1 In the Estate of ) ROSETTA F. KEEN, deceased, ) ) LOUIE R. KEEN, ) ) Petitioner-Appellant, ) ) v. ) SD33801 ) AMBER J. WOLFE, individually and ) Filed: Apr. 11, 2016 as Personal Representative of the Estate ) of Rosetta F. Keen, and CYNTHIA A. ) KEEN, ) ) Respondents-Respondents. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BARRY COUNTY Honorable Carr Woods, Senior Judge
AFFIRMED Louie R. Keen appeals the Febr uary 2015 “FINAL SETTLEMENT APPROVED
FINDING AND ORDER OF DISTRI BUTION” (“the final distribution”) entered in the probate estate of his deceased mother, Ro setta F. Keen, pursuan t to section 472.160(14). 1 Louie presents nine points that collectivel y assert trial court errors in overruling his objections to the final distri bution and denying his motion invoki ng “no-contest” provisions

1 Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to RSMo 2000. For purposes of clarity and simplicity, we will refer to family members by their first names; no disrespect or familiarity is intended. Rosetta’s property subject to administration in the instant probate court case will be referred to as “the Estate,” and we refer to the case itself as “the Estate case.”2 from both Rosetta’s will and a trust she had created. For ease of analysis, we have organized the points around four basic contentions distilled from Louie’s points: (1) Louie’s sister and personal representativ e of the Estate, Amber J. Wolf e, and another sister, Cynthia A. Keen, violated no-contest clauses in Rosetta’s will and/or trust; 2 (2) Amber’s inventory of the Estate incorrectly omitted a particular bank account owne d or possessed by Rosetta at her death; (3) Amber’s claim against the Estate totaling $46,288.72 for various expenses was invalid because the expenses were either not ow ed by Rosetta at her death or the trial court did not approve them in advance; and (4 ) attorney fees to taling $22,041.14 incurred by Amber in connection with a previous appeal by Louie in the Estate case should not have been allowed because the fees did not benefit the Estate. 3 Finding no merit in Louie’s points, we affirm. Applicable Principles of Review and Governing Law “The trial court’s final de cree of distribution will be upheld unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is agains t the weight of the evidence, it erroneously declares the law, or it e rroneously applies the law.” In re Estate of Ellis , 187 S.W.3d 344,

2 In his notice of appeal, Louie listed attorney Donald Cupps, and the law firm of Ellis, Cupps & Cole, P.C., as respondents. He likewise listed Mr. Cupps and the firm as respondents in his objections to the final distribution. Mr. Cupps formerly represented Rosetta, and he later represented Amber and Cynthia. Neither Mr. Cupps nor his firm has filed a brief in this appeal. Amber and Cynthia’s motion for an order dropping Mr. Cupps and his firm as respondents in this appeal was taken with the case. Louie did not respond to the motion, and he has failed to identify any trial court order adding Mr. Cupps or the law firm as a party. To become a party, a person must either be named in the initial pl eadings or added later by order of the trial court. See In re Estate of Miller , 9 S.W.3d 760, 765 (Mo. App. S.D. 2000); Rule 52.11. And “[a]bsent a suggestion of death or the like, this [appellate] court has no authority under the statutes, the rules or the case law to permit addition or substitution of parties.” Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Litteer , 621 S.W.2d 376, 379 (Mo. App. W.D. 1981). The motion to drop Mr. Cupps and the firm as respondents is granted, and our refere nces to “Respondents” are solely to Amber and Cynthia. All rule re ferences are to Missouri Court Rules (2015). 3 The prior notice of appeal in the Estate case, a ssigned case no. SD32809 (“th e first Estate appeal”), challenged a May 2013 amended judgment discussed, infra (“the amended judgment”). We dismissed that appeal because we found the notice of appeal to be “untimely and ineffec tive[.]” The record in the instant appeal includes the record transfe rred from SD32809, the contents of which consist of a legal file, a supplemental legal file, and a transcript. The legal files from the first Estate appeal also include docket entries and some pleadings associated with two separate cases involving Rosetta’s trust. We will discuss those cases more fully, infra , and refer to them as “the first trust case” and “the second trust case.”3 348 (Mo. App. S.D. 2006). The same is true for “review of a trial court’s decision to allow a claim against an estate[.]” In re Estate of Miller , 264 S.W.3d 664, 666 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). We presume that the trial court’s judgm ent is correct, and the appellant bears the burden of proving it erroneous. Humphreys v. Wooldridge , 408 S.W.3d 261, 264 (Mo. App. S.D. 2013). When no request for speci fic findings and conclusions was made, we presume that the trial court made findings cons istent with the judgment entered, and we will affirm the judgment under any reasonable theory supported by the evidence. In re Estate of Hock , 322 S.W.3d 574, 579 (Mo. App. S.D. 2010). “[W]e defer to the trial court’ s findings of fact, given the trial court’s superior ability to judge the credibil ity of witnesses.” In re Estate of Moore , 136 S.W.3d 163, 164 (Mo. App. S.D. 2004). “The [trial] c ourt is free to believe all, part , or none of the testimony of any witness[,]” and “we accept as true the ev idence and permissible inferences, which may be drawn favorable to the prevailing party, and disregard the cont radictory testimony.” In re Estate of Markley , 922 S.W.2d 87, 95 (M o. App. W.D. 1996). Factual and Procedural Background Rosetta’s husband (the part ies’ father), Gary Keen, predeceased Rosetta in 2005. After Gary’s death, Rosetta opera ted “4-K Farms” as a sole pr oprietorship. Louie testified that Rosetta “continue[d] to run the income a nd expenses of the farm out of her personal account[.]” In March 2011, Rosetta entered the hospital, and she had Amber retrieve a particular checkbook from Rosetta’s home that Amber had not previously posse ssed. Thereafter, Amber began paying Rosetta’s bills usi ng that checkbook. The checking account’s “SIGNATURE CARD” (dated in 20 06): (1) identified “[Rosett a] DBA 4-K Farms” as the4 account owner; (2) indicated that the acc ount was a “BUSINESS ACCOUNT” for a “Sole Proprietorship”; (3) listed Amber as “Signe r Only”; and (4) designated Amber as the “Payable on Death (POD)” beneficiary (“th e POD account”). Amber understood that the money in the POD account belonged to Rosetta and had been generated by Rosetta. There was no indication on the signature card that Ambe r was identified in anything other than her individual capacity. The POD account had orig inally been held by Rosetta and Gary, and Amber was added between 2000 and 2004 “[j]ust as a cosigner.” The POD account was the account from which “all of the farm expenses were paid[.]” On April 4, 2011, Rosetta met with Mr. Cupps in her hospital room to revise her estate plan. The resulting “ LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT OF ROSETTA KEEN ” (“the Will”) nominated Amber as the personal representative of the Estate. The Will provides that apart from “tangible personal pr operty[,]” the remainder of the Estate is bequeathed “to the Trustee of the Rosetta K een Revocable Trust Dated August 2, 2006, as restated.” In the absence of another list, 4 the tangible personal pr operty was to be divided equally among Louie, Cynthia, and Amber. Article V of the Will (“the Will’s no-contest clause”) states: “If any of my children contes t any provision of this Last Will and Testament or my Revocable Trust as restated th is date, they shall receive nothing.” The “ APRIL 4, 2011 RESTATEMENT OF REVOCABLE TRUST AGREEMENT OF ROSETTA KEEN ” (“the Trust“) references the trust Rosetta first created on August 2, 2006, and it names Amber as “Successor Trustees [sic]” to Rosetta. The Trust provides for the conveyance of a tract of particularlydescribed real property to Louie and another to Amber. The Trust directs the trustee “to retain all other real estate,

4 No party alleges the existence of any list that might require a different distribution of the tangible personal property.5 livestock and farm equipment, and to operate th e same as a farming operation” for 12 years. Net income, apart from the trustee’s fee genera ted from the farming operation, is to be split equally between Louie, Cynthia, and Amber, along with any property remaining at the end of that 12-year period. Part “EIGHTH” of the Trust provides: “The Trustee shall have all powers conferred upon Trustees by Chapter 456 of the Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri. Specifically the Trustee is directed to retain real estate, ca ttle and farm equipment which may not be acceptable i nvestments for fiduciaries.” Part “SECOND” of the Trust, paragraph B.2( b) (“the B.2(b) clau se”), states: “The Trustee is directed to distri bute to [Amber] the 40 acres more or less owned by the Trust and/or owned by [Rosetta] and located in Section 1, Township 22, Range 28, Barry County, Missouri.” Part “FIFTEENTH” of the Trust (“the Trust’s no- contest clause” 5 ) states: If any beneficiary of this trust or any other person c ontests the validity of this trust or any provision of this trust or files any action or makes any claim seeking distribution to him or her of anamount larger than what is provided for herein, then the Trustees [sic] are directed to distribute nothing to said contesting or claiming beneficiary and that person shall receive nothing from this trust or trusts created herein no r anything from [Rosetta]’s estates. Rosetta died on May 10, 2011, and the Will was presented to the probate division of the circuit court of Barry County a few days late r. The judge or clerk of the probate division examined the Will, “admitted [it] to probate as the Last Will and Testament of [Rosetta],” and issued Letters Testamentary (SupervisedAdministration) appointing Amber personal representative. No money was added to the POD account after Rosetta’s death. Amber used the POD account to pay Rosetta’s bills from the date of Rosetta’s death until May 22, 2011.

5 We will refer collectively to the Will’s no-contest clause and the Trust’s no-contest clause as “the no-contest clauses.”6 In June 2011, Amber filed a claim against the Estate for “$46,288.72 for reimbursement of personal funds paid by [Amber] for [Rosetta]’s last illness, funeral costs, and household/farm expenses” between Ma y 10-22, 2011 (“the expense reimbursement claim”). The trial court appointed an administ rator ad litem, and the tr ial court approved the expense reimbursement claim on March 21, 2012. We will summarize additional information about the expense reimbursemen t claim in our discussion of Point VIII, infra

. The balance of the POD account re maining after Amber had paid the bills identified in the expense reimbursement claim was $31,268.42 (“the POD balance”). Amber withdrew that remaining balance in her personal capacity in June 2011. Amber eventually established a bank account for the Trust, and she began using that account to pay for expenses involving the cattle and real estate. In November 2011, Amber, as successor tr ustee, filed case no. 11BR-PR00133 -- the first trust case -- seeking a judicial declaration “a s to whether she is entitled to sell” “a small tract of real estate” (“the sm all tract”) specifically describe d in the amended petition. The amended petition alleged that Rosetta had listed the small tract for sale before her death and it was “not economical to farm due to its locat ion, terrain and composition”; that it was “not prudent” to keep it; and that sell ing it would be in the best inte rest of the beneficiaries. The amended petition cited the Trust provision requiring the payment of net profits of the farming operation usi ng “‘GAAP’” principles 6 and alleged “[t]hat the accountant for the Estate and Trust recommends that income be calculated according to ‘Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting’ rather than ‘GAAP’ because it allows income to be calculated on the same basis as taxes.”

6 The amended petition defined “GAAP” as “Genera lly Accepting [sic] Accounting Principles[.]”7 Louie’s counsel entered an appearance in the first trust case, but the docket entries do not indicate that he filed an answ er or other responsive pleading. 7 Cynthia appeared pro se , and she “agree[d] to the entry of a Judgment granting the re lief sought.” In December 2011, the trial court entered an order 8 modifying the Trust such that the trustee was “authorized and empowered to sell real estate which is not economical to the farm due to its location, terrain, and composition.” The trustee was also directed “to use othe r comprehensive basis [sic] of accounting rather than ‘GAAP’ as an accounting method.” In February 2012, Respondents initiate d case no. 12BR-PR00014, the second trust case. Count I of the first amended petition s ought a judicial declarat ion that an action to reform the Trust “based upon scri vener’s error and/or mutual mistake does not violate the” Trust’s no-contest clause. Count II of the fi rst amended petition sought an order reforming the B.2(b) clause as to the land’s section number and acreage and to add a reference to the property as having been Rosetta’s home. So reformed, the clause would read as follows:

“ The Trustee is directed to distribute to [ Amber ] [ Rosetta’s ] home and 46 acres more or less owned by the Trust and/or owned by [ Rosetta ] and located in Section 6, Township 22, Range 27, Barry County, Missouri. ” The first amended petition assert ed that Rosetta intended “that the family home and approximately 46 acr es surrounding the family home would be distributed to [Amber]”; the “family home” “i s located in Section 6”; but “because of a scrivener’s error the Trust mistakenly described the property to be transferred to [Amber] as being in Section 1”; and “the e rror in description was a mutual mistake of the parties.”

7 Louie has different counsel in the instant appeal. 8 The order is not denominated “judgment” or “decree,” see Rule 74.01(a), and no action has been taken in the first trust case since November 2013, when Louie’s current attorney reques ted copies of certain documents in the file that he intended to include in a supplemental legal file to be submitted in the instant appeal.8 Louie filed an answer in the second trust case, alleging, inter alia , that the amended petition “invoked the [Trust’s] no-contest clause[,]” and the B.2(b) clause “is unambiguous . . . and should not . . . be modified.” Loui e’s answer also included a counterclaim that quoted both no-contest clauses and alleged that both clauses had been violated by: Respondents’ initial filing of the second trust cas e, Amber’s filing of the first trust case, and Cynthia’s consent to judgment in the first trust case. Amber moved to dismiss Louie’s counterclaim. On April 19, 2012, Louie filed a motion in the Es tate case asking the trial court to set aside its award of Amber’s expense reimburseme nt claim on the basis that any individual “expenses for maintenance of livestock and real property” were not valid claims because the Estate owned neither, and everything in Ambe r’s expense reimbursement claim “appear[ed] to be paid from a joint account [Rosetta] ha d established for the express purpose of paying expenses.” Later that month, Louie filed a “MOTION TO INVOKE NO CONTEST PROVISION IN WILL” in the Estate case (“th e no-contest motion”) that alleged Amber had violated both no-contest clauses by seeking in the first trust ca se to “to sell real property” and modify the accounting method required by the Trust, filing the expense reimbursement claim in the Estate case, and seeking in the second trust case to reform the real property distribution so that she would be awarded a different tract of land that was worth more money than the land described in the Trust. The no-contest motion alle ged that Cynthia had violated both no-contest clause s by consenting to judgment in the first trust case and by participating with Amber in the second trust case.9 In January 2013, the trial court held a comb ined hearing in the Estate case and the second trust case (“the combined hearing”). 9 The matters at issue included both counts of the pending petition in the second trust case, Lo uie’s counterclaim in the second trust case, the no-contest motion in the Estate case, and the expense reimbursement claim.
A “ JUDGMENT ” entered in the second trus t case on March 20, 2013 declared Amber’s request to reform the Trust “based upon scrivener’s error a nd/or mutual mistake did not violate the” Trust’s no-co ntest clause and the judgment re formed the B.2(b) clause to provide that “[t]he Trustee is directed to distribute to [Amb er] [Rosetta’s] home and 46 acres more or less owned by the Trust and/or ow ned by [Rosetta] and located in Section 6, Township 22, Range 27, Barry County, Missouri. ” The second Trust case judgment also denied Louie’s counterclaim. 10 This court later denied Louie’ s motion for leave to file a late notice of appeal in th e second trust case. On May 26, 2013, the trial court entered an “amended judgment” 11 in the Estate case that denied Louie’s motion to set aside Ambe r’s expense reimbursement claim. The trial court also denied the no-contest motion, speci fically finding that “none of the alleged actions of [Amber and Cynthia] as set forth in the [no-contest motion] constitute a violation of [the Will’s no-contest clause].” In August 2014, Amber sought an order in the Estate case allowing her to pay $20,621.25 to Mr. Cupps and $1,420.16 to Respondents’ current counsel for “legal services and incurred expenses in hand ling the [a]ppeal matters filed against the [E]state[.]” The request incorporated itemized f ee statements from both attorneys. Louie filed suggestions in

9 The same judge that presided over th e combined hearing also presided over subsequent hearings in the Estate case, including the hearing on the final distribution. 10 The judgment also declared that Loui e’s request that the trial court remove Amber as trustee of the Trust did not constitute a violation of the Trust’s no-contest clause. 11 The “amended judgment” was not actually a judgment as it did not dispose of all claims in the Estate case.10 opposition, and in August 2014, the trial court en tered an order allowing the appellate attorney fees to be paid from the Estate (“the appellate attorney fees order”). Additional information concerning this order will be addressed in our analysis of Point IX, infra

. In October 2014, Amber filed the final se ttlement for the Estate, which included bank statements, copies of checks, and a pr oposed order approving the final settlement and distributing the remaining asse ts (“the proposed order”). Based upon the figures contained in the final settlement, the proposed order di vided the proceeds of an auction of household goods and furnishings in equal shares between Am ber, Cynthia, and Louie, then distributed to Amber, as the trustee of the Trust, the remaining assets that consisted of a tract of real estate, 12 corporate stock, dividends, and cash. That same month, Louie filed objections to the final settlement (“final settlement objecti ons”), but he did not c ontend that Amber had violated the Trust’s no-contest clause by “seek ing distribution” of the POD balance. On two dates in January 2015, the trial court held a hearing on the final settlement objections. At Louie’s request , the trial court took judicial notice of the legal file, supplemental legal file, and the briefs from the first Estate appeal; exhibits from the combined hearing; the petition and order con cerning the appellate attorney fees; and the annual and final settlement in the Estate case. Included in the le gal file from the first Estate appeal were Amber’s first amended petition and Louie’s counterclaim from the second trust case, along with the judgment entered in the se cond trust case. The si gnature card and bank statements from the POD account were also admitted into evidence.

12 Counsel for the parties subsequently stipulated that Ro setta had transferred her real estate to the Trust “with the exception of 40 acres which was left off.”11 During the hearing, Amber’s attorney objected to Loui e’s cross examination of Amber about Cynthia’s reading and signing of the first petition in the second trust case, stating: Your Honor, this is beyond the final se ttlement. This is [sic] – [Louie’s counsel] apparently wants to relitigat e the prior judgment concerning the reformation and the no-contest clause. I don’t believe that that’s appropriate in the final settlement. I think the objec tions to the final settlement deal with the expenditures that [Amber, as] pers onal representative has made or assets – or accounting for assets. Louie’s counsel replied that the purpose of the hearing was to permit the trial court an “opportunity to correct errors it made[,]” and Amber’s counsel pointed out that “that judgment” was a “judgment in a separate case a ltogether[.]” The trial court sustained the objection. We presume that refe rences to “the prior judgment” and “that judgment” were to the second trust case judgment because it is th e only judgment in the record that both reformed the Trust and made a fina l ruling on the no-contest issues. In February 2015, the trial court overruled Louie’s final settlem ent objections after having “carefully consider[ed] the pleadings, testimony and credibilityof witnesses, the hearing exhibits and the applicable statut es and case law,” and it entered the final distribution Louie now timely appeals. Analysis
Points I-VI

‒ The No-Contest Clauses Louie’s first six points cont end the trial court erred in denying the no-contest motion and overruling his final settlement object ions for the following reasons: Point I: The Will’s no-contest clause wa s violated when Amber sought in the first trust case to modify provisions in the Trust that directed the trustee to “retain real estate” as part of a farming operation for 12 years and apply “GAAP” principles in calculating income.12 Point II: The Will’s no-contest clause was violated when Respondents sought to reform clause B.2(b) of the Trust in the second trust case. Point III: The Trust’s no-contest clause was violated when Respondents sought to reform clause B.2(b) of the Trust in the second trust case. Point IV: The Trust’s no-contest clause was violated when Amber sought “an amount larger than what the Tr ust provided for her” by “making said reformation claim” in the second trust case. Point V: The Trust’s no-contest clause was violated when Amber sought “an amount $46,288.72 larger than what the Trust provided for her” by filing the expense reimbursement claim in the Estate case. Point VI: The Trust’s no-contest clause was violated when Amber sought “an amount $31,268.42 larger than what th e Trust provided for her” by making a “claim” for the POD balance. Respondents are correct in claiming that Louie cannot reassert the same issues regarding the no-contest clauses that were previously adjudica ted in the second trust case. “Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, is used to preclude the relitigation of an issue that already has been decided in a different cause of action.” Brown v. Carnahan , 370 S.W.3d 637, 658 (Mo. banc 2012). “This doctrine may be employed offensively or defensively.” Id. at 659. “The doctrine requires that the issue was fully and fairly litigated, that the issue was essential to the earlier j udgment, and that the earlier j udgment be final and binding on the party against whom it is asserted.” Sexton v. Jenkins & Assocs., Inc. , 152 S.W.3d 270, 273 (Mo. banc 2004). Louie’s counterclaim in the second trust case alleged that Respondents had violated both no-contest clauses (Trust and Will) in each of the trust cases by litigating whether particular real estate could be sold from the Trust, the accounting method could be changed, and the B.2(b) clause could be reformed. Po ints I through IV are all predicated on these same failed challenges, and the ru lings against Louie on them were essential to the denial of13 his counterclaim. These rulings in the sec ond trust case judgment b ecame final and binding on Louie when his appeal from that j udgment was dismissed in case SD32790. Louie argues in his reply brief that there has been no prior adjudication or relitigation of the no-contest clauses because: (1) “[t]he administration of a decedent’s estate is deemed one proceeding that is c oncluded by the entry of a decree of final distribution” such that it is illogical for th e second trust case to be considered a prior adjudication; (2) the Estate case was filed first; and (3) “the essential facts regarding [the nocontest clauses] claims were presented at the same time ” at the combined hearing. Louie cites In re Estate of Straszynski , 265 S.W.3d 394, 395 (Mo. A pp. S.D. 2008), for the principle that the administration of a decedent’s estate is one proceeding, but Straszynski does not address separate litigation over a trust agreement; it addr esses the payment of attorney fees in a decedent’s estate. That th e second trust case was file d after the Estate case was opened -- and that there was a combined hear ing for both cases -- does not alter the fact that the judgment in the second trust case (a separate proceeding with its own case number) was entered before the final distributi on was entered in the Estate case. Cf. In re Gould’s
Estate , 547 S.W.2d 863, 867-68, 869 (Mo. App. K.C.D. 1977 ) (the issue of whether attorney “was guilty of misconduct or wrongful conduct as executor and attorney” in a decedent’s estate was conclusively determined by a final judgment in a disciplin ary proceeding that had started after the attorney had applied for a di stribution from the estate). Louie also argues that “because Respondents did not plead collate ral estoppel below, they cannot now rely on co llateral estoppel to bar this appeal.” He cites Heins Implement Co. v. Mo. Highway & Transp. Comm’n , 859 S.W.2d 681, 684-85 (Mo. banc 1993), abrogated on other grounds by Southers v. City of Farmington , 263 S.W.3d 603, 614 n.1314 (Mo. banc 2008), which states that “[r]es judi cata is a separate and distinct affirmative defense that must be specifically pl eaded,” and he cites Rules 55.08, 55.27, and 55.33 regarding pleadings and affirmative defenses. 13 Louie also cites Consumer Fin. Corp. v.
Reams , 158 S.W.3d 792, 797-98 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005), in which the plaintiff was prohibited from offensively asserting collateral estoppel because the plaintiff did not plead the doctrine in its petition. The defect in Louie’s argument is that, absent an order by the trial court, Rules 55.08, 55.27(a), and 55.33 are not applicable “to pr oceedings in the probate division of the circuit court.” Rule 41.01(a)(2) and (b); see also In re Estate of Dodson , 878 S.W.2d 513, 518 (Mo. App. S.D. 1994) (personal represen tatives were not required to plead an affirmative defense to a claim because the fo rmer version of Rule 41.01(b) excluded “Rule 55” from application to a probate claim). Louie does not claim that any such order was entered here, and when Amber’s counsel objected at the hearing on the final settlement to Louie’s attempt to relitigate the portions of the second trust case judgment “concerning the reformation and the no-contest clause[,]” the trial court sustained that objection. The argument made by Louie’s counsel was that a pu rpose of the hearing was to permit the court an “opportunity to correct erro rs it made”; he did not object that Amber had waived any use of the second trust case judgment as an affirmative defense. Cf. Stine v. Warford , 18 S.W.3d 601, 605 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000) (a failure to timely asse rt affirmative defenses of collateral estoppel and res judicata was excuse d where the petitioner did not preserve an objection to the use of these defenses).

13 Heins addressed res judicata as also being “referred to as claim preclusion.” Id. at 684 n.1. For a comparison of claim preclus ion and issue preclusion, see Sexton , 152 S.W.3d at 273 n.3.15 However, the assertions in points V and VI that Amber’s expense reimbursement claim and her “claim” for the POD balance vi olated the Trust’s no-contest clause were not adjudicated in the second trust case. 14 But Point VI’s claim that Amber violated the Trust’s no-contest clause in “seeking di stribution” of the POD balance is not preserved for review because, as Respondents suggest , it was not raised in the final settlement objections. 15 “Absent some constitutional imperative not present here . . . it simply is not the role of the court of appeals or [the Suprem e] Court [of Missouri] to grant relief on arguments that were not presented to or decided by the trial court.” Barkley v. McKeever Enters., Inc. , 456 S.W.3d 829, 839 (Mo. banc 2015).

14 The fifth and sixth points do not specifically assert error based upon violation of the Will’s no-contest clause. Point V states: The trial court erred in denying [Louie]’s Motion to Invoke the [Will’s no-contest clause] regarding the $46,288.72 claim filed and made by [Amber] in [the Estate case] and thereafter in overruling [Louie]’s related Objections to [the final distribution] because the filing and making of said claim by [Amber] violated the Trust’s [no-contes t clause] in that, the Trust’s [no-contest clause], inter alia , provided that “[I]f any beneficiary of this Trust * * * files any action or makes any claim seeking distribution to him or her of an amount larger than what is provided for herein, then the Trustees are directed to distribute nothing to said * * * claiming beneficiary and that person shall receive nothi ng from this Trust * * * nor anything from [Rosetta]’s estates” and by filing and making said $46,288.72 claim, [Amber] was seeking distribution to her of an amount $46,288.72 larger than what the Trust provided for her. Point VI states: The trial court erred in overruling [Louie]’s Objections to [the final distribution] seeking to invoke the [Will’s no-contest clause] regard ing the POD claim made by [Amber] for the $31,268.42 balance of 4-K Farms account because by making said claim, [Amber] violated the Trust’s [no-contest clause] in th at, the Trust’s [no-contest clause], inter alia , provided that “[I]f any beneficiary of this Trust * * * makes any claim seeking distribution to him or her of an amount larger than what is provided for herein, then the Trustees are directed to distribute nothing to said * * * claiming beneficiary and that person shall receive nothing from this Trust * * * nor anything from [Rosetta]’s estates” and by making said $31,268.42 POD claim, [Amber] was seekin g distribution to he r of an amount $31,268.42 larger than what the Trust provided for her. As a result, we do not consider whether the challenge d rulings were erroneous based upon the Will’s no contest clause. See Manzella v. Dir. of Revenue , 363 S.W.3d 393, 395 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012) (“[t]his court reviews only those errors that are asserted in an appellant’s point relied on”). 15 Louie also failed to raise this claim in the no-contes t motion, and his reply brief does not attempt to rebut Respondents’ contention that Louie failed to preserve Point VI for our review.16 Even assuming, arguendo , that the Trust’s no-contest clause is relevant to the administration of the Will, the clause was not violated when Amber presented the expense reimbursement claim -- the focus of Point V. A no-contest clause will “be enforced where it is clear that the trustor (or testator) intended that the conduc t in question should forfeit a beneficiary’s interest under the indenture (or will).” Cox v. Fisher , 322 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Mo. 1959). But “Missouri courts st rictly construe no-contest, or in terrorem , clauses in wills and trusts[.]” Labantschnig v. Bohlmann , 439 S.W.3d 269, 273 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014). Cf. Chaney v. Cooper , 954 S.W.2d 510, 519 (Mo. App. W. D. 1997) (an objection to the probate of a will based on the controlli ng effect of a second person’s will was not expressly prohibited by an in terrorem clause’s language concer ning a contest or attack against the first person’s will). Here, the Trust’s no-contest clause does notpenalize anything othe r than a contest of the Trust itself, its provisions, or an “action or . . . claim seeking distribution . . . of an amount larger than what is provided for [in the Trust.]” The Trust’s no-contest clause gives no indication that a distribution is anything other than a distri bution from the Trust estate, and Louie cites no provision of the Trust that defines “distribution” in a different way. Rather, he argues in his reply br ief that “the use of the phras e ‘files any action or makes any claim seeking distribution of an amount larger than what is provided for herein’ means that Rosetta intended [that] the beneficiaries receiv e only what her trust provided for them – and nothing else – including ‘a nything from [Rosetta]’s estates[.]’” He cites no authority for this proposition, and he fails to square it with the Will’s separate bequest of “tangible personal property[,]” which makes it clear that there woul d be a devise of property apart from what was distributed from the Trust. Louie also cites no authority for the proposition that a17 forfeiture of the POD account as a part of “[Ro setta]’s estates” was in tended as a penalty for enforcing the beneficiary designatio n of the POD account itself. Amber’s “claims” to the POD account did notseek a “distribution.” A “pay-ondeath” account is a valid form of account perm itting a bank to agree to pay the account to a person other than the individual named on the account upon the death of the first person. Section 362.471.1 and 5. “At the death of all of the first named persons [on the account], the account shall become the property of the person or persons named as the ‘pay-on-death’ person or persons.” Section 362.471.2 (emphasis added). Thus, a pay-on-death account is “a transfer of property taking effect upon the de ath of the owner, pursu ant to a beneficiary designation[,]” section 461.005(7) RSMo Cum. Supp. 2013; it is a nontestamentary, nonprobate transfer of property. Id. ; see also sections 362.471.5 and 461.001. In other words, even if Amber had to prove to the ba nk that Rosetta had died, ownership of the POD account passed from Rosetta to Amber by opera tion of law, and that transfer did not constitute a distribution from the Trust or a challenge to the Trust’s no-contest clause. See Cook v. Barnard , 100 S.W.3d 924, 928 (Mo. App. W.D. 200 3) (bank accounts/certificates of deposit that were jointly ow ned or payable on death passed to the joint owner/beneficiary “by operation of law”). Louie’s first six poi nts are denied. Point VII – Inventory of the POD Account Louie contends in Point VII that the trial court erred in overruling his final settlement objections based on section 473.233 because th e POD “account was either the property owned by [Rosetta] or property possessed by [Rosetta] at the time of her death and [Amber] failed to inventory” it. Section 473.233 provides, inter alia :18 1. Within thirty days afte r letters are gran ted, unless a longer time is granted by the court, the personal representative shall make and return an inventory and appraisement, in one written in strument, of all of the property of the decedent, including exempt prope rty, which comes to his possession or knowledge, a statement of all encumb rances, liens, and other charges on any item, and all other property possessed by decedent at the time of his death. This section further directs the personal re presentative to classify the property of the decedent, and bank accounts are one of the de signated classification types. Section 473.233(1) and (5). The final classification provision states: “All property possessed but not owned by the decedent at his death shall be listed in the inventory, but separately from other property, together with a statement as to the knowledge of the personal representative as to its ownership.” Section 473.233(7). Louie’s arguments ignore section 362.471.2, whic h as discussed in our analysis of Point V, provides that “[ a ] t the death of ” the person or persons first named on the bank account, “the account shall become the property ofthe person or persons named as the ‘payon-death’ person or pe rsons.” Section 362.471.2. See also , Cook , 100 S.W.3d at 927-28 (reversing a personal representative’s re moval under section 461.300, stating that the personal representative’s “decision not to inventory the non-probate assets was not a grounds for removal” and observing the non-probat e assets were not the “decedent’s at his death”). Louie argues that the anal ysis of section 473.233.1 in Cook “is merely dicta ” because, as he reads the case, the issue in Cook “was whether the [personal representative] had a duty under [section] 461.300 – not [section] 473.233

‒ to inventory assets.” The assets at issue were certificates of deposit jointly owned by the decedent and the personal representative or were in the decedent’s name “with a payable-on-death designation in favor19 of [the personal representative,]” along with real estate owned by th ese two men “as joint tenants with rights of survivorship.” Id. at 926. The Cook opinion stated “[t]he sole issue here is whether as a matter of law the language for removal under Section 473.140, ‘incapable or unsuitable to execute the trust re posed in him[,]’ is sati sfied when the personal representative declines to include jointly held non-probate assets in th e inventory in order to satisfy tort claims.” Id. at 927. The tort claimants argued that the failure to inventory the real estate and non-probate assets made th e personal representative “‘incapable or unsuitable’ . . . supposedly, under Section 461.300(1)[.]” Id. The court in Cook found no section 461.300 requirement to inventory non-proba te assets, and it pointed out that section 473.233(1), “[t]he inventory statute[,]” also imposed no such requirement. Id. at 927, 928- 29. Because the Cook analysis of section 473.233 was necessary to determine whether removal was appropriate under section 473.140, Loui e is incorrect in characterizing it as dicta

. Louie also maintains that Cook conflicts with In re Estate of Foster , 878 S.W.2d 896 (Mo. App. E.D. 1984). The Foster opinion addressed the need to inventory a one-third interest in a partnership (found to be held separately by the decedent instead of with her husband’s interest as “an undivide d two-thirds interest in” the partnership), and it found that the failure to inventory this separate personal property owned by the decedent was one reason warranting removal of th e personal representative. Id. at 898. Foster is not in conflict with Cook . The two cases simply address differe nt types of ownership interests that pass in different ways, and the ownership intere st here is more like the ownership of the non-probate assets addressed in Cook

. See 100 S.W.3d at 926.20 Finally, Louie argues that “[a] decedent who exercises some dominion over property is inferentially in possession th ereof[,]” citing, only generally, In re Schell’s Estate , 390 S.W.2d 618 (Mo. App. Spfld.D. 1965). Schell’s Estate addressed whether particular real estate was in the decedent’s possession at his death because he “physic ally occupied it and exercised some dominion over it by” fa rming it and paying property taxes on it. Id. at 621. The opinion does not discuss whether the exis tence of a joint tenant with right of survivorship would have extinguished the deced ent’s interest at his death. The finding by the trial court was that the decedent had prev iously conveyed the property at issue by two warranty deeds, but the deeds had not been deli vered to the grantees and were not recorded until after the decedent’s death. Id. at 619. The reviewing court f ound that “[t]his is at least a species of possession” such thatthe realty should have been inventoried, but it also pointed out that it did “not undertake to define precis ely and for all purposes the meaning of the word ‘possessed’ as it app ears in subpar. (7) of par. 1 of Section 473.233[.]” Id. at 621. Louie cites no case holding that a pay-on-deat h account is “property possessed but not owned by the decedent at his death[,]” and none of his points challenge the validity of the POD account’s designation of Amber as the owner at Rosetta’s death. Amber was not obligated to inventory the POD account that passed to her by operation of law at Rosetta’s death. Point VII is denied. Point VIII – The Expens e Reimbursement Claim Louie contends in his eight h point that the trial court erred in overruling the final settlement objections because: (1) [the expense reimbursement claim wa s] not in existence at the time of [Rosetta]’s death; (2) there was no ag reement between [Amber] and [Rosetta] that [Amber] would be reimbursed for [Rosetta]’s debts paid from the [POD account]; (3) [t]he funeral bill was paid from the [POD account] which was21 property of the Estate; (4) the household/ farm expenses paid by [Amber] after [Rosetta]’s death constituted the oper ation of [Rosetta]’s farm business without a court order; an d (5) [Amber] was seeking reimbursement for debts of a [d]ecedent which she paid as a volunteer without following the claims procedure of the probate code.[ 16 ] “Claims” under the probate code 17 “include liabilities of the decedent which survive whether arising in contract, tort or otherwise, funeral expenses, the expense of a tombstone, and costs and expenses of administration[.]” Section 472.010(3). A claim may be paid if it is “duly filed and allowed by the court[,]” section 473.403.1, or , unless the claim is that of the personal representati ve herself, “any claim may be paid by the personal representative, without allowance thereof by the court, and cr edit may be had therefor in his settlement, provided the same is either paid or filed within the time prescrib ed by section 473.360[.]” Section 473.403.2. A personal representative may file his own “claim against estate assets, [but] he may not pass upon allowance and payment. Instead, the personal representative must file the claim and either file the written consent to th e claim by those adversely affected or secure approval by an administrator ad litem.” Adams v. Braggs , 739 S.W.2d 744, 745 (Mo. App. W.D. 1987); see also section 473.423. When a claim agains t an estate is challenged, the “personal representative bears the burden ‘to pr ove that the estate was liable on the claim for the amount so paid.’” In re Estate of Weddle , 84 S.W.3d 144, 146 (M o. App. W.D. 2002) (quoting section 473.403.2). When a person pays the liabilities of a decedent from her own funds, that person “succeed[s] to the rights of ” those who were paid; the person is then “under the same obligations to perfect the claim as any other creditor.” Adams , 739 S.W.2d

16 Louie includes a footnote directing us to Point VI of his first Estate appeal, claiming that statutory provisions regarding the administrator ad litem’s appearance and management of the expense reimbursement claim were not followed. We decline review of an y such issues because they are not pr esented in a point relied on in this appeal. See Manzella , 363 S.W.3d at 395. 17 The “probate code” consists of chapters 472-475 of Missouri’s statutes. Section 472.010(5).22 at 746. The trial court is to sustain exceptions to the claim insofar as it “determines that the estate was not liable for any part of the amount paid[.]” Weddle , 84 S.W.3d at 146. Here, the trial court took j udicial notice of the expense reimbursement claim asserted in the January 2013 and January 2015 hearings in the Estate case. Am ber testified in the January 2015 hearing that she be lieved the bills in her expense reimbursement claim to be the “obligations of” Rosetta. The expense reimbursement clai m incorporated photocopies of checkbook register pages with handwritten entrie s, along with receipts, bills, and statements from third parties (collectively “statements” ) for some, but not all, of the checks, and additional evidence was presented in subsequenthearings. The payees were a nursing care facility, a health clinic, a fune ral home, three people providing services as “hired hands” or home help, a mowing service, utility providers , telephone/internet providers, veterinarians, a gasoline vendor, a tire company, a hardware store, automotive vendors, farm vendors, and “D-Carr Fastrip[.]” 18
All but two of the statements identified the customer or subject as Rosetta, Gary, 4-K Farms, or some other name that could be r easonably understood to m ean one of these three entities; the two exceptions listed no customer name at all. The Trust was not identified as the customer or subject on any of the statements. 19 Louie agreed in his testimony during the January 2015 hearing that bills for Rosetta’s funeral, the nursing care facility, one farm vendor, and two telephone/internet providers were for the care of Rosetta or obligations of the Estate. Louie also acknowle dged that bills from three utili ty companies, the tire vendor, another veterinarian, the gas vendor, one au tomotive vendor and two other farm vendors were for things provided before Rosetta’s deat h. Thus, the payments to the suppliers were

18 No documentation other than the checkbook register was included with the expense reimbursement claim regarding payments to the three hired hands, home help, and the mowing service. 19 Statements from one veterinarian and one automotive vendor did not indicate a customer name.23 linked to Rosetta based upon Amber’s testimony; some testimony from Louie; the dates or services referenced on the statements or th e check register; or a combination of these

sources. Amber testified that at the time of Rosetta’ s death, the Estate did not have sufficient funds in its account to pay the bills included in the expense reimbursement claim. There were, however, sufficient funds in the POD account to pay the bills, and Amber believed that Rosetta would have wanted those bills paid as “[s]he wa s a stickler for paying bills on time.” While Louie is correct that Ambe r paid the items comprising the expense reimbursement claim after Rosetta’s death, the tr ial court could find that she did so in order to pay obligations of Rosetta that could not be paid from the Estate at the time of Rosetta’s death. Upon paying them, Amber succeeded to the rights of the vendors she paid. See Adams , 739 S.W.2d at 746. We therefore reject Louie’s argument that the expense reimbursement claim “arose” after Rosetta’s deat h insofar as it suggests that the items were not Rosetta’s expenses. We also reject his argument -- unsupported by legal author ity -- that “Rosetta had no ‘liability *** [sic] arising in contract’ withAmber.” Louie maintains that Amber admitted “that she did not have an agreement with [Ros etta] to be reimbursed for checks written out of [the POD] account after [Rosetta] passed.” We fail to see the legal relevance of such testimony. The trial court appa rently credited Amber’s testimony that the bills she paid comprising the expense reimbursement claim we re Rosetta’s, and that testimony constituted substantial evidence that Amber succeeded to th e position of the creditors she paid. And for the reasons stated in our analys is of points V and VII, we reje ct Louie’s assertion that the POD account was the property of Rosetta fo r purposes of paying her funeral bill.24 Louie’s contentions that the trial court erred in overruling the final settlement objections because Amber operated Rosetta’s “f arm business without a court order” and the household and farm were assets of the Trust are also without merit. Again, the expense reimbursement claim was for obligations Rosetta in curred while still alive; they did not arise after her death, and none of the bills indicated that they were obligations incurred by the Trust instead of by Rosetta in her personal capacity. Amber tes tified that all farm expenses were paid out of the POD account, and Louie testified that his unde rstanding was that Rosetta “continue[d] to run the income and e xpenses of the farm out of her personal account” after the Trust was created. 20 The fifth sub-part of Point VIII, contending that Amber paid Rosetta’s debts “as a volunteer without following the claims procedur e of the probate code,” is not supported by Louie’s general citations to “the function of the probate cour t . . . to adjudicate and allow claims[,]” Hess v. Sandner , 198 S.W. 1125, 1126 (Mo. App. K.C.D. 1917), and the duty of the probate court “to pass on any claim pr esented for allowance against a decedent’s estate[.]” Calvin F. Feutz Funeral Home, Inc. v. Werner’s Estate , 417 S.W.2d 25, 27 (Mo. App. St.L.D. 1967). Had there been money in the Estate’s account, Amber could have paid the vendors represented in the expense reimbur sement claim within the time permitted under section 473.360 without allowance by the trial court in advance, although she would have had to prove the Estate’s lia bility for the expense upon L ouie’s exception to the final distribution. Section 473.403.2. When Amber in stead succeeded to the vendors’ positions by paying the bills within a month of Rosetta’s death with her own money, then filing the expense reimbursement claim within two months of the issuance of the letters testamentary

20 Given our finding that Louie has not demonstrated that the expense reimbursement claim was in support of the Trust instead of Rosetta, we need not decide whether the “SECOND” part of the Trust would have alternatively supported payment of the expense reimbursement claim from Trust property.25 and presenting evidence supporting the claim at the hearing on the final settlement objections, she followed the appropriate claims procedure. Point VIII is denied. Point IX – The Appellate Attorney Fees Allowance Finally, Louie insists that the trial court erred in entering the final distribution because the appellate attorney fees allowance di d not benefit the “Estate as a whole . . . in that the appeal only involved a dispute between conflicting clai mants to [Rosetta’s Estate] and [the] Trust.” His brief allege s that “[t]he record in [the fi rst Estate appeal] conclusively establishes that [Amber] in her capacity as [p ]ersonal [r]epresentative had no interest in the outcome of [the first Estate appeal.]” In the appellate attorney f ees order, the trial court found that the attorneys had “rendered legal services and incurred expenses in the Appeals [sic] filed against the [E]state and should be compensated for such services.” The order did not rest rict the payment of attorney fees to those earned in representing any specific party over a nother, and it did not cite a particular statute. The docket entry a ccompanying the order stated: “After carefully reviewing the Personal Representative’s Peti tion For Payment of Atto[rn]eys’ Fees and Billing Statements together with the Sugges tions in opposition thereto as well as the applicable case law, the Court approves the Petition and enters the order which has been signed and filed herein.” At the hearing on the final settlement objecti ons, Louie testified that the first Estate appeal involved his challenge to the Will’s no- contest clause and the expense reimbursement claim. Following Louie’s offer of exhibits th at included the “Petition & Order/Payment for Attorney Fees” and “Appeal Briefs, Appendi x, Order & Mandate” from the first Estate appeal, the trial court took judici al notice of all these materials, including the itemization of26 the appellate attorney fees in corporated into the petition. The final distribution is based upon the figures contained in the final settlement, which included the appe llate attorn ey fees allowance as a debit. Attorney fees may be awarded as an expens e of administration in a probate matter. Campbell v. Campbell , 929 S.W.2d 757, 760, 761 (Mo. App. W. D. 1996) (attorney fees affirmed for an administrator ad litem), and “[ t]he determination of appropriate expenses of administration rests within the sound discretion of the [trial] court.” In re Estate of Veselich v. Nw. Nat’l. Cas. Co. , 760 S.W.2d 564, 570 (Mo. App. W.D. 1988). “The trial court is considered an expert on attorney’s fees, including fees for services on appeal[.]” Klinkerfuss v. Cronin , 289 S.W.3d 607, 613 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009). “[T]he general rule for a ttorney fees is that they are recoverable only when authorized by statute or contract, when a court of equityfinds it necessary to award them in order to balance benefits, or when they are incurred because of involvement in collateral litigation.” In re Estate of Murray , 682 S.W.2d 857, 858 (Mo. App. W.D. 1984). Section 473.153.3 provides for the compensation of “[a]ttorney s performing services for the estate at the instance of the personal representative” based upon a schedule provided in subsection 1 of the statute, but it also provides that “additional compensation” is allowable where “reasonable compensation” exceeds what the schedule provides. Awards of attorney fees on be half of beneficiaries in probate matters have been upheld under the equitable power of the trial court. See In re Estate of Chrisman , 723 S.W.2d 484, 486-87 (Mo. App. E.D. 1986) (the trial “court abusedits discretion in denying attorney fees and expenses to” a contingent remainderman under the “‘equitable balancing of benefits’” principle becau se his action substantially be nefitted the estate) (quoting27 Murray , 682 S.W.2d at 858, where attorney fees were affirmed for a residuary heir based on a successful effort to remove a personal re presentative). “As a ge neral principle, the allowance of attorney fees under the criteria of ‘equitable balanc ing of benefits’ is governed by the rule in Dugger v. Welp , 646 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Mo.App.1983), that ‘very unusual circumstances’ must be shown.” Murray , 682 S.W.2d at 858. “‘Very unusual circumstances,’ as it relates to the reimbursement of attorney’s fees, has been interpreted to mean an unusual type of case or unusually co mplicated litigation. ‘B alancing of benefits’ under ‘very unusual circumstances’ has been conf ined to very limited fact situations.” In re Morrison , 987 S.W.2d 475, 478 (Mo. App. S.D. 1999) (citation omitted). “While there is scant authority, Missouri seems to follow the rule that expenses incurred by a beneficiary of an estate, rather than the personal representative, must be shown to be beneficial to the estate as a whole rather than to just individuals interested therein.” Murray , 682 S.W.2d at 858. Thus, simply because the attorney fees allowance may have benefited Respondents, individually, in addition to Amber as personal representative, does not necessarily mean that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing an award of such fees here. The appellate attorney fees allowance was not limited expr essly to an application of section 473.153.3. Further, as Respondents point out, the cases Louie cites in support of Point IX are not dispositive, 21 and we are to affirm the final se ttlement order based upon any reasonable theory that is supported by the evidence. See Hock , 322 S.W.3d at 579.

21 In re Estate of Broadhurst , 737 S.W.2d 504, 507 (Mo. App. S.D. 1987), involved a finding that a personal representative was not shown aggrieved so as to properly appeal a widow’s application for exempt property and election to take against the will. The opinion di d not involve the allowance of attorney fees. In St. Louis Union Trust Co. v. Conant , 499 S.W.2d 761, 769 (Mo. 1973), a trustee was denied the payment of attorney fees from the trust for legal advice to the trustee regard ing his own liability if the trust entered into a settlement of a will contest suit and for the trustee’s filing of a decl aratory judgment action related to the will contest suit. As pointed out in another trust case, “[i]n Conant , the attorney’s services related solely to the trustee’s potential liability in the event the trustee entered into and participated in a proposed plan to partially destroy the trust.” Klinkerfuss , 199 S.W.3d at 845 (emphasis added). Respondents are correct that an opinion Louie28 In terms of a basis in equity for the award, the trial cour t could have found that there were very unusual circumstances complicating th e administration of the Estate case. Louie entered the first trust case, but he raised no argument that the order sought by Amber with the agreement of Cynthia would have violated any part of the Tr ust or the no-contest clauses. In the second trust case, Louie litigat ed his counterclaims th at Respondents violated both no-contest clauses in each of the trust cases, and Respondents prevailed. Louie also litigated the no-contest clauses, along with th e expense reimbursement claim, in the first
Estate case. Respondents prevailed in the first Estate appeal, but Louie’s unsuccessful attempt to bring an interlocutory appeal resulted in the accrual of attorney fees for the respondents in that appeal. Louie named Amber in both he r individual capacity and in her personal

quotes, Tracy v. Martin , 239 S.W.2d 567 (Mo. App. St.L.D. 1951) (reversing award of a guardian ad litem fee), was superseded by Tracy v. Martin , 249 S.W.2d 321, 324 (Mo. banc 1952) (guardian ad litem fee affirmed). But of greater significance here is that th e analogy Louie cites from the former opinion for denying attorney fees -- “the efforts of co unsel are not for the benefit of the estate as a whole, but are exerted solely for the selfish benefit of the party litigant” -- does not apply here. Tracy , 239 S.W.2d at 570 (emphasis added). Finally, as Respondents suggest, Louie misses the heart of the following passage he quotes from In re Thomasson’s Estate , 171 S.W.2d 553, 561, 564 (Mo. banc 1943) (affirming the circuit court’s award of attorney fees for prior administratri ces of an estate) (citations and footnote omitted, emphasis added): With respect to the assets that come into his custody or control by virtue of his office an executor or administrator is trustee for all pa rties interested, the deceased, the beneficiaries, and creditors. So, likewise, the test as to the se rvices rendered by the attorney for such ‘trustee,’ is whether they are beneficial to the whole estate rather than some special interest. This is true even where the attorney is directly employed by the administrator. On this theory it is said the general rule is, that while no allowance may be made out of an estate for legal services rendered for the sole benefit of particular heirs or beneficiaries, yet such allowance may be made in so far as the attorney employed by such heirs is recognized as attorney for the whole estate and his servic es are accepted and beneficial thereto. This harmonizes with and is analogous to the doctrine . . . that when an administrator employs an attorney to represent the estate, the contract has a double aspect. The administrator is personally bound thereby, but the estate also is bound in so far as the services rendered to it are necessary or beneficial and the charges reasonable . . . . [A]n administrator’s attorney does not forfeit his right to compensation from the estate for services rendered to it, merely because he also represented the administrator in presenting the latter’s personal claim against the estate. So on this assignment we conclude the legal services rendered by respondents to the Thomasson estate during the intestate administration were not referable to the relatives’ contract [with 35 relatives executed before the estate was opened], but to the administratrices’ contract[.]29 representative roles, but he now argues th at she was not a “stakeholder” as personal representative. He does not explain why Am ber was not under the general duty imposed by section 473.270 to “defend all actio ns brought against [her,]” esp ecially since this was not a situation in which she was certain to lose or otherwise harm the Estate in defending against Louie’s claims on appeal. Cf. Veselich , 760 S.W.2d at 569 (“[t]he pe rsonal representative is not obligated by virtue of [section 473.270] to defend an action when in the reasonable judgment of the personal represen tative and the court defense of the action is not in the best interest of the estate”). “It has long been established that th e personal representative serves in a fiduciary capacity. It is th e duty of the personal representative to look after the interests of the estate and to act for and on behalf of all persons who have an interest in the estate.” Id. Now, Louie unsuccessfully presses the previ ously litigated issues yet again in the form of his final settlement objections in th is second appeal. Of course, successfully defending a claim does not in itself establ ish very unusual circumstances equitably warranting an award of attorney fees, but the repeated litigati on and required defense of the same issues in the same and in separate ca ses certainly complicated the resolution of the
Estate case. In terms of balancing the benefits in this case, the “tangible personal property[,]” including proceeds from an auction of some of this property, was divided equally between Louie and Respondents, with the remainder of the Estate to be devised to the Trust. And to the extent that the sum could be distributed from the Trust, Louie and Respondents are again equal beneficiaries of the Trust, with the exception of a specified percentage to the trustee for running the farm and two specific grants of real estate. The effect of the appellate30 attorney fees allowance, then, is that L ouie and Respondents each share the burden of the appellate attorney fees in equal parts. U nder the unique circumstances of this case, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in eff ectively dividing the appellate attorney fees among Louie and Respondents equally. 22 Point IX is also denied, and the final distribution is affirmed.

DON E. BURRELL, P.J. - OPINION AUTHOR NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. - CONCURS GARY W. LYNCH, J. - CONCURS

22 Respondents have not filed a motion with this court se eking attorney fees in connection with this appeal. Louie filed a motion with this court seeking his attorney fees on appeal and it was taken with the case. The motion cites this district’s Special Rule 14, which allo ws a party to seek appellate attorney fees based on “contract, statute or otherwise[.]” Louie provides no further explanation of why such an award would be appropriate here, and we deny the motion.