal Laws Governing Waste Materials and Management Activities

Law Material Subject of Regulation Activity Subject to Regulation

CWA Aqueous waste streams Surface discharge

RCRA Solid and hazardous wastes (unless excluded or exempted) Generation, transportation, and treatment; storage and disposal

SDWA Waste fluids or slurries Underground injection



### Sections 3001(b)(2)(A), 8002(m). In addition to directing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the EPA or the Agency) to study these wastes and submit a repo rt to Congress on the status of their management, Congress required th e Agency either to promulgate regulations

under Subtitle C of RCRA or make a determination that such regulations were unwarranted. In 1988, the EPA published its regulatory determination in the Federal Register (53 FR 25447 July 6, 1988) and, along with it, lengthy lists of wastes determ ined to be either exempt (e.g., produced water, drilling fluids, and drill cu ttings) or nonexempt (unused fracturing fluids or acids, waste solvents, and hydraulic fluids). The EPA rearticulated the exemption in the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR §261.4(b)(5). In 1993, the EP A published a clarification of its regulatory determination in the Federal Register (58 FR 15284, March 22, 1993). And, in 2002, the EPA published an information booklet on the subject. The EPA explained that wastes uniquely associated with E&P operations were exempt. With respect to petroleum production, primary field operations include activities occu rring at or near the wellhead or production facility, but before the point where the custody of the petroleum is transferred from an individual field activity or centrally located f acility to a carrier fo r transport to a refiner. Without a transfer of custody, the primary field operati on ends at the last point of separation. Crude oil stock tanks are considered separation devices.

Wastes derived from treatment of an exempted waste generally remain exempt, and offsite transportation does not negate the ex emption. However, some wastes derived from treatment of an exempt waste may not be exem pt. Nonexempt E&P wastes include, independent of where generated, those wastes that are not uniquely associated with an E&P activity. All

wastes that are not associated with primary field operations ar e nonexempt and subject to further scrutiny for purposes of classification. Table 3 pr esents examples of exempt and nonexempt E&P

wastes.

The federal RCRA Subtitle C exemption for E&P wastes, however, does not preclude

these wastes from control under other federal regulations and state re gulations—including oil and gas conservation programs and some hazar dous waste programs. For example, the E&P exemption was also incorporated into the California Code of Regulations (22 CCR, Sections 66261.4(b)(2) and 66261.24(a)(1 )), but it is limited in scope. The exemption applies in

### 5

TABLE 3 Examples of Exempt and Nonexempt E&P Waste Streams

Exempt E&P Waste Streams Nonexempt E&P Waste Streams

Caustics if used as drilling fluid additives Cement slurry returns and cement cuttings Debris, crude-oil soaked/crude-oil stained Drill cuttings/solids Drilling fluids/muds Drilling fluids and cuttings from offshore operations disposed of onshore Liquid hydrocarbons removed from the production

stream Liquid and solid wastes generated by crude oil and

tank bottom reclaimers Pit sludges and contaminated bottoms from storage or disposal of exempt wastes

Produced sand

Produced water Produced water constituents removed before disposal Soils, crude-oil contaminated Tank bottoms and basic sediment from storage facilities that hold product and exempt waste (including accumulated materials such as hydrocarbons, solids, sand, and emulsion from production separators, fluid treating vessels, and production impoundments) Volatile organic compounds from exempt wastes in reserve pits or impoundments or production equipment Well completion, treatment, and stimulation, and packaging fluids Workover wastes (blowdown, swabbing and bailing wastes) Batteries (lead-acid and nickel-cadmium)

Caustic or acid cleaners Cement slurries, unused Chemicals, surplus/unusable Compressor oil, filters, and blowdown waste Debris, lube oil (contaminated) Drilling fluids (unused) Drums/containers, containing chemicals/lubricating oil Drums, empty and rinsate Hydraulic fluids (used) Oil, equipment lubricating (used)

Sandblast media Scrap metal Soil, chemical-contaminated , lube oil-contaminated, and mercury-contaminated Solvents, spent (including waste solvents) Thread protectors, pipe dope-contaminated Vacuum truck rinsate (from tanks containing nonexempt waste) Well completion, treatment and stimulation fluids (unused)



### California in cases where the waste is hazardous so lely by meeting the federal characteristic for toxicity under the Toxicity Characteristic L eaching Procedure (TCLP). Thus, a waste that is hazardous solely by meeting or exceeding the maximum contaminant concentration for constituents extracted by TCLP, and for whic h federal regulatory thresholds have been established, is exempted from regulation as ha zardous waste in California. The exemption does not apply if toxicity is determined based on crite ria other than TCLP, or the waste meets any of

the other three characteristics of hazardous wast e—ignitability, corrosivity, and reactivity (22 CCR, Article 3, Sections 66261.20 et seq.).

Water and waste management in connection wi th oil and gas E&P involves discharge and injection operations. The main laws governing these activities include the CWA and the SDWA. The EPA may authorize willing and able states to take the lead responsibility for day-to-day program implementation and enforcement. Otherw ise, the EPA Regions run the programs in direct implementation.

### 6



### 1.3.2 Surface Discharge Regulation under the CWA

The CWA requires that all discharges of po llutants to surface waters (streams, rivers, lakes, bays, and oceans) must be authorized by a (general or individual) permit issued under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. Facilities are responsible for taking the steps necessary to demonstrate compliance with NPDES permit limits. Permits instruct each facility operator relative to the frequency for collecting wastewater samples, the location for sample collection, the pollutants to be analyzed, and th e laboratory procedures to be used in conducting the analyses. Detailed records of these “self- monitoring” activities must be retained by the facility for at leas t three years. Furthermore, each facility is required to submit the results of these analyses to th e regulators on a periodic basis. Fo r most facilities, the reporting frequency is monthly or quarter ly, but in no case may it be le ss than once per year. NPDES permits may also require operational or envir onmental effects monito ring. This includes the preparation of best management practice plans or spill prevention plans.

Numerical effluent limits present the primar y mechanism for controlling discharges of pollutants to receiving waters. The EPA’s effluent limits descri be the pollutants subject to monitoring as well as the appropriate quantity or concentration of pollutants. Permit writers derive effluent limits from the applicable t echnology-based effluent limitation guidelines and water quality-based standards. The more stringent of the two will be written into the permit.

1.3.3 Underground Injection Control under the SDWA

The SDWA gave the EPA the authority for underground injection control (UIC) regulation. The UIC program is designed to prot ect underground sources of drinking water. For regulatory control purposes, undergr ound injection is grouped into five classes of injection wells. An injection well is defined as a ny bored, drilled or a driven shaf t or a dug hole, where the depth is greater than the largest surf ace dimension that is used to inject fluids underground. Class I wells are used for the emplacement of h azardous and nonhazardous fluids (industrial and municipal wastes) into isolat ed formations beneath the lowermost underground source of drinking water. Class II wells in ject brines and other fluids associated with oil and gas production. Class III wells inject fluids associated with soluti on mining of minerals. Class IV wells, which involve the injection of hazardous or radioactive wastes into or above an underground source of drinking water, are banned unless authorized under other statutes for groundwater remediation. Class V wells include underground injection wells not included in Classes I through IV. Wells used for injecting oi l field waste materials associated with E&P operations are considered Class II wells. Class II subclasses include disposal wells (Class II-D) and enhanced recovery wells (Class II-R).

The EPA’s regulations establish minimum sta ndards for state programs prior to receiving primary responsibility (prim acy) for the UIC program under Section 1422 of the SDWA. The federal requirements governing application, c onstruction, operating, monitoring, and reporting

for Class II wells are found in 40 CFR Parts 144 a nd 146. It should be noted that a state program can always be more stringent than the federal blueprint. In 1981, Congress added Section 1425 to the SDWA, which relieves oil- and gas-related in jection well programs in the states from having

### 7



### to meet the technical requirements in the federa l UIC regulations. Instead, the demonstration can be made that the state has an effective program (including adequate ove rsight, record keeping, and reporting) in place to prevent the endangerm ent of underground sources of drinking water by underground injection operati ons. Because the Section 1425 a pproval route offers greater flexibility, most states have obt ained UIC primacy in this way.

1.3.4 State Regulation of Was te Management Operations

Federal laws and regulations ge nerally establish minimum fede ral standards. States have the lead role in the regulation of E&P and general industrial wa ste disposal. In light of the varying geological, climatologi cal, ecological, topographic, economic, geographic, and age differences among oil and gas drilling and prod uction sites across the country, the laws and regulations of authorized states relative to oil and gas waste management operations exhibit differences in detail and scope when compared with the federal blue prints or other state

programs.

### 8



### 2 DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY

The data were collected in tw o phases. First, state oil and gas regulatory officials were contacted to determine whether their agency main tained a list of permitted commercial disposal companies dedicated to oil (Phase One). In th e second phase, representatives of individual commercial disposal companies were interviewe d to determine disposal methods and costs (Phase Two).

2.1 PHASE ONE: QUESTI ONS FOR REGULATORS

1. Are there any commercial facilities in your state that are permitted/licensed to accept different types of E&P wastes th at are moved off of the well site (offsite commercial disposal facilities)?

2. If yes , could you please provide a lis t of these facilities?

3. If no , where would operators in your stat e take E&P wastes that must be removed from the well site (municipal landfill [with the permission of local government], industrial/hazardous waste la ndfill, haul out of state, publicly

owned treatment works/wastewater treatment facility, other)?

4. Would it be possible to provi de any other information related to the issue of offsite disposal?

2.2 PHASE TWO: QUESTIONS FOR DISPOSAL COMPANIES

1. What types of E&P wastes (water-based muds and cuttings, oil-based muds and cuttings, produced water, contam inated soils, tank bottoms, NORM, other) do you accept?

2. What type of treatment/disposal pro cess do you use? Is it the same for all types of wastes that you accept or does it differ?

3. What are your fees for accepting E&P wastes? Do the rates vary for different types of wastes? Please provide units ($/bbl, $/ton, $/yd 3 

### , etc.). If possible, please provide a cost sheet.

4. Does your company provide trucking se rvice to pick up wastes from a well site and transport them to the disposal site? If so, wh at is the cost for this service? [Please provide un its: $/bbl, $/mi, $/hr, etc.]

5. What is the fee for cleaning out trucks or containers and disposing of the wash water? [Please provide units: $/bbl, $/hr, $/truck load, etc.]

### 9



### 6. Do you charge a fee for laboratory analys is of the incoming waste? If so, how much is the fee? Is it charged on every load or on some intermittent frequency?

7. What other types of fees do you charge?

8. Does your process generate any by-pr oducts or residues? If so, what do you

do with them?

2.3 CHALLENGES ENCOUN TERED IN PHASE ONE AND IN PHASE TWO

State agencies were very responsive in providing their data, to the extent available. Thirty of 31 oil-and-gas-producing states responded, one state declined. Some agencies sent detailed lists that are also available on the Internet, whil e others provided their information verbally or through electronic mail. In many instances, the authors had to undertak e additional detective work to ascertain the appropriate contact pe rson, current telephone numbers, and other data

elements.

In general, most of the companies identified in Phase One willingly lent their assistance. Some companies cited competitive pressures and business confidentiality as primary reasons for providing cost ranges rather than snapshot figures. A few companie s declined to partake in the study because they did not want to share any information with third parties.

### 10



### 3 PHASE ONE FINDINGS

The degree to which states host offsite commer cial disposal companies and facilities may be described by way of three categories. The st ates with high oil a nd gas production typically have in place a dedicated network of offsite comm ercial disposal companies and facilities. These are generally tracked by the oil a nd gas regulatory agency. In other states, such an infrastructure usually does not exist, and ve ry often, commercial disposal companies focus on produced water

services. About half of the states do not have any industry-specific offs ite commercial disposal

infrastructure. Table 4 sorts the oil-and-gas-producing states into three different categories on the basis of availability of offsite commercial disposal companies and facilities.

TABLE 4 Offsite Commercial Disposal in the Oil-and-Gas-Producing States

Category Description States

Eight states with a dedicated indu stry-specific network of offsite commercial disposal companies and facilities AR, CO, LA, NM, OK, TX, UT, WY

Seven states with fewer offsite co mmercial disposal companies or produced-water-focused infrastructure of commercial disposal companies and facilities AL, MI, MS, ND, NE, PA, WV

Fifteen states without industry-sp ecific offsite commercial disposal facilities and companies AK, AZ, CA, FL, IL, IN, KS, KY, MO, MT, NY, OH, TN, SD, VA

### 11



### 4 PHASE TWO FINDINGS

4.1 BACKGROUND

On the basis of lists provided by the agencies , the individual offsite commercial disposal companies and facilities in the various states were contacted. The representatives were asked about disposal options and costs for water-based muds and cuttings, oil-based muds and cuttings, produced water, contaminated soils, tank botto ms, NORM. The information was recorded on a worksheet for each facility and subs equently entered into a Microsoft ® 

### Access Database. Table 5 presents the data elements used to capture th e survey findings. The authors intend to make

available the full database in searchable form at on the website of the Environmental Science Division of Argonne National Laboratory ( http://www.evs.anl.gov/project/d sp_topicdetail.cfm?topicid=18 ) within a few weeks after the report is released.

The populated database now contains about 570 records for roughly 220 facilities. The database is by no means all-inclusive. The lists provided by the agencies may not have contained all of the commercial disposal companies operati ng in their state. Moreover, some of the companies from the state lists dec lined to participate in the study. However, the sheer volume of data captured should provide a high confidence le vel for understanding trends and ranges.

In addition to thematic sorting and quer ying, the database format allows for the convenient generation of tailored reports. The terminology for the different disposal categories was chosen to capture and harmonize the essence of the management processes described by the participating companies. Only one type of dis posal is reported for each waste stream managed by a facility to avoid double counting. Disposal me thods involving more than one process are summarized in the comments field. Most disposal company representative s characterized their disposal fee schedules as approxi mate figures. The figures represent a snapshot for the survey window between October 2005 and April 2006. Thus, th ese costs may not reflect the actual costs that would be charged to specific customers at a given point in time. The authors have not attempted to independently confirm the costs repo rted by the disposal companies. However, the draft report was reviewed by waste management specialists from several large oil and gas companies, and they generally agreed with the information included in the report.

During the data collection phase, costs have been reported in different units of measurement. Most costs have been expressed as $/bbl, but others have been indicated as $/yd 3 

### and $/ton. The $/yd 3 

### unit appears when the wastes are pred ominantly solids, and the $/ton unit is commonly used by landfills because costs for dis posal of municipal solid waste are typically based on this measure of weight. Consideration of the specific gravity of a certain waste stream

facilitates the conversion of volume-based units (bbl, yd 3 

### ) into weight-based units (tons). If one

assumes that oil field waste has a specific gravity that is 1.5 times that of water, the conversion factors are: 1 yd 3 

### = 4.81 bbl, and 1 ton = 3.81 bbl. The conversions are not shown in the database query tables but are provided in several report narratives to de scribe overall cost patterns.

### 12

TABLE 5 Data Dictionary for O ffsite Commercial Disposal Survey

Data Elements Disposal state Disposal company name

⎯ facility name Disposal company contact (telephone number) Disposal company address Type of waste Type of disposal By-product/residue generated? Fees charged for disposal Trucking service provided? If yes, fees? Fees for cleaning trucks/containers and disposing of wash water Laboratory analysis conducted? If yes, fees?

Comments



### After an introductory overview of each su rvey state (Section 4.2), targeted database queries are used to provide cost informati on by disposal method (S ection 4.3) and by waste stream (Section 4.4). When making specific wast e management decisions, however, oil and gas companies look beyond tipping or disposal fees as a single decision factor. They understand that transportation and other incident al costs play a significant role when it comes to the costeffectiveness of a specific waste management choice.

4.2 STATE-BY-STATE OVERVIEW

This section provides an overview of E&P waste management initiatives, trends and requirements across the nation. The specific co ntact information for each state regulatory agencies, including names, addresses, and te lephone numbers, can be accessed online through the regulatory module of Ar gonne’s Drilling Waste Manage ment Information System ( http://web.ead.anl.gov/dwm/regs/index.cfm ).

4.2.1 Alabama

Contact: Dave Bolin, State Oil and Gas Board of Alabama.

The State Oil and Gas Board of Alabama regulat es Class II injection facilities that are used for the disposal of E&P wastes. The board’s regulations do not cla ssify Class II disposal facilities or wells as being ope rated for private use or commer cially for profit. Most of Alabama’s Class II facilities are being operated privately, or exclusively to service a single operator’s production operations. However, on the basi s of affidavits in th e files, the State Oil

and Gas Board of Alabama has identified five salt water disposal facilities in south Alabama that accept Class II fluids from other oil and gas ope rators, and therefore are apparently being operated commercially for profit. Th e in-state and two out-of-state op erators of the five facilities in Alabama were contacted. All three provided responses.

### 13



### Disposal facilities associated with offsite surface discharge and land application of E&P wastes in Alabama are regulated by the Alabam a Department of Environmental Management. Other wastes that are sent offsite go to a reclam ation facility (particularly tank bottoms), a local landfill, or a hazardous waste disposal facility. They may also be hauled to an out-of-state disposal facility. The State Oil and Gas Board of Alabama regulates the offsite transportation of E&P wastes associated with oil and gas operations . The rules of the Stat e Oil and Gas Board of Alabama require operators to use transporters approved by the board, and they require operators, transporters, and disposers to a dhere to a manifest system.

The study identified two landfill s and a company that combines injection and separation for various oil field waste streams. The compan y’s “Contained Separation” process, which was developed using 80 years of water treating and wa ste treatment experience, specifically treats acid flowback and other problematic water streams. The two landfills, the treatment facility, and two injection facilities were contacted. All five facilities responded.

4.2.2 Alaska

Contact: Tom Maunder, Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission.

In Alaska, all waste disposal facilities ar e owned by the operators on their respective leases. Waste disposal is controversial and ge nerally handled by the gi ven operator. The actual number of “facilities” is limited and drilling wastes are generally hauled to the facility sites. For example, Marathon brings all its waste to its processing facility in the Kenai Gas Field.

The grind and inject facility at Prudh oe Bay could probably be termed “near commercial,” since third-party small operators ha ve negotiated the ability to bring their E&P wastes to that facility. This facility operat es 24 hours a day, 8 months a year, and injects approximately 2,500 yd 3 

### of drilling waste every day. Conoc oPhillips has accepted some wastes (mostly liquid) from small operators near K uparuk. For the most part , operators are very reluctant to accept any waste from others. No oper ator in Cook Inlet accepts third-party wastes.

With regard to grind and inject, costs are not shared with the regulators. A few years ago, the cost was about $100.00/yd 3 

### . The fee was applied to the full capacity of the “super suckers” that transported the cuttings; the tanks on the trucks were at best two-thirds full. Costs to dispose of liquid mud were less since these wastes do not require storing and grinding. The cost was about $3.00/bbl.

Municipal landfills have been used on occasion for solid wastes. The tipping fee for the Anchorage landfill lies in the neighborhood of $45.00/ton. It is unknown whether cuttings would be accepted at the Anchorage landfill. Cuttings may have been disposed of at the landfills in Wasilla (Matanuska-Susitna Borough) a nd Kenai (Kenai Peninsula Borough).

Pits may be constructed, but they are very li mited. Out-of-state hauling is an option for some wastes but is very expensive. Small opera tors are at a disadvantage because of what has become standard practice in Alaska—no pits.

### 14



### Management of offshore waste that cannot be discharged (because of oil contamination) is usually very expensive. In one example wh ere it became necessary to truck and rail the offshore waste to the North Slope , the ultimate cost was $250.00/bbl (mainly for transportation).

4.2.3 Arizona

Contact: Steven Rauzi, Arizona Geological Survey.

Arizona does not have much production activ ity. All production occu rs on the Navajo

Nation in the northeast corner of the state. In all likeli hood, companies in the Farmington, New Mexico, area handle most oil field services in northeastern Arizona. One operator used salt

mud in a well that it drilled about an hour north of Tucson earlier this year. The operator used an in-state company to haul and dispose of the salt mud. The company was contacted.

4.2.4 Arkansas

Contacts: Gary Looney, Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission, and Laura Stuart-Leslie, Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality.

Oil field wastes or E&P wastes, such as dril ling fluids, muds, and produced water, are all handled through the various permitting authoriti es between the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality and the Ar kansas Oil and Gas Commission.

In general, drilling fluids and muds are collec ted in temporary pits (r eserve pits) at each well site. These fluids are then hauled to one of five permitted land application facilities in Arkansas. These facilities have aboveground pits for the collection of produced water and mud. Once the fluids and muds have separated, the mu ds are spread onto designated fields; then depending on their permits, management activities such as tilling into the soil and revegetating must occur. Routine sampling of these fields is also required. The remaining water is either pumped to tanks for injection into wells (Class II under the authority of the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission) or hauled to one of these faci lities with a commercial Class II well. These are the only current options for dispos al of muds. Alternative methods, such as onsite disposal in the reserve pits or applicat ion to another site, are considered on a case-by-case basis but rarely have been authorized in the past. The five facilities permitted by the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality for land application were all contacted. Three companies responded.

Currently, only produced water is permitted through the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission for disposal into Class II commercial saltwater disposal wells. No other applications to dispose (subsurface) of E&P waste (other than those related to produced saltwater) have been

filed. The Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission iden tified two in-state and three out-of-state operators. All five companies were contacted and four responded.

Tank bottoms are typically handled by commerc ial reclaimers. The reclaimers come to

the oil field site and clean out the tank bottoms. The tank bottoms are taken back to the

### 15



### reclaimers’ facilities where th ey are treated. One reclaimer re sponded to the study questionnaire.

If volumes of recoverable and marketab le product are high, no charges accrue.

4.2.5 California

Contact: Mike Stettner, California Department of Conservation.

The California Department of Conser vation regulates the drilling, operation, maintenance, and plugging of oil, natural gas, and geothermal wells; the Regional Water Quality Control Boards regulate the discharge of wa stes to land or surface waters; the California Integrated Waste Management Board regulates E&P wastes disposed of in nonhazardous waste landfills; and the California Air Resources Board regulates emissi ons to air, including organic compound emissions from open pits and tanks. On the basis of a report prepared in 2002 by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (CalEPA 2000), the most common method of disposal for drilling wastes i nvolves onsite burial of drilling p it contents after aggregation of the aqueous component with cement. This method has regional limitations and may not be appropriate for non-water-based drilling muds. An alternate disposal method involves shipment to a commercial disposal facility. Oily sludges are generally shipped to commercial facilities accepting exploration production wastes. Otherwis e, tank bottoms and other sludges are often recycled and used for fabrication of road mix. The sludge material is pr ocessed at an onsite facility, and the resulting material is applied to private roads with in the facility because of its dust-suppressing properties. Di sposal methods for produced wa ter include di scharge into municipal sewers and percolation ponds under pe rmits issued by the Regional Water Quality Control Boards, injection in to disposal wells, and recycling for other uses.

In the course of the first phase of this survey, the California Conservation Commission

canvassed all districts for commercial E&P wast e disposal operations. Kern County in the Bakersfield area seems to be the only area with co mmercial waste disposal sites. The EPA closed the surface disposal site in Casmalia.

Three commercial E&P waste facilities, all lo cated in proximity to major oil production fields in Kern, were identified. One disposes of hazardous waste and designated waste, the other manages designated waste only. The third facility manages petroleum-contaminated soil, tank bottoms, sump sediments, and process waters. All three f acilities responded.

4.2.6 Colorado

Contacts: Brian Macke, Colorado Oil a nd Gas Conservation Commission; Debbie Baldwin, Colorado Oil and Gas Conservati on Commission; and Donna Stoner, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.

The Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission does not track volumes of E&P wastes. Produced water is managed in many wa ys. Most produced water goes down injection wells operated for enhanced recovery projects an d/or disposal by individu al operators. In some

### 16



### cases, produced water goes down commercial injection wells. In other cases, produced water is discharged to surface water under the Colorado Discharge Permit System (CDPS, Colorado’s NPDES program) or into individual well/lease site pits operated by individual operators. Some produced water is managed at centralized wast e management facilities operated by individual operators. Most drill cuttings are buried on site. So me county and city landfills accept oily soils.

The Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission does not permit offsite commercial disposal facilities that handle E&P waste. T hose are permitted by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Hazardous Ma terials and Waste Management Division, Solid

Waste Unit.

Nearly all the commercial E&P waste faciliti es in Colorado are located on the Western Slope. The disposal facilities are evaporative impoundments. No commercial E&P injection

facilities are in use. In La Pl ata County (Southwestern Colorado) , operators haul wastes to a commercial waste facility in New Mexico.

The six active facili ties on the West Slope and one facility undergoing closure and remediation in Weld County (north of Denver) were contacted. Four companies responded, but

two were reluctant to share information.

In addition, a major landfill f acility was identified. The facility accepts nonhazardous

solid E&P wastes.

4.2.7 Florida

Contacts: Ed Garrett, Bob Caughey, and John Leccese, Florida Department of

Environmental Protection.

Waste materials generated in the Northwest Florida Fields are ge nerally shipped to disposal facilities in Alabama. Anything cont aminated with NORM is contained (e.g., in the case of pipe, through spraying with foam on each end) and shipped to Philip Environmental Services in Morgan City, Louisiana. Contaminat ed soil from spills is trucked to Timberlands Landfill north of Brewton, Alabama. All facilities were contacted

The picture differs for South Florida Fields. Oil-spill-conta minated limerock and soils are transported to the Rinker incine rator near Miami. Workover flui ds are run through the separator to split saltwater from oil. The oil is sold, a nd the saltwater goes down a disposal well. Drilling fluids in South Florida are only bentonite muds , since no oil/diesel-bas ed muds are used. The drilling fluids are disposed of into the boulder zo ne, either through a dispos al well, or in most cases are pumped down the annulus between the surface casing and the intermediate casing. No NORM problems have been found in South Florida. Drill cuttings are stacked on the drill pad to dry out. They are sampled and analyzed for metals, including arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver. If no significant metals are found, then cuttings are used as “clean fill.” Oily cuttings go to th e Rinker incinerator. In practice, landowners want clean cuttings for road improvement in their gr ove or farm. If no one wants the cuttings, then

### 17



### operators find someone who will let them spread the clean cuttings on their land. Petro Operating Co. (Blackjack Creek Field) hauls its contamin ated soil to Perdido Landfill in Alabama through SWS of Pensacola, Florida. The landfill and incinerator owners were contacted and provided

responses.

The Rinker facility takes nonhazardous wast e oils, hydrocarbons, and other organic contaminants out of the environment completely. It uses them either as an alternate fuel source or processes them in ultra-high-temp erature kilns. This process in corporates any remaining inert matter into a component of cement. This recyclin g of petroleum-contaminated material offers companies an economical alternativ e to landfilling these materials. These contaminated materials are processed using consideration for safety, while protecting the client from any future liability.

Contaminated soil is directed to a thermal desorber to rid it of volatile petroleum prior to being

fed as a clean raw material in cement production. All that is left of the cleaned soils and solids after processing at 2,800°F is an inert glasseous material called “cli nker.” The clinker is processed and ground with gypsum to become cement. Before any material is accepted, a representative analysis must be submitted to en sure that it meets all regulatory and company internal requirements. In addition to this precertificati on, the contaminated material is rechecked

at its own state-certified labor atory. The laboratory also provi des certified field sampling and precertification analysis for customers desiring “one-stop project servic es.” Rinker Materials maintains a fleet of transport equipment dedicated to serve clients’ solid and liquid petroleum contamination requirements. This fleet consists of tanker trailers, dump trailers and specially equipped flat trailers for drums and small cont ainers. In addition to truck transport, Rinker Materials provides railcar servi ces that can accommodate a wi de variety of special waste management requirements that customers face.

4.2.8 Illinois

Contact: Doug Shutt, Illinois Depa rtment of Natural Resources.

The Illinois Department of Natural Resources does not maintain a list of commercial waste disposal companies. Oil field waste dispos al is not regulated by the department unless a material (mainly produced water) is injected into a Class II Well. The Department of Natural Resources does not distinguish between commerci al wells and normal wells. Oil field waste that is not disposed of onsite is sent offsite to sanitary landfills or tran sported out of state.

4.2.9 Indiana

Contacts: Danny Allison, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, and Mike Nickolaus,

Ground Water Protection Council.

Indiana does not have commerc ial facilities. Most E&P wastes are disposed of onsite.

Oil-based muds are not used in the state. Some onsite land farming occurs. Other wastes may be sent offsite to sanitary landfills. Rates vary between $16.00/yd 3 

### and $20.00/yd 3 

### . The state is currently deliberating over ma nagement of NORM wastes.

### 18



### 4.2.10 Kansas

Contact: Bill Bryson, Kans as Geological Survey.

Kansas has no permitted offsite commercial disposal facilities for E&P waste. The state does have some “centralized” facilities where an ope rator involved in a certain area of drilling and/or workover activity has a centrally located pit where drilling muds and E&P waste are

hauled from several well locations. Sometimes th e drilling location is located in a sensitive groundwater area where the pit c ontents cannot be buried in pl ace. The Kansas Corporation Commission and the Kansas Department of H ealth and Environment do not keep a list of centralized facilities. The Kansas Corpor ation Commission has promulgated a regulation governing the transfer of wastes ; however, challenges are encount ered relative to enforcement from each drilling location. Most drilling wastes in Kansas are buried onsite at the drilling location through proper closure of the pit(s).

Transporting waste to a municipal landfill requires permission from the Kansas Department of Health and Envi ronment but is not an option deemed attractive by very many operators. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment views landfill disposal of drilling waste as poor public policy in light of the scarcity of landfill space. Some waste is hauled out of state, but none goes to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW).

4.2.11 Kentucky

Contacts: Rick Bender, Ke ntucky Division of Oil and Gas Conservation, and Ron Gruzesky, Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection.

Kentucky’s Oil and Gas Well Operators Manua l covers the approved disposal methods for E&P waste. Kentucky has no statutes, regulations , or policies that specifically address slurry injection, subfracture injecti on, and annular injection of dr ill cuttings and drilling muds. Approved disposal methods for produced water in clude injection into an approved, permitted, or rule-authorized underground injection well; surface discharge covered under a Kentucky Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (KPDES ) permit; transportation offsite to a UIC well; and enhanced evaporation. Kentucky No Discha rge Operational Permits (KNDOPs) have not been issued to oil and gas operators fo r land application of produced water.

The specifics and disposal methods vary from site to site, and costs vary greatly. A commercial UIC Class II injection well can re ceive produced water from any formation and operator. A UIC Class II well that is restrict ed relative to operator and formation, however, would be in violation if it inj ected produced water originating at another operator’s facility or from a different formation. A representative of a facility listed in th e 1997 study offered that it does not accept third-party E&P waste streams at this point.

### 19



### Almost any material except hazardous and TSCA wastes can be sent to a contained landfill in Kentucky. Many have the ability to solidify liquid wast e. A list of approved landfills in Kentucky was obtained, and several contained landfills were contacted.

4.2.12 Louisiana

Contacts: Joe Ball, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, and Gary Snellgrove, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.

RCRA-exempt E&P waste in Louisiana is regulated by the Department of Natural Resources, Office of Conservati on, under Statewide Order 29B. Comm ercial E&P waste storage, treatment, and disposal facilities are perm itted and monitored by the Injection and Mining Division of the Department of Natural Resource s (Office of Conservation). These facilities include Class II disposal wells, land treatment systems, chemical fixation systems, and NORM treatment systems. Approval of waste disposal op erations can be granted to oil and gas service companies on a case-by-case basis (Form UIC-23) to dispose of E&P waste at a commercial facility. The Office of Conservation publishes a li st of currently permitted commercial facilities on its Web site (DNR 2000).

E&P waste is defined as drilli ng wastes, saltwater, and other wastes associated with the exploration, development, or produc tion of crude oil or natural gas wells, which are not regulated by the provisions of, and, therefore, exempt from the Louisiana Hazar dous Waste Regulations and the RCRA. E&P waste materials include, but ar e not limited to, those listed in Table 6. Table 7 displays the codes and descrip tions of disposal techniques.

All 16 companies and facilities on the list pr ovided by the Office of Conservation were contacted. Fifteen companies responded, includ ing the three largest operators—CCS Energy Services LLC, Newpark Environmental Servic es, and US Liquids of Louisiana LP. These companies have an extensive network of transf er stations in place, to which oil and gas companies can transport wastes. The waste manage ment companies consolidate the waste at the transfer stations, by then they move it by barge to one or more central treatment facilities, where wastes are managed by using injection, land treatment, or other treatment.

### 20

TABLE 6 E&P Waste Types in Louisiana

Code E&P Waste Description

01 Saltwater (produced brine or produced water), except for saltwater whose intended and actual use is in drilling, workover, or completion fluids, or in enha nced mineral recovery operations, process fluids generated by approved salvage oil op erators who only receive oil (basic sediment and water) from oil and gas leases, and natural gas plant processing waste fluid that is or may be commingled with produced

formation water.

02 Oil-based drilling wastes (mud, fluids, and cuttings).

03 Water-based drilling wastes (mud, fluids, and cuttings).

04 Completion; workover and stimulation fluids.

05 Production pit sludges.

06 Storage tank sludge from production operations, onsite and commercial saltwater disposal facilities, salvage oil facilities that only receive waste oil [basic sedime nt and water] from oil and gas leases, and sludges generated by service company and commercial fac ility or transfer station wash water systems.

07 Produced oily sands and solids.

08 Produced formation freshwater.

09 Rainwater from firewalls, ring levees, and pits at drilling and production facilities.

10 Washout water and residual solids generated from the cleaning of containers that transport E&P waste and are not contaminated by hazardous waste or material: washout water and solids (E&P Waste Type 10) is or may be generated at a commercial facility or transfer st ation by the cleaning of a container holding a residual

amount of E&P Waste.

11 Washout pit water and residual solids from oil-field -related carriers and service companies that are not permitted to haul hazardous waste or material.

12 Nonhazardous natural gas plan t processing waste solids.

13 (Reserved).

14 Pipeline test water that does not meet discharge limitations established by the appropriate state agency or pipeline pigging waste (i.e., waste fluids/solids generated from the cleaning of a pipeline).

15 E&P wastes that are transported from permitted co mmercial facilities and transf er stations to permitted commercial treatment and disposal facilities, except those E&P wastes defined as Waste Types 01 and 06.

16 Crude oil spill cleanup waste.

50 Salvageable hydrocarbons bound for permitted salvage oil operators.

99 Other E&P waste not described above; a description of these wastes and written approval from the Office of Conservation is required and must be attached to the manifest prior to transport.

### 21

TABLE 7 Disposal Techniques in Louisiana

Code E&P Waste Management Description

1 Slurry fracture injection 2 Cavern disposal

3 Solidification 4 Salvageable oil

5 RCRA hazardous waste landfill 6 Mechanical/chemical separation—wastewater treatment plant and landfill cover 7 Thermal desorption

8 Incineration 9 Storage barges 10 Mechanical/chemical separation—injection and landfill cover 11 Storage tanks

12 Land treatment 13 Storage pit 14 Injection well 15 Mechanical/chemical separation

16 Stabilization



### 4.2.13 Michigan

Contacts: Harold Fitch, Raymond Vugrinovi ch, and Gunther Schmidt, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.

Michigan does not have any commercial faci lities that are specifi cally licensed for the primary purpose of disposal of solid waste fr om oil and gas E&P operations. Offsite brine disposal wells are permitted to accept oil fiel d brine and other liquid oil field wastes. The majority of these wells accept only the ope rator’s own wastes; only a limited number are commercial wells. Michigan has a total of 651 brin e disposal wells. Solid waste landfills are allowed to accept solid waste from oil and ga s E&P operations. The Office of the Geological Survey does not maintain a list of those la ndfills authorized to accept E&P waste.

Several of the brine-injection-well facilities from a list provided by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality were contacted to identif y facilities that accept third-party-generated

E&P waste streams on a commercial basis. Thre e facilities of this much narrower universe provided information.

4.2.14 Mississippi

Contacts: Walter Boone, Mississippi Oil and Gas Board, and Mark Williams, Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality.

### 22



### Mississippi does not have a develo ped infrastructure dedicated to commercial disposal of E&P wastes. Most waste materials are injected downhole or land applied onsite or nearby. Disposal of muds in municipal solid wa ste landfills is much more costly.

The Mississippi Oil & Gas Board has regulator y authority over commercial disposal of

E&P wastes in Class II wells. All other commer cial disposal operations are regulated by the Department of Environmental Quality.

One commercial disposal facility under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environmental Quality receives wa ste materials (muds) from offshore. The muds are transported to a facility in Alabama for de watering. The residue then goes to a landfill in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast. This facility and three ot her landfills supporting the offshore industry were

contacted. Three landfill facili ties responded. In addition, four commercial UIC Class II companies were identified and cont acted; three of them responded.

A proposed facility for Northern Mississi ppi involves a commercial UIC Class I well envisaged to accept nonhazardous industrial wastes a nd oil field wastes. It is not clear whether this facility will ever become operational.

4.2.15 Missouri

Contact: Bob Archer, Missouri Depa rtment of Natural Resources.

Commercial waste disposal facilities are regulated by Missouri’s Hazardous and Solid Waste Programs, not the Missouri Oil and Gas C ouncil. In Missouri, opera tors dispose of E&P liquid material (waste oil and water) in onsite in jection wells. Cuttings are allowed to settle and are then covered over when the cuttings pits are closed. In the 1980s and early 1990s, a few producers hauled water offsite to another water injection well. In general, waste is most economically handled onsite in accordance with state-approved disposal methods.

4.2.16 Montana

Contact: Tom Richmond, Montana Bo ard of Oil and Gas Conservation.

The Montana Board of Oil and Gas Conserva tion encourages onsite bioremediation of oily wastes. It does not have the authority to permit off-lease disposal (other than water injection wells). One commercial facility remediates a nd reuses E&P waste. A representative of the company was contacted and responded.

### 23



### 4.2.17 Nebraska

Contact: Stan Belieu, Nebraska O il and Gas Conservation Commission

Injection of produced water to (commercial) UIC Class II wells is authorized by the

Nebraska Oil and Gas Conserva tion Commission. Most produced water disposal operations occur onsite. General municipal landfills may accept E&P wastes. One incinerator facility accepts a variety of industrial, including E&P wastes, but not NORM. The company was contacted and provided information.

4.2.18 New Mexico

Contact: Ben Stone, New Mexico Energy, Mine rals and Natural Resources Department.

The New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natura l Resources Department provided a list of 28 approved commercial disposal facilities. Mo st companies responded. Some facilities proved to be operated by the same companies. Others could not be contacted or were not willing to communicate. Seventeen companies provided survey information. Land farming, land filling, and treatment and recycling were th e prevalent disposal techniques.

4.2.19 New York

Contacts: Kathleen Sanford and Scott Menrat h, New York Department of Environmental

Conservation.

The Division of Mineral Resources of th e New York Department of Environmental Conservation does not permit or license commercial disposal facilities, nor does it officially track disposal of E&P wastes that are removed from well sites. New York State has few active brine disposal wells. Use of those wells is governed by permits issued by both the EPA and the Division of Water of the New York Department of Environmental Cons ervation. Two facilities reported that they did not accept offsite materials; th e third facility is located in West Virginia.

Cuttings may be taken to landfills if th ey are not buried onsite. The New York Department of Environmental Conservation does not maintain a list of E&P waste-specific landfills. According to the region al managers, most brine and dril ling mud is taken to an out-ofstate treatment plant in Pennsylvania. The chemi cal precipitation facility was contacted and a representative responded.

4.2.20 North Dakota

Contact: Mark Bohrer, North Dakota Industrial Commission.

### 24



### North Dakota hosts commercial saltwater disp osal wells regulate d by the North Dakota

Industrial Commission. The facilitie s take produced water, pit water, and slop from anywhere. Some operators of saltwater disposal wells onl y accept produced water. Other operators take a combination of produced water and pit water th at they haul themselves, knowing that the materials are fairly clean. The North Dakota H ealth Department regulates a few special use

landfills that take oil field waste. The No rth Dakota Industrial Commission (Oil and Gas Division) forwarded a list of commercial disposal facilities —15 saltwater disposal wells operated by 7 companies, and 5 industrial, specia l waste, and municipal landfills. All operators

were contacted. Information was obtained for 9 co mmercial saltwater disposal facilities operated by 3 companies, and for 3 landfills.

4.2.21 Ohio

Contacts: Scott Kell, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mineral Resources, and Ernie Stull, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency.

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources , Division of Mineral Resources does not permit or regulate commercial offsite facilities fo r disposal of solid E&P wastes. Most oil field wastes generated in Ohio are disposed of onsite . Wastes that cannot be disposed of onsite are sent to local sanitary or industria l landfills or to commercial dis posal facilities in other states.

Disposal of solid wastes is prohibited except as authorized by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Because Ohio was selected as an example of a northern state in which solid

waste landfills are used for oil field waste dis posal, additional data on landfills were collected. The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency provi ded a list of 41 authorized landfills. Seven landfills, located in oil- and gas-producing part s of the state, were c ontacted. Five facilities responded.

4.2.22 Oklahoma

Contact: Tim Baker, Okla homa Corporation Commission.

The Oklahoma Corporation Comm ission reports that Oklahoma has commercial disposal wells and commercial disposal pits . Commercial disposal pits are restricted to taking only waterbased drilling muds. One exception involves salt-c ontaminated soils. Some of the facilities are designed for high-chloride muds. Those facil ities can accept salt-contaminated soils from saltwater spills. Commercial disposal wells can accept all wastes that come out of a well bore and are RCRA exempt. Oil field wastes can go to m unicipal landfills if the owner of the facility will accept it.

The Oklahoma Corporation Commission forwar ded an active commercial pits inventory.

All 15 facilities were called. Howeve r, five facilities appeared to be no longer operational, since searches of phone directories and the Internet we re not successful. One additional facility was being sold. Six facilities responded to the st udy questions. Two operators expressed much

### 25



### criticism of the practice of land farming. They stat ed that environmentally safe and protective pit operations were costly, and thus were disadvantaged compared with land farming. In addition, two larger commercial saltwater disposal compan ies were contacted. Together they operate nine disposal wells. As of last year, more than 220 commercial disposal wells were operational in

Oklahoma.

4.2.23 Pennsylvania

Contact: Ron Gilius, Pennsylvania Depa rtment of Environmental Protection.

The Pennsylvania Department of Environm ental Protection provi ded a list of eight

commercial treatment facilities. All were contac ted, and five facilities responded. Treatment and discharge were the most commonly used disposal methods.

4.2.24 South Dakota

Contact: Fred Steece, South Dakota Depart ment of Environmental and Natural

Resources.

The Oil and Gas Section in the South Dakota Department of Environmental and Natural Resources does not track offsite commercial disp osal operations. Most E&P wastes are disposed of onsite or nearby. Wastes destined offsite go to municipal solid waste landf ills or out-of-state.

4.2.25 Texas

Contacts: Jill Hybner and Steven Seni, Railro ad Commission of Texa s. (Note: Mr. Seni

left the Railroad Commission befo re this report was finalized)

In Texas, the Railroad Commission regul ates “nonhazardous oil and gas waste” (NOGW). Information concerning permitted commercia l E&P waste disposal facilities is posted

on the Texas Railroad Commission Web site (RRC 2006a). Informa tion pertains to surface disposal facilities (RRC 2006b) and injection and cavern disp osal wells (RRC 2006c). The Railroad Commission regularly upda tes the information and provi des an Operator Directory (RRC 2006d).

In Texas, the big commercial disposal comp anies, including CCS Energy Services LL, Newpark Environmental Services, and US Liquids of Louisiana LP provided survey information. Otherwise, less than half of the commercial su rface disposal companies opted to participate in the study: three of six pit facili ty operators, three of seven stat ionary treatment companies, and two of seven land farm operators responded. Howe ver, all seven cavern disposal companies and several injection f acility operators provided information.

### 26



### 4.2.26 Tennessee

Contacts: Ronald Zurawski and Michael K. Burton, Tennessee State Oil and Gas Board.

The State of Tennessee does not track commercia l offsite disposal operations, other than maintaining a list of all UIC Class II injection wells. No facilities were contacted.

4.2.27 Utah

Contacts: John Baza and Brad Hill, Utah Department of Natural Resources.

The Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining of the Utah Department of Natural Resources permits and regulates numerous facilities that are approved to accept RCRA-exempt E&P wastes. The list of facilities maintained by the divi sion includes a notation of the types of wastes

that can be taken at each fac ility. All 10 facilities were contac ted, and information was obtained from 7 operators. The main disposal methods included land farming, pit, and evaporation. In addition, one commercial landfill an d one incinerator provided data.

4.2.28 Virginia

Contact: Bob Wilson, Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy.

The Division of Gas and Oil in the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy (DMME) does not track commercial offsite disposal operations. The vast majority of production activity in Virginia relates to gas. Thus, the Commonwealth has a very small oil waste disposal problem. Brine stemming from coal bed methane gas operations represents the principal waste material. Most of it is disposed of in ope rator-owned UIC wells regulated by the EPA’s Region 3. Wastewater (brine) that is not injected into in-state operator-owned UIC wells is hauled to permitted sites in other states. Drilling muds from the few wells that have used that fluid have been disposed of in permitted out-of-sta te facilities. (Since the vast majority of wells in Virginia are drilled using air and foam, drilling muds are a rare issue.) Oil wastes and tank bottoms are usually taken to waste oil recycli ng operations. Solid waste other than cuttings (which are disposed of onsite) are, by regulation, to be disposed of in a facility permitted to accept that type of waste. In a few instances, dr illing waters from remote exploratory wells have been disposed of at wastewater treatment facilities.

4.2.29 West Virginia

Contacts: James Martin and BJ Chestnut, We st Virginia Department of Environmental

Protection.

### 27



### The State of West Virginia does not have large-scale offsite commercial disposal operations. The West Virginia De partment of Environmental Prot ection provided a list of five landfills and three commercial injection well ope rators managing E&P waste streams. All were contacted, and five f acilities responded.

4.2.30 Wyoming

Contacts: Don Likwartz and Craig Egge rman, Wyoming Oil and Gas Commission, and Larry Robinson, Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality.

The Wyoming Oil and Gas Commission does not regulate commercial sites. Those sites are under the jurisdiction of the Wyoming Department of Environm ental Quality. Different staff members were contacted, depending on th e medium intended for disposal.

The Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality does not maintain a list of sites specifically and exclusively approved to accept E&P exempt wastes. These wastes could go to any municipal solid waste landfill willing to accept them, as long as they do not have free liquids. However, that decision would be the discretion of a given facility. Wyoming has a number of industrial landfills, but they only dispos e of waste they generate at their own industrial sites and are not specifically permitted as “commercial” facilities.

The Wyoming Department of Environmen tal Quality, however, provided a list of 27 commercial facilities (operate d by 15 companies) authorized to receive drilling fluids, produced water, or industrial wa ste. Those facilities include pits, lagoons, and ponds. In addition, a list of eight commercial UIC Cl ass I disposal wells that can be used to dispose of nonhazardous waste was received. In some cases, the Water Quality Division also may approve a land application or road application. All faci lities on the two lists were contacted.

Answers were obtained from 10 commercial co mpanies mainly using land farming, pit, and evaporation techniques. In addition, three of the UIC Class I disposal well facilities responded. Several facilities proved to be inactive, closed, or company-exclusive.

4.3 SPECIFIC SURVEY RESULTS: DISP OSAL COSTS BY DISPOSAL METHOD

The following sections were derived from que rying the database by disposal method. The disposal techniques yielded by the survey incl ude bioremediation, burial, cavern, discharge, evaporation, injection, land application, recyc ling, thermal treatment, and treatment. The introductory descriptions are based on Veil et al. (2004).

4.3.1 Bioremediation

Bioremediation (also known as biologi cal treatment or biotreatment) uses microorganisms to biologically degrade hydrocarbon- contaminated waste into nontoxic residues.

### 28



### Bioremediation is designed to accelerate th e natural decomposition process by controlling oxygen, temperature, moisture, and nutrient para meters. Advantages of biological treatment accrue from being relatively environmentally benign, generating few emissions, converting wastes into products, and requiri ng minimal, if any, transportation. Sometimes bioremediation is used as an interim treatment or disposal st ep, which reduces the ove rall level of hydrocarbon contamination prior to final disposal. It should be noted that E&P wastes typically contain high levels of solids. Therefore, once the TPH frac tion is reduced, these so lids typically require additional treatment or disposal. Some treate d solids may be used for other purposes in accordance with the applicable st ate regulations. Bioremediation can create a drier, more stable material for land filling, there by reducing the potential to gene rate leachate. Some solids, however, may contain a high salt content and would require additional treatment.

Specific bioremediation approaches can differ depending on the type of soils involved. Depending on the composition of the hydrocarbon co mponents, the bioremediation environment, and the type of treatment utilized, bioremedia tion may be a fairly slow process and require months or years to reach the desi red result. In the process, wast es are mixed with bulking agents, such as wood chips, straw, rice hulls, or husks, to increase porosity and aeration potential for biological degradation. The bulki ng agents provide adequate por osity to allow aeration even when moisture levels are high. Composting is si milar to land treatmen t, but it can be more efficient. Also, in the case of composting sy stems, treated waste is contained within the composting facility where its properties can be re adily monitored. Mixtures of the waste, soil (to provide indigenous bacteria), and other additives may be placed in piles to be tilled for aeration, or placed in containers or on pl atforms to allow air to be forced through the composting mixture. In general, the compost mixture is maintained at 40 to 60% water by weight to optimize moisture conditions for biodegradation. Elevated temperatures (86 to 158oF) in com post mixtures increase microbial metabolism. Tilling the soil pile or forced aeration can help control temperature and oxygen levels. Composting in closed containers can control volatile emissions. Composted

wastes that meet health-based criteria can be used to condition soil, cover landfills, and supply clean fill. Table 8 presents the su rvey findings for bioremediation.

TABLE 8 Bioremediation

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $50.00/ton MT PetroComp Contaminated soils

$50.00–$120.00/yd 3 WY Newpark Environmental Services

$20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $40.00/bbl MT PetroComp Oil-based muds and cuttings

$50.00–$120.00/yd 3 WY Newpark Environmental Services

$20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. Tank bottoms $40.00/bbl MT PetroComp

$20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. Water-based muds and cuttings $40.00/bbl MT PetroComp

### 29



### Two companies in New Mexico and Wy oming use blending and composting for biodegradation. Another company in Montana describes its bior emediation as bacteria-based. The disposal costs in New Mexico are $20.00/yd 3 

### for contaminated soils, oil-based muds and cuttings, tank bottoms, and water-based muds an d cuttings. In Montana, disposal costs are $50.00/ton for contaminated soils and $40.00/bbl for oil-based muds and cuttings, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings. Th e disposal costs range between $50.00/yd 3 

### and $120.00/yd 3 

### for contaminated soils and oil-based muds and cuttings in Wyoming.

4.3.2 Burial

Burial is the placement of waste in constructed or natural excavations, such as landfills or pits. Burial is a common onshore disposal tec hnique used for disposing of drilling wastes.

Burial (landfills) . Landfills are used for disposing of large volumes of municipal, industrial, and hazardous wastes. In landfills, wastes are placed in an engineered impoundment in the ground. At the end of each day or based on some other cycle, the waste is covered with a layer of clean soil or some othe r inert cover material. Modern de sign standards require clay or synthetic liners. Landfills can be used for dispos ing of drilling wastes and other oil field wastes. Wastes suitable for burial are generally limited to solid or semisolid, low-salt, low-hydrocarbon content inert materials. In certain locations, landfills accept E&P wastes only, and would hence

be considered monofills for E&P wastes. Tabl e 9 presents the survey findings for burial (landfills).

TABLE 9 Landfill Burial

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$14.00/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$14.00

− $42.00/ton NM Lea Land Inc.
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50

− $28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC
$20.00

− $30.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $28.00/ton FL Perdido Landfill Escambia County $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill $32.00/ton AL BFI Timberlands Sanitary Landfill Contaminated

soils

$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill

### 30

TABLE 9 Landfill Burial

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Green Valley Landfill General Partnership $6.67/bbl TX US Liquids of Lo uisiana LP - Zapata (Direct)
$65.00

− $70.00/ton CA Waste Management Inc. - McKittrick Facility
$68.00

− $80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Grassy Mountain

Landfill $7.71/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct) $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill
$75.00

− $250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc.
$135.00/ton UT Clean Harbors Environm ental Services - Grassy Mountain

Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill NORM

$70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill $12.75/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$14.00

− $42.00/ton NM Lea Land Inc.
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc. $16.00/yd 3 NM Gandy Marley Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50

− $28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC
$20.00

− $30.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill $32.00/ton AL Bfi Timberlands Sanitary Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill Oil-based muds and cuttings

$56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Green Valley Landfill General Partnership

### 31

TABLE 9 Landfill Burial

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility $6.67-8.50/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Zapata (Direct)
$65.00

− $70.00/ton CA Waste Management Inc. - McKittrick Facility
$68.00

− $80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Grassy Mountain

Landfill
$7.71

− $9.25/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct) $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc.
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $37.00/ton AZ Diversified Transportation $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill
$55.00

− $75.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Green Valley Landfill General Partnership Produced water

$75.00

− $250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc.

$10.50/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct) $10.50/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Zapata (Direct) $14.00/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50

− $28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill $32.00/ton AL BFI Timberlands Sanitary Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill
$55.00

− $75.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Green Valley Landfill General Partnership
$65.00

− $70.00/ton CA Waste Management Inc. - McKittrick Facility Tank bottoms

$68.00

− $80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Grassy Mountain

### 32

TABLE 9 Landfill Burial

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

Landfill $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill
$75.00

− $250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc. $10.75/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$14.00

− $42.00/ton NM Lea Land Inc.
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc. $16.00/yd 3 NM Gandy Marley Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50

− $28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC $2.61/bbl TX US Liquids of Lo uisiana LP - Zapata (Direct)
$20.00

− $30.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center
$24.00

− $27.00/ton AZ Diversified Transportation $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill $3.25/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct)
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill

$32.00/ton AL BFI Timberlands Sanitary Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Green Valley Landfill General Partnership
$65.00

− $70.00/ton CA Waste Management Inc. - McKittrick Facility
$68.00

− $80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Grassy Mountain

Landfill $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill Water-based muds and cuttings

$75.00

− $250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc.



### The survey identifies landfilling as an addi tional management opti on in states with a dedicated network of offsite commercial dispos al companies. Land filling can present a very significant offsite management option in states where such an infrastructure is not available. Many landfills, especially those operated by the big national companies, have solidification capabilities. In other cases, the wastes are disked and dried, or land is sp read prior to land filling. Prior treatment results in higher disposal fees. Disposal fees at landfills accepting E&P waste across the United States range considerably

⎯ from as low as $2.50/ton in Colorado to

### 33



### $250.00/ton in Louisiana. Most charges, howev er, fall into a range of $14.00/ton /ton to $80.00/ton. Prior treatment (s olidification) of liquid waste streams leads to higher disposal fees. Landfills accepting NORM were reported for Alabama, California, Ohio, Utah, and West Virginia.

Burial (pits) . The use of earthen or lined pits is in tegral to drilling waste management. In

the course of most U.S. onshore drilling operations, the cuttings se parated by the shale shaker are sent to a pit located near the dr ill rig—the so-called reserve pit. Th e pit is generally open to the atmosphere, so it also accumulates storm wate r and wash water from the rig. The strategic location of small pits near drilling sites can al so help minimize spillage of waste materials.

Unless site characteristics are such that no significant threat to wa ter resources can occur, liners are generally required. Where pits must be constructed adjacent to water bodies or on sloping terrain, engineering precautions incorporated into the design help to ensure pit integrity. At the end of the drilling job, any hydrocarbon products floating on top of the pits are recovered and any free water or other liquids ar e collected and disposed of, usua lly in an injection well. The remaining cuttings are covered in place using nativ e soils; the surface is graded to prevent water accumulation; and the area is revegetated with na tive species to reduce the potential for erosion and promote full recovery of the area’s ecosystem. For wastes with constituent concentrations only slightly higher than those allowed for traditio nal pit burial, the wastes may be blended with clean, local soil to dilute and reduce the high co ncentrations to acceptable levels before the waste-soil mix is buried. The object ive of this approach is to incorporate wastes that meet required criteria into the soil at a level below the major rooting zone for plants but above the water table. Table 10 presents the survey findings for burial (pits).

TABLE 10 Pit Burial

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$1.00/bbl OK T & S Mud Disposal $10.00/yd 3 OK Scott J. Inc. Oilfield Mud Disposal
$36.00/yd 3 UT Nick’s Disposal Pit LLC Contaminated soils

$8.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal

$17.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir
$2.00

− $8.00/bbl WY Jim’s Water Service - McBeth Pits $30.00/yd 3 TX J. Moss Investments Inc. - Bustamante Facility Oil-based muds and cuttings

$8.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal

$0.35/bbl OK Femco (Webb Dozer) $0.87/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal
$1.50/bbl WY Jim’s Water Service - McBeth Pits Produced water

$1.75

− $4.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir

$17.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir Tank bottoms $5.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal

### 34

TABLE 10 Pit Burial

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility $1.00/bbl OK O’Daniel $1.00/bbl OK T & S Mud Disposal $1.00/bbl OK Trout Disposal
$1.00

− $2.00/bbl OK Scott J. Inc. Oilfield Mud Disposal

$1.00

− $2.00/bbl TX Basic Energy Services - Duval
$1.20/bbl OK Safe Earth Inc. $1.25/bbl OK Femco (Webb Dozer) $1.50/bbl OK Hamm & Phillips Service Company (Guard) $17.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir
$2.00/bbl TX Karon Smith
$2.00

− $8.00/bbl WY Jim’s Water Service - McBeth Pits $3.00/bbl TX Mo-Vac Service Co. Inc. - Ganaway Facility $7.00/bbl TX J. Moss Investments Inc. - Bustamante Facility Water-based muds and cuttings

$8.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal



### The survey found that commercial pit operati ons seem on the retreat, judging by the number of companies that seemed no longer ope rational as well as the comments made by some respondents. Pit disposal is st ill reported in Oklahoma (seven companies), Texas (four companies), Utah (two companies), and Wyoming (two companies). Disposal fees in Oklahoma are $1.00/bbl /bbl to $2.10/bbl ($10.00/yd 3 

### ) for contaminated soils, $0.35/bbl for produced water, and $1.00/bbl /bbl to $2.00/bbl for water-based muds and cuttings. In Texas, the disposal fee ranges between $1.00/bbl and $7.00/bbl for water-based muds and cuttings. One company accepting oil-based muds and cuttings asks for $30.00/yd 3 

### . The disposal fees in Utah are $7.50/bbl ($36.00/yd 3 

### ) to $8.00/bbl for contaminated soils , $8.00/bbl for oil- and water-based muds and cuttings, $0.87/bbl for produced wa ter, and $5.00/bbl for tank bottoms. In Wyoming, disposal fees are $2.00/bbl /bbl to $17.00/bbl for oil- and wa ter-based muds and cuttings, $1.50/bbl /bbl to $4.00/bbl for produced water, and $17.00/bbl for tank bottoms.

4.3.3 Caverns

Underground salt deposits are found in the co ntinental United St ates. Salt domes are large, fingerlike projections of nearly pure salt that have risen to near the surface. Bedded salt formations typically contain multiple layers of salt separated by layers of other rocks. Salt beds occur at depths of 500 to more than 6,000 ft be low the surface. Salt caverns used for oil field waste disposal are created by solution mining. We ll drilling equipment is used to drill a hole from the surface to the depth of the salt formati on, and a smaller diameter pipe called tubing is lowered through the middle of the well. This arra ngement creates two pathways into and out of the well. In the course of the process, the we ll operator pumps freshw ater through one of the pipes. As the freshwater comes in contact with the salt formation, the salt dissolves until the water becomes saturated with salt. Cavern space is created by the removal of the salt-laden brine. Wastes are brought to the cavern site in trucks and unloaded in to mixing tanks where they are blended with water or brine to make a slurry. Gr inding equipment may be used to reduce particle

### 35



### size. The waste slurry is then pumped into the caverns. The incoming waste displaces the brine, which is brought to the surface and either sold or injected into a disposal well. Inside the cavern, the solids, oils, and other liquids separate into distinct layers: so lids sink to the bottom, the oily and other hydrocarbons float to th e top, and brine and other watery fluids remain in the middle. Caverns are appropriate for E&P wastes because they can readily accept wastes that contain

excessive levels of solids. Some other forms of drilling waste disposal , like slurry injection, require much more careful control of solids size. The oil content of the injected waste is not as critical for injection, thereby reducing operati onal costs. The surface f ootprint and chance of surface-related problems are greatly reduced from th at of a land treatment or landfill operation. Wastes are placed deep underground in an impermeab le and self-healing matrix of salt. No leaks

or releases have been observed from the limite d number of caverns used for disposal. Table 11 presents the survey findings for cavern disposal.

The survey presents information for seven co mpanies and multiple facilities, all located

in Texas. All waste streams are amenable to being managed by way of cavern disposal. One company accepts NORM. The disposal fees rang e from $2.00/bbl to $15.00/bbl for contaminated soils, oil-based muds and cuttings , water-based muds and cuttings, and tank bottoms. In the case of produced water, the low end of the range starts at $0.30/bbl to $0.40/ bbl offered by Coastal Caverns. One company, Lotus, manages NOR M for a disposal fee between $150.00/bbl and $300.00/bbl. These costs appear competitive with other oil field waste disposal companies operating in the same geographic area. Interest has grown for s iting new commercial disposal

caverns near the coast that can receive wast es from offshore operations. Louisiana adopted cavern disposal regulations in May 2003; one company, CCS Energy Services LLC, plans to open Louisiana cavern in the near future.

TABLE 11 Cavern Disposal in Texas

Waste Type Disposal Fee Facility

$2.00

− $7.00/bbl Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton
(Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct) Contaminated

soils

$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)

NORM $150.00

− $300.00/bbl Lotus LLC

$2.00

− $7.00/bbl Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct) Oil-based muds and cuttings

$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)

### 36

TABLE 11 Cavern Disposal in Texas

Waste Type Disposal Fee Facility
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton
(Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)

$0.30

− $0.40/bbl Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton
(Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$0.50

− $3.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct) Produced water

$0.50

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)

$2.00

− $7.00/bbl Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton
(Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct) Tank bottoms

$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)
$2.00

− $7.00/bbl Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton
(Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct) Water-based muds and cuttings

$6.00

− $15.00/bbl CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)



### 4.3.4 Discharge

Water pollution degrades surface waters, thereby making them unsafe for drinking, fishing, swimming, and other activities. Author ized by the CWA, the NPDES permit program control water pollution by regulati ng point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. In most cases, the NPDES permit pr ogram is administered by authorized states.

Industrial facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go di rectly to surface waters. POTWs

### 37



### collect wastewater and transport it through a series of pipes (know n as a collection system) to the treatment plant. There, the PO TW removes harmful organisms a nd other contaminants from the sewage so that it can be discharged safely into the receiving str eam. POTWs also receive

wastewater from industrial users. The Gene ral Pretreatment Regulations under the CWA establish the responsibilities of federal, state, and local governm ents; industry; and the public to implement pretreatment standards to control pollu tants, which may pass through or interfere with POTW treatment processes, from industrial user s. Table 12 presents the survey findings for discharge.

The survey identified three companies in Pennsylvania and one company in Wyoming discharging under NPDES authority. In Penns ylvania, Hart Resour ces Technologies and Pennsylvania Brine Treatment Company use chem ical precipitation to generate a nonhazardous residual sludge that is subse quently land-filled offsite at a Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection-permitted facility. Tunne lton Liquids Co. uses an innovative process to treat produced water. It combines acid mine drainage from an abandoned coal mine with the produced water. Chemical constituents in the mine drainage help remove contaminants from the produced water. Any solids are sent to a landf ill. Following treatment, the three facilities discharge the treated wastewater to a river under the authority of an NPDES permit. The disposal fees range from $0.045/gal to $0.055/gal ($2.25/b bl to $2.75/bbl) for produced water. In Wyoming, Newpark Environmental Services uses reverse osmosis to treat produced water prior to discharge under an NPDES permit. The dispos al fees for discharge range between $2.50/bbl and $3.50/bbl for produced water. Two companie s in Pennsylvania—Moshannon Valley Sewer Authority and Castle Environmental—discharg e produced water to a POTW. Both companies treat the produced water prior to discharge. The disposal fees range between $0.015/gal and $0.050/gal ($0.75/bbl and $2.50/bbl).

TABLE 12 Discharge

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

Discharge (NPDES) $0.055/gal PA Pennsylvania Brine Treatment $0.045/gal PA Tunnelton Liquids Co. $0.0525/gal PA Hart Resource Technologies Produced water

$2.50

− $3.50/bbl WY Newpark Environmental Services

Discharge (POTW) $0.015/gal PA Moshannon Valley Sewer Authority Produced water
$0.025

− $0.050/gal PA Castle Environmental Inc.



### 4.3.5 Evaporation

In semiarid regions, evaporation constitutes one means of disposing of oil and gas E&P

wastes. Successful use of the te chnique requires that evaporation exceeds the total influent to the

### 38



### evaporation system (including pr ecipitation). Net evaporation then is the difference between the evaporation and precipita tion during any time period.

The main evaporation technol ogy involves the use of ponds. E vaporation ponds refer in general to lined retention f acilities (Pochop 1985). Evaporation rates depend on the size and depth of the pond and the characteri stics of the influent. For exam ple, in semiarid regions, hot, dry air moving from a land surface will result in higher evaporation rates for smaller ponds. The evaporation rate of a solution will decrease as the solids and chemical composition increase. Depending upon its origin, evaporation pond influe nt may contain contaminants of various amounts and composition. In the case of produced water, spray evaporation is available. In the course of freeze-thaw evaporation, the p roduced water is air-sprayed in the winter. Ice pads form

and heavier brine collects at the bottom. Table 13 presents the survey findings for

bioremediation.

The survey found that disposal companies usi ng evaporation are all located in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. In Colora do, the disposal fees are $45.00/ton for contaminated soils, $1.20/bbl to $3.95/bbl for produced water, and $4.00/bbl to $20.00/bbl for water-based muds and cuttings. One company as ks a high $84.00/bbl for produced water. The disposal fees in New Mexico for produced wa ter range from $0.40/bbl to $0.78/bbl. In Utah, the disposal fees are $0.85/bbl for water-based muds and cuttings and tank bottoms, and $0.50/bbl to $1.23/bbl for produced water. In Wyoming, which hosts the largest netw ork of evaporation facilities, disposal fees are $8.50/bbl for contam inated soils, oil-based muds and cuttings, and water based muds and cuttings, and $2.00/ bbl to $3.50/bbl for produced water.

TABLE 13 Evaporation

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$45.00/ton CO Four Mile Creek Facility $8.50/bbl WY Piney Company
$8.50/bbl WY R&G Inc. Contaminated soils

$8.50/bbl WY Waste Inc.

$8.50/bbl WY Piney Company
$8.50/bbl WY R&G Inc. Oil-based muds and cuttings
$8.50/bbl WY Waste Inc.

$0.40/bbl NM Sundance Services, Inc.
$0.50

− $0.75/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $0.60/bbl NM Loco Hills Water Disposal
$0.78/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc.
$0.85/bbl UT R.N. Industries
$1.00/bbl UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Services Inc.
$1.20/bbl CO R.N. Industries
$1.23/bbl UT Montezuma Well Service Produced water

$1.50/bbl CO Unnamed

### 39

TABLE 13 Evaporation

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility
$1.95

− $3.95/bbl CO Four Mile Creek Facility
$2.02/bbl WY Samson Resources - Wamsutter $2.05/bbl WY Oilfield Disposal Services Inc. $2.05/bbl WY Piney Company
$2.05/bbl WY R&G Inc.
$2.05/bbl WY Waste Inc.
$2.50

− $3.00/bbl WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 $3.50/bbl WY Anticline Disposal LLC
$84.00/bbl CO Reams Construction 80-Ponds

Tank bottoms $0.85/bbl UT R.N. Industries

$0.85/bbl UT R.N. Industries
$4.00

− $20.00/bbl CO Four Mile Creek Facility
$7.00/bbl CO R.N. Industries $8.50/bbl WY Piney Company
$8.50/bbl WY R&G Inc. Water-based muds and cuttings

$8.50/bbl WY Waste Inc.



### 4.3.6 Injection

Disposal by injection is a process in whic h liquids are pumped into a well for placement into porous rock or sand formations below th e ground surface. The fluids may be water, wastewater, or water mixed with chemicals. O il field practices across the United States have established underground injection as a viable alternative method for the disposal of these types of industrial wastes. The EPA estimates that more than 2 billion gallons of brine from oil and gas operations are injected every day. Injection op erations are governed by UIC programs under the SDWA. Table 14 presents the su rvey findings for injection.

The survey found that injection was almost ex clusively used to mana ge produced water. Disposal fees for injection of produced wate r range between $0.30/bbl and $10.00/bbl across the United States. The majority of the facilities su rveyed reported disposal fees under $1.00/bbl. One company in Alabama injects water-based muds and cuttings for a disposal fee of $0.50/bbl.

TABLE 14 Injection

Disposal Fee State Facility

Produced Water
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Serv ice Inc. - A.R. Turner
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Service Inc. - Nichols 1
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Service Inc. - Nichols 2

### 40

TABLE 14 Injection

Disposal Fee State Facility
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Service Inc. - Nichols 3 $0.35/bbl OK T & S Mud Disposal
$0.35

− $0.50/bbl AL T.K. Stanley Inc.
$0.37/bbl MS Radzewicz Operating Corporation $0.40/bbl AR Fugo Services $0.40/bbl NM Chaparral Service Inc. $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Se rvices – Blizzard $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Services – Buckner $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Services – Mackey $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Services – Nichols $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Services – Quinton
$0.40

− $4.00/bbl TX S & D Services – Floyd $0.45/bbl AL Zinn Petroleum Company
$0.50/bbl AL Wastewater Disposal Service, Inc. $0.50/bbl LA Charles Holston, Inc. $0.50/bbl LA Guillory Tank Truck Service $0.50/bbl LA Louisiana Tank, Inc.
$0.50/bbl MI Seiler Tank Truck Service Inc. $0.50/bbl ND Missouri Basin Well Service, Inc. - H.T. Knudtson #1
$0.50/bbl ND Missouri Basin Well Servi ce, Inc. - Zenith-Newton Unit #5
$0.50/bbl NM O K Hot Oil Service Inc.
$0.50/bbl TX Mo-Vac Servi ce Co. Inc. - Andrews $0.50/bbl TX Wasson Solid Waste Disposal Sy stem LLC - RCC District 8A/Yoakum County
$0.50

− $10/bbl LA Saline Injection Systems Co.
$0.55/bbl AR Eastern Tank Service $0.55/bbl AR Property Transfer Corp. $0.60/bbl LA Houma Salt Water Disposal Corp. - Off LA Hwy 316
$0.60/bbl MS Earth Resources $0.60/bbl NM Gandy Marley Inc. $0.60/bbl OK Trout Disposal
$0.60

− $0.65/bbl OK Safe Earth Inc. $0.65/bbl LA Philip Environmental Services (PSC Industrial Outsourcing, Inc.) - Morgan City Facility
$0.67/bbl LA Habetz Oilfield Saltwater Service $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company – Carpentier $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Martin-Williams $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company – Montgomery $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Pan Am $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Theodore $0.70/bbl TX Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Butler $0.75/bbl AR Key Energy Services $0.75/bbl LA Key Energy Services, Inc. – Athens $0.75/bbl LA Key Energy Services, Inc. - Oil City $0.75/bbl LA O’Brian Energy Co. $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Amando, Webb County School Land, Mckendrick,

and Barker $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Be ttie Unit, Porter/Holland, and Sebesta Earl

### 41

TABLE 14 Injection

Disposal Fee State Facility $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Bloes and Thornton/Henry $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Brown/Alma and Jeter-Farmer $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Burns and Hanselman Unit 1 $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Carthage Loop, Deberry, Panola County Disposal, Reed, and Singlton (2) $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Case $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Cashburn $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Cooper $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Dasani $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Early $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Freestone County (2) $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Gangl Unit $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Se rvices, Inc. - Gayle (2) $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Gu tierrez (2), Leonard, Medina/Lozano, Villareal (3), and Ramirez $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Hunt/William and Brushy Creek Gas Unit $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Se rvices, Inc. - Hutson $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Joaquin $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Kinder/George $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Kristina $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Live Oak County $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Mckeown and Meisenheimer $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Moser $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Nichols Unit $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Peterson $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - South Texas Disposal Inc. $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Standifer $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Teeters $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Serv ices, Inc. - Vick and Lisa $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Servi ces, Inc. - Washington County , Clay Creek East Unit, and

Linda G $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Youngblood $0.85/bbl LA Pool Company – Minden $0.88/bbl NM Basin Disposal Inc.
$035

− $0.75/bbl ND Black Hawk Resources LLC - Hatter
$035

− $0.75/bbl ND Black Hawk Resources LLC - Klandl $1.00/bbl LA Hallar Enterprises Inc. Disposal Site $1.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)
$1.00/bbl WV Base Petroleum $1.00/bbl WV Danny Web Construction
$1.00

− $1.50/bbl MI Beckman Production Services Inc.
$1.30

− $1.75/bbl MI Northeastern Exploration
$2.00/bbl WY Mel’s Water Service $3.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Loui siana LP - Mermenteau (Transfer) $3.00/bbl WY Joe Scott Enterprises LLC - Reed Fee $3.00/bbl WY Yellow Creek Production and Water Disposal LLC - Carpente
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer)

### 42

TABLE 14 Injection

Disposal Fee State Facility
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer)
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer)
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer) $65.00/load ND Energy Equity Company - Borgen $65.00/load ND Energy Equity Company - George Tank $65.00/load ND Energy Equ ity Company - Heckert $65.00/load ND Energy Equity Company - North Dickinson $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct)



### Solids injection commands higher costs. One of the big commercial companies operating in Louisiana and Texas, Newpark Environmental Se rvices, creates a slurry of liquids and solid particles prior to injection. This allows the company to manage the entire suite of waste streams studied in the survey. The disposal fees are $5.00/bbl to $10.50/bbl for contaminated soils, oilbased muds and cuttings, produced water, ta nk bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings. Newpark Environmental Services offers NORM di sposal at its Big Hill facility for $150.00/bbl to $300.00/bbl. Table 15 presents the su rvey findings for solids injection.

TABLE 15 Solids Injection

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City
(Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer) Contaminated soils

$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

NORM $150.00

− $300.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Big Hill (Direct)

$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer) Oil-based muds and cuttings

$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City

### 43

TABLE 15 Solids Injection

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility
(Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City
(Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer) Produced water

$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City
(Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer) Tank bottoms

$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City
(Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer) Water-based muds and cuttings

$0.50/bbl AL Wastewater Disposal Service Inc.

### 44



### 4.3.7 Land Application

The objective of applying drilling wastes to the land is to allow the soil’s naturally occurring microbial population to metabolize, transform, and a ssimilate waste constituents in place. Land application is a form of bioremediatio n. It is reported separately in light of its importance. Several terms are used to describe this waste management approach, which can be considered both treatment and disposal. In ge neral, land farming refers to the repeated application of wastes to the soil surface, wh ereas land spreading and land treatment are often used interchangeably to describe the one-time ap plication to the soil surf ace of wastes with low levels of hydrocarbons and salts. Some practitioners do not follow the same terminology convention and may interchange the terms.

Land farming is the controlled and repeated ap plication of wastes to the soil surface by using microorganisms in the soil to naturally biodegrade hydrocarbon constituents, dilute and attenuate metals, and transform and assimilate waste constituents. Th e addition of water, nutrients, and other amendments (e .g., manure and straw) can increa se the biological activity and aeration of the soil, thereby preventing the development of conditions that might promote leaching and mobilization of inorganic contaminan ts. During periods of extended dry conditions, moisture control may also be needed to mini mize dust. Periodic tillage of the mixture (to increase aeration) and nutrient additions to the waste-soil mixture can enhance aerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons. After applying the wastes, hydrocarbon concentrations are monitored to measure progress and determine the need for enhanci ng the biodegradation processes. Operators control application rates to minimize the potential for runoff. Pretreating the wastes by composting and activati ng aerobic biodegradation by regul ar turning (windrows) or by forced ventilation (biopiles) can reduce the am ount of acreage required for land farming. Wastes containing salt must also be carefully app lied to soil. Salt, unlike hydrocarbons, cannot biodegrade but may accumulate in soils that ha ve a limited capacity to accept salts. Another concern with land farming is that while lower molecular-weight petroleum compounds biodegrade efficiently, higher molecular-weight compounds biodegrade more slowly. This means that repeated applications can lead to accumulation of high molecular weight compounds. At high concentr ations, these constituents can increase soil-water repellency, affect plant growth, reduce the ab ility of the soil to support a diverse community of organisms, and render the land farm no longer usable withou t treatment or amendment. Table 16 presents the survey findings for land application.

The survey found that land farming is a management method used in Arkansas (4 companies), New Mexico (12 companies), Te xas (1 company), Utah (3 companies), and Wyoming (1 company). In Arkansas, disposal fees range between $0.30/bbl and $0.40/bbl for produced water, and between $0.50/bbl and $2.00/ bbl for water-based muds and cuttings. Disposal fees in New Mexico are between $10.00/yd 3 

### and $57.14/yd 3 

### for contaminated soils, $17.00/yd 3 

### to $85.71/yd 3 

### for oil- and water-based muds a nd cuttings, $5.12/bbl to $18.00/bbl ($7.50/yd 3 

### to $85.71/yd 3 

### ) for produced water, and $18.00/yd 3 

### to $85.71/yd 3 

### for tank bottoms. In Texas, the disposal fees are $1.56/bbl to $2.50/bbl ($7.50/yd 3 

### to $11.91/yd 3 

### ) for water-based muds and cuttings. Disposal fees in Utah ra nge between $1.56/bbl and $26.25/bbl ($6.00/ton and $100/ton) for contaminated soils, oil-based muds and cuttings, produced water, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings. One compa ny in Wyoming reported a disposal fee of

### 45

TABLE 16 Land Application

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$10.00/yd 3 NM Loco Hills Landfarm LLC
$10.00

− $12.00/yd 3 NM Saunders Landfarm LLC
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage
$12.00/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc. $14.00/yd 3 NM C & C Landfarm Inc. $14.00/yd 3 NM Gandy Marley Inc. $14.00/yd 3 NM Jay Dan Landfarm LLC
$14.00

− $22.00/yd 3 NM Environmental Plus $17.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Goo Yea Corp. - Goo Yea Landfarm Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Goo Yea Corp. - Rhino Oilfield Disposal Inc. $25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 Contaminated

soils

$7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Sv s. Inc.

$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage
$12.00/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc.
$17.00

− $34.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $18.00/yd 3

− $18.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $4.00/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 Oil-based muds and cuttings

$7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Sv s. Inc.

$0.30

− $0.40/bbl AR Comer Mining Corp.
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage
$18.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. Produced water

$25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc.

$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage $18.00/yd 3

− $18.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. $34.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $4.00/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 Tank bottoms

$7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Sv s. Inc.

$0.50/bbl AR Fugo Services
$1.00

− $1.25/bbl AR Comer Mining Corp.
$1.75/bbl AR Eastern Tank Service
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage
$12.00/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc. $17.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Envirotech Inc. $18.00/yd 3

− $18.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. Water-based

muds and cuttings

$2.00/bbl AR Property Transfer Corp.

### 46

TABLE 16 Land Application

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc.

$4.00/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 $7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Sv s. Inc. $7.50/yd 3

− $2.50/bbl TX Basic Energy Services - Jefferson $7.50/yd 3

− $2.50/bbl TX Basic Energy Services - Jackson



### $55.00/ton for contaminated soils, oil-based muds and cuttings, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings.

4.3.8 Recycling

Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources. The use of recovered materials as a substitute for virgin feedstocks conserves natural resources, reduces the energy used for manufacturing, and le ssens the environmental impacts associated with the extraction and harvesting of raw mate rials. In addition, as a waste management technique, recycling diverts va luable materials from the waste stream and reduces the burden on other waste management facilitie s, including landfills and incinerators. Table 17 presents the survey findings for recycling.

The survey identified several recyclers and r eclaimers. In Arkansas, the charges for tank bottoms come to $127.00/hr. In California, fees are $5.00/bbl for oil- and water-based muds and cuttings, produced water, and tank bottoms. The company asks $15.00/ton for contaminated soils. In New Mexico, fees for recycling of tank bottoms range between $3.75/bbl and $5.00/bbl. Disposal fees in Oklahoma are $8.00/yd 3 

### to 45.00/yd 3 

### for contaminated soils, $16.00/bbl for oilbased muds and cuttings, $25.00/load for produc ed water, $5.00/bbl for tank bottoms, and $75.00/load for water-based muds and cuttings.

TABLE 17 Recycling

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$15.00/ton CA Envirocycle Contaminated soils
$8.00

− $45.00/yd 3 OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions

$16.00/bbl OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions Oil-based muds and cuttings $5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle

### 47

TABLE 17 Recycling

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility
$25.00/load OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions Produced water $5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle

$127.00/hr AR Hydro-Kleen LLC $3.75/bbl NM Gandy Marley Inc. $5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle $5.00/bbl NM Controlled Recovery Inc. Tank bottoms

$5.00/bbl OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions

$5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle Water-based muds and cuttings $75.00/load OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions



### 4.3.9 Thermal Treatment

Thermal treatment uses high temperat ures to reclaim or destroy hydrocarboncontaminated material. This technology is the mo st efficient treatment for destroying organics. Moreover, it reduces the volume a nd mobility of inorganics such as metals and salts. Additional treatment may be necessary for metals and salts, depending on the final fate of the wastes. Waste streams high in hydrocarbons (typically 10 to 40%), like oil-based mud, are candidates for thermal treatment technology. Thermal treatment can be an interim process to reduce toxicity and volume and prepare a waste stream for furt her treatment or disposal (e.g., landfill, land farming, and land spreading). Or thermal treatment can be a final treatm ent process resulting in inert solids, water, and recovered base flui ds. Thermal treatment technology is generally

conducted in a fixed land-based installation. Ther mal treatment technologies can be grouped into two categories. The first group uses incineration—fo r example, rotary kilns and cement kilns—to destroy hydrocarbons by exposing them to very high temperatures in the presence of air. The second group uses thermal desorption. In the course of this process, heat is applied directly or indirectly to the wastes to va porize volatile and semivolatile co mponents without incinerating the soil. In the case of some thermal desorption technologies, the offgases are combusted, and in others, such as in thermal phase separation, th e gases are condensed and separated to recover heavier hydrocarbons. Thermal desorption technologi es include indirect ro tary kilns, hot oil processors, thermal phase separation, thermal distillation, thermal pl asma volatilization, and modular thermal processors. Table 18 presents the survey findings for thermal treatment.

TABLE 18 Thermal Treatment

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$0.17

− $0.20/lb UT Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Aragonite
$0.19/lb ($0.14

− $0.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball Contaminated soils

$0.55/lb TX Clean Harbors Enviro nmental Services - Deer Park

### 48

TABLE 18 Thermal Treatment

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility $35.00/ton FL Rinker Materials Environmental Services

$0.19/lb ($0.14

− $0.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball
$0.45/lb TX Clean Harbors Enviro nmental Services - Deer Park Oil-based muds and cuttings
$100.00/drum FL Rinker Materials Environmental Services

Produced water $0.02

− $0.20/lb TX Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Park

$0.19/lb ($0.14

− $0.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball Facility
$0.45/lb TX Clean Harbors Enviro nmental Services - Deer Park Tank bottoms

$200.00/ton FL Rinker Materials Environmental Services

$0.19/lb ($0.14

− $0.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball Water-based muds and cuttings $0.45/lb TX Clean Harbors Enviro nmental Services - Deer Park



### The survey identified four thermal treatment facilities in Florida, Nebraska, Texas, and Texas. The Utah, Nebraska, and Texas facilities belong to Clean Harbor s Services, a company offering a suite of waste disposal services across the United States . Disposal fees at Florida’s Rinker facility are $35.00/ton for contaminated soils, $100.00/drum for oil-based muds and cuttings, and $200.00/drum for tank bottoms. In Nebraska, disposal fees are $280.00/ton to $800.00/ton ($0.14/lb to $0.40/lb) for contaminated soils, oil-based muds and cuttings, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings. Di sposal fees in Texa s are $1,100.00/ton ($0.55/lb) for contaminated soils, and $900.00/ton ($0.45/lb) fo r oil-based muds and cuttings, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings . Interestingly, this facility also treats produced water for $40.00/ton to $400.00/ton ($0.02/lb to $0.20/lb). In Utah, disposal fees are $340.00/ton to $400.00/ton ($0.17/lb to $0.20/lb) for contaminated soils.

4.3.10 Treatment

The treatment methods reported in the survey involve cells, solidif ication/stabilization, and separation. Table 19 presents the survey findings for treatment. US Liquids of Louisiana LP manages the waste ma terials with earthen treatment cells. The free oil is removed and salvaged for resale. Solubl e salts are removed through flushing solids with water (soil washing). The resu lting salty water is then pum ped through a collection system, placed in tanks, and typically disposed of at one of its commercial salt water injection wells. All remaining waste is processed to remove orga nic contamination through biological degradation. The treatment process results in a reusable ma terial as defined by the regulations of the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. Treatment fees are $9.50/bbl to $14.00/bbl for contaminated soils, $9.50/bbl to $12.75/bbl fo r oil-based muds and cuttings, $9.50/bbl to $14.00/bbl for tank bottoms, and $9.50/bbl to $11.50/ bbl for water-based muds and cuttings.

Eco Mud Disposal in Texas uses solidificat ion/stabilization treat ment methods. Trucks hauling liquid waste unload into three holding tanks. Dry material is stacked for treatment on

### 49

TABLE 19 Treatment

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility

$12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer)
$25.00

− $30.00/yd 3 TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility $50.00/yd 3 AL CCS Energy Services LLC
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer) Contaminated soils

$9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)

$11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct) $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer) $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer) $9.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct) Oil-based muds and cuttings

$9.50

− $14.50/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC

$5.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility Produced water
$5.00

− $14.00/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC

$10.50

− $14.50/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC $12.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer) Tank bottoms

$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer)

### 50

TABLE 19 Treatment

Waste Type Disposal Fee State Facility
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer)

$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer) $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)

$10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer) $10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer) $3.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer)
$7.50

− $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)
$8.50

− $12.50/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer)
$9.50

− $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) Water-based muds and cuttings

$9.50

− $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct)



### dump pads. Wastes are blended with dry chemi cals in a pugmill to solidify and stabilize them. After the material has been processed, it is stored in a temporary holding area where it is allowed to fully cure before final disposition at the on site disposal area. The process encapsulates sludge

and transforms it into an inert dirt-like subs tance that will not leach hydrocarbons or heavy metals into the environment. Disposal fees are $25.00/yd3 to 30.00/yd3 for contaminated soils, $9.00/bbl for oil-based muds and cuttings, $5.00 /bbl for produced water, $12.00/bbl for tank bottoms, and $3.00/bbl for water-based muds and cuttings.

CCS Energy Services uses separation in its Alabama and Louisiana operations. In Louisiana, liquid waste streams managed by CCS Energy Services LLC undergo dewatering to separate the solids from the liquids by usi ng desanders and decanter centrifuges. The liquid phase is further treated and either discharged to the city POTW (under a discharge permit) or disposed of by injection into a permitted saltwater injection well. The solid materials are stabilized with fly ash, off-specification oil field cement, wood chips, or similar materials, and trucked to a RCRA Subtitle D landfill for recycle as alternate daily cover. Oil-based mud and cuttings and remediation soils are more expe nsive to process than water-based muds and cuttings, and therefore command higher fees. High-chloride comp letion and stimulation fluids cost more to treat and dispose of. Disposal f ees for contaminated soils, oil- and water-based muds and cuttings, and tank bottoms range from $6.00/bbl to $15.00/bbl. In Alabama, the disposal fees are $50.00/yd 3 

### for contaminated soils, $9.50/bbl to $14.50/bbl for oil-based muds and cuttings, $5.00/bbl to $14.00/ bbl for produced water, $10 .50/bbl to $14.50/bbl for tank bottoms, and $8.50/bbl to $12.50/bbl for water-based muds and cuttings.

### 51



### 4.4 SPECIFIC SURVEY RESULTS: DISPOSAL COSTS BY SURVEY

WASTE STREAM

The following sections were derived by query ing the database by survey waste stream. The six survey waste streams include contaminat ed soils, NORM, oil-based muds and cuttings, produced water, tank bottoms, and water-based muds and cuttings.

4.4.1 Contaminated Soils

Table 20 presents the cost information for c ontaminated soils. Costs differ significantly depending on the disposal method.

Burial in landfills represents a significant cross-nation disposal option for contaminated soils. Volume-based costs range between $6.67/bbl and $14.00/bbl in Texas, $18.00 yd 3 

### in New Mexico, and $68.00/drum to $80.00/drum in Utah. Weight-based costs vary significantly by state. For example, one company in Colorado indicates a cost betw een $2.50/ton and $28.00/ton, whereas another company in Louisiana charge s between $75.00/ton and $250.00/ton. In general,

landfill facilities that conduct solidification of liquid wastes or coaccept hazardous waste are more expensive. Landfill burial is particularly important in stat es where a network of dedicated commercial disposal companies is not offered. Examples include California, Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia, where costs range be tween $15.00/ton and $75.00/ton. Burial of contaminated soils in commercial pits is not widely reported. Two companies in Oklahoma and two companies in Utah indicate cost range s between $1.00/bbl and $8.00/bbl, and between $10.00 /yd 3 

### and $36.00/yd 3



### .

Land application of contaminated soils is ma inly offered in New Mexico (11 companies), but also in Utah (2 companies) and Wyom ing (1 company). Costs range between $7.50 /yd 3 

### and $126.00/yd 3 

### (volume-based) and $9.45/ton and $100.00/t on (weight-based). Most companies in New Mexico ask $10.00 /yd 3 

### to $25.00/yd 3



### .

Cavern disposal is a competitive option for contaminated soils in Texas. Five companies at multiple facilities offer their services for a cost between $2.00/bbl and $15.00/bbl.

Solids injection of contaminated soils is undertaken by one large commercial disposal company in Louisiana and Texas— Newpark E nvironmental Services. Costs range between $5.00/bbl and $10.50/bbl.

Treatment of contaminated soils is offe red by three large disposal companies—CCS Energy Services LLC, Eco Mud Disposal, and US Liquids of Louisiana LP. Costs range from $6.00/bbl to $15.00/bbl in Loui siana, and from $25.00 /yd 3 

### to $50.00/yd 3 

### in Alabama and Texas.

### 52

TABLE 20 Disposal Fees for Contaminated Soils

Disposal Fee State Facility

Bioremediation $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $50.00/ton MT PetroComp
$50.00

− $120.00/yd 3 WY Newpark Environmental Services

Burial (landfill) $14.00/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$14.00–$42.00/ton NM Lea Land Inc. $15.00–$22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill $15.00–$30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00–$50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc. $16.00–$65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. – Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50–$28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC $20.00–$30.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $28.00/ton FL Perdido Landfill Escambia County $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill $30.00–$60.00/ton WV Waste Manageme nt Inc. - Northwestern Landfill $32.00/ton AL BFI Timberlands Sanitary Landfill $35.00–$80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill $38.00–$128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility $38.00–$75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Gr een Valley Landfill General Partnership $6.67/bbl TX US Liquids of Lo uisiana LP - Zapata (Direct) $65.00–$70.00/ton CA Waste Manage ment Inc. - McKittrick Facility
$68.00–$80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environm ental Services - Grassy Mountain Landfill $7.71/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct) $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill $75.00–$250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc.

Burial (pit) $1.00/bbl OK T & S Mud Disposal $10.00/yd 3 OK Scott J. Inc. Oilfield Mud Disposal $36.00/yd 3 UT Nick’s Disposal Pit LLC $8.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal

Cavern

$2.00–$7.00/bbl TX Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl TX Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC $5.00–$10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)

### 53

TABLE 20 Disposal Fees for Contaminated Soils

Disposal Fee State Facility $5.00–$10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct) $5.00–$10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton (Direct) $5.00–$10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl TX Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2 $6.00–$15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct) $6.00–$15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)

Evaporation $45.00/ton CO Four Mile Creek Facility $8.50/bbl WY Piney Company
$8.50/bbl WY R&G Inc.
$8.50/bbl WY Waste Inc.

Injection (solids) $5.00–$10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct) $5.00–$10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Direct) $5.50–$10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer) $5.50–$10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer) $5.50–$10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer) $5.50–$10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $5.50–$10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer) $5.50–$10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer) $5.50–$10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer) $5.50–$10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

Land Application $10.00/yd 3 NM Loco Hills Landfarm LLC
$10.00

− $12.00/yd 3 NM Saunders Landfarm LLC
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage
$12.00/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc. $14.00/yd 3 NM C & C Landfarm Inc. $14.00/yd 3 NM Gandy Marley Inc. $14.00/yd 3 NM Jay Dan Landfarm LLC
$14.00

− $22.00/yd 3 NM Environmental Plus $17.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Goo Yea Corp. - Goo Yea Landfarm Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Goo Yea Corp. - Rhino Oilfield Disposal Inc. $25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 $7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental an d Brine Services. Inc.

Recycling $15.00/ton CA Envirocycle $8.00–$45.00/yd 3 OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions

Thermal treatment

$0.17–$0.20/lb UT Clean Harbors Enviro nmental Services - Aragonite Facility $0.19/lb ($0.14–$0.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball Facility
$0.55/lb TX Clean Harbors Environm ental Services - Deer Park LP

### 54

TABLE 20 Disposal Fees for Contaminated Soils

Disposal Fee State Facility
$35.00/ton FL Rinker Materials Environmental Services

Treatment

$12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer) $25.00–$30.00/yd 3 TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility $50.00/yd 3 AL CCS Energy Services LLC $6.00–$15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer) $6.00–$15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer) $6.00–$15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $6.00–$15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct) $6.00–$15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer) $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)



### Thermal treatment represents a more expensiv e disposal option for contaminated soils.

Four facilities—located in Fl orida, Nebraska, Utah, and Texa s—indicate a cost range between $35.00/ton (Florida) and $1,100.00/ton (Texas).

Bioremediation does not play a major role fo r contaminated soils. Costs range between $20.00 /yd 3 

### and $120.00/yd 3 

### in New Mexico and Wyoming. On e company in Montana charges $50.00/ton.

Evaporation is not widely used for contaminated soils. Three companies in Wyoming offer their services for $8.50/bbl. One company in Colorado asks for $45.00/ton.

Recycling of contaminated soils is not widely reported. One company in California charges $15.00/ton. Another company in Oklaho ma indicates a cost range between $8.00 /yd 3 

### and 45.00/yd 3



### .

4.4.2 NORM

Table 21 presents the cost information for NOR M. The disposal costs by disposal method are $15.00/ton to $135.00/ton for landfill burial, and $150.00/bbl to $300.00/bbl for cavern disposal and solids injection.

### 55

TABLE 21 Disposal Fees for NORM

Disposal Fee State Facility

Burial (landfill)
$135.00/ton UT Clean Harbors Environmenta l Services - Grassy Mountain Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill

Cavern

$150.00

− $300.00/bbl TX Lotus LLC

Injection (solids)
$150.00

− $300.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Big Hill (Direct)



### The major national landfill operators include Clean Harbors Environmental Services and Waste Management Inc. Cavern disposal of NORM in Texas is offered by Lotus LLC. Solids injection of NORM is undertaken by Newpark E nvironmental Services at its Big Hill facility.

4.4.3 Oil-Based Muds and Cuttings

Table 22 presents the cost information for o il-based muds and cuttings. Overall reported costs vary significantly by disposal method.

Burial in landfills represents a significant di sposal option for oil-based muds and cuttings. Volume-based costs range between $6.67/bbl an d $22.00/bbl in Texas and North Dakota, and $16.00/yd 3 

### in New Mexico. Weight-based costs vary significantly by state. For example, one company in Colorado indicates a cost be tween $2.50/ton and $28.00/ton, whereas another company in Mississippi charges between $38.00 /ton and $128.00/ton. In states without a

dedicated offsite commercial infrastructure—f or example, California, Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia—costs range between $15.00/ton and $75.00/ton. Burial of oil-based muds and cuttings in commercial pits is not widely reported. Two companies in Wyoming and one company in Utah indicate cost ranges between $2.00/bbl and $17.00/bbl.

### 56

TABLE 22 Disposal Fees for Oil-Based Muds and Cuttings

Disposal Fee State Facility

Bioremediation $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $40.00/bbl MT PetroComp
$50.00

− $120.00/yd 3 WY Newpark Environmental Services

Burial (landfill) $12.75/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$14.00

− $42.00/ton NM Lea Land Inc.
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc. $16.00/yd 3 NM Gandy Marley Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50

− $28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC
$20.00

− $30.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill $32.00/ton AL BFI Timberlands Sanitary Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Gr een Valley Landfill General Partnership
$6.67

− $8.50/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Zapata (Direct)
$65.00

− $70.00/ton CA Waste Management Inc. - McKittrick Facility
$68.00

− $80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environmenta l Services - Grassy Mountain Landfill
$7.71

− $9.25/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct) $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill

Burial (pit) $17.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir
$2.00

− $8.00/bbl WY Jim’s Water Service - McBeth Pits $30.00/yd 3 TX J. Moss Investments Inc. - Bustamante Facility $8.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal

Cavern

$2.00

− $7.00/bbl TX Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl TX Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton (Direct)

### 57

TABLE 22 Disposal Fees for Oil-Based Muds and Cuttings

Disposal Fee State Facility
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl TX Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)

Evaporation $8.50/bbl WY Piney Company
$8.50/bbl WY R&G Inc.
$8.50/bbl WY Waste Inc.

Injection (solids)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Direct)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

Land Application
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage
$12.00/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc.
$17.00

− $34.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $18.00/yd 3

− $18.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $4.00/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 $7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Services Inc.

Recycling
$16.00/bbl OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions $5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle

Thermal Treatment

$0.19/lb ($0.14

− $0.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball Facility
$0.45/lb TX Clean Harbors Environm ental Services - Deer Park LP
$100.00/drum FL Rinker Materials Environmental Services

Treatment

$11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct) $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer)

### 58

TABLE 22 Disposal Fees for Oil-Based Muds and Cuttings

Disposal Fee State Facility $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $12.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer) $9.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)
$9.50

− $14.50/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC



### Land application of oil-based muds and cutt ings is mainly offered in New Mexico (five companies) but also in Utah (two comp anies) and Wyoming (one company). Costs range between $4.00/bbl and $85.71/bbl, $7.50 /yd 3 

### and $34.00/yd 3 

### , and between $55.00/ton and $100.00/ton. One company in New Mexico explained that a wetter waste stream needing to be run through a blending facility can incu r a higher charge of up to $85.71/bbl.

Treatment of oil-based muds is offered by US Liquids of Louisiana LP, CCS Energy Services LLC in Louisiana and Alabama, and Ec o Mud Disposal in Texas. Costs range between $6.00/bbl and $15.00/bbl.

Solids injection of oil-based muds and cutt ings is undertaken by Newpark Environmental

Services in Louisiana and Texas. Co sts range between $5.00/bbl and $10.50/bbl.

Cavern disposal is a competitive option for oi l-based muds and cuttings in Texas. Five companies at multiple facilities offer their serv ices for a cost between $2.00/bbl and $15.00/bbl.

Evaporation of oil-based muds and cuttings is reported in Wyoming. Three companies offer their services for $8.50/bbl.

Bioremediation does not play a major role for oil-based muds and cuttings. Costs range between $20.00 /yd 3 

### a nd 120.00/yd 3 

### in New Mexico and Wyoming. One company in Montana charges $40.00/bbl.

Recycling of oil-based muds and cuttings is not widely reported. One company identified in California charges $5.00/bbl. Another compa ny in Oklahoma indicates a cost of $16.00/bbl.

Thermal treatment represents a more expensive disposal option for oil-based muds and cuttings. Three facilities—located in Nebraska, Utah, and Texas—indicate a cost range between $380.00/ton and $900.00/ton. One facility in Florida asks $100.00/drum.

### 59



### 4.4.4 Produced Water

Table 23 presents the cost information fo r produced water by disposal method. Overall disposal costs are $0.30/bbl to $105.00/bbl. The highest costs are charged by a thermal treatment facility in Texas, an evaporat ion facility in Colorado, and a landf ill facility in Louisiana. That landfill operator advised that not much produced water is managed at the facility. The lowest costs are charged by one cavern operator in Texa s as well as several injection facilities in Oklahoma. By far, the most common commerc ial disposal method for produced water is injection, followed by evaporation and burial.

Injection of produced water on a commercial basis occurs throughout the United States. Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma hold the most si gnificant shares in commercial disposal well operations. The disposal costs range between $0. 30/bbl and $10.00/bbl. In most cases, costs do not even reach $1.00/bbl. Newpark Environmental Se rvices in Louisiana a nd Texas disposes of produced water through solids injection. Costs range between $5.00/bbl and $10.50/bbl.

Evaporation of produced water is most wide ly reported in Wyoming (seven companies), followed by Colorado (four companies), Utah (four companies), and New Mexico (three companies). Except in one case, the disposal costs range between $0.40/bbl and $3.95/bbl. One company in Colorado asks $84.00/bbl.

Burial in landfills is available for pr oduced water across the nation. However, solidification, which is generally required, dr ives up the costs. Volume-based costs range between $3.00/bbl and $22.00/bbl in Texas and North Dakota, and $18.00 yd 3 

### in New Mexico. Weight-based costs vary signifi cantly by state, but generally fa ll into a range between $15.00/ton and $80.00/ton. Mississippi and Louisiana re port higher ranges of up to $128.00/ton and $250.00/ton, respectively. Burial of produced water in commercial pits is not widely reported. Three companies—one in Oklahoma, another in Utah, and yet another one in Wyoming—report costs ranging between $0.35 and $4.00/bbl.

Cavern disposal is a competitive option for produced water in Texas. Five companies at multiple facilities offer their services for a cost between $0.30/bbl and $10.00/bbl.

Discharge of produced water under an NPDE S permit was reported by three companies in Pennsylvania and one company in Wyom ing. The costs range between $0.045/gal and $0.055/gal ($2.25/bbl and $2.75/bbl) in Pennsylvania, and between $2.50/bbl and $3.50/bbl in Wyoming. All four companies apply treatment prio r to discharge operations . Two facilities in Pennsylvania discharge produced water to a PO TW for a disposal fee of $0.015/gal to $0.050/gal ($0.75/bbl to $2.50/bbl).

### 60

TABLE 23 Disposal Fees for Produced Water

Disposal Fee State Facility

Burial (landfill)
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc.
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $37.00/ton AZ Diversified Transportation $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill
$55.00

− $75.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Gr een Valley Landfill General Partnership
$75.00

− $250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc.

Burial (pit) $0.35/bbl OK Femco (Webb Dozer) $0.87/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal
$1.50/bbl WY Jim’s Water Service - McBeth Pits
$1.75

− $4.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir

Cavern

$0.30

− $0.40/bbl TX Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl TX Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl TX Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$0.50

− $3.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Se rvices LLC - Kiva (Direct)
$0.50

− $3.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)

Discharge (NPDES) $ 0.055/gal PA Pennsylvania Brine Treatment $0.045/gal PA Tunnelton Liquids Co. $0.0525/gal PA Hart Resource Technologies
$2.50

− $3.50/bbl WY Newpark Environmental Services

Discharge (POTW) $0.015/gal PA Moshannon Valley Sewer Authority
$0.025

− $0.050/gal PA Castle Environmental Inc.
Evaporation $0.40/bbl NM Sundance Services, Inc.
$0.50

− $0.75/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $0.60/bbl NM Loco Hills Water Disposal

### 61

TABLE 23 Disposal Fees for Produced Water

Disposal Fee State Facility
$0.78/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc.
$0.85/bbl UT R.N. Industries
$1.00/bbl UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Svs. Inc.
$1.20/bbl CO R.N. Industries
$1.23/bbl UT Montezuma Well Service
$1.50/bbl CO Unnamed
$1.95

− $3.95/bbl CO Four Mile Creek Facility
$2.02/bbl WY Samson Resources – Wamsutter $2.05/bbl WY Oilfield Disposal Services Inc. $2.05/bbl WY Piney Company
$2.05/bbl WY R&G Inc.
$2.05/bbl WY Waste Inc.
$2.50

− $3.00/bbl WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 $3.50/bbl WY Anticline Disposal LLC
$84.00/bbl CO Reams Construction 80-Ponds

Injection
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Serv ice Inc. - A.R. Turner 2-1
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Service Inc. - Nichols 1
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Service Inc. - Nichols 2
$0.30/bbl OK Nichols Water Service Inc. - Nichols 3 $0.35/bbl OK T & S Mud Disposal
$0.35

− $0.50/bbl AL T.K. Stanley Inc.
$0.37/bbl MS Radzewicz Operating Corporation $0.40/bbl AR Fugo Services $0.40/bbl NM Chaparral Service Inc. $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Se rvices - Blizzard $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Services - Buckner $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Se rvices - Mackey $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Services - Nichols $0.40/bbl OK Fugo Services - Quinton
$0.40

− $4.00/bbl TX S & D Services - Floyd $0.45/bbl AL Zinn Petroleum Company
$0.50/bbl AL Wastewater Disposal Service, Inc. $0.50/bbl LA Charles Holston, Inc. $0.50/bbl LA Guillory Tank Truck Service
$0.50/bbl LA Louisiana Tank, Inc.
$0.50/bbl MI Seiler Tank Truck Service Inc. $0.50/bbl ND Missouri Basin Well Service, Inc. - H.T. Knudtson
$0.50/bbl ND Missouri Basin Well Serv ice, Inc. - Zenith-Newton Unit
$0.50/bbl NM O K Hot Oil Service Inc.
$0.50/bbl TX Mo-Vac Serv ice Co. Inc. - Andrews $0.50/bbl TX Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC - RCC District 8A/Yoakum County
(2)
$0.50

− $10.00/bbl LA Saline Injection Systems Co.
$0.55/bbl AR Eastern Tank Service $0.55/bbl AR Property Transfer Corp.

### 62

TABLE 23 Disposal Fees for Produced Water

Disposal Fee State Facility $0.60/bbl LA Houma Salt Water Disposal Corp. - Off LA Hwy 316
$0.60/bbl MS Earth Resources $0.60/bbl NM Gandy Marley Inc. $0.60/bbl OK Trout Disposal
$0.60

− $0.65/bbl OK Safe Earth Inc. $0.65/bbl LA Philip Environmental Services (P SC Industrial Outsourcing, Inc.) - Morgan City Facility
$0.67/bbl LA Habetz Oilfield Saltwater Service $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Carpentier $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Martin-Williams $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Montgomery $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Pan Am $0.70/bbl ND Ward-Williston Company - Theodore $0.70/bbl TX Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Butler $0.75/bbl AR Key Energy Services $0.75/bbl LA Key Energy Services, Inc. - Athens $0.75/bbl LA Key Energy Services, Inc. - Oil City $0.75/bbl LA O’Brian Energy Co. $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Amando, Webb County School Land, Mckendrick,

and Barker $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Be ttie Unit, Porter/Holland, and Sebesta Earl $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Bloes and Thornton/Henry $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Brown/Alma and Jeter-Farmer $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Burns and Hanselman Unit 1 $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Carthage Loop, Deberry Panola County Disposal, Reed, and Singlton Fee (2) $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Case $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Cashburn $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Cooper $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Dasani $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Early $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Freestone County (2) $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Gangl Unit $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Se rvices, Inc. - Gayle,(2) $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. – Gu tierrez (2), Leonard, Medina/Lozano, Villareal (3), and Ramirez $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Hunt/William and Brushy Creek Gas Unit $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Se rvices, Inc. - Hutson $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Joaquin $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Kinder/George $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Kristina $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Live Oak County $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Mckeown and Meisenheimer $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Moser (2) $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Nichols Unit $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Peterson $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - South Texas Disposal Inc.

### 63

TABLE 23 Disposal Fees for Produced Water

Disposal Fee State Facility $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Standifer $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Teeters $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Serv ices, Inc. - Vick and Lisa
$0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Washington County, Clay Creek East Unit, and

Linda G $0.75/bbl TX Key Energy Services, Inc. - Youngblood $0.85/bbl LA Pool Company - Minden $0.88/bbl NM Basin Disposal Inc.
$035

− $0.75/bbl ND Black Hawk Resources LLC - Hatter
$035

− $0.75/bbl ND Black Hawk Resources LLC - Klandl $1.00/bbl LA Hallar Enterprises Inc. Disposal Site $1.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)
$1.00/bbl WV Base Petroleum $1.00/bbl WV Danny Web Construction
$1.00

− $1.50/bbl MI Beckman Production Services Inc.
$1.30

− $1.75/bbl MI Northeastern Exploration
$2.00/bbl WY Mel’s Water Service $3.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Loui siana LP - Mermenteau (Transfer) $3.00/bbl WY Joe Scott Enterprises LLC - Reed Fee $3.00/bbl WY Yellow Creek Production and Water Disposal LLC - Carpente
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer)
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer)
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer)
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$3.00

− $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer) $65.00/load ND Energy Equity Company - Borgen $65.00/load ND Energy Equity Company - George Tank #1 $65.00/load ND Energy Equ ity Company - Heckert $65.00/load ND Energy Equity Company - North Dickinson $7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct)
$7.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct)

Injection (solids)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Direct)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

Land Application
$0.30

− $0.40/bbl AR Comer Mining Corp.
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage

### 64

TABLE 23 Disposal Fees for Produced Water

Disposal Fee State Facility
$18.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. $25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc.

Recycling
$25.00/load OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions
$5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle

Thermal Treatment

$0.02

− $0.20/lb TX Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Park LP

Treatment

$5.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility
$5.00

− $14.00/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC



### Land application of produced water is offere d in Arkansas (one company), New Mexico (two companies) and Utah (one company) . Costs are $0.30/bbl to $0.40/bbl in Arkansas, $5.18/bbl to $18.00/bbl in New Mexico, and $100/ton ($26.25/bbl) in Utah.

Treatment of produced water is offered by CCS Energy Services LLC in Alabama and Eco Mud Disposal in Texas. Costs range from $5.00/bbl to $14.00/bbl.

Recycling of produced water is not widely reported. One company identified in California charges $5.00/bbl. Another company in Oklahoma indicates a cost of $25.00/load.

Thermal treatment of produced water is offered by Clean Harbors Environmental

Services at its Deer Park f acility. Costs range from $0.02/lb to $0.20/lb ($40.00/ton to $400/ton, or $10.5/bbl to $105.00/bbl).

4.4.5 Tank Bottoms

Table 24 presents the cost information for tank bottoms by disposal method. Disposal costs vary significantly by disposal method.

Burial in landfills represents a significant disposal option for tank bottoms. Volumebased costs range between $6.67/bbl and $22.00/bbl in Texas and North Dakota, and $18.00/yd 3 

### in New Mexico. Weight-based costs vary signif icantly by state. For example, one company in Colorado indicates a cost between $2.50/t on and $28.00/ton, whereas another company in Louisiana charges between $75.00/ton and $250.00/ton. In states without a dedicated offsite commercial infrastructure—for example, Califor nia, Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia—costs range between $15.00/ton and $75.00/ton. Burial of tank bottoms in commercial pits is not

### 65



### widely reported. One company in Utah and anot her in Wyoming indicate cost ranges between $5.00/bbl and $17.00/bbl.

Solids injection of tank bottoms is undertak en by Newpark Environmental Services in Louisiana and Texas. Costs rang e between $5.00/bbl and $10.50/bbl.

Treatment of tank bottoms is offered by US Liquids of Louisiana LP, CCS Energy Services LLC in Louisiana and Alabama, and Ec o Mud Disposal in Texas. Costs range from $6.00/bbl to $15.00/bbl.

Cavern disposal is a competitive option for oi l-based muds and cuttings in Texas. Five companies at multiple facilities offer their serv ices for a cost between $2.00/bbl and $15.00/bbl.

Recycling of tank bottoms was reported in fi ve survey states. The volume-based costs range between $2.25/bbl and $5.00/bbl. One company in Arkansas charges $127.00/hr.

Land application of tank bottoms is mainly of fered in Utah (three companies), but also in New Mexico (two companies) and Wyomi ng (one company). Costs are $4.00/bbl, $7.50/yd 3 

### to $85.71/yd 3 

### , and $55.00/ton to $100.00/ton.

Evaporation of tank bottoms is reported in Utah. One company indicates a cost of $0.85/bbl.

Thermal treatment represents a more expensive disposal option for tank bottoms. Costs reported from Florida, Ne braska, and Texas range from $200.00/ton to $900.00/ton

Bioremediation does not play a major role for tank bottoms. One company in New Mexico charges $20.00/yd 3 

### , another company in Montana charges $40.00/bbl.

TABLE 24 Disposal Fees for Tank Bottoms

Disposal Fee State Facility

Bioremediation $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc.
$40.00/bbl MT PetroComp

Burial (landfill) $10.50/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct) $10.50/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Zapata (Direct) $14.00/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill

### 66

TABLE 24 Disposal Fees for Tank Bottoms

Disposal Fee State Facility $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50

− $28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill $32.00/ton AL BFI Timberlands Sanitary Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill
$55.00

− $75.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Gr een Valley Landfill General Partnership
$65.00

− $70.00/ton CA Waste Management Inc. - McKittrick Facility
$68.00

− $80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environmenta l Services - Grassy Mountain Landfill $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill
$75.00

− $250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc.

Burial (pit) $17.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir $5.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal

Cavern
$2.00

− $7.00/bbl TX Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl TX Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton
(Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl TX Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)
Evaporation
$0.85/bbl UT R.N. Industries

Injection (solids)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Direct)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

### 67

TABLE 24 Disposal Fees for Tank Bottoms

Disposal Fee State Facility Land Application
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage $18.00/yd 3

− $18.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. $34.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $4.00/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 $7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Services Inc.

Recycling $127.00/hr AR Hydro-Kleen LLC $3.75/bbl NM Gandy Marley Inc. $5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle $5.00/bbl NM Controlled Recovery Inc.
$5.00/bbl OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions

Thermal Treatment

$0.19/lb ($0.14

− $0.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball Facility
$0.45/lb TX Clean Harbors Environm ental Services - Deer Park LP
$200.00/ton FL Rinker Materials Environmental Services

Treatment

$10.50

− $14.50/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC $12.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer) $12.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $14.00/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer)

$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer) $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)



### 4.4.6 Water-Based Muds and Cuttings

Table 25 presents the cost information for water-based muds and cuttings by disposal method. Overall reported costs are $0.50/bbl to $22.00/bbl, $7.50/yd 3 

### to $85.70/yd 3 

### , and $2.50/ton to $900/ton.

### 68



### Burial in landfills represents a significan t disposal option for water-based muds and cuttings. Volume-based costs range betw een $2.61/bbl and $22.00/bbl in Texas and North Dakota, and $18.00/yd 3 

### in New Mexico. Weight-based co sts vary signifi cantly by state. For example, one company in Colorado i ndicates a cost between $2.50/ton to $28.00/ton, whereas another company in Louisiana charge s between $75.00/ton and $250.00/ton. In states

without a dedicated offsite commercial infrastr ucture—for example, Ca lifornia, Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia—costs range between $15.00/ton and $75.00/ton.

Burial of water-based muds and cuttings in commercial pits is still a common disposal method especially in Oklahoma, but also in Texas, Utah, and Wyomi ng. Costs range between $1.00/bbl and $1.50/bbl in Oklahoma, $2.00/bbl to $7.00/bbl in Texas, $8.00/bbl in Utah, and $1.50/bbl to $17.00/bbl in Wyoming.

Land application of water-based muds and cuttings is a prevalent disposal method, especially in New Mexico (six companies). It is also offered in Arkansas (four companies), Utah (three companies), Texas (two companies), and Wyoming (one company). Costs are $0.50/bbl (Arkansas) to $85.71/bbl (New Mexico), $7.50/yd 3 

### to $25.00/yd 3 

### , and $55.00/ton to $100.00/ton. One company in Arkansas charges as low as $0.50/bbl, whereas the charge of $85.71/bbl in New Mexico is applied when wette r waste streams need to be run through a blending facility.

Treatment of water-based muds and cuttings is offered by US Liquids of Louisiana LP, CCS Energy Services in Louisi ana and Alabama, and Eco Mud Di sposal in Texas. Costs range from $6.00/bbl to $15.00/bbl.

Solids injection of water-based muds and cuttings is undertaken by Newpark

Environmental Services in Louisiana and Texa s. Costs range betwee n $5.00/bbl and $10.50/bbl.

TABLE 25 Disposal Fees for Water-Based Muds and Cuttings

Disposal Fee State Facility

Bioremediation $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc.
$40.00/bbl MT PetroComp

Burial (landfill) $10.75/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Galveston (Transfer)
$14.00

− $42.00/ton NM Lea Land Inc.
$15.00

− $22.00/bbl ND Dishon Disposal Inc. - Dishon Landfill
$15.00

− $30.00/ton ND Prairie Disposal Inc. - Krenz Landfill
$15.00

− $50.00/ton OH American Landfill Inc. $16.00/yd 3 NM Gandy Marley Inc.
$16.00

− $65.00/ton OH Countywide Landfill and Landfill Gas Processing Plant $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Coshocton Landfill $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Mahoning Landfill

### 69

TABLE 25 Disposal Fees for Water-Based Muds and Cuttings

Disposal Fee State Facility $18.00/ton OH Waste Management Inc. - Suburban Landfill $18.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Sundance Services Inc.
$2.50

− $28.00/ton CO Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Trail LLC $2.61/bbl TX US Liquids of Lo uisiana LP - Zapata (Direct)
$20.00

− $30.00/ton MS MacLand Disposal Center
$24.00

− $27.00/ton AZ Diversified Transportation $28.75/ton WV Allied Waste Management Inc. - Sycamore Landfill $3.25/bbl TX US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Rincon (Direct)
$30.00

− $60.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Northwestern Landfill $32.00/ton AL BFI Timberlands Sanitary Landfill
$35.00

− $80.00/ton ND Indian Hills Disposal Inc. - Indian Hill Landfill $38.00/ton MS Waste Management - Central Landfill
$38.00

− $128.00/ton MS Waste Management Inc. - Pecan Grove Sanitary Recycling and Disposal Facility
$38.00

− $75.00/ton WV Waste Management Inc. - Meadowfill Landfill $56.00/ton KY Allied Waste Management - Gr een Valley Landfill General Partnership
$65.00

− $70.00/ton CA Waste Management Inc. - McKittrick Facility
$68.00

− $80.00/drum UT Clean Harbors Environmenta l Services - Grassy Mountain Landfill $70.00/ton AL Waste Management Inc. - Chastang Landfill
$75.00

− $250.00/ton LA Chemical Waste Management Inc.

Burial (pit)
$1.00/bbl OK O’Daniel $1.00/bbl OK T & S Mud Disposal $1.00/bbl OK Trout Disposal
$1.00

− $2.00/bbl OK Scott J. Inc. Oilfield Mud Disposal
$1.00

− $2.00/bbl TX Basic Ener gy Services - Duval
$1.20/bbl ($100.00

− $150.00/load) OK Safe Earth Inc.

$1.25/bbl OK Femco (Webb Dozer) $1.50/bbl OK Hamm & Phillips Service Company (Guard) $17.00/bbl WY High Plains Resources Inc. - Parkman Reservoir
$2.00/bbl TX Karon Smith
$2.00

− $8.00/bbl WY Jim’s Water Service - McBeth Pits $3.00/bbl TX Mo-Vac Service Co. Inc. - Ganaway Facility $7.00/bbl TX J. Moss Investments Inc. - Bustamante Facility
$8.00/bbl UT Brennan Bottom Disposal

Cavern

$2.00

− $7.00/bbl TX Coastal Caverns Inc. $3.50/bbl TX Wasson Solid Waste Disposal System LLC
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Andrews (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Big Spring (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Fort Stockton (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Permian Basin - Plains (Direct) $6.00/bbl TX Taylor Disposal Operating Inc. - Caverns 1 & 2

### 70

TABLE 25 Disposal Fees for Water-Based Muds and Cuttings

Disposal Fee State Facility
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Kiva (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl TX CCS Energy Services LLC - Moss Bluff (Direct)

Evaporation
$0.85/bbl UT R.N. Industries
$4.00

− $20.00/bbl CO Four Mile Creek Facility
$7.00/bbl CO R.N. Industries $8.50/bbl WY Piney Company
$8.50/bbl WY R&G Inc.
$8.50/bbl WY Waste Inc.

Injection
$0.50/bbl AL Wastewater Disposal Service Inc.

Injection (solids)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Farnett (Direct)
$5.00

− $10.00/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Port Arthur (Direct)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Cameron (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon I (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Fourchon II (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Morgan City (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl LA Newpark Environmental Services - Venice (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Galveston (Transfer)
$5.50

− $10.50/bbl TX Newpark Environmental Services - Ingleside (Transfer)

Land Application $0.50/bbl AR Fugo Services
$1.00

− $1.25/bbl AR Comer Mining Corp.
$1.75/bbl AR Eastern Tank Service
$100.00/ton UT LaPoin t Recycle and Storage
$12.00/bbl NM T-N-T Environmental Inc. $17.00/yd 3 NM Contract Environmental Services Inc. $18.00/yd 3 NM Envirotech Inc. $18.00/yd 3

− $8.00/bbl NM Envirotech Inc. $2.00/bbl AR Property Transfer Corp. $20.00/yd 3 NM JFJ Landfarm Inc. $25.00/yd 3 NM Controlled Recovery Inc. $4.00/bbl UT MC & MC Disposal $55.00/ton WY Sweetwater County Solid Waste Disposal District #1 $7.50/yd 3 UT A-1 Tank Rental and Brine Sv s. Inc. $7.50/yd 3

− $2.50/bbl TX Basic Energy Services - Jefferson $7.50/yd 3

− $2.50/bbl TX Basic Energy Services - Jackson

Recycling $5.00/bbl CA Envirocycle
$75.00/load OK DRD Waste Treatment Solutions

### 71

TABLE 25 Disposal Fees for Water-Based Muds and Cuttings

Disposal Fee State Facility

Thermal Treatment

$0.19/lb ($0.14

− $.40/lb) NE Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Kimball Facility
$0.45/lb TX Clean Harbors Environmental Services - Deer Park LP

Treatment

$10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Cameron (Transfer) $10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Fourchon (Transfer) $10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Intercoastal City (Transfer) $10.75/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Venice (Transfer) $3.00/bbl TX Eco Mud Disposal - Alice Facility
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Cameron (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Fourchon (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Intercoastal City (Transfer)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Morgan City (Direct)
$6.00

− $15.00/bbl LA CCS Energy Services LLC - Venice (Transfer)
$7.50

− $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Elm Grove (Direct)
$8.50

− $12.50/bbl AL CCS Energy Services LLC $9.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer)
$9.50

− $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bateman Island (Direct)
$9.50

− $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Berwick (Transfer)
$9.50

− $11.50/bbl LA US Liquids of Louisiana LP - Bourg (Direct)



### Cavern disposal is a competitive option for water-based muds and cuttings in Texas. Five companies at multiple facilities offer their serv ices for a cost between $2.00/bbl and $15.00/bbl.

Evaporation of water-based muds and cutti ngs is reported mainly in Wyoming (three companies), but also in Colorado (two compan ies) and Utah. The costs range between $0.85/bbl and $20.00/bbl.

Thermal treatment represents a more expensiv e disposal option for water-based muds and cuttings. One company in Nebraska asks $380.00/ton, the other in Texas asks $900.00/ton.

Bioremediation does not play a major role for water-based muds and cuttings. Costs are $20.00/yd 3 

### in New Mexico and $40.00/bbl in Montana.

Recycling of water-based muds and cutti ngs is not widely reported. One company identified in California charge s $5.00/bbl. Another company in Oklahoma indicates a cost of $75.00/load.

### 72



### 4.5 TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER INCIDENTAL COSTS

Although disposal costs are important to an operator when determining the commercial waste disposal company of choice, transportation and other costs weigh heavily in the operator’s final decision. Because transportation costs typi cally increase proportionately with distance or time from well site to disposal site, economic in centives exist for operators to send their wastes to disposal facilities located within a reasonably short distance from the oil and gas E&P site. Generally, operators will not be in clined to transport waste more than 50 to 75 miles unless no

other alternatives are available.

The three large disposal companies in L ouisiana and Texas (Newpark Environmental Services, CCS Energy Services LLC, and US Li quids of Louisiana LP) have established an

extensive network of transfer st ations along the Gulf Coast to re duce the distance that operators must transport their waste and to accommodate offshore wastes haul ed back to shore. Operators can transport wastes to the transfer stations, where the waste management companies consolidate the waste, then move it by barge to one or mo re central treatment facilities. Throughout the tables in this report, the facilities operated by these three companies are designated as either Direct (treatment is performed at that site) or Transfer.

Most operators charge by the hour—t ypically, $55.00/hr to $175.00/hr. In many instances, a fuel surcharge is levied. Others us e a per-load or per-contain er basis—for example, in one case $1.00/bbl to $3.00/bbl. Companies may also offer to contract out the transportation component. They then charge the contractor pr ice augmented by a certain percentage. Distance, job sizes, preexisting and long-term relationships, and surging oil pr ices are important factors for calculating case-specific transportation fees. Di sposal companies offer trucking and roll-off service. Trucking vehicles include regular dump trucks, vacuum trucks, bobtails, trailers, and tankers. In the course of roll-off service, the ro ll-off container is transported to the point of collection by a special collection vehicle, and then rolled off th e collection vehicle and left for filling. When it is ready to be serviced, an empty container is delivered to the point of collection, rolled off, and the full container is loaded onto the collection vehicle and taken to the disposal facility.

In cases where business is generated from offshore, companies offer barges. Hopper barges have a capacity of 6,500 bbl. They are rent ed on a per-day or per-bbl basis. The cleaning fees for trucks, boats, and containers vary widely . Washouts trigger in most cases an hourly or flat fee. Reported ranges are between $35.00/job and $200.00/job. One company charges $350 per 15-minute increments. The fee for cleaning out large dirty barges may be as high as $10,000.00/job. In one case, the fee is calculated by volume

⎯ $0.40/gal. Containers are also charged by the amount of wash water used or th e amount of wash water going to disposal.

One company reports very specific transportation-rela ted fees: $95.00 for trucking/transportation; $75.00 fo r Bobcat with operator; $225.00 for crane with operator; $75.00 for forklift with operator; and $175.00 for track hoe with operator. The company also charges other handling fees: $75.00 for containe r handling (dump and ri nse 25 bbl or less); $45.00 for container rehandling (25 bbl or less); $150.00 for drum handling; $100.00 truck washout without wash water; $300.00 for ga uging/waste volume verification; $3,125.00 for

### 73



### barge cleaning (open top shale, 1,500 bbl or less); and $3,750.00 (open top shale, 1,500 to 3,000 bbl). Third-party equipment triggers cost plus 15%.

When laboratory tests are conducted th e fees range between $0.00/test and $2,000.00/test, and in one case $5,000.00/ well. In many cases, facilitie s conduct tests to protect themselves. Generators are required to fill out paperwork concerning the waste materials.

### 74



### 5 CONCLUSIONS

No comprehensive national effort has b een undertaken since 1997 to identify the commercial waste management facilities handling E& P wastes in the United States. This report provides current information on the names of the waste management facilities, their locations, the methods used to manage the wastes, and the co sts they charge. The major conclusions of this report are provided below.

• At the federal level, the majority of oil field wastes are covered by the exemption from the hazardous waste provi sions of RCRA. This simplifies the disposal of oil field waste and allows for reduced disposal costs. The federal exemption does not, however, preclude these wastes from control under other federal regulations and state regulations . All oil- and gas-producing states except California have adopted the fe deral exemption. In California, the exemption is narrower. The exemption does not apply if toxicity is determined

on the basis of criteria other than TCLP , or the waste meets any of the other

three characteristics of hazardous wa ste (ignitability, corrosivity, and reactivity).

• Oil field wastes are regula ted at the state level. All oil- and gas-producing states allow onsite disposal of oil fiel d wastes. Most companies choose onsite over offsite disposal because of cost savings and operational logistics.

• Yet, a significant market for offsite co mmercial disposal op erations continues

to exist. Interviews with oil and gas officials in 30 oil- and gas-producing states suggest three offs ite disposal trends.

− 

### Eight states have a dedicated indu stry-specific network of offsite commercial disposal companies and facilities in place.

− 

### In seven states, a smaller number of offsite commercial disposal companies operate, and their services are primarily focused on produced

water.

− 

### Fifteen states contain few or no disp osal companies dedicated to oil and gas industry waste. The only offsite commercial disposal companies available include mainly general indu strial waste disposal facilities or sanitary landfills.

• The disposal methods being used acro ss the country include bioremediation, burial, cavern, discharge, evaporation, injection, land appl ication, recycling, thermal treatment, and treatment.

• The costs of offsite commercial dispos al vary significantly, depending on the disposal method, the host state of di sposal operations, and the degree of

### 75



### competition in the area. The cost ranges for each type of waste are presented below, using only per barrel cost figures. In nearly all cases, most costs fall within a narrower band. Multiple disposal methods are used for each type of waste. By far the most common comm ercial disposal method for produced water is injection.

− 

### Contaminated soil disposal costs range from $1.00/bbl to $22/bbl.

− 

### NORM disposal costs range from $4 0/bbl to $300/bbl. Some municipal landfills charge lower tipping fees for wastes with low levels of NORM.

− 

### Oil-based muds and cuttings dis posal costs range from $2.00/bbl to $40.00/bbl.

− 

### Produced water injection costs range from $0.30/bbl to $10.00/bbl, but in most cases do not even reach $1.00/bbl.

− 

### Tank bottom disposal costs ra nge from $0.85/bbl to $40/bbl.

− 

### Water-based muds and cuttings dispos al costs range from $0.50/bbl to $40/bbl.

• When wastes are sent offsite for re gulatory, economic, or other reasons, operators closely examine the total cost. In addition to the actual disposal costs, other cost factors include tran sportation and incidental activities.

### 76



### 6 REFERENCES

American Petroleum Institute (API), 2000, Overview of Exploration and Production Waste Volumes and Waste Management Practices in the United States , prepared by ICF Consulting for the American Petroleum Institute, May.

CalEPA (California Environmen tal Protection Agency), 2002, Oil Exploration and Production

Waste Initiative , May.

DNR (Louisiana Department of Natural Re sources), 2000, “SONRIS/2000, Open Commercial Facility Report.” Available at http://reports.dnr.state.la.us /reports/rwservlet?SRCN4683O_p

. Accessed April 25, 2006.

Petrusak, R., 2005, personal communication from Pe trusak (Project Manager, ICF Consulting) to J. Veil (Argonne National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.), Sept.

Pochop. L., et al., 1985, Design Information for Evaporation Ponds in Wyoming , WWRC-85-21.

Available at http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrp/85-21/85-21.html . Accessed May 8, 2006.

RRC (Railroad Commission of Texas), 2006a , “Interactive Data.” Available at http://www.rrc.state.tx.u s/interactive_data.html . Accessed April 25, 2006.

RRC, 2006b, “Oil and Gas Division, Commercial Su rface Disposal Facilities.” Available at http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/divisions /og/uic/wastfac/facilities.html . Accessed April 25, 2006.

RRC, 2006c, “Disposal/Injection Well Count s by District.” Available at http://www.rrc.state. tx.us/divisions/og/ uic/waterbank.html . Accessed April 25, 2006.

RRC, 2006d, “Oil and Gas Division, Active Or ganization Directory.” Available at http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/divi sions/og/ogdirectory/ogdirectory.pdf . Accessed April 25, 2006.

Veil, J., 1997, Costs for Off-Site Disposal of Non hazardous Oil Field Wastes: Salt Caverns versus Other Disposal Methods , prepared by Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill., for the U.S. Department of Energy, April. Available at http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/dsp_detail.cfm?

PubId=98

.

Veil, J., et al., 2004, Drilling Waste Management Information System , prepared by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Depart ment of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, June 2004. Available at http://web.ead.anl.gov/dwm/

.

Wakim, P.G., 1987, API 1985 Production Waste Survey, Statis tical Analysis and Survey Results

, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., Oct.

### A-1



### APPENDIX A:

COMMERCIAL E&P WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES

IN THE UNITED STATES

### A-2

### A-3TABLE A.1 Database ofCommercial E&P Waste DisposalFacilities in the United StatesaStateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $32/ton Acceptsnonhazardous, nonliquid oil fieldwaste. Rates dependon volume. Facilitydoes not own its own trucks. Any contractingwould involve markup. Generator to analyzewaste.OBMs andcuttings$32/tonTank bottoms $32/tonAL BFI TimberlandsSanitary LandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$32/tonNA NA NAContam. soils $50/yd3The patented ConSep process was developedusing 80 years of water treating and wastetreatment experience. ConSep, or “ContainedSeparation,” specificallytreats acid flowbackand other problematic water streams. Thesystem components canbe fully customizedto suit the customer’s particular needs.OBMs andcuttings$9.50–$14.50/bblProducedwater$5–$14/bblTank bottoms $10.50–$14.50/bblAL CCS EnergyServices LLCTreatmentWBMs andcuttings$8.50–$12.50/bbl$90/hr $200/truck $5,000/wellAL T.K. Stanley Inc. Injection Producedwater$0.35–$0.50/bbl $75–$85/hrNA NA Charge depends on volume. Chemicalsbought from supplier.

### A-4TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $70/ton Sanitary landfill. Land filling disposal feewithout treatment ranges between $28/tonand $36/ ton. NORM only exceptionally;levels must be lower than regulatorythreshold.NORM $70/tonOBMs andcuttings$70/tonTank bottoms $70/tonAL WasteManagement Inc.- ChastangLandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$70/ton$112/hr NA NAWBMs andcuttings$0.50/bbl Accepts water-based drilling waste only ifwaste materials meet specifications to avoidclogging. Mainly receives saltwater.AL WastewaterDisposal ServiceInc.InjectionProducedwater$0.50/bblNA NA NAAL Zinn PetroleumCompanyInjection Producedwater$0.45/bbl NA NA NA Generator conducts laboratory analysis.Producedwater$0.30–$0.40/bbl NAAR Comer MiningCorp.LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$1–$1.25/bblNA NA NAInjection Producedwater$0.55/bbl NAAR Eastern TankServiceLandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$1.75/bbl$95/hr NA NAInjection Producedwater$0.40/bbl Fuel surcharge applied. Facility handles pitwater. Fuel surcharge applied.AR Fugo ServicesLandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$0.50/bbl$85/hr NA NA

### A-5TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsAR Hydro-KleenLLCRecycling Tank bottoms $127/hr $127/hr $127/hrNA Reclamation process removes product andseparates out saltwater and freshwater. Tankbottoms are placed in 20,000-gal-kettles andheated up to 140/150 degrees Fahrenheit. Attimes, chemicals are used to aid separation.If recovered product volume is large enough,no fees accrue. If the product is notmarketable or small tanks are involved, feescould range up to $127/hr. Saltwater isdisposed of in a deep well or passed on tocompanies such as US Filter. Reclaimerconducts field surveys.AR Key EnergyServicesInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $70/hr NA NA NAInjection Producedwater$0.55/bbl Emulsified oil to reclaimer.AR Property TransferCorp.LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$2/bbl$95/hr NA NAProducedwater$37/ton $90–$95/hr$90–$95/hr Company is a woman-owned 8A business.Offers brokerage services. At present, itprovides service for theexploration phase inthe gas sector. Produced water goes toseparate cells at landfills owned by WasteManagement and Allied Waste.Transportation by tanker — rinsed off atlandfill. Has handled 200,000 gal of brinewater over a 14-month project.AZ DiversifiedTransportationBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$24–$27/ton $70/hr $70/hr$1,500–$2,000/testContam. soils $15/ton NAOBMs andcuttings$5/bblProducedwater$5/bblCA Envirocycle RecyclingTank bottoms $5/bblNA NA $400–$500/test

### A-6TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsWBMs andcuttings$5/bblContam. soils Facility is a nonhazardous Class II facility.Landfilling disposal fee without treatmentaround $45/ton.OBMs andcuttingsTank bottomsCA WasteManagement Inc.- McKittrickFacilityBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$65–$70/ton NA NA NAContam. soils $2.50–$28/ton Certainnonhazardous solidwaste pricedaround $2.50/ton; treated and solidifiedwaste at $28/ton. Facility provides rolloffservice, which triggersstaging, rental, androundtrip fees. Trucking service can beprovided, and fees are distance-driven. Forexample, a Denver to Dear Trail trip ispriced at $1,000.OBMs andcuttings$2.50–$28/tonTank bottoms $2.50–$28/tonCO Clean HarborsEnvironmentalServices - DeerTrail LLCBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$2.50–$28/tonNA NA NAContam. soils $45/ton Facility recovers oil.Producedwater$1.95–$3.95/bbl Price varies with total disolved solids.Facility recovers oil.CO Four Mile CreekFacilityEvaporationWBMs andcuttings$4–$20/bblNA NA NAPrice varies with percentage of solids.Facility recovers oil.Producedwater$1.20/bbl NACO R.N. Industries EvaporationWBMs andcuttings$7/bbl$100/hr $100/hr $100–$1,000/testCO ReamsConstruction -80 PondsEvaporation Producedwater$84/bbl $70/hr $70/hr $0 Nonhazardous solids are farmed out.

### A-7TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsCO Unnamed Evaporation Producedwater$1.50/bbl NA NA NA Facility declined to be listed by name.Facility uses a series of ponds in the courseof forced evaporation, including settling andair sparge modules. Facility works with anout-of-state laboratory. Lab analysis feecovered by overall disposal fee. Anyremaining solids land farmed and used forroad construction.FL Perdido LandfillEscambia CountyBurial (landfill) Contam. soils $28/ton NA NA NA The Perdido Landfill rate of $28/ton($7 minimum required) for Class I waste, tiesEscambia County with one other county inFlorida. Disposal feesrange from $23/ton to$92/ton, with a statewide average of $42/ton.Class I waste is primarily household garbagegenerated by residential type customers.

### A-8TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $35/ton NA NA $350/test Facility takes nonhazardous waste oils,hydrocarbons, and other organiccontaminants and uses them either as analternate fuel source or processes them inultra-high temperature kilns. Thisincorporates any remaining inert matter intoa component of Rinker Materials cement.Contaminated soil is directed to a thermaldesorber to rid it of volatile petroleum priorto being fed as a clean raw material incement production. All that is left of thecleaned soils and solids after processing at2,800°F is an inert gaseous material called“clinker.” The clinker is processed andground with gypsum to become cement.Before any material is accepted, arepresentative analysis must be submitted toensure that it meetsall regulatory and RinkerMaterials requirements. In addition to thisprecertification, the contaminated material isrechecked at its own state-certifiedlaboratory. The laboratory also providescertified field sampling and precertificationanalysis for its customers desiring “one-stopproject services.” Rinker Materials maintainsa fleet of transport equipment dedicated toserve clients’ solid and liquid petroleumcontamination requirements. In addition totruck transport, Rinker Materials providesrailcar services that can accommodate a widevariety of specialwaste managementrequirements that customers face.OBMs andcuttings$100/drumFLRinker MaterialsEnvironmentalServicesThermaltreatmentTank bottoms $200/ton

### A-9TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $56/ton Waste stream must not contain any freeliquid and pass the paint filter test. Facilityconducts profiling for state approval andinternal company approval. This landfill hasslurrification capability. In addition to thedisposal fee of $56/ton, a fee of $5/loadaccrues.OBMs andcuttings$56/tonProducedwater$56/tonTank bottoms $56/tonKY Allied WasteManagement -Green ValleyLandfill GeneralPartnershipBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$56/tonNA NA

### A-10TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsLA CCS EnergyServices LLC -Cameron(Transfer)Treatment Contam. soils $6–$15/bbl $55–$75/hr$150/job $0 Wastes are stabilized with fly ash, off-specification oil fieldcement, wood chips,etc., and trucked to a Subtitle D landfill forrecycle use as alternate daily cover. CCSoccasionally provides trucking services fromthe well site to its facilities. It does notprovide trucking from its plant to thelandfills because the landfill company takestitle to these solids as they leave the gate atthe CCS plant. There are times when CCSoffers the trucking service as part of aturnkey fee, which is added to the wasteprice and presented to the generator as onelump sum $/bbl fee—CCS only does thiswhen the distance to be traveled is short. Itshould be noted that the majority of thebusiness (+/-70%) is generated from offshoreor near offshore operations. CCS uses itsfleet of USCG-approved hopper barges(~ 6,500 bbl each) to transport this wastefrom its transfer stations to its treatment/disposal facilities. Many times the barge(s) isrented to the generator who places thebarge(s) at the rig CCS either rents thesebarges on a $/day rate ($300/day–$500/day)or adds it into its $/bblfee. When CCS rentsout barges, it may eitheruse its tugs or let thegenerator use its tugs for transportation to itsfacilities. The cleaning fees for trucks, boats,cuttings boxes, and others vary widely.Simple truck wash-outs may be $150, whilelarge dirty boat tanks may be $10,000 +.Boxes and containers are usually charged bythe bbl of wash water used or

### A-11TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsOBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblTank bottoms $6–$15/bblWBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bbladded to the cost ofmud disposal. Typically,no lab fees are charged to the generatorunless there is a specific reason to conduct amore in-depth analysis. Each of CCS ’sfacilities is required to have its own lab.Every shipment of E&P waste must beanalyzed for a few parameters (these willvary slightly from state to state)—typicalanalyses are NORM, EC, Cl, H2S,temperature, and pH. Many other fees can becharged depending on the job beingperformed (e.g., crane time, labor, otherequipment time, and others).Contam. soils $6–$15/bbl Same as CCS —Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblTank bottoms $6–$15/bblLA CCS EnergyServices LLC -Fourchon(Transfer)TreatmentWBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bbl$55–$75/hr$150/job $0Contam. soils $6–$15/bbl Same as CCS —Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblTank bottoms $6–$15/bblLA CCS EnergyServices LLC -ICY (Transfer)TreatmentWBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bbl$55–$75/hr$150/job $0Contam. soils $6–$15/bbl Same as CCS —Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblTank bottoms $6–$15/bblLA CCS EnergyServices LLC -Morgan City(Direct)TreatmentWBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bbl$55–$75/hr$150/job $0Contam. soils $6–$15/bbl Same as CCS —Cameron.LA CCS EnergyServices LLC -VeniceTreatmentOBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bbl$55–$75/hr$150/job $0

### A-12TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTank bottoms $6–$15/bbl(Transfer)WBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblLA Charles Holston,Inc.Injection Producedwater$0.50/bbl $68/hr NA NA NAContam. soils $75–$250/ton Exploration and production (E&P) wastedisposal costs range between $75/ton and$100/ton for direct landfill, and between$150/ton and $250/ton for wastes containingliquids. Transportation fees are $.25 pertruck mile, with a minimum charge of $275.Producedwater$75–$250/tonTank bottoms $75–$250/tonLA Chemical WasteManagement Inc.Burial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$75–$250/tonNA NA NALA Guillory TankTruck ServiceInjection Producedwater$0.50/bbl $68/hr NA NA NALA Habetz OilfieldSaltwater ServiceInjection Producedwater$0.67/bbl NA NA NA Facility charges $80 per load (roughly120 bbl).LA HallarEnterprises Inc.Disposal SiteInjection Producedwater$1/bbl $70/hr NA NA Waste streammust have passed the TCLP.Disposal and transportation fees varyaccording to volumes and distances.LA Houma SaltWater DisposalCorp. - Off LAHwy 316Injection Producedwater$0.60/bbl NA NA NA NALA Key EnergyServices, Inc. –AthensInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.

### A-13TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsLA Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Oil CityInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.LA Louisiana Tank,Inc.Injection Producedwater$0.50/bbl $71.40/hr NA NA NAContam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl Disposalprocess involves slurrification andinjection. Fees for contaminated soils will beat the higher end of the range. Disposal feesmay be higher than the range indicated. Therange given here includes a transfer-relatedincrement of $0.50/bbl. Newpark leasesbarges. It takes custody at the transferstation. Lab analysis is conducted for pH andCl.OBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblProducedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblLA NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Cameron(Transfer)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl Same as Newpark—Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblProducedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblLA NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Fourchon I(Transfer)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl Same as Newpark—Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblLA NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Fourchon II(Transfer)Injection(solids)Producedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblNA NA $0

### A-14TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblWBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblContam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl Same as Newpark—Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblProducedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblLA NewparkEnvironmentalServices - ICY(Transfer)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl Same as Newpark—Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblProducedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblLA NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Morgan City(Transfer)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl Same as Newpark—Cameron.OBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblProducedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblLA NewparkEnvironmentalServices - Venice(Transfer)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblNA NA $0LA O’Brian EnergyCo.Injection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $80/hr NA NA If completion fluids are involved, the feeincreases to $2/bbl. Transportation costs arealso subject to a fuel surcharge.

### A-15TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsLA PhilipEnvironmentalServices (PSCIndustrialOutsourcing,Inc.) - MorganCity FacilityManifesting(sampling)NORM $50/hr Contractorcost +15%NA $300/test Facility acceptsNORM-contaminated itemsconsisting of tubulars (piping), vessels, andother equipment. Oil field activities providethe site with more than 95% of its business;the rest comes from power plants and otherindustrial concerns. NORM-contaminatedmaterial arrives primarily by trailer androlloff truck. Decontamination of tubulars isaccomplished with one of twotechnologies—high-pressure water lancingor dry reaming. Depending upon the strengthof adherence of the scale to the metal, PSCcan clean the vessels/equipment with adegreasing water flush, heat and/orhigh-pressure water lancing, or with apneumatic needlegun. Vessels andequipment are typically cut up for scrap.Depending upon sampling, manifestingdestination varies.LA PhilipEnvironmentalServices (PSCIndustrialOutsourcing,Inc.) - MorganCity FacilityInjection Producedwater$0.65/bbl $68.25/hr NA Facility separates out crude. Water isdisposed of through injection. By-productsgenerated include waste solids, which aresent to landfills.LA Pool Company –MindenInjection Producedwater$0.85/bbl $75/hr NA $0 Disposal fee for completion fluids is$1.70/bbl.LA Saline InjectionSystems Co.Injection Producedwater$0.50–$10/bbl $75/hr NA NA Fees range considerably on a case-by-casebasis.

### A-16TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsLA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Bateman Island(Direct)Treatment Contam. soils $12.50/bbl NA NA NA Wastes other than produced water are placedin treatment cells. The free oil is removedand salvaged for resale. In Louisiana.,soluble salts are removed through flushingsolids with water. The resulting processwater and produced water are then pumpedthrough a collection system, placed in tanks,and typically disposed of at one of the USLLcommercial saltwater injection wells. Allremaining waste is processed to removeorganic contamination through biologicaldegradation. USLL doesnot own or operateits own trucking service to pick up wastesfrom a well site and transport them to thedisposal site. However, USLL does have alist of approved trucking companies for eachof its operating locations to provide theoperator if needed. The following aretransportation-related fees: $95 fortrucking/transportation; $75 for Bobcat withoperator; $225 for crane with operator; $75for forklift with operator; and $175 for trackhoe with operator. Other handling chargesinclude: $75 for container handling (dumpand rinse 25 bbl or less); $45 for containerrehandling (25 bbl or less); $150 for drumhandling; $100 truck washout without washwater; $300 for gauging/waste volumeverification; $3,125 forbarge cleaning (opentop shale, 1,500 bbl or less); and $3,750(open top shale, 1,500 to 3,000 bbl).Third-party equipment triggers cost plus15%. USLL performs analyses on incomingwaste but does not charge for this service.USLL checks the following on all loads: pH,

### A-17TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsEC (soluble salts), NORM screening, oil andgrease content, mud weight, and percentageof solids. Lower end of fee range for WBMsis for less than 30,000ppm Cl, higher end isfor greater than 30,000 ppm Cl.Treatment OBMs andcuttings$11.50/bblInjection Producedwater$7/bblTreatment Tank bottoms $12.50/bblTreatment WBMs andcuttings$9.50–$11.50/bblTreatment Contam. soils$12.50/bbl Same as USLL—Bateman Island.Treatment OBMs andcuttings$11.50/bblInjection Producedwater$3–$7/bblTreatment Tank bottoms $12.50/bblLA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Berwick(Transfer)Treatment WBMs andcuttings$9.50–$11.50/bblNA NA NATreatment Contam. soils$12.50/bbl Same as USLL—Bateman Island.Treatment OBMs andcuttings$11.50/bblInjection Producedwater$7/bblTreatment Tank bottoms $12.50/bblLA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Bourg (Direct)Treatment WBMs andcuttings$9.50–$11.50/bblNA NA NATreatment Contam. soils $14/bbl Same as USLL—Bateman Island.Treatment OBMs andcuttings$12.75/bblInjection Producedwater$3–$7/bblLA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Cameron(Transfer)Treatment Tank bottoms $14/bblNA NA NA

### A-18TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTreatment WBMs andcuttings$10.75/bblTreatment Contam. soils$9.50/bbl Same as USLL—Bateman Island.Treatment OBMs andcuttings$9.50/bblInjection Producedwater$1/bblTreatment Tank bottoms $9.50/bblLA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Elm Grove(Direct)Treatment WBMs andcuttings$7.50–$9.50/bblNA NA NATreatment Contam. soils $14/bbl Same as USLL—Bateman Island.Treatment OBMs andcuttings$12.75/bblInjection Producedwater$3–$7/bblTreatment Tank bottoms $14/bblLA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Fourchon(Transfer)Treatment WBMs andcuttings$10.75/bblNA NA NATreatment Contam. soils $14/bbl Same as USLL—Bateman Island.Treatment OBMs andcuttings$12.75/bblInjection Producedwater$3–$7/bblTreatment Tank bottoms $14/bblLA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -ICY (Transfer)Treatment WBMs andcuttings$10.75/bblNA NA NALA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Mermenteau(Transfer)Injection Producedwater$3/bbl NA NA NA Same asUSLL—Bateman Island.Treatment Contam. soils $14/bbl Same as USLL—Bateman Island.LA US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -VeniceTreatment OBMs andcuttings$12.75/bblNA NA NA

### A-19TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsInjection Producedwater$3–$7/bblTreatment Tank bottoms $14/bbl(Transfer)Treatment WBMs andcuttings$10.75/bblMI BeckmanProductionServices Inc.Injection Producedwater$1–$1.50/bbl $70/hr NA NA Well disposes of brine only.MI NortheasternExplorationInjection Producedwater$1.30–$1.75/bbl NA NA Facility accepts oil field brines. It providesits own trucking and works this into theoverall disposal fee. No fees are charged forlab analyses.MI Seiler TankTruck ServiceInc.Injection Producedwater$0.50/bbl $75/hr $75/hr NA Facility manages only brines.MS Earth Resources Injection Producedwater$0.60/bbl $90/hr NA NA Facility accepts produced water only.MS Johnie StringerMoving andStorage Inc.Transportation ProducedwaterNA $85/hr $85/hr NA Facility hauls in brine using only its owntrucks.Contam. soils $20–$30/ton NAOBMs andcuttings$20–$30/tonProducedwater$55–$75/tonTank bottoms $55–$75/tonMS MacLandDisposal CenterBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$20–$30/ton$85/hr $85/hr NAMS RadzewiczOperatingCorporationInjection Producedwater$0.37/bbl NA NA NA Facility handles brine only. Fees are case-specific. Trucking services can be arranged.

### A-20TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $38/ton The landfill accepts only nonhazardous solidwastes. Constituentsof concern includebenzene and heavy metals. Moreover, theflashpoint may be an issue. The direct-landfill fee (solids,dewatered sludges)amounts to $38/ton. The Central Landfilldoes not have liquefix capability. Ifnecessary, this service is accomplished at thenearby Pecan Gove facility. The additionalcosts range between $40/ton and $90/ton. Inaddition, taxes of $1/ton apply. Thegenerator is responsible for conducting thelaboratory work and filling out the profilesheet.OBMs andcuttings$38/tonProducedwater$38/tonTank bottoms $38/tonMS WasteManagement -Central LandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$38/tonNA NAContam. soils $38–$128/ton The landfill accepts only nonhazardous solidwastes. Constituentsof concern includebenzene and heavy metals. Moreover, theflashpoint may be an issue. The rangereflects the direct-landfill fee (solids,dewatered sludges) of $38/ton and theadditional liquefix spread of $40/ton and$90/ton. In addition, taxes of $1/ton apply.The generator is responsible for conductingthe laboratory work and filling out the profilesheet.MS WasteManagement Inc.- Pecan GroveSanitaryRecycling andDisposal FacilityBurial (landfill)OBMs andcuttings$38–$128/ton

### A-21TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsProducedwater$38–$128/tonTank bottoms $38–$128/tonWBMs andcuttings$38–$128/tonContam. soils $50/ton NORM only to the extent found in theincoming solid or liquid E&P waste streams,and only in accordance with all applicableregulatory requirements. Trucking feeschedule varies. Facility uses independentlaboratories. Remediation process isbacteria-based. Stable solids yielded afterremediation are used as landfill cover.OBMs andcuttings$40/bblTank bottoms $40/bblMT PetroComp BioremediationWBMs andcuttings$40/bblNA NAND Black HawkResources LLC -HatterInjection Producedwater$0.35–$0.75/bbl NA NA NA Facility charges $0.35/bbl when its pipelineis used. If produced water is trucked in, thefee is $0.75/bbl.ND Black HawkResources LLC –KlandlInjection Producedwater$0.35–$0.75/bbl NA NA NA Facility charges $0.35/bbl when its pipelineis used. If produced water is trucked in, thefee is $0.75/bbl.Contam. soils $15–$22/bbl Higher disposalfee of $22/bbl is charged forwaste streams with diesel/oil. Facility offerstwo sizes of trucks.OBMs andcuttings$15–$22/bblProducedwater$15–$22/bblTank bottoms $15–$22/bblND Dishon DisposalInc. - DishonLandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$15–$22/bbl$65/85/hr NA NA

### A-22TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsND Energy EquityCompany -BorgenInjection Producedwater$65/load NA NA NA Facility charges per truck load.ND Energy EquityCompany -George Tank #1Injection Producedwater$65/load NA NA NA Facility charges per truck load.ND Energy EquityCompany -HeckertInjection Producedwater$65/load NA NA NA Facility charges per truck load.ND Energy EquityCompany - NorthDickinsonInjection Producedwater$65/load NA NA NA Facility charges per truck load.Contam. soils $35–$80/ton Disposal feevaries according to hydrocarboncontent. Treatment involves composting. Ingeneral, generator conducts lab analyses.OBMs andcuttings$35–$80/tonProducedwater$35–$80/tonTank bottoms $35–$80/tonND Indian HillsDisposal Inc. -Indian HillLandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$35–$80/ton$100/hr $35/hr NAInjection Pit water $1/bbl NAND Missouri BasinWell Service,Inc. - H.T.KnudtsonInjection Producedwater$0.50/bbl$85/hr $85 NAPit water $1/bbl NAND Missouri BasinWell Service,Inc. - Zenith-Newton UnitInjectionProducedwater$0.50/bbl$85/hr $85 NAContam. soils $15–$30/ton Disposalfees depend on the amount oftreatment involved. Higher end reflectstreatment through composting and windrose.ND Prairie DisposalInc. - KrenzLandfillBurial (landfill)OBMs andcuttings$15–$30/tonNA NA NA

### A-23TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTank bottoms $15–$30/tonWBMs andcuttings$15–$30/tonPit water $0.70/bbl NAND Ward-WillistonCompany -CarpentierInjectionProducedwater$0.70/bbl$85/hr NA NAPit water $0.70/bbl NAND Ward-WillistonCompany -Martin-WilliamsInjectionProducedwater$0.70/bbl$85/hr NA NAPit water $0.70/bbl NAND Ward-WillistonCompany –MontgomeryInjectionProducedwater$0.70/bbl$85/hr NA NAPit water $0.70/bbl NAND Ward-WillistonCompany - PanAmInjectionProducedwater$0.70/bbl$85/hr NA NAPit water $0.70/bbl NAND Ward-WillistonCompany -TheodoreInjectionProducedwater$0.70/bbl$85/hr NA NAContam. soils $0.19/lb($0.14–$0.40/lb)Incoming waste stream must be pre-approved. Facility utilizes a 45,000-ton/yrfluidized bed incinerator. The TOU iscapable of maximum destruction efficienciesof hazardous waste and able to handle anextremely wide variety of feeds. Delisted ashfrom TOU operations willbe placed in anonsite monofill built to RCRA Subtitle Cstandards. Facility provides rolloff service,which triggers staging, rental, and roundtripfees. Trucking service can be provided andfees are distance-driven. For example, aDenver to Dear Trail trip is priced at $1,000.OBMs andcuttings$0.19/lb($0.14–$0.40/lb)NE Clean HarborsEnvironmentalServices -Kimball FacilityThermaltreatmentTank bottoms $0.19/lb($0.14–$0.40/lb)NA NA NA

### A-24TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsWBMs andcuttings$0.19/lb($0.14–$0.40/lb)NM Basin DisposalInc.Injection Producedwater$0.88/bbl NA NA NA This is a UIC Class II facility.NM C & C LandfarmInc.LandapplicationContam. soils $14/yd3NA NA NA Dirt is “reclaimed” on a quarterly basis.NM ChaparralService Inc.Injection Producedwater$0.40/bbl $75–$80/hrNA NA The transportation fees range between $75/hr(transporter) and $80/hr (vacuum).NM ChaparralService Inc.Transportation Tank bottoms $75–$80/hrNA NA The transportation fees range between $75/hr(transporter) and $80/hr (vacuum).Recovered oil is sold.Contam. soils $17/yd3Waste spread in landfill cell, evenlydistributed, disked, and sun-dried. Disposalfee of $17/yd3charged for waste streams thatare light in hydrocarbons. Otherwise, thecharge is $34/yd3.OBMs andcuttings$17–$34/yd3Tank bottoms $34/yd3NM ContractEnvironmentalServices Inc.LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$17/yd3NA NA NABurial (landfill) Contam. soils $18/yd3$95/hr $70/hr NA The choice of disposal method(landspreading or landfill) is made by eachgenerator. Depending on the liquid state ofthe waste stream, dewatering may berequired. For recycling of tank bottoms,facility operates a centrifuge to facilitatereclamation.LandapplicationContam. soils $25/yd3Burial (landfill) OBMs andcuttings$18/yd3NMControlledRecovery Inc.LandapplicationOBMs andcuttings$25/yd3

### A-25TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsBurial (landfill) Producedwater$18/yd3LandapplicationProducedwater$25/yd3Recycling Tank bottoms $5/bblBurial (landfill) WBMs andcuttings$18/yd3LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$25/yd3NM EnvironmentalPlusLandapplicationContam. soils $14–$22/yd3$72/hr NA Land farm operation involves spreading andirrigation. Facility only takes possession, notownership. The transportation fee is for atruck, a licensed driver, and two-waycommunication, and includes fuel. Facilityconducts field surveys.OBMs andcuttings$18/bbl–$$18/yd3Wetter waste streams incur a higher deposalfee, since they need to be run through ablending facility.Producedwater$18/bblTank bottoms $18/bbl–$$18/yd3WBMs andcuttings$18/bbl–$$18/yd3NM Envirotech Inc. LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$18/yd3$82/hr NA NALandapplicationContam. soils $14/yd3Transportation pricing is based on bids peryd3or bbl.Burial (landfill) OBMs andcuttings$16/yd3Injection Producedwater$0.60/bblRecycling Tank bottoms $3.75/bblNM Gandy MarleyInc.Burial (landfill) WBMs andcuttings$16/yd3NA NA NA

### A-26TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsNM Goo Yea Corp. -Goo YeaLandfarm Inc.LandapplicationContam. soils $18/yd3$80/hr NA NA NANM Goo Yea Corp. -Rhino OilfieldDisposal Inc.LandapplicationContam. soils $18/yd3$80/hr NA NA NANM Jay DanLandfarm LLCLandapplicationContam. soils $14/yd3NA NA NABioremediation Contam. soils $20/yd3Facility bioremediates and manages mudsand cuttings through centrifuging,dewatering, recycling, and offering resultantwater for reuse (e.g., in frac jobs). Wastes areblended with soils, then a compost/organismis added. Transportation means include aregular vacuum ($65), a dump truck ($75/hr),and a king vacuum ($175/hr). Testing isundertaken to exclude high Cl-laden wastes.Bioremediation OBMs andcuttings$20/yd3LandapplicationOBMs andcuttings$20/yd3Bioremediation Tank bottoms $20/yd3Bioremediation WBMs andcuttings$20/yd3NM JFJ LandfarmInc.LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$20/yd3$65–$175/hrNA $0NM Jim’s WaterService ofNew MexicoTransportation ProducedwaterNA $1–$3/bbl NA NA Offers water hauling services only. Truckingfees increase with distance.NM Lea Land Inc. Burial (landfill) Contam. soils $14–$42/tonNA NA NA Facility does not accept anything with freeliquids. Facility is equipped with liner andleachate systems. Transportation fees varywith distance. Fuel surcharges apply.Generators fill out awaste profile documentidentifying the history of the waste stream.

### A-27TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsOBMs andcuttings$14–$42/tonWBMs andcuttings$14–$42/tonNM Loco HillsLandfarm LLCLandapplicationContam. soils $10/yd3NA NA NA NANM Loco Hills WaterDisposalEvaporation Producedwater$0.60/bbl NA NA NA NANM O K Hot OilService Inc.Injection Producedwater$0.50/bbl $75/hr NA NA NANM SaundersLandfarm LLCLandapplicationContam. soils $10–$12/yd3NA NA NA Facility does not accept salty waste streams.Burial (landfill) Contam. soils $18/yd3For produced water treatment, oil isskimmed off prior to evaporation.Burial (landfill) OBMs andcuttings$18/yd3Burial (landfill) Tank bottoms $18/yd3Burial (landfill) WBMs andcuttings$18/yd3NM SundanceServices Inc.Evaporation Producedwater$0.40/bblNA NA NALandapplicationContam. soils $12/bbl Produced water is evaporated in a pond.LandapplicationOBMs andcuttings$12/bblEvaporation Producedwater$0.78/bblNM T-N-TEnvironmentalInc.LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$12/bblNA NA $0

### A-28TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $15–$50/ton Incoming waste stream must be unregulated.In addition to disposal fee, county taxesaccrue. Liquid wastes undergo mixing withdry agents before being land-filled. Disposalfees for solids are $15/ton and $18/drum.Disposal fees for liquids are $22/drum and$50/ton. NORM analytes are sent to the OhioDepartment of Health and OhioEnvironmental Protection Agency fordisposal approval.NORM $15–$50/tonOBMs andcuttings$15–$50/tonProducedwater$15–$50/tonTank bottoms $15–$50/tonOH AmericanLandfill Inc.Burial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$15–$50/tonNA NA NAWBMs andcuttings$16–$65/ton Incoming waste stream must meet federalhazardous waste exemption. Disposal feesfor solid waste and liquid wastes are $16/tonand $65/ton. In addition to the disposal fee,county taxes accrue. Liquid wastes undergosolidification and mixing with dry wastesbefore being land-filled.NORM $16–$65/tonContam. soils $16–$65/tonOBMs andcuttings$16–$65/tonProducedwater$16–$65/tonOH CountywideLandfill andLandfill GasProcessing PlantBurial (landfill)Tank bottoms $16–$65/tonNA NA NA

### A-29TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $18/ton Incoming waste has to meet wasteacceptance standards in accordance with allapplicable regulatory requirements. Inaddition to disposal costs, county fees of upto $6.75/ton may accrue. Fees for rolloffcontainers and dump trucks vary withdistances and volumes.NORM $18/tonOBMs andcuttings$18/tonTank bottoms $18/tonOH WasteManagementInc. - CoshoctonLandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$18/tonNA $0.40/gal NAContam. soils $18/ton Incoming waste has to meet wasteacceptance standards in accordance with allapplicable regulatory requirements. Inaddition to disposal costs, county fees of upto $6.75/ton may accrue. Fees for rolloffcontainers and dump trucks vary withdistances and volumes.NORM $18/tonOBMs andcuttings$18/tonTank bottoms $18/tonOH WasteManagementInc. - MahoningLandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$18/tonNA $0.40/gal NAContam. soils $18/ton Incoming waste has to meet wasteacceptance standards in accordance with allapplicable regulatory requirements. Inaddition to disposal costs, county fees of upto $6.75/ton may accrue. Fees for rolloffcontainers and dump trucks vary withdistances and volumes.OH WasteManagementInc. - SuburbanLandfillBurial (landfill)NORM $18/tonNA $0.40/gal NA

### A-30TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsOBMs andcuttings$18/tonTank bottoms $18/tonWBMs andcuttings$18/tonContam. soils $8–$45/yd3Waste stream is fully reclaimed/recycled.The facility charges a fee of $8/yd3for soilcontaminated with Cl, and $45/yd3for soilcontaminated withhydrocarbons. Facilityprovides initial laboratory analyses. Finalanalytical conductedin EPA-certifiedlaboratory.OBMs andcuttings$16/bblProducedwater$25/loadTank bottoms $5/bblOK DRD WasteTreatmentSolutionsRecyclingWBMs andcuttings$75/load$90/hr NA NAProducedwater$0.35/bbl The disposal company is listed as FEMCO inthe phonebook, but as Webb Dozer on theinventory list provided by the OklahomaCorporation Commission. The fee is$125/load. A load equals roughly 100 bbl.OK Femco (WebbDozer)Burial (pit)WBMs andcuttings$1.25/bbl$75/hr NA NAOK Fugo Services -BlizzardInjection Producedwater$0.40/bbl $85/hr NA NA Fuel surcharge applied.OK Fugo Services -BucknerInjection Producedwater$0.40/bbl $85/hr NA NA Fuel surcharge applied.OK Fugo Services -MackeyInjection Producedwater$0.40/bbl $85/hr NA NA Fuel surcharge applied.OK Fugo Services -NicholsInjection Producedwater$0.40/bbl $85/hr NA NA Fuel surcharge applied.

### A-31TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsOK Fugo Services -QuintonInjection Producedwater$0.40/bbl $85/hr NA NA Fuel surcharge applied.Pit water $1.50/bbl Sister company can provide trucking service.Charge for semisolids of $75 is levied perBobtail load (roughly 14 yd3).OK Hamm & PhillipsServiceCompanyBurial (pit)WBMs andcuttings$1.50/bblNA NA NAOK Nichols WaterService Inc. -A.R. TurnerInjection Producedwater$0.30/bbl $75/hr NA NA NAOK Nichols WaterService Inc. -Nichols 1Injection Producedwater$0.30/bbl $75/hr NA NA NAOK Nichols WaterService Inc. -Nichols 2Injection Producedwater$0.30/bbl $70/hr NA NA NAOK Nichols WaterService Inc. -Nichols 3Injection Producedwater$0.30/bbl $75/hr NA NA NAOK O’Daniel Burial (pit) WBMs andcuttings$1/bbl NA NA NA NAInjection Producedwater$0.60–$0.65/bbl Quote in parentheticals reflects fee estimatesfor Bobtail and truck.OK Safe Earth Inc.Burial (pit) WBMs andcuttings$1.20/bbl ($100–$150/load)NA NA NAContam. soils $10/yd3Facility operates two lined lagoons (one8 acres, the other 10 acres). Water isevaporated, and the remainder is coveredwith soil. High end ofcharge reflects high Clwaste streams.OK Scott J. Inc.Oilfield MudDisposalBurial (pit)WBMs andcuttings$1–$2/bblNA NA NAOK T & S MudDisposalBurial (pit) Contam. soils $1/bbl NA NA $0 Facility is an open, lined pit. It manages salt-contaminants. Soils oroil-based muds andcuttings.

### A-32TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsInjection Producedwater$0.35/bblBurial (pit) WBMs andcuttings$1/bblOK Trout Disposal Injection Producedwater$0.60/bbl NA NA $0 NAOK Trout Disposal Burial (pit) WBMs andcuttings$1/bbl NA NA $0 NAPA CastleEnvironmentalInc.Discharge(POTW)Producedwater$0.025–$0.050/gal $85/hr NA NA The facility operates a nonhazardouswastewater processing facility. Treatmentinvolves chemical precipitation andfiltration. For the resultant water from theprocess, the facility holds an IndustrialDischarge Permit (Wastewater DischargePermit #1-06-A) issued for the discharge ofindustrial waste for treatment at the NewCastle Sanitation Authority’s WastewaterTreatment Plant. The facility can providevacuum truck services, pickup, andtransportation.PA Hart ResourceTechnologiesDischarge(NPDES)Producedwater$0.0525/gal NA NA NA Treatment involves chemical precipitationand removal of oils and heavy metals.Surface water discharge occurs underNPDES permit issued by the state.PA MoshannonValley SewerAuthorityDischarge(POTW)Producedwater$0.015/gal NA NA NA Facility receivesmainly gas field frac waterand, on an intermittent basis, brines that arenot strong.PA PennsylvaniaBrine TreatmentDischarge(NPDES)Producedwater$ 0.055/gal NA NA NA Facility useschemical precipitation andgenerates nonhazardous residual sludge thatis land-filled offsite at a PADEP-permittedfacility. The treated water is then dischargedto surface waters under an NPDES permit.Trucking service will be arranged by request.Charges by volume vary with distance.

### A-33TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsDischarge(NPDES)Pit water $0.045/gal Facility usesan innovative process to treatpit water (containing some oil-based mudsand cuttings). It combines acid minedrainage from an abandoned coal mine withthe produced water. Sulfates in the minedrainage help remove contaminants from theproduced water. Following several treatmentsteps, the treated wastewater is discharged toa river under the authority of an NPDESpermit. Any solids are sent to a landfill. Tankbottoms are heated and oil is reclaimed.PA TunneltonLiquids CoDischarge(NPDES)Producedwater$0.045/galNA NA NATX Basic EnergyServices - DuvalBurial (pit) WBMs andcuttings$1–$2/bbl $73.50/hr NA NA Disposal feerange captures $2.50/bbl forwater-based muds, and $7.50/yd3for shellcuttings. Transportation fee is further subjectto insurance and a fuel surcharge of 14%.TX Basic EnergyServices –JacksonLandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$2.50/bbl–$7.50/yd3$73.50/hr NA NA Disposal fee range captures $2.50/bbl forwater-based muds, and $7.50/yd3for shellcuttings. Transportation fee is further subjectto insurance and a fuel surcharge of 14%.TX Basic EnergyServices -JeffersonLandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$2.50/bbl–$7.50/yd3$73.50/hr NA NA Disposal fee range captures $2.50/bbl forwater-based muds, and $7.50/yd3for shellcuttings. Transportation fee is further subjectto insurance and a fuel surcharge of 14%.

### A-34TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $6–$15/bbl $55–75/hr $150/job $0 The Texas disposal facility is a disposalcavern. Displaced brine out of a cavern isinjected into a permitted saltwater disposalwell. The disposal fees are different,depending on the type of waste and thedelivery point of the waste. The farther awaythe transfer station is from the plant, thehigher the fee—transportation is the mainreason for this. CCS occasionally providestrucking services from the well site to itsfacilities. It does not provide trucking fromits plant to the landfills because the landfillcompany takes title to these solids as theyleave the gate at their plant. CCS does,however, provide trucking from its dockfacility in Texas to its cavern disposal site.Two types of trucks are utilized—vacuumtrucks for liquids and end dumps for solids.The cost of trucking varies widely,depending entirely upon the distance thetruck must travel. Typically, trucks charge bythe hour; $55 to $75 is typical. There aretimes when CCS offers the trucking serviceas part of a turnkey fee, which is added to thewaste price and presented to the generator asone lump sum $/bbl fee. CCS only does thiswhen the distance to be traveled is short. Itshould be noted that the majority of thebusiness (+/– 70%) is generated fromoffshore or near offshore operations. CCSuses its fleet ofUSCG-approved hopperbarges (~ 6,500 bbl each) to transport thiswaste from its transfer stations to itstreatment/disposal facilities. Many timesTX CCS EnergyServices LLC -Kiva (Direct)Cavern

### A-35TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $6–$15/bbl CCS rents the barge(s) to the generator whoplaces the barge(s) at the rig. CCS eitherrents these barges on a $/day rate ($300/day-$500/day) or add it into their $/bbl fee.When CCS rents out barges, it may eitheruse its tugs or let the generator use its tugsfor transportation to its facilities. Thecleaning fees for trucks, boats, cuttingsboxes, and others vary widely. Simple truckwashouts may be $150, while large dirty boattanks may be $10,000 +. Boxes andcontainers are usually charged by the bbl ofwash water used or added to the cost of muddisposal. Typically, no lab fees are chargedto the generator unless there is a specificreason to conduct a more in-depth analysis.Each of CCS ’s facilities is required to haveits own lab. Every shipment of E&P wastemust be analyzed for a few parameters (thesewill vary slightly from state to state)—typical analyses are NORM, EC, Cl, H2S,temperature, and pH. Many other fees can becharged depending on the job beingperformed (e.g., crane time, labor, otherequipment time, and others).OBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblProducedwater$0.50–$3/bblTank bottoms $6–$15/bblWBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblContam. soils $6–$15/bbl Same as CCS —Kiva.TX CCS EnergyServices LLC -Moss BluffCavernOBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bbl$55–$75/hr$150/job $0

### A-36TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsProducedwater$0.50–$3/bblTank bottoms $6–$15/bbl(Direct)WBMs andcuttings$6–$15/bblContam. soils $0.55/lb Fee assumes a solid waste stream.Incineration becomes the disposal avenuewhen the waste stream is hydrocarbon-laden.Transportation fee isbased on load miles.Generator conducts independent analyses.OBMs andcuttings$0.45/lbProducedwater$0.02–$0.20/lbTank bottoms $0.45/lbTX Clean HarborsEnvironmentalServices - DeerPark LPThermaltreatmentWBMs andcuttings$0.45/lbNA NA NAContam. soils $2–$7/bbl Some materials may require preconditioningor further slurrification. Contaminated soilsincur a fee at the higher end of the range.OBMs andcuttings$2–$7/bblProducedwater$0.30–$0.40/bblTank bottoms $2–$7/bblTX Coastal CavernsInc.CavernWBMs andcuttings$2–$7/bblNA NA NA

### A-37TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $25–$30/yd3Trucks hauling liquid waste unload into threeholding tanks. Dry material is stacked fortreatment on dump pads. When processing,the material is conveyed to the mixingpugmill where it is blended with drychemicals for stabilization and solidification.After the material has been processed, it ishauled by a front-end loader to one of threetemporary holding areas where it is allowedto fully cure before being disposed of onsite.A record of each load received is kept bymanifest in the office. The company chargesfor tank washing $48/hr.OBMs andcuttings$9/bblProducedwater$5/bblTank bottoms $12/bblTX Eco MudDisposal - AliceFacilityTreatmentWBMs andcuttings$3/bblNA NA NAOBMs andcuttings$30/yd3Trucking services provided by sistercompany. Fees vary by loads. In thealternative, fees are assessed on an hourlybasis ($60 h + fuel surcharge).TX J. MossInvestmentsInc. - BustamanteFacilityBurial (pit)WBMs andcuttings$7/bblNA NA NATX Karon Smith Burial (pit) WBMs andcuttings$2/bbl NA NA NA NATX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Amando, WebbCounty SchoolLand,Mckendrick, andBarkerInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.

### A-38TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Bettie Unit,Porter/Holland,and Sebesta EarlInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Bloes, andThornton/HenryInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -BrowNAlma, andJeter-FarmerInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Burns andHanselman Unit1Injection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Carthage Loop,Deberry, PanolaCounty Disposal,Reed, andSinglton FeeInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -CaseInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -CashburnInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.

### A-39TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -CooperInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -DasaniInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -EarlyInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Freestone County(2)Injection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Gangl UnitInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Gayle (2)Injection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Gutierrez (2),Leonard,Medina/Lozano, Villareal(3), and Ramirez,MariaInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flow-back. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.

### A-40TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Hunt/William,and BrushyCreek Gas UnitInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -HutsonInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -JoaquinInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Kinder/GeorgeInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -KristinaInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Live Oak CountyInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NATX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Mckeown andMeisenheimerInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Moser (2)Injection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.

### A-41TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Nichols UnitInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Peterson, T.M.Injection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -South TexasDisposal Inc.Injection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -StandiferInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -TeetersInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -Vick and LisaInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -WashingtonCounty, ClayCreek East Unit,and LindaInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.TX Key EnergyServices, Inc. -YoungbloodInjection Producedwater$0.75/bbl $65/hr NA NA Facility manages produced water and alsosome flowback. The water goes into asaltwater disposal well. Any solids go to alicensed disposal facility.

### A-42TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsTX Lotus LLC Cavern NORM $150–$300/bbl NA $150/hr $110–$150/testMedia are slurrified prior to injection.Transportation fee accrues by the hour(vacuum truck) or by the mile (other trucks).TX Mo-Vac ServiceCo. Inc. -AndrewsInjection Producedwater$0.50/bbl $69/hr NA NA Transportation fee is currently subject to a16% fuel surcharge. Lab work is outsourcedand paid by the generator. The facilityconducts testing for Cl, since it is subject to aceiling of maximum Cl of 3,000 mg/LTX Mo-Vac ServiceCo. Inc. –Ganaway FacilityBurial (pit) WBMs andcuttings$3/bbl $69/hr NA NA Transportation fee is currently subject to a16% fuel surcharge. Lab work is outsourcedand paid by the generator. The facilityconducts testing for Cl, since it is subject to aceiling of maximum Cl of 3,000 mg/L.TX NewparkEnvironmentalServices - BigHill (Direct)Injection(solids)NORM $150–$300/bbl NA NA $0 Disposal process involves slurrification andinjection. Newpark leases barges. It takescustody at the transfer station. Lab analysis isconducted for pH and Cl.Contam. soils $5–$10/bbl Disposal process involves slurrification andinjection. Fees for contaminated soils, oil-based muds and cuttings, and tank bottomswill be at the higher end of the range.Disposal fees may be higher than the rangeindicated. The range given here excludes atransfer-related increment. Newpark leasesbarges. It takes custody at the transferstation. Lab analysis is conducted for pH andCl.OBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblProducedwater$5–$10/bblTank bottoms $5–$10/bblTX NewparkEnvironmentalServices - Farnett(Direct)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblNA NA $0TX Newpark Injection Contam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl NA NA $0 Same as Newpark—Fannett.

### A-43TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsOBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblProducedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblEnvironmentalServices -Galveston(Transfer)(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblContam. soils $5.50–$10.50/bbl Same as Newpark—Fannett.OBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblProducedwater$5.50–$10.50/bblTank bottoms $5.50–$10.50/bblTX NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Ingleside(Transfer)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5.50–$10.50/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5–$10/bbl Sameas Newpark—Fannett.OBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblProducedwater$5–$10/bblTank bottoms $5–$10/bblTX NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Permian Basin -Andrews (Direct)CavernWBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5–$10/bbl Sameas Newpark—Fannett.OBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblProducedwater$5–$10/bblTank bottoms $5–$10/bblTX NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Permian Basin -Big Spring(Direct)CavernWBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5–$10/bbl Sameas Newpark—Fannett.TX NewparkEnvironmentalServices -CavernOBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblNA NA $0

### A-44TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsProducedwater$5–$10/bblTank bottoms $5–$10/bblPermian Basin -Fort Stockton(Direct)WBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblContam. soils $5–$10/bbl Sameas Newpark—Fannett.OBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblProducedwater$5–$10/bblTank bottoms $5–$10/bblTX NewparkEnvironmentalServices -Permian Basin -Plains (Direct)CavernWBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblNA NA $0Contam. soils $5–$10/bbl The PortArthur treatment facility isauthorized to receive nonhazardous oil andgas wastes. Pits are authorized for temporarystorage of processed solids generated onsitefrom the treatment of nonhazardous oil fieldwaste. Other pits are authorized to receivewash water from washout of containers usedto transport waste material to the facility.OBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblProducedwater$5–$10/bblTank bottoms $5–$10/bblTX NewparkEnvironmentalServices - PortArthur (Transfer)Injection(solids)WBMs andcuttings$5–$10/bblNA NA $0TX S & D Services –FloydInjection Producedwater$0.40–$4/bbl NA NA NA Fee depends on how “dirty” the water is ineach case.

### A-45TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $6/bbl Materials are injected in a slurry form.Disposal fee is a flat rate. Washoutoperations average 30 minutes ($50).Cavern disposal is notused for brine. Tayloroperates regular ClassII saltwater injectionwells in Texas, where fees average$0.70/bbl.OBMs andcuttings$6/bblTank bottoms $6/bblTX Taylor DisposalOperating Inc. -Caverns 1 & 2CavernWBMs andcuttings$6/bbl$75/hr $100/hr NATX Taylor DisposalOperating Inc. -ButlerInjection Producedwater$0.70/bbl $75/hr $100/hr NA Washoutoperations average 30 minutes($50).

### A-46TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $14/bbl NA NA NA Wastes are dried and disked. Then solids areplaced in a landfill. USLL does not own oroperate its own trucking service to pick upwastes from a well site and transport them tothe disposal site. However, USLL does havea list of approved trucking companies foreach of its operating locations to provide theoperator if needed. The following aretransportation-related fees: $95 fortrucking/transportation; $75 for Bobcat withoperator; $225 for crane with operator; $75for forklift with operator; and $175 for trackhoe with operator. Other handling chargesinclude $75 for container handling (dumpand rinse 25 bbl or less); $45 for containerrehandling (25 bbl or less); $150 for drumhandling; $100 truck washout without washwater; $300 for gauging/waste volumeverification; $3,125 forbarge cleaning (opentop shale, 1,500 bbl or less); and $3,750(open top shale, 1,500 to 3,000 bbl).Third-party equipment triggers cost plus15%. USLL does perform analyses onincoming waste, but does not charge for thisservice. USLL checks the following on allloads: pH, EC (soluble salts), NORMscreening, oil and grease content, mudweight, and percentage of solids.OBMs andcuttings$12.75/bblTank bottoms $14/bblTX US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Galveston(Transfer)Burial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$10.75/bblTX US Liquids of Burial (landfill) Contam. soils $7.71/bbl NA NA NA Same as USLL—Galveston.

### A-47TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsNon-injectable dirtwater$3.25–$9.25/bblOBMs andcuttings$7.71–$9.25/bblTank bottoms $10.50/bblLouisiana LP -Rincon (Direct)WBMs andcuttings$3.25/bblContam. soils $6.67/bbl Same as USLL—Galveston.Non-injectable dirtwater$3.25–$9.25/bblOBMs andcuttings$6.67–$8.50/bblTank bottoms $10.50/bblTX US Liquids ofLouisiana LP -Zapata (Direct)Burial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$2.61/bblNA NA NAContam. soils $3.50/bbl NAOBMs andcuttings$3.50/bblTank bottoms $3.50/bblTX Wasson SolidWaste DisposalSystem LLCCavernWBMs andcuttings$3.50/bblNA NA NATX Wasson SolidWaste DisposalSystem LLC -RCC District8A/YoakumCountyInjection Producedwater$0.50/bbl NA NA NA NA

### A-48TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsLandapplicationContam. soils $7.50/yd3Solids are mixed with soils and placed atlocations that do not have storm waterrunoffs. Facility offers two types of trucks.The Bobtail is available for $80/hr, the130-bbl capacity truck is available for$95/hr.Produced water is force evaporated in a pondthat has a polyethylene liner. The facilityoffers two types of trucks. The Bobtail isavailable for $80/hr, the 130-bbl capacitytruck is available for $95/hr.LandapplicationOBMs andcuttings$7.50/yd3Evaporation Producedwater$1/bblLandapplicationTank bottoms $7.50/yd3UT A-1 Tank Rentaland Brine Svs.Inc.LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$7.50/yd3NA NA NAContam. soils $8/bbl Wastes go intoa concrete pit. The water istaken off and goes into a water-cleaningsystem. Remaining dirtis used for futurepond embankment. Produced water isunloaded into pits. The oil on top is removedby vacuum truck.OBMs andcuttings$8/bblProducedwater$0.87/bblTank bottoms $5/bblUT Brennan BottomDisposalBurial (pit)WBMs andcuttings$8/bblNA NA

### A-49TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsUT Clean HarborsEnvironmentalServices -AragoniteFacilityThermaltreatmentContam. soils $0.17–$0.20/lb NA NA Nonhazardous, non-RCRA muds, cuttings,contaminated soils, and tank bottoms areusually landfilled (at sister facility GrassyMountain). However, certain hydrocarbonsoils are incinerated. Waste streams must bepreapproved. Trucking fees vary by distance.Contam. soils $68–$80/drum Rates decrease with a higher number ofdrums. Bulk rates are $30/ton to $50/ton.Waste streams mustbe preapproved.Trucking fees vary by distance. Incomingwaste stream must be preapproved. NORMrequires special authorization. Truckingservice can be provided and fees aredistance-driven.NORM $135/tonOBMs andcuttings$68–$80/drumTank bottoms $68–$80/drumUT Clean HarborsEnvironmentalServices - GrassyMountainLandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$68–$80/drumNA NAContam. soils $100/ton Cost estimates represent the minimum.Major waste streams are muds and cuttingsand tank bottoms. Water is evaporated, thenthe remaining materials are mixed with dirtand remediated.OBMs andcuttings$100/tonProducedwater$100/tonTank bottoms $100/tonUT LaPoint Recycleand StorageLandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$100/ton$100/hr NA NA

### A-50TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsLandapplicationOBMs andcuttings$4/bbl Treatment prior to actual land farminginvolves bacteria and blending with dirt.Major waste streams are muds and cuttingsand produced water.Aeration process uses a sprinkler.Evaporation Producedwater$0.50–$0.75/bblTank bottoms $4/bblUT MC & MCDisposalLandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$4/bbl$80/hr NA NAUT Montezuma WellServiceEvaporation Producedwater$1.23/bbl $62/hr NA NA Facility handles produced water only.Predecessor used to manage muds andcuttings and soils. Disposal fee is $98 perload (80-bbl tank).UT Nick’s DisposalPit LLCBurial (pit) Contam. soils $36/yd3NA NA NA This small-scale facility handlesspill-contaminated soils. The pit is tar-lined.Producedwater$0.85/bbl Facility can conduct laboratory analyses.This depends on the generator.Tank bottoms $0.85/bblUT R.N. Industries EvaporationWBMs andcuttings$0.85/bbl$100/hr NAWV Allied WasteManagement Inc.- SycamoreLandfillBurial (landfill) Contam. soils $28.75/ton NA NA The State of West Virginia requiresanalytical characterization of special wastesand approval of disposal by the WVDEP.WVDEP requires that waste streams destinedfor landfills must be more than 10% solid.Otherwise, wastewater treatment presents theappropriate option. Facility stipulates that thewaste stream must notcontain any free liquidand pass the paint filter test. Facilityconducts profiling for state approval andinternal company approval. For large bulkjobs, the rate may drop to $23.75/ton. Costsinclude tipping and other fees.

### A-51TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsOBMs andcuttings$28.75/tonTank bottoms $28.75/tonWBMs andcuttings$28.75/tonWV Base Petroleum Injection Producedwater$1/bbl NA NA NA Trucking/pickup services need to becontracted with a third party. Samplingconducted.WV Danny WebConstructionInjection Producedwater$1/bbl NA NA NA Facility offers trucking services through acontractor either on a per-hour basis orconsolidated-bid basis (one price in multi-year jobs). Sampling conducted.Contam. soils $38–$75/ton The State of West Virginia requiresanalytical characterization of special wastesand approval of disposal by the WVDEP.WVDEP requires that waste streams destinedfor landfills must be more than 10% solid.Otherwise, wastewater treatment presents theappropriate option. Facility does not acceptwaste streams with free liquids. RyanEnvironmental provides the solidificationcapability for the landfill. Disposal fees are$38 for a waste stream containing 20% ormore solids, and $75 for waste streamscontaining less than 20% of solids andnecessitating solidification. The facility doesnot offer trucking service but contracts witha third company to provide dump trucks androlloff containers. Quotes are distance- andcase-specific. NORM is accepted on a case-by-case basis.NORM $38–$75/tonWV WasteManagement Inc.- MeadowfillLandfillBurial (landfill)OBMs andcuttings$38–$75/tonNA NA NA

### A-52TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsProducedwater$38–$75/tonTank bottoms $38–$75/tonWBMs andcuttings$38–$75/tonContam. soils $30–$60/ton The State of West Virginia requiresanalytical characterization of special wastesand approval of disposal by the WVDEP.WV requires that waste streams destined forlandfills must be more than 10% solid.Otherwise, wastewater treatment presents theappropriate option. The facility runs asolidification pit and uses kiln dust. Fees are$30 for “solid” waste streams and $60 forwaste streams requiring solidification.Facility has a hauling division and usescontractors. Fees are job-specific. NORM isaccepted on a case-by-case basis.NORM $30–$60/tonOBMs andcuttings$30–$60/tonProducedwater$30–$60/tonTank bottoms $30–$60/tonWV WasteManagement Inc.- NorthwesternLandfillBurial (landfill)WBMs andcuttings$30–$60/tonNA NA NAPit water $3.50/bbl Facility is in the process of building a plantfor reuse.WY AnticlineDisposal LLCEvaporationProducedwater$3.50/bblNA NA NAWY High PlainsResources Inc. -ParkmanReservoirBurial (pit) OBMs andcuttings$17/bbl NA NA NA Recovered product processed for resale.The lower end of the fee is for methaneproduction water, the higher end is forcompressor oil production water.

### A-53TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsProducedwater$1.75–$4/bblTank bottoms $17/bblWBMs andcuttings$17/bblOBMs andcuttings$2–$8/bbl Facility uses gravity separation and open pitevaporation. Linings are ensuring minimalexfiltration. Trucking service incurs avarying per-barrel fee. Facility is consideringmoving from open pitsto injection.Producedwater$1.50/bblWY Jim’s WaterService - McBethPitsBurial (pit)WBMs andcuttings$2–$8/bblNA NA NAWY Joe ScottEnterprises LLC- Reed Fee 22-20Injection Producedwater$3/bbl NA NA NA This is a commercial UIC Class I well.WY Mel’s WaterServiceInjection Producedwater$2/bbl $85/hr NA NA The facilityis a commercial UIC Class Iwell.Contam. soils $50–$120/yd3Bioremediation involves composting.WY NewparkEnvironmentalServicesBioremediationOBMs andcuttings$50–$120/yd3NA NA NAWY NewparkEnvironmentalServicesDischarge(NPDES)Producedwater$2.50–$3.50/bbl NA NA NA Water treatment module involves reverseosmosis.WY Oilfield DisposalServices Inc.Evaporation Producedwater$2.05/bbl $66/hr NA NA Transportation costs are charged by the houror by the mile, depending on the distance.The hourly charge is for an 80-bbl truck.WY Piney Company Evaporation Contam. soils $8.50/bbl NANA NA Technology is spray evaporation. Fees rangeconsiderably on a case-by-case basis. Itdepends on the “heaviness” of the wastestream. The figure indicated represents thevery minimum.

### A-54TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsOBMs andcuttings$8.50/bblProducedwater$2.05/bblWBMs andcuttings$8.50/bblContam. soils $8.50/bbl Technology isspray evaporation. Fees rangeconsiderably on a case-by-case basis. Itdepends on the “heaviness” of the wastestream. The figure indicated represents thevery minimum.OBMs andcuttings$8.50/bblProducedwater$2.05/bblWY R&G Inc. EvaporationWBMs andcuttings$8.50/bblNA NA NAWY SamsonResources -WamsutterEvaporation Producedwater$2.02/bbl NA NA NA Treatment involves freeze-thaw. Producedwater is air-sprayed in the winter. Ice padsform, and heavier brine collects at thebottom. The brine is injected. After melting,the freshwater is tested and land-applied.Contam. soils $55/ton Cheaper rate applies in-county. Facility usesevaporation ponds for production water.OBMs andcuttings$55/tonProducedwater$2.50–$3/bblTank bottoms $55/tonWY SweetwaterCounty SolidWaste DisposalDistrict #1LandapplicationWBMs andcuttings$55/tonNA NA NA

### A-55TABLE A.1StateDisposalCompany andFacility NameDisposalMethodType ofWasteDisposal CostTransport-ation CostCost forCleaningContainersCost forLaboratoryAnalysisCommentsContam. soils $8.50/bbl Technology isspray evaporation. Fees rangeconsiderably on a case-by-case basis. Itdepends on the “heaviness” of the wastestream. The figure indicated represents thevery minimum.OBMs andcuttings$8.50/bblProducedwater$2.05/bblWY Waste Inc. EvaporationWBMs andcuttings$8.50/bblNA NA NAWY Yellow CreekProduction andWater DisposalLLC - CarpenteInjection Producedwater$3/bbl NA NA NA This is a commercial UIC Class I well.aAbbreviations: Cl = chlorides; CCS = CCSEnergy Services LLC; E&P = exploration andproduction; EC = electrical conductivity;EPA = U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency; H2S = hydrogen sulfide; NA = not applicable;NORM = naturally occurring radioactive material; NPDES = National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System;OBM = oil-based materials; PADEP = Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection;POTW = publicly owned treatment works;PSC = PSC IndustrialOutsourcing, Inc.; RCRA = Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; TCLP = toxicity characteristic leaching procedure; TDS = ?; TOU = thermal oxidation unit; UIC =underground injection control; USCG = United States Coast Guard; USLL = US Liquids ofLouisiana LP; WBM = water-based material;WVDEP = West VirginiaDepartment of Environmental Protection.

### A-56