### 4A

- 1

APPENDIX 4 : CONTROL STRATEGIES AND EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

Overview
Chapter 4 describes the approach that EPA used in applying control measures to demonstrate attainment of alternative ozone standard levels of 70, 65, and 60 ppb and estimating the resulting emissions reductions. This Appendix contains more detailed information about the control strategy analyses, including the control measures that were applied and the geographic areas in which they were applied.

4 A.1 Types of Control Measures
Several types of control measures were applied in the analyses for the baseline and alternative standard levels. These can be grouped into the following classes:

 Max NO x 

### Reductions

– NO x 

### control measures for nonEGU point, nonpoint, and nonroad sources. For each of thes e sources, we identified the most effective control (i.e., control with the highest percent reduction) that could be applied to the source, given the following constraints:

 the source must emit at least 50 tons/yr of NO x 

### (see description of controls on sma ller sources below);

 any control for nonEGU point sources must result in a reduction of NO x 

### emissions of at least 5 tons/yr; and

 any replacement control (i.e., a more effective control replacing an existing control) must achieve at least 10% more reduction than the existing control (e.g., we would not replace a 60% control with a 65% control).

 NO x 

### Reductions from EGU SCRs

– SCRs applied to coal

- fired EGUs where no SCR is currently in place.

 NO x 

### 25

- 50 TPY Source Reductions

– Similar to the Max NO x 

### Reductions above, except for smaller sources in the 25

- 50 ton/year NO x 

### emissions range.

 Max VOC Reductions

– Similar to Max NO x 

### Reductions described above, except this includes only VOC controls.

4 A .2 Application of Control Measures in Geographic Areas

Control meas ures were applied to geographic areas including or adjacent to areas that were projected to exceed the baseline and alternative standards. See Tables 4A

- 1 to 4A

- 4 for a listing of the NO x 

### and VOC control groups and geographic areas to which they were appli ed.

### 4A

- 2

Table 4 A

- 1

. Geographic Areas for Application of NOx Controls in the Baseline and

Alternative Standard Analyses

- U.S., except California a Geographic Areas and Control Groups Baseline 70 ppb 65 ppb 60 ppb EAST Central Region Max NOx Reductions within TX buffer x x x x NOx EGU SCR within TX buffer x x x NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls within TX buffer x x x Unknown control NOx Reductions within TX buffer U U U Max NOx Reductions outside of TX buffer x x x NOx EGU SCR outside of TX buffer x x NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls outside of TX buffer x x Unknown control NOx Reductions outside of TX buffer U U

Northeast Region Max NOx Reductions within Northeast buffer x x x NOx EGU SCR within Northeast buffer x x x NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls within Northeast buffer x x x Unknown control NOx Reductions within Northeast buffer U U U Max NOx Reductions outside of Northeast buffer x x x NOx EGU SCR outside of Northeast buffer x x NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls outside of Northeast buffer x x Unknown control NOx Reductions outside NE buffer U U

Midwest Region Max NOx Reductions in Midwest Region x x NOx EGU SCR in Midwest Region x x NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls in Midwest Region x x Unknown control NOx Reductions in MW Region U U

WEST Southwest Region Max NOx Reductions in Southwest Region x x NOx EGU SCR in Southwest Region x x NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls in Southwest Region x Unknown control NOx Reductions in SW Region U

a “x” indicates known controls were applied; “U” indicates unknown control reductions.

### 4A

- 3

Table 4 A

- 2

. Geographic Areas for Application of VOC Controls in the Baseline and

Alternative Standard Analyses

- U.S., except California a Geographic Areas and Control Groups Baseline 70 ppb 65 ppb 60 ppb EAST Central Region Max VOC Reductions within Houston buffer x x x Max VOC Reductions within Dallas buffer x x
Northeast Region Max VOC Reductions within CT

- NJ

- NY buffer x x x Max VOC Reductions within Baltimore buffer x
Midwest Region Max VOC Reductions in Chicago buffer x x Unknown control VOC Reductions in Chicago U

WEST Southwest Region Max VOC Reductions in Denver buffer x x

a “x” indicates known controls were applied; “U” indicates unknown control reductions.



### Table 4 A

- 3

. Geographic Areas for Application of NO x 

### Controls in the Baseline and

Alternative Standard Analyses

- California a Geographic Areas and Control Groups Baseline 70 ppb 65 ppb 60 ppb California Max NOx Reductions within California (CA) buffer x NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls within N. CA buffer x Unknown Control NOx Reductions within N. CA buffer U U U U NOx 25

- 50 tpy Source controls within S. CA buffer x Unknown Control NOx Reductions within S. CA buffer U U U U

a “x” indicates known controls were applied; “U” indicates unknown control reductions.

### 4A

- 4

Table 4 A

- 4

. Geographic Areas for Application of VOC Controls in the Baseline and

Alternative Standard Analyses

- California a Geographic Areas and Control Groups Baseline 70 ppb 65 ppb 60 ppb California Max VOC Reductions within N. California buffer x Max VOC Reductions within S. California buffer x

a “x” indicates known controls were applied.



### 4 A .3 NO x 

### Control Measures for NonEGU Point Sources
Several types of NO x 

### control technologies exist for non

- EGU point sources: selective catalytic reduction ( SCR ) , selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR), natural gas reburn (NGR), coal reburn, and low

- NO x 

### burners (LNB) . In some cases, LNB accompanied by flu e gas recirculation (FGR) is applicable, such as when fuel

- borne NO x 

### emissions are expected to be of greater importance than thermal NO x 

### emissions. When circumstances suggest that combustion controls do not make sense as a control technology (e.g., sinteri ng processes, coke oven batteries, sulfur recovery plants), SNCR or SCR may be an appropriate choice. Finally, SCR can be applied along with a combustion control such as LNB with overfire air (OFA) to further reduce
NO x 

### emissions. All of these control meas ures are available for application on industrial boilers.

Besides industrial boilers, other non

- EGU point source categories covered in this RIA include petroleum refineries, kraft pulp mills, cement kilns, stationary internal combustion engines, glass manu facturing, combustion turbines, and incinerators. NO x 

### control measures available for petroleum refineries, particularly process heaters at these plants, include LNB, SNCR, FGR, and SCR along with combinations of these technologies. NO x 

### control measures

ava ilable for kraft pulp mills include those available to industrial boilers, namely LNB, SCR, SNCR, along with water injection. NO x 

### control measures available for cement kilns include those available to industrial boilers, namely LNB, SCR, and SNCR. Non

- sele ctive catalytic reduction (NSCR) can be used on stationary internal combustion engines. OXY

- firing, a technique to modify combustion at glass manufacturing plants, can be used to reduce NO x 

### at such plants. LNB, SCR, and SCR plus steam injection (SI) are av ailable measures for combustion turbines. Finally, SNCR is an available control technology at incinerators.

Tables 4A

- 5 through 4A

- 12 contain lists of the NO x 

### and VOC control measures applied in these analyses for non

- EGU point sources,EGUs, nonpoint sour ces, and nonroad sources. The

### 4A

- 5

table also presents the associated emission reductions for the baseline and alternative standard analyses. The number of geographic areas in which they were applied expanded as the level of the alternative standard analyzed be came more stringent.

Table 4 A

- 5

. NO x 

### Control Measures Applied in the Baseline Analysis

NO x Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Adjust Air to Fuel Ratio and Ignition Retard

- Gas Fired IC Engines 694 Biosolid Injection Technology

- Cement Kilns 1,021 Episodic Ban

- Open Burning 570 Ignition Retard

- IC Engines 30 Low Emission Combustion

- Gas Fired Lean Burn IC Engines 1,552 Low NOx Burner

- Commercial/Institutional Boilers & IC Engines 6,699 Low NOx Burner

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional (ICI) Boilers 165 Low NOx Burner

- Industrial Combustion 270 Low NOx Burner

- Lime Kilns 309 Low NOx Burner

- Natural Gas

- Fired Turbines 4,735 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Furnaces 5,381 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Water Heaters & Space Heaters 6,605 Low NOx Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Coke Oven/Blast Furnace 36 Low NOx Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Iron & Steel Mills

- Reheating 42 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Coal

- Fired ICI Boilers 1,174 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional Boilers 5,286 Natural Gas Reburn

- Natural Gas

- Fired EGU Boilers 79 Nonroad Diesel Retrofits & Engine Rebuilds

- e.g., Construction Equipment 4,998 Non

- Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR)

- 4 Cycle Rich Burn IC Engines 20,008 OXY

- Firing

- Glass Manufacturing 5,429 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Cement Kilns 2,982 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Coal Fired EGU Boilers 76 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units 945 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- IC Engines, Diesel 2,041 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- ICI Boilers 3,218 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Industrial Incinerators 1,062 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Petroleum Refinery Gas

- Fired Process Heaters 456 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Sludge Incineration 366 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Utility Boilers 55 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Comm./Inst. Incinerators 16 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Industr ial Incinerators 130 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Utility Boilers 158

### 4A

- 6

Table 4 A

- 6

. VOC Control Measures Applied in the Baseline Analysis

VOC Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Control of Fugitive Releases

- Oil & Natural Gas Production 39 Control Technology Guidelines

- Wood Furniture Surface Coating 777 Gas Recovery

- Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 2,064 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Cleaning Solvents 155 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Printing 77 Incineration

- Other 181 Incineration

- Surface Coating 6,362 Low

- VOC Coatings and Add

- On Controls

- Surface Coating 945 LPV Relief Valve

- Underground Tanks 353 Permanent Total Enclosure (PTE)

- Surface Coating 100 Process Modification

- Oil and Natural Gas Production 4,311 RACT

- Graphic Arts 3,423 Reduced Solvent Utilization

- Surface Coating 342 Reformulation

- Aerosol Paints 12 Reformulation

- Architectural Coatings 1,912 Reformulation

- Industrial Adhesives 5,076 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Automobile Refinishing 4,665 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Cold Cleaning 5,877 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Cutback Asphalt 6,478 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Open Top Degreasing 47 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Surface Coating 4,225 Wastewater Treatment Controls

- POTWs 237



### Table 4 A

- 7

. NOx Control Measures Applied in the 70 ppb Alternative Standard Analysis

NO x Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Adjust Air to Fuel Ratio and Ignition Retard

- Gas Fired IC Engines 8,091 Biosolid Injection Technology

- Cement Kilns 1,315 Episodic Ban

- Open Burning 2,086 Ignition Retard

- IC Engines 486 Low Emission Combustion

- Gas Fired Lean Burn IC Engines 83,046 Low NOx Burner

- Coal Cleaning 255 Low NOx Burner

- Commercial/Institutional Boilers & IC Engines 20,004 Low NOx Burner

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional (ICI) Boilers 2,290 Low NOx Burner

- Industrial Combustion 495 Low NOx Burner

- Lime Kilns 1,870 Low NOx Burner

- Natural Gas

- Fired Turbines 14,408 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Furnaces 12,056 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Water Heaters & Space Heaters 18,843 Low NOx Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Coke Oven/Blast Furnace 350

### 4A

- 7 NO x Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Low N Ox Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Iron & Steel Mills

- Reheating 388 Low NOx Burner and Over Fire Air

- Utility Boilers 178 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Coal

- Fired ICI Boilers 7,197 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional Boilers 22,632 Low NOx Burner and SNCR

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional Boilers 153 Low Sulfur Fuel

- Miscellaneous 2,892 Natural Gas Reburn

- Natural Gas

- Fired EGU Boilers 262 Nonroad Diesel Retrofits & Engine Rebuilds

- e.g., Construction Equipment 4,984 Non

- Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR)

- 4 Cycle Rich Burn IC Engines 189,563 Non

- Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR)

- Nitric Acid Mfg 659 OXY

- Firing

- Glass Manufacturing 17,155 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units 163 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- ICI Boilers 307 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Ammonia Mfg 4,476 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Cement Kilns 18,260 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units 2,995 Selective Cata lytic Reduction (SCR)

- IC Engines, Diesel 1,675 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- ICI Boilers 6,049 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Industrial Combustion 1,111 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Industrial Incinerators 717 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Petroleum Refinery Gas

- Fired Process Heaters 4,757 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Process Heaters 19 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Sludge Incineration 7,991 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Utility Boilers 30,482 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Coke Mfg 1,543 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Comm./Inst. Incinerators 1,082 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- ICI Boilers 154 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Industrial Incinerators 482 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Miscellaneous 31 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Municipal Waste Combustors 304 Ultra

- Low NOx Burner

- Process Heaters 229

### 4A

- 8

Table 4 A

- 8

. VOC Control Measures Applied in the 70 ppb Alternative Standard Analysis

VOC Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Control of Fugitive Releases

- Oil & Natural Gas Production 16 Control Technology Guidelines

- Wood Furniture Surface Coating 1,184 Flare

- Petroleum Flare 110 Gas Recovery

- Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 242 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Cleaning Solvents 10 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Printing 148 Incineration

- Other 350 Incineration

- Surface Coating 14,071 Low

- VOC Coatings and Add

- On Controls

- Surface Coating 209 LPV Relief Valve

- Underground Tanks 4,011 Permanent Total Enclosure (PTE)

- Surface Coating 446 RACT

- Graphic Arts 3,054 Reduced Solvent Utilization

- Surface Coating 2,541 Reformulation

- Architectural Coatings 17,678 Reformulation

- Industrial Adhesives 1,793 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Automobile Refinishing 3,209 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Cold Cleaning 1,600 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Cutback Asphalt 817 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Surface Coating 3,571 Solvent Recovery System

- Printing/Publishing 31 Wastewater Treatment Controls

- POTWs 217



### Table 4 A

- 9

. NOx Control Measures Applied in the 65 ppb Alternative Standard Analysis

NO x Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Adjust Air to Fuel Ratio and Ignition Retard

- Gas Fired IC Engines 27,057 Biosolid Injection Technology

- Cement Kilns 6,423 Episodic Ban

- Open Burning 4,423 Ignition Retard

- IC Engines 761 Low Emission Combustion

- Gas Fired Lean Burn IC Engines 174,033 Low NOx Burner

- Coal Cleaning 518 Low NOx Burner

- Commercial/Institutional Boilers & IC Engines 40,691 Low NOx Burner

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional (ICI) Boilers 4,226 Low NOx Burner

- Industrial Combustion 1,578 Low NOx Burner

- Lime Kilns 5,273 Low NOx Burner

- Miscellaneous Sources 21 Low NOx Burner

- Natural Gas

- Fired Turbines 26,982 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Furnaces 16,660 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Water Heaters & Space Heaters 57,314 Low NOx Burner

- Steel Foundry Furnaces 294 Low NOx Burner

- Surface Coating Ovens 26 Low NOx Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Coke Oven/Blast Furnace 420

### 4A

- 9 NO x Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Low NOx Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Iron & Steel Mills

- Reheating 892 Low NOx Burner and Over Fire Air

- Utility Boilers 333 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Coal

- Fired ICI Boilers 30,790 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional Boilers 37,948 Low NOx Burner and SNCR

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional Boilers 263 Low Sulfur Fuel

- Miscellaneous 3,194 Natural Gas Reburn

- Natural Gas

- Fired EGU Boilers 480 Nonroad Diesel Retrofits & Engine Rebuilds

- e.g., Construction Equipment 12,863 Non

- Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR)

- 4 Cycle Rich Burn IC Engines 323,763 Non

- Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR)

- Nitric Acid Mfg 927 OXY

- Firing

- Glass Manufacturing 29,546 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units 185 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- ICI Boilers 318 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Process Heaters 548 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Ammonia Mfg 5,151 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Cement Kilns 36,013 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units 4,108 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- IC Engines, Diesel 8,905 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- ICI Boilers 18,284 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Industrial Combustion 4,428 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Industrial Incinerators 1,006 Selective Catalyti c Reduction (SCR)

- Iron Ore Processing 1,195 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Petroleum Refinery Gas

- Fired Process Heaters 7,691 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Process Heaters 19 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Sludge Incineration 9,007 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Space Heaters 272 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Utility Boilers 211,200 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Coke Mfg 2,399 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Comm./Inst. Incinerators 1,260 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- ICI Boilers 170 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Industrial Combustion 69 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Industrial Incinerators 1,502 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Mis cellaneous 132 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Municipal Waste Combustors 1,351 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Utility Boilers 329 Ultra

- Low NOx Burner

- Process Heaters 300

### 4A

- 10

Table 4 A

- 10

. VOC Control Measures Applied in the 65 ppb Alternative Standard Analysis

VOC Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Control of Fugitive Releases

- Oil & Natural Gas Production 31 Control Technology Guidelines

- Wood Furniture Surface Coating 1,928 Flare

- Petroleum Flare 110 Gas Recovery

- Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 332 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Cleaning Solvents 245 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Printing 564 Incineration

- Other 379 Incineration

- Surface Coating 25,785 Low VOC Adhesives and Improved Application Methods

- Industrial Adhesives 223 Low

- VOC Coatings and Add

- On Controls

- Surface Coating 1,267 LPV Relief Valve

- Underground Tanks 7,317 Permanent Total Enclosure (PTE)

- Surface Coating 1,554 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation

- Surface Coating Operations 159 RACT

- Graphic Arts 5,988 Reduced Solvent Utilization

- Surface Coating 2,796 Reformulation

- Architectural Coatings 39,057 Reformulation

- Industrial Adhesives 1,698 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Automobile Refinishing 5,264 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Cutback Asphalt 3,058 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Surface Coating 6,913 Solvent Recovery System

- Printing/Publishing 842 Solvent Substituti on and Improved Application Methods

- Fiberglass Boat Mfg 14 Wastewater Treatment Controls

- POTWs 242



### Table 4 A

- 11

. NOx Control Measures Applied in the 60 ppb Alternative Standard Analysis

NO x Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Adjust Air to Fuel Ratio and Ignition Retard

- Gas Fired IC Engines 27,547 Biosolid Injection Technology

- Cement Kilns 6,423 Episodic Ban

- Open Burning 4,561 Ignition Retard

- IC Engines 821 Low Emission Combustion

- Gas Fired Lean Burn IC Engines 178,146 Low NOx Burner

- Coal Cleaning 518 Low NOx Burner

- Commercial/Institutional Boilers & IC Engines 40,876 Low NOx Burner

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional (ICI) Boilers 4,319 Low NOx Burner

- Industrial Combustion 1,578 Low NOx Burner

- Lime Kilns 5,273 Low NOx Burner

- Miscellaneous Sources 35 Low NOx Burner

- Natural Gas

- Fired Turbines 29,155 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Furnaces 17,103 Low NOx Burner

- Residential Water Heaters & Space Heaters 57,726 Low NOx Burner

- Steel Foundry Furnaces 294

### 4A

- 11 NO x Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Low NOx Burner

- Surface Coating Ovens 26 Low NOx Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Coke Oven/Blast Furnace 420 Low NOx Burner and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Iron & Steel Mills

- Reheating 892 Low NOx Burner and Over Fire Air

- Utility Boilers 333 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Coal

- Fired ICI Boilers 30,817 Low NOx Burner and SCR

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional Boilers 38,350 Low NOx Burner and SNCR

- Industr/Commercial/Institutional Boilers 263 Low Sulfur Fuel

- Miscellaneous 3,194 Natural Gas Reburn

- Na tural Gas

- Fired EGU Boilers 502 Nonroad Diesel Retrofits & Engine Rebuilds

- e.g., Construction Equipment 12,863 Non

- Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR)

- 4 Cycle Rich Burn IC Engines 325,380 Non

- Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR)

- Nitric Acid Mfg 958 OXY

- Firing

- Glass Manufacturing 29,546 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units 185 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- ICI Boilers 318 SCR and Flue Gas Recirculation

- Process Heaters 548 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Ammonia Mfg 5,151 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Cement Kilns 36,013 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units 4,135 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- IC Engines, Diesel 9,288 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- ICI Boilers 18,284 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Industrial Combustion 4,428 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Industrial Incinerators 1,006 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Iron Ore Processing 1,195 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR )

- Petroleum Refinery Gas

- Fired Process Heaters 7,691 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Process Heaters 19 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Sludge Incineration 9,007 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Space Heaters 335 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

- Utility Boilers 236,736 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Coke Mfg 2,399 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Comm./Inst. Incinerators 1,260 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- ICI Boilers 170 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Industrial Combustion 92 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Industrial Incinerators 1,502 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Miscellaneous 132 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Municipal Waste Co mbustors 1,351 Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

- Utility Boilers 329 Ultra

- Low NOx Burner

- Process Heaters 300

### 4A

- 12

Table 4 A

- 12

. VOC Control Measures Applied in the 60 ppb Alternative Standard Analysis

VOC Control Measure Reductions (tons/yr) Control of Fugitive Releases

- Oil & Natural Gas Production 33 Control Technology Guidelines

- Wood Furniture Surface Coating 2,063 Flare

- Petroleum Flare 110 Gas Recovery

- Municipal Solid Waste Landfill 372 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Cleaning Solvents 265 Improved Work Practices, Material Substitution, Add

- On Controls

- Printing 564 Incineration

- Other 379 Incineration

- Surface Coating 26,109 Low VOC Adhesives and Improved Application Methods

- Ind ustrial Adhesives 237 Low

- VOC Coatings and Add

- On Controls

- Surface Coating 1,523 LPV Relief Valve

- Underground Tanks 7,610 Permanent Total Enclosure (PTE)

- Surface Coating 1,857 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation

- Surface Coating Operations 237 RACT

- Graphic Arts 6,273 Reduced Solvent Utilization

- Surface Coating 2,886 Reformulation

- Architectural Coatings 40,866 Reformulation

- Industrial Adhesives 1,698 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Automobile Refinishing 5,633 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Cutback Asphalt 3,571 Reformulation

- Process Modification

- Surface Coating 7,072 Solvent Recovery System

- Printing/Publishing 888 Solvent Substitution and Improved Application Methods

- Fiberglass Boat Mfg 14 Wastewater Treatment Controls

- POTWs 242



### 4 A .4 VOC Control Measures for Non

- EGU Point Sources
VOC controls were applied to a number of non

- EGU point sources. Some examples are permanent total enclosures (PTE) applied to paper and web coating operations and fabric operations, and incinerators or thermal oxidizers applied to wood products and marine surface coating operations. A PTE confines VOC emissions to a particular area where they can be destroyed or used in a way that limits emissions to the outside atmosphere, and an incinerator or thermal oxidizer destroys VOC emissions through exposure to high temperatures (2,000 degrees Fahrenheit or higher). Another control is petroleum and solvent evaporation applied to printing and publishing sources as well a s to surface coating operations.

4 A .5 NO x 

### Control Measures for Nonpoint (Area) and Nonroad Sources
The nonpoint source sector of the emissions inventory is composed of sources that are generally too small and/or numerous to estimate emissions on an individ ual source basis (e.g.,

### 4A

- 13

dry cleaners, residential furnaces, woodstoves, fireplaces, backyard waste burning, etc). Instead, we estimate their emissions for each county as a whole, often using an emission s factor that is applied to a surrogate of activity su ch as population or number of houses.

Control measures for nonpoint sources are also applied at the county level, i.e., to the county level emissions as a whole. Several control measures were applied to NO x 

### emissions from nonpoint sources. One is low NO x 

### burner technology to reduce NO x 

### emissions. This control is applied to industrial oil, natural gas, and coal combustion sources. Other nonpoint source
controls include the installation of low

- NO x 

### space heaters and water heaters in commercial and
institution al sources, and episodic bans on open burning. The open burning control measure applied to yard waste and land clearing debris. It consists of periodic daily bans on burning such waste, as the predicted ozone levels indicate that such burning activities sh ould be postponed.
This control measure is not applied to any prescribed burning activities.

Retrofitting diesel nonroad equipment can provide NO x 

### and HC benefits. The retrofit strategies included in the RIA nonroad retrofit measure are:

• Installation of emissions after

- treatment devices called selective catalytic reduction (“SCRs”)

• Rebuilding engines (“rebuild/upgrade kit”)

We chose to focus on these strategies due to their high NO x 

### emissions reduction potential and widespread application.

4 A .6 VOC Control Measures for Nonpoint (Area) Sources

Some VOC controls for nonpoint sources are for the use of low or no VOC materials for graphic art sources. Other controls involve the application of limits for adhesive and sealant
VOC content in wood furnit ure and solvent source categories. The OTC solvent cleaning rule establishes hardware and operating requirements for specified vapor cleaning machines, as well as solvent volatility limits and operating practices for cold cleaners. The Low Pressure/Vacuum Relief Valve control measure is the addition of low pressure/vacuum (LP/V) relief valves to gasoline storage tanks at service stations with Stage II control systems. LP/V relief valves

### 4A

- 14

prevent breathing emissions from gasoline storage tank vent pipes. Anot her control based on a California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SQAQMD) establishes VOC content limits for metal coatings along with application procedures and equipment requirements. Switching to Emulsified Asphalts is a generic control mea sure replacing VOC

- containing cutback asphalt with VOC

- free emulsified asphalt. The Reformulation control measures include switching to and/or encouraging the use of low

- VOC materials.