--/ 

GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

Proposed NSPS for 


GHG Emissions 


Bruce Rising, Vice Chair 


Environmental Affairs Committee 


August 1, 2013 


1 
/ 

GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

• Alstom Power 


" GE Energy 


• Florida Turbine Technologies 

• Meggitt Sensing Systems 

• Pratt & Whitney Power Systems 

• Rolls-Royce 

• Siemens Energy, Inc. 

• Solar Turbines Incorporated 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 2 
GAS TIJRBlNE ASSOCIATION 

GTA Recommendations 

• Maintain exclusion of simple cycle gas turbines 

" Raise the C02 level to at least 1,1 00 lb/MWh 

.. Prohibit the NSPS C02 limit from being adopted as the 

presumptive C02 BACT level for simple cycle turbines 

.. Include exemption for startup/shutdown and part load operation 

.. Allow an alternate method to GEMs for compliance 

measurement 

• Modify method for computing the 12-month rolling average 

.. Exempt combined heat and power units 

• 	 Allow 500 hours of operation on backup fuel without inclusion in 

the emission average 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC 	 Page 3 
Simple Cycle Exclusion 


GASTURBINEASSOCIATlON ----------------­

• GTA supports exclusion of simple cycle systems 

• Simple cycle gas turbines are highly flexible and react rapidly 

- Enable renewable integration through enhanced grid stability 

- Rapid starts/stops and load/unload rates 

- Grid frequency & voltage regulation 

- Peak shaving, backup power, rapid installation for new demands 

• NGCC while flexible, cannot substitute for simple eye_!§ 1 fs .~r-~ 

.. Many simple cycle units run more than(2,900 hOurs per yea0 '1~ 

- Particularly in support of renewable generation snes 

• Proposed range of 950 - 1,1 00 lb/MWh does not reflect BSER* for SC 

.. Exclusion provides no incentive for simple cycle over NGCC 

*Best System Emission Rate 

013 Washington, DC Page 4 

iMS"""\ Vv~~~s.~' "'~ &fVJ'o..'?~ t, .r ~~

vu,l ~fN'- 't 3 * "\'W-i--t~ 
Increase C02 limit to 1,100 lb/MWh limit 

GASTURBtNEASSOCIATtON ---------~----------

• Only gas fired combined cycle turbines have the efficiencies to 


reach this threshold. 


• But even they cannot all achieve this 


- Requires pipeline natural gas (not fuel oil) 


- Site conditions, part-load operation, design features, and 


operating hours all tend to raise the emissions expressed on 

an output basis 

.. 	 Simple cycle turbines cannot reach this threshold 

" 	While new cycle design features continue to be introduced, pre2006 turbine designs are still manufactured and sold to support 


customer needs. 


1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC 	 Page 5 
Operating Conditions 


GASTURBINEASSOOATION ------~---------

" 	Part load operation results in reduced cycle efficiency, increasing 


the emissions output 


- Part load is a necessity in cases where fast starting and 

ramping are required (e.g. support renewable energy 

generation, such as wind or solar) 

• Site conditions substantially impact output based emissions 


- High ambient temperatures erode efficiency 


- Cooling system designs (open loop cooled vs. air cooled 


systems) have a major impact 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC 	 Page 6 
Compliance Monitoring 


GAS TURBINE ASSOOATION 	 =· 

• Monitoring can be more effectively and accurately accomplished 

by fuel flow monitoring 

- All gas turbine systems include high accuracy flow monitors 

- Fuel carbon content is relatively constant (75% by mass for 

natural gas). Pipeline tariffs maintain a relatively consistent 

composition 

- Performance (Megawatt-hours generated) is well measured 

and recorded (data filed to FERC) 

-	 This will produce greater accuracy in determining output 

based emissions compared to CEMS data. 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC 	 Page 7 
CHP/Cogen Exemption 


GASTURB!NEASSOCIATION ---------------­

" Recommend exemption for gas turbines in the CHP category 


- They represent a category of very efficient system systems 


for power and thermal energy production 


- Thermal energy is recovered from a simple cycle turbine 


exhaust, but not necessarily to produce electricity 


• But some Combined Heat and Power also produce electricity 


" It is difficult to quantify the thermal energy in terms of equivalent 


kWh to determine compliance of combined heat and power with 

the proposed NSPS would be immense and impractical 

• Some CHP units also make use of a unique fuel that may be 

produced in-house 

- May be substantially different from pipeline natural gas or No. 2 Fuel Oil. 

• 	 Additional support for an alternative fuel exemption, in addition to a 

category exemption 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC 	 Page 8 
GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

Fuel Choice 


• The proposed standard is only likely to be achieved using 

pipeline natural gas fuel 

- While most gas turbines in the US are gas-fired, there is still 

a segment of the fleet that still uses fuel oil. 

- Fuel oil backup provides operating flexibility, especially on 

peaking units not committed to long-term gas contracts. 

- Operating with a few hundred hours of on fuel oil would push 

a combined cycle above the threshold, even using 

annualized averaging methods 

" 	Exempt from reporting C02 emissions when operating fuel oil, 

alternative fuels (e.g. landfill gas, blast furnace gas) 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC 	 Page 9 
Impact of load on C02 


GASTURBINEASSOCIATION -------------------­

Impact of Condenser on Efficiency and C02 Output 

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1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC 	 Page 10 
Impact of Ambient Temperature 


GAS TURBINE ASSOCIAT!ON 

large Combined Cyde(Variable Ambient, Air Cooled Condenser} 

40 


37 


35 


32 


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5 


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60 
 65 70 75 so 85 90 95 100 


Ambient Temperature 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 11 

Impact of Fuel 


GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

2,000 ~--------------~---------------~---------------~---------------7---------------r--------------, I I I I l 

I I I I 

' ' 

' 

: 1 

1,800 I 

I 

' ' ' ' ' 1,600 ' ' ' ' ' 

' ' 

1,400 

I "' ' ' 

N' 

0 

<.1 1,200 ' ' ' 

' ' 

1,000 -- _--~' 

800 --------------L-------------­

: ~ : I I : 

i 

30-% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 

Cycle Efficiency (%) 

, , -Nat~1ral Gas 

--------------~---------------•-------------- I I ~---------------r--------------~ I 

I I ~No.Q: 

' ' 

' ' ~---------------L-------------- --------------~---------------~--------------~ 

' 

' ' ' ' 

--------------~------------- --------------1---------------~--------------~ ' ' 

----;---------------r-------------­ ' ' ----------~---------------r--------------, 

' ' ' ' 

-------------­ _:_------------- _i_------­

' 

~ 

I ______________ ' ' ' j _______________ [ _______________ : _____________ ~ 

' ' ' ' 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 12 

600 
Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, 

Design, Site Conditions, and Fuel 

GASTURB!NEASSOCIATION -----~--------------

USNGCC Fleet (Gas Fired Units,> 25 MVV) 

3,500 .---'---'--'"T-__;_~--.--'-----.'-'--"-,-------r------,---'---"--.------. 

Pre 1995 COD D "n_ Post 1995 COD . 3,000 

2,500 ~ 

c: 

ID 

C) 

z- 2,000 ~ 

D 

(l DO 

~ (l 

?i 1,500 - N 

0 

.0 

1~00~· 

500 

~ 

D 

(l 

0

4,000 " D 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 

Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 13 
Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, 

Decadal Data Summary 

GASTURi!INEASSOCIATION -------------------­

US NGCC Fleet Data (2002-2011 Data)- Gas Only Operation 


C02, lb/MVVh=324.363+0.076*Heat Rate 


2,200 ,----.----'-----'---,-----------,--------,---------'..---'---.-------. 

'Cogen 


2,000 ~, Combined Cycle


t. t. 

t. <> <> 

1,800 <> 

<> --$' 0 

<> t.t. 6. <> <> <> (• t. <>+ <> 

t.t. <> <> t. . t. t§:<> <>t. r !:,_-0 1,600 t,.l!. .t;, t. <> <> <> t. "¥ <> 4J;:tli_"_ g <><> <> t. t. tP /£<>,(> t. t.... 6. :& t. 

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Values not included: 

< 400 l#MVVh and >2,000 l#MVVh 

8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 

Heat Rate (Btu/kVVh) 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 14 
::;:-'V'aJFI!a 

GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, 


Decadal Data Summary 


'"'" 

US NGCC Fleet Data (2002-2011 Data)- Gas Only Combined Cycle 


C02, lb/MWh=98.1428+0.1 039*Heat Rate 


2,200 r----'---.---'--'-'-----.-'-----'---.-------,---..;..._~___,.--, 

~"-- Capacity added before 2006 

Capacity added200G .. or later 2,000 <> <>

<> 

1,800 

<> 

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00 

e 1400 I 

(!) ' 

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800 


GOO 


400 
 Values not included: 

< 400 #/MWh and >2,000 #/MWh

200 

6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 

Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 15 
Reported Monthly C02 Emissions, Multiple Sites 

(Simple Cycle Gas Turbines) 

GASTURBtNEASSOCIATfON ------------------­

Average Calculated Monthly Simple Cycle C02 Emissions, Jb/MWh 

Five Sites, Five Models, Four OEM's, 32 Seperate Gas Turbines 

1,800 

r 

0 New Jersey 


!Ill California
 1,700 ~ D Nevada 


6 Minnesota 
 ~"'!" 

/I

1.600 r A· Kansas r'"" 

1,500 


r 
 ~ A 

·~ 1,400 -... 

-"' 

8 1,300 

u 

1,200 

Operating 1-3 Hours/Month 

1,100 

. 1,000 

900 L-----~------~------~~--~~----~------~----~ 

8,000 9,000 10,000 11 ,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 

Heat Rate, Btu/kWh 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 16 
Reported Annual C02 Emissions, Multiple Sites 

imple le Gas Turbines) GASTURB1NEASSOCIAT!ON ______;__ _;;___ _;;_________;;______ 

Average Annual C02 Emission Simple Cycle .Gas Turbines 

1,400 ,-.---r--.-----.--....-----;----.---.-----.--....-----;---r--.-----.--....-----.---.--, 

• Annual C02 lb/MWh 

1,350 Gas turbines with commercial operation since 2009 

All data are from 2012 reported emissions and performance 

1,300 

1,250 

~ ~ 

::;:; 1 ,200 -

8 

(.) 

1,150 

1,100 

1,050 

1 DOD I h II II ' II II ' II II 'II II, II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II dl II II I II "I II I II II I II I I

' 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 

1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 17 

I 
GTA Recommendations 

GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION 

• 	 Maintain exclusion of simple cycle gas turbines 

• 	 Raise the C02 level to at least 1,1 00 lb/MWh (for a combined 

cycle) 

• 	 Prohibit the NSPS C02 limit from being adopted as the 

presumptive C02 BACT level for simple cycle turbines 

• 	 Include exemption for startup/shutdown and part load operation 

• 	 Allow an alternate method to GEMs for compliance 

measurement 

• 	 Modify method for computing the 12-month rolling average 

• 	 Exempt combined heat and power units 

• 	 Allow 500 hours of operation on backup fuel without inclusion in 

the emission average 

Page 18 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC