* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

DEC 4 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JASON HALEY,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-1109

No. 96-1111

(D.C. No. 95-CR-34-S)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRORBY, EBEL, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

Defendant-Appellant Jason Haley (“Haley”) was convicted in federal

district court of aiding and abetting the distribution of methamphetamine, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), and 18 U.S.C. § 2; using and

carrying a firearm in relation to a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 924(c); and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 

18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Haley’s base offense level for the aiding and abetting
1

 Haley received a concurrent sentence for possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon.

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conviction was calculated at 18. Based on this offense level and his criminal

history category the district court sentenced Haley to 71 months imprisonment.1

In addition, for his § 924(c) conviction Haley received an additional consecutive

60-month sentence. 

In this appeal Haley challenges the sufficiency of the evidence before the

jury that he used and carried a firearm during and in relation to the drug

trafficking offense for which he was convicted. Haley also challenges the

district court’s calculation of the quantity of drugs involved in its sentencing

determination. We affirm both Haley’s conviction and sentence.

Background

Haley’s arrest, indictment and conviction stem from a single encounter

involving Haley, cooperating co-defendant Russell Coleman (“Coleman”), with

whom Haley lived at the times in question, and undercover ATF agent Scot

Thomasson (“Thomasson”). On November 30, 1994, as part of his ongoing

investigation of a suspected methamphetamine / illegal weapons ring operating

out of Colorado Springs, Colorado, Thomasson visited Coleman’s apartment to

purchase some methamphetamine. Thomasson purchased methamphetamine from
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Coleman but was told by Coleman that he would have to come back if he wanted

to buy more, as Coleman was expecting to receive additional supplies later that

day. 

Thomasson returned to Coleman’s apartment later that evening. This time,

because Coleman’s room was being used by co-defendant James Maass to sell

methamphetamine, Coleman directed Thomasson into Haley’s room. Upon

entering Haley’s room, Thomasson noticed two handguns sitting on a coffee table,

along with a small scale and some plastic bags. Coleman told Thomasson that the

weapons belonged to Haley, and Coleman introduced Haley to Thomasson as

Coleman’s “partner.” Haley volunteered to assist the transaction by measuring

out the drugs on a scale, and Coleman accepted his assistance. Thomasson,

concerned for his safety, picked up both guns and unloaded them, placing the

ammunition well away from the guns on a separate table. Haley then retrieved the

guns. He reloaded one of the guns and placed it on a shelf in his closet. Haley

loaded and “racked” the other gun, a semi-automatic firearm, put it on his person,

and kept it there throughout the remainder of the transaction. 

When law enforcement officials began arresting ring members early in

1995, Haley was arrested and indicted with conspiracy to distribute and

possession with intent to distribute 100 grams or more of methamphetamine;

aiding and abetting the distribution of methamphetamine; using and carrying a
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firearm in relation to a drug trafficking offense; and possession of a firearm by a

felon. A jury trial was held. Coleman and one other co-defendant pled guilty and

testified against the remaining co-defendants at trial. Haley was found innocent

of the conspiracy charge but guilty of all remaining charges. 

Discussion

1. Sufficiency of “used and carried” evidence

Haley claims that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction

under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) of using or carrying a firearm during and in relation to a

drug trafficking crime. A claim of insufficiency of the evidence presents a “high

hurdle” to the criminal defendant; “in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to

support a jury verdict, this court must review the record de novo and ask only

whether, taking the evidence -- both direct and circumstantial -- in the light most

favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Voss, 82 F.3d 1521, 1524-25 (10th

Cir. 1996). 

Under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) it is a crime for any person to use or carry a

firearm “during and in relation to” any drug trafficking crime. This court has

held that when reviewing § 924(c) convictions for the use or carrying of a

firearm, we may affirm if the evidence is sufficient to support conviction under
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either the “use” or the “carry” prongs of the statute. See United States v.

Richardson, 86 F.3d 1537, 1546-47 (10th Cir. 1996). A firearm is “used” in a

drug transaction if the defendant “actively employed” it, for example by

“brandishing, displaying, bartering, striking with, and, most obviously, firing or

attempting to fire, a firearm.” Bailey v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 501, 508 (1995);

see also Richardson, 86 F.3d at 1547. A firearm is “carried” by a defendant

during a drug transaction if the defendant exercises “dominion and control” over

the weapon and transports or moves it. See Richardson, 86 F.3d at 1548. Finally,

in order to use or carry a firearm “during and in relation to” a drug trafficking

offense, the defendant must have intended that the firearm be available for use

during the transaction, and it must be shown that the weapon played an “integral

role in the drug offense.” Id.; see also United States v. Lampley, _F.3d_, 1997

WL 644459, *7 (10th Cir. Oct. 20, 1997) (noting that the government must

establish a “nexus” between the weapon and the underlying offense). 

The evidence that Haley both used and carried the weapon during and in

relation to the transaction for which he was convicted is overwhelming.

According to the record, not only did Haley pick up a semi-automatic weapon,

reload it, and carry it on his person, he also “racked” the semi-automatic weapon,

that is, drew back the spring-loading mechanism on top of the barrel, which had

the effect of chambering a bullet. Taking the evidence in the light most favorable
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to the government, Haley’s actions easily qualify as “brandishing” or

“displaying” the weapon. Furthermore, Haley did not shelve the semi-automatic

or otherwise put it away, but rather he placed it on his person and kept it there for

the duration of the deal. This action clearly fits the legal definition of “carrying”

a firearm. 

As for the “during and in relation to” prong of § 924(c), this court has held

that “‘the evident purpose of section 924(c) was to impose more severe sanctions

where firearms facilitated, or had the potential of facilitating, the commission of’

a drug transaction.” Richardson, 86 F.3d at 1548 (quoting United States v.

Sullivan, 919 F.2d 1403, 1432 (10th Cir. 1990) (further citation omitted). On

appellate review, we may “presume a nexus between a firearm and a drug

trafficking offense when an individual with ready access to a firearm is involved

in such offense . . . . However, a defendant can overcome this presumption by

presenting evidence that the weapon was present for reasons other than

facilitating the drug transaction.” Id. (citations and internal quotations omitted).

Haley argues that he did not use a firearm during and in relation to the

transaction between Coleman and Thomasson, because that transaction just

happened to occur in his room, due to the temporary unavailability of Coleman’s

room. Haley contends that he did not place the guns in the room in anticipation

of the deal, and indeed had no knowledge that a deal was to occur in his room
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until Coleman called him in. He had no stake in the outcome of the deal, and

merely made himself part of the transaction by volunteering to help weigh the

drugs. Because he had no intent to use the weapons and because of his peripheral

involvement in the deal, Haley claims that the evidence shows that the weapons

were present “for a reason other than facilitating a drug transaction.”

Here, Haley took one of the guns that Thomasson had unloaded, reloaded it,

racked it, placed it on his person, and stayed in the room for the remainder of the

transaction. Haley offers no evidence that there was any reason for him to reload,

rack and carry the semi-automatic for any purpose other than to facilitate the

transaction between Coleman and Thomasson. Thus, Haley fails to overcome the

presumed nexus between the firearm and the crime. 

2. Calculation of the quantity of methamphetamine

In applying the Sentencing Guidelines, the district court's factual

determinations of drug quantities are reviewed under the clearly erroneous

standard. See United States v. Richards, 27 F.3d 465, 468 (10th Cir.1994). “In

determining the quantity of drugs involved, the government is not limited to the

amount ... for which a defendant was convicted, and a defendant is responsible for

‘all quantities ... with which he was directly involved.’” United States v. Sloan,

65 F.3d 861, 865 (10th Cir.1995) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt., note 2)) The

Government has the burden of proving the quantity by a preponderance of the
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evidence. See United States v. Cody, 7 F.3d 1523, 1527 (10th Cir.1993). In

making its calculation “[a] sentencing court may consider any reliable source of

information that has some minimum indicia of reliability." Id.

The district court calculated Haley’s base offense level to be 18, as

established under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(11) (trafficking involving 20 to 40 grams

of methamphetamine). Haley admits that the 6.9 grams purchased by Thomasson

during the transaction that Haley assisted were properly used to calculate his

sentence, but argues that it was error for the district court to consider as relevant

an additional 21 uncharged grams of methamphetamine that co-defendant

Coleman testified he fronted to Haley to sell over a two-week period prior to the

November 30 transaction with Thomasson for which Haley was convicted. Haley

does not dispute that he received the 21 grams of methamphetamine, but insists

that the Government failed to prove that he ever intended to sell, or that he did in

fact sell, the 21 grams of methamphetamine in question. Haley claims that

because he could only have been charged for possession, not aiding and abetting

distribution, of those 21 grams, that quantity of methamphetamine cannot be

considered relevant conduct under the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2); 

§ 3D1.2(d); United States v. Taylor, 97 F.3d 1360, 1363 (10th Cir. 1996).

Haley does not assert that he in fact used all 21 grams personally, nor does

he offer any corroborating evidence of what became of the 21 grams of
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methamphetamine at issue. Instead, Haley claims that the Government failed to

meet its burden of proof that he obtained the 21 grams during the two-week

period prior to November 30 for the purpose of distributing it. However, the

Government presented a plethora of evidence that he did. Coleman testified that

during that period he repeatedly entrusted Haley with quantities of

methamphetamine in small retail-sized packages to sell for Coleman. Coleman’s

drug ledgers substantiate the amounts fronted to Haley during that period, as well

as showing that Haley made partial payments on the drugs fronted by Coleman. 

Haley told others that was able and willing to sell methamphetamine. Brenda

Baker, Coleman’s girlfriend and fellow methamphetamine addict, testified that

Haley might use between one-quarter to one-half a gram of methamphetamine per

day. Thus, he might have consumed somewhere between four and seven grams 

within a two-week period. Given that Haley offered no proof of what happened

to the 21 grams of methamphetamine he was fronted, the Government more than

met its burden of providing the court with a preponderance of evidence that

Haley obtained the additional 21 grams of methamphetamine from Coleman for

the purpose of selling it. The district court found that Haley generally received

methamphetamine from Coleman for the purpose of reselling it. The court did not

err in considering this amount of methamphetamine to be relevant in determining

Haley’s base offense level. 
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Conclusion

For the reasons stated above Haley’s conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)

and the district court’s calculation of Haley’s base offense level are AFFIRMED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

David M. Ebel

Circuit Judge