NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 13a0480n.06

No. 12-4073

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

DOUGLAS J. RAYMOND,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MAUREEN O’CONNOR, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN

DISTRICT OF OHIO

BEFORE: MERRITT, CLAY, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. Douglas J. Raymond appeals the district court’s judgment dismissing his

complaint filed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for failure to state a claim. As set forth below, we affirm.

Raymond brought this lawsuit against the justices of the Ohio Supreme Court, challenging

the constitutionality of their “rules, regulations, policies, procedures and practices” governing the

admission to practice law in Ohio without examination. Raymond, a resident of Colorado, was 1

admitted to practice law in Colorado by examination, and in Michigan and Missouri without

examination. Raymond subsequently applied for admission to practice law in Ohio without

Raymond previously challenged the justices’ decision to deny him admission to practice 1

law in Ohio without examination. We dismissed Raymond’s as-applied challenge for lack of

jurisdiction pursuant to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, but acknowledged that he could, at another

time, bring “a general [facial] challenge to the rules and practices of the Ohio Supreme Court

regarding its consideration of applications for admission to practice law without examination.” 

Raymond v. Moyer, 501 F.3d 548, 555 (6th Cir. 2007). Accordingly, we consider only Raymond’s

generally applicable allegations.
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Raymond v. O’Connor

examination. Without explanation, the Ohio Supreme Court denied Raymond’s applications in 2005

and again in 2009. 

Raymond filed a complaint seeking a declaratoryjudgment alongwith a motion for summary

judgment, asserting that the justices’ “rules, regulations, policies, procedures and practices” in

granting and denying applications for admission to practice lawinOhiowithout examination violate: 

(1) the Due Process Clause and (2) the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and

(3) the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The

justices filed a motion to dismiss Raymond’s complaint for failure to state a claim, which the district

court granted. This timely appeal followed.

We review de novo the dismissal of Raymond’s complaint for failure to state a claim under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Handy-Clay v. City of Memphis, Tenn., 695 F.3d 531,

538 (6th Cir. 2012). “In reviewing a motion to dismiss, we must accept non-conclusory allegations

of fact in the complaint as true and determine if the plaintiff has stated a plausible claim for relief.” 

Orton v. Johnny’s Lunch Franchise, LLC, 668 F.3d 843, 846 (6th Cir. 2012).

“To make out a claim for a violation of procedural due process, the plaintiff has the burden

of showing that (1) he had a life, liberty, or property interest protected by the Due Process Clause;

(2) he was deprived of this protected interest; and (3) the state did not afford him adequate

procedural rights prior to depriving him of the property interest.” EJS Props., LLC v. City of Toledo,

698 F.3d 845, 855 (6th Cir. 2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The district court

dismissed Raymond’s due process claims on the grounds that he failed to allege sufficient facts to

support a constitutional deprivation of a protected property or liberty interest. 

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While there is no liberty interest in bar admission without examination, a state may create

a property interest in the right. See, e.g., Leis v. Flynt, et al., 439 U.S. 438, 441–43 (1979) (holding

that there was no property interest in the right of admission pro hac vice because Ohio had not

created an interest). Propertyinterests “are created and their dimensions are defined byexisting rules

or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law.” Bd. of Regents of State

Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972). Rule I, Section 9 of the Ohio Supreme Court’s Rules for

the Government of the Bar of Ohio addresses admission to practice law in Ohio without

examination. Subsection (F)(1) then provides:

The Court shall review the application and in its sole discretion shall approve or

disapprove the application. In reaching its decision, the Court shall consider both

of the following:

(a) Whether the applicant has met the requirements of division (A) of this section;

(b) Whether the applicant’s past practice of law is of such character, description and

recencyas shall satisfy the Court that the applicant currentlypossesses the legal skills

deemed adequate for admission to the practice of law in Ohio without examination.

Ohio Sup. Ct. Gov. Bar R. I(9)(F)(1) (emphasis added). “[W]here the rules of the Ohio Supreme

Court expressly consign the authority to approve” applications for admission without examination

to the court’s discretion, an attorney cannot claim entitlement to such admission. Leis, 439 U.S. at

442–43. Raymond has failed to cite any authority establishing a property in admission without

examination. 

Nor has he alleged a deprivation of a liberty interest. The Supreme Court has held that “the

requirements of procedural due process must be met before a State can exclude a person from

practicing law.” Willner v. Comm. on Character &Fitness, 373 U.S. 96, 102 (1963) (citing Schware

v. Bd. of Bar Examiners, 353 U.S. 232, 238–39 (1957)). But Raymond is not excluded from

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practicing law in Ohio—he may still take and pass the Ohio bar examination. See Conn v. Gabbert,

526 U.S. 286, 291–92 (1999) (distinguishing cases that “deal with a complete prohibition of the right

to engage in a calling”).

In support of his due process claim, Raymond also asserted that the justices’ denial of his

applications for admission without examination precludes him from appearing pro hac vice in any

Ohio court. UnderRule XII(2)(A)(2) of the Ohio Supreme Court’s Rules for the Government of the

Bar of Ohio, “[a] tribunal shall not grant permission to appear pro hac vice to an attorney who has 

. . . been denied admission without examination.” However, we have recognized that “an attorney’s

interest in appearing pro hac vice [does] not constitute a liberty or property right under the

Constitution.” D.H. Overmyer Co. v. Robson, 750 F.2d 31, 33–34 (6th Cir. 1984) (citing Leis). 

Raymond asserts on appeal that, “while it may be true that no attorney has a due process right to pro

hac vice status, once such status is granted, attorneys must receive some modicum of due process

before it is revoked.” Belue v. Leventhal, 640 F.3d 567, 577 (4th Cir. 2011) (internal citations

omitted). In his complaint, Raymond alleged that he was prohibited from appearing pro hac vice in

a case pending before the Ohio Supreme Court despite the fact that he had been granted leave to

appear pro hac vice in that case earlier. The Ohio Supreme Court’s order, referenced in the

complaint and attached to Raymond’s affidavit, reflects that his pro hac vice status was not revoked. 

Instead, Raymond was stricken from the appeal because he failed to file a timely motion for

admission pro hac vice pursuant to Rule 1.2 of the Ohio Supreme Court’s Rules of Practice. We are

precluded under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine from considering this as-applied challenge to a state

court decision. See Raymond v. Moyer, 501 F.3d 548, 551–55 (6th Cir. 2007).

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The Privileges and Immunities Clause bars “discrimination against citizens of other States

where there is no substantial reason for the discrimination beyond the mere fact that they are citizens

of other States.” Toomer v. Witsell, 334 U.S. 385, 396 (1948). In support of his privileges and

immunities claim, Raymond alleged that the justices “have maintained a policy and practice of

applying a different and harsher standard of scrutiny to applications for admission to the practice of

law in the State of Ohio without examination from non-residents than similarly-situated applications

from residents of the State of Ohio for the admission to the practice of law in the State of Ohio.” 

This assertion, however, is “devoid of furtherfactual enhancement.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Such “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause

of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice” to survive a motion to dismiss

for failure to state a claim. Id. Because Raymond failed to make any specific factual allegations

regarding the justices’ purported application of a different and harsher standard of scrutiny to nonresidents than to residents, the district court properly held that the complaint failed to state a

privileges and immunities claim.

Raymond’s complaint likewise failed to state a claim under the Equal Protection Clause. “To

state an equal protection claim, a plaintiff must adequately plead that the government [treats certain

people] disparatelyas compared to similarlysituated persons and that such disparate treatment either

burdens a fundamental right, targets a suspect class, or has no rational basis.” Ctr. for Bio-Ethical

Reform, Inc. v. Napolitano, 648 F.3d 365, 379 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

“The threshold element of an equal protection claim is disparate treatment; once disparate treatment

is shown, the equal protection analysis to be applied is determined by the classification used by

government decision-makers.” Scarbrough v. Morgan Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 470 F.3d 250, 260 (6th

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Cir. 2006). The complaint’s sole reference to disparate treatment is the undeveloped assertion of a

different and harsher standard of scrutiny might be applied to non-residents discussed above. 

Without specific factual allegations of disparate treatment, the district court properly dismissed

Raymond’s equal protection claim. 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Raymond’s complaint

for failure to state a claim. 

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