SECOND DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

BROWN and GOSS, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

January 24, 2019

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A18A1986. THE STATE v. RICH.

MILLER, Presiding Judge.

After a Cherokee County grand jury indicted Laura Rich on three counts of

sexual assault of a student under OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b) (1), Rich moved to dismiss or

quash the indictment, contending that she was not a “teacher” for purposes of the

statute. The trial court granted Rich’s motion, finding that even if OCGA § 16-6-5.1

(b) (1) applied to Rich, it did not apply to her conduct beyond school hours. The State

appeals from the trial court’s order granting Rich’s motion to dismiss or quash the

indictment. We affirm the trial court’s decision to grant the motion because in
accordance with the relevant principles of statutory construction, Rich was not a

“teacher” for purposes of OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b) (1).1

“[T]he interpretation of a statute is a question of law, which is reviewed de

novo on appeal. Because the trial court’s ruling on a legal question is not due any

deference, we apply the ‘plain legal error’ standard of review.” (Citation omitted.)

State v. Hammonds, 325 Ga. App. 815 (755 SE2d 214) (2014). “We also bear in mind

that the application of a statute’s standards sometimes requires an assessment of the

surrounding circumstances to determine if the statute is violated.” (Citation and

punctuation omitted). Smith v. State, 311 Ga. App. 757, 758 (717 SE2d 280) (2011). 

So viewed, the record shows that in 2017, a Cherokee County grand jury

indicted Rich on three counts of sexual assault of a student, in violation of OCGA 

§ 16-6-5.1 (b) (1). The indictment alleged that Rich, “being a teacher” “with

supervisory and disciplinary authority” over two persons, engaged in sexual contact

1 The trial court determined that if the statute applied to Rich, it did not apply

to her conduct after school hours. We, however, affirm the trial court’s order on the

basisthat Rich did not fall within the ambit of the statute at all. See State v. Lane, 275

Ga. App. 781, 783 (621 SE2d 862) (2005) (“[W]e will affirman order under the ‘right

for any reason rule,’ . . . when the judgment may be sustained upon a legal basis

apparent from the record which was fairly presented in the court below.”) (citation

omitted); Vonslep v. State, 253 Ga. App. 881, 883 (2) (560 SE2d 752) (2002).

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with them in 2015, and that she knew or should have known that they were students

enrolled at the school where she was employed. 

After Rich was arraigned, she filed a motion to dismiss or quash the indictment.

Rich argued that(1) she was not a “teacher” within the meaning of the statute because

she was a substitute without a teaching certificate; and (2) her supervisory and

disciplinary authority over the students ceased at the end of each school day that she

worked as a daily substitute, and the alleged sex acts did not occur during school

hours.

2

At a hearing on the motion, the trial court heard testimony from the principal

of the public school at issue, as well as one of the Human Resources Directors for the

Cherokee County School District where the school is located. Public school teachers

in the Cherokee County School District have either a teaching certificate or permit

fromthe Georgia Professional Standards Commission (“PSC”), which is the licensing

2 Rich also challenged the constitutionality of the statute, but the trial court did

not reach this argument because it concluded that the statute did not apply to Rich’s

conduct. Thus, this issue is not before the Court, and we do not address it. City of

Decatur v. DeKalb County, 284 Ga. 434, 438 (2) (668 SE2d 247) (2008). We also

note that Rich’s counsel represented to the trial court that the students were above the

age of 16. 

3
body for education in the State of Georgia.3 Generally, a teacher becomes certified by

attending a teaching education program approved by the PSC. Student teachers “go[]

through a pre-approved program with the State of Georgia” and hold a “pre-service

certificate.” 

Substitutes, on the other hand, need not be certified by the PSC. And, unlike

public school teachers in the Cherokee County School District, substitutes do not

work under contracts with schools. Instead, substitutes receive a daily per diem for

their work, and do not qualify for health benefits, unemployment benefits, or leave.

According to the testimony, the PSC defines a substitute as either “an individual

employed to serve in the absence of the regularly employed teacher” or “a person

temporarily employed to teach a class that does not have a regular teacher.” 

In order to be a part of the “pool” of substitutes for the Cherokee County

School District, prospective substitutes complete an on-line application, undergo a

background check, and then participate in a three-and-a-half to four-hour workshop

on “cursory items that they may or may not face in the classroom.” Although

3 For example, “someone who teaches a career technical course such as welding

. . . might not have a traditional teaching certificate” but may have a permit from the

PSC. 

4
substitutes must abide by the Code of Ethics for Educators, paraprofessionals and

aides also adhere to this Code. 

A substitute may work on either a “long-term” or “daily” basis. Rich was a

daily substitute at the school, holds a high school diploma, and is not certified by the

PSC. Because Rich did not possess a teaching certificate, she was a “classified

employee,” like cafeteria workers and maintenance staff. A daily substitute works on

a temporary, as-needed basis, and fills in for a teacher who will be absent for either

a single day or a few days. A daily substitute is not expected to prepare for class,

prepare any homework assignments, administer any state-mandated tests, grade or

evaluate students’ work, answer students’ questions after class, or participate in afterschool programs. Although daily substitutes have an ongoing duty of confidentiality

pertaining to the students, their responsibilities to the students cease at the end of the

school day and do not extend beyond “that eight-hour threshold.” Upon the end of the

school day, the daily substitute returns to the “pool” of available substitutes. 

In order to begin working, a daily substitute can select an available job from

an online system, or call the principal’s secretary and ask whether the school has an

available job. Alternatively, he or she can await an “early morning call” informing of

an opening. Once in the classroom, the substitute ensures that the students have been

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provided with their individual lesson plans or “study guide packets.” The students

would either already have their packets in their possession, or would already know

the work that they have been assigned by their regular teacher. As the students work

on their packets, the substitute “might be able to assist” in completing them. If a

student has questions while working, the substitute would answer these questions if

he or she is capable of doing so, depending on the substitute’s understanding of the

material. Essentially, daily substitutes assist “[w]hen they could and where they

could.” When a student has completed his or her packet, the substitute “may take it,

but then hold it for the return of the regular teacher.” In the event that the regular

teacher has not left instructions for the class, the substitute either looks for an

emergency lesson plan or “go[es] to the other teachers in that particular subject to

figure out what to do.” 

When a teacher is absent for more than 10 consecutive days, and a long-term

substitute is needed, preference for filling the slot is given to substitutes who are

certified with the PSC. Like teachers, these long-term substitutes are “expected to

assume responsibilities for lesson planning and evaluating and grading the students’

work.” 

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Following the hearing, the trial court granted Rich’s motion, finding that as a

daily substitute Rich bore no obligation to the school district when she left school

after substituting. The trial court therefore concluded that if OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b) (1)

applied to Rich, it did so only while she performed her duties during the school day.

Because there was no allegation that the sex acts occurred during school hours or at

the school, the trial court found that the statute was inapplicable to Rich’s conduct.

The State now appeals. 

In its sole enumeration of error, the State contends that the trial court erred in

granting Rich’s motion to dismiss or quash the indictment because Rich qualified as

a “teacher” under OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b) (1). The State posits that Rich frequently

accepted “teaching assignments” at the school, was heavily relied upon by the school,

had worked frequently during the relevant times identified in the indictment, and

essentially became a familiar figure in the school community “as a teacher.” We

discern no reversible error. 

OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b) (1)

4

 provides, 

4 The language of OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b) (1) hasremained the same since before

all the alleged acts in this case occurred. See Ga. L. 2011, p. 227, § 5; Ga. L. 2015,

p. 422, § 5-20; Ga. L. 2016, p. 864, § 16.

7
A person who has supervisory or disciplinary authority over another

individual commits sexual assault when that person: (1) Is a teacher,

principal, assistant principal, or other administrator of any school and

engagesin sexual contact with such other individual who the actor knew

or should have known is enrolled at the same school . . . .

In analyzing the State’s claim that Rich was indeed a “teacher” for purposes of

the statute, we are mindful of the applicable principles of statutory construction and

“look diligently for the intention of the General Assembly. In so doing, the ordinary

signification shall be applied to all words. Where the language of a statute is plain

and susceptible to only one natural and reasonable construction, courts must construe

the statute accordingly.” (Citation omitted.) Hammonds, supra, 325 Ga. App. at 817.

“Criminalstatutes are construed strictly against the State, theymust be read according

to the natural and obviousimport of their language, and their operation should not be

limited or extended by application of subtle and forced interpretations.” (Citation

omitted.) Perkins v. State, 277 Ga. 323, 325-326 (2) (588 SE2d 719) (2003). Also, if

a criminal statute “is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, the

interpretation most favorable to the party facing criminal liability must be adopted.”

Smith, supra, 311 Ga. App. at 761 (2) (b).

8
At the outset, we note that OCGA § 16-6-5.1 does not define the term

“teacher,” and precedent from the Supreme Court of Georgia has left open the

question of whether the statute appliesto a substitute who lacks a teaching certificate.

State v. Morrow, 300 Ga. 403, 406 (2), n.8 (794 SE2d 37) (2016). Under our

Education Code, “teacher” means “any professional school employee certificated by

the Professional Standards Commission, but not including school administrators.”

OCGA § 20-2-942 (a) (4). See also Morrow, supra, 300 Ga. at 406 (2). And it is

undisputed that Rich did not hold a teaching certificate or permit from the PSC, as is

generally required of public school teachers in the Cherokee County School District.

In the absence of a statutory definition of the term “teacher,” we turn to the

dictionary definition. Webster’s Dictionary defines a teacher as “one that teaches or

instructs,” especially “one whose occupation is to instruct.” Webster’s Third New

International Dictionary at 2346 (1981). Although a substitute may in fact be hired

to teach a class, in this case Rich was not tasked with teaching classes, instructing

5

5 We do not interpret the word “instruct” so broadly as to mean that Rich

provided “instructions” to the students. Conceivably, a myriad of employees at the

school would have been able or expected to provide instructions to the students, and

would not be deemed “teachers” for purposes of the statute. Indeed, according to the

testimony, paraprofessionals and aides also provide instructions to students, and the

Supreme Court has made clear that a paraprofessional is not a “teacher” for purposes

of the statute. Morrow, supra, 300 Ga. at 406, n.7. See also Hammonds, supra, 325

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classes, or developing lessons for the students. Rather, her duties comprised

monitoring students, assisting themwith completing their lesson plans or study guide

packets as previously assigned by their regular teacher, and, answering their questions

while they worked if her knowledge of the material enabled her to do so. As the

principal testified, a daily substitute like Rich “is a facilitator assisting those students

. . . as that period goes on.” Also, as a daily substitute Rich had even fewer

obligations than a long-term substitute, who has the “same job duties and

responsibilities of a certified teacher.” In fact, because Rich held only a high school

diploma, she could not even qualify to be a long-term substitute under the regulations

promulgated by the PSC. See Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. 505-2-.20 (2) (f).

The fact that Rich often worked at the school does not demand the conclusion

that her duties and responsibilities were those of a “teacher.” The crucial inquiry here

is whether her job was equivalent to that of a “teacher,” not the number of days she

was present in school. To a great extent, Rich simply “did not do the sorts of things

that teachers typically do.” Morrow, supra, 300 Ga. at 406. She was not expected to

prepare for class, administer any state-mandated tests, grade or evaluate students’

Ga. App. at 816, n.1 (“If [the defendant] was considered an administrator simply

because she could initiate a disciplinary referral, then logically an argument can be

made that the same would apply to janitors or food service workers.”).

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work, answer students’ questions after class, or participate in after-school programs.

Nor did she independently assign class work or homework.

6 See id. (no evidence that

defendant assigned class work, homework, or any other tasks, taught lessons, graded

work, administered tests, attended faculty meetings, reported to school on teacher

workdays or “devote[d] any meaningful portion of his time to the instruction of

students”). 

In this appeal, “the determinative factor is whether, when OCGA § [16-6-5.1

(b) (1)] is given the requisite strict construction, it is unreasonable to interpret” the

term “teacher” such that it does not apply to Rich. Vines v. State, 269 Ga. 438, 439

(499 SE2d 630) (1998). Given that Rich did not hold a teaching certificate; was not

on contract as a teacher; did not actually teach or instruct classes; and had

considerably fewer obligations than the teacher for whom she substituted (and even

a long-term substitute), it is reasonable to conclude that, when OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b)

(1) is strictly construed against the State, Rich was not in fact a “teacher” for purposes

of the statute. “Thus, even if the State’s broad construction were reasonable despite

6 According to the testimony, the classes in this specific school are “studentdirected instead of teacher-directed” and the teacher does not customarily lecture

throughout the entire class session. Notwithstanding this fact, daily substitutes

generally did not engage in the range of tasks expected of teachers or long-term

substitutes.

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the lack of any supporting authority, the contrary strict construction of OCGA § [16-

6-5.1 (b) (1)] nevertheless must be accepted because it is at least equally reasonable.”

Id. As our Supreme Court has made clear, where a criminal statute “is susceptible to

more than one reasonable interpretation, the interpretation mostfavorable to the party

facing criminal liability must be adopted.” (Emphasis supplied.) Id. at 438-439. See

Frix v. State, 298 Ga. App. 538, 542 (680 SE2d 582) (2009) (“[T]o the extent any

uncertainty or ambiguity exists in the meaning of [the statute], the rule of strict

construction would require usto construe that ambiguity in [the defendant’s]favor.”). 

Finally, we observe that the Legislature uses both the terms “substitute teacher”

and “substitutes for teachers” elsewhere in the Georgia Code,

7

and it opted not to

include either of these two terms when delineating the persons who fall under OCGA

§ 16-6-5.1 (b) (1).8 See Morrow, supra, 300 Ga. at 406 (“The degree of specificity in

the statutory identification of school administrators to whom the statute applies

7

 See OCGA § 20-2-216.

8

It appears that in March 2018, the Georgia House of Representatives passed

Senate Bill No. 154 by substitute legislation, broadening the reach of OCGA § 16-6-

5.1 (b) (1) to any “employee or agent” of the school and making the offense sexual

assault in the second degree. See Senate Bill No. 154 (Substitute) (LC 29 8102ERS),

2017-2018 Regular Session of the General Assembly. However, the Legislature took

no further action on this matter.

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suggests that the statute does not use “teacher” in a generic or unusually broad

sense.”). To be sure, our decision is not a condonation of the acts alleged. Rather, we

are mindful that we “must generally refrain from expanding the scope of penal

statutes by implication.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Hammonds, supra, 325

Ga. App. at 817. See Rodriguez v. State, 343 Ga. App. 526, 530 (806 SE2d 916)

(2017) (“[U]nder the uniform rule of strict construction, a penal statute can not be

expanded by implication to include conduct or persons not explicitly identified in the

statute.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

In accordance with the relevant rules of statutory construction, we determine

that Rich was not a “teacher” for purposes of OCGA § 16-6-5.1 (b) (1). Therefore, the

trial court properly granted Rich’s motion to quash or dismiss the indictment.

Judgment affirmed. Brown and Goss, JJ., concur. 

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