# Patent

## Title
Transparent polyester film with high oxygen barrier and additional functionality, its use and process for its production

## Abstract

The application discloses a transparent, biaxially oriented polyester film having a base layer at least 80% by weight of which is composed of a thermoplastic polyester, and having at least one outer layer, wherein the outer layer is composed of a polymer, or of a mixture of polymers, which comprises at least 40% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units and up to 40% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units and/or units from cycloaliphatic or aromatic diols and/or dicarboxylic acids, with the proviso that the Tg2 value of the polyester film is above the Tg2 value of the base layer but below the Tg2 value of the outer layer, and at least one film surface has a surface tension of from 35 to 65 mN/m and/or has been provided with a functional coating of thickness from 5 to 100 nm. The film has low atmospheric oxygen transmission. It is particularly suitable for packaging uses, specifically for packaging foods and other consumable items, and for laminating, metallizing and printing.

## Background
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/274,781, filed on Mar. 24, 1999, now abandoned, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. This application also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to German patent application no. 198 13 267.0, filed on Mar. 25, 1998.


The invention relates to a transparent, biaxially oriented polyester film having a base layer at least 80% by weight of which is composed of a thermoplastic polyester, and having at least one outer layer, where at least one film surface has been provided with an additional functionality. The invention furthermore relates to the use of the film and to a process for its production.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Food and drink packaging frequently demands a high barrier effect with respect to gases, water vapor and flavors. For this reason, use is usually made of polypropylene films which have been metallized or have been coated with polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC). However, metallized polypropylene films are not transparent and are therefore not used in cases where the view of the contents is likely to have added promotional effect. Although films coated with PVDC are transparent, the coating, like the metallizing, takes place in a second operation which makes the packaging markedly more expensive. Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH) likewise exhibit a strong barrier effect. However, films modified with EVOH are particularly highly moisture-sensitive, and this limits their range of applications. In addition, because of their poor mechanical properties they have relatively high thickness or have to be laminated with other materials at high cost, and they are also difficult to dispose of after use. Some raw materials, furthermore, have not been approved by the authorities or are unsuitable for producing food and drink packaging.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a transparent, biaxially oriented polyester film which has a high oxygen barrier and at least one additional functionality, and which can be produced simply and cost-effectively, has the good physical properties of the known films and does not give rise to disposal problems.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The object is achieved by means of a biaxially oriented polyester film having a base layer at least 80% by weight of which is composed of (at least) a thermoplastic polyester, and having at least one outer layer, wherein the film has (an) outer layer(s) composed of a polymer or a mixture of polymers which comprises at least 40% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units and up to 40% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units and/or up to 60% of units from aliphatic, including cycloaliphatic, or aromatic diols and/or dicarboxylic acids, with the proviso that the glass transition temperature (Tg2 value) of the polyester film is above the Tg2 value of the base layer but below the Tg2 value of the outer layer, and at least one film surface has a surface tension of from 35 to 65 mN/m and/or has been provided with a functional coating of thickness from 5 to 100 nm. The novel film generally has an oxygen permeability of less than 80 cm3/(m2 bar d), preferably less than 75 cm3/(m2 bar d), particularly preferably less than 70 cm3/(m2 bar d).
Preference is given to a polyester film in which the polymers of the outer layer comprise at least 65% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units and up to 35% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units. Among these, particular preference is then given to a polyester film of the type in which the polymers of the outer layer comprise at least 70% by weight of ethylene 2,6naphthalate units and up to 30% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units. The outer layer may, however, also be composed completely of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate polymers.
Examples of suitable aliphatic diols are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, aliphatic glycols of the formula HO—(CH2)n—OH, where n is an integer from 3 to 6 (in particular 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol and 1,6-hexanediol), or branched aliphatic glycols having up to 6 carbon atoms, and cycloaliphatic diols having one or more rings and if desired containing heteroatoms. Among the cycloaliphatic diols, mention may be made of cyclohexanediols (in particular 1,4-cyclohexanediol). Examples of suitable aromatic diols are those of the formula HO—C6H4—X—C6H4—OH where X is —CH2—, —C(CH3)2—, —C(CF3)2—, —O—, —S— or —SO2—. Besides these, bisphenols of the formula HO—C6H4—C6H4—OH are also very suitable.
Preferred aromatic dicarboxylic acids are benzenedicarboxylic acids, naphthalenedicarboxylic acids (for example naphthalene-1,4- or -1,6dicarboxylic acid), biphenyl-x,x′-dicarboxylic acids (in particular biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid), diphenylacetylene-x,x′-dicarboxylic acids (in particular diphenylacetylene-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid) or stilbene-x,x′-dicarboxylic acids. Among the cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids, mention may be made of cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids (in particular cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid). Among the aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, the C3-C19-alkanedioic acids are particularly suitable, where the alkane moiety may be straight-chain or branched.
The present invention also provides a process for producing this film. It encompasses

    a) producing a film from base and outer layer(s) by coextrusion,
    b) biaxial orientation of the film and
    c) heat-setting of the oriented film, and
    d) functionalizing at least one film surface before, during or after steps b and/or c.


To produce the outer layer, it is expedient to feed granules of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate directly to the extruder in the desired mixing ratio. At about 300° C. and with a residence time of about 5 min, the two materials can be melted and can be extruded. Under these conditions, transesterification reactions can occur in the extruder and during these copolymers are formed from the homopolymers.
The polymers for the base layer are expediently fed in via another extruder. Any foreign bodies or contamination which may be present can be filtered off from the polymer melt before extrusion. The melts are then extruded through a coextrusion die to give flat melt films and are layered one upon the other. The coextruded film is then drawn off and solidified with the aid of a chill roll and other rolls if desired.
The biaxial orientation is generally carried out sequentially or simultaneously. For the sequential stretching, it is preferable to orient firstly in a longitudinal direction (i.e. in the machine direction) and then in a transverse direction (i.e. perpendicularly to the machine direction). This causes an orientation of the molecular chains. The orientation in a longitudinal direction may be carried out with the aid of two rolls running at different speeds corresponding to the stretching ratio to be achieved. For the transverse orientation, use is generally made of an appropriate tenter frame. For the simultaneous stretching, the film is stretched in a tenter frame simultaneously in a longitudinal direction and in a transverse direction.
The temperature at which the orientation is carried out can vary over a relatively wide range and depends on the properties desired in the film. In general, the longitudinal stretching is carried out at from 80 to 130° C., and the transverse stretching at from 90 to 150° C. The longitudinal stretching ratio is generally in the range from 2.5:1 to 6:1, preferably from 3:1 to 5.5:1. The transverse stretching ratio is generally in the range from 3.0:1 to 5.0:1, preferably from 3.5:1 to 4.5:1. If desired, the transverse orientation may be followed by another longitudinal orientation and even a further transverse orientation.
During the subsequent heat-setting, the film is held for from 0.1 to 10 s at a temperature of from 150 to 250° C. The film is then wound up in a conventional manner.
A great advantage of this process is that it is possible to feed the extruder with granules, which do not block the machine.
The base layer of the film is preferably composed to an extent of at least 90% by weight of the thermoplastic polyester. Polyesters suitable for this are those made from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (=polyethylene terephthalate, PET), from ethylene glycol and naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (=polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate, PEN), from 1 ,4-bishydroxymethylcyclo-hexane and terephthalic acid (=poly-1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate, PCDT), and also from ethylene glycol, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and biphenyl4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (=polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate bibenzoate, PENBB). Particular preference is given to polyesters which are composed to an extent of at least 90 mol %, preferably at least 95 mol %, of ethylene glycol units and terephthalic acid units or of ethylene glycol units and naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid units. The remaining monomer units are derived from other diols and/or dicarboxylic acids. Examples of suitable diol comonomers are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, aliphatic glycols of the formula HO—(CH2)n—OH, where n is an integer from 3 to 6, branched aliphatic glycols having up to 6 carbon atoms, aromatic diols of the formula HO—C6H4—X—C6H4—OH where X is —CH2—, —C(CH3)2—, —C(CF3)2—, —O—, —S— or —SO2—, or bisphenols of the formula HO—C6H4—C6H4—OH.
The dicarboxylic acid comonomer units are preferably derived from benzenedicarboxylic acids, naphthalenedicarboxylic acids, biphenyl-x,x′-dicarboxylic acids (in particular biphenyl4,4′-dicarboxylic acid), cyclohexane-dicarboxylic acids (in particular cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid), diphenylacetylene-x,x′-dicarboxylic acids (in particular diphenylacetylene-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid), stilbene-x,x′-dicarboxylic acid or C1-C16-alkane-dicarboxylic acids, where the alkane moiety may be straight-chain or branched.
The polyesters may be prepared by the transesterification process. The starting materials for this are dicarboxylic esters and diols, which are reacted using the customary transesterification catalysts, such as salts of zinc, of calcium, of lithium and of manganese. The intermediates are then polycondensed in the presence of widely used polycondensation catalysts, such as antimony trioxide or titanium salts. The preparation may be carried out just as successfully by the direct esterification process in the presence of polycondensation catalysts, starting directly from the dicarboxylic acids and the diols.
For processing the polymers, it has proven useful to select the polymers for the base layer and the outer layer(s) in such a way that the viscosities of the respective polymer melts do not differ excessively. Otherwise it is likely that there will be flow disturbances or streaks on the finished film. To describe the viscosity ranges of the two melts, use is made of a modified solution viscosity (SV). The solution viscosity is a measure of the molecular weight of the respective polymer and correlates with the melt viscosity. The chemical make-up of the polymer used may result in other correlations. For commercially available polyethylene terephthalates which are suitable for producing biaxially oriented films, the SVs are in the range from 600 to 1000. To ensure satisfactory film quality, the SV of the copolymers for the outer layer should be in the range from 300 to 900, preferably between 400 and 800, in particular between 500 and 700. If desired, a solid phase condensation may be carried out on the respective granules in order to adjust the SVs of the materials as necessary. It is a general rule that the melt viscosities of the polymer melts for base and outer layer(s) should differ by not more than a factor of 5, preferably not more than a factor of from 2 to 3.
The polymers for the outer layer may be prepared in three different ways:

    a) In copolycondensation, terephthalic acid and naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid are placed in a reactor together with ethylene glycol, and polycondensed to give a polyester, using the customary catalysts and stabilizers. The terephthalate and naphthalate units are then randomly distributed in the polyester.
    b) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN), in the desired ratio, are melted together and mixed, either in a reactor or preferably in a melt kneader (twin-screw kneader) or in an extruder. Immediately after the melting, transesterification reactions between the polyesters begin. Initially, block copolymers are obtained, but as reaction time increases—depending on the temperature and mixing action of the agitator—the blocks become smaller, and long reaction times give a random copolymer. However, it is not necessary and also not always advantageous to wait until a random distribution has been achieved, since the desired properties are also obtained with a block copolymer. The resultant copolymer is then extruded from a die and granulated.
    c) PET and PEN are mixed as granules in the desired ratio, and the mixture is fed to the extruder for the outer layer. Here, the transesterification to give the copolymer takes place directly during the production of the film. This process has the advantage of being very cost-effective, and generally gives block copolymers, the block length being dependent on the extrusion temperature, the mixing action of the extruder and the residence time in the melt.


In a preferred embodiment of the invention, from 0.1 to 20% by weight of the polymers of the base layer are identical with those of the outer layer. These are either directly admixed with the base layer during extrusion or are in any case present in the film due to addition of regenerated material. The proportion of these copolymers in the base layer is selected in such a way that the base layer has a partially crystalline character.
In another embodiment, the film encompasses, on the side facing away from the outer layer, another outer layer of polyethylene terephthalate, and this layer comprises pigments.
The novel film exhibits a surprisingly high oxygen barrier. If, in contrast, the polymers used for the outer layer(s) comprise(s) less than 40% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units and more than 40% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units then, although the film in some cases has somewhat lower oxygen transmission than a standard polyester film (composed to an extent of 100% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate), the transmission is still much too high. It has even been found that the oxygen barrier is poorer than in a standard polyester film if the outer layer comprises from 30 to 40% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units and from 60 to 70% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units. However, even underthese circumstances there may be advantage in a film having an outer layer which comprises at least 5%, preferably between 5 and 40%, by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units and more than 40% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units, if the oxygen barrier does not play a decisive part in the application concerned.
In the novel films, moreover, the glass transition temperature Tg of the (co)polymer or of the (co)polymers of the outer layer(s) differs from the prior art in being higher than the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymers of the base layer. The glass transition temperature of the (co)polymers used for the outer layer(s) is preferably in the range from 80 to 120° C. In the DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) determination of the glass transition temperatures, the transitions of the two layers cannot be differentiated.
Glass transitions which are determined on biaxially oriented, heat-set films in the first heating procedure (termed Tg1 below) are, due to crystallinity and also to molecular stresses in the amorphous fraction of the specimens, relatively small in size, distributed over a wide temperature range, and shifted to higher temperatures. Because of orientation effects in particular, they are not suitable for characterizing a polymer. The resolution of DSC analyzers is often insufficient to detect the glass transitions in the first heating procedure (Tg1) of the individual layers of the novel film, the transitions being “blurred” and small, due to orientation and crystallinity. If the specimens are melted and then rapidly cooled again to below their glass transition temperature (quenched), the orientation effects are eliminated. On renewed heating, glass transitions (designated Tg2 here) are then measured which have a greater intensity and are characteristic of the respective polymers. However, even here it is not possible to differentiate the glass transitions of the individual layers, since the layers mix on melting and the polyesters present therein enter into transesterification reactions with one another. It is fully sufficient, however, to compare the Tg2 of the entire coextruded films with the Tg2 of the polymer used for the base layer. In known films the Tg2 value of the base layer is higher than that of the coextruded film, whereas the Tg2 value of the outer layer is lower than that of the base layer and also than that of the coextruded film. Exactly the opposite of this applies for the novel film. Here, the Tg2 value of the coextruded film is higher than that of the base layer but lower than the Tg2 value of the outer layer.
The base layer and the outer layer(s) may, in addition, comprise customary additives, such as stabilizers and antiblocking agents. They are expediently added to the polymer or to the polymer mixture before melting takes place. Examples of stabilizers are phosphorus compounds, such as phosphoric acid and phosphoric esters. Typical antiblocking agents (also termed pigments in this context) are inorganic and/or organic particles, for example calcium carbonate, amorphous silica, talc, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, lithium phosphate, calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, aluminum oxide, LiF, the calcium, barium, zinc and manganese salts of the dicarboxylic acids used, carbon black, titanium dioxide, kaolin, crosslinked polystyrene particles or crosslinked acrylate particles.
The additives selected may also be mixtures of two or more different antiblocking agents or mixtures of antiblocking agents of the same make-up but of different particle size. The particles may be added to the individual layers in the customary concentrations, e.g. as glycolic dispersion during the polycondensation or via masterbatches during extrusion. Pigment concentrations of from 0.0001 to 5% by weight have proven particularly suitable. A detailed description of the antiblocking agents is found, for example, in EP-A-0 602 964.
According to the invention, at least one film surface has been treated in such a way that its surface tension is in the range from 35 to 65 mN/m, preferably from 40 to 60 mN/m, in particular from 45 to 55 mN/m. This is achieved by a corona and/or flame treatment, which usually follows the heat-setting of the film. The treatment can also take place at other points in the film production process, e.g. before or after the longitudinal stretching. Alternatively or additionally to the surface treatment described above, at least one side of the film may be coated, in such a way that the coating on the finished film has a thickness of from 5 to 100 nm, preferably from 20 to 70 nm, in particular from 30 to 50 nm. The coating is preferably applied in-line, i.e. during the film production process, and usefully before the transverse stretching. It is particularly preferable for the application process to be reverse gravure-roll coating, which allows extremely homogeneous application of the coatings in the thicknesses mentioned. The coatings are preferably applied as solutions, suspensions or dispersions, particularly preferably as aqueous solution, suspension or dispersion. The coatings mentioned give the film surface an additional function, e.g. make the film sealable, printable, metallizable, sterilizable or antistatic, or improve, for example, the flavor barrier, or permit adhesion to materials which would not otherwise adhere to the film surface (e.g. photographic emulsions). Examples of substances/compositions which give additional functionality are:
Acrylates, as described, for example, in WO 94/13476, ethylvinyl alcohols, PVDC, water glass (Na2SiO4), hydrophilic polyesters (5-Na-sulfoisophthalic-acid-containing PET/IPA polyesters, as described, for example in EP-A-0,144,878, U.S. Pat. No. 4,252,885 or EP-A-0,296,620), vinyl acetates, as described, for example, in WO 94/13481, polyvinyl acetates, polyurethanes, the alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal salts of C10-C18 fatty acids, butadiene copolymers with acrylonitrile or methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid or esters thereof.
The substances/compositions mentioned are applied in the form of dilute solution, emulsion or dispersion, preferably as aqueous solution, emulsion or dispersion, to one or both film surfaces, and then the solvent is evaporated. If the coatings are applied in-line before transverse stretching, the heat treatment in the transverse stretching and subsequent heat-setting is usually sufficient to evaporate the solvent and to dry the coating. The dried coatings then have thicknesses of from 5 to 100 nm, preferably from 20 to 70 nm, in particular from 30 to 50 nm.
The novel polyester film preferably also comprises a second outer layer. The structure, thickness and make-up of a second outer layer may be selected independently of the outer layer already present, and the second outer layer may likewise comprise the abovementioned polymers or polymer mixtures, but these do not necessarily have to be identical with those of the first outer layer. The second outer layer may also comprise other commonly used outer layer polymers.
Between the base layer and the outer layer(s), there may also be an intermediate layer if desired. It may be composed of the polymers described for the base layers. In a particularly preferred embodiment, it is composed of the polyester used for the base layer. It may also comprise the customary additives described. The thickness of the intermediate layer is generally greater than 0.3 μm and is preferably in the range from 0.5 to 15 μm, in particular from 1.0 to 10 μm.
The thickness of the outer layer(s) is generally greater than 0.1 μm and is preferably in the range from 0.2 to 6.0 μm, more preferably in the range from 0.3 to 5.5 μm, in particular from 0.3 to 5.0 μm. It is possible for the outer layers to have identical or different thicknesses.
The total thickness of the novel polyester film may vary within wide limits and depends on the application envisaged. It is preferably from 4 to 100 μm, in particular from 5 to 50 μm, preferably from 6 to 30 μm, the base layer preferably presenting a proportion of from about 40 to 90% of the total thickness.
A further advantage is that the production costs of the novel film are only insignificantly greater than those of a film made from standard polyester raw materials. The other properties of the novel film which are relevant to processing and use remain essentially unchanged or are even improved. In addition, it has been ensured that regenerated material can be used in a proportion of up to 50% by weight, preferably from 10 to 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the film in each case, in the production of the film without significant adverse effect on its physical properties.
The film has excellent suitability for packaging foodstuffs and other consumable items and, depending on the functionality of one or both of its surfaces, as photographic film, graphic film, laminatable film, metalizable film or printable film. For some of these uses, the films are usually metallized or are ceramically coated (e.g. with SiOx, AlxOy, Na2SiO4, etc.).
The following methods were used to characterize the raw materials and the films:
The oxygen barrier was measured using a Mocon Modern Controls (USA) OX-TRAN 2/20 in accordance with DIN 53 380, Part 3.
The SV (solution viscosity) was determined by dissolving a specimen of polyester in a solvent (dichloroacetic acid) (1% strength by weight solution). The viscosity of this solution and that of the pure solvent were measured in an Ubbelohde viscometer. The quotient (relative viscosity ηrel) was determined from the two values, 1.000 was subtracted from this, and the value multiplied by 1000. The result was the SV.
The coefficient of friction was determined according to DIN 53 375, 14 days after production.
The surface tension was determined using the “ink method” (DIN 53 364).
The haze of the film was measured in accordance with ASTM-D 1003-52. The Hölz haze was determined by a method based on ASTM-D 1003-52, but in order to utilize the most effective measurement range, measurements were made on four pieces of film laid one on top of the other, and a 1° slit diaphragm was used instead of a 4° pinhole.
Gloss was determined in accordance with DIN 67 530. The reflectance was measured as a optical characteristic value for a film surface. Based on the standards ASTM-D 523-78 and ISO 2813, the angle of incidence was set at 20° or 60°. A beam of light hits the flat test surface at the set angle of incidence and is reflected and/or scattered thereby. A proportional electrical variable is displayed representing light rays hitting the photoelectronic detector. The value measured is dimensionless and must be stated together with the-angle of incidence.
The glass transition temperatures Tg1 and Tg2 were determined using film specimens with the aid of DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). Use was made of a DuPont DSC 1090. The heating rate was 20 K/min and the specimen weight was about 12 mg. In the first heating procedure, the glass transition Tg1 was determined. Many of the specimens showed an enthalpy relaxation (a peak) at the beginning of the step-like glass transition. The temperature taken as Tg1 was that at which the step-like change in heat capacity—without reference to the peak-shaped enthalpy relaxation—achieved half of its height in the first heating procedure. In all cases, there was only a single glass transition stage in the thermogram in the first heating procedure. It is possible that the peak-shaped enthalpy relaxations obscured the fine structure of the step, or that the dissolution of the device was not adequate to separate the small, “blurred” transitions of oriented, crystalline specimens. To eliminate their heat history, the specimens were held at 300° C. for 5 minutes after the heating procedure, and then quenched with liquid nitrogen. The temperature for the glass transition Tg2 was taken as the temperature at which the transition reached half of its height in the thermogram for the second heating procedure.
The following examples illustrate the invention. The products used (trademarks and manufacturers) are given only once in each case, and then relate to the examples which follow.


EXAMPLE 1
The polymer for the outer layer was prepared by copolycondensation. For this, dimethyl terephthalate and 2,6-dimethyl naphthalenedicarboxylate were mixed in a reactor in a molar ratio of 0.54:1.00 (corresponding to a make-up of 30% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units and 70% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units in the final copolymer), and then mixed with ethylene glycol and, as catalyst, 300 ppm of manganese acetate. The transesterification was carried out with stirring at from 160 to 250° C., at atmospheric pressure, and the methanol obtained during this process was distilled off. An equimolar amount of phosphoric acid, as stabilizer, and 400 ppm of antimony trioxide, as catalyst, were then added. The polycondensation was carried out with stirring at 280° C. and a pressure of less than 1 mbar. The molecular weight achieved could be determined by measuring the torque on the stirrer. After the reaction, nitrogen pressure was used to discharge the melt from the reactor, and it was then pelletized.
EXAMPLE 2
Commercially available polyethylene terephthalate pellets and polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate pellets were used. In each case, the pellets were crystallized and dried for about 4 h at a temperature of about 160° C. The two materials in a ratio of 30:70 (30% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate and 70% by weight of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate) were then placed in a mixer, where they were homogenized by stirring. The mixture was then passed to a twin-screw compounder (ZSK from Werner and Pfleiderer, Stuttgart), where it was extruded at a temperature of about 300° C. and with a residence time of about 3 min. The melt was extruded and chipped. A copolymer was produced in the extrusion by reaction between the polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate.
EXAMPLE 3
Example 2 was repeated, but, for production of the film, chips of polyethylene terephthalate and of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate were fed in a mixing ratio of 3:7 directly to the single-screw extruder, where the two materials were extruded at about 300° C. The melt was filtered and extruded through a coextrusion die to give a flat film, and laid as outer layer onto the base layer. The coextruded film was discharged over the die lip and solidified on a chill roll. The residence time of the two polymers in the extrusion was about 5 min. Further processing steps were as given above. Here, too, the copolymer was produced in the extrusion under the conditions given.
EXAMPLE 4
Chips of polyethylene terephthalate were dried at 160° C. to a residual moisture of less than 50 ppm and fed to the extruder for the base layer. Besides this, chips of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene 2,6naphthalate (in a weight ratio of 3:7) were likewise dried at 160° C. to a residual moisture of 50 ppm and fed to the two extruders for the outer layers. The extruder conditions for the outer layers were as in Example 3.
A transparent three-layer film of symmetrical structure and an overall thickness of 12 μm was then produced by coextrusion followed by stepwise orientation in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Each of the outer layers has a thickness of 2.0 μm.













Base layer:



95% by weight
of polyethylene terephthalate (RT 49 from Hoechst AG)



having an SV of 800 and


 5% by weight
of masterbatch made from 99% by weight of



polyethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles (SYLOBLOC ® 44 H from Grace) having an



average particle size of 4.5 μm.


Outer layers:


70% by weight
of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate (POLYCLEAR ® N 100



prepolymer from Hoechst AG) having an SV of 800,


20% by weight
of polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800 and


10% by weight
of masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of



polyethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles having an average particle size of 2.0 μm.









The individual steps were:


















Extrusion
Temperatures:
Outer layer:
300° C.





Base layer:
300° C.












Temperature of the take-off
30° C.




roll:




Die gap width:
1 mm




Temperature of the take-off
30° C.




roll:



Longitudinal
Temperature:
85-135° C.



stretching
Longitudinal stretching ratio: 4.0:1



Transverse
Temperature:
85-135° C.



stretching
Longitudinal stretching ratio: 4.0:1



Setting
Temperature:
230° C.










After setting, side A of this film was corona treated, as in all of the following Examples. The surface tension was 52 mN/m.
The film had the required oxygen barrier.
EXAMPLE 5
In a manner similar to that of Example 4, a three-layer film having an overall thickness of 12 μm was produced by coextrusion. The outer layer A had a thickness of 2.0 μm, the outer layer C a thickness of 1.5 μm.
Base Layer:
100% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800













Outer layer A:



70% by weight of
polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate having an SV of 800,


20% by weight of
polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800 and


10% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of



polyethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of



silica particles having an average particle size



of 2.0 μm.


Outer layer C:


80% by weight of
polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800 and


20% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of poly-



ethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles, 50% of which had an average particle size of



2.5 μm and 50% of which had an average particle size



of 1.0 μm.









The process conditions for all layers were as in Example 4.
EXAMPLE 6
A coextruded film having the recipe of Example 5, where outer layer A was 2.0 μm thick and had the following make-up:













90% by weight of
polyethylene 2,6-napthalate having an SV of 800 and


10% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of poly-



ethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles having an average particle size of 1.0 μm,









was produced under the process conditions of Example 4.

EXAMPLE 7
A coextruded film having the recipe of Example 5, where outer layer A was 2.5 μm thick and had the following make-up:













90% by weight of
polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate having an SV of 800 and


10% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of



polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate having an SV of 800 and



1.0% by weight of silica particles having an average



particle size of 1.0 μm,









was produced under the process conditions of Example 4, but the temperatures of longitudinal and transverse stretching were now raised by about 10° C.

EXAMPLE 8
A three-layer coextruded film having a base layer and two outer layers was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 5. The overall thickness of the film was 12 μm. Outer layer A had a thickness of 3 μm, and outer layer C of 1.5 μm.
Base Layer:
100% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800
Outer Layer A:
100% by weight of polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate having an SV of 800













Outer layer C:



80% by weight of
polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800 and


20% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of poly-



ethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles, 50% of which had an average particle size of



2.5 μm and 50% of which had an average particle size



of 1.0 μm.









The process conditions for all layers were as given in Example 7.
EXAMPLE 9
A coextruded film was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 4, but the copolymer for the outer layers was now prepared as in Example 2. In other respects, the conditions corresponded to those in Example 4.
EXAMPLE 10
A coextruded film was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 4, but the copolymer for the outer layers was now prepared as in Example 1. In other respects, the conditions corresponded to those in Example 4.
EXAMPLE 11
A coextruded two-layer film having a base layer and an outer layer was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 4. The overall thickness of the film was 12 μm, the outer layer having a thickness of 3 μm.













Base layer:



80% by weight of
polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800 and


20% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of poly-



ethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles, 50% of which had an average particle size of



2.5 μm and 50% of which had an average particle size



of 1.0 μm.


Outer layer:


60% by weight of
polyethylene naphthalate having an SV of 800,


30% by weight of
polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800 and


10% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of poly-



ethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles having an average particle size of 2.0 μm.









The process conditions for all layers were as given in Example 4.
EXAMPLE 12
A three-layer film was produced as described in Example 7, but with the single exception that the thickness of outer layer A was only 1.0 μm.
Comparative Example 1C
A film was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 11. For outer layer A, however, use was made of a copolyester of 82% by weight of ethylene terephthalate and 18% by weight of ethylene isophthalate.
Comparative Example 2C
A film was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 11. For outer layer A, use was now made of a polymer mixture made from 70% by weight of ethylene terephthalate and 30% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate.
Comparative Example 3C
A film was produced in a manner similar to that of Example 11. For outer layer A, use was now made of a polymer mixture of 90% by weight of ethylene terephthalate and 10% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate.
Comparative Example 4C
A single-layer PET film was produced with the following layers:













80% by weight of
polyethylene terephthalate having an SV of 800 and


20% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of poly-



ethylene terephthalate and 1.0% by weight of silica



particles, 50% of which had an average particle size of



2.5 μm and 50% of which had an average particle size



of 1.0 μm.









Comparative Example 5C
A single-layer PEN film was produced with the following make-up:













80% by weight of
polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate having an SV of 1000



and


20% by weight of
masterbatch made from 99.0% by weight of



polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate and 1.0% by weight of



silica particles, 50% of which had an average particle



size of 2.5 μm and 50% of which had an average



particle size of 1.0 μm.









The film had very good barrier properties; however, due to high production costs it is unsuitable for food and drinks packaging.
The compositions and properties of the films produced in Examples 4 to 12 and 1C to 5C are given in Tables 1 and 2.











TABLE 1






Ethylene 2,6-
Ethylene
Ethylene




naphthalate
terephthalate
isophthalate



units in
units in
units in



outer layer
outer layer
outer layer



A
A
A


Example
(in % by
(in % by
(in % by
Tg


No.
weight)
weight)
weight)
(in ° C.)



















4
70
30
0
82.5


5
70
30
0
81.0


6
90
10
0
86.0


7
100
0
0
90.0


8
100
0
0
90.0


9
70
30
0
82.5


10 
70
30
0
82.5


11 
60
40
0
83.0


12 
100
0
0
86.0


1C
0
82
18 
72.0


2C
30
70
0
81.0


3C
10
90
0
80.5


4C
0
100
0
80.0


5C
100
0
0
115.0






















TABLE 2












Gloss





Outer


(60° angle



Film
layer

Oxygen
of measure-


Ex-
thick-
thickness
Film
permeability
ment)














ample
ness
A/C(A)
struc-
(cm3/(m3 bar
Side
Side



No.
(μm)
(μm)
ture
d))
A
C
Haze





4
12
2.0/2.0
ABA
70
175
175
2.5


5
12
2.0/1.5
ABC
80
174
175
2.6


6
12
2.0/1.5
ABC
65
176
175
2.5


7
12
2.5/1.5
ABC
55
155
155
4.0


8
12
3.0/1.5
ABC
45
160
155
4.0


9
12
2.0/2.0
ABA
70
175
175
2.5


10 
12
2.0/2.0
ABA
70
175
175
2.5


11 
12
3.0
AB
80
175
178
1.5


12 
12
1.0/1.0
ABC
62
160
165
3.5


  1C
12
3.0
AB
102 
145
160
3.0


  2C
12
3.0
AB
110 
120
150
6.5


  3C
12
3.0
AB
95
175
175
1.5


  4C
12
0
A
100 
175
178
4.0


  5C
12
0
A
30
175
178
4.0

## Claims

1. A transparent, biaxially oriented polyester film comprising:
(A) a base layer, at least 80% by weight of which is composed of a thermoplastic polyester; and 
(B) at least one outer layer having a thickness of from 0.2 to 6 μm, wherein the outer layer is composed of a polymer, or of a mixture of polymers comprising: at least 40% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units; ethylene terephthalate units, wherein the ethylene terephthalate units are present in an amount up to 40% by weight; and optionally up to 60% by weight of units from cycloaliphatic diols, aromatic diols, cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, or a combination thereof, 
wherein the glass transition temperature (Tg2 value) of the polyester film is above the Tg2 value of the base layer but below the Tg2 value of the outer layer, and at least one film surface has a surface tension of from 35 to 65 mN/m or has been provided with a functional coating of thickness from 5 to 100 nm or both.

2. A film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer layer comprises at least 65% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units.

3. A film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer layer comprises at least 70% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units.

4. A film as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which has an oxygen permeability of less than 80 cm3/(m2bar d).

5. A film as claimed in claim 1, which has an oxygen permeability less than 75 cm3/(m2bar d).

6. A film as claimed in claim 1, which has an oxygen permeability of less than 70 cm3/(m2bar d).

7. A film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer layer has a thickness of from 0.3 to 5.5 μm.

8. A film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer layer has a thickness of from 0.3 to 5.0 μm.

9. A film as claimed in claim 1, which has two layers and is composed of the base layer and the outer layer.

10. A film as claimed in claim 1, having two outer layers, one on each side of the base layer.

11. A film as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the outer layers has been pigmented.

12. A film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surface tension is achieved by means of corona treatment.

13. A film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the functional coating comprises one or more substances/compositions which are selected from the group consisting of acrylates, ethylvinyl alcohols, PVDC, water glass, hydrophilicized polyesters, vinyl acetates, polyvinyl acetates, polyurethanes, the alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal salts of C10-C18 fatty acids, butadiene copolymers with acrylonitrile or methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylates and acrylates.

14. A film as claimed in claim 1, at least one side of which has been metallized or has been coated with SiOx or AlxOy.

15. A process for producing a transparent, biaxially oriented polyester film as claimed in claim 1, which comprises:
(A) coextruding a film from the base layer and from the one or more outer layers; 
(B) orienting the film biaxially; 
(C) heat-setting the oriented film; and 
(D) functionalizing at least one film surface at any time after completion of the coextrusion step.

16. A method for packaging foodstuffs and other consumable items, comprising packaging said foodstuffs and other consumable items in a film as claimed in claim 1.

17. A method for making a photographic film, which comprises making said photographic film with a film as claimed in claim 1.

18. A method for making a graphic film, which comprises making said graphic film with a film as claimed in claim 1.

19. A method for making a laminatable film, which comprises making said laminatable film with a film as claimed in claim 1.

20. A method for making a metallized film, which comprises making said metallized film with a film as claimed in claim 1.

21. A method for making a printable film, which comprises making said printable film with a film as claimed in claim 1.

22. A transparent, biaxially oriented polyester film comprising:
(A) a base layer, at least 80% by weight of which is composed of a thermoplastic polyester; and 
(B) at least one outer layer having a thickness of from 0.2 to 6 μm, wherein the outer layer is composed of a polymer, or of a mixture of polymers comprising: 5 to 40% by weight of ethylene 2,6-naphthalate units; more than 40% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units, and 0 to <55% by weight of units from cycloaliphatic diols, aromatic diols, cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, or a combination thereof, 
wherein the glass transition temperature (Tg2 value) of the polyester film is above the Tg2 value of the base layer but below the Tg2 value of the outer layer, and at least one film surface has a surface tension of from 35 to 65 mN/m or has been provided with a functional coating of thickness from 5 to 100 nm or both.