1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 120,579

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

CAROLYN SCOFIELD,

Appellee,

v.

KANSAS EMPLOYMENT SECURITY BOARD OF REVIEW, et al.,

Appellants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Marion District Court; STEVEN L. HORNBAKER, judge. Opinion filed April 24, 2020. 

Reversed.

Glenn H. Griffeth, special assistant attorney general, Kansas Department of Labor, for appellant. 

No appearance by appellee.

Before ATCHESON, P.J., WARNER, J., and WALKER, S.J.

PER CURIAM: In this judicial review action, the Kansas Employment Security 

Board of Review (Board) appeals from the district court's reversal of its denial of 

unemployment benefits to Carolyn Scofield. The district court determined that the 

Board's decision to deny Scofield's claim for unemployment benefits for misconduct 

connected with her job duties as an employee of a nursing home was error on multiple 

grounds. On appeal, the Board argues the district court erred by engaging in 

impermissible fact-finding and misinterpreting the law. Because we find that substantial 

evidence supports the Board's decision and the employer met its burden of establishing 
2

Scofield's misconduct by a preponderance of the evidence, we reverse the district court's 

decision and affirm the Board's decision.

FACTS

Carolyn Scofield worked as a dietary cook at a nursing home care facility in 

Whitewater, Kansas, for over 23 years. In 2017, the nursing home discharged Scofield for 

violating the company's patient privacy policy by taking photographs and videos of a 

resident without written permission. The policy in question states: 

"Any information concerning the business of [the nursing home], its residents,

suppliers, staff members or personnel employed with [the nursing home] is confidential 

and restricted. You may not reveal any such information to others outside the [nursing 

home] or with those inside the [nursing home] who do not have a legitimate need to know 

this information . . . .

"The following actions will be considered a violation of the above policies: 

"1. Taking a photograph of any person connected to [the nursing home] without 

their written permission is prohibited. Taking a photograph of anyone connected with 

[the nursing home] and posting on a social media website of any kind . . . is prohibited."

The events leading up to Scofield's discharge are not disputed. On December 4, 

2017, Scofield was visiting a resident, who was also a friend, in the dining room of the 

nursing home where she was employed. A supervisor observed Scofield taking pictures 

of the resident and warned her that she was not allowed to take pictures or videos of the 

residents. Scofield told him that she did not believe she was in violation of the Health 

Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and that she believed she could 

take pictures of the resident because she was off duty and was a friend. Scofield 

contended that she was taking the pictures and videos because the resident was having 

trouble eating, and the resident's daughter asked her to take the pictures because this was 

a medical issue that the daughter was trying to address. 
3

About a week later, Scofield took more pictures and videos of the same resident 

while she was off duty, and the daughter was present. The employer did not observe 

Scofield taking pictures on this occasion, but a different family member, who also held 

the resident's durable power of attorney, made a complaint to the nursing home after 

photographs and videos of the resident circulated to the resident's family. Although the 

daughter was present when the pictures were taken, she did not have the "authorization 

. . . to receive or to distribute privileged information" regarding the resident. 

After receiving the complaint, the nursing home terminated Scofield's 

employment. Following her termination, Scofield applied for unemployment benefits, but 

the Kansas Department of Labor (KDOL) denied her petition. The KDOL found Scofield 

was disqualified for unemployment insurance benefits because she was discharged for 

misconduct connected with her work pursuant to K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 44-706(b). Scofield 

appealed the KDOL determination to an appeals referee who conducted a telephone 

hearing with the parties.

During the referee's hearing, Scofield acknowledged that she "tried to walk that 

fine line between a resident and a friend" but maintained that she took the photos and 

videos as a friend rather than as an employee. Scofield testified that she has had other 

friends become residents of the nursing home and has been friends with the resident she 

photographed for 20 years. Scofield contended that she did not want to do anything that 

would get her terminated "[a]nd the only reason why [she] took those pictures . . . was 

because [the daughter] really did feel that her mother probably was dying."

A member of management at the nursing home testified that employee violations 

of serious policies, particularly ones having to do with privacy or residents' rights are a 

"one and done" offense. He added, "There are certain things that you can do that you only 

get to do once and then lose your job, this is one of them." The employer's witness
4

testified that Scofield was made aware of the privacy policy through a variety of 

measures.

The referee issued a written decision affirming Scofield's disqualification from 

unemployment benefits. The referee determined that the nursing home's policy prohibited

the taking of pictures or videos of any residents, and this action constituted a violation of 

the employer's policy as well as HIPAA. The opinion explained that Scofield believed 

she had permission to take the photos and videos, and while Scofield was attempting to 

do a good deed, her actions were in violation of the employer's policies and involved 

privacy issues. As such, the referee determined Scofield's actions were misconduct.

Scofield timely appealed the referee's decision to the Board. From the record, it 

appears the Board held no hearing and received no additional testimony. However, the 

Board affirmed the referee's decision and adopted the findings of fact made by the 

referee. Scofield timely filed a petition for judicial review in the Marion County District 

Court. At a status conference held by the district court, the parties were given 14 days to 

file briefs on the matter. The Board filed a brief, but Scofield did not.

Subsequently, the district court issued an order reversing the Board's decision. The 

district court made findings of fact separate from those issued by the referee and 

determined that there was "no rule found in the record which prohibits an employee's off 

work activities or from visiting or taking images of a friend" and that "[t]he rules of 

taking pictures do not apply to an employee who is off duty." After reviewing the Board's 

adopted factual findings for substantial competent evidence, the district court determined 

that "the Agency erred when it found a violation of a non-existent Policy. If nothing 

governs the off-duty actions of an employee, then there [is] no policy to enforce." The 

district court also disagreed with the Board's interpretation of relevant caselaw and 

opined that the employer had a duty to "clearly and succinctly notify employees of their 

policies." Summarizing, the district court held that "[h]ere, they relied on a policy that 
5

had no relationship to the alleged violation. An employer may not prohibit an employee's 

after-hours activities for to do so would exceed the purview of their interests and violate 

the privacy of the employee."

The Board has timely appealed the district court's decision.

ANALYSIS

1. Standards for review.

Scofield's action is governed by the provisions of the Kansas Judicial Review Act 

(KJRA), K.S.A. 77-601 et seq. The KJRA defines the scope of judicial review of actions 

taken by state agencies or boards. K.S.A. 77-603(a). Any party to an agency or board 

action before a district court under the KJRA may appeal the district court's decision. 

K.S.A. 77-623. We exercise the same statutorily limited review of the Board's action as 

does the district court, as though the appeal had been made directly to us. In re Tax 

Appeal of Fleet, 293 Kan. 768, 776, 272 P.3d 583 (2012); Carlson Auction Service, Inc. 

v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 55 Kan. App. 2d 345, 349, 413 P.3d 448 (2018). On 

appeal, the burden of proving the invalidity of action taken by an agency or board rests 

on the party asserting such invalidity. K.S.A. 77-621(a)(1); Milano's, Inc. v. Kansas Dept. 

of Labor, 296 Kan. 497, 500, 293 P.3d 707 (2013). 

The KJRA outlines eight circumstances under which relief may be granted. K.S.A. 

77-621(c). It is unclear from Scofield's petition under which ground she has brought her 

complaint, but it appears that she is arguing that the Board's denial of her petition for 

unemployment benefits was "based on a determination of fact, made or implied by the 

agency, that is not supported by the appropriate standard of proof by evidence that is 

substantial when viewed in light of the record as a whole." K.S.A. 77-621(c)(7). And 

because Scofield was terminated for misconduct and denied benefits because of such 
6

misconduct, the employer bears the burden of proving misconduct by a preponderance of 

the evidence. Rhodenbaugh v. Kansas Employment Sec. Bd. of Review, 52 Kan. App. 2d 

621, 630, 372 P.3d 1252 (2016); see Farmland Foods, Inc. v. Abendroth, 225 Kan. 742, 

743-44, 594 P.2d 184 (1979). 

Because Scofield appears to be appealing under K.S.A. 77-621(c)(7), we must 

determine whether the factual findings made by the appeals referee—and adopted by the 

Board—are supported by substantial evidence when viewed in light of the record as a 

whole. See K.S.A. 77-621(c)(7); Sierra Club v. Moser, 298 Kan. 22, 62-63, 310 P.3d 360 

(2013). This analysis requires us to: "(1) review evidence both supporting and 

contradicting the agency's findings; (2) examine the presiding officer's credibility 

determination, if any; and (3) review the agency's explanation as to why the evidence 

supports its findings." Williams v. Petromark Drilling, 299 Kan. 792, 795, 326 P.3d 1057 

(2014); K.S.A. 77-621(d). Substantial evidence is such legal and relevant evidence as a 

reasonable person might accept as being sufficient to support a conclusion. Gannon v. 

State, 298 Kan. 1107, 1175-76, 319 P.3d 1196 (2014). We do not reweigh the evidence 

before the Board or engage in de novo review. K.S.A. 77-621(d). 

Although we cannot reweigh evidence or engage in an unlimited review, our task 

is to consider "'whether the evidence supporting the [Board's] decision has been so 

undermined by cross-examination or other evidence that it is insufficient to support the 

[Board's] conclusion.'" Buchanan v. JM Staffing, LLC, 52 Kan. App. 2d 943, 948, 379 

P.3d 428 (2016). In doing so, our review of questions of law is unlimited. And in 

reviewing questions of law, we give no deference to an administrative agency or board on 

statutory or regulatory interpretation. Douglas v. Ad Astra Information Systems, 296 Kan. 

552, 559, 293 P.3d 723 (2013).

Thus, we must determine whether substantial evidence supports the Board's

determination that the nursing home proved Scofield's misconduct by a preponderance of 
7

the evidence. This determination requires a two-step analysis. First, the findings of fact 

will be reviewed for substantial evidence. Then, the Board's decision will be reviewed to 

determine whether the employer met its burden of proving misconduct. Rhodenbaugh, 52 

Kan. App. 2d at 630-31.

2. The Board's findings are supported by substantial evidence.

In this appeal, the Board takes issue with the district court's independent factfinding. The Board argues that, in reaching its decision, "the district court engaged in 

improper fact finding of its own." It alleges the district court's factual findings are not 

supported by the record and certain findings are "factually incorrect." The Board 

contends that the district court erred when it "engag[ed] in its own fact-finding on the 

issue, rather than giving proper deference to the Agency['s] factual determination," and 

"[t]his factual error is compounded in the district court's conclusions drawn therefrom."

Although we are to act as though the appeal had been made directly to us, we 

believe the Board's argument has merit. See Fleet, 293 Kan. at 776. The district court 

acknowledged that it was to review "the agency's factual findings to see whether 

substantial evidence supports them in light of the whole record." But instead of reviewing 

for substantial evidence, we concur that the district court engaged in its own fact-finding 

and reweighed the evidence to support its position. Apart from being employed as a 

dietary cook, there is no evidence in the record detailing what duties Scofield had as an 

employee. Despite this lack of evidence, the district court found "[h]ere, the off the job 

actions of the employee were not work connected and were not reasonably related to 

employer's business." The court concluded that "[t]here is no way that a cook working in 

a kitchen and not working in a care capacity could in any way tie her working 

relationship . . . to patient. Taking an image of a resident, no doubt, is common in a care 

home. Families and friends visit often and this is simply common knowledge and logic." 

Simply put, nothing in the record supports these factual findings because nothing in the 
8

record contains any information regarding Scofield's job duties. It is clear that the district 

court was substituting its feelings for what the facts ought to be into gaps in the record.

In any event, the factual findings made by the appeals referee—as adopted by the 

Board—are supported by substantial evidence. A review of the evidence both confirming

and contradicting the Board's findings supports the referee's findings because the majority 

of the facts were conceded by Scofield. K.S.A. 77-621(d); see Williams, 299 Kan. at 795. 

Scofield admitted to taking pictures and videos of the resident on two occasions. Scofield 

admitted to being aware of her employer's policy that prohibited employees from taking 

pictures or videos of residents, and the record contains a signed acknowledgment that 

Scofield would be "bound by the policies, practices and rules" contained in the employee 

handbook. In fact, in her appeal to the Board, Scofield attached a copy of the policy in 

question from the last copy of the employee manual she had received. 

A review of the referee's explanation as to why the evidence supports its findings 

is also supported by substantial evidence. K.S.A. 77-621(d); Williams, 299 Kan. at 795. 

The referee found that Scofield was discharged for a violation of the employer's privacy 

policy in December 2017. This determination was based on Scofield's testimony that she 

took the pictures at the direction of a family member and the employer's testimony that a 

policy prohibited this action. The referee also found that Scofield believed she had the 

permission to take the photos, but this permission was misguided. This finding is 

supported by the evidence because the employer testified that the family member who 

gave Scofield permission to take the photos did not have the authority to do so, and 

Scofield had been warned by her employer previously.

In short, we concur with the Board that the findings made by the appeals referee—

as adopted by the Board—are supported by substantial evidence. A review of the 

evidence both supporting and contradicting the Board's finding is sufficient to find 
9

substantial evidence to support the factual findings made by the referee. And a review of 

the referee's explanation as to why the evidence supports its findings is also substantial. 

3. The employer proved Scofield's misconduct by a preponderance of the evidence.

Before turning to our analysis of whether the nursing home has met its burden of 

proving Scofield's misconduct, we must note our agreement with the Board's contention 

that the district court relied on incorrect legal standards when making its decision. For 

example, the district court cited to caselaw that provided claimants are entitled to a 

"liberal interpretation of the law," but K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 44-702 was amended in 2013 to 

provide that "a neutral interpretation" should be employed.

Individuals who are unemployed because they were discharged for misconduct 

connected with their work are ineligible for unemployment benefits. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 

44-706(b). The employer bears the burden of proving misconduct by a preponderance of 

the evidence. Rhodenbaugh, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 630. Under a preponderance of the 

evidence standard, it must be demonstrated that "'a fact is more probably true than not 

true.'" Gannon, 298 Kan. at 1124. Thus, in this present action, the nursing home has the 

burden to prove that it discharged Scofield for misconduct connected with her 

employment.

K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 44-706 provides, in part, as follows:

"An individual shall be disqualified for benefits:

. . . .

"(b) If the individual has been discharged or suspended for misconduct connected 

with the individual's work. . . .

(1) For the purposes of this subsection, 'misconduct' is defined as a violation of a 

duty or obligation reasonably owed the employer as a condition of employment 

including, but not limited to, a violation of a company rule, including a safety rule, if:
10

(A) The individual knew or should have known about the rule; (B) the rule was lawful 

and reasonably related to the job; and (C) the rule was fairly and consistently enforced."

We will examine each prong of the statutory criteria for misconduct in turn.

a. Scofield knew about the rule. 

First, the employer was required to prove that Scofield knew or should have 

known about the rule. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 44-706(b)(1). The employer established that it 

had personally warned Scofield about the rule after the first occurrence, Scofield signed 

an acknowledgement of the policy, and she admitted to being aware of the policy. Thus, 

the employer proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Scofield was aware of the 

rule.

b. The rule was lawful and reasonably related to Scofield's job.

Generally, an "employee's conduct off the working premises and outside the 

course or scope of his [or her] employment is generally not considered misconduct in 

connection with employment." National Gypsum Co. v. Kansas Employment Security Bd.

of Review, 244 Kan. 678, 686, 772 P.3d 786 (1989). However, the National Gypsum Co. 

court delineated an exception to this general rule that excludes off-duty actions by an 

employee "where the conduct is so closely connected with the business interests of the 

employer as to warrant disqualification for unemployment benefits." 244 Kan. at 686. 

The National Gypsum Co. court analyzed misconduct under a previous version of 

the employment security law statute, K.S.A. 1988 Supp. 44-706(b), which provided that 

"an employee shall be disqualified for unemployment compensation benefits if the 

employee has been discharged for misconduct 'connected with the individual's work.'" 

244 Kan. at 686. In 1988, misconduct was defined as a "'violation of a duty or obligation 

reasonably owed the employer as a condition of employment.'" 244 Kan. at 686. The 
11

statute has been amended since 1988, but the language analyzed remains in effect today 

and although the court was interpreting a previous version of the statute, the court's 

reasoning is instructive: 

"The provisions of an unemployment compensation statute relating to the disqualification 

to receive unemployment compensation benefits in the case of a discharge for misconduct 

are intended to deny unemployment compensation to a claimant who is discharged 

because of misconduct, regardless of when or where it occurred, so long as such 

misconduct is in law connected with the employee's work. There is no merit to the 

argument that an act of misconduct relating to the private life of an employee is

connected with his [or her] employment. The fundamental issue is whether the 

misconduct adversely affected the employee's ability and capacity to perform his duties."

(Emphasis added.) 244 Kan. at 686.

Here, it appears the district court distinguished the National Gypsum Co.

precedent because the employer in National Gypsum Co. had a policy controlling offduty employee conduct and the employer here had no such policy. This was an incorrect 

interpretation of the holding in National Gypsum Co. because nothing in the opinion 

suggests that it is applicable only to off-duty policies. Rather, the court was more 

concerned with policies that are connected with an employee's work "regardless of when 

or where [the misconduct] occurred." 244 Kan. at 686. As such, the National Gypsum Co. 

court held: "To exclude a discharged employee from unemployment benefits for off-thejob misconduct, the off-duty misconduct must be work connected and reasonably related 

to the employer's business." 244 Kan. at 687.

Thus, under National Gypsum Co., Scofield's conduct must be "so closely 

connected with the business interests" of the nursing home as to warrant disqualification 

for unemployment benefits under the "reasonably related" prong of this analysis. The 

policy in question was designed to "respect confidential information" of the residents of 

the nursing home and control any employee access to confidential information of its 
12

residents. And as such, while a portion of the policy deals directly with taking photos and 

videos, the premise of the policy is to protect the confidential information of the nursing 

home residents. 

The nursing home undoubtedly has a business interest in protecting the 

confidential information of its residents at any time. Practically, Scofield's assertion that 

she did not violate the policy because she was off duty could lead to significant violations 

of confidentiality. And we concur with the privacy concern, mentioned by the Board in 

its brief, that Scofield's interpretation could "lead to the absurd result that an employee 

entrusted with personal medical information would not violate an employer's policy 

against disclose of such information by simply sharing the information online, while at 

home, off-duty." Our conclusion on this is buttressed by the explicit finding of the 

appeals referee that Scofield's actions were a violation of HIPAA, the federal law 

safeguarding the privacy of most medical information.

The employer's rule aimed at protecting resident confidentiality is reasonably 

related to Scofield's job. By being an employee of the nursing home, Scofield had access 

to the residents, and she admitted there was a fine line between a resident and a friend.

Scofield had an obligation to respect the confidentiality of the residents as an employee 

of the nursing home, and this obligation did not end at the completion of Scofield's 

workday or because she was a friend of the resident. As stated by the employer, policies 

having to do with privacy or residents rights were serious policies. The privacy policy 

was so serious that a violation was considered something "that you only get to do once 

and then you lose your job."

Protecting resident confidentiality is not the only concern the employer had with 

Scofield's actions. The employer testified that it received a complaint from the holder of 

the resident's durable power of attorney, who was also a family member, regarding the 

incident. Although not explicitly stated by the employer, it is logical to assume that it is 
13

within the nursing home's business interests to mitigate complaints by family members of 

residents. This assumption is supported by the employer's discharge of Scofield after 

receiving a complaint by a family member.

From our review of the record we are convinced the employer proved by a 

preponderance of the evidence that the policy protecting the confidential information of 

residents, and thus prohibiting an employee from taking pictures or videos of residents, 

was reasonably related to Scofield's job. 

c. The rule was fairly and consistently enforced.

Finally, the employer must have shown by a preponderance of the evidence that 

the rule was fairly and consistently enforced. To meet this burden, the employer's witness

testified that he gave Scofield a warning after the first occurrence and terminated her 

employment only after receiving a complaint that she engaged in the conduct a second 

time. Although the second chance cuts against the consistency of enforcement regarding 

violations of this policy, the record shows that violations were normally a "one and done"

offense. The employer testified to this at the hearing, the policy itself stated a violation 

would result in termination, and Scofield attached communications by her supervisor that 

stated: "Any staff member who takes a picture of a resident in violation of our privacy 

policy will be terminated."

Although the employer did not present any numbers or statistics to prove this 

policy is consistently enforced, a preponderance of the evidence when viewed in light of

the entire record shows that the nursing home consistently claimed this was an offense 

that resulted in termination of employment. Thus, we concur that a violation of this 

policy constitutes misconduct under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 44-706(b)(1).
14

Because the nursing home showed that Scofield's action met the definition of 

misconduct under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 44-706(b)(1) by a preponderance of the evidence, 

she is disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 44-

706(b). Based upon this conclusion, we reverse the district court's decision reversing the 

Board's action and affirm the Board's decision denying Scofield's request for

unemployment benefits.

Reversed.