# --/ GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

# Proposed NSPS for GHG Emissions Bruce Rising, Vice Chair EnvironmentalAffairs Committee August 1, 2013

1

# / GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

### • Alstom Power " GE Energy • Florida Turbine Technologies • Meggitt Sensing Systems • Pratt & Whitney Power Systems • Rolls-Royce • Siemens Energy, Inc. • Solar Turbines Incorporated
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 2GAS TIJRBlNEASSOCIATION 

# GTA Recommendations
• Maintain exclusion of simple cycle gas turbines " Raise the C02 

### level to at least 1,1 00 lb/MWh

.. Prohibit the NSPS C02 

### limit from being adopted as the presumptive C02 

### BACT level for simple cycle turbines

.. Include exemption for startup/shutdown and part load operation

.. Allow an alternate method to GEMs for compliance measurement • Modify method for computing the 12-month rolling average

.. Exempt combined heat and power units • Allow 500 hours of operation on backup fuel without inclusion in the emission average

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 3

# Simple Cycle Exclusion GASTURBINEASSOCIATlON ----------------­ 

### • GTA supports exclusion ofsimple cycle systems • Simple cycle gas turbines are highly flexible and react rapidly

- Enable renewable integration through enhanced grid stability

- Rapid starts/stops and load/unload rates

- Grid frequency & voltage regulation

- Peak shaving, backup power, rapid installation for new demands • NGCC while flexible, cannot substitute for simple eye_!§ 1

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### .. Many simple cycle units run more than(2,900 hOurs per yea0

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- Particularly in support of renewable generation snes • Proposed range of 950 - 1,1 00 lb/MWh does not reflect BSER* for SC

.. Exclusion provides no incentive for simple cycle over NGCC *Best System Emission Rate 013 Washington, DC Page 4

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# Increase C02 

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# 1,100 lb/MWh limit
GASTURBtNEASSOCIATtON**---------~----------** 

## • Only gas fired combined cycle turbines have the efficiencies to reach this threshold. • But even they cannot all achieve this

- Requires pipeline natural gas (not fuel oil)

- Site conditions, part-load operation, design features, and operating hours all tend to raise the emissions expressed on an output basis

.. Simple cycle turbines cannot reach this threshold " While new cycle design features continue to be introduced, pre2006 turbine designs are still manufactured and sold to support customer needs.

1Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 5

# Operating Conditions
GASTURBINEASSOOATION**------~---------** 

## " Part load operation results in reduced cycle efficiency, increasing the emissions output

- Part load is a necessity in cases where fast starting and ramping are required (e.g. support renewable energy generation, such as wind or solar) • Site conditions substantially impact output based emissions

- High ambient temperatures erode efficiency

- Cooling system designs (open loop cooled vs. air cooled systems) have a major impact

1Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 6

# Compliance Monitoring GAS TURBINE ASSOOATION =· 

## • Monitoring can be more effectively and accurately accomplished by fuel flow monitoring

- All gas turbine systems include high accuracy flow monitors

- Fuel carbon content is relatively constant (75% by mass for natural gas). Pipeline tariffs maintain a relatively consistent composition

- Performance (Megawatt-hours generated) is well measured and recorded (data filed to FERC)
- This will produce greater accuracy in determining output based emissions compared to CEMS data.

1Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 7

# CHP/Cogen Exemption
GASTURB!NEASSOCIATION
---------------­ 

## " Recommend exemption for gas turbines in the CHP category

- They represent a category ofvery efficient system systems for power and thermal energy production

- Thermal energy is recovered from a simple cycle turbine exhaust, but not necessarily to produce electricity • But some Combined Heat and Power also produce electricity 

## " It is difficult to quantify the thermal energy in terms of equivalent kWh to determine compliance of combined heat and powerwith the proposed NSPS would be immense and impractical • Some CHP units also make use of a unique fuel that may be produced in-house

- May be substantially different from pipeline natural gas or No. 2 Fuel Oil. • Additional support for an alternative fuel exemption, in addition to a category exemption 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 8GAS TURBINEASSOCIATION 

# Fuel Choice
• The proposed standard is only likely to be achieved using pipeline natural gas fuel

- While most gas turbines in the US are gas-fired, there is still a segment ofthe fleet that still uses fuel oil.

- Fuel oil backup provides operating flexibility, especially on peaking units not committed to long-term gas contracts.

- Operating with a few hundred hours of on fuel oil would push a combined cycle above the threshold, even using annualized averaging methods " Exempt from reporting C02 

## emissions when operating fuel oil, alternative fuels (e.g. landfill gas, blast furnace gas)
1Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 9

# Impact of load on C02 GASTURBINEASSOCIATION -------------------­ ImpactofCondenseron Efficiencyand C02 Output t 2D**~~~·.~-····.~···········**

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# Impact ofAmbient Temperature GAS TURBINEASSOCIAT!ON largeCombinedCyde(VariableAmbient,AirCooled Condenser} 40 37 35 32**~** 30 

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0 60 65 70 75 so 85 90 95 100 AmbientTemperature 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 11

# Impact of Fuel GAS TURBINEASSOCIATION 2,000**~--------------~---------------~---------------~---------------7---------------r--------------,** I I I I l I I I I ' ' ' : 1 1,800 I I ' ' ' ' ' 1,600 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1,400 

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### I : i 30-% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% Cycle Efficiency (%) , ,**-Nat~1ral** Gas**--------------~---------------•-------------- ~---------------r--------------~**  I I I I I**~No.Q:** ' ' ' '**~---------------L-------------- --------------~---------------~--------------~**  ' ' ' ' '**--------------~------------- --------------1---------------~--------------~**  ' ' ' ' ----;---------------r-------------­**----------~---------------r--------------,** ' ' ' '

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1Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 12 600

# Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, Design, Site Conditions, and Fuel GASTURB!NEASSOCIATION**-----~--------------** USNGCC Fleet (Gas Fired Units,> 25 MVV) 3,500**.---'---'--'"T-__;_~--.--'-----.'-'--"-,-------r------,---'---"--.------.** Pre 1995 COD D 

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# Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, Decadal Data Summary GASTURi!INEASSOCIATION -------------------­ US NGCC Fleet Data (2002-2011 Data)- Gas Only Operation C02, lb/MVVh=324.363+0.076*Heat Rate 2,200 ,----.----'-----'---,-----------,--------,---------'..---'---.-------. 'Cogen**~,** Combined Cycle 2,000 t. t. t. <> <> 1,800 <> <> --$' 0 <> t.t. 6. <> <> <> (• t. <>+ <> t.t. <> <> t. . t. t§:<> <>t.

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## ::;:-'V'aJFI!a GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

# Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, Decadal Data Summary '"'" US NGCC Fleet Data (2002-2011 Data)- Gas Only Combined Cycle C02, lb/MWh=98.1428+0.1039*Heat Rate 2,200**r----'---.---'--'-'-----.-'-----'---.-------,---..;..._~___,.--, ~"--**  Capacity added before 2006 Capacity added200G ..or later 2,000 <> <> <> 1,800 <> !:, {> <.:> !:, -:) <>'

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## 8 1,000 0 800 GOO 400 Values not included: <400 #/MWh and >2,000 #/MWh 200 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 15

# Reported Monthly C02 Emissions, Multiple Sites (Simple Cycle Gas Turbines) GASTURBtNEASSOCIATfON
------------------­ Average Calculated Monthly Simple Cycle C02 Emissions, Jb/MWh Five Sites, Five Models, Four OEM's, 32Seperate Gas Turbines 1,800 r 0 New Jersey !Ill California 1 ,700**~** D Nevada 6 Minnesota 

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## 8 1,300 u 1,200 Operating 1-3 Hours/Month 1 ,100

. 1,000 900**L-----~------~------~~--~~----~------~----~** 8,000 9,000 10,000 11 ,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 Heat Rate, Btu/kWh 1Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 16

# Reported Annual C02 Emissions, Multiple Sites imple le Gas Turbines) GASTURB1NEASSOCIAT!ON

______;__ _;;___ _;;__

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____ Average Annual C02 Emission Simple Cycle .Gas Turbines 1 ,400 ,-.---r--.-----.--....-----;----.---.-----.--....-----;---r--.-----.--....-----.---.--, • Annual C02 lb/MWh 1,350 Gas turbines with commercial operation since 2009 All data are from 2012 reported emissions and performance 1,300 1,250

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## 8 (.) 1,150 1,100 1 ,050 1DOD I h II II ' II II ' II II 'II II, II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II dl II II II "I II I II II II I I I I ' 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 Page 17 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC I

# GTA Recommendations GASTURBINEASSOCIATION 

### • Maintain exclusion of simple cycle gas turbines • Raise the C02 

### level to at least 1,1 00 lb/MWh (for a combined cycle) • Prohibit the NSPS C02 

### limit from being adopted as the presumptive C02 

### BACT level for simple cycle turbines • Include exemption for startup/shutdown and part load operation • Allow an alternate method to GEMs for compliance measurement • Modify method for computing the 12-month rolling average • Exempt combined heat and power units • Allow 500 hours of operation on backup fuel without inclusion in the emission average Page 18 1Aug 2013 Washington, DC