# Mussel Watch Progra m N OAA NATI ONAL STATUS & TRE NDS


# An A ssessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl E thers (PBD Es) in Sediments and Bivalves of the U

. S

. Coastal ZoneNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report 

## II Citation for this Report Kimbrough, K. L., W. E. Johnson, G. G. Lauenstein, J. D. Christensen and D. A. Apeti. 2009. An Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Sediments and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone. Silver Spring, MD. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 94. 87 pp. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the United States government.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## III 

# An Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Sediments and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone

K. L . Kimbrough, W. E . Johnson, G

. G

. L auenstein, J. D. C hristensen and D. A

. Apeti. C enter for C oastal Monitoring and Assessment N OAA /N OS/N CCOS 1305 E ast-West H ighway S ilver S pring, Maryland 20910NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## IVNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## V Background
N OAA ’s Mussel Watch Program was designed to monitor the status and trends of chemical contamination of U

. S . coastal waters, including the G reat L akes. T he Program began in 1986 and is one of the longest running, continuous coastal monitoring programs that is national in scope. N OAA established Mussel Watch in response to a legislative mandate under S ection 202 of Title II of the Marine Protection, Research and S anctuaries Act (MP RSA) (33 USC 1442). In addition to monitoring contaminants throughout the Nation’s coastal shores, Mussel Watch stores samples in a specimen bank so that trends can be determined retrospectively for new and emerging contaminants of concern. In recent years, flame retardant chemicals, known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have generated international concern over their widespread distribution in the environment, their potential to bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife, and concern for suspected adverse human health effects. T he Mussel Watch Program, with additional funding provided by N OAA ’s O ceans and H uman H ealth Initiative, conducted a study of PBD E s in bivalve tissues and sediments. This report, which represents the first national assessment of PBDEs in the U.S. coastal zone, shows that they are widely distributed. PBD Econcentrations in both sediment and bivalve tissue correlate with human population density along the U

. S . coastline. T he national and watershed perspectives given in this report are intended to support research, local monitoring, resource management, and policy decisions concerning these contaminants.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## VI Acknowledgements T he Mussel Watch T eam would like to thank those who through their hard work made this document possible. As a result of their efforts, this report has been greatly enhanced. Ken Buja Theresa Goedeke Treda Smith-Grayson Chris Jeffrey
Tom McDonald
Kevin McMahon Terry McTigue Keith Maruya Tony Pait Oren Perez
Juan Ramirez Heather Stapleton

David Whitall National O ceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National O ceanic and Atmospheric Administration
U

. S

. E nvironmental Protection Agency C onsolidated S afety S ervices, Inc.
T

exas A&M U niversity
National O ceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National O ceanic and Atmospheric Administration S outhern C alifornia C oastal Water Resources Project
National O ceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Aster E ngineering, Inc.
T DI-Brooks International, Inc.
Nicholas S chool of the E nvironment and E arth S ciences, Duke U niversity
National O ceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## VII Table of Contents Program Background

............................................................................................................... 1
C hemical Description

............................................................................................................... 4 Program Methods

................................................................................................................... 8
Results and Discussion

......................................................................................................... 14 S ocietal Relevance

................................................................................................................ 24
References

............................................................................................................................ 28
Appendix 1. Mussel Watch PBD EData by S tate

.................................................................. 38
Appendix 2. Quantitative determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers using selected ion monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry 1999-2007

.................................... 76NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## VIIINOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 1 

# q Mussel Watch Program Background

Approximately 300 active monitoring sites are located in the continental U

. S ., • Alaska, Puerto R ico, and H awaii.

S tations are 10 to 100 km apart along the entire U

. S . coastline. • Approximately 150 contaminants are monitored in resident bivalve populations • including: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (69), polychlorinated biphenyls

(40), organotins (4), metals and metalloids (15), and historic and contemporary use pesticides and selected transformation products (20). S pecial assessments are used to determine the environmental impacts of new • contaminants, extreme events, and oil spills.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 2 N OAA ’s Mussel Watch Program monitors the status and trends of chemical contamination of U

. S . coastal waters. T he Program began in 1986 and is one of the longest running, continuous coastal monitoring programs that is national in scope. T he Program is based on annual collection and analysis of oysters and mussels. T hese bivalves are stationary organisms that filter particles from water; thus, contaminant levels in their tissue are a good indicator of local contamination. Mussel Watch data are useful for characterizing the environmental impact of new and emerging contaminants, measuring effects of extreme events (hurricanes and oil spills), and for assessing the effectiveness of legislation, management decisions, and remediation of coastal contamination. As a result of monitoring all major estuaries for chemical contamination, Mussel Watch results can be used to identify geographic areas of concern and potential human exposures to elevated levels in seafood. N OAA established Mussel Watch in response to a legislative mandate under S ection 202 of Title II of the Marine Protection, Research and S anctuaries Act (MP RSA) (33 USC1442), which called on the S ecretary of C ommerce to, among other activities, initiate a continuous monitoring program “to assess the health of the marine environment, including monitoring of contaminant levels in biota, sediment and the water column.” As part of the NOAA Authorization Act of 1992, the overall approach and activities of N OAA ’s National S tatus and Trends Program (N S &T ), including Mussel Watch, were codified under provisions of the National C oastal Monitoring Act (Title V of the MP RSA). In 1986, the inaugural year of the Mussel Watch Program, 145 sites were sampled. T

oday, Mussel Watch is comprised of approximately 300 monitoring sites, where about 150 chemical contaminants, chosen Program Goal T

o support ecosystem-based management through an integrated nationwide program of environmental monitoring, assessment, and research to describe the status and trends of contaminants in our Nation’s estuaries and coasts. through consultation with experts and scientists from academia and government, are measured. Many of these contaminants are listed as E nvironmental Protection Agency ( E P A) Priority Pollutants (Keith and T

eillard, 1979). L egislation has been passed to regulate most of the organic contaminants analyzed by the Mussel Watch Program Zebra Mussels

Oysters 

# Program BackgroundNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 3 

# Program Background

Highlight Many Mussel Watch sites are coincident with the 1976-1978 E P A

Mussel Watch sites. Program staff consulted with state officials, academic professionals and others when sites were established. S ome sites are located in or near N OAA

managed areas (National E stuarine Research Reserves, National Marine S anctuaries). Sites were selected in shellfish beds large enough for repeated sampling. S amples are only collected from natural substrates; caged mussels are not used. ( http://N S and T.noaa.gov ). T he majority are toxic to aquatic organisms, and some are taken up and stored in animal tissues with the potential to be transferred through food webs to humans. This report utilizes Mussel Watch PBDE measurements of mussels, oysters, and sediment to provide a summary of national PBD Elevels, and is intended for use by resource managers, policy makers, scientists, legislators, and concerned citizens. The bivalve mollusks measured included species of the genus Mytilus (blue mussels), species of the genus Dreissena(zebra mussels), and species of the genus Crassostrea (oyster). S ome of these species are edible, but no PBD E threshold levels for the protection of human health have been promulgated by the U

. S

. Food and Drug Administration. T his report compares the status of PBD E s at the national level to those found locally or regionally. C omparisons can be used to determine if the concentrations are high relative to the rest of the Nation. Site specific measurements can be found in Appendix 1. More detailed program information can be accessed at http://N S and T.noaa.gov

.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 4 

# q Chemical Description

Production of PBD E s in the U

. S . began in the 1970s and peaked in the late • 1990s.

PBD E s are ubiquitous in the U

. S . coastal environment. • In the U

. S ., PBD Elevels in humans have been rising over the past 30 years • and are generally 10-100 times higher than levels measured in E urope and

Asia. C urrent concentrations in humans may be leveling off or decreasing.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 5 

# C hemical Description

Figure 1. C hemical structure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. 

### commercial formulations: Penta, O cta, and DecaBD E , were produced (ATS D R , 2004) under a variety of product names (e.g., D E -71, Bromkal 70-5D E , D E -79, Bromkal 790-8D E , S aytex 102 E , and Bromkal 82- 0D E ). C ommercial formulations are mixtures of specific homologues. The relative homologue composition of these three generic formulations is shown in T able 1. T he predominant congeners found in the environment are the main congeners found in commercial mixtures. Flame retardants save lives by inhibiting ignition and subsequent burning of consumer products. L aws and regulations require that consumer products meet minimum fire safety standards. H ence, human exposure to products containing flame retardant chemicals is practically unavoidable. Production of PBD E s in the U

. S . began in the 1970s and peaked in late 1990s ( H ardy, 2002a). Global demand for brominated flame retardants doubled during the 1990s (Alaee et al., 2003). In 2004, the E uropean U nion ( EU ) banned the use of PentaBD Eand O ctaBD E commercial mixtures (B SE F, 2006) and the U

. S . chemical manufacturers voluntarily ceased production. S ubsequently, the EU banned DecaBD Ein 2008, but it continues to be produced and used in the U

. S

. C ommercial PentaBD Ewas used mainly in polyurethane foam (mattresses and padding beneath carpets and furniture). C ommercial O ctaBD Ewas predominantly used in casings for electronic products (computers, monitors, plastics). C ommercial PentaBD E , O ctaBD E , and DecaBD Emixtures were also used in nylon, textiles, and adhesives. T oday, commercial DecaBD Eis used primarily in TV casings. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are persistent man-made aromatic chemicals composed of two phenyl rings linked by an oxygen bridge (ether linkage). Bromine atoms can replace up to ten hydrogen atoms on the phenyl rings (Figure 1). T heoretically, 209 unique PBD Estructures (congeners) are possible. C ongeners with the same number of bromine atoms are referred to as a homologue, and thus, there are ten homologues ranging from mono- to decaBD E . For example, a PBD E with ten bromines, is called decaBDE; five bromines is a pentaBD E(T ables 1 and 2). T he chemical structure of PBD E s are similar to that of polychlorinated biphenyls (P C Bs), another class of globally distributed environmental contaminants that the U

. S

. banned from production in 1976 (ATS D R , 2001). PBD E s have been referred to as the new P C Bs. C onsumer product manufacturers have begun using alternative flame retardants; but, in the short term, the current load of PBD E s in buildings, vehicles, and consumer products assures continued release and exposure for years to come. Manufacture and Regulation T he industrial production of brominated diphenyl ethers primarily yields a mixture of tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, and deca homologues in various percentages ( S iddiqi et al., 2003). T hree genericNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 6 

# C hemical Description

Exposure and Toxicity H uman exposure to PBD E s occurs through inhalation of contaminated household (Jones-Otazo et al., 2005) and workplace dust (Julander et al., 2005), and eating contaminated food (Schecter et al., 2006; Hale et al., 2001; Hayward et al., 2007). Women in the U

. S . were found to have some of the highest levels of PBD E s in breast milk (Schecter et al., 2003; Norén and Meronyté, 2000), blood (Schecter et al., 2005; Sjödin et al., 2008), and body fat (Johnson- Restrepo et al., 2005a; She et al., 2002). Levels in the U

. S . have been rising over the past 30 years, but appear to be leveling off or decreasing (Sjödin et al., 2008). Generally, in the U.S., levels in human samples are 10-100 fold higher than levels measured in E urope, Asia, and New Zealand. Recent evidence suggests that PBD E s can be transferred from mother to fetus and from breast milk to infants ( H ooper et al., 2000). O ccupational exposure may be important for some workers. T he highest reported concentrations of PBD E s in human blood serum were measured in workers at an electronic waste dismantling facility in C hina (Qu et al., 2007). T here is a growing body of research describing the toxicology of PBD E s in animals and humans. T horough reviews on the subject include Darnerud et al., 2001; Hardy, 2002b; and Darnerud, 2003. Toxicological studies in animals indicate that liver, thyroid, and neurobehavioral development may be impaired by these contaminants. T he human health effects from exposure to PBD E s are not well documented; however, based on the structural similarity of PBD E s to P C Bs, there is reason for concern. T he most sensitive populations are likely to be pregnant women, developing fetuses, and infants (McDonald, 2002). H uman prenatal and neonatal exposure to PBD E s is being carefully studied Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca BD E -1 BD E -7 BD E -17 BD E -47 BD E -85 BD E -138 BD E -181 BD E -2 BD E -8 BD E -25 BD E -49 BD E -99 BD E -153 BD E -183 BD E -3 BD E -10 BD E -28 BD E -66 BD E -100 BD E -154 BD E -190 BD E -11 BD E -30 BD E -75 BD E -116 BD E -155 BD E -12 BD E -32 BD E -77 BD E -118 BD E -166 BD E -13 BD E -33 BD E -119 BD E -15 BD E -35 BD E -126 BD E -37 Product Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca Penta 24-38 50-60 4-8 Octa 10-12 44 31-35 10-11 <1 Deca <3 >97 Table 1. Percent composition of commercial PBDE flame retardant mixtures. Commercial products contain more than one homologue in a specific range (WHO, 1994).

Table 2. U nique PBD Econgeners measured in this Mussel Watch Program assessment.



## Not measured for this studyNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 7 and a recent report suggests an association of reduced thyroxine levels with prenatal exposure to PBD E s and P C Bs ( H erbstman et al., 2008). Environmental Fate and Transport PBD E s are widely distributed in marine sediments (Wurl and Obbard, 2005; Oros et al., 2005; Allchin et al., 1999) and biota (Environment Canada, 2006; Hites, 2004; de Wit et al., 2004). T he major sources of PBD E s to the environment are homes and household dust (Stapleton et al., 2005; Jones-Otazo et al., 2005; Butt et al., 2004), releases during the manufacturing and use of commercial products, and releases during the recycling and disposal of products containing PBD E s. S ubsequently, PBD E s may be distributed throughout the environment by atmospheric transport ( S tranderg et al., 2001), runoff, industrial point sources, and sewage outflows ( L itten et al., 2003). PBD E s are detected in remote places, such as the Arctic (Ikonomou et al., 2002; de Wit et al., 2004), representing further evidence of atmospheric transport and deposition. Other diffuse PBD Epathways include leaching from aging consumer products, incineration of municipal waste, land application of sewage sludge as biosolids, industrial discharge, and accidental spills (EPA, 2008; Hale et al., 2001; ATSDR, 2004). Relatively high concentrations of PBD E s have been detected in sediments and biota in areas close to industrial sources ( S hen et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2005). At high temperatures, PBD E s may form a volatile mixture of polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDD) and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDF), making the incineration of municipal waste containing plastic and upholstery a source of atmospheric PBD E s, dioxins, and furans (ATS D R , 2004). 

# C hemical Description

PBD E s have low vapor pressures, verylow water solubility, and high octanolwater partition coefficients (log Kow 

### ) values (Environment Canada, 2006); therefore, they behave like many other persistent organic contaminants that accumulate in biota and sediment. In the environment they are more likely to be associated with particles than dissolved in the water. In addition to being found in fish (Johnson and Olson, 2001; Hites et al., 2004) and shellfish (Hoenicke et al., 2007; Booij et al., 2002; Oros et al., 2005), PBD E s have been measured in foxes, grizzly bears (Christensen et al., 2005), seals (Ikonomou et al., 2008; Ikonomou et al., 2002), sea lions ( S tapleton et al., 2006), polar bears (Verreault et al., 2005; Kannan et al., 2005), porpoises, whales (Weijs et al., 2009; Ross, 2006), land and sea birds ( L indberg et al., 2004; McKinney et al., 2006; Voorspoels et al., 2006; Jaspers et al., 2005; Verreault et al., 2005; Bustnes et al., 2008), and bird eggs (Herzke et al., 2005; Braune et al., 2007). S ince the 1970s, levels of PBD E s in sediments and wildlife, including aquatic species, have increased substantially (Ikonomou et al., 2002). S tudies of PBD E s in marine foodwebs (Wan et al., 2008; Xia etal., 2008; Bragigand et al., 2006; JohnstonRestrepo et al., 2005a; Haglund et al., 1997) provide evidence of biomagnification. PBDEs in the environment may be transformed by debromination processes (removal of bromine atoms), including photo-transformation during exposure to sunlight ( S tapleton and Dodder, 2008).NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 8 

# q Methods

Mussel Watch sites were selected to represent coastal areas that can be used • to construct a nationwide assessment.

Approximately half the sites are visited each year. • S ediment samples are collected from Mussel Watch sites approximately once • every 10 years, when new sites are established, or during special sampling

events such as oil spills. Bivalve collection includes blue mussels in the Northeast Atlantic, and West • Coast; oysters in the Middle Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii,

and Puerto Rico; and zebra mussels in the Great Lakes.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 9 

# Methods

selected for monitoring are generally 10 to 100 km apart along the entire U

. S . coastline, including the G reat L akes, Puerto R ico, and H awaii. Where possible, sites were selected to coincide with historic mussel and oyster monitoring locations from other programs, such as the U

. S

. E P A

’s Mussel Watch sites that were sampled from 1976 to 1978 ( G oldberg et al., 1983), and to complement sites sampled through state programs, such as the C alifornia Mussel Watch Program (Martin, 1985). Because one single species of mussel or oyster is not common to all coastal regions, a variety of species are collected to gain a national perspective. A target species is identified for each site based on abundance and ease of collection. Mussels (Mytilus Species and Sites Mussels and oysters are widely distributed along the coasts. T hey are integrators of contaminants where they live, and their use as indicators minimizes the problems inherent in comparing data from markedly different species (Berner et al., 1976; Farrington et al., 1980; Farrington, 1983; Tripp and Farrington, 1984). T hey are good indicators of environmental quality because contaminant levels in their tissue respond to changes in the ambient environment and accumulate with little metabolic transformation ( Roesijadi et al., 1984; Sericano, 1993). Mussel Watch sites were selected to represent coastal areas that can be used to construct a nationwide assessment. S ites Figure 2. Distribution of ● zebra mussels, ● oysters, and ● mussels collected and measured as part of the Mussel Watch Program PBD Eassessment. Mussel Watch Program sites not measured as part of this study ( ● ).NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 10 

# Methods

iced containers, and shipped to analytical laboratories within two days of collection. Approximately 20 oysters or 30 mussels are composited for each site from three stations. T he bivalves are shucked, soft tissue is homogenized, and approximately 15 grams of wet tissue is extracted. S ample collection, preparation, and extraction protocols are described in detail in McDonald et al., (2006); Lauenstein et al., (1997); Lauenstein and C antillo, (1993a-d and 1998). Mussel Watch sites are sampled biennially with approximately half the sites visited in any one year. Annual collections are spatially distributed to provide a national snapshot (Figure 2). T o provide a historical perspective and a current assessment, Mussel Watch samples from 1996 and 2004-2007 were measured respectively. S amples collected between 2004 and 2007 were aggregated and called 200X (Figure 3). Hence, 200X is a designation for samples collected from 2004 through 2007. Sediment Sites S ediment samples are collected from Mussel Watch sites approximately once every 10 years, when new sites are established, or following extreme events such as oil spills. Bivalve and sediment sites are taken from areas in close proximity to one another. T he top 3 cm of sediments, representing recent deposition, are used in this analysis. T hree sediment grabs are collected from three species ) are collected from the North Atlantic (Maine to Delaware) and Pacific coasts. Oysters are collected from Delaware Bay southward and along the G ulf C oast ( Crassostrea virginica )

, H awaii ( Ostrea sandvicensis) , and Puerto R ico(Crassostrea rhizophorae)

. Chama sinuosais collected from the Florida Keys and is classified along with oysters for this report. Zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena species ) are invasive species collected from the G reat L akes (T able 3; Figure 2). Oysters and Mytilus species range in size from 7 to 10 cm and 5 to 8 cm, respectively. Zebra mussels are smaller, typically 2 to 4 cm. Previous comparisons of contaminant accumulation between mussels and oysters showed large differences for trace metals, particularly zinc and copper, but the differences in organic contaminants were determined to be minor and not likely to affect comparison between species ( O ’ C onnor, 1992). Although the U

. S . coastline is extensive, relatively few species are currently required to determine a national contaminant perspective. It is possible to make spatial comparisons of organic contaminant concentrations across all sites, because Mussel Watch species bioaccumulate organic contaminants similarly ( O ’ C onnor, 1992). Oysters and mussels are collected by hand or dredged from intertidal to shallow subtidal zones, brushed clean, packed in T

able 3. Bivalves species used to assess national coastal PBD Econcentrations. Target Species Name used in this report Mytilus edulis, Mytilus californianus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and Mytilus trossulus Mussels Crassostrea virginica, Ostrea sandvicensis, Crassostrea rhizophorae, and Chama sinuosa* Oysters Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis Zebra mussels * smooth-edge jewelbox collected from one site in the Florida KeysNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 11 stations and composited. S ediment collection sites are located as near as possible to, but generally not more than, 2 km from the bivalve site, and located in low energy depositional areas. Analytical Methods Analytical methods used by the Mussel Watch Program are provided in Appendix 2 and available online at http://N S and T.noaa.gov

. Of the 209 possible PBD Econgeners, 38 were analyzed for this report (Table 2) as a result of available standards, methodology and predominant congeners (Appendix 2). T he co-eluting congeners 49 and 71 are labeled in this document as 49. H igher substituted PBD E s, such as the octa, 

# Methods

nona, and deca homologues that were not measured in this study, appear to accumulate preferentially in sediment. Other homologues, those measured in this study, more frequently accumulate in tissue (Zhu and H ites, 2005). H ence, this presentation provides a partial picture of the sediment-tissue relationship. While PBD E 's occur at ten different bromination levels, it was standard in early analyses to quantify the concentration of the first seven homologues. The more highly brominated forms or homologues (octa-, nona-, and deca-) were not generally measured because a standardized procedure for doing so did not readily exist. As the use of Deca, the most highly brominated form became the industry standard, the need to measure its presence in the environment Figure 3. Number of biennial measurements taken at each of the 254 sites sampled in 1996 and 200X. Sites shown have one year ( ● ) or two years ( ● ) of data. Mussel Watch Program sites not measured as part of this study ( ● ).NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 12 became increasingly important. A procedure for measuring high molecular weight PBD E 's was developed for use in the N S &Tand was implemented as a part of our protocols in 2007. Archived Mussel Watch samples have not yet been reanalyzed for these heavier compounds but could be should the need arise. Statistical Analysis Results from a S hapiro-Wilk W test for tissue (W = 0.233, prob < W =0.001) and sediment (W = 0.257, prob < W = 0.001) show that Mussel Watch chemistry data were not normally distributed; thus, nonparametric tests were used for statistical analyses. All measurements below detection limits were considered to be zero. Maps for each year show the sum of all 38 PBD E(T able 2) congeners measured for this study. Mussel Watch sites were classified into three groups. Sites below detection limit were categorized as low. S ites above the detection limit were categorized as either medium or high through cluster analysis. C lustering was performed using Ward's Minimum Variance technique. T he concentration in each cluster group was then tested using Wilcoxon analysis to ensure that medium and high categories were significantly different at the α = 0.05 level. Statistical outliers were reanalyzed to ensure measurements were correct and then combined within the high category. H ere, clustering was used to partition site-specific PBDE concentrations into a fixed number of "closely related" subsets. For purposes of highlighting regions with elevated PBD E s, clustering was limited to 2 subsets: high and medium. S pearman's nonparametric statistical test was used to test for correlation between PBD Econcentrations and human population. Population was derived from 2000 census data and represents population within a radius of 20 km of each site. T ests were considered significant at the α = 0.05 level. T

o evaluate overall PBD Econtamination levels in watersheds throughout the Nation, a 2-way clustering (statistical classification) procedure was performed using paired sediment and tissue concentrations simultaneously. T his procedure provided a descriptive yet objective technique to consider PBD Econtamination levels as a function of the two measurements. S ediment and tissue concentrations from all sites within each unique watershed were averaged to develop the 2-way classification. T he Wilcoxon analysis was used to compare sediment and tissue concentrations from the watershed comparison analysis, significance was achieved at the α = 0.05 level. To ensure comparable dimensions the dry weight measurements for sediment and tissue were used.

Mussels 

# MethodsNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 13 

# MethodsNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 14 

# q Results and Discussion

T he highest PBD Econcentrations were measured at industrial and urban • locations.

S ediment and tissue PBD Econcentrations were correlated with human • population within 20 km of a site.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 15 

# Results and Discussion

Tissue T he national distribution of PBD E s is presented as the sum of all 38 congeners. T he majority of tissue measurements above detection limits had concentrations between 1 and 270 ppb lipid weight and were categorized as medium (Figure 4 - 6). Eight percent of tissue samples (1996 and 200X) had all 38 congener measurements below detection limits. Anaheim Bay, CA, located in an industrialized area that includes a military base, had the highest measurement in the Nation (8202 pbb lipid weight). E levated PBD Econcentrations were also found in several other developed and industrialized areas; the most high measurements occurred in the H udsonRaritan Estuary (Figures 5 and 6; Table 4). T he highest percentage of low and high measurements occur in oysters and mussels respectively (Figure 4). As discussed earlier, the species differences are not thought to reflect uptake rate variability, rather local contaminant conditions ( O ' C onnor, 1992). H ence, speciesbased distributions of PBD Ebivalve body burdens are not presented. U sing S pearman's nonparametric statistical test (Figure 7), human population within 20 km of a site was found to be positively correlated with tissue concentrations ( R ho = 0.555, prob <0.001). H owever, sites located in the same region (e.g. S outhern C alifornia) exhibited both increasing and decreasing decadal results (Figure 8). T his is evidence that, like many contaminants, local sources are key in determining environmental concentrations. T

emporal changes were assessed using the following categories: increasing, decreasing, or no significant change (Figure 8). The highest increase occurred at A naheim Bay, CA; the largest decrease occurred at a Buzzards Bay, MA location.

Figure 4. Percentage bar charts by species, tissue and sediment: (A) species mussel n = 161, oyster n = 158, and zebra n = 20; (B) tissue (1996 n = 85, 200X n = 254) and sediment (200X n = 122) measurements, where 200X = 2004 through 2007. C ategories low ( ● ), medium ( ● ), and high ( ● ) were determined by cluster analysis. 

### A

**B**NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 16 

# Results and Discussion

Figure 5. National distribution of 1996 PBD Etissue concentration in ppb lipid weight. C ategories low ( ● ), medium ( ● ), and high ( ● ) were determined by cluster analysis.

Figure 6. National distribution of 200X tissue concentration in ppb lipid weight (where 200X = 2004 through 2007). C ategories low ( ● ), medium ( ● ), and high ( ● ) were determined by cluster analysis.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 17 

# Results and Discussion

Figure 8. National change in tissue concentration in ppb lipid weight, where change = 1996 - 200X and where 200X = 2004 through 2007. Figure 7. Tissue and sediment concentration vs population correlation analysis. S pearman's correlation tests for tissue ( **r**= 0.555, prob <0.001 ) and sediment ( **r**= 0.283, prob < 0.01) were both significant. Colors representing low ( ● ), medium ( ● ), and high ( ● ) were determined by cluster analysis.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 18 Table 4. Location of sites with elevated PBDE tissue concentrations (ppb lipid weight), where 200X = 2004 through 2007.

State General Location Specific Location Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X CA Anaheim Bay West Jetty 1112 8202 NY H udson R iver G overnor's Island 2189 NY H udson R iver Battery Park 1946 NY H udson R iver S hore Road 1550 NY H udson R iver Fort Wadsworth 1287 NY H udson/ Raritan E stuary L ower Bay 1191 CA S an Francisco Bay Dumbarton Bridge 900 NY H udson/ Raritan E stuary Jamaica Bay 899 CA Marina Del Rey S outh Jetty 404 855 CA Imperial Beach North Jetty 846 NJ New York Bight S andy H ook 784 CA S an Francisco Bay S an Mateo Bridge 731 TX Aransas Bay L ong Reef 728 M A Waquoit Bay E stuarine Reserve 720 NY L ong Island S ound T hrogs Neck 601 697 NY H udson/ Raritan E stuary U pper Bay 653 NY H udson/ Raritan E stuary Raritan Bay 594 W

A S an Francisco Bay Yerba Buena Island 585 CA C rescent Point S t. G eorge 581 W

A Puget S ound E dmonds Ferry 567 CA L a Jolla Point L a Jolla 514 CA Point L oma L ighthouse 498 CT L ong Island S ound New H aven 333 495 NJ New York Bight S hark R iver 439 M S Mississippi S ound Biloxi Bay 438 F L C edar Key Black Point 436 CA L ong Beach Breakwater 883 432 W

A C ommencement Bay T ahlequah Point 342 427 NJ New York Bight L ong Branch 426 W

A E lliott Bay Four-Mile Rock 895 405 M S Mississippi S ound Pass C hristian 389 

# Results and DiscussionNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 19 State General Location Specific Location Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X W

A E lliott Bay Duwamish H ead 453 389 TX C orpus C hristi Nueces Bay 387 CA E ureka S amoa Bridge 383 WI L ake Michigan Milwaukee Bay 374 F L Apalachee Bay S pring C reek 361 TX Matagorda Bay C arancahua Bay 355 F L C harlotte H arbor Bird Island 352 CT L ong Island S ound C onnecticut R iver 590 350 W

A Puget S ound Mukilteo 345 NY L ong Island S ound H empstead H arbor 334 F L Matanzas River C rescent Beach 322 H I H onolulu H rb. Keehi L agoon 319 W

A Bellingham Bay S qualicum Marina Jet. 316 MI L ake E rie S tony Point 310 OR C oos Bay R ussell Point 299 CA S an Diego Bay H arbor Island 296 W

A Puget S ound E verett H arbor 296 TX L ower L aguna Madre Port Isabel 293 TX Mesquite Bay A yres Reef 292 W

A S inclair Inlet Waterman Point 456 287 AL Mobile Bay Dog R iver 374 CT L ong Island S ound H ousatonic R iver 493 M A Buzzards Bay Angelica Rock 804 NY L ong Island Jones Inlet 360 NY L ong Island S ound Mamaroneck 300 Table 4. Continued. 

# Results and DiscussionNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 20 Figure 9. National distribution of 200X sediment concentration in ppb dry weight, where 200X = 2004 through 2007. C ategories low ( ● ), medium ( ● ), and high ( ● ) were determined by cluster analysis.


### Sediment S ediments were collected for PBD E quantification in 2004-2007. Sums ranged from below detection limit to 88 ppb dry weight (Figure 9). T hirty six percent of sediment samples had all 38 congener measurements below detection limits. As with tissue samples, cluster analysis was used to categorize like concentrations. A majority of sediment sites were categorized as medium with a small percentage of high measurements (Figure 4). E levated sediment concentrations (1 to 88 ppb dry weight) were found in urbanized or industrialized bays and estuaries (Figure 9; Table 5). However, a statistically significant correlation between sediment PBD E concentrations and population was weak in comparison to tissue (Figure 9). T he relatively low correlation between population and sediment concentration may be caused by the large number of measurements that were below detection. T he highest sediment measurements observed were taken from an urbanized location, Marina del Rey, CA (88 ppb dry weight). S everal high measurements were found in the H udson- Raritan E stuary in addition to other areas (Figure 9; Table 5). S ediment PBD Econcentrations were generally lower than concentrations found in tissues. 

# Results and DiscussionNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 21 Figure 10. C luster analysis of paired sediment (ppb dry weight) and tissue (ppb lipid weight) contamination measurements. A

vg. S ed. = 0.29 ( L )

A

vg. S ed. = 0.13 ( L )

A

vg. S ed. = 5.9 ( H )

A

ve. S ed. = 7.9 ( H ) A

vg. Tis. = 37.5 ( L )

A

vg. Tis. = 175.4 ( H )

A

ve. Tis. = 520.0 ( H ) A

vg. Tis. = 35.8 ( L ) Cluster 3 Cluster 2

Cluster 4 Cluster 1 

# Results and DiscussionNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 22 Regional and Local Analysis U sing the Wilcoxon statistical test, tissue PBD Econcentrations were found to be significantly higher than sediment measurements taken at the same site ( **c** 2

### = 211, prob < 0.001). T o ensure comparable dimensions, the dry weight measurements for sediment and tissue were used during comparisons of the two matrices. No correlation was found between tissue and sediment measurements (prob = 0.135). T

wo-way clustering of paired data provides a detailed view of paired concentration values, and groups of similar character (Figure 10). T he cluster “map” is color-coded to represent concentration values, with dark red indicating elevated concentrations, light red and green indicating moderately elevated concentrations, and dark green indicating low concentrations. C luster 4 stands out as a unique group with high concentrations of PBD E s in both tissue and sediment. T hese levels may also be reflected in humans. For example, the H udson- Raritan E stuary is surrounded by the highest density population in the Nation, which probably contributes to the elevated PBD Elevels observed there (Figure 5 and 6; Tables 4 and 5). A study by Johnston- Restrepo et al., (2005b) indicates that levels of PBD E s in adipose tissue of New Yorkers is orders of magnitude higher than levels found in E uropeans. H oh and H ites, (2005) measured air samples from L ake Michigan through the Midwest to the G ulf of Mexico and detected residues of PBD Ein remote areas. T heir results suggest that concentrations in particles are 3 to 6 times higher in urban areas. While this finding corroborates the link between PBDE concentrations and human population density, it also highlights the potential of PBD E s to be transported through the atmosphere to remote locations. T he highest concentrations occur in areas with high population; however, even in some densely populated areas, the median concentration was not always in the elevated range. T he distribution of congeners measured in this study is in the range of what has been reported globally for mussels and sediment State General Location Specific Location Sediment 200X CA Marina del Rey S outh Jetty 88 NY H udson- Raritan E stuary World Trade C enter 41 NY H udson- Raritan E stuary U pper Bay 31 NY H udson- Raritan E stuary H olland Tunnel 28 NY H udson- Raritan E stuary L ower Bay 22 NY H udson- Raritan E stuary E llis Island 19 TX G alveston Bay S hip C hannel 15 M A C ape C od Nauset H arbor 14 OH L ake E rie S tony Point 14 R I Narragansett Bay Dyer Island 12 Table 5. Location of sites with elevated PBDE sediment concentrations (ppb dry weight), where 200X = 2004 through 2007. 

# Results and DiscussionNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 23 (Hoenicke et al., 2007; Oros et al., 2005; Hites, 2004; Christensen and Platz, 2001; de Wit, 2002). S ediment concentrations reported globally from highly polluted industrial locations had congener concentrations for 47, 99, and 153 on the order of 1000 ppb dry weight ( L uo et al., 2007). Industrial sources have also been identified in other studies as a source for the highest levels of PBDEs (Luo et al., 2007; de Wit, 2000). S tudies have found that PBD E concentrations in urban areas are elevated but not to the level of industrial locations (Hoenicke et al., 2007; Oros et al., 2005; Hites, 2004; Christensen and Platz, 2001; de Wit, 2002). Mussel Watch sampling does not specifically collect industrial and point sources; as a result, mean sediment concentrations reported in this study were lower than what had been reported for industrial point sources. Future assessments by the National S tatus and Trends Program will include higher brominated homologues, providing a more complete characterization of PBDEs in the U.S. coastal zone. 

# Results and DiscussionNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 24 

# q Societal Relevance

In the environment major PBD Eand P C B congeners have similar concentration • ranges.

Proper disposal of consumer goods is critical to limiting environmental releases • of PBD E s.

Societal benefits must be weighed against toxicity when determining the value • of flame retardants.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 25 

# S ocietal Relevance

PBD E s readily accumulate in organisms, including humans, and magnify upwards through marine food chains (Wan et al., 2008). S ome of the highest PBD Elevels measured in humans are from occupational exposures (Qu et al., 2007); however, PBD Elevels in the general population result from exposure to contaminated indoor dust and food ( H ites, 2004). PBD E s have been called “the new P C Bs,” and while there are some similarities, a major difference between them is the source of exposure. P C Bs were primarily point source industrial contaminants, while PBD E s are primarily found in consumer goods. A

comparison of Mussel Watch P C B data (Kimbrough et al., 2008) and Mussel Watch PBD Edata (this report) suggests environmental concentrations of major PBD Eand P C B congeners have a similar concentration range. With the continued use of DecaBD Eand the current pool of consummer goods that contain PBD E s, environmental concentrations of PBD E s could surpass that of P C Bs in certain locations. Chemical flame retardants clearly save lives and property, but the costs and benefits of using some of these compounds are hotly debated with respect to consumer health and safety, and the environment. T he U

. S

. C onsumer Product S afety C ommission ( C P SC , 2008) estimates losses from residential fire. They reported that the combined fire related deaths from upholstered furniture and mattress bedding fires (which exceeded all other categories) decreased from a high of 2,200 deaths in 1980 to 930 deaths in 1998 ( C P SC , 2000) partly due to the use of flame retardants, including PBDEs. Flame retardant manufacturers in the U

. S . voluntarily stopped producing the PentaBD Eand O ctaBD Eformulations in 2004. T hus, upholstered furniture and mattress manufactures had to seek alternative flame retardants to meet fire safety standards, some of these new retardants have already been measured in house dust samples ( S tapleton et al., 2008). U nfortunately, alternative chemical flame retardants may be toxic whileNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 26 

# S ocietal Relevance
others have very limited toxicity data. For example, chlorinated tris, a flame retardant, is a known carcinogen. Other brominated chemicals, such as tetrabrominated benzoate and tetrabrominated phthalate, have incomplete toxicity data ( S F E I, 2008).
As with many persistent organic pollutants, PBD E s are distributed by atmospheric transport ( H oh and H ites, 2005). E ven with a global reduction in PBD Euse, the continued release of PBD E s into the environment is inevitable for years to come due to their persistant nature. T herefore, the proper disposal of consumer products such as furniture, mattresses, televisions, and computers is critical (Bogdal et al., 2008; S trandberg et al., 2001). C onsumer products that contain PBDEs fill homes across the country. H ence, care must be taken to prevent further release of PBD E s into the environment when these products are discarded or recycled. Proper disposal methods must be developed and implemented. Improper electronic waste recycling and disposal can cause significant environmental degradation ( L uo et al., 2007) and may have negative occupational health ramifications (Qu et al., 2007). Proper disposal would curtail local releases to the environment and limit atmospheric transport, thereby mitigating the threat to coastal areas, remote regions, and marine food chains. E levated levels of PBD E s found in municipal sewage is evidence of an increased threat to the environment from land based sources (Song et al., 2006; de Wit, 2002). T he toxicity and ecosystem effects of PBD E s on marine biota have not been well studied. L aboratory toxicity studies show potential for adverse human health effects. U ntil such time as these questions are satisfactorily resolved, ongoing monitoring for these contaminants should continue. T his report clearly shows that PBD E s are ubiquitous in coastal sediments and bivalves. N OAA ’s N S &TProgram will continue to monitor and report on PBD E s in sediment and tissue. In addition, N OAA staff are working with Federal and S tate agencies, and nongovernmental organizations to identify other emerging contaminants of concern, including alternative flame retardants.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 27 

# S ocietal RelevanceNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

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. S . Mussel Watch: 1977-1978 results on trace metals and radionuclides. E stuarine C oastal S helf S cience 16:69- 93. Haglund, P. S., D. R. Zook, H. Buser and J. Hu. 1997. Identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxy-polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Baltic biota. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 31:3281-3287.
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. A . de Wit. 2004. H igher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 38:93-96.
L iu, Y., G . J. Zhen, H . Yu, M. Martin, B. J. R ichardson, M. H . W. L am and P. K. S

. L am. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD E s) in sediments and mussels tissues from H ong Kong marine waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:1173-1184. 

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## 33 L itten, S ., D. J. McC hesney, M. C

. H amilton and B. Fowler. 2003. Destruction of the World Trade C enter and P C Bs, PBD E s, P C DD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and chlorinated biphenylenes in water, sediment, and sewage sludge. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 37:5502-5510. Luo, Q., Z. W. Cai and M. H. Wong. 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and sediment from river polluted by electronic waste. S cience of the T otal E nvironment 383:115-127. Martin, M. 1985. S tate Mussel Watch: T oxics surveillance in C alifornia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16:140-146. McDonald, S. J., D. S. Frank, J. A. Ramirez, B. Wang and J. M. Brooks. 2006. Ancillary Methods of the National S tatus and Trends Program: 2000-2006 U pdate. N OAA T echnical Memorandum N OSN CCOS28. 17pp. McDonald, T

. A . 2002. A perspective on the potential health risks of PBD E s. C hemosphere 46:745-755. McKinney, M. A ., C esh, L

. S ., E lliott, J. E ., Williams, T. D., G arcelon, D. K. and L etcher, R . J. 2006. Brominated flame retardants and halogenated phenolic compounds in North American west coast bald eaglet ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma. E nvironmental S cience and T

echnology 40:6275-6281. Norén, K. and D. Meronyté. 2000. Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years. C hemosphere 40:1111-1123. O ’ C onnor, T. P. 1992. Mussel Watch: recent trends in coastal environmental quality: results from the first five years of the NOAA Mussel Watch Project. Special publication. NOAA/NOS Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment, Silver Spring, MD. 46 pp. O ros, D. R ., D. H oover, F. Rodigari, D. C rane and J. S ericano. 2005. L evels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, surface sediments, and bivalves from the S an Francisco E stuary. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 39:33-41. Qu, W., X. Bi, G. Sheng, S. Lu, J. Fu, J. Yuan and L. Li. 2007. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers among workers at an electronic waste dismantling region in G uangdong, C hina. E nvironment International 33:1029-1034.
Roesijadi, G ., J. S . Young, A

. S . Drum and J. M. G urtisen. 1984. Behavior of trace metals in Mytilus edulis during a reciprocal transplant field experiment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 18:155-70.
Ross, P. S . 2006. Fireproof killer whales ( Orcinus orca ): flame-retardant chemicals and the conservation imperative in the charismatic icon of British C olumbia, C anada. C anadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic S ciences 63:224-234. 

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## 34 S checter, A ., O . Päpke, T

. Robert H arris, K. C

. Tung, A . Musumba, J. O lson and L . Birnbaum. 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBD E ) L evels in an expanded market basket survey of U

. S . food and estimated PBD Edietary intake by age and sex. E nvironmental H ealth Perspectives 114:1515-1520. S checter, A ., O . Päpke, K. C hi, J. Joseph, T

. R

. H arris and J. Dahlgren. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Journal of O ccupational and E nvironmental Medicine 47:199-211. S checter, A ., M. Pävuk, O . Papke, J.J. Ryan, L . Birnbaum and R

. Rosen. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD E s) in U

. S . mothers' milk. E nvironmental H ealth Perspectives 111:1723-1729. S ericano, J. L . 1993. T he American oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) as a bioindicator of trace organic contamination. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 242 pp. S F E I ( S an Francisco E stuary Institute), 2008. PBD E s in the Bay: Rapid rise, rapid fall? Regional Monitoring News. 13:1. Accessed 28Feb2009. H ttp://www.sfei.org/rmp/rmp_news/ R MP2008News_Vol13 S pring S ummer4Web.pdf. S he, J., M. Petreas, J. Winkler, P. Visita, M. McKinney and D. Kopec. 2002. PBD E s in the S an Francisco Bay area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. C hemosphere 46:697-707. Shen, L., F. Wania, Y.D. Lei, C. Teixera, D.C.G. Muir and H. Xiao, 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the North American atmosphere. Environmental Pollution 144:434–444. S iddiqi, M. A ., R

. H

. L aessig and K. D. Reed. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD E s): new pollutants-old diseases. C linical Medicine and Research 1:281-290. Sjödin, A., L.-Y. Wong, R. S. Jones, A. Park, Y. Zhang, C. Hodge, E. DiPietro, C. McClure, W. Turner, L

. L . Needham and D. G . Patterson, Jr. 2008. S erum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD E s) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the U nited S tates population: 2003–2004. Environmental Science and Technology 42:1377–1384. S ong, M., S

. C hu, R . J. L etcher, and R

. S eth. 2006 Fate, partitioning, and mass loading of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD E s) during the treatment processing of municipal sewage. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology. 40:6241-6246. S tapleton, H . M. and N. G . Dodder. 2008. Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether in house dust by natural sunlight. E nvironmental T oxicology and C hemistry 27:306-312. 

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## 35 S tapleton, H . M., J. G

. Allen, S . M. Kelly, A . Konstantinov, S . Klosterhaus, D. Watkins, M. D. McClean, and T. F Webster. 2008. Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U

. S . house dust. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 42:6910-6916. Stapleton, H. M., N. G. Dodder, J. R. Kucklick, C. M. Reddy, M. M. Schantz, P. R. Becker, F. G ulland, B. J. Porter and S

. A . Wise. 2006. Determination of H B C D, PBD E s and Me O -BD E s in C alifornia sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:522-531. Stapleton, H. M., N. G. Dodder, J. H. Offenberg, M. M. Schantz and S. A. Wise. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 39:925-931. S trandberg, B., N. G . Dodder, I. Basu, and R

. A

. H ites. 2001. C oncentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in G reat L akes air. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology. 35:1078-1083. Tripp, B. W. and J. W. Farrington. 1984. U sing sentinel organisms to monitor chemical changes in the coastal zone: progress or paralysis. Submitted to the Coastal Society, 9th Annual C onference, O ctober 1984, Atlantic C ity, NJ. Woods H ole O ceanographic Institution C ontribution No. 5830. Verreault, J., G . W. G abrielsen, S

. C hu, D. C

. G . Muir, M. A ndersun, A

. H amaed and R . J. L etcher. 2005. Flame retardants and methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two Norwegian Arctic top predators: glaucous gulls and polar bears. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 39:6021-6028. Voorspoels, S ., A

. C ovaci, P. L epom, V. L . B. Jaspers and P. S chepens. 2006. L evels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in various tissues of birds of prey. E nvironmental Pollution 1-10. Wan, Y., J. H u, K. Zhang and L

. An. 2008. Trophodynamics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the marine food web of Bohai Bay, North C hina. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 42:1078-1083. Weijs, L ., A

. CDirtu, K. Das, A

. G heorghe, P.J. H

. Reijinders, H . Neels, R . Blust and A

. C ovaci. 2009. Inter-species differences for polychlorinated diiphenyl ethers in marine top predators from the southern North Sea: Part 2. Biomagnification in harbour seals and harbour porpoises. E nvironmental Pollution 157:445-451. Wurl, O . and J. P. O bbard. 2005. O rganochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in S ingapore’s coastal marine sediments. C hemosphere 58:925-933. Xia, K., M. B. Luo, C. Lusk, K. Armbrust, L. Skinner and R. Sloan. 2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD E s) in biota representing different trophic levels of the H udson R iver, New York: from 1999 to 2005. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 42:4331-4337.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 36 Zhu, L. Y. and R. A. Hites. 2005 Brominated flame retardants in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and E rie. E nvironmental S cience and T echnology 39:3488-3494. 

# ReferencesNOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 37NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 38 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Appendix 1 Alabama

MBW E 30.3867 -87.8320 Mobile Bay Weeks Bay AL O MBD R 30.5917 -88.0398 Mobile Bay Dog R iver AL O MB H I 30.5633 -88.0750 Mobile Bay H ollingers Is. C han. AL O MB C P 30.3155 -88.1338 Mobile Bay C edar Point Reef AL O

MBW E 

### l 0.6 MBD R 

### l 374 38.5 

### l 149 22.0 

### l 0.0 MB H I 

### l 136 24.6 

### l 0.0 MB C P 

### l 29 3.6 

### l 27 3.8 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 39 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Appendix 1 Alaska

KT MP 55.2938 -131.5480 Ketchikan Mountain Point A K M C INK 59.3580 -151.9300 Kachemak Bay Nanwalek A K M NB ES 59.4533 -135.3365 Nahku Bay E ast S ide A K M C I HS 59.6145 -151.4442 C ook Inlet H omer S pit A K M R BN R 60.1021 -149.3642 Resurrection Bay Nash Road A K M R BMF 60.1130 -149.3740 Resurrection Bay Mud Flats A K M U I S B 60.9608 -147.6460 U nakwit Inlet S iwash Bay A K M PVM C 61.1328 -146.4610 Port Valdez Mineral C reek Flats A K M N GE K 58.7961 -158.5325 Nushagek Bay Nushagek Bay A K M

KT MP 

### l 32 3.2 C INK 

### l 2 0.3 NB ES 

### l 79 7.9 C I HS 

### l 150 9.0 R BN R 

### l 35 4.5 R BMF 

### l 17 1.6 U I S B 

### l 34 1.7 PVM C 

### l 46 4.1 N GE K 

### l 15 1.5NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 40 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# C alifornia

IBNJ 

### l 846 77.0 P LLH 

### l 498 29.9 S D C B 

### l 236 30.2 S D H I 

### l 296 32.0 

### l 0.4 MBVB 

### l 153 13.8 LJ LJ 

### l 514 36.0 OS BJ 

### l 268 16.1 

### l 1.4 SC B R 

### l 63 3.1 

### l 21 1.4 NBWJ 

### l 228 13.2 

### l 126 7.6 

### l 2.6 S PFP 

### l 252 24.1 

### l 2.4 PV R P 

### l 234 17.8 

### l 154 12.0 L BBW 

### l 883 47.7 

### l 432 37.4 

### l 4.1 A BWJ 

### l 1112 93.4 

### l 8202 840.8 

### l 0.5 R BMJ 

### l 253 17.7 

### l 264 22.2 IBNJ 32.5877 -117.1335 Imperial Beach North Jetty CA M P LLH 32.6805 -117.2488 Point L oma L ighthouse CA M S D C B 32.6865 -117.1592 S an Diego Bay C oronado Bridge CA M S D H I 32.7247 -117.1947 S an Diego Bay H arbor Island CA M MBVB 32.7675 -117.2420 Mission Bay Ventura Bridge CA M LJ LJ 32.8515 -117.2738 L a Jolla Point L a Jolla CA M OS BJ 33.2017 -117.3937 O ceanside Municipal Beach Jetty CA M SC B R 33.4517 -118.4873 S outh C atalina Island Bird Rock CA M NBWJ 33.5910 -117.8900 Newport Beach West Jetty CA M S PFP 33.7067 -118.2742 S an Pedro H arbor Fishing Pier CA M PV R P 33.7170 -118.3227 Palos Verdes Royal Palms S tate Pk. CA M L BBW 33.7232 -118.1735 L ong Beach Breakwater CA M A BWJ 33.7335 -118.1010 Anaheim Bay West Jetty CA M R BMJ 33.8320 -118.3928 Redondo Beach Municipal Jetty CA M 

# Appendix 1NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 41 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# C alifornia cont'd

MD S J 33.9618 -118.4580 Marina del Rey S outh Jetty CA M PDPD 34.0010 -118.8088 Point Dume Point Dume CA M T B S M 34.0390 -118.5972 L as Tunas Beach S anta Monica Bay CA M SC FP 34.0580 -119.9203 Santa Cruz Island Fraser Point CA M S B S B 34.3957 -119.7275 Point S anta Barbara Point S anta Barbara CA M P C P C 34.4438 -120.4570 Point C onception Point C onception CA M SLSL 35.1607 -120.7558 S an L uis O bispo Bay Point S an L uis CA M SSSS 35.6347 -121.1947 S an S imeon Point S an S imeon Point CA M P GL P 36.6272 -121.9165 Pacific Grove L overs Point CA M 

# Appendix 1

MD S J 

### l 404 37.6 

### l 855 75.2 

### l 87.8 PDPD 

### l 236 13.7 

### l 130 9.8 

### l 0.2 T B S M 

### l 117 13.7 

### l 144 11.7 

### l 0.2 SC FP 

### l 22 2.6 

### l 34 2.1 S B S B 

### l 62 3.2 

### l 96 7.0 P C P C 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 33 2.7 SLSL 

### l 71 5.8 

### l 77 12.2 SSSS 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 26 1.9 P GL P 

### l 170 11.9NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 42 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# C alifornia cont'd

MBM L 36.8012 -121.7897 Monterey Bay Moss L anding CA M MB ES 36.8098 -121.7852 Monterey Bay E lkhorn S lough CA M MB SC 36.9542 -122.0247 Monterey Bay Point Santa Cruz CA M S FDB 37.5027 -122.1213 S an Francisco Bay Dumbarton Bridge CA M S F S M 37.5780 -122.2537 S an Francisco Bay S an Mateo Bridge CA M S FYB 37.8152 -122.3715 S an Francisco Bay Yerba Buena Island CA M T B SR 38.1495 -122.9040 T omales Bay S penger's Residence CA M BBB E 38.3050 -123.0660 Bodega Bay Bodega Bay E ntrance CA M P

ALH 38.9530 -123.7430 Point Arena L ighthouse CA M PD SC 40.0225 -124.0733 Point Delgada S helter C ove CA M H MBJ 40.7642 -124.2375 E ureka H umboldt Bay Jetty CA M EUS B 40.8215 -124.1713 E ureka S amoa Bridge CA M SGSG 41.7478 -124.2077 C rescent Point S t. G eorge CA M 

# Appendix 1

MBM L 

### l 139 11.1 MB ES 

### l 83 10.0 

### l 0.0 MB SC 

### l 162 9.7 S FDB 

### l 900 63.0 

### l 2.9 S F S M 

### l 731 65.8 

### l 1.2 S FYB 

### l 585 58.5 

### l 1.9 T B SR 

### l 220 17.6 

### l 0.3 BBB E 

### l 117 18.7 P

ALH 

### l 183 11.0 PD SC 

### l 190 11.4 H MBJ 

### l 134 9.4 EUS B 

### l 383 23.0 

### l 0.2 SGSG 

### l 581 46.5NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 43 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# C onnecticut

L I CR 41.2667 -72.3417 L ong Island S ound C onnecticut R iver CT M L IN H 41.2542 -72.9393 L ong Island S ound New H aven CT M L I HR 41.1673 -73.1083 L ong Island S ound H ousatonic R iver CT M L I S I 41.0527 -73.4173 L ong Island S ound Sheffield Island CT M 

# Appendix 1

L I CR 

### l 590 36.6 

### l 350 21.1 L IN H 

### l 333 25.0 

### l 495 26.6 L I HR 

### l 493 42.9 

### l 210 17.2 L I S I 

### l 68 2.5 

### l 74 7.1NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 44 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Delaware

DBKI 39.2032 -75.3590 Delaware Bay Kelly Island D E O DB CH 38.7835 -75.1205 Delaware Bay C ape H enlopen D E M 

# Appendix 1

DBKI 

### l 12 1.8 

### l 18 1.7 DB CH 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 14 1.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 45 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Florida

S J C B 30.3810 -81.4400 S t. Johns R iver C hicopit Bay F L O M RC B 29.7640 -81.2618 Matanzas River C rescent Beach F L O I RSR 27.8295 -80.4743 Indian R iver S ebastian R iver F L O NMM L 25.9377 -80.1497 North Miami Maule L ake F L O BB GC 25.5333 -80.3232 Biscayne Bay G ould's C anal F L O B H KF 24.6612 -81.2730 Florida Keys Bahia H onda F L O* FBJB 25.2122 -80.5340 Florida Bay Joe Bay F L O FBF O 25.1412 -80.9237 Florida Bay Flamingo F L O EVF U 25.9023 -81.5123 E verglades Faka U nion Bay F L O R B HC 26.0270 -81.7388 Rookery Bay H enderson C reek F L O NBNB 26.1118 -81.7852 Naples Bay Naples Bay F L O C BFM 26.5583 -81.9228 C harlotte H arbor Fort Meyers F L O 

# Appendix 1

* BHKF is classified as O; however, it is the smooth-edged jewelbox.

S J C B 

### l 153 6.1 

### l 0.0 M RC B 

### l 322 16.1 

### l 0.0 I RSR 

### l 199 29.9 NMM L 

### l 138 16.5 BB GC 

### l 136 10.9 

### l 0.6 B H KF 

### l 9 0.8 FBJB 

### l 2 0.3 

### l 0.0 FBF O 

### l 4 0.6 

### l 0.0 EVF U 

### l 20 2.3 

### l 0.0 R B HC 

### l 10 1.2 

### l 0.2 NBNB 

### l 46 5.0 

### l 0.0 C BFM 

### l 166 13.3NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 46 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Florida C ont'd

C BBI 26.5143 -82.0345 C harlotte H arbor Bird Island F L O T B H B 27.8548 -82.3947 T ampa Bay H illsborough Bay F L O T BKA 27.9097 -82.4538 T ampa Bay Peter O . Knight Airport F L O T B C B 27.6810 -82.5177 T ampa Bay C ockroach Bay F L O T BPB 27.8443 -82.6115 T ampa Bay Papys Bayou F L O T B OT 28.0237 -82.6328 T ampa Bay O ld T ampa Bay F L O T BMK 27.6208 -82.7265 T ampa Bay Mullet Key Bayou F L O T BNP 27.7872 -82.7540 T ampa Bay Navarez Park F L O C KBP 29.2067 -83.0695 C edar Key Black Point F L O SRWP 29.3292 -83.1742 S uwannee R iver West Pass F L O AES P 30.0633 -84.3220 Apalachee Bay S pring C reek F L O 

# Appendix 1

C BBI 

### l 352 21.1 

### l 6.1 T B H B 

### l 24 3.8 

### l 22 3.2 

### l 0.6 T BKA 

### l 196 46.5 

### l 220 26.4 

### l 0.5 T B C B 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 9 1.0 

### l 0.0 T BPB 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 8 1.1 

### l 0.1 T B OT 

### l 53 6.2 

### l 55 7.9 

### l 0.0 T BMK 

### l 8 1.5 

### l 10 1.2 T BNP 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 16 1.6 

### l 0.2 C KBP 

### l 436 43.6 

### l 0.3 SRWP 

### l 152 13.7 

### l 0.0 AES P 

### l 361 32.5 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 47 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Florida C ont'd

A P C P 29.7242 -84.8842 Apalachicola Bay C at Point Bar F L O A PDB 29.6725 -85.0657 Apalachicola Bay Dry Bar F L O SA WB 30.1425 -85.6322 S t. Andrew Bay Watson Bayou F L O C B SR 30.4120 -86.2037 C hoctawhatchee Bay Off S anta Rosa F L O C BPP 30.4823 -86.4793 C hoctawhatchee Bay Postil Point F L O C BJB 30.4108 -86.4908 C hoctawhatchee Bay Joe's Bayou F L O PBIB 30.5167 -87.1117 Pensacola Bay Indian Bayou F L O PB S P 30.3498 -87.1547 Pensacola Bay S abine Point F L O PBP H 30.4137 -87.1913 Pensacola Bay Public H arbor F L O 

# Appendix 1

A P C P 

### l 25 3.5 

### l 0.0 A PDB 

### l 25 3.3 

### l 6.7 SA WB 

### l 59 8.2 C B SR 

### l 27 3.8 

### l 0.0 C BPP 

### l 27 2.9 

### l 33 4.7 C BJB 

### l 62 8.1 

### l 125 14.3 

### l 1.5 PBIB 

### l 30 4.6 

### l 0.1 PB S P 

### l 24 1.8 

### l 23 2.0 PBP H 

### l 48 5.9 

### l 53 6.7NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 48 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# G eorgia

SRT I 32.0165 -80.8825 S avannah R iver E stuary T ybee Island GA O SSS I 31.3928 -81.2880 S apelo S ound S apelo Island GA O ARWI 31.3242 -81.3108 Altamaha R iver Wolfe Island GA O 

# Appendix 1

SRT I 

### l 30 2.7 

### l 0.1 SSS I 

### l 37 2.6 

### l 0.0 ARWI 

### l 64 4.5 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 49 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# H awaii

HH K L 21.3167 -157.8858 H onolulu H rb. Keehi L agoon H I O HH KB 21.4118 -157.7788 H awaii Kaneohe Bay H I O 

# Appendix 1

HH K L 

### l 319 35.1 HH KB 

### l 139 11.1 

### l 65 6.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 50 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Illinois-Indiana

L MN C 42.3047 -87.8273 L ake Michigan North C hicago I L ZM L M H M 41.6987 -87.5083 L ake Michigan H ammond Marina IN ZM L M C B 41.7272 -87.4950 L ake Michigan C alumet Breakwater IN ZM 

# Appendix 1

L MN C 

### l 6 0.5 L M H M 

### l 189 18.7 L M C B 

### l 20 1.4NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 51 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# L ouisiana

M R P L 29.0895 -89.0748 Mississippi R iver Pass A L outre LA O M RT P 29.1450 -89.4273 Mississippi R iver Tiger Pass LA O B SS I 29.4057 -89.4838 Breton S ound S able Island LA O B S B G 29.5980 -89.6208 Breton S ound Bay G ardene LA O L BMP 29.8670 -89.6785 L ake Borgne Malheureux Point LA O L B GO 29.9448 -89.8353 L ake Borgne G ulf O utlet LA O BBMB 29.2767 -89.9420 Barataria Bay Middle Bank LA O BB S D 29.4048 -89.9988 Barataria Bay Bayou S aint Denis LA O L PN O 30.0363 -90.0413 L ake Pontchartrain New O rleans LA O BB T B 29.5112 -90.0833 Barataria Bay Turtle Bay LA T B L F 29.2642 -90.3982 T errebonne Bay L ake Felicity LA O T B L B 29.2595 -90.5943 T errebonne Bay L ake Barre LA O CLCL 29.2532 -90.9267 C aillou L ake C aillou L ake LA O A B O B 29.2555 -91.1362 Atchafalaya Bay Oyster Bayou LA O 

# Appendix 1

M R P L 

### l 33 5.3 

### l 0.8 M RT P 

### l 80 5.5 

### l 0.4 B SS I 

### l 22 3.2 

### l 55 7.9 

### l 0.3 B S B G 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 12 1.5 

### l 1.1 L BMP 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 17 1.9 

### l 1.3 L B GO 

### l 14 1.7 

### l 11 1.3 

### l 0.5 BBMB 

### l 133 12.8 

### l 0.8 BB S D 

### l 26 2.7 

### l 0.7 L PN O 

### l 250 48.8 

### l 79 9.9 

### l 3.9 BB T B 

### l 0.2 T B L F 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 39 3.3 

### l 0.2 T B L B 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 13 1.6 

### l 0.2 CLCL 

### l 21 2.2 

### l 0.1 A B O B 

### l 27 3.0 

### l 0.2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 52 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# L ouisiana cont'd

VB S P 29.5795 -92.0510 Vermilion Bay S outhwest Pass LA O J H J H 29.6368 -92.7668 Joseph H arbor Bayou Joseph H arbor Bayou LA O CLLC 30.0587 -93.3075 C alcasieu L ake L ake C harles LA O CLS J 29.8290 -93.3840 C alcasieu L ake S t. Johns Island LA O SL BB 29.7908 -93.9063 S abine L ake Blue Buck Point LA O 

# Appendix 1

VB S P 

### l 39 5.2 

### l 0.0 J H J H 

### l 57 6.0 

### l 0.0 CLLC 

### l 67 7.5 

### l 0.1 CLS J 

### l 73 8.0 

### l 0.0 SL BB 

### l 26 3.2 

### l 0.1NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 53 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Maine

PB S I 44.4567 -68.8832 Penobscot Bay S ears Island M E M M SS P 43.7578 -69.9977 Merriconeag S ound S tover Point M E M CA KP 43.3453 -70.4743 C ape Arundel Kennebunkport M E M 

# Appendix 1

PB S I 

### l 143 17.2 

### l 0.0 M SS P 

### l 21 2.1 CA KP 

### l 54 4.3NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 54 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Maryland

C BB O 39.1573 -76.4048 C hesapeake Bay Bodkin Point MD O C B H P 38.9695 -76.4147 C hesapeake Bay H ackett Point Bar MD O C B C P 38.6073 -76.1200 C hesapeake Bay C hoptank R iver MD O C B HG 38.3123 -76.3978 C hesapeake Bay H og Point MD O P RS P 38.2817 -76.9337 Potomac R iver Swan Point MD O C BMB 38.2030 -75.8812 C hesapeake Bay Monie Bay MD O 

# Appendix 1

C BB O 

### l 185 24.1 

### l 0.0 C B H P 

### l 94 10.3 

### l 0.3 C B C P 

### l 88 8.8 

### l 0.0 C B HG 

### l 43 8.2 

### l 0.0 P RS P 

### l 78 8.6 

### l 0.1 C BMB 

### l 37 7.1 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 55 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Massachusetts

CAGH 42.6577 -70.5973 C ape Ann G ap H ead M A M SH FP 42.5135 -70.8442 S alem H arbor Folger Point M A M MBNB 42.4198 -70.9072 Massachusetts Bay Nahant Bay M A M B H DI 42.3573 -70.9730 Boston H arbor Deer Island M A M B H DB 42.3022 -71.0363 Boston H arbor Dorchester Bay M A M B HH B 42.2760 -70.8833 Boston H arbor H ingham Bay M A M MBN R 42.1603 -70.7425 Massachusetts Bay North R iver M A M DB C I 42.0137 -70.6365 Duxbury Bay C larks Island M A M CC N H 41.7958 -69.9462 C ape C od Nauset H arbor M A M 

# Appendix 1

CAGH 

### l 70 4.9 SH FP 

### l 125 7.5 MBNB 

### l 160 11.2 B H DI 

### l 159 14.3 B H DB 

### l 130 9.1 

### l 0.0 B HH B 

### l 64 5.1 MBN R 

### l 189 15.1 

### l 0.0 DB C I 

### l 102 6.1 CC N H 

### l 32 3.5 

### l 14.4NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 56 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Massachusetts cont'd

BB CC 41.7402 -70.6157 Buzzards Bay C ape C od C anal M A M BBWF 41.6067 -70.6528 Buzzards Bay West Falmouth M A M BBAR 41.5797 -70.8590 Buzzards Bay A ngelica Rock M A M WB ER 41.5507 -70.5479 Waquoit Bay E stuarine Reserve M A M BB RH 41.5397 -70.9283 Buzzards Bay Round H ill M A M BBNI 41.5142 -70.7397 Buzzards Bay Naushon Island M A M BB G N 41.4817 -71.0373 Buzzards Bay G oosebury Neck M A M 

# Appendix 1

BB CC 

### l 44 5.2 

### l 0.0 BBWF 

### l 22 1.8 BBAR 

### l 804 107.7 

### l 109 12.6 

### l 0.0 WB ER 

### l 720 57.6 BB RH 

### l 48 5.7 

### l 3.5 BBNI 

### l 36 3.5 

### l 2.1 BB G N 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 11 1.0 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 57 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Michigan

L MM U 43.2258 -86.3470 L ake Michigan Muskegon MI ZM L M H B 42.7732 -86.2150 L ake Michigan H olland Breakwater MI ZM T B LL 45.2057 -85.5368 Traverse Bay L eelanau S tate Park MI ZM S B SR 43.6735 -83.8367 S aginaw Bay S aginaw R iver MI ZM LHT B 44.9222 -83.4135 L ake H uron T hunder Bay MI ZM S B S P 43.9098 -83.4002 S aginaw Bay S andpoint MI ZM LES P 41.9587 -83.2330 L ake E rie S tony Point MI ZM LSA B 42.6492 -82.7110 L ake S t. C lair A nchor Bay MI LH B R 43.0443 -82.4387 L ake H uron Black R iver C anal MI ZM 

# Appendix 1

L MM U 

### l 80 12.8 L M H B 

### l 128 24.5 T B LL 

### l 54 4.0 S B SR 

### l 115 9.0 LHT B 

### l 0 0.0 S B S P 

### l 24 2.1 LES P 

### l 310 39.4 

### l 13.5 LSA B 

### l 3.0 LH B R 

### l 73 6.1NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 58 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Mississippi

M S PB 30.3360 -88.5892 Mississippi S ound Pascagoula Bay M S O M S BB 30.3925 -88.8575 Mississippi S ound Biloxi Bay M S O M S P C 30.3023 -89.3272 Mississippi S ound Pass C hristian M S O 

# Appendix 1

M S PB 

### l 71 7.2 

### l 79 8.6 

### l 0.0 M S BB 

### l 438 52.4 

### l 0.5 M S P C 

### l 40 5.1 

### l 389 42.2 

### l 5.6NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 59 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# New H ampshire

G BDP 43.1207 -70.8265 G reat Bay Dover Point N H M 

# Appendix 1

G BDP 

### l 167 15.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 60 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# New Jersey

NYSH 40.4875 -74.0333 New York Bight S andy H ook NJ M NY L B 40.2948 -73.9787 New York Bight L ong Branch NJ M NYSR 40.1870 -74.0090 New York Bight S hark R iver NJ M BIB L 39.7617 -74.0950 Barnegat Inlet Barnegat L ight NJ M DB HC 39.4267 -75.4933 Delaware Bay H ope C reek NJ DBA P 39.3833 -75.4500 Delaware Bay Arnolds Point S hoal NJ O A I AC 39.3672 -74.4112 Absecon Inlet Atlantic C ity NJ M DBBD 39.2523 -75.3028 Delaware Bay Ben Davis Pt. S hoal NJ O DBF E 39.2117 -75.1917 Delaware Bay False E gg Island Point NJ O DB C M 38.9822 -74.9613 Delaware Bay C ape May NJ M 

# Appendix 1

NYSH 

### l 784 49.6 NY L B 

### l 426 31.1 NYSR 

### l 439 30.3 BIB L 

### l 103 8.2 

### l 75 5.5 

### l 0.1 DB HC 

### l 4.9 DBA P 

### l 60 4.2 

### l 102 7.3 

### l 3.3 A I AC 

### l 168 11.9 DBBD 

### l 77 12.8 

### l 168 16.2 

### l 0.6 DBF E 

### l 0 0.0 DB C M 

### l 13 1.1 

### l 111 7.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 61 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# New York

HRC I 42.0338 -73.9293 H udson R iver C ruger Island NY L I G B 40.9982 -72.1162 L ong Island G ardiners Bay NY M L IPJ 40.9573 -73.0937 L ong Island S ound Port Jefferson NY M L IM R 40.9418 -73.7032 L ong Island S ound Mamaroneck NY M L I HU 40.9220 -73.4285 L ong Island S ound H untington H arbor NY M L I HH 40.8558 -73.6753 L ong Island S ound H empstead H arbor NY M L I T N 40.8167 -73.7983 L ong Island S ound T hrogs Neck NY M MB TH 40.7767 -72.7558 Moriches Bay Tuthill Point NY M HRHT 40.7263 -74.0148 H udson- Raritan H olland Tunnel NY HRWT 40.7127 -74.0170 H udson- Raritan World Trade C enter NY HR BP 40.7046 -74.0183 H udson- Raritan Battery Park NY M HRE I 40.6993 -74.0426 H udson- Raritan E llis Island NY HRG I 40.6933 -74.0190 H udson- Raritan G overnor's Island NY M 

# Appendix 1

HRC I 

### l 6.7 L I G B 

### l 28 1.0 

### l 23 1.5 L IPJ 

### l 119 10.8 

### l 111 7.4 L IM R 

### l 300 19.5 

### l 169 11.0 L I HU 

### l 106 8.5 

### l 96 6.6 L I HH 

### l 264 23.2 

### l 334 26.3 L I T N 

### l 601 55.3 

### l 697 60.2 MB TH 

### l 112 8.6 HRHT 

### l 27.9 HRWT 

### l 41.3 HR BP 

### l 1946 130.4 HRE I 

### l 19.0 HRG I 

### l 2189 194.8NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 62 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# New York cont'd

HRU B 40.6893 -74.0432 H udson- Raritan U pper Bay NY M L IFI 40.6252 -73.2795 L ong Island Fire Island Inlet NY M HR FW 40.6150 -74.0614 H udson- Raritan Fort Wadsworth NY M HRSR 40.6081 -74.0348 H udson- Raritan S hore Road NY M L IJI 40.5955 -73.5867 L ong Island Jones Inlet NY M HRJB 40.5667 -73.8953 H udson- Raritan Jamaica Bay NY M HRL B 40.5660 -74.0508 H udson- Raritan L ower Bay NY M HRR B 40.5190 -74.1845 H udson- Raritan Raritan Bay NY M LE DK 42.5292 -79.2777 L ake E rie Dunkirk NY ZM N R NF 43.0468 -78.8920 Niagara R iver Niagara Falls NY LOOC 43.3553 -78.6867 L ake O ntario O lcott NY ZM LORC 43.2578 -77.4953 L ake O ntario Rochester NY ZM LOCV 44.1442 -76.3247 L ake O ntario C ape Vincent NY ZM 

# Appendix 1

HRU B 

### l 653 96.6 

### l 31.4 L IFI 

### l 71 4.4 

### l 140 9.0 HR FW 

### l 1287 118.4 HRSR 

### l 1550 145.7 L IJI 

### l 360 18.0 

### l 154 11.9 HRJB 

### l 899 62.7 HRL B 

### l 1191 70.5 

### l 21.6 HRR B 

### l 594 36.9 

### l 3.1 LE DK 

### l 33 3.3 

### l 2.9 N R NF 

### l 4.0 LOOC 

### l 57 7.9 

### l 5.8 LORC 

### l 73 10.1 

### l 5.0 LOCV 

### l 7 0.7 

### l 3.6NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 63 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# North C arolina

RS J C 35.8898 -75.6337 Roanoke S ound John C reek N C O P SWB 35.4123 -76.0397 Pamlico S ound Wysocking Bay N C O P S P R 35.2960 -76.4392 Pamlico S ound Pungo R iver N C O P SCH 35.2028 -75.7162 Pamlico S ound C ape H atteras N C O P S N R 35.0897 -76.5290 Pamlico S ound Neuse R iver N C O BIPI 34.7183 -76.6755 Beaufort Inlet Pivers Island N C O C FBI 33.9158 -78.0035 C ape Fear Battery Island N C O 

# Appendix 1

RS J C 

### l 27 3.5 

### l 0.0 P SWB 

### l 35 5.2 

### l 0.0 P S P R 

### l 7 1.2 

### l 0.0 P SCH 

### l 11 0.8 P S N R 

### l 4 0.6 

### l 0.1 BIPI 

### l 37 5.6 

### l 21 1.7 

### l 0.0 C FBI 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 29 2.1 

### l 5.4NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 64 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# O hio

LER B 41.6745 -83.2262 L ake E rie Reno Beach OH S BPP 41.6597 -82.8250 L ake E rie Peach O rchard Pt. OH ZM LELR 41.4612 -82.2070 L ake E rie L orain OH ZM LEA B 41.9247 -80.7183 L ake E rie Ashtabula OH ZM 

# Appendix 1

LER B 

### l 5.3 S BPP 

### l 185 19.4 

### l 6.3 LELR 

### l 45 5.5 LEA B 

### l 24 1.7 

### l 3.3NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 65 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# O regon

C B CH 43.3500 -124.3308 C oos Bay C oos H ead OR M C B R P 43.4313 -124.2212 C oos Bay R ussell Point OR M YB O P 44.5752 -123.9890 Yaquina Bay O neatta Point OR M Y H F C 44.8370 -124.0520 Yaquina Bay Fogarty C reek OR M T B H P 45.5472 -123.9075 Tillamook Bay H obsonville Point OR CRS J 46.2287 -124.0232 C olumbia R iver S outh Jetty OR M 

# Appendix 1

C B CH 

### l 22 1.7 

### l 42 3.1 

### l 0.0 C B R P 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 299 18.8 

### l 0.0 YB O P 

### l 92 5.5 

### l 0.7 Y H F C 

### l 41 3.3 T B H P 

### l 0.2 CRS J 

### l 255 20.4NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 66 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Puerto R ico

P R BB 18.0078 -67.1752 Puerto R ico Bahia de Boqueron P R O P R BM 17.9710 -66.9895 Puerto R ico Bahia Montalva P R O P R BJ 17.9392 -66.1813 Puerto R ico Bahia de Jobos P R O 

# Appendix 1

P R BB 

### l 89 4.8 

### l 4.4 P R BM 

### l 25 1.7 

### l 0.0 P R BJ 

### l 13 0.5 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 67 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# R hode Island

NBPI 41.6523 -71.3567 Narragansett Bay Patience Island R I M NBDI 41.6048 -71.3052 Narragansett Bay Dyer Island R I M NBD U 41.5013 -71.3928 Narragansett Bay Dutch Island R I M BIBI 41.1982 -71.5922 Block Island S ound Block Island R I M 

# Appendix 1

NBPI 

### l 216 17.3 

### l 0.0 NBDI 

### l 140 14.0 

### l 12.2 NBD U 

### l 51 4.1 

### l 2.4 BIBI 

### l 36 2.5NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 68 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# S outh C arolina

WB L B 33.2433 -79.1972 Winyah Bay L ower Bay SC O SR NB 33.1683 -79.2417 S antee R iver North Bay SC O CHS F 32.7735 -79.9122 C harleston H arbor S hutes Folly Island SC O CH FJ 32.7505 -79.9003 C harleston H arbor Fort Johnson SC O A BBI 32.4894 -80.5283 Ace Basin Bass Island SC O 

# Appendix 1

WB L B 

### l 13 1.0 SR NB 

### l 4 0.4 CHS F 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 41 3.0 CH FJ 

### l 73 6.0 A BBI 

### l 104 8.3 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 69 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# T exas

G B HR 29.4803 -94.7418 G alveston Bay H anna Reef TX O G B O B 29.2840 -94.8363 G alveston Bay Offatts Bayou TX O G B T D 29.5030 -94.8960 G alveston Bay T odd's Dump TX O G B CR 29.2633 -94.9163 G alveston Bay C onfederate Reef TX O G B SC 29.7045 -94.9930 G alveston Bay S hip C hannel TX O G BYC 29.6220 -94.9958 G alveston Bay Yacht C lub TX O B R F S 28.9212 -95.3395 Brazos River Freeport S urfside TX O B RCL 28.8580 -95.4647 Brazos River C edar L akes TX O MB E M 28.7112 -95.8833 Matagorda Bay E ast Matagorda TX O MB T P 28.6663 -96.2335 Matagorda Bay Tres Palacios Bay TX O MB C B 28.6650 -96.3830 Matagorda Bay C arancahua Bay TX O ES BD 28.4118 -96.4490 E spiritu S anto Bill Days Reef TX O MB G P 28.5788 -96.5630 Matagorda Bay G allinipper Point TX O MB LR 28.6603 -96.5845 Matagorda Bay L avaca R iver Mouth TX O 

# Appendix 1

G B HR 

### l 66 7.8 

### l 0.0 G B O B 

### l 269 30.1 

### l 0.0 G B T D 

### l 119 14.6 

### l 0.0 G B CR 

### l 166 14.9 

### l 0.0 G B SC 

### l 246 31.7 

### l 14.5 G BYC 

### l 227 25.4 

### l 0.0 B R F S 

### l 136 8.3 

### l 0.2 B RCL 

### l 151 14.2 

### l 0.0 MB E M 

### l 187 14.8 

### l 0.0 MB T P 

### l 202 20.8 

### l 0.2 MB C B 

### l 355 38.3 

### l 0.1 ES BD 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 11 1.4 

### l 1.2 MB G P 

### l 126 14.8 

### l 0.0 MB LR 

### l 160 15.0 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 70 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# T exas

ESS P 28.2982 -96.6220 E spiritu S anto S outh Pass Reef TX O SA PP 28.2323 -96.7082 S an Antonio Bay Panther Point Reef TX O SA MP 28.3440 -96.7123 S an Antonio Bay Mosquito Point TX O MBAR 28.1730 -96.8350 Mesquite Bay A yres Reef TX O A B LR 28.0548 -96.9512 Aransas Bay L ong Reef TX O C B CR 28.1420 -97.1280 C opano Bay C opano Reef TX O L M S B 26.0432 -97.1760 L ower L aguna Madre S outh Bay TX O L MPI 26.0748 -97.1995 L ower L aguna Madre Port Isabel TX O L M AC 26.2825 -97.2853 L ower L aguna Madre Arroyo C olorado TX O CC NB 27.8522 -97.3598 C orpus C hristi Nueces Bay TX O 

# Appendix 1

ESS P 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 16 1.1 

### l 0.1 SA PP 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 2 0.3 

### l 0.4 SA MP 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 2 0.5 

### l 0.1 MBAR 

### l 292 22.8 

### l 0.5 A B LR 

### l 728 55.3 

### l 0.0 C B CR 

### l 68 10.1 

### l 0.1 L M S B 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 17 1.1 

### l 0.3 L MPI 

### l 13 1.0 

### l 293 14.4 

### l 0.0 L M AC 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 7 0.7 

### l 0.3 CC NB 

### l 387 23.2 

### l 1.6NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 71 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Virginia

P R M C 38.2233 -76.9615 Potomac R iver Mattox C reek V A O C B C I 37.9385 -75.3758 C hincoteague Bay C hincoteague Inlet V A O RRRR 37.9020 -76.7878 Rappahannock R iver Ross Rock V A O QI U B 37.5250 -75.7138 Quinby Inlet U pshur Bay V A O C B CC 37.2845 -76.0153 C hesapeake Bay C ape C harles V A O C BDP 37.0983 -76.2948 C hesapeake Bay Dandy Point V A O C BJ R 37.0653 -76.6322 C hesapeake Bay James R iver V A O 

# Appendix 1

P R M C 

### l 78 8.6 

### l 0.1 C B C I 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 11 1.2 RRRR 

### l 82 9.8 

### l 0.0 QI U B 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 0.0 C B CC 

### l 106 14.8 C BDP 

### l 120 13.2 

### l 0.0 C BJ R 

### l 170 8.5 

### l 0.4NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 72 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Washington

WBN A 46.4992 -124.0272 Willapa Bay Nahcotta W A M GH WJ 46.9097 -124.1177 G ray's H arbor Westport Jetty W A M SS BI 47.0993 -122.8942 S outh Puget S ound Budd Inlet W A M C B T P 47.3312 -122.5043 C ommencement Bay T ahlequah Point W A M P SSS 47.5233 -122.3937 Puget S ound S outh S eattle W A S IWP 47.5852 -122.5708 S inclair Inlet Waterman Point W A M E BD H 47.5958 -122.3867 E lliott Bay Duwamish H ead W A M E BF R 47.6388 -122.4138 E lliott Bay Four-Mile Rock W A M P SE F 47.8140 -122.3823 Puget S ound E dmonds Ferry W A M P SHC 47.8318 -122.6883 Puget S ound H ood C anal W A M WIPP 47.9053 -122.3770 Whidbey Island Possession Point W A M P S MF 47.9497 -122.3016 Puget S ound Mukilteo W A M P SEH 47.9727 -122.2303 Puget S ound E verett H arbor W A M P S P T 48.1047 -122.7780 Puget S ound Port T ownsend W A M 

# Appendix 1

WBN A 

### l 65 4.9 

### l 0.6 GH WJ 

### l 102 8.5 

### l 86 7.2 SS BI 

### l 223 19.6 

### l 226 25.6 

### l 1.6 C B T P 

### l 342 33.2 

### l 427 38.3 

### l 1.5 P SSS 

### l 0.4 S IWP 

### l 456 37.4 

### l 287 29.1 

### l 1.1 E BD H 

### l 453 36.7 

### l 389 28.0 

### l 0.0 E BF R 

### l 895 56.4 

### l 405 29.8 

### l 0.2 P SE F 

### l 567 50.4 P SHC 

### l 28 2.4 

### l 26 1.7 

### l 0.0 WIPP 

### l 85 7.3 

### l 0.2 P S MF 

### l 345 19.0 P SEH 

### l 296 20.7 

### l 2.0 P S P T 

### l 53 8.2 

### l 0.4NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 73 Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve

Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Washington cont'd

P S P A 48.1397 -123.4202 Puget S ound Port Angeles W A M P SCC 48.1752 -122.4784 Puget S ound C avalero C ounty Park W A M JFNB 48.3743 -124.6160 S trait of Juan de Fuca Neah Bay W A JF C F 48.3825 -124.7280 S trait of Juan de Fuca C ape Flattery W A M BB S M 48.7522 -122.4978 Bellingham Bay S qualicum Marina Jet. W A M P R P R 48.9903 -123.0883 Point Roberts Point Roberts W A M 

# Appendix 1

P S P A 

### l 87 7.4 

### l 70 6.5 

### l 0.0 P SCC 

### l 100 6.3 JFNB 

### l 0.2 JF C F 

### l 0 0.0 

### l 7 0.6 BB S M 

### l 316 24.7 

### l 0.8 P R P R 

### l 54 2.8 

### l 0.0NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 74 Site Latitude Longitude General Location Specific Location State Bivalve Mussels (M), Zebra Mussels (ZM), Oysters ( O )

L ow l , Medium l , and H igh l Concentrations: Lipid = ppb lipid weight, Dry = ppb dry weight, 200X = 2004 through 2007 Site Tissue 1996 Tissue 200X Sediment 200X Lipid Dry Lipid Dry Dry 

# Wisconsin

L MMB 43.0322 -87.8952 L ake Michigan Milwaukee Bay WI ZM G BB S 44.6370 -87.8082 G reen Bay Bayshore Park WI ZM 

# Appendix 1

L MMB 

### l 374 68.0 G BB S 

### l 36 2.8NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 75NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 76 QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS USING SELECTED ION MONITORING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY 1999 – 2006
T homas J. McDonald, Yiwei Miao, S usanne J. McDonald and James M. Brooks T DI-Brooks International/B&B L aboratories Inc. C ollege S tation, T exas 77845

A B STRACT S elected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD E s) are detected using a gas chromatograph/ mass spectrometer in selected ion monitoring mode. T his method is capable of detecting ppb concentrations of PBD E s in complex matrices such as tissues and sediments.
1.0 IN TRO D UCT I O N
A

gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer ( GC/M S ) in selected ion mode ( S IM), coupled to a capillary column, is used to resolve and detect polybrominated diphenyl ethers in tissues and sediments at ppb. S amples are injected into a temperature-programmed GC/M S , operated in splitless mode. The capillary column is a DB-XLB (30 m x 0.25 mm ID and 0.1 μm film thickness). T he mass spectrometer is capable of scanning from 35 to 500 A M U every second or less and uses 70 electron volts energy in electron impact ionization mode. The data acquisition system continuously acquires and stores all data for quantitation.
2.0A PP ARATUS A ND M ATER I ALS
2.1 E Q U IPM E N T G as chromatograph, split/splitless injection port and electronic pressure control, Agilent • T echnologies 5890-II Mass spectrometer, capable of scanning from 35 to 500 AMU, utilizing 70 electron volts of • energy in impact ionization mode, Agilent Technologies 5972-MSD Data acquisition system, Agilent T echnologies C hem S tation, capable of continuous • acquisition and storage of all data during analysis Autosampler, capable of making 1 to 5 μL injections • Capillary column, Agilent Technologies DB-XLB (30 m x 0.25 mm ID and 0.10 μm film • thickness) Micropipetters, calibrated, 1% accuracy, disposable tips • 2.2REAGE N TS Dichloromethane ( CAS75-09-02), pesticide grade or equivalent purity • H elium ( CAS7440-59-7), 99.8% purity • 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 77 

# Appendix 2

2.3STA NDAR D S
2.3.1 SURROGATE S PIKIN G SOLUT I O N S urrogate spiking solution is prepared from aliquots of pure compounds (Wellington Laboratories) that are diluted with dichloromethane to a final concentration of 1.0 μg/mL. The surrogate spiking solution includes 2,4,4’-TriBD E(13 C 12) and 2,2’3,4,4’,6- H exaBD E(13 C 12). The surrogate spiking solution (100 μL) is added to all samples and quality control samples prior to extraction. S urrogate compounds are resolved from, but elute in close proximity to, the analytes of interest. Individual surrogate recoveries are used to correct specific analyte concentrations based on retention time.
2.3.2 IN TER N AL STA NDAR D SOLUT I O N
T he internal standard solution is made from a solution purchased from a commercial vendor (Wellington L aboratories, G uelph, O ntario, C anada) and diluted with dichloromethane to a final concentration of 1.0 μg/mL. The internal standard solution includes 2,2’4,4’-TetraBDE (13 C 12). T he internal standard compound is resolved from, but elutes in close proximity to, the analytes of interest. The internal standard solution (100 μL) is added to all samples and quality control samples just prior to instrument analysis. Internal standards are used to calculate relative response factors and specific analyte concentrations based on retention time. 2.3.3 MATRIX SPIKING SOLUTION A certified solution containing tri to deca PBDE compounds is purchased from a commercial vendor ( C ambridge Isotope L aboratories, Inc. Andover, M A) and diluted with dichloromethane to prepare the matrix spiking solution (T able 1). T he matrix spiking solution is diluted to approximately 10 times the method detection limit (MD L ) and is added to all matrix spike samples.
2.3.4CAL IB RAT I O N SOLUT I O N C alibration solutions are prepared at 5 concentrations ranging from approximately 0.05 to 1 μg/mL (Table 2) by diluting a commercially available certified solution (Cambridge Isotope L aboratories, Inc.) containing the analytes of interest.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 78 T able 1. Polybrominated Diphenyl E thers C ontained in the Matrix- S piking S olution. Analyte CAS Spiking Solution Concentration (μg/mL)

2,2’4-TriBD E(BD E -17) N A 1.00 2,4,4’-TriBD E(BD E -28) 41318-75-6 1.00 2,2’,4,4’-T etraBD E(BD E -47) 5436-43-1 1.00 2,3’4,4’-T etraBD E(BD E -66) N A 1.00 2,3’,4’,6-T etraBD E(BD E -71) N A 1.00 2,2’3,4,4’-PentaBD E(BD E85) 182346-21-0 1.00 2,2’4,4’,5-PentaBD E(BD E -99) 60348-60-9 1.00 2,2’4,4’,6-PentaBD E(BD E -100) 189084-64-8 1.00 2,2’3,4,4’5’- H exaBD E(BD E -138) N A 1.00 2,2’4,4’5,5’- H exaBD E(BD E -153) 68631-49-2 1.00 2,2’4,4’5,6’- H exaBD E(BD E -154) N A 1.00 2,2’3,4,4’5’,6- H eptaBD E(BD E -183) N A 1.00 2,3,3’4,4’5,6- H eptaBD E(BD E -190) 68928-80-3 1.00 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 79 T

able 2. Polybrominated Diphenyl E thers C ontained in C alibration S olutions and their A pproxi

mate C oncentrations.

C ompounds C ontained CAS L evel 1 L evel 2 L evel 3 L evel 4 L evel 5 in C alibration S olutions (μg/mL) (μg/mL) (μg/mL) (μg/mL) (μg/mL)

Internal Standards 2,2’4,4’-T etraBD E(13 C 12) N A 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

S urrogates 2,4,4’-TriBD E(13 C 12) N A 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’3,4,4’,6- H exaBD E(13 C 12) N A 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0

Analytes 2,2’4-TriBD E(BD E -17) N A 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,4,4’-TriBD E(BD E -28) 41318-75-6 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’,4,4’-T etraBD E(BD E -47) 5436-43-1 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,3’4,4’-T etraBD E(BD E -66) N A 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,3’,4’,6-T etraBD E(BD E -71) N A 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’3,4,4’-PentaBD E(BD E85) 182346-21-0 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’4,4’,5-PentaBD E(BD E -99) 60348-60-9 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’4,4’,6-PentaBD E(BD E -100) 189084-64-8 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’3,4,4’5’- H exaBD E(BD E -138) N A 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’4,4’5,5’- H exaBD E(BD E -153) 68631-49-2 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’4,4’5,6’- H exaBD E(BD E -154) N A 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,2’3,4,4’5’6- H eptaBD E(BD E -183) 207122-16-5 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 2,3,3’4,4’5,6- H eptaBD E(BD E -190) 68928-80-3 0.05 0.10 0.25 0.50 1.0 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 80 3.0 Q UA N T I TAT IV ED ETER MIN AT I O N O F PBD ESBY GC/M S

- S IM
3.1 M ASS S P ECTRO M ETER TU NIN G Prior to calibration, the MS is autotuned to perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) using criteria established by the instrument manufacturer.
3.2 INI T I AL CAL IB RAT I O N
A

5-point relative response factor ( RR F) calibration curve is established for analytes of interest prior to the analysis of samples and quality control (Q C ) samples. A RR F is determined, for each analyte, for each calibration level using the following equation: (A A

### )( C I S 

### ) RR F = (A I S 

### )( C A

### )
Where: A A



### = the area of the characteristic ion for the analyte to be measured A I S

### = the area of the characteristic ion for the specific internal standard C A 

### = the known concentration of the analyte in the calibration solution (μg/mL) C I S

### = the known concentration of the internal standard in the calibration solution (μg/mg)
T he response factors determined for each calibration level are averaged to produce a mean relative response factor ( RR F i 

### ) for each analyte. T he percent relative standard deviation (% RS D) for the 5 response factors must be less than or equal to 15%, for each analyte. S tandard Deviation of the RR Fs % RS D = A verage of the RR Fs x 100

Where:
(Χ i

### - Χ) 2 

### S tandard Deviation = (n-1) **Σ** i=1 n



### x i

### = each RR F value used to calculate the mean RR F Χ = the mean of n values n = total number of values (5) 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 81 3.3CO N T IN U IN G CAL IB RAT I O N A mid-level calibration standard is analyzed at the beginning and end of each analytical set or every 10 samples (whichever is more frequent). T he daily relative response factor for each compound is compared to the mean relative response factor from the initial calibration curve and the average relative percent difference ( R PD) of all analytes must be less than 25%. If the calibration check does not meet this criterion then the initial five-point calibration is repeated.

RR F c

### - RR F i 

### R PD = RR F i 

### x 100

Where:
RR F i

### = mean relative response factor from the most recent initial calibration (meeting technical acceptance criteria)
RR F c

### = relative response factor from the continuing calibration standard

3.4GC/M S

- S IM A N AL YS I S
T he initial calibration of the GC/M Smust meet the previously described criteria prior to sample analysis. Samples are analyzed in analytical sets that consist of standards, samples and QC samples. Quality control samples are method blanks, laboratory duplicates, blank spikes, and matrix spikes. An autosampler is used to inject 1 or 2 μL of all samples, standards and QC samples into the capillary column of the GCusing the following instrument conditions. S light modifications may be necessary depending upon the analysis. Inlet: S plitless C arrier gas: H elium, 1 m L/min
T

emperatures Injection port: 300° C/ splitless Transfer line: 290 o 

### C Oven program Initial oven temp: 60° C Initial hold time: 0 minutes Ramp rate: 7° C/min Final oven temp: 315° C Final hold time: 22 minutes T

otal run time: 56 minutes 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 82 The effluent from the GC capillary column is routed directly into the ion source of the MS. T he M Sis operated in the selected ion monitoring mode ( S IM) and includes the quantitation masses for the PBD E s listed in T able 3.
3.5A N AL YTEID E N T IFI CAT I O N The extracted ion current profiles of the primary m/z and the confirmatory ion for each analyte must meet the following criteria: T he characteristic masses of each analyte of interest must be in the same scan or within • one scan of each other. T he retention time must fall within +/- 5 seconds of the retention time of the authentic compound determined by the analysis of the daily calibration check or PBD E Reference solution. The relative peak heights of the primary mass ion, compared to the confirmation or • secondary mass ion, must fall within +/-30 percent of the relative intensities of these masses in a reference mass spectrum (T able 3). T he reference mass spectrum is obtained from the continuing calibration solution. In some instances, a compound that does not meet secondary ion confirmation criteria may still be determined to be present in a sample after close inspection of the data by a qualified mass spectrometrist. Supportive data includes the presence of the confirmation ion, but at a ratio dif ferent then that indicated in T

able 3.Data not meeting the criteria established in this section are appropriately qualified or re• analyzed. 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 83 T

able 3. T arget Analyte Parameters.

Analyte CAS Reference to Ion Internal S tandard and S urrogate 2,2’4,4’-T etraBD E(13 C 12) (I-1) N A I-1 338.0 2,4,4’-TriBD E(13 C 12) ( S -1) N A S -1 418.0
Analyte CAS Reference to Ion BD E2 (3-MonoBD E ) 6876-00-2 I-1, S -1 248.0 BD E3 (4-MonoBD E ) 101-55-3 I-1, S -1 248.0 BD E4 (2,2’-DiBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 248.0 BD E7 (2,4-DiBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 327.9 BD E8 (2,4’-DiBD E ) 147217-71-8 I-1, S -1 327.9 BD E10 (2,6-DiBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 327.9 BD E11 (3,3’-DiBD E ) 6903-63-5 I-1, S -1 327.9 BD E12 (3,4-DiBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 327.9 BD E13 (3,4’-DiBD E ) 83694-71-7 I-1, S -1 327.9 BD E15 (4,4’-DiBD E ) 2050-47-7 I-1, S -1 327.9 BD E17 (2,2’,4-TriBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 405.8 BD E25 (2,3’,4-TriBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 405.8 BD E28 (2,4,4’-TriBD E ) 41318-75-6 I-1, S -1 405.8 BD E30 (2,4,6-TriBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 405.8 BD E32 (2,4’,6-TriBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 405.8 BD E33 (2’,3,4-TriBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 405.8 BD E35 (3,3’,4-TriBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 405.8 BD E37 (3,4,4’-TriBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 405.8 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 84 Analyte CAS Reference to Ion BD E47 (2,2’,4,4’-T etraBD E ) 5436-43-1 I-1, S -1 485.7 BD E49/71 (2,2’,4,5’-T etraBD E/2,3’,4’,6-T etraBD E ) N A /N A I-1, S -1 485.7 BD E66 (2,3’,4,4’-T etraBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 485.7 BD E75 (2,4,4’,6-T etraBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 485.7 BD E77 (3,3’,4,4’-T etraBD E ) 93703-48-1 I-1, S -1 485.7 BD E85 (2,2’,3,4,4’-PentaBD E ) 182346-21-0 I-1, S -1 563.6 BD E99 (2,2’,4,4’,5-PentaBD E ) 60348-60-9 I-1, S -1 563.6 BD E100 (2,2’,4,4’,6-PentaBD E ) 189084-64-8 I-1, S -1 563.6 BD E116 (2,3,4,5,6-PentaBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 563.6 BD E118 (2,3’,4,4’,5-PentaBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 563.6 BD E119 (2,3’,4,4’,6-PentaBD E ) N A I-1, S -1 563.6 2,2’3,4,4’,6- H exaBD E(13 C 12) ( S -2) N A S -2 496.0 BD E126 (3,3’,4,4’,5-PentaBD E ) N A I-1, S -2 563.6 BD E138 (2,2’,3,4,4’,5’- H exaBD E ) N A I-1, S -2 643.5 BD E153 (2,2’,4,4’,5,5’- H exaBD E ) 68631-49-2 I-1, S -2 643.5 BD E154 (2,2’,4,4’,5,6’- H exaBD E ) N A I-1, S -2 643.5 BD E155 (2,2’,4,4’,6,6’- H exaBD E ) N A I-1, S -2 643.5 BD E166 (2,3,4,4’,5,6- H exaBD E ) N A I-1, S -2 643.5 BD E181 (2,2’,3,4,4’,5,6- H eptaBD E ) N A I-1, S -2 563.6 BD E183 (2,2’,3,4,4’,5’,6- H eptaBD E ) 207122-16-5 I-1, S -2 563.6 BD E190 (2,3,3’,4,4’,5,6- H eptaBD E ) 68928-80-3 I-1, S -2 563.6 

### (I-#) = Internal reference number ( S -#) = S urrogate reference number

4.0 Q UA N T I TAT I O N CALCULAT I O N S S ample analyte concentrations are calculated based on the concentration and response of the internal standard compounds (T able 2). T he equations in S ection 3.2 are used to calculate the RR F of each analyte relative to the concentration and area of the internal standard in the initial calibration. Response factors for target analytes not contained in the initial calibration solution are presumed equal to the response factor of a respective similar PBD Ecompound. 

# Appendix 2

T

able 3 cont'd.NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 85 T he mass (M A) of each target analyte (ng) is calculated using the following equation:
(A A



### M I S 

### ) M A = (A I S 

### RR F i 

### )
Where: A

A



### = the area of the characteristic ion for the analyte measured A I S

### = the area of the characteristic ion for the specific internal standard M I S

### = mass of internal standard added to the extract (ng)

RR F i

### = average relative response factor for the analyte from the current calibration
T he concentration of each target analyte in a sample (ng/g) is calculated using the following equation: (M A 

### DF) C= (W)
Where: DF = the dilution factor applied to the extract Volume of Extract (μL) DF= Volume of Extract used to make dilution (μL) W = the sample weight (g)
Analyte concentrations are reported as corrected for individual surrogate recoveries. T he corrections for each compound are based on the surrogates referenced in T able 3. Percent surrogate recoveries ( SURecovery) for each surrogate are calculated using the following equation: C ESU 

### SU Recovery

### = C SU 

### x 100

Where: CESU = calculated surrogate concentration in the extract CSU = known concentration of surrogate added to extract 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 86 Analyte concentration corrections (corrected for surrogate recovery) are calculated using the following equation: C C C orrected

### = SU Recovery 

### x 100

5.0 Q UAL I TY CO N TROL (Q C ) Samples are analyzed in analytical batches consisting of 19 samples or fewer and QC samples. T he Q Csamples are a method blank, laboratory duplicate, matrix spike, and matrix spike duplicate. A method blank is a reagent blank prepared in the laboratory. A duplicate is a sample for which a second aliquot is analyzed. Matrix spikes are samples that are spiked with known concentrations of known analytes. The validity of the data is monitored using defined QC criteria. The following QC criteria are used to evaluate analytical batches: 1) C alibration T he calibration criteria ( S ection 3.2) must be met prior to data analyses. If the calibration • criteria are not met, then the run is aborted and the instrument re-calibrated before further sample analysis. 2) Method Blank No more than two target analytes exceed 3 times the concentration of the MD L

. Exceptions • are that if an analyte detected in the method blank exceeds 3 times the concentration of the MD L , but is not present in the associated samples or if a sample analyte concentration is greater than 10 times that analyte concentration in the method blank, the result is qualified and reported. If a method blank exceeds these criteria then the source of contamination is determined • and corrective action is taken before further sample analysis. 3) Matrix S pikes Analytes spiked into a matrix are considered valid only if they are spiked at concentrations • equivalent to levels found in the sample. T he average recovery for all valid spiked analytes in a matrix spike is between 60% and • 120%. No more than two individual spiked analyte (valid) recoveries may exceed 40%- 120%. If the Q Ccriteria are not met then the matrix spike sample failing the criteria will be re• 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 87 analyzed and if the re-analyzed spike meets the criteria then the data are reported. If an analyte exceeds the criteria and is not present in the associated samples analyzed with the analytical batch, the result is qualified and reported. If upon re-analysis, QC criteria are still not met, the entire batch of samples is reanalyzed. • If sufficient sample is unavailable to re-extract the matrix-spike, another sample may be selected or a blank-spike may be substituted. T he average R PD for a valid matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate or blank spike/blank spike • duplicate pair is 30%. No more than two individual analyte R PDs may exceed 35%. 4) Duplicate T he average R PD between the duplicate and original sample, for analytes greater than • 10 times the concentration of the MD L , is 30%. T he R PD for no more than two individual analytes may exceed 35%. If the QC criteria are not met then the sample pair failing the criteria will be re-analyzed and • if the re-analyzed samples meet the criteria then the data are reported. If an analyte exceeds the criteria and is not present in the associated samples analyzed • with the analytical batch, the result is qualified and reported. If upon re-analysis, QC criteria are still not met, the entire batch of samples is reanalyzed. • If sufficient sample is unavailable to re-extract the duplicate pair, another sample may be selected. 5) S urrogates T he average recovery of surrogate compounds is between 50% and 150%. • Exceptions are analytical interferences with the surrogates and diluted samples. • If the average recovery of surrogates exceeds the criteria, and calculation and analytical • errors are eliminated, the sample is re-analyzed. If sufficient sample is unavailable for reextraction, the data are qualified and reported. 6) Method Detection L imit T he method detection limit (MD L ) is determined following the procedures outlined in • Federal Register (1984), Vol. 49, No. 209: 98-199. 

# Appendix 2NOAA National Status & Trends | PBDE Report An Assessment of PBDEs in Sediment and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone 

## 88 United States Department of Commerce Gary Locke Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jane Lubchenco Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere

National Ocean Service John H. Dunnigan Assistant Administrator for Ocean Service and Coastal Zone Management