IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE 

MICHAEL MENNELLA and THE 

HONORABLE GERALD W. 

HOCKER,

)

)

 Plaintiffs, )

) 

v. ) C.A. No. S23C-03-014 MHC

)

THE HONORABLE ANTHONY J. 

ALBENCE, in his official capacity 

as State Election Commissioner, and 

STATE OF DELAWARE 

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTIONS,

)

)

) 

 Defendants. )

OPINION AND ORDER

Submitted: February 05, 2024

Decided: February 23, 2024

Upon Defendants Motion to Dismiss,

DENIED.

Upon Plaintiffs Request for Declaratory Judgment,

GRANTED.

M. Jane Brady, Esquire, BRADY LEGAL GROUP, LLC, Lewes, Delaware, 19958,

Noel H. Johnson, Esquire, Pro Hac Vice, Public Interest Legal Foundation,

Alexandria, Virginia, 22314, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Zi-Xiang Shen, Esquire, Deputy Attorney General, Department of Justice, 

Wilmington, Delaware, 19801, Attorney for Defendants.

CONNER, J.
2

INTRODUCTION

Before the Court is the motion of the Honorable Anthony J. Albence in his 

official capacity as State Election Commissioner and the State of Delaware 

Department of Elections (collectively “Defendants”) to dismiss Michael Mennella 

and the Honorable Gerald W. Hocker’s (collectively “Plaintiffs”) Amended 

Complaint filed in this Court on June 16, 2023. 

Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint brings forth two claims. First, Plaintiffs allege 

that 15 Del. C. § 5402 of the Delaware Code (Delaware’s “Early Voting Statute”) 

violates Article V, Section 1 of the Delaware Constitution. Second, Plaintiffs allege 

that 15 Del. C. § 5503(k) of the Delaware Code (Delaware’s “Permanent Absentee 

Voting Statute”) violates Article V, Section 4A of the Delaware Constitution. 

Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment that both Delaware’s Early Voting 

Statute and Permanent Absentee Voting Statute violate the Delaware Constitution. 

They, additionally, seek reasonable attorney’s fees, expenses, costs, and any other 

relief this Court deems just and proper. 

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss has four (4) primary arguments. Defendants 

argue that: (1) Plaintiffs failed to properly transfer this case pursuant to 10 Del. C. § 

1092; (2) Plaintiffs lack standing to bring these claims; (3) Plaintiffs’ undue delay 
3

bars the claims from being heard, and finally that; (4) Plaintiffs fail to state a claim

that the challenged laws are unconstitutional. 

For the reasons set forth below, the Court will DENY Defendants’ motion to 

dismiss and GRANT Plaintiffs request for declaratory judgment.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On February 24, 2022, Michael Mennella filed a Verified Complaint for 

Declaratory Judgment and Injunctive Relief in the Court of Chancery. The pendency 

of Albence v. Higgin,

1

another challenge to Delaware’s election-laws, suspended 

consideration of that case for nearly a year.2 On January 19, 2023, the Court of 

Chancery ultimately determined that equitable relief was not required to resolve this

case and dismissed it for lack of jurisdiction.

3 The Court of Chancery’s Order 

(“Chancery Order”) dismissed the case “in its entirety with leave to transfer subject 

to 10 Del. C. § 1902.”4

On January 30, 2023, Mennella filed an Application for Certification of 

Interlocutory Appeal of the Chancery Order. The application was opposed by 

1

295 A.2d 1065 (Del. 2022).

2 Mennella v. Albence, 2023 WL 309042, at *2 (Del. Ch. Jan. 19, 2023), appeal refused, 292 A.3d 

111 (Del. 2023).

3

Id.

4

Id.
4

Defendants, refused by the Court of Chancery, and on February 23, 2023, ultimately 

refused by the Delaware Supreme Court.

At this point it could be presumably said that Mennella had lost the procedural 

battle, but he had not yet lost the war. On March 16, 2023, Mennella filed the 

Chancery Order dismissing his action with leave to transfer subject to 10 Del. C. § 

1092 in this Court. On April 12, 2023, this Court granted Mennella leave to amend 

his complaint, which he did. 

Mennella filed the Amended Complaint on June 16, 2023, adding the 

Honorable Gerald W. Hocker, a State Senator representing Delaware’s 20th Senate 

District (“Senator Hocker”), as an additional plaintiff. Predictably, Defendants 

moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint and that is the motion currently before 

the Court. Parties have filed written briefs on the issues and on January 29, 2024,

oral argument was held on the matter.

ANALYSIS

I. Senator Hocker has standing as a candidate to pursue these claims.

“Standing is a threshold question that must be answered by a court 

affirmatively to ensure that the litigation before the tribunal is a ‘case or controversy’ 
5

that is appropriate for the exercise of the court's judicial powers.”5“The issue of 

standing is concerned only with the question of who is entitled to mount a legal 

challenge and not with the merits of the subject matter of the controversy.”6“The 

party invoking the jurisdiction of a court bears the burden of establishing the 

elements of standing.”7

Higgin presented a similar constitutional challenge to Delaware’s election 

statutes. In Higgin, the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware found that Michael 

Higgin had standing to challenge the validity of two Delaware election statutes that 

he claimed violated the Delaware Constitution by virtue of his status as a candidate 

for public office.

8 The Court explained, “it seems nearly self-evident that a candidate 

who runs the risk of defeat because of the casting of ballots that are the product of 

an extra-constitutional statute has standing to challenge that statute.”9

Senator Hocker has over 20 years of legislative service in the Delaware 

General Assembly.10 He served in the State House of Representatives from 2002 to 

2012 and as the House Minority Whip from 2010 to 2012.11 He was elected to 

5 Dover Hist. Soc'y v. City of Dover Plan. Comm’n, 838 A.2d 1103, 1110 (Del. 2003).

6 Albence v. Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1086 (Del. 2022) (citing Stuart Kingston, Inc. v. Robinson,

596 A.2d 1378, 1382 (Del. 1991)).

7 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1086 (citing Dover Hist. Soc'y, 838 A.2d 1103, 1109).

8 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1087.

9

Id.

10 Gerald W. Hocker (R), Delaware General Assembly, available at 

https://legis.delaware.gov/AssemblyMember/152/Hocker (last visited February 22, 2024).

11 Id.
6

represent the 20th Senate District in 2012 and became the Senate Minority Leader in 

2018, a position he currently holds.12 Moreover, it is stated in Plaintiffs’ Amended 

Complaint that the incumbent Senator intends to run to maintain his Senate seat in 

future elections.13

I am satisfied that an incumbent State Senator who expressed his intention to 

seek reelection in a lawsuit, a matter of public record, is in fact a candidate. As such 

I find Senator Hocker has established standing as a candidate under Higgin to bring 

these claims. Senator Hocker has standing with regards to both claims brought by 

Plaintiffs, therefore no further analysis with regards to Michael Mennella is 

necessary.

II. Plaintiffs Effectively Transferred this matter under 10 Del. C. § 1902.

Vice Chancellor Glasscock’s January 19, 2023, Order (the aforementioned 

“Chancery Order”) dismissed Mennella’s complaint in the Court of Chancery “with 

leave to transfer subject to 10 Del. C. § 1902.”14 Defendants argue that this Court 

lacks jurisdiction to hear these claims because Mennella failed to properly transfer 

12 Gerald W. Hocker (R), Delaware General Assembly, available at 

https://legis.delaware.gov/AssemblyMember/152/Hocker (last visited February 22, 2024).

13 Pls. Amended Compl. ⁋ 9.

14 Mennella, 2023 WL 309042, at *2.
7

this matter from the Court of Chancery to the Superior Court pursuant to 10 Del. C.

§ 1902.

Section 1902 “is a remedial statute designed to prevent a case from being 

totally ousted because it was brought in the wrong court.”15 The statute provides 

that “[n]o civil action, suit or other proceeding brought in any court of this State shall 

be dismissed solely on the ground that such court is without jurisdiction of the 

subject matter, either in the original proceeding or on appeal.”

16 Further, it 

commands that it “shall be liberally construed to permit and facilitate transfers of 

proceedings between the courts of this State in the interests of justice.”17

Section 1902 has three primary statutory requirements that must be satisfied 

by the transferring party “within 60 days after the order denying jurisdiction of the 

first court has become final....”

18

 The transferring party must: (1) file a written 

election of transfer; (2) discharge all costs accrued in the first court; and (3) make 

the usual deposit for costs in the second court.19

It is uncontested that Mennella both discharged all costs accrued in the Court 

of Chancery and made the usual deposit in this Court. However, Defendants argue 

15 Wilmington Trust Co. v. Schneider, 342 A.2d 240, 242 (Del. 1975).

16 10 Del. C. § 1902.

17 Id.

18 Id.

19 Id.
8

that because Mennella failed to file a written election of transfer with the Court of 

Chancery their § 1902 transfer to this Court is improper. As a result of that improper 

transfer Defendants contend this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over these 

claims and they must be dismissed with prejudice.

This Court is satisfied that the interests of justice will be served by allowing 

Plaintiffs’ claims to be heard on their merits. In the letter opinion accompanying the 

Chancery Order, Vice Chancellor Glasscock wrote:

Nothing in this Letter Opinion should be read to imply that the 

Plaintiff’s allegations are inconsequential. In fact, they challenge the 

enforceability of acts of the General Assembly as violative of the 

Delaware Constitution, in the single arena–voting rights–most 

fundamental to a functioning democracy. These are important issues; 

they are also issues outside the jurisdiction of this Court. Accordingly, 

this matter is dismissed with leave to transfer to the Superior Court.20

The Vice Chancellor clearly understood the importance of this matter being 

decided on its’ merits before dismissing it for lack of jurisdiction in the Court of 

Chancery. These issues strike deep at the heart of our system of constitutional selfgovernance and this Court does not take them lightly. 

Section 1902’s written election of transfer requirement exists to provide notice 

to the initial court of the pending transfer to ensure that court delivers:

20 Mennella, 2023 WL 309042, at *2.
9

All or part of the papers filed, or copies thereof, and a transcript of the 

entries, in the court where the proceeding was originally instituted... in 

accordance with the rules or special orders of such court, by the 

prothonotary, clerk, or register of that court to the prothonotary, clerk 

or register of the court to which the proceeding is transferred.21

The Court of Chancery was clearly aware of the transfer as evidenced by the 

case file being transferred to this Court. Both courts involved have recouped or been 

properly paid all costs owed by Mennella. Therefore, I find Mennella’s failure to 

file this written election of transfer in the Court of Chancery to be untidy but 

harmless.

In light of the statutory command for a liberal construction of § 1902, I find 

in this instance the interests of justice favor hearing critical issues that implicate the 

Delaware Constitution and the voting rights of our citizenry on their merits. 

Therefore, Plaintiffs admitted failure to file a written transfer of elections is 

insufficient to strip this Court of subject matter jurisdiction over these claims.

III. Plaintiffs’ claims are not waived or time-barred.

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have waived their claims because they

declined to challenge Delaware’s Early Voting Statute (enacted in 2019) and 

Permanent Absentee Voting Statute (enacted in 2010) at the time they were enacted. 

21 10 Del. C. § 1902.
10

Defendants further argue that even if waiver doesn’t bar Plaintiffs’ claims,

Delaware’s three-year statute of limitations bars the claim against Delaware’s 

Permanent Absentee Voting Statute under 10 Del. C. § 8106.

A. Plaintiffs’ claims have not been waived.

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs waived their right to challenge these statutes 

because they “fully acquiesced into these statutory schemes” and “sat on any

purported rights.”22 Defendants further claim that allowing this suit to proceed after 

such undue delay would prejudice both the Department of Elections and the 

thousands of voters who would be disenfranchised if these laws are struck down. 

Defendants’ position is essentially if unconstitutional laws are not challenged 

at the time of their enactment, the right to challenge them is waived. This position 

on waiver ignores several landmark United States Supreme Court decisions 

overturning longstanding state statutes, constitutional provisions, and policies that 

unconstitutionally violated the fundamental rights of citizens.23 One such decision 

has its roots in Delaware.

22 Tr. at 5.

23 Harper v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections, 383 U.S. 663, 86 S. Ct. 1079, 16 L. Ed. 2d 169 (1966) 

(Held Virginia’s long standing poll tax was unconstitutional); Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 87 S. 

Ct. 1817, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010 (1967) (“...held that miscegenation statutes adopted by Virginia to 

prevent marriages between persons solely on basis of racial classification violate equal protection 

and due process clauses of Fourteenth Amendment.”); United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515, 116 

S. Ct. 2264, 135 L. Ed. 2d 735 (1996) (“Virginia's categorical exclusion of women from the 

educational opportunities VMI provides denies equal protection to women.”); Lawrence v. Texas, 
11

Until 1952 Article X, Section 2 of the Delaware Constitution of 1897 and 

Paragraph 2631, Section 9 of the Revised Code of Delaware of 1935 explicitly 

required the segregation of Delaware’s public schools.24 In Gebhart v. Belton the 

Delaware Supreme Court affirmed an Opinion of the Chancery Court finding those 

provisions unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment of the Federal Constitution.

25

 

This suit was consolidated with several others from across the nation and ultimately 

affirmed in the milestone decision Brown v. Bd. of Ed. of Topeka, Shawnee Cnty., 

Kan.

26

 The challenge to Delaware’s system of public school segregation in Gebhart

took place years after the enactment of the unconstitutional statute and over half a 

century after Article X, Section 2 of the Delaware Constitution of 1897 took effect. 

Still, the Court of Chancery, Delaware Supreme Court, and United States Supreme 

539 U.S. 558, 123 S. Ct. 2472, 156 L. Ed. 2d 508 (2003) (“...Texas statute making it a crime for 

two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct was unconstitutional,”); 

Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 558 U.S. 310, 130 S. Ct. 876, 175 L. Ed. 2d 753 (2010)

(...federal statute barring independent corporate expenditures for electioneering communications 

violated First Amendment,); Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644, 135 S. Ct. 2584, 192 L. Ed. 2d 

609 (2015) (“The right to marry is a fundamental right inherent in the liberty of the person, and 

under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment couples of the 

same-sex may not be deprived of that right and that liberty,” striking down several longstanding 

state prohibitions on same-sex marriage); Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & 

Fellows of Harvard Coll., 600 U.S. 181, 143 S. Ct. 2141, 216 L. Ed. 2d 857 (2023) (Held the 

longstanding practice of considering race as a factor in admissions at private and public institutions 

of higher learning unconstitutional).

24 Gebhart v. Belton, 91 A.2d 137, 140-141 (Del. 1952), aff'd sub nom. Brown v. Bd. of Educ. of 

Topeka, Kan., 349 U.S. 294 (1955).

25 91 A.2d 137, 137.

26 347 U.S. 483, n.1 (1954), supplemented sub nom. Brown v. Bd. of Educ. of Topeka, Kan., 349 

U.S. 294 (1955).
12

Court did not find the plaintiffs had waived their rights to challenge the 

unconstitutional laws.

Defendants implore the Court not to “give any credit to Plaintiff’s invocation 

of segregated school and poll taxes.”

27 They ask the Court to ignore Brown and 

Harper because the race-based laws challenged therein were obviously wrong, and 

in Plaintiffs’ opinion, the presently challenged election laws are obviously right. 

Simply put, Defendants’ waiver argument is myopic. The purported wisdom 

of a statute is beyond the purview of the judiciary. When assessing the 

constitutionality of a statute it is not the role of the Court to determine whether a 

challenged statute is good or bad, right or wrong, or wise or unwise. That is the role 

of the General Assembly. “The Court's role—indeed, our duty—is to hold the 

challenged statutory enactments up to the light of our Constitution and determine 

whether they are consonant or discordant with it.”28 A citizen’s right to challenge an 

allegedly unconstitutional statute is not waived by the mere passage of time,

especially when the alleged constitutional violation is “in the single arena ... most 

fundamental to a functioning democracy,” voting rights.29

27 Reply Br. in Further Support of Defs. Mot. to Dismiss at 12.

28 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1097.

29 Mennella, 2023 WL 309042, at *2.
13

B. Plaintiffs’ claim against Delaware’s Permanent Absentee Voting 

Statute is not barred by 10 Del. C. § 8106.

The relevant portion of 10 Del. C. § 8106 titled “[a]ctions subject to 3-year 

limitation” reads, “...no action based on a statute ... shall be brought after the 

expiration of 3 years from the accruing of the cause of such action.”30

Plaintiffs’ claim is not based on a statute but instead based on the current 

Constitution of the State of Delaware. Plaintiffs’ action challenges the 

constitutionality of Delaware’s Permanent Absentee Voting Statute, it does not seek 

relief under it, therefore 10 Del. C. § 8106 is inapplicable. As such, Plaintiffs’ 

Constitutional claim against Delaware’s Permanent Absentee Voting Statute is not 

barred by the three-year statute of limitations set forth in 10 Del. C. § 8106.

IV. Plaintiffs not only state a claim upon which relief can be granted, they 

demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the challenged 

statutes violate the Delaware Constitution.

The standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under 

Delaware Superior Court Civil Rule 12(b)(6) are well settled. “[A] complaint will 

not be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted unless 

it appears to a certainty that the plaintiff could not recover under any reasonably 

conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.”

31

30 10 Del. C. § 8106.

31 Klein v. Sunbeam Corp., 94 A.2d 385, 391 (Del. 1952).
14

The standards governing the rebuttal of a statute’s presumption of 

constitutionality are similarly well settled. “One who seeks to invalidate a statute 

on constitutional grounds has the burden of rebutting this presumption of validity 

and constitutionality which accompanies every statute. Constitutional prohibitions 

to legislative action must be shown by clear and convincing evidence.”32 For the 

following reasons I find not only that Plaintiffs have stated claims upon which relief 

can be granted, but that they have proven by clear and convincing evidence that the 

challenged statutes violate the Delaware Constitution.

A. Relevant Interpretative Principals 

In reaching its decision in Higgin, the Delaware Supreme Court laid out the 

“well-settled interpretative principles” by which Delaware Courts conduct an 

analysis of constitutional claims.33 These principals serve to protect the separation 

of powers in our government, ensuring a balance between the authority of the 

Constitution, General Assembly, and Judiciary.

The first principal is that enactments of the Delaware General Assembly enjoy

a presumption of constitutionality.34 “All reasonable doubts as to the validity of a 

law must be resolved in favor of the constitutionality of the legislation.”

35 The 

32 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1088-1089 (internal citations omitted).

33 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1088.

34 Id.

35 Id. at 1089 (internal citations omitted).
15

challenging party bears the burden of demonstrating by clear and convincing 

evidence that an enactment of the General Assembly is unconstitutional.36

Despite this deference to the General Assembly, “when such a construction 

discerns a conflict between the Constitution and a statute, the Constitution will 

prevail.”

37 Delaware Courts adhere to the longstanding constitutional precedent set 

in Justice Marshall’s seminal 1803 decision Marbury v. Madison that “an act of the 

legislature repugnant to the constitution is void.”

38

B. 15 Del. C. § 5402 Delaware’s Early Voting Statute violates Article 

V, Section 1 of the Delaware Constitution.

1. Delaware’s Early Voting Statute impermissibly expands 

when general elections are held beyond the constitutionally 

designated day.

Article V, Section 1 of the Constitution of the State of Delaware is titled 

“[t]ime and manner of holding general election.”

39 In its relevant portion it states, 

“[t]he general election shall be held biennially on the Tuesday next after the first 

Monday in the month of November,”

40 Delaware’s Early Voting Statute permits a 

voter to “vote in person during at least 10 days before an election, up to and including 

36 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1089.

37 Evans v. State, 872 A.2d 539, 553 (Del. 2005).

38 Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803) (quoted in Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1089).

39 Del. Const. art. V, § 1.

40 Id.
16

the Saturday and Sunday immediately before an election.”41 The conflict between 

these two passages is obvious. Our Constitution enumerates the one day an election 

shall be held biennially and the Early Voting Statute allows for voting at least 10 

days before that date.

As stated above when such a conflict exists the “Constitution will prevail.”42

Article V, Section 1 has been interpreted by this Court to “mean[] what it plainly 

says.”

43 Therefore, “the general election shall be held biennially on the Tuesday next 

after the first Monday in the month of November.”44 The word “shall” commands 

the general election be held on that specific day enumerated in the text. Our 

Constitution provides only one such day, not any day or series of days the General 

Assembly sees fit. “To give it a different meaning would be, in the court's opinion, 

judicial legislation.”

45

Defendants argue that the word election as it appears in Article V, Section 1 

does not mean what it plainly says. They suggest instead, such a plain reading

ignores precedent set by the United States Supreme Court in Foster v. Love, which

defined an election as “the combined actions of voters and officials meant to make 

41 15 Del. C. § 5402.

42 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1089.

43 State v. Hart, 129 A. 691, 694 (Del. Super. Ct. 1925).

44 Del. Const. art. V, § 1.

45 Hart, 129 A. 691, 694.
17

a final selection of an officeholder.”46 Defendants use this altered meaning of 

“election” to suggest that the day the “election shall be held” is merely the last day 

which votes can be cast, not the only day when votes may be cast. I find this 

argument unavailing. 

Ironically, Foster invalidated a form of early voting, Louisiana’s “Open 

Primary.”

47

 The Open Primary was an election held in October of a federal election 

year, weeks before the federal biennial election day set by Congress.48 In the Open 

Primary “all candidates, regardless of party, appear on the same ballot and all voters 

are entitled to vote. If a candidate for a given office receives a majority at the open 

primary, the candidate ‘is elected’ and no further act is done on federal election day 

to fill that office.”

49

Writing for the Court, Justice Souter found that Louisiana’s Open Primary ran 

afoul of federal election statutes.50 In interpreting the relevant federal election 

statutes to reach this conclusion Justice Souter wrote, “When the federal statutes 

speak of “the election” of a Senator or Representative, they plainly refer to the 

46 522 U.S. 67, 71 (1997).

47 Foster, 522 U.S. 67, 67.

48 Id.

49 Id.

50 Id. at 69.
18

combined actions of voters and officials meant to make a final selection of an 

officeholder”

51 (emphasis added).

This analysis does not require an interpretation of federal statutes. Instead, it 

requires an interpretation of our own State Constitution and the enactments of our 

General Assembly. If the matter before this Court required an interpretation of 

federal election statutes, I would be bound by Foster and its definition of “the 

election”, but that is not the case. The definition assigned to “the election” in Foster

is not the definition of “general election” as it appears in Article V, Section 1 and 

this Court is not bound by it.

As stated above, Delaware law requires this Court to interpret Article V, as 

meaning what it plainly says.52“[Article V, Section 1] is so clear and complete that 

no statute, we think, can be invoked to aid in its interpretation. It means what it 

plainly says, no matter what the effect may be.”

53 This required plain reading of 

Article V, commands the general election be held “biennially on the Tuesday next 

after the first Monday in the month of November.”54 Any enactment of the General 

Assembly that provides for casting ballots on other days than that day enumerated

51 Foster, 522 U.S. 67, 71.

52 Hart, 129 A. 691, 694.

53 Id.

54 Del. Const. art. V, § 1.
19

by Article V, Section 1, unless permitted elsewhere Article V, runs afoul of and is 

inconsistent with the Constitution. 

2. Early Voting is not a mean, method, or instrument that 

secures the secrecy or independence of the voter, preserves 

the freedom or purity of elections, or prevents fraud 

corruption and intimidation thereat.

Article V, Section 1 also provides that “the General Assembly may by law 

prescribe the means, methods and instruments of voting so as best to secure secrecy 

and the independence of the voter, preserve the freedom and purity of elections and 

prevent fraud, corruption and intimidation thereat.”

55

 Defendants claim this 

language empowers the General Assembly with the authority to enact the Early 

Voting Statute. They argue, the Early Voting Statute is an “additional manner of 

voting in connection with the general election” that allows votes to be cast “for a 

period prior to the constitutionally designated general election day.”56

I agree in part. Interpreting Article V, Section 1 plainly as required,57 it is 

obvious that Early Voting is in fact a manner of voting. While true that Article V,

Section 1 permits the General Assembly to enact voting laws, those laws must be 

enacted “so as best to secure secrecy and the independence of the voter, preserve the 

freedom and purity of elections and prevent fraud, corruption and intimidation 

55 Del. Const. art. V, § 1.

56 Reply Br. in Further Support of Defs. Mot. to Dismiss 17-18.

57 Hart, 129 A. 691, 694.
20

thereat.”58 When directly asked at oral argument how the Early Voting Statute 

accomplishes this mandate Defendants’ replied by saying “early voting itself does 

not negate that provision. Early voting still allows voters – I think it allows voters 

to exercise their independence and to fully – in their full ability to participate in the 

election....”59

Ultimately, Defendants’ take the position that the Early Voting Statute is 

compliant with our Constitution because it is not less secure than traditional voting 

on election day. Defendants fail to articulate how Delaware’s Early Voting Statue 

accomplishes Article V, Section 1’s mandate to “secure secrecy and the 

independence of the voter, preserve the freedom and purity of elections and prevent 

fraud, corruption and intimidation thereat.”60 While early voting is clearly a method 

of voting, the Early Voting Statute was not enacted “so as best to” nor does it achieve 

the ends required of a method of voting enacted by the General Assembly under

Article V, Section 1. The Early Voting Statute extends beyond the limited grant of 

authority provided to the General Assembly under Article V, Section 1 and is 

therefore not constitutionally permissible.

58 Del. Const. art. V, § 1.

59 Tr. at 26-27.

60 Del. Const. art. V, § 1.
21

C. 15 Del. C. § 5503(k) Delaware’s Permanent Absentee Voting Statute 

violates Article V, Section 4A of the Delaware Constitution.

“At the founding of ‘The Delaware State’, our constitution required voters to 

cast ballots in person.”61 This requirement remained in effect until 1943 when the 

108th Session of the General Assembly amended the Delaware Constitution adding 

Section 4A to Article V.62 Titled “General Laws for Absentee Voting” Section 4A 

has been amended several times since 1943 with each amendment typically 

enumerating a new class of voter who may participate in absentee voting.63 “[T]he 

General Assembly must take all possible precautions against fraudulent abuse of the 

privilege when enacting an absentee voters’ law.”64

Today Section 4A provides: 

The General Assembly shall enact general laws providing that any 

qualified elector of this State, duly registered, who shall be unable to 

appear to cast his or her ballot at any general election at the regular 

polling place of the election district in which he or she is registered, 

either because of being in the public service of the United States or of 

this State, or his or her spouse or dependents when residing with or 

accompanying him or her, because of the nature of his or her business 

or occupation, because of his or her sickness or physical disability, 

because of his or her absence from the district while on vacation, or 

because of the tenets or teachings of his or her religion, may cast a ballot 

at such general election to be counted in such election district.65

61 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1071.

62 Randy J. Holland, The Delaware State Constitution 215 (2d ed. 2017).

63 Id. at 216.

64 Id. at 215.

65 Del. Const. art. V, § 4A.
22

In its relevant portion Delaware’s Permanent Absentee Voting Statute permits 

certain voters who fall within categories specified elsewhere in Chapter 55 to apply 

in writing for permanent absentee status.66 The categories of persons permitted to 

apply for permanent absentee status is not at issue.67 Instead, the constitutional issue 

raised by Plaintiffs is the creation of a permanent absentee voter status and the 

Permanent Absentee Voting Statue’s command that the Department of Elections 

“shall automatically send an absentee ballot to each person in permanent absentee 

status for each election in which the person is entitled to vote.”68

Plaintiffs allege this enactment of the General Assembly violates Section 4A 

of the Delaware Constitution by “impermissibly granting eligibility to vote by 

absentee ballot indefinitely...legislat[ing] outside the bounds of [Section] 4A’s text, 

and effectively enlarging the pool of eligible absentee voters....”

69

 For the following 

reasons the Court agrees with Plaintiffs. 

66 15 Del. C. 5503(k).

67 It appears that the General Assembly was well aware of art. V, Section 4A when drafting 

Delaware’s Permanent Absentee Voting Statute. The categories of persons Delawares Permanent 

Absentee Voting Statute permit to apply for permanent absentee status all fall within categories 

permitted to participate in absentee voting by Article V, Section 4A. Underscoring that it is not 

the category of voter permitted participate in permanent absentee voting that creates a 

constitutional issue with the statute, but the creation of a permanent absentee voter status itself.

68 15 Del. C. 5503(k).

69 Pls. Br. in Opp’n to Defs. Mot. to Dismiss at 32.
23

Section 4A allows the General Assembly to enact laws that permit qualified 

registered voters, “who shall be unable to appear to cast his or her ballot at any

general election” to “cast a ballot at such general election to be counted in such 

election district”

70 (emphasis added). To preserve the sense of Article V, Section 4A, 

it only makes sense that “such” refers to the nearest reasonable antecedent “any 

general election.”71 Further, the use of the singular “a” before the singular “ballot” 

demonstrates that only one absentee ballot may be cast for any such general election 

at which the voter shall be unable to appear. In other words, Section 4A allows a 

voter to participate in absentee voting at only the election at which they are unable 

to appear.

This grammatical analysis demonstrates that Delaware’s Permanent Absentee 

Voting Statute is clearly at odds with Article V, Section 4A the Delaware 

Constitution. As it stands the Permanent Absentee Voting Statute would allow a 

voter who may be unable to appear at an upcoming election because of a temporary 

illness, such as the flu, to check a box on a form and automatically receive absentee 

ballots in all future general elections regardless of whether or not that voter is still 

ill at the time of those future elections. At each future election the Department of 

70 Del. Const. art. V, § 4A.

71 Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law the Interpretation of Legal Texts 146 (2012)

(quoting Sim’s Lesee v. Irvine, 3 U.S. 425 (1799) “The rule is, that ‘such’ applies to the last 

antecedent, unless the sense of that passage requires a different construction.”; see also Barnhart 

v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 27-28 (2003)).
24

Elections requires no further affirmation that the voter is still in a situation that would 

require them to cast an absentee ballot. In the words of Defendants’ Counsel “you 

are not making any sort of statement regarding permanent absentee voting when you 

return the absentee ballot...if you're absentee, you are absentee.”72

Article V, Section 4A limits absentee voting to only such general election 

where the voter cannot cast a ballot in person for a constitutionally enumerated 

reason. By granting indefinite absentee voting to those who are unable to vote in a 

single election, Delaware’s Permanent Absentee Voting Statute impermissibly 

extends beyond the limited authority granted to the General Assembly by our 

Constitution. Therefore, although likely well intentioned, I find Delaware’s 

Permanent Absentee Voting Statute violative of the Article V, Section 4A of the 

Delaware Constitution. 

CONCLUSION

This decision is not made lightly, and it should be noted that the spirit and 

goals of the challenged legislation are not what are being ruled on today. Nothing 

in this Opinion and Order should be read to suggest that polices intended to support

the enfranchisement and inclusion of voters in Delaware are per se unconstitutional.

“The Court's role—indeed, our duty—is to hold the challenged statutory enactments 

72 Tr. at 47.
25

up to the light of our Constitution and determine whether they are consonant or 

discordant with it.”

73 The enactments of the General Assembly challenged today are 

inconsistent with our Constitution and therefore cannot stand. 

Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Plaintiffs’ request for

attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs are DENIED. Plaintiffs request for declaratory 

judgement is GRANTED. It is so ORDERED.

/s/ Mark H. Conner 

Mark H. Conner, Judge

cc: Prothonotary 

73 Higgin, 295 A.3d 1065, 1097.