09-3908-cv

EM Ltd. v. The Republic of Argentina

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

3

4 SUMMARY ORDER

5

6 RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER

7 FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE

8 PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT

9 FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC

10 DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE

11 A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

12

13 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at

14 the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New

15 York, on the 3 day of August, two thousand ten. rd

16

17 PRESENT:

18 BARRINGTON D. PARKER,

19 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

20 DENNY CHIN,

21 Circuit Judges.

22 __________________________________________

23

24 EM Ltd., 

25

26 Plaintiff-Appellee,

27

28 v. 09-3908-cv, 09-3928-cv

29

30 The Republic of Argentina,

31

32 Defendant-Appellant, 

33

34 Banco de la Nación Argentina,

35

36 Interested-Non-Party-Appellant.

37 __________________________________________

38

39 NML Capital, Ltd., 

40

41 Plaintiff-Appellee,

42

43 v. 09-3910-cv, 09-3934-cv
2

1

2 The Republic of Argentina,

3

4 Defendant-Appellant, 

5

6 Banco de la Nación Argentina,

7

8 Interested-Non-Party-Appellant.

9

10 __________________________________________

11

12 NML Capital, Ltd., 

13

14 Plaintiff-Appellee,

15

16 v. 09-3926-cv, 09-3937-cv

17

18 The Republic of Argentina,

19

20 Defendant-Appellant, 

21

22 Banco de la Nación Argentina,

23

24 Interested-Non-Party-Appellant.

25 __________________________________________

26

27 NML Capital, Ltd., 

28

29 Plaintiff-Appellee,

30

31 v. 09-3927-cv, 09-3931-cv

32

33 The Republic of Argentina,

34

35 Defendant-Appellant, 

36

37 Banco de la Nación Argentina,

38

39 Interested-Non-Party-Appellant.

40 __________________________________________

41

42 NML Capital, Ltd., 

43

44 Plaintiff-Appellee,
3

1

2 v. 09-3929-cv, 09-3932-cv

3

4 The Republic of Argentina,

5

6 Defendant-Appellant, 

7

8 Banco de la Nación Argentina,

9

10 Interested-Non-Party-Appellant.

11 __________________________________________

12

13 

14 FOR APPELLANT: CARMINE D. BOCCUZZI (JONATHAN I. BLACKMAN,

15 CHRISTOPHER P. MOORE, on the brief), Cleary Gottlieb Steen

16 & Hamilton LLP, New York, NY

17

18 FOR INTERESTED-NON19 PARTY-APPELLANT: MARK S. SULLIVAN (LAURA M. LESTRADE, on the brief), 

20 Dorsey & Whitney LLP, New York, NY

21

22 FOR APPELLEE EM LTD.: DAVID W. RIVKIN, JOHN B. MISSING, SUZANNE M.

23 GROSSO, on the brief, Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York,

24 NY

25

26 FOR APPELLEE

27 NML CAPITAL, LTD.: DENNIS H. HRANITZKY (ROBERT A. COHEN , DAVID M. 

28 BIGGE, on the brief), Dechert LLP, New York, NY

29

30 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

31 DECREED that the judgment of the district court be AFFIRMED.

32 Defendant-Appellant the Republic of Argentina (“Republic”) and Interested-Non-Party33 Appellant Banco de la Nación Argentina (“BNA”) (together, “Appellants”) appeal from an August

34 18, 2009 opinion and order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

35 (Griesa, J.) granting the motions of Plaintiffs-Appellees EM Ltd. and NML Capital, Ltd.

36 (“Appellees”) to confirm ex parte orders dated May 22, 2007 restraining and attaching certain assets

37 of the Republic in a trust (the “BH Trust”) administered by the U.S. Bank Trust National
4

1 Association (“U.S. Bank Trust”) and denying BNA’s motion to vacate these orders. We assume the

2 parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and the issues on appeal. For the

3 reasons that follow, we reject the Appellants’ arguments and affirm the opinion and order of the

4 district court.

5 1. Availability of Assets for Attachment and Restraint

6 As the district court explained—and as the parties do not challenge—a federal court employs

7 the attachment and execution procedures provided by the law of the state in which the court sits.

8 Fed. R. Civ. P. 69(a); see Alliance Bond Fund, Inc. v. Grupo Mexicano De Desarrollo, S.A., 190

9 F.3d 16, 20 (2d Cir. 1999) (applying Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69(a) and, hence, New York

10 law, in an Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602-11, action). In this case,

11 therefore, the district court properly employed the procedures provided under New York law. 

12 Some of the orders confirmed by the district court were pre-judgment attachments and some

13 were post-judgment restraints; the requirements under New York law are similar for both. See N.Y.

14 C.P.L.R. §§ 5201(b), 6202. At issue here is the requirement that, if the attachment or restraint is

15 served on a person other than the defendant, that entity must, at the time of attachment be “in the

16 possession or custody of property in which [such person] knows or has reason to believe” the

17 defendant or judgment debtor has an interest. N.Y. C.P.L.R. §§ 5222(b), 6214(b). We review the

18 district court’s ruling on a request for order of attachment for abuse of discretion. Aurelius Capital

19 Partners, LP v. Republic of Argentina, 584 F.3d 120, 129 (2d Cir. 2009). “The district court abuses

20 its discretion if it applies legal standards incorrectly, relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or

21 proceeds on the basis of an erroneous view of the applicable law.” Id. We review de novo the

22 district court’s determination of Argentine law, Norwind v. Rowland, 584 F.3d 420, 429 (2d Cir.
5

1 2009), and choice of law decision, Curley v. AMR Corp., 153 F.3d 5, 11 (2d Cir. 1998).

2 The district court determined that, after “weigh[ing] plaintiffs’ offer of proof against the

3 contrary evidence offered by BNA,” see Capital Ventures Int’l v. Republic of Argentina, 443 F.3d

4 214, 222 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining that a “court presented with an application for an order of

5 attachment must determine whether a statutory ground for attachment exists” by “weighing . . . [the]

6 evidence”), the Public Funds, which have the right to receive distributions from the BH Trust, are

7 “part of the Republic” and their rights to receive distributions from the BH Trust were therefore

8 properly attached. The court also concluded that the corpus of the BH Trust was properly attached.

9 Appellants have not pointed to anything in the record that leads us to conclude that the district court

10 abused its discretion when it found that the evidence weighed in favor of Appellees here. For the

11 reasons articulated by the district court, therefore, we agree that the record shows that the Republic,

12 on numerous occasions, took action consistent with discretionary use of the Public Funds as part of

13 the Republic itself and that the Funds were properly attached and restrained to satisfy the debts of

14 the Republic.

15 We further affirm the district court’s decision to confirm the orders attaching or restraining

16 the assets in the BH Trust. Appellants’ primary argument that attachment and restraint of these

17 assets was in error is that the BH Trust is a valid trust under Argentine law and the assets in the trust

18 belong to the trust itself, not to the Republic. “[T]he FSIA implicitly requires courts to apply the

19 choice of law provisions of the forum state with respect to all issues governed by state substantive

20 law.” Barkanic v. Gen. Admin. of Civil Aviation of the People’s Republic of China, 923 F.2d 957,

21 959 (2d Cir. 1991); see also Karaha Bodas Co., L.L.C. v. Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak Dan

22 Gas Bumi Negara, 313 F.3d 70, 85 (2d Cir. 2002) (“[I]n FSIA cases, we use the forum state’s choice
6

1 of law rules to resolve all issues, except jurisdictional ones.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

2 Under New York law, “[t]he first step in any case presenting a potential choice of law issue is to

3 determine whether there is an actual conflict between the laws of the jurisdictions involved.” Id. If

4 a conflict is identified, New York requires application of an “interests analysis” in which “the law

5 of the jurisdiction having the greatest interest in the litigation [is] applied and . . . the facts or

6 contacts which obtain significance in defining State interests are those which relate to the purpose

7 of the particular law in conflict.” Id. Finally, “New York law requires the court to honor the parties’

8 choice [of law provision] insofar as matters of substance are concerned, so long as fundamental

9 policies of New York law are not thereby violated.” Woodling v. Garrett Corp., 813 F.2d 543, 551

10 (2d Cir. 1987). 

11 We therefore look to New York law to determine whether the BH Trust is a valid trust. Here,

12 the record supports the conclusion that, despite the choice of law provision in the BH Trust

13 agreement purporting to establish a trust pursuant to Argentine law, New York law would not

14 recognize it as such since enforcing the trust agreement would violate “fundamental policies” of

15 New York law. Both parties agree that, under Argentine law, the BH Trust is a valid trust that

16 would be protected from the Republic’s creditors. However, in New York, “[i]t is against public

17 policy to permit the settlor-beneficiary to tie up her own property in such a way that she can still

18 enjoy it but can prevent her creditors from reaching it.” Vanderbilt Credit Corp. v. Chase

19 Manhattan Bank, NA, 100 A.D.2d 544, 546, 473 N.Y.S.2d 242, 246 (2d Dep’t 1984). For instance,

20 “a judgment creditor may reach the corpus of the trust if the trust agreement grants the trustee the

21 power to invade the corpus and pay the entire principal to the settlor.” In re Portnoy, 201 B.R. 685,

22 698 (S.D.N.Y. 1996).
7

1 According to the trust agreement, the corpus of the BH Trust is to be sold and distributed by

2 order of the BH Trust trustee. However, it is the Assistance Fund—through its Executive

3 Committee, members of which are appointed by the federal government—that directs the trustee of

4 the BH Trust when to sell American Depository Shares (“ADSs”) so that the proceeds can be

5 distributed to the Assistance Fund and then used to capitalize the Infrastructure Fund. As the district

6 court determined, the Assistance Fund is actually part of the Republic. In effect, then, the assets that

7 comprise the corpus of the BH Trust are controlled directly by the Republic. Because the Republic

8 has the current authority to direct disposition of the corpus of the BH Trust for its own benefit, we

9 believe that, for reasons of long-standing public policy, New York law would not recognize the BH

10 Trust as a valid trust entitled to protection against creditors. Thus, it was not error for the district

11 court to confirm the orders attaching and restraining the corpus of the BH Trust.

12 Appellants additionally argue, with regard to the Public Funds, that the district court erred

13 in performing a choice of law analysis and determining that neither Argentine or New York law

14 would consider them to be valid trusts. We need not opine on the choice of law question with regard

15 to the Public Trusts because even under Appellants’ suggested analysis pursuant to Argentine law,

16 for the reasons articulated in the district court’s opinion, which we have reviewed de novo, we agree

17 with the district court that the Public Funds are not valid trusts protected from attachment and

18 restraint.

19 Finally, we agree with the district court that the Public Funds are not protected by First

20 National City Bank v. Banco Para El Comercio Exterior de Cuba (“Bancec”), 462 U.S. 611 (1983),

21 in which the Supreme Court held that “duly created instrumentalities of a foreign state are to be

22 accorded a presumption of independent status.” Id. at 627. Whether an entity is an instrumentality

23 or an agency of the foreign state is determined by considering “whether the core functions” of the
8

1 entity “are predominately governmental or commercial.” Garb v. Republic of Poland, 440 F.3d 579,

2 594 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omited). If the entity at issue is an instrumentality of

3 the foreign state, its property cannot be used to satisfy the judgments of that state. See De Letelier

4 v. Republic of Chile, 748 F.2d 790, 795 (2d Cir. 1984). The Bancec presumption can be overcome

5 if, under the principles of corporate law, the separate juridical status of the instrumentality should

6 be disregarded. Id. at 794; EM Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 473 F.3d 463, 477 (2d Cir. 2007).

7 Here, we need not decide whether the Funds are or are not entitled to the Bancec

8 presumption as instrumentalities of the Republic since, even if they are, we would determine that

9 the Funds are “so extensively controlled by [their] owner that a relationship of principal and agent

10 is created” such that the presumption would be overcome. See Bancec, 462 U.S. at 629. The

11 Assistance Fund is controlled by state appointees who make decisions about when to access the

12 assets in the BH Trust in order to effectuate the goals of the Infrastructure Fund. And as previously

13 discussed, the Republic has repeatedly treated the Funds as its own. This is sufficient for us to

14 conclude that, even if the Funds are properly considered instrumentalities, any presumption of a

15 separate juridical status has been overcome.

16 2. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

17 Pursuant to the FSIA, “property in the United States of a foreign state shall be immune from

18 attachment arrest and execution,” except as otherwise provided by exceptions set forth in 28

19 U.S.C. §§ 1610 and 1611. 28 U.S.C. § 1609. At issue here are sections 1610(a) and (d), which

20 authorize pre- or post-judgment attachment of “property in the United States of a foreign state . . .

21 used for a commercial activity in the United States.” Id. § 1610(a), (d). “[T]he property that is

22 subject to attachment and execution must be ‘property in the United States of a foreign state’ and

23 must have been ‘used for a commercial activity’ at the time the writ of attachment or execution is
9

1 issued.” Aurelius Capital Partners, LP, 584 F.3d at 130 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1610) (italics

2 omitted). The FSIA defines “commercial activity” as “either a regular course of commercial

3 conduct or a particular commercial transaction or act.” 28 U.S.C. § 1603(d). “The commercial

4 character of an activity shall be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or

5 particular transaction or act, rather than by reference to its purpose.” Id. The Supreme Court

6 explained that a foreign state engages in commercial activity “when a foreign government acts, not

7 as a regulator of a market, but in the manner of a private player within it.” Republic of Argentina

8 v. Weltover, Inc., 504 U.S. 607, 614 (1992); see also De Letelier, 748 F.2d at 797 (explaining the

9 inquiry focuses on “whether the activity is of the type an individual would customarily carry on for

10 profit”).

11 Appellants contend that, contrary to the determination of the district court, the Public Funds’

12 beneficial interests in the BH Trust are not located in the United States and, in any event, none of

13 the attached or restrained property was being used for a commercial activity at the time of

14 attachment. We disagree. As the district court—and Appellants—recognize, the situs of intangible

15 property, such as beneficial interests, is “the location of the party of whom performance is required

16 by the terms of the contract.” ABKCO Indus., Inc. v. Apple Films, Inc., 39 N.Y.2d 670, 675, 385

17 N.Y.S.2d 511, 513 (1976). There is ample evidence in the record to support the district court’s

18 determination that the property is located in New York, not Argentina. The BH Trust trust

19 agreement specifies that the trustee of the BH Trust “shall dispose of any Option ADSs or Option

20 Shares . . . remaining in the Trust Property pursuant to the instructions received by the Trustee from”

21 the trustee of the Assistance Fund. Thus, in order to effectuate capitalization of the Public Funds,

22 by the terms of the trust agreement, U.S Bank Trust is required to perform as ordered by the

23 Assistance Fund. The record supports the conclusion that U.S. Bank Trust—the party of whom
10

1 performance is required—is located in New York. The Garnishee’s Statement shows that the BH

2 Trust is held in New York State by U.S. Bank Trust and the United States address of the BH Trust

3 is on Wall Street, which the trust agreement designates as the address of the “principal corporate

4 trust office.” Thus, the Public Funds’ beneficial interests in the BH Trust are located in New York

5 and are thus “property in the United States” that were properly attached or restrained by the district

6 court. 

7 We further conclude that, at the time of attachment, the corpus of the BH Trust and the

8 beneficial interests which the Public Funds hold in the BH Trust were being used for a commercial

9 activity. At the time of attachment, the options on the ADSs in the BH Trust had expired and the

10 ADSs themselves were the principal asset forming the corpus of the BH Trust. The purpose of the

11 Public Funds, at the time of attachment, was to facilitate the sale of these ADSs at a time favorable

12 to the Republic. The corpus of the BH Trust was therefore an investment of the Republic and the

13 Public Funds’ assets were, as the district court determined, being used to facilitate the investment

14 and eventual sale of the securities. An investment of this sort is the kind of activity that a private

15 player in the market would carry on for profit and is, therefore, a “commercial activity” under the

16 FSIA.

17 We have considered the remainder of the Appellants’ arguments and find them to be without

18 merit.

19 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is hereby AFFIRMED.

20

21 FOR THE COURT:

22 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

23