Filed 4/4/16 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION EIGHT

LUIS CASTRO

- RAMIREZ,
Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.
DEPENDABLE HIGHWAY EXPRESS, INC.,
Defendant and Respondent. B261165 , B262524
(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC511197)

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles
, Richard Fruin, Judge. B261165 judgment reversed ; B262524 order
reversed

.

Employees ’ Legal Advocates and A. Jacob Nalbandyan for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Gordon & Rees, Don Willenburg, Mark S. Posard and Jennifer M. Lynch for Defendant and Respondent.

____________________________________2

Plaintiff Luis Castro

- Ramirez sued his forme r employer, Dependable Highway Express, Inc. (DHE) , alleging causes of action for disability discrimination, failure to prevent discrimination
, and retaliation under the Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA or the Act ) (Gov. Code, § 12900 et seq.) , as wel l as wrongful termination in violation of public policy . (He alleged other claims not pursue d on appeal

. ) Plaintiff’s son requires daily dialysis , and according to the evidence, plaintiff must be the one to administer the dialysis. For several years, pl aintiff’s supervisor s scheduled him so that he
could be home at night for his son’s dialysis. That schedule accommodation changed when a new supervisor took over and ultimately terminated plaintiff for refusing to work
a shift that did not permit him to b e home in time for his son’s dialysis

. T he trial court granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment and denied p laintiff’s motion to tax

costs.
W e reverse the judgmen t and the order denying the motion to tax costs. Plaintiff
ha s demonstrated triable issues of material fact on his causes of action for associational disability discrimination, failure to prev ent discrimination, retaliation , and wrongful termination in violation of public policy.
FA CTS AND PROC EDURE
1. The Complaint Plaintiff alleged that, when DHE hired him to work as a truck driver in 2010, he
told DHE he had a disabled son who required dialysis on a daily basis and he (plaintiff) was responsible for administering the dialysis. He requested wo rk schedule accommodations that his supervisor initially granted, permitting him to attend to his son in the evening. In 2013, a new supervisor changed his work schedule. Plaintiff complained to the new supervisor about the change in schedule. On April 23, 2013, the supervisor gave plaintiff the 12 :00 p.m. shift. Plaintiff objected and explained that the
shift would not allow him to be home early enough in the evening to tend to his disabled

son. The supervisor spoke to a manager and then terminated plaintiff’s employment. The supervisor told pla intiff he “had quit by choosing not to take the assigned shift.”3

Plaintiff’s complaint alleged a cause of action for associational disability discrimination in violation of FEHA, claiming defendant “was substantially motivated, in part, to terminate Plain tiff because of his association with his disabled family
members

. . . . ” Plaintiff also alleged DHE’s conduct was in retaliation for his assertion of rights under FEHA. Plaintiff alleged several other causes of action, including failure
to take reasonab le steps to prevent the unlawful discrimination, and wrongful termination in violation of public policy.
2. DHE ’ s M otion for Summary J

udgment
The pertinent facts reflected in the parties’ summary judgment papers are as
follows. DHE employed plaintiff at wil l

. DHE hired plaintiff in December 2009 to work
out of its Los Angeles terminal as a local driver

. During his time with DHE , he drove
different routes throug h out Los Angeles County. Plaintiff’s son needs a kidney transplant and has required daily home d ialysis

treatments for the last 15 years

. Plaintiff is the only person in his household who knows how to operate the dialysis machine for his son

. One has to take classes to learn how to operate the m achine

. When pla intiff first began work at DHE , he in formed the recruiting manager who
hired him that he had daily obligations at home related to administering dialysis to his

son

. Plaintiff reported to Armando Gomez and Winston Bermudez, who were his initial supervisors, for over three years

. Bermudez bec ame his supervisor in 2011, when Bermudez was promoted to the dispatcher position

. When Bermudez became his

super visor, plaintiff told Bermudez that he had a disabled son to whom he needed to apply daily dialysis

. He also told Bermudez he needed to end h is shifts early enough to get home for his son’ s treatments

. Bermudez accommodated plaintiff’s needs as often as
he could by giving him a shift that enabled him to care for his son

. Bermudez never gave plaintiff a shift that began as late as noon. Gomez also knew about plaintiff’s special need to go home early to care for his son and informed Bermudez of this when Bermudez first became a dispat cher. Thus, while the schedules of DHE’s drivers varied from day to day , plaintiff’s typical schedule was from 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. until 7:00 or 8:00 p.m.4

T here were times, however, when p laintiff worked shifts ending later, such as after 10:00
or 11:00 p.m. Plaintiff’s ability to work later depended on his son’ s condition on any given day.
The amount of time his son needed to be connected to the machine varied between 10 and
12 hours. The time at which plaintiff would need to s tart administering dialysis also
varied from between 7:00 p.m. and 12:00 a.m. There was no “normal day,” b eyond these general guidelines

. On days when his son would need to be connected on the earlier side
, plaintiff would communicate this to Gomez or Be rmudez. Throughout his employment, plaintiff performed satisfactorily with no problems

. Plaintiff loved his job and appreciated DHE’s a ssistance “from the heart.” That assistance changed, however, when Bermudez was no longer his supervisor.
Some time in March 2013, DHE promoted Bermudez to operations manager and
Bol domero Munoz

- Guillen (known as Junior) became plaintiff’s supervisor (and
Bermudez supervised Junior)

. When this happened
, Bermu dez told Junior that plaintiff had special needs related to his disabled son and needed to leave early . Bermudez asked Junior to “work with” plaintiff

. At some point later in March 2013, plaintiff c omplained to Bermudez that Junior had changed his hours, and he was starting later and finishing later and was unable to
leave to tend to his son. Be rmudez told Junior that p laintiff was complaining about his changing hours and his need to leave early

. J unior told Bermudez that he did not need to bring plaintiff in earlier at the time, but Junior indicated he would “work on that.”
Bermudez never reported plaintiff’s s pecial needs to human resources and did not monitor plaintiff’s schedule after plaintiff complained to him about Junior

. On April 15, 2013, approximately a week before plaintiff’s termination, one of
DHE’s customers sent an e

- mail to Bermudez and another manager (not Junior) asking for plaintiff, the “regular drive [ r ] ,” to do the customer’s deliveries at 7:00 a.m. The
customer stated that it “ha[d] always bee n done like that until recently .” When plaintiff asked Junior about deliveries to this customer, Junior told him that the customer did not want plaintiff to make those deliveries and di d not like plaintiff’s work , and that was why5

Junior had given him s hifts starting later

. A few days later , the customer called plaintiff directly. The customer asked plaintiff why he was not making deliveries. Plaintiff

e x plained that Junior had said t he customer did not like his work. The customer told plaintiff that was untrue and gave him a copy of the e

- mail specifically requesting plaintiff ’s services

. When deposed, Junior testified that he had seen the e

- mail from the customer, but he could not recall exactly when. On April 22, 2013, Junior assigned plaintiff a shift that started at 11:55 a. m., the
late st he had ever started a shift, and ended at 9:04 p.m. He had “ no problem ” with the

route that day because it still allowed him to be home in ti me for his son’s dialysis

. But he told Junior: “Please, I need to have my job like always. I’ve always had help from everyone except you.” The following day, on April 23, 2013, Junior assigned plaintiff a shift beginning at 12:00 p.m. Unlike the previ ous day, this assignment was for a route from Los Angeles to
Oxnard and back, including multiple pickups and deliveries

. Plaintiff explained to Junior
that it was too late in the day for him to drive that route because he could not get back in
time to adm inister dialysis to his son by 8:00 p.m

. Plaintiff requested another route or simply to take that day off

. He also reminded Junior that Bermudez had already talked to
Junior about plaintiff ’s need for shifts enabling him to leave early for his son

. When plaintiff complained to Junior, Junior laughed and said, “Winston [ Bermudez ] doesn’t work here anymore. Now it’s me.” Junior told plaintiff that if he did
not do the rout e, he was fired. Plaintiff said he was sorry, but he could not do it. Junior
told him to return the next day t o sign the termination paperwork.
Plaintiff returned to DHE for three consecutive days after that because he wanted
to work

. O n the third day, another manager told him that he had not worked for three days and “of course ” he was terminated. DHE processed the termination as a

“ [ v ] oluntary [ t ] ermination ” or “ [ r ] esignation,” with the stated reason being “ [ r ] efused assignment.” Plaintif

f refused to sign the document stating he had resigned.6

On the day Junior terminated plaintif f, Junior schedule d at least eight other drivers to start shifts well before noon, with start times at 4:54 a.m., 5:54 a.m., 7:00 a.m., 7:54 a.m., 8:06 a.m., 8:54 a.m., 9:00 a.m., and 10:54 a.m. Maria Ramirez, defendant’s human resources manager, testifie d: “It is not
uncommon for drivers at [ DHE ] to refuse work assignments for a variety of reasons; if one of its drivers refuses a work assignment for any reason, this is grounds for termination.” DHE’s employee handbook states refusal to obey a supervisor ’s order or refusal to perform a job assignment is grounds for disciplinary action, including suspension without pay, discharge, counseling, and warning notices.
3. The Trial Court’s Ruling s The trial court granted DHE ’s motion for summar y judgment, concludi ng that
there was no triable issue of material fact on any cause of action. The court rejected plaintiff’s theory that DHE violated FEHA by terminating him for requesting an accommodation to care for a relative with a disability. The court concluded plai ntiff’s evidence at best showed that Junior was unwilling to provide accommodation to the same extent as plaintiff’s previous supervisor. The court found no evidence to show the termination decision was based on plaintiff’s association with his child, or in retaliation for his scheduling requests. Even assuming plaintiff could make a prima facie case, the court found inadequate evidence that defendant’s stated reason for termination was pretextual. Plaintiff could not show the assignment he refused was i mproperly motivated, because plaintiff worked nearly identical hours the previous day without objection.
The co urt entered judgment for DHE and entered an amended judgment of
dismissal several weeks later, awarding statutory costs to DHE in the amount of $7,592.08

. Still later, on January 8, 2015, the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion to tax or strike DHE ’s costs, rejecting plaintiff’s argument that an employer is not entitled to
costs in a FEHA action

. Plaintiff appealed from the judgment and the su bsequent order denying his motion

to tax costs. We consolidated the appeals for purposes of briefing, oral argument
, and
decision.7 STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review an order granting summary judgment de novo, “ considering all the
evidence set forth in the mov ing and opposition papers except that to which objections
have been made and sustained. ” ( Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 317,
334 ( Guz )

. ) A defendant moving for summary judgment must show “ that one or more
elements of the cause of action

. . . cannot be established, or that there is a complete
defense to that cause of action. ” ( Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. ( p )(2) .) “In performing our de novo review, we must view the evidence in a light favorable to plaintiff as the losing party [citat ion], liberally construing [his or] her evidentiary submission while strictly scrutinizing defendants’ own showing, and resolving any evidentiary doubts or ambiguities in plaintiff’s favor.” ( Saelzler v. Advanced Group 400 (2001) 25 Cal.4th 763, 768 .) We accept as true both the facts shown by the losing party’s evidence and reasonable inferences from that evidence. ( Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 856; Sada v. Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 138
, 148.)
S um mary judgment is appropriate only when “all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) A triable issue of
material fact exists if the evidence and inferences therefrom would allow a reasonable juror to find the underlying fact in favor o f the party opposing summary judgment. ( Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. , supra , 25 Cal.4th at p p. 850 , 856 .)
DISCUSSION
1. A ssociational Disability Discrimination FEHA provides a cause of action for associational disability discrimination
,

a lthough it is a seldom

- litigated cause of action

. ( Rope v. Auto

- Chlor System of Washington, Inc. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 635, 656

- 657 ( Rop e )

. ) As to disability discrimination generally, FEHA makes i t is unlawful for an employer, “ because of the

. . . physical disability

. . . of any person,

. . . to discharge the person from employment

. . . or8

to discriminate against the person

. . . in te rms, conditions, or privileges of employment. ” (Gov. Code, § 12940, subd. (a).) 1 T he very definition of a “physical disability” embraces association with a physically disabled person. FEHA explains that the phrase “‘physical disability’

. . . includes a perception

. . . that the person is associated with a person who has, or is perceived to have ” a physical disability. (§ 1292 6, subd. ( o ).) 2 A ccordingly
, when FEHA forbids discrimination based on a disability, it also f orbids discrimination
based o n a p erson’s association with another who has a disability.
A prima facie case of disability discrimination under FEHA requires a showing
that (1) the plaintiff suffered from a disability
, (2) the plaintiff was otherwise qualified to do his or her job
, with or without reasonable accommodation, and (3) the plaintiff was subjected to adverse e mployment action because of the disability. ( Green v. State of California (2007) 42 Cal.4th 254, 262 ( Green ) ; see Nealy v. City of Santa Monica (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 359, 378

- 379 ; Jensen v. Wells Fargo Bank (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 245,
255 ( Jensen )

. ) Ad a pting this framework to the associatio nal discrimination context, the “disability” from which the plaintiff suffers is his or her association with a disabled

person. Respect ing the third element, the disability must be a substantial factor motivating the employer’s adverse employment action. ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, § 11009 , subd. (c) ; Harris v. City of Santa Monica (2013) 56 Cal.4th 203, 229, 232; Rope , supra , 220 Cal.App. 4th at p. 65 8

. )
Once the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, “the burden then shifts to the employer to offer a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment
action. ” ( Deschene v. Pinole Point Steel Co. (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 33, 4 4 .) The

1 Further undesignated statutory re ferences are to the Government Code.

2 The complete text states: “ As used in [FEHA] in connection with unlawful practices, unless a different meaning clearly appears from the context: [¶]

. . . [¶] ( o )

‘ Race, religious creed, color, national origin, a ncestry, physical disability, mental disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, sex, age, sexual orientation, or military and veteran status’ includes a perception that the person has any of those characteristics or that the person is associated with a person who has, or is perceived to have, any of those characteristics. ” (§ 12926, subd. ( o ).)9

plaintiff may then show the employer’s proffered reason is pretextual ( Rope, supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 656 ) or offer any further evidence of discriminatory motive. ( Guz,

supra , 24 Cal.4th at p. 356.) “ In an appropriate case, evidence of disho nest reasons, considered together with the elements of the prima facie case, may perm it a finding of prohibited bias.” ( Ibid. ) Here, DHE challenges plaintiff’s case on several grounds. First, it argues that plaintiff’s “entire case hinges on his fervent belief that [DHE] had an obligation to provide him with a special schedule as an accommodation for his son’s illness,” but DHE had no such duty

. Second, DHE argues that, as a matter of law, plaintiff cannot establish
his association with his disabled son motivated his termination, and moreover he cannot show that DHE’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating him was pretextual. As we shall explain, none of these arguments entitle DHE to summary judgment

.

a. Reasonable Accommodation in the Assoc iational Dis ability Context
DHE maintains that this is fundamentally a reasonable accommodation case, and
FEHA is “ clear ” that employers need not make accommodations for associates of the
disabled

— that is, only employees who are themselves disabled are en titled to reasonable accommodations. For his part, plaintiff tells us he has abandoned the reasonable accommodation cause of action pled in the complaint
, and so that claim is not at issue on appeal. Even if plaintiff has abandoned his cause of action fo r failure to provide reasonable accommodation, the issue is relevant to his d iscrimination cause of action. Moreover, it is not at all clear under FEHA that employers have no duty to provide reasonable accommodations in the associational disability contex t. No published California case has determined whether employers have a duty under FEHA to provide
reasonable accommodation s to an applicant or employee who is associated with a disabled person. W e hold that FEHA creates such a duty according to the plai n language
of the Act

. FEHA provides separate causes of action for discriminating against employees
because of their disabilit ies (§ 12940, subd. (a)) and failing to provide reasonable10

acco mmodations for the disabilities of employee s (§ 12940, subd. (m)(1 )). ( Nealy v. City of Santa Monica, supra , 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 371

. ) The elements of an accommodation
cause of action are similar but not identical to those for a discrimination cause of action. An accommodation cause of action does not require proof that the employee’s disability resulted in an adverse employment action because the failure to accommodate violates
the statute in and of itself. ( Jensen, supra , 85 Cal.App.4t h at p. 256.) Plaintiffs often pursue these two c auses of action together. “[E ] mployment discrimination cases, by their very nature, involve several causes of action arising from the same set of facts.” ( Brown v. Superior Court (1984) 37 Cal.3d 477, 486 .) But when, as here, the plaintiff has chosen to pursue only a discrimination cause of action, reasonable accommodation is still
intertwi ned with that plaintiff’s case. This is because, as discussed above, one element of the discrimination plaintiff’s case is that the plaintiff was qualified to do his or her job
, with or without re asonable
accommodation . ( Green , supra , 42 Cal.4th at p p

. 261

- 262; Jensen
, supra , 85 Cal.App.4th at p. 255

. ) Section 12940, subdivision (a) prohibits discrimination based on physical disability. S ubdivision (a) (1) clarifies that FEHA does not prohibit di scharging an employee with a physical disability “where the employee, because of his or her physical

. . . disability, is unable to perform his or her essential duties even with reasonable accommodations.” (§ 12940, subd. (a)(1).) Thus, “in disability
di scrimination actions, the plaintiff has not shown the defendant has done anything wrong until the plaintiff can show he or she was able to do the job with or without
reasonable accommodation. ” ( Green , supra , 42 Cal.4th at p. 265

. ) On the other hand,
the employer may have done something wrong if the plaintiff could perform the job with
reasonable accommodation.
DHE wants us to modify this framework for a prima facie disability discrimination case so that the plaintiff must be qualified for his or her job without reasonable
accommodation
, not qualified with or without reasonable accommodation

. DHE draws support from the por tion of FEHA giving rise to a cause of action for failure to provide reasonable accommodation, section 12940, subdivision (m). The per tinent language11

makes it an unlawful employment practice “[f]or an employer or other entity covered by this part to fail to make reasonable accommodation for the known physical or mental disability of an applicant or employee.” (§ 12940, subd. (m)(1).) C ontrary to DHE’s assertion, this language does not limit the duty to accommodate to employees who personally experience physical disabilities. One must read the parts of a statutory scheme together and construe them in a manner that gives effect to each. ( City of Huntington Beach v. Board of Administration (1992) 4 Cal.4th 462, 468.) And under section 12926, subdivision ( o ), “ ‘ physical disability ’

. . . includes a perception” that a person “is associated with a person who has, or is perceived to have,” a physical disability. An association with a physically disabled person is itself a disability under FEHA, in other
words. Like the many other definitions set forth in section 12926, t his definition of a physical disability applies “in connection with unl awful practices [under FEHA], unless a different meaning clearly appears from the context

. ” (§ 12926.) Accordingly, when section 12940, subdivision (m) says employers must reasonabl y accommodat e “the known physical

. . . disability of an applicant or emp loyee, ” the disabilities that employers must accommodat e include the employee’s association with a physically disabled person. FEHA creates an associational disability discrimination claim in this exact

manner

— by reading “association with a physically dis abled person” into the Act where “physical disability” appears in section 12940, subdivision (a)

. ( § 12940, subd. (a) [it is unlawful “[f]or an employer, because of the

. . . physical disability

. . . of any person

. . . to bar or to discharge the person from employment

. . . or to discriminate against the person in compensation or in terms, conditions, or privileges of employment ”] ; Rope,

supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at pp. 656

- 657.) Nothing in the Act convinces us that we should
decline to read “association w ith a physically disabled person” into “ physical disability ” when it appears in another subdivision of equal dignity within section 12940 ( subdivision (m) )

. DHE also draws support for its argument from federal case law interpreting the
Americans with Disa bilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) (42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq

. ). These cases12

and the ADA do not govern our analysis of this issue and may be meaningfully distinguished . We often look to federal law interpreting the ADA when construing FEHA, particularly when the question involves parallel statutory language. ( Gelfo v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 34, 57.) But the two statutory schemes

a re not coextensive. Our Legislature has expressly declared “[t]he law of this state in the
area of disabilities provides protections independent from those in the [ADA]. Although the federal act provides a floor of protection, this state’ s law has always, even prior to passage of the federal act, afforded additional protections. ” ( § 12926.1 , subd. (a).) One
inst ance in which we should p art ways with federal case authority is when the statutory language is not parallel. That is the case here. The ADA creates a cause of action for associational disability discrimination using much different language than FEHA

. T he “[g]eneral rule” is that “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability

. . . . ” ( 42
U.S.C. § 12112(a).) “ [T] he term ‘ discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability ’ includes ,” among other things, “ excluding or otherwise denying equal jobs or benefits to a qualified individual because of the known disability of an individual with whom the qualified individual is known to have a relationship or association .” (42 U.S.C. § 12112(b )(4).) Unlike FEHA, the ADA does not define the term “ disability ”
itself as including association with the disabled. It merely defines discrimination based
on association as one type of “ ‘ discriminat[ ion ] against a qualified individual on the basis
of di sability. ’ ” O ne cannot , therefore, read “ association with a disabled person ” into the
ADA whenever one sees the term “ disability

. ” Elsewhere, the ADA states “ ‘ discriminat[ing] against a qualified indivi dual on the basis of disability ’ ” also includes “ not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee .” (42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5) (A) , italics added .) By these plain terms, the ADA requires rea sonable accommodations only for applicants or employees
who themselves have disabilities. ( Den Hartog v. Wasatch Academy (10th Cir. 1997) 129 F.3d 1076, 1084.) The same cannot be said of FEHA, however, because of the way13

it plainly defines disability as encompassing association with a disabled person. FEHA has provided broader protec tions than the ADA in this way, and we should give effect to the clear intent of our Legislature.
We thus have no disagreement with federal cases determining that, under the ADA, employers need not provide reasonable accommodati ons to employees who are relatives or associates of the disabled. FEHA’s language is simply not parallel to the ADA in this regard. For this reason, we are not persuaded by DHE’s citation to federal
cases such as Erdman v. Nationwide Ins. Co. (3d Cir. 2009) 582 F.3d 500, 510, Larimer v. International Business Machines Corp. (7th Cir. 2004) 370 F.3d 698, 700 ( Larimer ), Den Hartog v. Wasatch Academy , supra , 129 F.3d at page 1084, and Tyndall v. National
Educ. Centers (4th Cir. 1994) 31 F.3d 209, 214
, all holding that the duty to accommodate
under the ADA does not extend to nondisabled relatives or associates of the disabled.
To return to the first question raised by DHE’s argument
, if employers have a d uty to provide reasonable accommodation s for employees’ association with disabled persons,
there is no reason to excise the issue from the discrimination case. That is, the plaintiff must show he or she was qualified for the job, either with or without re asonable
accommodation. ( Green , supra , 42 Cal.4th at p p . 261

- 262; Jensen
, supra , 85 Cal.App.4th at p. 255

. ) And, the employer may be liable if the employee could perform the essential functions of the job with reasonable accommodation. ( Green , supra , at p. 265.) Hence, whether plaintiff here could perform his job with a reasonable accommodation (a modified schedule to administer dialysis to his son) was certainly relevant, and the circumstance that he might have required an accommodated schedule

was no bar to his discrimination claim. DHE was not entitled to summary judgment on this ground. Before moving on, we briefly consider t he only reported California case exp ressly addressing the merits of an associational disability discrimination claim, Rope, s upra , 220 Cal.App.4th 635

. ( We discuss Rope at more length in the following subpart.) Rope dealt
with the third element of the plaintiff’s discrimination case

— whether the disability of his
associate was a substantial factor motivating the employer’s adve rse employment action.14

( Id. at pp. 656

- 658 .) The court did not delve into or expressly decide whether FEHA requires reasonable accommodations in the associational disability context. Rope stated the elements of the plaintiff’s prime facie discrimination case as: the plaintiff “‘was a member of a protected class; was qualified for the position he sought; suffered an adverse employment action, and there were circumstances suggesting that the employer acted with a discriminatory motive.’” ( Rope , at p. 656 .) Rope quoted Jones v. Department of
Corrections & Rehabilitation ( 2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1367, 1379 for this statement of the pla i ntiff’s prima facie case. Jones was a gender and race discrimination case brought
under FEHA , not a disability discriminati on case

. ( Jones , at p p. 1373, 1380. ) Reasonable accommodations, which only figure into disability
, medical condition , or religious cases (§ 12940, subd s . (a)(1)

- (2) , ( l ) (1)

- (4) ) , are irrelevant in a race and gender
discrimination case . As such, it is un surprising that Jones ’s statement of the framework
for the discrimination case made no mention of the plaintiff being qualified with or
without reasonable accommodation. This is all to say that we do not feel bound by Rope ’s statement of the prima face di sability discrimination case , given that it adopted the framework from a nondisability case.
b. Discriminatory Motive and Pretext Moving to DHE’s challenge to the evidence of discriminatory motive and pretext
, our starting point is Rope

. R ope relied substan tially on Larimer , which the Rope court described as “ the seminal authority on disability

- based associatio nal discrimination under the ADA.” ( Rope, supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 656.)
In Larimer , the court opined that “[t]hree types of situation are, we b elieve, within the intended scope of the rarely litigated

. . . association section [of the ADA] . We’ll call them ‘expense,’ ‘disability by association,’ and ‘distraction.’” ( Larimer, supra , 370 F.3d at p. 700.) The court continued: “They can be illust rated as follows: an employee is fired (or suffers some other adverse personnel action) because (1) (‘expense’ ) his spouse has a disability that is costly to the employer because the spouse is covered b y the company’s health plan; (2a) (‘disability by ass ociation’ ) the employee ’ s homosexual companion is infected with HIV and the employer fears that the employee may also have15

become infected, through sexual contact with the companion; (2b) (another example of disability by a ssociation) one of the employee’ s blood relatives has a disabling ailment that has a genetic component and the employee is likely to develop the disability as well (maybe the relati ve is an identical twin); (3) (‘distraction’ ) the employee is somewhat inattentive at work because his spous e or child has a disability that requires his attention, yet not so inattentive that to perform to his employer’ s satisfaction he would need an accommodation, perhaps by being allowed to work shorter hours. ” ( Larimer, supra , 370 F.3d at p. 700.) 3 Rope de scribed the three categories in which Larimer found a motive for associational disability discrimination (expense, disability by association, and distraction). A t the same time, Rope observed that Larimer “provided an ‘illustrat[ive],’
rather than an exha ustive, list of the kind of circumstances which might trigger a claim of associational discrimination.” ( Rope, supra , 220 Cal.App.4 th at p. 657.) “[A]nd more importantly, Larimer was decided under the ADA; the provisions of FEHA are broadly
construed and afford employees more protection than the ADA.” ( Ibid. ; see § 12926.1, subd. (a) .) So w hile the Rope plaintiff’s alleged facts did not “ fit neatly within ” one of
Larimer ’s three categories, the court concluded the plaintiff had sufficiently pleaded a

pr ima facie “ ‘ expense ’ ” claim for associational disability discrimination . ( Rope, supra , at
p. 657

. )
In Rope , t he employer hired the plaintiff in late 2010. When hired , he alleged ly
informed the employer that he intended to take a leave of absence to dona te a kidney to his sister in February 2011. He requested a paid leave of absence to do so, under a then

new statute requiring the employer to provide paid leave. Two days before the statute
took effect on January 1, 2011 , the employer terminated him on t he allegedly pretextual

3 Larimer inserted the “qualification concerning the need for an accommodation” into category three “because the right to an accommodation, being limited to disabled employees, does not extend to a nondisabled associate of a disabled person” under the ADA. ( Larimer, supra , 370 F.3d at p. 700.) FEHA and the ADA do not align here, as just determined.16

basis of poor performance. ( Rope, supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at pp. 642

- 643 , 658 .) The
“reasonable inference” from these facts was that the employer “ acted preemptively to avoid an expense stemming from [the plaintiff’s] association w ith his physically disabled sister.” ( Id. at p. 658.) The plaintiff had therefore met his burden “to show the adverse employment action occurred under circumstances raising a reasonable inference that the disability of his relative or associate was a sub stantial factor mot ivating the employer’s decision.” ( Ibid. ) We agree with Rope that Larimer provided an illustrative, rather than an exhaustive, list of the kinds of circumstances in which we might find an associational disability discrimination claim. The common thread among the Larimer categories is simply that they are instances in which the “ employer has a motive to discriminate against a nondisabled employee who is merely associated with a disabled person .” ( Larimer, supra , 370 F.3d at p. 702.) A s we discuss above, this is an element of a plaintiff’s prima facie case

— that the plaintiff’ s association with a disabled person was a substantial motivating factor for the employer’ s adverse employment action. Rope held the alleged facts in that case cou ld give rise to an in f erence of such discriminat o ry motive. Our facts do not fit neatly within one of the Larimer categories either, but they

are not r equired to so long as a jury may infer the requisite discriminatory motive. A jury could reasonably inf er from the ev idence here that plaintiff’s association
with his disabled son was a substantial motivating factor in Junior ’s decision to terminate him, and furthermore, that Junior’s stated reason for termination was a pretext. Junior knew that plaintiff needed to finish his assigned route at a time that permitted him to administer dialysis to his son. Bermudez told Junior of plaintiff’s needs in this respect and asked Junior to work with plaintiff wh en Junior took over as plaintiff’s supervisor

. That sa me month
, p laintiff complained to Bermudez that Junior was scheduling him later
than usual , prom

pting Bermudez to remind Junior of plaintiff’s need to be home for his son’s dialysis. Despite knowing of plaintiff’s need to be home early, the month after
Ju nior took over, he scheduled plaintiff for a shift that started at noon, later than plaintiff
had ever sta rted before. Junior did this even though eight other shifts well before noon17

were available, and even though DHE’s customer had specifically requeste d that plaintiff

— the customer’s regular driver

— do their 7:00 a.m. deliveries

. There was no apparent reason why Junior could n ot have scheduled plaintiff for one of these earlier
shifts. ( The explanation Junior proffered earlier for not assigning plaintif f the 7:00 a.m.
shift was false . Junior told plaintiff the customer was unhappy with his work and did not want him making the customer’s deliveries, when the customer’s feedback was quite the opposite, and plaintiff never had any performance issues at DHE

. ) P laintiff told Junior he
could not work the shift and r oute assigned to him because he had to be home to administer dialysis to his son, but he asked to r eturn the ne xt day for assignment. It should have been apparent plaint iff was not acting in bad f aith or simpl y being
insubordinate

. Yet Junior did not attempt to work with plaintiff. Instead, he laughed and told plaintiff Bermudez w as not in charge anymore. Even though DHE’s policies allowed for less severe disciplinary action than termination, fo r plaintiff’s one

- time refusal to work the shift assigned to him, Junior terminated him

. One reasonable inference from these facts is that Junior wanted to avoid the
inconvenience and distraction plaintiff’s need to care for his disabled son posed to Juni or

as the person responsible for schedul ing the drivers

. Thus, Junior engineered a situation
in which plaintiff would refuse to work the shift , giving Junior reason to terminate him

. In other words, plaintiff’s termination for refusal to work the shift w as a pretext for Junior’s desire to be rid of someone whose disabled associate made Junior’s job harder

. Just as the facts in Rope gave rise to the inference that the employer acted preemptively
to avoid the expense of paid leave ( Rope, supra , 220 Cal.App .4th at p. 658) , these facts

may give rise to the inference that Junior acted proactively to avoid the nuisance plaintiff’s association with his disabled son would cause Junior in the future.
DHE contends a fact finder cannot infer any discriminatory moti ve from Junior’s
actions because it is undisputed that plaintiff had no “set” schedule, he worked a nearly identical shift the day before his termination with no problems, and the time at which he administered dialysis to his son was “fully within his disc retion

. ” DHE suggest s these facts show Junior had no reason to know plaintiff would refuse to work the shift assigned18

to him. But none of this evidence negated Junior’s demonstrated knowledge that plaintiff
had a disabled son at home constraining his sch edule

. P laintiff may not have had a set schedule in the sense that he did not start or finish his shifts at the exact same time every day , but he had a typical schedule that allowed him to start around 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. and finish by 7:00 or 8:00 p.m. F urthermore, t o say plaintiff had full discretion as to what time he could administer dialysis mischaracterizes plaintiff’s responsibility

. It is not as though plaintiff had the freedom to choose any time. The way he described it, the time
varied based on his son’s condition. On some days, his son’s condition would worsen
and the boy would need to be connected to the machine for a longer period of time. Plaintiff had learned how to check his son’s condition and
, on that basis, determine when the boy woul d need dialysis. Pl aintiff co uld work the shift starting at 11:55 a.m. one day
before his termination because it did not involve a route to far

- away Oxnard and permitted him to be home in time for dialysis. The facts are that Junior knew plaintiff
had a special need related to his disabled son, and plaintiff told Junior that was the reason he could not work the shift on April 23, 2013. Plaintiff was able to perform satisfactorily
for over three years with the accommodations to the schedule that previous supervisors provided, until Junior took over and fired plaintiff shortly after becoming his supervisor. Viewing the evidence in a light favorable to the nonmoving party and i ndulging
the reason able inferences in his favor
, as we must , plaintiff has demons trated a triable issue of material fact in response to DHE’s showing. ( M iller v. Department Corrections (2005) 36 Cal.4th 446, 470 ( Miller ) [ “ We stress that, because this is an appeal from a grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants, a reviewing co urt must examine the
evidence de novo and should draw reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. [Citation.] We believe the Court of Appeal failed to draw such inferences and
took too narrow a view o f th e surrounding circumstances

. ”].)
A rel atively recent district court case, Kouromihelakis v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co. (D. Conn. 2014) 48 F.Supp.3d 175, is instructive. Kouromihelakis denied an employer’s motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s claim that he was fired because of the known disability
of his father. The plaintiff alleged that he had to regularly assist in the care of his19

disabled father , who suffered a debilitating stroke ; his job performance was excellent; he periodically did not report for work by 9:00 a.m.; the employer was aware of h is father’s disability and the reason for the plaintiff’s tardiness; the plaintiff asked for, but was refused, a change in hours under the employer’s “flex time” policy to accommodate his duties to his disabled father; and the employer terminated him after he arriv ed late one day. ( Id. at p p

. 178 , 180

- 181 .) The court concluded these allegations were sufficient to plead a plausible “ ‘distraction’ ” claim under Larimer , and, viewed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, supported “a reasonable inference that the defendant terminated the plaintiff’s employment based on a belief about future absences.” ( Kouromihelakis
, at
pp. 180

- 181.) Like Kouromihelakis , the evidence here give s rise to the reasonable inference that Junior terminated plaintiff based on a belief that plaintiff would want
earlier shifts in the future. Neither Kouromihelakis nor this case fit neatly within the distraction paradigm set forth in Larimer , but a neat fit is not required. The cases on which DHE principally relies do not advanc e its case. In Ennis v.
National Ass n

. of Bus

. and Educ

. Radio, Inc. (4th Cir. 1995) 53 F.3d 55, the court affirmed summary judgment for the employer because the plaintiff could not establish at
least two e lements of her prima facie case: (1) “at the tim e of the discharge, she was performing her job at a level that met her employer’s legitimate expectations”; and (2) “her discharge occurred under circumstances that raise a reasonable inference of unlawful
discrimination.” ( Id. at p. 58 .) She could not s how she was performing her job adequately because the employer had extensively documented numerous instances of poor job performance over the course of several years. ( Id. at p p

. 61

- 62.) Her employer terminated her for poor job performance . ( Id. at p. 5 7. ) She could not show her
association with her HIV

- positive minor son instead motivated her termination, especially in light of the strong evidence that she had performed poorly for years. ( Id. at
p. 62.) She had no facts credibly giving rise to an i nf erence of unlawful discrimination

. ( Ibid. ) Here, by contrast, there was no issue with plaintiff’s performance , and thus no such strong showing that he was legitimately terminated . It was undisputed that he was performing satisfactorily during his entire time with DHE. His request for an20

accommodated schedule only became an issue when Junior took over, and his onetime
refusal to work a shift cannot compare to numerous instances of poor performance over several years. Magnus v. St. Mark United Methodist Church (7th Cir. 2012) 688 F.3d 331, 339
, is also distinguishable. In Magnus , t he plaintiff asserted her employer terminated her because of her association with her mentally disabled daughter, emphasizing that the
termination came two weeks after she rece ived a merit

- based raise
, and one day after she
arrived at work an hour late due to a medical situation with her daughter. ( Id. at p. 333.) But the undisputed evidence showed the raise was an across

- the

- board increase given to
all full

- time employees reg ardless of merit, and the employer had decided to terminate
her the weekend before she arrived late to work. ( Id. at pp. 333

- 334, 338

- 339. ) The plaintiff could not rebut the employer’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for its
actions. T he employer based the termination on numerous documented performance
deficiencies and her refusal to work weekend s ( because of the need to care for her daughter )

. ( Id. at p p

. 335

- 336, 338.) The court observed that the plaintiff’s true complaint was that the church f ailed to accommodate her need to care for her disabled daughter because it mandated that she work weekend s

— but the ADA did not require employers to reasonably accommodate for an employee’s association with a disabled person. ( Magnus , at p p

. 334 , 339 .) Li ke in Ennis , the many performance deficiencies in Magnus justified the plaintiff’s termination, not just a one

- time refusal to w ork that was

arg uably engineered. Our case is also unlike Magnus because FEHA imposes a duty to reasonably accommodate in the a ssocia tional disabili ty context, in contrast to the ADA. In sum, DHE failed to show it was entitled to summary adjudication of the disability discrimination cause of action. Even if this case is about DHE’s refusal to accommodate plaintiff’s schedule so he could administer dialysis to his son, FEHA
entitles associates of the disabled to reasonable accommodations. If plaintiff could perform the essential functions of his job with reasonable accommodation for his son’s disability, and his son’s disability substantially motivated his termination, then DHE may21

be liable for associational disability discrimination. Plaintiff’s evidence gives rise to
reasonable inference s of discriminatory motive and pretext.
2. Retaliation The retaliation provision of FEHA forb ids an employer “ to discharge, expel, or otherwise discriminate against any person because the person has opposed any pra ctices
forbidden under ” FEHA. (§ 12940, subd. (h).) “ Employees may establish a prima facie case of unlawful retaliation by showing th at (1) they engaged in activities protected by the FEHA, (2) their employers subsequently took adverse employment action against them, and (3) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. ” ( Miller , supra , 36 Cal.4th at p. 472 .) DHE asserts plaintiff canno t establish retaliation because he lacks evidence of a protected activity, and even if he engage d in protected activity, he cannot show a causal
link between t hat activity and the adverse employment actio n. We are not persuaded that DHE is entitled to summary adjudication on these grounds.

“ Retaliation claims are inherently fact

- specific ” ( Yanowitz v. L ’ Oreal USA, Inc. (2 005) 36 Cal.4th 1028, 1052 ( Yanowitz ) ) , and “p rotected conduct can take many forms ” ( i d. at p. 1042 )

. “Standing alone, an employee’s unarticulated belief that an employer is engaging in discrimination will not suffice to establish protected conduct for the purposes of establishing a prima facie case of retaliation, where there is no evid ence the employer knew that the employee’s opposition was based upon a reasonable belief that the employer was engaging in discrimination.” ( Id. at p. 1046.) “[C] omplaints about personal grievances or vague or conclusory remarks that fail to put an emplo yer on notice as to what conduct it should investigate will not suffice to establish protected conduct

. ” ( Id. at p. 1047.)
But e mployees need not explicitly and directly inform their employer that they believe the employer’s conduct was discri mi natory or otherwise forbidden by FEHA. ( Yanowitz, supra , 36 Cal.4th at p. 1046.) “‘[A] n employee is not required to use legal

terms or buzzwords when opposing discrimination. The court will find opposing activity if the employee ’ s comments, when read in their to tality, oppose discrimination. ’” ( Id. at22

p. 1047.) “We do not believe employees should be required to elaborate to their employer on the legal theory underlying the complaints they are making, in order to be protected by the FEHA.” ( Miller, supra , 36 Ca l.4th at p. 4 74.) “[C] ourts should recognize that plaintiffs have limited legal knowledge. ” ( Ibid.
, citing Moyo v. Gomez (9th Cir. 1994) 40 F.3d 982, 985

. ) FEHA does not protect “ only the impudent or
articulate. The relevant question

. . . is not wheth er a formal accusation of discrimination
is made but whether the employee’ s communications to the employer s ufficiently convey the employee’ s reasonable concerns that the employer has acted or is acting in an unlawful discriminatory manner. ’ ” ( Yanowitz, s upra , at p. 1047

. ) Further, e mployees’
belief that they are complaining about prohibited conduct “may be inferred from the
nature and content of their repeated complaints. The issue of a plaintif f’ s subjective, good faith belief involves questions of cre dibility and ordinarily cannot be resolved on summary judgment. ” ( Miller , supra , at p. 476 .) Two California Supreme Court cases in particular illustrate the principle that employee s need not complain with the clarity and precision of lawyers to engage in protected conduct: Miller and Yanowitz

. In Miller
, the plaintiffs asserted they complained about improper sexual relationships between a supervisor and several of his
subordinates , favoritism accorded to those subordinates, and subsequent hostile or har assing treatment by tho se subordinates after the plaintiffs express ed their complaints. ( Miller, supra , 36 Cal.4th at pp. 452 , 472

- 473 .) The Court of Appeal concluded that, although the plaintiffs opposed the supervisor’s conduct, “they had not expressed opposition to sex discrimination or sexual harassment. As th e court understood the record, ‘ [p]laintiffs were not complaining about sexual harassment but unfairness. This is not pro tected activity under the FEHA.’” ( Id. at p. 474 .) The Court of Appeal concluded
the defendants were entitled to summary judgment on the plaintiffs’ retaliation claim. ( Id. at p. 460.) Our Supreme Court reversed, holding that although the plaintiffs “may
not have recite d the specific words ‘ sexual discrimination ’ or ‘ sexua l harassment, ’ the nature of their complaint certainly fell within the general purview of FEHA, especially23

when we recall that this case is before us on review of a grant of summary judgment.” ( Id. at p. 475.)
In Yanowitz , the plaintiff’s manager instruc ted her to terminate a dark

- skinned
female sales associate at a retail store because he did not consider the sales associate to be sufficiently physically attractive. ( Yanowitz, supra , 36 Cal.4th at p. 1038.) In response, the plaintiff asked the manager for an adequate justification for terminating the sales associate. ( Ibid. ) On several subsequent occasions, the manager asked the plaintiff if she had fired the sales associate, and the plaintiff each time asked for adequate justification. ( Ibid. ) The plaintiff ultimately refused to terminate the sales associate. She never explicitly told the manager that she believed his order was discriminatory. ( Ibid. ) Ou r Supreme Court held “a trier of fact properly could find that [the manager] knew that [the pl aintiff’s] refusal to comply with his order to fire the sales associate was based on [ the plaintiff’s] belief that [the manager’s] order constituted discrimination on the basis of

sex

— that is, the application of a different standard to a female employee th an that applied to male employees

— and that her opposition to the directive thus was not merely an unexplained insubordinate act bearing no relation to suspected discrimination. [Citation.] A trier of fact properly could find that by repeatedly refusing t o implement
the directive unless [the manager] provided ‘ a dequate justification, ’ [the plaintiff] sufficiently conveyed to [the manager] that she considered the order to be discriminatory and put him on notice that he should reconsider the order because of its apparent discriminatory nature. ” ( Id. at p. 1048 .) Thus, the plaintiff’s evidence permit ted

— though not necessarily compel led

— a reasonable trier of fact to find that she engaged in protected activity. ( Ibid. ) Likewise, here, the evidence would perm it a reasonable trier of fact to find protected activity. Plaintiff complained to Bermudez in March 2013 that Junior had
ch anged his hours so that he was having problems tending to his son . Bermudez communicated the complaint about the change in hours to Junior. Junior already knew that plaintiff required earlier hours because of his obligation to care for his disabled

son

— Bermudez told Junior this when Junior took over. When Junior assigned plaintiff a24

later shift on April 22, 2013, the day before his termination, plaintiff worked it, but complained to Junior that he had “always had help from everyone except you,” and pleaded with Junior “to have my job like always.” The following day, plaintiff expressed opposition to the shift Junior assigned him bec ause he could not return in time to care for
his so n , and plaintiff refused to work it. Junior terminated him directly.
The trier of fact could reasonably find that p laintiff’s repeated complaints to
Bermudez and Junior about the change in his scheduling , when both knew that he required earlier hours to administer dialysis to his son, constituted opposition to the
denial of a reasonable accommodation in his schedule. Put otherwise, plaintiff showed opposition to a practice forbidden by FEHA (§ 12940, sub d. (h))

. Tied as the complaints were to his son’s disability, t he trier of fact also could find that Junior had reason to know plaintiff’s complaints were not just an unexplained insubordinate act bearing no relation

to perceived unlawful practices. Rath er, one hearing plaintiff’s complaints could infer that plaintiff believed the denial of an accommodated schedule to care for his son was unlawful

. He need not have used the terms “ unlawful ” or “ reasonable accommodation ”
themselves. Even if FEHA did not actually require DHE to reasonably accommodate plaintiff based on his son’s disability

— which it does

—

plaintiff’s good faith belief that DHE’s was acting unlawfully was sufficient. ( Yanowitz, supra , 36 Cal.4th at p. 1043.)
T he evidence would also permit a trier of fact to infer a causal link between plaintiff’s complaints and his termination. Proximity in time between the employee’s protected activity and the adverse employment action suffices to satisfy the employee’s prima facie burden. ( McRae v. Depar tment of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 377, 388.) Plaintiff’s termination came the month after his first complaint and on the heels of his last two complaints. T o the extent DHE argues it has offered evidence of a legitimate , nondis criminatory reason to terminate plaintiff (his refusal to work), we h ave explained in part one that a trier of fact could find this reason pretextual.
DHE additionally maintains tha t , at best
, plaintiff’s remarks constituted a request for reasonable accom modation, not a complaint that Junior denied him a reasonable
accommodation he previously receiv ed . DHE cites Rope for the proposition that requests25

for reasonable accommodation alone do not constitute protected activity. ( Rope, supra , 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 652.) Rope is no longer good law on that point , however

. O n July 16, 2015, the Governor approved a bill clarifying that Rope erred on this issue

. An
amendment to section 12940
, effective January 1, 2016, makes it an unlawful for an employer to retal iate or otherwise discriminate against a person for requesting a reasonable accommodation, regardless of whether the employer granted the request. (§ 12940, subd. (m)(2).) The Legislature’s findings in enacting the amendment included this: “Notwithstand ing any interpretation of this issue in Rope

. . . , the Legislature intends (1) to make clear that a request for reasonable accommodation on the basis of religion or disability is a protected activity, and (2) by enacting paragraph (2) of subdivision (m)

. . . , to provide protection against retaliation when an individual makes a request for reason a bl e accommodation under these sections, regardless of whether the request was granted . With the exception of its ho lding on this issue, Rope

. . . remains good law.” ( Stats. 2015, ch. 122, § 1, subd. (d) , approved by Governor, July 16, 2015.)
3. F ai lure to Prevent Discrimination and Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy In DHE’s moving papers , it stated one argument against the causes of action for
f ailure to prevent discrimination and wrongful termination

— that they failed as a matter of law when no discrimination or other unlawful conduct in violation of public policy
occurred. On appeal, DHE argues the same. Given that DHE is not entitled to summa ry adjudication on the discrimination and retaliation causes of action, it has not shown it is
entitled to summary adjudication on failure to prevent discrimination and wrongful
termination

. 4. Costs Appeal The court awarded DHE costs in the judgment as the prevailing party in the action

. Plaintiff appealed from the court’s order denying his motion to tax costs. Because we are reversing the judgment
, and DHE is no longer the prevailing party, DHE is no longer entitled to costs. The order denying the motion to tax costs should also be reversed

.26 DISPO SITION
T he judgment in B261165 is reversed. On appeal, p laintiff has challenged the court’s ruling on only four of his eight causes of action. The court shall enter an order granting DHE’s motion for summary adjudication on the causes of action plaintiff has
abandoned : (1) failure to provide reasonable accommodation, (2) failure to engage in good faith interactive process, (3) hostile work environment, and (4) failure to prevent
harassment. The court’s orde r shall deny summary adjudication on the remaining causes of action: (1) disability discrimination, (2) failure to prevent discri mi nation, (3) retaliation, and (4) wrongful termination in violation of public policy. The order denying
the motion to tax co sts in B262524 is reversed

. P laintiff shall recover his costs on appeal.

FLIER, J.
I CONCUR:

RUBIN, Acting P. J.1

Castro

- Ramirez v. Dependable Highway E x press, Inc. B261165 ; B262524 Grimes, J., Dissenting.
Respectfully, I dissent. I am not prepared to go where no one has gone before, to find a California employer may be liable under FEHA for failing to accommodate a nondisabled employee’s request to modify his work schedule to permit him to care for a disabled family member. It is particula rly inappropriate to do so in this case, because plaintiff expressly told us in his briefs he “has abandoned this theory of liability.” Plaintiff repeatedly tells us “this is not an accommodation case.” Plaintiff asserts the
issue “whether reasonable acc ommodations are available to the associates of the disabled . . . is not before this Court.” He points out that he has not challenged the trial court’s ruling on his cause of action for failure to provide reasonable accommodations. Instead, plaintiff a sserts that even if he was not entitled to an accommodation under FEHA, he was “entitled to an intermittent medical leave of absence to care for his disabled son pursuant to the CFRA [California Family Rights Act (Gov. Code, § 12945.2)], at least on the da y he was terminated .” 1 Plaintiff states: “ The fact that [defendant] may not have discriminated because it was not obligated to affirmatively act to protect [plaintiff’s] employment under one set of laws (the reasonable accommodation provision of the FEHA ) does not mean it did not discriminate when another set of laws (the child care leave provision of the CFRA) obligated [defendant] to affirmatively act to protect his employment. In effect, the CFRA forbade [defendant] from terminating [plaintiff] on Apr il 23, 2013 after he voiced his inability to work his schedule for the day because of his child care obligations to his disabled son.” Plaintiff never alleged defendant violated CFRA, raising this issue for the first time in his appellate reply brief.
As suming for the sake of argument that plaintiff might have been able to allege a CFRA violation, there is no basis for finding a FEHA violation here.

1 Further statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise specified

.2

FEHA prohibits disability discrimination against an employee or applicant, including discrimination based on an association with a person who has a physical disability. (§ 12940, subd. (a) & § 12926, subd. ( o ).) And, “FEHA requires employers to make reasonable accommodation for the known disabilities of applicants and employees to enable them to perform a po sition’s essential functions, unless doing so would produce undue hardship to the employer’s operations.” ( Chin et al., Cal. Prac tice Guide : Employment Litigation (The Rutter Group 2014) ¶ 9:2250 , p. 9

- 194, citing § 12940, subd. (m) and other authorities

. ) The majority conflates the antidiscrimination provisions of sections 12940, subdivision (a) and 12926, subdivision ( o ) with the failure to accommodate provisions of section 12940, subdivision (m). The majority reasons that a person with no disability is statutorily declared to be “disabled” by association with a disabled person, thus triggering an employer’s duty to accommodate a nondisabled applicant or employee so he or she can care for a disabled family member. The parties have cited no legislative history, regulation, case law, administrative decision, or secondary authority to support the majority’s holding that FEHA creates a duty to accommodate a nondisabled applicant or employee who is associated with a nondisabled person. Such authority is ab sent from the majority opinion, as well. The majority has gone out of its way to create a cause of action that no party to this appeal contends exists. The majority reverses the grant of summary judgment on the basis that “the plain language” of FEHA cre ates a duty to accommodate an employee’s disabled family member

– which is simply not so. The majority has indeed boldly gone into a new frontier, fraught with danger for California employers, a mission best left to the Legislature. Putting aside for the moment the absence of authority to support a cause of action
for failure to accommodate a nondisabled person with a disabled family member, there is very little California authority on discrimination against a person associated with a disabled person. The only authority expressly involving a claim of associational disability discrimination is Rope v. Auto

- Chlor System of Washington, Inc. (2013) 2203

Cal.App.4th 635 ( Rope ). In Rope , the court concluded the plaintiff pleaded facts sufficient to support a cla im for association

- based disability discrimination . ( Id. at
p. 642.) The plaintiff alleged he informed his employer in late 2010 that he intended to donate a kidney to his sister in February 2011. He requested a paid leave of absence to do so, under a t hen

- new statute requiring the employer to provide paid leave, effective as of January 1, 2011. Two days before the statute took effect, the employer terminated the plaintiff’s employment on the allegedly pretextual basis of poor performance. ( Id. at
p. 6 43.) Rope observed that the “reasonable inference is that [the employer] acted preemptively to avoid an expense stemming from [the plaintiff’s] association with his physically disabled sister.” ( Rope, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 658.) Rope relied on
Ju dge Posner’ s opinion in Larimer v. International Business Machines Corp . (7th Cir. 2004) 370 F.3d 698 ( Larimer ), describing Larimer as “ the seminal authority on disability

- based associational discrimination under the ADA (Americans with Disabilities
Act of 1990; 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.) . . . .” ( Rope , at p. 656.)
In Larimer , the court identified three circumstances in which an employer might have a motive to discriminate against an employee who is associated with a disabled person, and concluded thes e types of situation were within the intended scope of the “rarely litigated” association provision of the ADA. The court denominated the categories as “expense,” “disability by association,” and “distraction.” ( Larimer, supra, 370 F.3d at p. 700.)
Lar imer explained: “[The three types] can be illustrated as follows: an employee is fired (or suffers some other adverse personnel action) because (1) (‘expense’ ) his spouse has a disability that is costly to the employer because the spouse is covered b y th e company’s health plan; (2a) (‘disability by association’) the employee’ s homosexual companion is infected with HIV and the employer fears that the employee may also have become infected, through sexual contact with the companion; (2b) (another example of disability by a ssociation) one of the employee’ s blood relatives has a disabling ailment that has a genetic component and the employee is likely to develop the disability as well4

(maybe the relati ve is an identical twin); (3) (‘distraction’ ) the employee is somewhat inattentive at work because his spouse or child has a disability that requires his attention, yet not so inattentive that to perform to his employer’ s satisfaction he would need an accommodation, perhaps by being allowed to work shorter hours. ” ( Larimer, supra, 370 F.3d at p. 700.) As to the “distraction” category, the court continued: “ The qualification concerning the need for an accommodation (that is, special consideration) is critical
because the right to an accommodation, being limited t o disabled employees, does not extend to a nondisabled associate of a disabled person

. ” ( Ibid. , citing cases and
29 C.F.R. § 1630.8 , italics added.)
In Larimer , the court affirmed summary judgment for the employer, where the employee was fired shortly af ter his twin children, who were born with a variety of serious medical conditions because of their prematurity, came home from the hospital. ( Larimer, supra, 370 F.3d at p. 699.) The court held the plaintiff “must lose” because the
case fit none of the c ategories the court described. ( Id. at pp. 700, 701 [no evidence that health care costs were an issue, no evidence of communicable or genetic disease, and “no evidence that [the plaintiff] was absent or distracted at work because of his wife’s

pregnancy o r the birth and hospitalization of his daughters”].) Other federal authorities preceding Larimer , and subsequent authorities following
Larimer observe that under the ADA, an employer is not obliged to accommodate an employee who is associated with a disab led person. (E.g., Tyndall v. National Educ.
Centers (4th Cir. 1994) 31 F.3d 209, 214 [affirming summary judgment for the employer; the ADA “does not require an employer to restructure an employee’s work schedule to enable the employee to care for a relat ive with a disability”]; Den Hartog v. Wasatch Academy (10th Cir. 1997) 129 F.3d 1076, 1084 [affirming summary judgment for the employer; the ADA “does not require an employer to make any ‘reasonable
accommodation’ to the disabilities of relatives or assoc iates of an employee who is not himself disabled”]; Magnus v. St. Mark United Methodist Church (7th Cir. 2012) 688 F.3d 331, 339 [affirming summary judgment for the defendant employer, rejecting claim the timing of plaintiff’s termination (one day after sh e arrived late to work because of a5

medical situation with her disabled daughter) was sufficient to infer associational discrimination; “despite the fact that the [employer] may have placed [plaintiff] in a difficult situation considering her commendable c ommitment to care for her disabled daughter [by requiring her to work weekends], she was not entitled to an accommodated schedule”]). FEHA, of course, is broader than the ADA. But in many ways FEHA is similar to the ADA, and we should not construe FEHA a s departing from the ADA without a clear legislative statement of intent to do so. (See generally Green v. State of California (2007) 42 Cal.4th 254, 262

- 2 63 [“ In passing [1992 amendment to FEHA] , at least one legislative analysis observed the Legislature ’ s ‘ conformity [to the ADA rules] will benefit employers and businesses because they will have one set of standards with which they must comply in order to be certain that they do not violate the rights of individuals with physical or mental disabilities ’ ”]. ) Our Legislature has expressly provided broader protection in FEHA than the ADA in certain important areas. (See Chin et al., Cal.
Prac tice Guide : Employment Litigation
, supra , ¶¶ 9:2091 to 9:2100, pp. 9

- 173 to 9

- 175.) Notably, the Legislature has not stated an intent that FEHA depart from the ADA by requiring an employer to engage in the interactive process with, and accommodate a nondisabled employee with a disabled family member. I am sympathetic to plaintiff’s point that his previous supervisors had accommodated his requests for earlier shifts, and that his last supervisor had discretion to assign him to earlier shifts on April 23, 2013. But I am left with no basis in the law on which to find a FEHA violation based on the assignment of a route t o Oxnard with a noon start time (a schedule virtually identical to the shift plaintiff accepted the day before without complaint). Even in the case of a disabled employee , toward whom the employer
does owe a duty to reasonably accommodate, it has been hel d that the employer’s past accommodations did not prove the reasonableness of the employee’s request to continue to provide those accommodations. (See, e.g., Terrell v. US Air (11th Cir. 1998) 132 F.3d 621, 626 , fn. 6 [employer who temporarily reduced empl oyee’s working hours to accommodate carpal tunnel syndrome was not obliged to create part

- time position; “ An6

employer that ‘ bends over backwards to accommodate a disabled worker

. . . must not be punished for its generosity by being deemed to have conceded the reasonableness of so
far

- reaching an accommodation. ’ ”].) Finally, turning to the retaliation claim, I disagree that plaintiff demonstrated a triable issue of fact as to the first element of a retaliation claim: that he engaged in a protected activit y. ( Yanowitz v. L’ Oreal USA, Inc. (2 005) 36 Cal.4th 1028, 1042 ( Yanowitz ).) Plaintiff contends he “oppos[ed] associational disability discrimination” when he complained about his supervisor “interfering with his schedule.” While a formal
accusation of d iscrimination i s unnecessary, it is necessary that “ ‘the employee’ s communications to the employer s ufficiently convey the employee’ s reasonable concerns that the employer has acted or is acting in an unlawful discriminatory manner. ’ [Citation.] ” ( Id. a t p. 1047.) There is nothing at all in the evidence to suggest that plaintiff thought defendant’s scheduling was unlawful

– as opposed to undesirable from plaintiff’s point of view. And certainly there is no evidence to suggest that plaintiff actually co nveyed to defendant any belief that defendant’s actions were unlawful. The majority likens this case to Yanowitz , where the plaintiff did not explicitly state to her superior that she believed his order to terminate a sales associate, because the
associat e was “ ‘not good looking enough,’ ” constituted unlawful sex discrimination. ( Yanowitz, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 1044.) But in Yanowitz , the evidence permitted a finding that, in view of the nature of the order, the plaintiff’s “refusal to implement the order, coupled with her multiple requests for ‘adequate justification,’ sufficiently communicated to [her superior] that she believed that his order was discriminatory.” ( Id. at p. 1048.) There is no comparable evidence here that plaintiff believed defen dant’s scheduling was discriminatory or that he conveyed that belief to defendant. “Standing alone, an employee’s unarticulated belief that an employer is engaging in discrimination will not suffice to establish protected conduct for the purposes of estab lishing a prima facie case of retaliation, where there is no evidence the employer knew that the employee’s opposition was based upon a reasonable belief that the employer was engaging in discrimination.” ( Id. at p. 1046.)7

I would affirm the grant of summ ary judgment for defendant. I would reverse the trial court’s order awarding defendant its costs and remand for a ruling under the standard
announced in Williams v. Chino Valley Independent Fire Dist. (2015) 61 Cal.4th 97, 99

- 100 ( “an unsuccessful FEHA pl aintiff should not be ordered to pay the defendant’ s fees or costs unless the plaintiff brought or continued litigating the action without an objective basis for believing it had potential merit” ).

GRIMES, J.