2016 IL App (1st) 152889

No. 1-15-2889 

October 27, 2016 

FOURTH DIVISION

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

ISAAC COHEN,

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

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Appeal from the Circuit Court

of Cook County. 

No. 14 L 5476 

The Honorable 

William E. Gomolinski, 

Judge presiding.

_____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices McBride and Howse concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Plaintiff, Isaac Cohen, injured his shoulder after riding over a defect in the Lakefront 

Trail and falling off of his bike. He filed suit against defendant, the Chicago Park District (Park 

District), claiming it engaged in willful and wanton conduct by failing to repair the defect. The 

trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the Park District, finding it was immune from 

liability under section 3-107(a) of the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort 
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Immunity Act (Act) (745 ILCS 10/3-107(a) (West 2012)), which grants absolute immunity to 

local entities for injuries caused by a condition of a “road which provides access to fishing, 

hunting, or primitive camping, recreational, or scenic areas.” The court also found the Park 

District’s conduct was not willful and wanton and thus, even if section 3-107(a) of the Act did 

not apply, the Park District was immune from liability under section 3-106 of the Act (745 ILCS 

10/3-106 (West 2012)), which provides immunity for injuries occurring on recreational areas, 

except where a local public entity engages in willful and wanton conduct proximately causing 

the injuries. 745 ILCS 10/3-106 (West 2012). 

¶ 2 On appeal, plaintiff argues the trial court erred by (1) finding the Lakefront Trail fell 

within the scope of section 3-107(a) of the Act, (2) finding section 3-107(a) of the Act governed 

instead of section 3-106, and (3) finding as a matter of law that the jury could never find the Park 

District’s conduct to be willful and wanton. 

¶ 3 We conclude the trial court erred by finding section 3-107(a) of the Act applied and by 

finding no genuine issue of fact existed as to whether the Park District’s conduct was not willful 

and wanton. Accordingly, we reverse the court’s grant of summary judgment and remand for 

further proceedings. 

¶ 4 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 5 Plaintiff testified in a deposition that on a Sunday morning in July 2013 he was riding his 

bike southbound on the Lakefront Trail near the Shedd Aquarium when he veered toward the 

middle of the trail to pass a pedestrian.

1 His wheel became caught in a crack in the concrete. The 

crack was about three or four feet long, two to three inches deep, and three to four inches wide at 

 

1 Plaintiff testified in his deposition that the accident may have occurred on July 7, 2013, but he could “not say for 

sure.” He also testified the incident could have occurred “maybe” in the beginning of August; however, he thought it 

occurred in July. Plaintiff knew the accident happened on a Sunday and that by the following Sunday, the defect had 

been repaired. It is undisputed that the defect was repaired on July 10, 2013. Accordingly, the evidence suggests 

plaintiff’s accident occurred on July 7, 2013.
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its widest part. Plaintiff fell, injuring his shoulder. The next week, he went for another bike ride

and noticed the defect had been repaired. 

¶ 6 In 2011, the Park District partnered with the Active Transportation Alliance to study 

Lakefront Trail usage. Plaintiff attached the Active Transportation Alliance’s report to its 

response to the Park District’s motion for summary judgment. The Alliance’s report, and the 

deposition testimony of various Park District employees, established that the Lakefront Trail is 

an approximately 18-mile, multi-use trail that runs along the lakefront from Ardmore Street on 

the north to 71st Street on the south. It is made of concrete and asphalt and contains over 50 

access points. The purpose of the Lakefront Trail is to provide recreation. It is designed for use 

by bicyclists, and the Park District’s mission is to keep the Lakefront Trail safe for bicyclists. 

The Lakefront Trail is not open to the public for vehicular travel; however, Park District

maintenance vehicles utilize the trail. According to the deposition testimony of Park District 

employee Robert Thompson, the Lakefront Trail provides access to scenic views and various 

recreational areas such as a golf course, beaches, softball fields, tennis courts, and harbors.2 The 

Park District’s overall mission is to (1) enhance the quality of life in Chicago by becoming the 

leading provider of recreation and leisure opportunities; (2) provide safe, inviting, and 

beautifully maintained parks and facilities; and (3) create a customer-focused and responsive 

park system that prioritizes the needs of children and families. 

¶ 7 The Active Transportation Alliance’s report showed more than 70,000 people access the 

trail on a typical summer weekend day and more than 60,000 people access it on a typical 

summer weekday. The study indicated the trail is a primary transportation corridor for bicycle 

commuters and is an integral part of Chicago’s bicycle transportation network. During the study, 

 

2 Thompson testified in an unrelated case, and the Park District attached Thompson’s testimony to its motion for 

summary judgment. On appeal, plaintiff challenges the Park District’s reliance on Thompson’s testimony. We 

address plaintiff’s argument in this regard later in this opinion.
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70% of people who accessed the trail were pedestrians, 29% were bicyclists, and 1% were other 

users. The report stated the Lakefront Trail is also used by “people training for marathons, 

parents with children in strollers, tourists on rental bikes, couples on in-line skates, teens on 

skateboards, and thousands of other people using the trail for commuting, training or just taking 

a leisurely stroll.” At the time of the Alliance’s report, the trail was “officially” closed between 

11 p.m. and 6 a.m. 

¶ 8 Linda Daly, Park District deputy director of capital construction, and Robert Rejman,

Park District director of planning and construction, testified in depositions that man-made 

structures such as paved basketball courts, showers and restrooms, bike rental facilities, golf 

courses, parking lots, baseball fields, vendors, skate parks, and at least three bars and restaurants 

surround the Lakefront Trail. The grass around the Lakefront Trail is mowed, trees are trimmed, 

and gardens are maintained. Hunting around the trail is prohibited. 

¶ 9 Park District employee William Gernady testified in a deposition that he inspects the 

Lakefront Trail annually for defects, including cracks in the pavement. Gernady has inspected 

the trail for 14 years. Every spring, Gernady drives along the Lakefront Trail twice and measures 

and marks with paint the areas that need to be repaired. Per his own policy, Gernady has any 

defect deeper than one and a half inches repaired. 

¶ 10 After conducting his inspection, Gernady compiles a scope of repairs to be performed and 

creates a request for proposal to collect bids from a pool of pre-qualified “rapid response” 

contractors. The “rapid response” program is an expedited procurement process for the Park 

District through which most Lakefront Trail repairs are conducted. According to Rejman’s 

deposition testimony, rapid response requests are used for “jobs that aren’t absolutely necessary” 

and do not present safety concerns. Gernady testified the Park District notifies a contractor that it 
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has accepted the contractor’s bid by providing the contractor with a “notice to proceed.” 

According to Rejman, the Park District also typically provides the contractor with an anticipated 

schedule indicating the date upon which the Park District would like the repair to be completed. 

At times, Gernady supervises the contractors’ repairs. 

¶ 11 Daly testified that if Gernady discovered a defect during his inspection that he believed to 

be an emergency, that defect could “potentially” be priced out immediately, on its own, instead 

of being included in the “scope of work” with the other repairs. Rejman testified that to 

expedite the repair process, the Park District can alert contractors that a repair is urgent. Gernady 

testified the Park District can also immediately contact a contractor, instead of submitting a 

notice to proceed, and instruct the contractor that he is allowed to proceed with the work. Rejman 

testified that at times, a contractor will make a repair within a few days; however, this depends 

on the availability of contractors, and repairs can “take a little bit longer” during a busy time of 

year. Gernady testified repairs can be completed “[w]ithin one day sometimes.” 

¶ 12 Rejman testified that the Park District has blocked off areas of the Lakefront Trail with 

barricades and signs when those areas have been impassable due to difficult conditions. Rejman

explained these larger barriers have been erected “in areas where a lot of damage has been 

done.” Rejman was not “aware” of the Park District ever marking potholes or cracks with brightcolored paint; however, he “would think” this was something the Park District was capable of 

doing. He did not think the Park District would place cones near cracks or holes because “the 

cones wouldn’t stay there for very long.” 

¶ 13 Robert Arlow, the Park District’s director of facility management, testified in a

deposition that he manages tradesmen who maintain and repair Park District buildings. 

Generally, Arlow’s department does not perform maintenance and repair work to the Lakefront 
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Trail because it does not have an asphalt crew. However, if an absolute need arose to repair “a 

small thing,” Arlow “could probably send a carpenter out with a bag of asphalt.” Arlow only 

knew of this happening on one occasion, in June 2014. According to Arlow, the Lakefront Trail 

is repaired almost exclusively by outside contractors.3

¶ 14 Arlow receives complaints from Park District patrons about park conditions in need of 

repair. When he receives a call, Arlow inspects the defect himself or asks somebody else to 

check the defect and determine its severity. If Arlow determines the condition needs to be fixed, 

he calls a general foreman and tells him to send somebody to look at the condition and determine 

the type of repair that can be performed.

¶ 15 In the spring of 2013, Arlow received a call from a patron informing him of a defect on 

the Lakefront Trail between the Shedd Aquarium and South Lake Shore Drive. Arlow did not 

know the exact date he received the call, but because snow was not on the ground, he assumed it 

“had to be later than April.” Arlow inspected the defect within a few days of receiving the call 

and determined it was in need of repair. He contacted Gernady. Arlow did not know why he did 

not have a Park District laborer immediately fill the defect with asphalt. 

¶ 16 Gernady testified he recalled receiving Arlow’s call regarding a dangerous crack in the 

“time zone of June” 2013. According to Gernady, this was the only 2013 Lakefront Trail repair 

that was classified as an emergency. Gernady included the crack in the scope of work that he 

prepared to solicit bids from the rapid response contractors. On June 10, 2013, the Park District 

sent a request for proposal to the rapid response contractors.

 

3 During her deposition, Linda Daly was asked whether Park District employees ever conduct repairs in-house. She 

responded that “[i]t would come through Bob Arlow’s department. I don’t know if they’ve done Lakefront Trail 

repairs.” Later, Daly testified if Arlow could not repair something in-house, he would ask Daly’s department to 

solicit an outside contractor. Daly confirmed that Arlow or his staff would first see whether they could address the 

issue themselves.
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¶ 17 On June 12, 2013, Meccor Industries submitted a proposal. On June 19, the Park District 

sent a notice to proceed to Meccor Industries. It did not include a completion deadline. 

Subcontractor Beverly Asphalt Paving Company (Beverly) repaired the defect on July 10, 2013. 

Gernady testified that before doing so, Beverly completed a repair on another part of the 

Lakefront Trail on June 19, 2013. Gernady could not explain the reason for the gap in Beverly’s 

work between June 19 and July 10. 

¶ 18 About a year later, in approximately June 2014, Arlow received another complaint from a 

patron about the trail’s condition near the Shedd Aquarium. After viewing the condition, Arlow 

determined it was “[s]imilar but not as severe as where the accident occurred.” Arlow had the 

crack filled by in-house laborers. 

¶ 19 In May 2014, plaintiff filed a complaint against the Park District, alleging it engaged in 

willful and wanton conduct by failing to repair the defect.

4 The Park District filed an answer, 

claiming its conduct was not willful or wanton. The Park District also filed an affirmative 

defense, asserting it was entitled to absolute immunity under section 3-107(a) of the Act. 

¶ 20 In May 2015, the Park District filed a motion for summary judgment arguing, inter alia, 

that it was entitled to absolute immunity under section 3-107(a) of the Act because the Lakefront 

Trail was an “access road” to fishing, hunting, recreational, and scenic areas. The Park District

further argued that even if it was not entitled to immunity under section 3-107(a) of the Act, it 

was entitled to immunity under section 3-106 of the Act because its conduct was not willful and 

wanton. 

 

4 Plaintiff also named the City of Chicago as a defendant. However, after the Chicago Park District admitted 

ownership and maintenance responsibilities for the Lakefront Trail, the City filed a motion to dismiss, which the 

trial court granted. 
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¶ 21 In July 2015, the trial court granted the Park District’s motion for summary judgment, 

finding the Park District was immune under section 3-107(a) of the Act because the Lakefront 

Trail was the type of road envisioned by that portion of the statute. The court also found that, 

even if section 3-107(a) of the Act did not apply, plaintiff failed to raise any material fact that the 

Park District engaged in willful and wanton conduct. The court found plaintiff’s allegations of 

utter indifference to or conscious disregard for the safety of others were meritless, as the Park 

District took affirmative steps to correct the defect after learning of it. 

¶ 22 In August 2015, plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider, which the trial court denied. This 

appeal followed. 

¶ 23 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 24 On appeal, plaintiff argues the trial court erred by (1) finding the Lakefront Trail fell 

within section 3-107(a) of the Act, (2) finding section 3-107(a) of the Act governed instead of 

section 3-106, and (3) finding as a matter of law that the jury could never find the Park District’s 

conduct to be willful and wanton. We address plaintiff’s arguments in turn.

¶ 25 A. Absolute Immunity Under Section 3-107(a) of the Act

¶ 26 Plaintiff first alleges the trial court erred by finding the Park District was immune from 

liability under section 3-107(a) of the Act. Specifically, plaintiff contends section 3-107(a) 

applies only to roads providing access to primitive recreational and scenic areas. Plaintiff 

observes the Lakefront Trail is a paved, non-primitive, linear park surrounded by developed, 

commercial areas. Plaintiff maintains that in finding the Lakefront Trail fell within section 3-

107(a), the court ignored Illinois rules of statutory construction, case law, and public policy 

concerns associated with granting the Park District absolute immunity.
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¶ 27 In interpreting section 3-107(a) of the Act, our primary objective is “to ascertain and give 

effect to the intent of the legislature.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Brunton v. Kruger, 

2015 IL 117663, ¶ 24. The best reflection of the legislature’s intent is the statute’s language, 

which we give its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. Words and phrases in a statute must be 

interpreted in light of other relevant statutory provisions and the statute as a whole, rather than in 

isolation. County of Du Page v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, 231 Ill. 2d 593, 604 (2008). We 

may also consider the purpose of the law and the consequences that would result in interpreting 

the statute one way or the other. Id. We presume the legislature did not intend absurdity, 

inconvenience, or injustice. Brucker v. Mercola, 227 Ill. 2d 502, 514 (2007).

¶ 28 “A statute is ambiguous if it is capable of being understood by reasonably well-informed 

persons in two or more different ways.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Brunton, 2015 IL 

117663, ¶ 24. Where statutory language is unclear or ambiguous, we may employ extrinsic aids 

of interpretation. Id. One such aid is the doctrine of in pari materia, pursuant to which we 

construe two statutes dealing with the same subject “so that they may be given harmonious 

effect.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Collinsville Community Unit School District No. 10 

v. Regional Board of School Trustees of St. Clair County, 218 Ill. 2d 175, 185 (2006). However, 

this rule is subordinate to the “cardinal rule” of statutory construction that we must ascertain and 

give effect to the legislature’s intent. Id. at 186. Where a statute within the Act contains an 

ambiguity, the statute will be strictly construed against the public entity because the Act’s 

immunities “are in derogation of the common law.” McElroy v. Forest Preserve District, 384 Ill. 

App. 3d 662, 666 (2008). Statutory interpretation involves a question of law and accordingly, our 

standard of review is de novo. Brunton, 2015 IL 117663, ¶ 24.
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¶ 29 Section 3-107(a) of the Act provides that a local public entity is not liable for an injury 

caused by a condition of “[a]ny road which provides access to fishing, hunting, or primitive 

camping, recreational, or scenic areas and which is not a (1) city, town or village street, (2) 

county, state or federal highway or (3) a township or other road district highway.” 745 ILCS 

10/3-107(a) (West 2012).

¶ 30 The dispute in this case centers in part on the legislature’s use of the word “primitive.” 

Plaintiff argues that “primitive” modifies “camping,” “recreational,” and “scenic” and thus,

section 3-107(a) grants absolute immunity only for injuries occurring on roads that provide 

access to “primitive” camping areas, “primitive” recreational areas, and “primitive” scenic areas. 

The Park District, by contrast, maintains that the word “primitive” applies solely to “camping” 

and not to “recreational” or “scenic” areas. The parties also dispute whether the Lakefront Trail 

is an “access road” within the meaning of the statute. Plaintiff contends the trail itself is 

recreational property that falls within section 3-106 of the Act and thus, it is not an “access road” 

to recreational or scenic areas.

5

 In addition, plaintiff posits, the Lakefront Trail is not a “road.”

¶ 31 In finding section 3-107(a) applied to the Lakefront Trail, the trial court relied on the 

decision in Scott v. Rockford Park District, 263 Ill. App. 3d 853 (1994). There, a child was 

injured while riding his bike over a bridge that provided access to a public park. Id. at 854. The 

appellate court concluded the bridge fell within section 3-107(a) of the Act, despite the plaintiffs’ 

arguments that section 3-107 applied only to wilderness areas and that the bridge was not a road 

providing access to fishing, hunting, or primitive camping areas, recreational, or scenic areas. 

 

5 As evidence of the various recreational areas to which the Lakefront Trail provided access, the Park District 

attached to its summary judgment motion the deposition testimony of a former Park District employee in an 

unrelated case. On appeal, plaintiff challenges the inclusion of such testimony. The Park District responds that 

plaintiff failed to challenge the testimony in the trial court and, in any event, the depositions could be used pursuant 

to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 212(a)(4) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). We need not resolve this dispute because we find 

section 3-107(a) of the Act relates only to primitive recreational and scenic areas; accordingly, the deposition 

testimony as to the various non-primitive recreational activities around the Lakefront Trail is irrelevant. 
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Id. at 855, 858. The Scott court reasoned that the plain language of the statute unambiguously 

granted “full immunity for access roads to fishing, hunting, primitive camping areas, recreational 

areas, and scenic areas.” Id. at 857. The court also stated the statute’s “requirement of 

‘primitiveness’ clearly [did] not apply to the nature of access roads but, rather, to any camping 

areas thereby provided access.” Id. In reaching its decision, the court rejected the plaintiffs’ 

assertion that because the park and bridge were covered by section 3-106 of the Act, they were 

not encompassed by section 3-107. Id. at 856. The court found the “primary distinction” the 

legislature intended to draw in enacting sections 3-106 and 3-107 was between, on the one hand, 

recreation areas (section 3-106) and, on the other hand, roads other than streets or highways used 

to access recreational areas, and trails (section 3-107). Id. at 856. The court found “no conflict in 

the legislature’s determination that local entities should be immune from liability only for 

negligent actions connected with the broader category of properties covered in section 3-106 

while they would receive full immunity covering the trail and access-road properties covered in 

section 3-107.” Id. at 856-57. Further, the court stated, it was unaware of any clear indication 

that “access roads” under section 3-107(a) were only those roads “providing access to wilderness 

areas.” Id. at 857.

¶ 32 The Park District argues that Scott should control. Plaintiff, on the other hand, recognizes 

the Scott decision but argues that in more recent cases such as Goodwin v. Carbondale Park 

District, 268 Ill. App. 3d 489 (1994), and Brown v. Cook County Forest Preserve, 284 Ill. App. 

3d 1098 (1996), Illinois courts have found section 3-107 applies only to roads or trails in 

undeveloped areas. Plaintiff notes that in Scott, the court stated it was unaware of any indication 

that “access” roads were limited to roads providing access to wilderness areas. See Scott, 263 Ill. 

App. 3d at 857. Plaintiff posits that because Scott predated Goodwin and Brown, the Scott court 
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did not have the benefit of those decisions when determining that access roads were not limited 

to roads providing access to “wilderness” areas. According to plaintiff, Scott is the sole Illinois 

decision to apply section 3-107 outside of the confines of a forest preserve.

¶ 33 In Goodwin, the plaintiff was injured when his bicycle collided with a tree that had fallen 

across a paved bike path in a city park controlled by the defendant, a park district. Goodwin, 268 

Ill. App. 3d at 490. The appellate court found the defendant was not entitled to immunity under 

section 3-107(b) of the Act, which immunizes a public entity from liability for injuries caused by 

a condition of a “ ‘hiking, riding, fishing or hunting trail.’ ” Id. at 491, 494 (quoting 745 ILCS 

10/3-107(b) (West 1992)). Specifically, the court found the path was not a “riding trail” within 

the meaning of section 3-107(b) of the Act. Id. at 492. The court noted that although sections 3-

106 and 3-107 of the Act both applied to recreational property, section 3-106 provided immunity 

only for negligence, whereas section 3-107 provided absolute immunity. Id. at 492-93. The 

Goodwin court then went on to consider how the property described in section 3-107(b) differed 

from the property described in section 3-106. Id. at 493. The court stated as follows.

“Reading section 3-107 as a whole indicates that the property 

referred to therein is unimproved property which is not maintained 

by the local governmental body and which is in its natural 

condition with obvious hazards as a result of that natural condition. 

Thus, access roads that are not maintained as city, town, or village 

streets or county, State, or Federal highways or township or road 

district highways are included in section 3-107(a). Such roads 

generally would be used only for access to unimproved, 

undeveloped recreational areas and generally not for access to 
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developed city parks located within the city limits.” (Emphasis 

added.) Id.

The Goodwin court explained that the legislature extended absolute immunity for injuries 

sustained on the properties specified in section 3-107(b) because of the burden that maintaining 

those types of properties would impose on governmental entities. Id. Further, the court stated, 

“requiring such maintenance would defeat the very purpose of these types of recreational areas, 

that is, the enjoyment of activities in a truly natural setting.” Id. The Goodwin court distinguished 

Scott on the basis that Scott interpreted section 3-107(a), while its decision involved section 3-

107(b). Id. The court also stated that to the extent its reasoning differed from the Scott court’s 

reasoning, it believed the Scott court’s reasoning was wrong. Id. 

¶ 34 Subsequent to Goodwin, our court in Brown agreed that “paved bicycle paths which 

traverse developed city land” are not “riding trails” for purposes of section 3-107(b). Brown, 284 

Ill. App. 3d at 1101. The plaintiff in Brown fell on a paved bike path in a forest preserve. Id. at 

1099. Noting that “trail” was defined as a “marked path through a forest or mountainous region,” 

the court found section 3-107(b) applied to the bike path, which was designed to provide access 

to natural and scenic wooded areas around a lake. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 1101.

The court explained that it was irrelevant whether the path was paved, as the area in which the 

plaintiff fell was not “developed” simply because the path on which he was riding happened to 

be paved. Id. 

¶ 35 Similarly, in Mull v. Kane County Forest Preserve District, 337 Ill. App. 3d 589, 592 

(2003), the court held a gravel bicycle path, which ran through some developed areas but was 

surrounded by wild grasses and shrubs, was a “trail” under section 3-107(b). The court 

distinguished Goodwin on the basis that the trail in Goodwin was located in a developed city 
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park, whereas the trail in Mull was “surrounded by wooded or undeveloped land” and ran 

“through a forest preserve.” Id. at 592. 

¶ 36 Following Mull, the court in McElroy v. Forest Preserve District, 384 Ill. App. 3d 662, 

666, 669 (2008), held that a wooden bridge in a forest preserve was part of a “hiking” or “riding 

trail” under section 3-107(b). In doing so, the court expressed its disagreement “with Goodwin’s 

contention that a trail must be ‘unimproved’ in order to fall under section 3-107(b).” Id. at 667. 

The court noted that Mull and Brown both involved arguably “improved trails,” and that those 

cases distinguished Goodwin on the basis that the trail in Goodwin ran though a developed city 

park. Id.

¶ 37 After reviewing the aforementioned cases, we agree with plaintiff that the legislature 

could not have intended section 3-107(a) of the Act to apply to the Lakefront Trail. We 

recognize, as the Park District points out, that Scott analyzed the defendant’s immunity under 

section 3-107(a) of the Act. By contrast, Goodwin, Brown, Mull, and McElroy each considered 

the defendants’ immunity under section 3-107(b). Nonetheless, in light of the case law that has 

developed subsequent to Scott, we find Scott unpersuasive.

¶ 38 First, we disagree with the Scott court that the plain language of section 3-107(a) is 

unambiguous. See Scott, 263 Ill. App. 3d at 857. As previously detailed, section 3-107(a) of the 

Act immunizes a local public entity from liability for an injury caused by a condition of “[a]ny 

road which provides access to fishing, hunting, or primitive camping, recreational, or scenic 

areas.” 745 ILCS 10/3-107(a) (West 2012). This language can reasonably be interpreted as both 

of the parties suggest. On the one hand, the statute can be read to provide immunity for injuries 

arising on roads providing access to primitive camping areas, primitive recreational areas, and

primitive scenic areas. However, the statute can also be read as providing immunity for injuries 
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arising on roads that provide access to primitive camping, recreational areas, and scenic areas. 

Thus, we find the statute to be ambiguous. See Brunton, 2015 IL 117663, ¶ 24 (a statute is 

ambiguous if it can be understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two or more different 

ways). 

¶ 39 Because section 3-107(a) is ambiguous, we may utilize the doctrine of in pari materia to 

interpret its meaning. In doing so, it is appropriate to consider section 3-107(a) in pari materia 

with section 3-107(b). See Collinsville, 218 Ill. 2d at 185-86 (under the doctrine of 

in pari materia, we construe two statutes dealing with the same subject so that they are given 

harmonious effect; the doctrine also applies to different sections of the same statute and is 

consistent with the rule of statutory construction that we must view all of the provisions of a 

statute as a whole). 

¶ 40 As previously detailed, since the Scott decision, Illinois courts have uniformly found 

section 3-107(b) does not apply to trails in developed areas. See Brown, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1101 

(paved bike paths that traverse developed city land are not “riding trails” under section 3-

107(b)); Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 493-94 (a paved bike path in a developed city park is not 

included within section 3-107(b)); see also Mull, 337 Ill. App. 3d at 592 (distinguishing Goodwin 

on the basis that the trail in Goodwin was located in a developed city park). That section 3-

107(b) has been limited to trails in undeveloped areas supports a determination that section 3-

107(a) was likewise intended only to apply to access roads to undeveloped and primitive areas.

Further, we note, the legislature clearly limited immunity under section 3-107(a) to access roads 

to “primitive” camping areas as opposed to all camping areas. It is logical to infer that the 

legislature likewise intended section 3-107(a) to apply only to primitive recreational and scenic 

areas where it listed recreational and scenic areas in the same sentence as “primitive” camping 
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areas. In sum, consideration of section 3-107 as a whole supports a finding that section 3-107(a) 

was intended only to apply to roads providing access to primitive, undeveloped recreational 

areas.

¶ 41 Considering section 3-107(a) in pari materia with section 3-106 further supports our 

determination. Both sections 3-106 and 3-107(a) involve recreational property; yet, section 3-106 

provides immunity only for ordinary negligence, whereas section 3-107(a) provides absolute 

immunity. Noting this distinction, the Goodwin court found section 3-107 as a whole referred to 

unimproved property, which the local government did not maintain and which was “in its natural 

[state] with obvious hazards as a result of that natural condition.” Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 

493. The court explained that the legislature extended absolute immunity to the property outlined 

in section 3-107(b) because of the burden a local governmental entity would experience in 

having to maintain such property in a safe condition. Id. Further, the Goodwin court explained, 

requiring the government to conduct maintenance on this type of property “would defeat the very 

purpose of these types of recreational areas, that is, the enjoyment of activities in a truly natural 

setting.” Id. 

¶ 42 We find the Goodwin court’s reasoning to be logical and persuasive. By immunizing a 

public entity from liability for injuries occurring on the property specified in section 3-107, the 

legislature has, in effect, relieved public entities from the burden of having to maintain such 

property. See Sites v. Cook County Forest Preserve District, 257 Ill. App. 3d 807, 811 (1994) 

(inferring the statutory intent of section 3-107 “is to relieve public entities from the duty to 

maintain such access roads, which may be unpaved and uneven.”). It makes sense that the 

legislature would relieve a public entity from maintaining access roads to primitive scenic and 
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recreational areas because maintaining those roads would defeat the purpose of the primitive 

property, i.e., its enjoyment in its natural state. Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 493. 

¶ 43 In sum, we conclude section 3-107(a) of the Act applies only to access roads to primitive 

recreational and scenic areas and does not apply to the Lakefront Trail. Based on our finding, we 

need not consider plaintiff’s alternative arguments, i.e., that the Lakefront Trail was not a “road” 

and that it did not provide “access.” We also need not address plaintiff’s argument that a conflict 

exists between sections 3-106 and 3-107(a) of the Act given our finding that section 3-107(a) of 

the Act does not apply.

¶ 44 B. Immunity for Willful and Wanton Conduct Under Section 3-106

¶ 45 Having determined that section 3-107(a) does not apply to the Lakefront Trail, we must 

now consider whether the Park District was entitled to summary judgment based on section 3-

106 of the Act, which provides immunity against negligent conduct but not willful and wanton 

conduct. 745 ILCS 10/3-106 (West 2012). Plaintiff argues the trial court erred by finding no 

genuine issue of material fact existed that the Park District engaged in willful and wanton 

conduct. He posits the Park District acted willfully and wantonly in its maintenance of the 

Lakefront Trail or, at the very least, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the Park 

District was willful and wanton.

¶ 46 Summary judgment is proper where “the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, 

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and 

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 

2012). “Summary judgment is a drastic measure and should only be granted if the movant’s right 

to judgment is clear and free from doubt.” Seymour v. Collins, 2015 IL 118432, ¶ 42. “The 

purpose of summary judgment is not to try a question of fact, but to determine whether a genuine 
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issue of material fact exists.” Illinois State Bar Ass’n Mutual Insurance Co. v. Law Office of 

Tuzzolino & Terpinas, 2015 IL 117096, ¶ 14. We review the trial court’s decision to grant 

summary judgment de novo. Bowman v. Chicago Park District, 2014 IL App (1st) 132122, ¶ 43. 

¶ 47 The Act defines “willful and wanton conduct” as “a course of action which shows an 

actual or deliberate intention to cause harm or which, if not intentional, shows an utter 

indifference to or conscious disregard for the safety of others or their property.” 745 ILCS 10/1-

210 (West 2012). “Whether a person is guilty of willful and wanton conduct is a question of fact 

for the jury and should rarely be ruled upon as a matter of law.” (Internal quotation marks 

omitted.) Robles v. City of Chicago, 2014 IL App (1st) 131599, ¶ 17. However, “a court may 

hold as a matter of law that a public employee’s actions did not amount to willful and wanton 

conduct when no other contrary conclusion can be drawn.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) 

Thurman v. Champaign Park District, 2011 IL App (4th) 101024, ¶ 10. In deciding whether a 

willful and wanton conduct charge should have been submitted to the jury, neither the trial court 

nor our court may resolve conflicts in the evidence or decide the weight to be given the evidence 

or the relative credibility of the witnesses. Robles, 2014 IL App (1st) 131599, ¶ 17.

¶ 48 Initially, we note, the Park District characterizes the “willful and wanton” standard as “a 

high standard of culpability” that approaches “the degree of blame associated with intentional 

harm.” Plaintiff challenges the Park District’s characterization. The parties’ dispute in this regard 

stems from the legislature’s 1998 amendment to section 1-210, in which it added the following 

language to the statute without modifying the definition of willful and wanton conduct: “[t]his 

definition shall apply in any case where a ‘willful and wanton’ exception is incorporated into any 

immunity under this Act.” Pub. Act. 90-805, § 5 (eff. Dec. 2, 1998) (amending 745 ILCS 10/1-

210). 
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¶ 49 Plaintiff argues the legislature’s amendment did not impose a heightened willful and 

wanton standard, citing to Murray v. Chicago Youth Center, 224 Ill. 2d 213 (2007), and Harris v. 

Thompson, 2012 IL 112525. However, the Park District insists that plaintiff’s reliance on Murray 

is misplaced because the Murray court expressly declined to review the legislative intent of the 

1998 amendment. See Murray, 224 Ill. 2d at 242-43. The Park District cites to Thurman, in 

which the appellate court stated the legislature used “strong language” in defining willful and 

wanton conduct and found the statutory definition of willful and wanton applied “to the 

exclusion of inconsistent common-law definitions.” Thurman, 2011 IL App (4th) 101024, ¶ 13. 

The Park District also relies on hearing transcripts from the General Assembly pertaining to the 

1998 amendment. Based on these transcripts and Thurman, the Park District argues the definition 

of “willful and wanton” in section 1-210 of the Act does impose a high standard of culpability 

under the law. 

¶ 50 We need not resolve the dispute between the parties regarding the Park District’s 

characterization of the willful and wanton standard because, fundamentally, the parties agree that 

the definition governing plaintiff’s claim is the statutory definition set forth in section 1-210 of 

the Act. In other words, the parties agree that whether the Park District was willful and wanton 

turns on whether the Park District acted with utter indifference to or conscious disregard for the 

safety of patrons. Accordingly, this is the definition we will utilize in determining the propriety 

of the court’s decision to grant summary judgment, and we need not determine whether the Park 

District’s characterization of this standard as a “high standard” is correct. See Barr v. 

Cunningham, 2016 IL App (1st) 150437, ¶ 16 (although the defendants challenged the plaintiff’s 

citation to a supreme court case, the plaintiff cited that case only for the proposition that willful 

and wanton conduct existed on a continuum; ultimately, the parties agreed that the overarching 
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issue was whether the plaintiff “acted with conscious disregard for the safety of the others” 

(internal quotation marks omitted) and thus, both parties agreed the defendants’ actions should 

be measured against the Act’s definition of willful and wanton). 

¶ 51 We turn then to whether the trial court properly granted summary judgment. Plaintiff 

argues the court erred because the evidence shows the Park District was willful and wanton, or a 

genuine issue of fact exists as to whether it was willful and wanton. Plaintiff posits that after 

learning of the defect, the Park District did not repair it until July, even though it had the ability

to conduct an emergency repair. Further, plaintiff observes, the Park District did not barricade 

the gap or mark it with paint. The Park District responds that the facts in this case do not in any 

way show it was willful and wanton where, upon learning of the defect, it immediately engaged 

in efforts to repair the crack. 

¶ 52 In Palmer v. Chicago Park District, 277 Ill. App. 3d 282, 284 (1995), the plaintiff alleged 

that he injured himself when his leg became caught in a large portion of wire mesh fence that had 

fallen in a playlot and had been lying on its side for three months. Id. The court found the 

plaintiff stated a cause of action for willful and wanton misconduct where he pled that the 

defendant knew or should have known about the fence and took “no corrective action to repair or 

warn about” it. Id. at 288-89. 

¶ 53 On the other hand, in Lester v. Chicago Park District, 159 Ill. App. 3d 1054, 1055, 1060

(1987), the court found the plaintiff failed to set forth a claim of willful and wanton conduct 

where the plaintiff alleged the Park District caused ruts and holes in a softball field and refilled 

them with improper materials. The court agreed with the Park District that the Park District’s 

rehabilitative acts of filling in the holes and ruts “indicated a concern for possible injuries” and 

did not amount to “utter indifference” or “conscious disregard” for the safety of patrons’ lives. 
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Id. at 1059. The court explained that to equate the Park District’s actions of discovering the 

condition and “taking affirmative rehabilitative acts after such discovery in an attempt to remedy 

the problem with willful and wanton conduct would render that standard synonymous with 

ordinary negligence.” Id. 

¶ 54 Here, there is no dispute that the Park District knew of the defect prior to plaintiff’s 

injury, although the parties dispute the exact date on which the Park District learned of the crack. 

Our review of the record shows the Park District became aware of the defect no earlier than May 

2013, although it may have learned of the defect later than May 2013. Arlow testified he could 

“[n]ot exactly” recall when he received the patron’s complaint regarding the defect but he knew 

it was during the spring. Arlow then testified there was no snow on the ground when he received 

the call and thus “[i]t had to be later than April.” Gernady testified that he received Arlow’s call 

regarding the complaint in the spring of 2013. When asked in what month, Gernady stated in the 

“time zone of June.” We note that plaintiff suggests the Park District also knew of the defect 

based on Gernady’s annual spring inspection; however, plaintiff has not cited to any portion of 

the record establishing that Gernady noticed the defect during his inspection or that the defect 

existed at that time.

¶ 55 Turning to the actions of the Park District after learning of the defect, we agree with 

plaintiff that whether the Park District was willful and wanton is an issue of fact. We note the 

Park District did take some action to repair the defect. After receiving the patron’s call, Arlow

inspected the defect and contacted Gernady, who included it in the scope of repairs to be 

submitted for bid to the rapid response contractors. The defect was repaired through the rapid 

response process on July 10. On the other hand, however, Rejman testified the rapid response 

system is to be used only for jobs that do not present safety concerns, but the defect in this case
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was classified as an emergency—the sole 2013 Lakefront Trail repair to be classified as such. 

Further, the evidence showed the Park District had methods by which to expedite the repair 

process, such as immediately contacting a contractor or alerting the contractor that a repair is 

urgent. Arlow also testified that a defect less severe was repaired in 2014 by in-house laborers. 

Notably, the evidence also showed that while the rapid repair process was taking place, the Park 

District did not engage in any efforts to barricade, mark, or otherwise warn patrons of the defect. 

See Palmer, 277 Ill. App. 3d at 289 (finding the plaintiff alleged willful and wanton conduct 

where the plaintiff alleged the defendant took no corrective action to repair or warn about the 

fence).

¶ 56 In light of all of the foregoing, it was inappropriate for the trial court to hold as a matter 

of law that the Park District was not willful and wanton. See Thurman, 2011 IL App (4th) 

101024, ¶ 10 (a court may hold as a matter of law that a public employee’s actions did not 

amount to willful and wanton conduct only where “no other contrary conclusion can be drawn” 

(internal quotation marks omitted)). Instead, whether the Park District’s actions amounted to 

willful and wanton misconduct is a question of fact. It is for the trier of fact to consider the 

efforts the Park District made to repair the defect and evaluate whether those efforts

demonstrated utter indifference to or conscious disregard for patrons’ safety in light of the 

evidence that the Park District failed to warn patrons of the defect, barricade the defect, or 

expedite the repair process, despite the defect having been recognized as dangerous and in need 

of emergency repair. Accordingly, the trial court improperly granted summary judgment. 

¶ 57 Plaintiff’s reliance on Lester does not convince us otherwise. The plaintiff in Lester 

alleged that he was injured because the Park District repaired a defect but did so improperly. See 
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Lester, 159 Ill. App. 3d at 1055-56. By contrast, here, the plaintiff was injured because the Park 

District had not yet repaired the defect.

In sum, we conclude the trial court erred by granting summary judgment. 

¶ 58 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 59 For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for further 

proceedings.

¶ 60 Reversed and remanded.