T.C. Memo. 2003-43

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

JOHN G. GOETTEE, JR. AND MARIAN GOETTEE, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 26591-96. Filed February 25, 2003.

Ps claimed investment credits and losses arising

out of a partnership in which they held a limited

interest. By notice of deficiency, R disallowed these

claimed credits and losses. R extended a uniform

settlement offer to all taxpayers, including Ps,

involved in similar partnerships. Ps promptly

communicated to R their acceptance of the offer, but R

did not send to Ps a proposed decision document for

about 11 months. When Ps received this document, they

promptly executed and returned it to R, but R did not

sign it for about 5 months. After entry of decision, R

assessed (1) the deficiencies and additions as

determined in the decision document, plus interest

thereon, and (2) accrued, but unassessed interest on

previously assessed deficiencies. Ps paid the

deficiencies and additions, and requested an abatement

of interest. R initially disallowed Ps abatement

request in full; Ps appealed. On appeal, R issued a

notice of determination allowing a partial abatement. 

Ps then paid the remaining assessed interest

liabilities. 
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1. Held: R’s failure to abate interest for any

disputed period through Jan. 24, 1995, and any disputed

period from Apr. 25, 1995, onward was not an abuse of

discretion, because the delays that Ps identify are not

attributable to R’s error or delay in performing a

ministerial act. R’s failure to abate interest for the

period Jan. 25 through Apr. 24, 1995, was an abuse of

discretion because it was attributable to an

unjustified delay in R’s official performing a

ministerial act. Sec. 6404(e), I.R.C. 1986. 

2. Held, further, R has conceded errors in

computing amounts of interest; in the exercise of our

overpayment jurisdiction R is sustained as to each of

the disputed unconceded items. See sec. 6404(h)(2)(B),

I.R.C. 1986. 

During the course of Ps’ efforts to persuade R to

abate the interest, in response to R’s agent’s

suggestion, Ps made an offer in compromise of $40,000

to settle about $120,000 of interest on 4 years of

income tax liabilities. Later, again at R’s agent’s

suggestion, Ps withdrew their offer in compromise. A

few months later, R returned Ps’ $40,000 without

interest. 

3. Held, further, on this record we shall not

direct R to abate any interest, nor shall we require

recomputation of interest on account of the $40,000. 

Matthew J. McCann, for petitioners.

Elizabeth S. Henn and William J. Gregg, for respondent. 

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

CHABOT, Judge: Respondent issued a notice of determination

partially disallowing petitioners’ claim to abate interest with

respect to underpayments for 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, and 1983. 
- 3 -

1 The petition refers to sec. 6406, but it is evident that

sec. 6404 is the intended authority. 

Unless otherwise indicated, all section, subchapter,

chapter, and subtitle references are to sections, subchapters,

chapters, and subtitles of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 for

the underpayment years in issue. References to sec. 6404 are to

that section of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as in effect

for proceedings commenced at the time the petition in the instant

case was filed. 

Petitioners petitioned the Court under section 64041 to review

this abatement disallowance as to all 5 years. We granted

respondent’s motion for partial summary judgment that respondent

does not have authority to abate interest as to 1978. Goettee v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-454. Petitioners have conceded as

to 1983. As a result, only 1979, 1981, and 1982 remain before

the Court in the instant case. 
- 4 -

2 As noted supra, petitioners concede as to interest on

underpayments for 1983. 

Respondent concedes that respondent underabated the amount

of interest for the period Oct. 4, 1995, through Sept. 20, 1996. 

The parties agree that there remain overassessments for 1981

and 1982. Respondent contends that insufficient interest was

assessed as to underpayments for 1979, but concedes that no

additional amounts of interest are to be assessed against

petitioners. 

Other concessions are discussed infra in connection with the

issues to which the specific concessions relate. 

Respondent concedes that a Rule 155 computation will be

necessary. 

Unless indicated otherwise, all Rule References are to the

Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. 

After concessions by both sides,2 there are two categories

of issues for decision, as follows: 

(1) Whether respondent’s failure to abate interest for

certain time periods constitutes an abuse of discretion. 

(2) Whether respondent’s interest computations are

correct. 

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated; the stipulations and

the stipulated exhibits are incorporated herein by this

reference. 

When the petition was filed in the instant case,

petitioners, John G. Goettee, Jr. (hereinafter sometimes referred

to as John), and Marian Goettee (hereinafter sometimes referred
- 5 -

to as Marian), husband and wife, resided in New Windsor,

Maryland; their collective net worth did not exceed $2 million.

At all relevant times, John was self-employed as a dentist,

and Marian was employed as the office administrator for John’s

dental practice. Marian is also a licensed and certified speech

and language pathologist. 

Petitioners filed joint Federal income tax returns for 1979,

1981, and 1982. They made their tax returns on the basis of the

calendar year. Petitioners paid the entire amount of the tax

liabilities shown on each of their tax returns for 1979, 1981,

and 1982 before the respective tax return was required to be

filed. In particular, petitioners’ 1979 tax return was filed on

or before April 15, 1980, and the $19,821.50 liability shown

thereon was paid in full by a combination of withheld taxes

($1,135.20), estimated tax payments ($18,000), and payment with

the tax return ($686.30). Petitioners’ 1981 tax return was filed

on or before April 15, 1982, and the $6,277 liability shown

thereon was paid in full by a combination of withheld taxes

($1,135.20), estimated tax payments ($11,500), and other

refundable credits ($1,095). On June 7, 1982, respondent

refunded the $7,453.20 overpayment claimed on the 1981 tax

return. Respondent did not pay interest on this refund for 1981. 

Petitioners’ 1982 tax return was filed on or before April 15,

1983, and the $4,919 liability shown thereon was paid in full by
- 6 -

3 The parties have stipulated that (1) John acquired the

partnership interest, and (2) both petitioners were limited

partners. The parties have not reconciled the two stipulations. 

It does not appear to matter to the instant case whether Marian

also was a limited partner in Thompson Equipment Associates. For

convenience, we refer to John as the limited partner. 

a combination of withheld taxes ($1,868), estimated tax payments

($17,000), and other refundable credits ($500). On June 13,

1983, respondent refunded to petitioners $14,851.79, consisting

of $14,549 plus interest thereon (for the period Apr. 15 through

June 1, 1983) in the amount of $302.79 for 1982. 

A. The Transaction

On the recommendation of John’s father, an accountant and

tax attorney, John3 acquired a limited partnership interest in

The Thompson Equipment Associates partnership (hereinafter

sometimes referred to as TEA) during September 1981. John

acquired the interest in TEA in exchange for a $12,500 check and

a $12,500 promissory note which matured on February 15, 1982. 

Marian issued a check on February 10, 1982, that paid the

promissory note in full. 

Petitioners claimed flowthrough losses from TEA on their tax

returns for 1981, 1982, and 1983. Petitioners carried back

“credits/losses” from 1981 to 1978 and 1979. As a result of the

“credits/losses” carried back from 1981 to 1979, on June 28,

1982, respondent refunded to petitioners $10,375.38, consisting

of $9,568 plus interest thereon (for the period Jan. 1 through
- 7 -

June 16, 1982) in the amount of $807.38. Respondent did not

credit petitioners’ 1979 account with interest for the period

June 16 through June 28, 1982. On June 13, 1983, when respondent

refunded to petitioners the overpayment petitioners claimed on

their 1982 tax return, respondent did not credit petitioners’

1982 account with interest for the period June 1 through June 13,

1983. 

B. The Tax Court Proceeding and Surrounding Circumstances

On October 15, 1986, respondent sent to petitioners a notice

of deficiency, in which respondent made adjustments on account of

TEA items and determined deficiencies and additions to tax as

shown in table 1. 

Table 1

 

 Additions to Tax 

 Sec. Sec. Sec.

Year Deficiency 6653(a)(1) 6653(a)(2) 6659

1978 $14,607 $730 –- $4,382

1979 8,208 410 -- 2,462

1981 9,537 477 

1 2,861

1982 8,129 406 

2 2,439

1 50 percent of the interest due on $9,537.

2 50 percent of the interest due on $8,129. 

Respondent also determined that petitioners’ deficiencies

are subject to an increased rate of interest under section
- 8 -

4 The notice of deficiency refers to sec. 6621(d). Sec.

6621(d) was redesignated as sec. 6621(c) by sec. 1511(c)(1)((A)

of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA 1986), Pub. L. 99-514, 100

Stat. 2085, 2744. We shall refer to this section as sec.

6621(c). 

Secs. 6653(a), 6659, and 6621(c) were repealed by sec. 7721

of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA 1989),

Pub. L. 101-239, 103 Stat. 2106, 2399, for tax returns due after

Dec. 31, 1989. The substance of former secs. 6653(a) and 6659

now appears in sec. 6662. These repeals and revisions do not

affect petitioners’ liabilities for the years involved in the

notice of deficiency on which table 1 is based. 

6621(c) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the section 6621(c)

rate).4

On November 3, 1986, petitioners filed a petition with this

Court seeking a redetermination of their tax liabilities for

1978, 1979, 1981, and 1982. John R. Shematz (hereinafter

sometimes referred to as Shematz), who was in business with

John’s father, signed the petition and initially represented

petitioners in this Court. 

Petitioners’ case was assigned to a group of cases

collectively referred to as the Barrister Books project

(hereinafter sometimes referred to as Barrister). The Barrister

partnerships started to be formed in 1981. Andrew M. Winkler

(hereinafter sometimes referred to as Winkler) served as lead

counsel for the Commissioner in the Barrister cases. Sometime

around 1986, the Commissioner extended a uniform settlement offer

to any Barrister investor. The Commissioner withdrew the offer

on or about May 16, 1989. 
- 9 -

5 Sec. 402 of TEFRA 1982 provides for the unified audit and

litigation procedures of subch. C of ch. 63 (secs. 6221 et seq.)

(the “TEFRA provisions”). Under the TEFRA provisions, if the

dispute arises from a “partnership item” (as defined by sec.

6231(a)(3)), then the dispute is resolved at the partnership

level. Sec. 6221; see Maxwell v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 783, 787-

788 (1986) (explaining the effect of the TEFRA provisions). The

TEFRA provisions generally apply to partnership taxable years

beginning after Sept. 3, 1982. TEFRA 1982 sec. 407, 96 Stat. at

670. 

Another tax case project, the Bromwell Book project

(hereinafter sometimes referred to as Bromwell), was active at

the same time as Barrister. The Bromwell partnerships started to

be formed in 1978 or 1979. Winkler served as the Commissioner’s

lead counsel for Bromwell; he considered Bromwell to be a

predecessor of Barrister. 

For the years before the enactment of the so-called

“partnership litigation” provisions in the Tax Equity and Fiscal

Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA 1982), Pub. L. 97-248, 96 Stat.

324,5 efforts were made to (1) group related partnership cases,

(2) designate one or more cases in a group as “lead cases”, and

(3) try to have the parties in other cases in the related

partnership group agree to be bound by the outcome of the lead

cases. On January 2, 1986, Special Trial Judge Pate issued a

Memorandum Sur Order which, the parties have stipulated,

established Leger v. Commissioner, docket No. 18640-84, as “a

test case with regard to all of the Bromwell Book cases.” 
- 10 -

On September 22, 1986, Shematz notified petitioners that

respondent intended to seek continuances in the Bromwell cases

pending resolution of Leger v. Commissioner, supra, and that the

decision in Leger v. Commissioner, supra, was likely to be

appealed and would thus delay the outcome of their case for

several years. 

On March 18, 1987, we filed our opinion in Leger v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1987-146, affd. without published

opinion 860 F.2d 435 (5th Cir. 1988), wherein we sustained the

Commissioner’s determinations that the taxpayers were not

entitled to claim their distributive share of the partnership

investment credit and losses, because the partnership was not

engaged in for-profit activities under section 183. 

On May 15, 1987, petitioners’ case was assigned to Special

Trial Judge Pate for trial or other disposition. 

On March 20, 1989, Special Trial Judge Pate invited Winkler

and the Barrister cases taxpayers or their counsel (including

petitioners’ case) to a pretrial conference scheduled for June

16, 1989, in order to consider and decide a number of procedural

matters, including “The choice of lead cases (a maximum of

four)”. 

Winkler determined that, if the Tax Court was going to try a

Barrister case, then the Commissioner and the taxpayers should

follow the Tax Court’s opinion, rather than the Commissioner’s
- 11 -

settlement package. As a result, the uniform settlement package

was withdrawn a month before the scheduled pretrial conference. 

At the June 16, 1989, pretrial conference, representatives

of the promoters for the Barrister partnerships suggested that it

would be better to have a promoter-funded TEFRA partnership case

as a lead Barrister case. Special Trial Judge Pate agreed with

that approach. That pretrial conference did not result in the

selection of a Barrister lead case. 

During September 1989, Barrister Equipment Assocs. Series

#115 v. Commissioner, docket No. 23263-89 (hereinafter sometimes

referred to as Series 115) was selected as the lead case for

Barrister. Series 115 involved 1983 and 1984; it was a TEFRA

partnership case. 

In late 1989, the Court was informally advised that Shematz

had died. Thereafter, petitioners proceeded pro se. 

On October 20, 1989, a motion was filed in Series 115 to

reassign that case from Special Trial Judge Pate to a

Presidentially appointed Judge of this Court. The motion was

based on contentions that assignment of that case to a Special

Trial Judge was not authorized by statute and that it violated

the United States Constitution. The motion also requested that,

if the Court denied the motion, then the Court should stay the

case and certify the issue for interlocutory appellate review

pursuant to section 7482(a)(2). 
- 12 -

On April 9, 1990, we filed our unanimous Court-reviewed

opinion in First Western Govt. Securities v. Commissioner, 94

T.C. 549 (1990), in which we denied an identical motion filed by

the taxpayers in those consolidated cases. We certified those

cases for interlocutory appellate review. Id. at 564-565, 569. 

We held those cases, and others such as Series 115, in abeyance

pending appellate resolution of the issue. Our opinion in First

Western Govt. Securities v. Commissioner, supra, was affirmed sub

nom. Samuels, Kramer & Co. v. Commissioner, 930 F.2d 975 (2d Cir.

1991). The issue finally was resolved in Freytag v.

Commissioner, 501 U.S. 868 (1991). 

On July 15, 1991, Series 115 was assigned to Special Trial

Judge Pate. Series 115 was tried and submitted to Special Trial

Judge Pate on January 15, 1993. 

In the spring of 1993, after the trial in Series 115, the

Commissioner renewed the earlier settlement offer in the

Barrister cases. Winkler decided to renew the settlement offer

because he anticipated many problems in the pre-TEFRA Barrister

cases which would require a lot of time to resolve. Some of the

problems Winkler anticipated included the presence of carrybacks

and mispostings to accounts. The settlement offer also was

renewed to (1) give Winkler and his colleagues work while they

were awaiting an opinion in the Series 115 case, and (2) reduce

the inventory of Barrister cases. 
- 13 -

The task of processing the settlement of the Barrister cases

fell to Winkler and an Appeals officer in respondent’s

Louisville, Kentucky, office, hereinafter sometimes referred to

as the Louisville office. Elmer Craig (hereinafter sometimes

referred to as Craig) succeeded Charles Bower as the Appeals

officer who shared with Winkler the responsibility of processing

the Barrister cases. 

The settlement offer was communicated to investors in

Barrister partnerships by letter (hereinafter sometimes referred

to as settlement letters). The settlement offer was intended to

be made available to every investor in a Barrister partnership. 

However, Winkler decided to send only a few settlement letters at

any given time because he thought that he and Craig (the only

ones working on the settlements at this point) would not have

been able to process the settlement offer in a timely manner if

it was made simultaneously available to every investor in a

Barrister partnership. Also, the death and relocation of some of

the Barrister taxpayers or their representatives made it

difficult for Winkler to communicate the settlement offer to some

of the Barrister taxpayers. 

Winkler and Craig generally processed the Barrister cases in

taxpayer alphabetical sequence. They deviated from this system

if, for example, the person who represented a Barrister taxpayer

whose surname began with the letter A also represented other
- 14 -

Barrister taxpayers whose surnames began with letters other than

A. In these circumstances, Winkler and Craig processed all of

the cases with common representation at the same time. Another

category of deviations from strict alphabetical sequence involved

taxpayers or their representatives who telephoned Winkler or

Craig, described their circumstances, and indicated their

agreement with the proposed settlement. Petitioners’ case did

not fall into either of the foregoing categories of cases in

which respondent deviated from strict alphabetical sequence. 

In the spring of 1993, the Commissioner’s Appeals Office in

Cincinnati, Ohio (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the

Cincinnati office), learned of the Barrister case settlements

that Winkler and Craig were processing. At that time, Appeals

officers in the Cincinnati office had caseloads of about 50-60

cases, which was about half of their normal caseloads. The chief

of the Cincinnati office, the associate chief (Paul R. Becker,

hereinafter sometimes referred to as Becker), and Appeals Officer 

Fran Rowland (hereinafter sometimes referred to as Rowland) went

to the Louisville office to discuss with Winkler and Craig the

possibility of the Cincinnati office processing some of the

Barrister case settlements. By the end of the meeting, it was

decided that the Cincinnati office would take some 200 of the

pre-TEFRA Barrister cases. Winkler remained responsible for

executing Tax Court decision documents on behalf of the
- 15 -

Commissioner in Barrister cases. The Louisville office retained

some of the pre-TEFRA Barrister cases which involved multiple tax

shelters. The Cincinnati office picked up the cases from the

Louisville office in June of 1993. 

The number of cases transferred to the Cincinnati office,

coupled with their complexity, created the need for Craig to

conduct an all-day training session about how to process the

settlement of these cases. Employees in the Cincinnati office

who were to process the Barrister cases traveled to the

Louisville office to attend this session. The need for a

training session to become able to settle a case was not typical. 

About July of 1993, the Barrister cases were assigned to

Rowland and two other Appeals officers. About 75 cases were

assigned to Rowland, about 75 to another Appeals officer, and

about 50 to the remaining Appeals officer. Petitioners’ case was

among those assigned to Rowland. 

Appeals officers in the Cincinnati office managed multiple

priorities while they processed the settlement of the Barrister

cases. Cases nearing the end of the limitations period, and Tax

Court cases calendared for trial in Cincinnati and Columbus,

Ohio, were given a higher priority than the Barrister cases. 

Rowland typically did all of the service center claim cases--

these, too, were given a higher priority than the Barrister

cases. 
- 16 -

C. The Settlement Process - Generally

Although Rowland’s caseload was about half of her normal

caseload in the spring of 1993, her caseload had returned to

normal, about 100-120 cases, about the same time the Barrister

cases were assigned to her. Because of the increase in her

workload, Rowland did not send any settlement letters to any

Barrister taxpayers until about September of 1993. 

Rowland sent settlement letters in groups of 10 to 15. The

settlement letters (1) stated the terms of the settlement offer,

(2) asked the recipients to submit to Rowland copies of their

canceled checks (hereinafter sometimes referred to as

verification information) within 10 days so that she could verify

the recipients’ actual cash investment in the partnership, and

(3) stated that upon receipt of the verification information,

Rowland would send to the Barrister taxpayer computations which

showed the tax effects of the settlement offer to that taxpayer. 

The settlement letters generated a significant and generally

prompt response from many of the Barrister taxpayers. More than

half of the Barrister taxpayers who responded to the settlement

offer submitted their verification information within the

requested 10 days. Rowland also received numerous phone calls

regarding the settlement offer, many of which concerned the

amount of interest that would be assessed. 
- 17 -

The Cincinnati office usually processed the Barrister case

responses on a first in, first out basis. Consistent with this

policy, Barrister taxpayers who responded after the 10-day period

were still permitted to avail themselves of the settlement offer,

but their cases were processed after the cases for which

verification information had already been provided. 

After receiving the verification information in a case,

Rowland’s first step was to compare that information to the

amounts claimed on that taxpayer’s tax return. The second step

was to determine whether that taxpayer was involved in any other

tax shelter activities for the relevant pre-TEFRA years and, if

so, then whether adjustments had been made regarding those other

tax shelter activities. Many Barrister taxpayers were also

involved in other tax shelters. If the taxpayer was involved in

other tax shelters, then Rowland usually had to make phone calls

to other Internal Revenue Service Centers to find out the status

of the Commissioner’s actions regarding those other tax shelters. 

The third step in the settlement process required Rowland to

input the taxpayer’s information into a computer which would

enable her to (1) generate a Form 5278 (Statement of Income Tax

Changes), (2) complete the requisite number of Form(s) 3623

(Statements of Account), and (3) draft the proposed decision

document, hereinafter collectively referred to as the settlement

documents. Rowland had to personally prepare the tax deficiency
- 18 -

computations for each affected year, including in most cases

carryback years. The settlement documents showed not only the

deficiency amounts, but also the balances due. However, the

settlement documents did not show the amount of interest due. 

Rowland then sent the settlement documents to the taxpayer. The

taxpayer was instructed that, if the taxpayer approved, then the

taxpayer was instructed to sign the proposed decision document

and return it to Rowland within 30 days. 

Many people called to find out the amount of interest they

would have to pay. Rowland and the other Appeals officers

typically told those people that a “ballpark figure” would be

three or four times the deficiency due. If the people wanted

more precise information, then Rowland and the other Appeals

officers had a support office prepare computations, which then

were forwarded to those who inquired. Generally, the people who

inquired about interest did not return the decision document

until they received the requested information. 

For about the first 6 months that the Cincinnati office

processed Barrister cases, Rowland and the other Appeals officers

sent the proposed decision documents to Winkler and Craig for

their approval before sending them to the Barrister taxpayers. 

The Cincinnati and Louisville offices were in frequent contact

about drafts of the proposed decision documents during this time

because many of the proposed decision documents were incorrect in
- 19 -

some respect. Once the Cincinnati office became more proficient

at drafting the proposed decision documents, proposed decision

documents were sent to Barrister taxpayers without first

obtaining the approval of either Winkler or Craig. 

Normally, an Appeals officer in the Cincinnati office

working on a Barrister case required about 26 calendar days to

(1) verify the amount of the taxpayer’s cash investment, (2)

determine whether the taxpayer was involved in another tax

shelter, (3) input the taxpayer’s information into the computer,

(4) prepare the settlement documents, and (5) mail the settlement

documents to the taxpayer. 

If a taxpayer accepted the settlement offer and returned the

signed decision document, then Rowland prepared and submitted to

Becker an appeals transmittal and case memorandum for his

approval. If Becker approved, then he signed the appeals

transmittal and case memorandum and transmitted the settlement

documents to Winkler. Winkler then reviewed the format and

contents of the decision documents, signed them, and forwarded

them to the Court for entry of decision. It ordinarily took

Winkler less than 1 hour to review and sign an average decision

document that did not have any problems. However, Winkler gave

priority to working on cases calendared for trial by the Court. 
- 20 -

D. The Settlement Process - Petitioners’ Case

On November 24, 1993, Rowland sent to petitioners the

following settlement letter. 

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Goettee:

This case has been referred to us by District Counsel in

Louisville, Kentucky, to offer you a settlement in your tax

shelter dispute concerning Thompson Equipment Associates. 

Please consider this settlement in view of the Tax Court

decisions in Thomas J. Leger, T.C. Memo. 1987-146, Harris

Cashman, T.C. Memo. 1989-533, and Marvin Chupack, T.C. Memo.

1989-548. 

The terms in offer of settlement are: 

1. 50% of cash investment is allowed as a loss in 1981; 

2. no investment tax credit (ITC) is allowed;

3. no other loss, deduction, or credit will be allowed;

4. no negligence penalty under Section 6653(a) will be 

 applied;

5. the overvaluation penalty, Section 6659, will be 20% 

 of the ITC used;

6. no understatement penalty under Section 6661 will 

 apply;

7. tax motivated interest under Section 6621(c) will 

 apply to the entire deficiency.

There is no documentation in the file which substantiates

your actual cash investment in this tax shelter. Please

forward copies of your cancelled checks verifying your cash

investment, within the next ten days. After this

verification is received, you will receive the computations

of the settlement offer, showing the tax effects if you

accept the offer. 

Please contact me if you have any questions or concerns. A

return envelope is provided for your convenience. 

This was the first time petitioners received a settlement

offer from the Internal Revenue Service. 
- 21 -

6 The parties have stipulated that John’s father was

petitioners’ “representative” at the time of this letter. The

parties also have stipulated that petitioners “proceeded pro se”

in this Court after Shematz’s death, in 1989. We gather from

this that John’s father represented petitioners before the

Internal Revenue Service, but not before this Court. 

On December 2, 1993, John’s father, who was petitioners’

then representative,6 sent petitioners’ verification information

to Rowland. At some point, Rowland examined petitioners’

verification information and concluded that the amounts therein

matched the amounts claimed on petitioners’ relevant tax returns. 

At some time between October 1 and October 15, 1994, Rowland

determined whether petitioners were involved in a tax shelter

other than TEA, and concluded that she did not need any further

information from petitioners to compute their tax liability. 

At some time between October 15 and October 21, 1994,

Rowland entered petitioners’ information into her computer. 

Rowland printed petitioners’ Form 5278 on October 21, 1994. On

October 26, 1994, Rowland mailed the settlement documents

(together with a Form 3610 (Audit Statement)) to petitioners. 

Petitioners signed the decision document on November 25, 1994,

and mailed it to Rowland on December 14, 1994. Petitioners

enclosed the following letter to Rowland with their signed

decision document: 
- 22 -

Dear Ms. Rowland:

We have attempted, without success, to reach you by

telephone. We have signed the enclosed papers concerning

the settlement of the case with Barrister Books, but are

very confused about the figures that are on the enclosed

statements. When we made the original investment,

everything was legal, had been checked by the IRS and

attorneys and was approved as a valid investment. Now, the

tables have really turned! The last correspondence that we

had from you was in November, 1993, and it has taken a year

to respond to us. At that time we had forwarded to you

copies of checks, etc. that proved when we entered this

partnership. Why has it taken so long? Also, why has it

taken nearly 14 years to bring this case to this point? It

hardly seems fair to us that we should be penalized for

something that was legal in the first place, and then, 14

years later, becomes a tax problem and we are the ones that

bear the brunt of it. 

We would appreciate any answers that you could give us. 

On December 23, 1994, Rowland prepared, signed, and sent to

Becker an appeals transmittal and case memorandum which outlined

the terms of the settlement of petitioners’ case. 

On January 13, 1995, Becker signed and approved the appeals

transmittal and case memorandum. That same day, Becker wrote to

petitioners as follows: 

Dear Mr. & Mrs. Goettee:

The proposed settlement you reached with the Appeals

Officer, as reflected in the stipulation-decision document,

has been approved. We have forwarded the stipulation you

signed to District Counsel for filing with the United States

Tax Court. 

The Tax Court will notify you of entry of the stipulation. 

If there is any amount due as a result of this settlement,

you will be billed by the service center. 
- 23 -

Becker then delivered petitioners’ proposed decision document to

the records office of the Cincinnati office, which had 5 days to

send the proposed decision document to Winkler. 

During 1993 and 1994, Winkler processed the settlement of

about 800 to 900 TEFRA Barrister cases. In addition to working

on the Barrister and Bromwell cases, Winkler also worked on some

general litigation cases, provided large case audit assistance,

assisted in the audit of “large taxpayers”, and worked on an

occasionally active large estate tax case. 

Winkler signed petitioners’ decision document on April 25,

1995, and then forwarded it to the Court for entry of decision. 

On May 2, 1995, the Court entered decision in petitioners’ case. 

The relevant parts of the decision are set forth in table 2. 

Table 2

 Additions to Tax 

 Sec. Sec. Sec.

Year Deficiency 6653(a)(1) 6653(a)(2) 6659

1978 $14,606.59 -- -- $2,921.32

1979 8,207.59 -- -- 1,641.52

1981 1,144.00 -- -- 227.00

1982 4,298.00 -- -- --

The decision further provides that the entire deficiencies

for 1978, 1979, 1981, and 1982 were subject to the section

6621(c) rate. 

The Court served a copy of the decision on respondent’s

National Office, which received it on May 2, 1995. The copy was

received in the Louisville office on May 8, 1995. On June 1,
- 24 -

1995, the Louisville office sent the administrative file and a

copy of the decision document to the Cincinnati office. The

Cincinnati office received this material on June 5, 1995. 

As of June 1, 1995, the Louisville office recorded a total

of 13 hours on petitioners’ deficiency case. 

Petitioners’ deficiency case never was set for trial. 

E. Assessments; Payments

A Form 2859, Request for Quick or Prompt Assessment, for

1978 was prepared and approved on August 16, 1995. On August 18,

1995, respondent assessed the deficiencies shown supra in table 2

and interest in the amounts shown in table 3. 

Table 3

Year Interest

 1978 $65,336.10

 1979 36,456.54

 1981 4,689.52

 1982 13,243.89

Bills for the assessed amounts were sent to petitioners on the

same day. The first time petitioners were notified of the

amounts of interest was when they received these bills. 

On September 5, 1995, petitioners paid the entire amounts

shown supra on table 2 (deficiencies and additions to tax) for

1978, 1979, 1981, and 1982. These payments were posted to

petitioners’ account as of September 8, 1995. In their letter

enclosing these payments, petitioners requested “an abatement of

the interest.” See supra table 3. 
- 25 -

Additional assessments, abatements, and credits after August

18, 1995, resulted in balances shown in table 4, payments of

which by petitioners were posted on December 11, 1996 (as to

1978, 1981, and 1982), and December 24, 1996 (as to 1979). 

Table 4

 Penalty for 

Year Interest Late Payments Payment

1978 $65,316.82 $73.03 $65,389.85

1979 36,519.51 123.11 36,642.62

1981 4,974.51 5.53 4,980.04

1982 13,952.46 21.49 13,973.95

Petitioners have paid all tax and interest assessed for

1979, 1981, and 1982; no additional tax or interest needs to be

assessed. 

F. The Abatement Process

At or about the time of petitioners’ September 5, 1995,

letter, petitioners also wrote to their Congressman. On

September 8, 1995, petitioners’ Congressman wrote to respondent. 

On September 22, 1995, in response to petitioners’ September

5 letter, respondent thanked petitioners for their payment of

$33,046.02 (the sums of the amounts on table 2, supra) and told

them that (1) respondent had not yet gathered all of the

information necessary to give to petitioners a complete answer to

their abatement request letter, (2) respondent would contact

petitioners within 30 days to inform them about the status of
- 26 -

their case, and (3) they need not take any further action with

respect to their request. 

On September 25, 1995, respondent wrote to petitioners’

Congressman, stating as follows:

Dr. Goettee paid the assessed tax and should now submit his

request for abatement on Form 843. His request should be

mailed to Internal Revenue Service, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania 19020. We have enclosed a Form 843 for his

convenience. 

On October 6, 1995, petitioners received from respondent (an

office in Bensalem, Pennsylvania) a notice of deficiency for

1983. Respondent enclosed a Form 843 (Claim for Refund and

Request for Abatement) with the 1983 notice of deficiency. 

On October 9, 1995, petitioners wrote to the Cincinnati

office, asking respondent to deal with all their tax matters from

one office, because it “is completely overwhelming for us” to

deal with two different offices about tax disputes arising from

the same partnership. Petitioners enclosed a Form 843 requesting

(1) an abatement of interest on 1983 taxes and (2) an abatement

of 1983 penalties under section 6653. 

On October 20, 1995, respondent further replied to

petitioners’ September 5 letter, in pertinent part as follows: 

You must file Form 843 for each year you are requesting an

abatement of interest. We have enclosed Forms 843 for your

convenience. 

You will receive a notice of the balance due within two to

three weeks. 
- 27 -

7 The amounts listed in the Feb. 5, 1996, letter are

slightly greater than the amounts claimed in petitioners’ Forms

843. We assume that the difference, almost 2.2 percent for each

year, represents the additional interest that had accrued after

the Aug. 18, 1995, assessment. Supra table 3. 

Please provide the information by Nov. 18, 1995. We have

enclosed an envelope for your convenience. 

On October 23, 1995, petitioners replied to respondent’s

October 20 letter. Evidently, the forms respondent had enclosed

with the October 20 letter dealt with 1994 household employment

taxes. Petitioners used, instead, copies of the Form 843 that

respondent had included in the October 6 letter. Petitioners

complied with the October 20 letter instructions by enclosing a

separate Form 843 for each of the years 1978, 1979, 1981, and

1982, in the amounts shown in table 3, supra. 

On February 5, 1996, respondent proposed to disallow

petitioners’ abatement request in full.7 Respondent gave the

following reasons to support this proposed decision: (1) The

time petitioners’ case was before this Court does not constitute

a delay in the performance of a ministerial act, and (2) the

delay in settling petitioners’ case was not attributable to

respondent. 

Petitioners appealed respondent’s proposed disallowance. On

March 21, 1996, Samuel E. Fish, Jr. (hereinafter sometimes

referred to as Fish), an Appeals officer in respondent’s

Baltimore, Maryland, Appeals Office (hereinafter sometimes
- 28 -

referred to as the Baltimore office), wrote to petitioners about

their appeal. 

On April 10, 1996, Rowland wrote to petitioners from the

Cincinnati office in response to the letters from petitioners’

Congressman and both of their Senators. Her letter was

essentially consistent with respondent’s February 5 letter that

denied petitioners’ abatement requests in full. 

On April 24, 1996, Becker traveled from Cincinnati to

petitioners’ residence in New Windsor, Maryland, to discuss their

interest liability. Becker gave to petitioners a Form 656 (Offer

in Compromise). 

On April 29, 1996, Becker wrote to petitioners, in pertinent

part, as follows: 

I have also spoken with people from the offices of

Congressman Roscoe B. Bartlett, Senator Barbara A. Mikulski

and Senator Paul S. Sarbanes. In each case, I have

explained your situation and pointed out that the interest

liability is fixed by statute. 

It appears that the only avenue available to you at this

time is to prepare the necessary information and forms to

submit an Offer in Compromise to the Collection Division. 

This can be done through the Internal Revenue Office in

Frederick or through the Baltimore Office. 

On May 29, 1996, petitioners submitted a Form 656 in which

they offered respondent $40,000 to settle their interest

liability for 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982. Petitioners enclosed a
- 29 -

8 Both sides’ briefs agree that petitioners paid this

$40,000 to respondent on May 15, 1996. As we have found (infra

text including table 5), respondent abated interest for the

period Oct. 4, 1995, through Sept. 20, 1996. Under these

circumstances, it does not appear to make a difference whether

the $40,000 was paid on May 29, 1996, as indicated in the

stipulated Form 656 of that date, or was paid on May 15, 1996, as

the parties agree on brief. 

check for $40,000 with the May 29 Form 656.8 At respondent’s

request, on June 14, 1996, petitioners resubmitted their offer in

compromise using a newer version of Form 656. The June 14, 1996,

Form 656 provided that if respondent rejected petitioners’ offer,

then respondent would return the $40,000 without interest. 

Respondent denied petitioners’ offer in compromise. On June

25, 1996, petitioners appealed the denial and asked for a

conference. In response, on August 7, 1996, Fish arranged for a

conference to be held on August 22, 1996, at the Baltimore

office. 

On August 14, 1996, Becker responded to petitioners’

telephone call, as follows: 

Thank you for your phone call regarding the status of your

case. I am glad to hear, it finally made it to the Appeals

Office in Baltimore. 

As promised, attached are copies of pages from the “Taxpayer

Bill of Rights 2" relating to “Abatement of Interest and

Penalties”. Since this is a very new legislative change the

explanation is brief. It will take some time to develop

detailed guidelines. 
- 30 -

9 This provision was enacted as sec. 6404(g). Through a

series of amendments, former sec. 6404(g) was redesignated as

sec. 6404(i). Secs. 3305(a) and 3309(a) of the Internal Revenue

Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (RRA 1998), Pub. L.

105-206, 112 Stat. 685, 743, 745. These amendments apply to

taxable years beginning after July 22, 1998. RRA 1998 sec.

3305(b), 112 Stat. at 743. Sec. 6404(i) then was redesignated as

sec. 6404(h) by sec. 112(d)(1)(B) of the Victims of Terrorism Tax

Relief Act of 2001, Pub. L. 107-134, 115 Stat. 2427, 2435. We

will refer to this subsection using its current designation, sec.

6404(h). 

As you present your case to the Appeals Officer, you may

want to mention the current change in the law and ask if the

concept can be applied to your case. It may help. 

I hope your efforts are successful. 

On July 30, 1996, Congress enacted the Taxpayer Bill of

Rights 2 (TBOR 2), Pub. L. 104-168, 110 Stat. 1452. TBOR 2 sec.

302(a), 110 Stat. at 1456, added section 6404(h)9 which gives to

this Court jurisdiction to review the Commissioner’s refusal to

abate interest under section 6404. TBOR 2 sec. 302(b), 110 Stat.

at 1458, provides that the amendments made by section 302(a)

apply “to requests for abatement after the date of the enactment

of” TBOR 2. 

In lieu of the August 22 conference in the Baltimore office,

petitioners and Fish conferred by telephone on September 4, 1996. 

At Fish’s request, on September 4, 1996, petitioners withdrew

their offer in compromise. 

On September 13, 1996, Fish advised petitioners to prepare,

sign, and submit a new Form 843 for each year for which they

sought an abatement, so that the Forms 843 would be dated after
- 31 -

July 31, 1996, the effective date for the relevant provisions in

TBOR 2. Fish advised petitioners to do this to protect their

right to petition the Tax Court to review the Commissioner’s

decision about petitioners’ abatement requests. On October 3,

1996, petitioners submitted new Forms 843. 

On October 25, 1996, Fish recommended that (1) interest

should be abated for the period October 4, 1995, through

September 20, 1996, because for that period “taxpayers were

continually given incorrect advise [sic] and subject to the

processing timeframes of the ill advised offer and interest

abatement claims[, and]” (2) interest should not be abated for

any period before petitioners paid the taxes because--

There were no ministerial or managerial acts which

contributed to errors or delays, which were not part of the

tax court/shelter process. The taxpayers were offered

opportunities to resolve the matter in earlier years, as

well as advised that a posted cash bond would suspend the

accrual of interest. 

Fish’s analysis presented the dollar effects of his

recommendations on petitioners’ interest abatement claims as

shown in table 5. 

Table 5

Year Claimed Disallowed Allowed

 1978 $66,763 $65,439 $1,324

 1979 37,252 36,508 744

 1981 4,792 4,688 104

 1982 13,533 13,143 390

 1983 4,270 4,129 141
- 32 -

Fish’s recommendations were approved on October 31, 1996,

and a notice of disallowance was issued to petitioners on

November 13, 1996, setting forth the amounts shown supra under

“Allowed”, disallowing the balance of the claims, but not stating

the amounts disallowed. 

G. Other Matters; Conclusions

At some point, probably in December 1996, possibly in

January 1997, respondent returned to petitioners the $40,000 that

petitioners paid in connection with their offer in compromise. 

Tax assessments in the amounts of $1,360 for 1979 and $87

for 1981 are not subject to the section 6621(c) rate. 

Respondent has overassessed interest in at least the amounts

of $108.33 for 1981 and $298.47 for 1982. 

Respondent’s failure to abate interest for the period

December 2, 1993, through October 26, 1994, was not an abuse of

discretion. 

Respondent’s failure to abate interest for the period

December 14, 1994, through January 25, 1995, was not an abuse of

discretion. 

Respondent’s failure to abate interest for the period

January 26 through February 24, 1995, was an abuse of discretion. 

Respondent concedes that there should be an abatement of interest

for the period February 25 through April 24, 1995. 
- 33 -

10 Petitioners also filed a motion to shift the burden of

proof. Because we do not decide any issues based on the burden

of proof, we deny petitioners’ motion as moot. 

Respondent’s failure to abate interest for the period April

25 through May 2, 1995, was not an abuse of discretion. 

OPINION

The instant case presents two categories of issues: (1) 

Whether respondent’s failure to abate interest for certain time

periods constitutes an abuse of discretion, and (2) whether

respondent’s interest computations are correct. The proper

treatment of petitioners’ offer in compromise payment arguably

falls into both categories.10 We consider first the issues of

abatements for certain time periods. 

I. Abatements of Interest

Petitioners contend that respondent’s failure to abate

interest for the periods of (1) December 2, 1993, through October

26, 1994 (the first period), and (2) December 14, 1994, through

May 2, 1995 (the second period), constitutes an abuse of

discretion because the interest that accrued during each of these

periods is attributable to a delay in the performance of a

ministerial act by respondent. Petitioners also urge us to order

abatement for unspecified additional periods. 

Respondent concedes that an abatement of interest for part

of the second period--February 25 through April 25, 1995--is

appropriate. Respondent contends, however, that the failure to
- 34 -

abate interest for the remaining periods does not amount to an

abuse of discretion because (1) there were no delays during these

periods, and (2) even if there were, the delays were the result

of general administrative decisions, not respondent’s failure to

perform a ministerial act. 

We agree with respondent as to the first period, as to parts

of the second period, and as to the unspecified additional

periods. We agree with petitioners as to part of the second

period. 
- 35 -

11 Sec. 6404(e)(1) provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 

SEC. 6404. ABATEMENTS.

* * * * * * *

(e) Assessments of Interest Attributable to Errors and

Delays by Internal Revenue Service.--

(1) In general.--In the case of any assessment of

interest on--

(A) any deficiency attributable in whole or

in part to any error or delay by an officer or

employee of the Internal Revenue Service (acting

in his official capacity) in performing a

ministerial act, or

(B) any payment of any tax described in

section 6212(a) to the extent that any error or

delay in such payment is attributable to such an

officer or employee being erroneous or dilatory in

performing a ministerial act, 

the Secretary may abate the assessment of all or any

part of such interest for any period. For purposes of

the preceding sentence, an error or delay shall be

taken into account only if no significant aspect of

such error or delay can be attributed to the taxpayer

involved, and after the Internal Revenue Service has

contacted the taxpayer in writing with respect to such

deficiency or payment. 

Sec. 301(a) of TBOR 2, Pub. L. 104-168, 110 Stat. 1452, 1457

(1996), amended sec. 6404(e) to permit abatement of interest for

“unreasonable” error and delay in the performance of a

“ministerial or managerial” act. The TBOR 2 amendments of sec.

6404(e) apply to interest accruing with respect to deficiencies

or payments for taxable years beginning after July 30, 1996. 

TBOR 2 sec. 301(c), 110 Stat. at 1457. Thus, the amendments do

not apply in the instant case. Woodral v. Commissioner, 112 T.C.

19, 25 n.8 (1999). 

Section 6404(e)(1)11 authorizes respondent to abate assessed

interest attributable to error or delay in an IRS officer or
- 36 -

employee’s performing a ministerial act, with certain

restrictions not applicable in the instant case. 

As we stated in Krugman v. Commissioner, 112 T.C. 230, 238-

239 (1999), 

Congress intended for the Commissioner to abate interest

under section 6404(e) “where failure to abate interest would

be widely perceived as grossly unfair” but not that it “be

used routinely to avoid payment of interest”. H. Rept. 99-

426, at 844 (1985), 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 2) 1, 844; S. Rept.

99-313, at 208 (1986), 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 3) 1, 208. 
- 37 -

12 Sec. 6404(h) provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 

SEC. 6404. ABATEMENTS.

* * * * * * *

(h) Review of Denial of Request for Abatement of

Interest.--

(1) In general.--The Tax Court shall have

jurisdiction over any action brought by a taxpayer who

meets the requirements referred to in section

7430(c)(4)(A)(ii) to determine whether the Secretary’s

failure to abate interest under this section was an

abuse of discretion, and may order an abatement, if

such action is brought within 180 days after the date

of the mailing of the Secretary’s final determination

not to abate such interest. 

(2) Special rules.--

(A) Date of mailing.--Rules similar to the

rules of section 6213 shall apply for purposes of

determining the date of the mailing referred to in

paragraph (1). 

(B) Relief.--Rules similar to the rules of

section 6512(b) shall apply for purposes of this

subsection.

(C) Review.--An order of the Tax Court under

this subsection shall be reviewable in the same

manner as a decision of the Tax Court, but only

with respect to the matters determined in such

order. 

Section 6404(h)12 authorizes this Court to decide whether

respondent’s failure to abate such interest is an abuse of

discretion and, if so, then to order an abatement. 

Respondent does not contend that any significant aspect of

the delay is attributable to petitioners. Sec. 6404(e)(1) (final

flush language). Accordingly, we are left to consider whether
- 38 -

13 Sec. 301.6404-2T(b), Temporary Proced. & Admin. Regs.,

52 Fed. Reg. 30163 (Aug. 13, 1987), provides as follows: 

Sec. 301.6404-2T Definition of ministerial act (temporary).

(b) Ministerial act--(1) Definition. The term

“ministerial act” means a procedural or mechanical act that

does not involve the exercise of judgment or discretion, and

that occurs during the processing of a taxpayer’s case after

all prerequsites to the act, such as conferences and review

by supervisors, have taken place. A decision concerning the

proper application of federal tax law (or other federal or

state law) is not a ministerial act. 

(2) Examples. The definition of ministerial act may be

illustrated by the following examples. 

Example (1). A taxpayer moves from one state to another

before the Internal Revenue Service selects the taxpayer’s

income tax return for examination. A letter explaining that

the return has been selected for examination is sent to the

taxpayer’s old address and then forwarded to the new

address. The taxpayer timely responds, asking that the

audit be transferred to the Service’s district office that

is nearest the new address. The group manager approves the

request. After the request for transfer has been approved,

the transfer of the case is a ministerial act. The

Commissioner may (in his or her discretion) abate interest

attributable to a delay in transferring the case. 

Example (2). An examination of a taxpayer’s income tax

return reveals a deficiency with respect to which a notice

of deficiency will be issued. After the taxpayer and the

Internal Revenue Service have identified all agreed and

(continued...)

(1) any delays petitioners identified are respondent’s delays in

performing a ministerial act, and (2) respondent’s failure to

abate interest for any period constitutes an abuse of discretion. 

Section 6404(e) does not define the term “ministerial act”. 

Lee v. Commissioner, 113 T.C. 145, 149 (1999). The governing

regulation13 defines the term to mean a procedural or mechanical 
- 39 -

13(...continued)

unagreed issues, the notice has been prepared and reviewed

(including review by District Counsel, if necessary) and any

other relevant prerequisites have been completed, the

issuance of the notice of deficiency is a ministerial act. 

The Commissioner may (in his or her discretion) abate

interest attributable to a delay in issuing the notice. 

Example (3). A taxpayer invested in a tax shelter and

reported a loss from the tax shelter on the taxpayer’s

income tax return. Internal Revenue Service personnel

conducted an extensive examination of the tax shelter, and

the processing of the taxpayer’s case was delayed during

such examination. Because the period of limitations on

assessment was about to expire, the taxpayer executed a

consent to extend the period of limitations. The time

required to process the taxpayer’s case was not a result of

a delay in performing a ministerial act; consequently,

interest attributable to this period cannot be abated under

paragraph (a) of this section. 

Example (4). A revenue agent is sent to a training

course, and the agent’s supervisor decides not to reassign

the agent’s cases. During the training course, no work is

done on the cases assigned to the agent. Neither the

decision to send the agent to the training course nor the

decision not to reassign the agent’s cases is, under the

circumstances, a ministerial act. Thus, interest

attributable to the delay cannot be abated. 

Example (5). A taxpayer who claimed a loss from a tax

shelter on the taxpayer’s income tax return is notified that

the Internal Revenue Service intends to examine the return. 

However, because of other work priorities and resource

limitations, a decision is made not to commence the

examination for an extended period thereafter. The decision

not to commence the examination involves the exercise of

judgment and discretion and is not a ministerial act;

consequently, interest attributable to the period of delay

cannot be abated. 

act that does not involve the exercise of judgment or discretion,

and that occurs during the processing of a taxpayer’s case after

all prerequisites to the act, such as conferences and review by
- 40 -

14 Sec. 6232(a) of the Technical and Miscellaneous

Revenue Act of 1988 (TAMRA 1988), Pub. L. 100-647, 102 Stat.

3342, 3734-3735, added subsec. (e) to sec. 7805. Sec. 7805(e)(2)

provides that “Any temporary regulation shall expire within 3

years after the date of issuance of such regulation.” Sec.

7805(e)(2) applies to any temporary regulation issued after Nov.

20, 1988. TAMRA 1988 sec. 6232(b), 102 Stat. at 3735. The

regulation herein involved was issued before Nov. 20, 1988, and

thus the “sunset” provision of sec. 7805(e)(2) does not apply to

this regulation. 

The final regulations under sec. 6404 were issued on Dec.

18, 1998. The final regulations generally apply to interest

accruing on deficiencies or payments of tax described in sec.

6212(a) for tax years beginning after July 30, 1996. See sec.

301.6404-2(d)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Accordingly, the final

regulations are inapplicable to the instant case, and sec.

301.6404-2T, Temporary Proced. & Admin. Regs., supra, effective

for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, but before July

30, 1996, does apply. See sec. 301.6404-2T(c), Temporary Proced.

& Admin. Regs., supra. 

We agree with petitioners that the temporary regulation

applies to the instant case; we disagree with respondent’s

statements on brief that the final regulations are “the

applicable regulations”. 

supervisors, have taken place. Sec. 301.6404-2T(b)(1), Temporary

Proced. & Admin. Regs., 52 Fed. Reg. 30163 (Aug. 13, 1987).14

The regulation further provides that a decision concerning the

proper application of Federal tax law is not a ministerial act.

Id.

The definition of “ministerial act” in the governing

regulation closely tracks the legislative history relating to

section 6404(e). See Lee v. Commissioner, 113 T.C. at 149-150

(setting forth portions of the legislative history of section

6404(e) relating to the definition of “ministerial act”); see
- 41 -

also S. Rept. 99-313, at 209, 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 3) 1, 209 (“The

IRS may define a ministerial act in regulations.”). This

consistency between section 301.6404-2T(b)(1), Temporary Proced.

& Admin. Regs., supra, and the legislative history of section

6404(e) satisfies the concern that we might otherwise have had

about the regulation. Cf. Minahan v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 492,

505 (1987) (stating: 

When the regulation interpreting a statute is written by the

very agency whose “abusive actions or overreaching” were

intended to be deterred by that statute, we must be

especially vigilant to insure that the regulation

“harmonizes with the plain language of the statute, its

origins, and its purpose.” Durbin Paper Stock Co. v.

Commissioner, 80 T.C. [252,] at 257 [(1983)].).

We apply the foregoing first to the events of the first

period (December 2, 1993, through October 26, 1994), then to the

events of the second period (December 14, 1994, through May 2,

1995), and finally to the events of unspecified additional

periods. 

A. First Period (Dec. 2, 1993, through Oct. 26, 1994)

Petitioners contend as follows on brief:

Respondent’s actions to calculate the deficiency and to

transmit decision documents to Petitioners should have taken

no more than ten days. Even so, Respondent’s Appeals Office

did not send a decision document to Petitioners for their

signature until October 26, 1994. The time period for this

ministerial action to be completed by Respondent encompassed

10 months and 24 days, after Petitioners’ transmittal of

their canceled checks to Respondent. Such delay in

performing a simple ministerial act warrants abatement of

the interest accruing during the period December 2, 1993 to

October 26, 1994. 
- 42 -

December 2, 1993 (the start of the first period), is the

date petitioners mailed to respondent their verification

information. October 1, 1994, is the earliest date respondent

took any action in processing the settlement of petitioners’

case, and October 15, 1994, is about the time when respondent

began to prepare petitioners’ settlement documents. October 26,

1994 (the end of the first period), is the date Rowland mailed

the settlement documents to petitioners. 

Substantially all of the first period consists of the time

before Rowland worked on petitioners’ response to the settlement

offer. This delay resulted from respondent’s prioritization

decisions. 

Appeals officers in the Cincinnati office managed multiple

priorities while processing the Barrister cases. Cases nearing

the end of the limitations period, service center claim cases,

and cases calendared for trial in Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio,

took priority over the Barrister cases. 

The record shows that respondent (1) established a list of

priorities which places the Barrister cases below three other

types of cases in terms of priority, and (2) processed the

Barrister cases on an alphabetized first in, first out basis as

detailed supra in our findings. This supports respondent’s

contention that respondent’s inaction during the period December

2, 1993, to October 1, 1994, is attributable to respondent’s
- 43 -

decision regarding case priorities. Such a showing, absent

evidence regarding the then prevailing circumstances, paints only

a partial picture, however. To complete the picture, we examine

the circumstances as they existed during the period to determine

whether respondent’s priority structure completely explains

respondent’s inaction. 

Rowland testified, and we found, that the Cincinnati office

was responsible for cases calendared for trial at Cincinnati and

Columbus, Ohio. Thus, during the first period the primary

attention of the Cincinnati office was focused on cases other

than the Barrister cases. 

Rowland testified, and we found, that she maintained her

normal caseload, about 100-120 cases, in addition to working on

her share of the Barrister cases, about 75 in number. Rowland

was thus managing a caseload during the period that was

significantly larger than her normal caseload. Rowland

testified, and we found, that (1) the settlement letters

generated a significant and generally prompt response from

Barrister taxpayers, more than half the Barrister taxpayers who

responded to the settlement offer submitted their verification

information within the requested 10 days; (2) she fielded many

phone calls from Barrister taxpayers regarding the settlement;

and (3) it took an average of 26 calendar days to process the

settlement of a Barrister case. On these facts, we conclude that
- 44 -

respondent’s priority structure, coupled with the heavy demands

placed on Rowland’s time, contributed to respondent’s inaction in

petitioners’ case during the bulk of the first period. 

Section 301.6404-2T(b)(1), Temporary Proced. & Admin. Regs.,

supra, provides that “The term ‘ministerial act’ means a

procedural or mechanical act that does not involve the exercise

of judgment or discretion”. (Emphasis added.) Examples (4) and

(5) in section 301.6404-2T(b)(2), Temporary Proced. & Admin.

Regs., supra, make it plain that, ordinarily, the making of

decisions about how to prioritize cases constitutes the exercise

of judgment or discretion. 

We conclude that Rowland’s delay in beginning to process

petitioners’ response to the settlement offer is properly

attributable to respondent’s reasonable prioritization decisions,

and thus is not attributable to error or delay in performing a

ministerial act. 

Once Rowland began to process petitioners’ response, her

actions included the accomplishment of prerequisites (matching

petitioners’ verification materials to the amounts claimed on

their tax returns, determining that petitioners were not involved

in a shelter other than TEA for the relevant years) and the

ministerial act of computing the amounts of the deficiencies and

additions to tax. It does not appear that there was any delay in

preparing the settlement documents and mailing them to
- 45 -

petitioners. Compare example (2) to sec. 301.6404-2T(b)(2),

Temporary Proced. & Admin. Regs., supra. 

From the foregoing, we conclude that there was no abuse of

discretion in respondent’s failure to abate interest for any part

of the first period. 

We hold for respondent on this issue. 

B. Second Period (Dec. 14, 1994, through May 2, 1995)

On opening brief, petitioners contend as follows with regard

to the second period: 

Petitioners sent their executed decision document to

Cincinnati Appeals Office on December 14, 1994. Almost four

and one-half months passed before it was signed by Mr.

Winkler on April 25, 1995. Another week passed before it

was actually filed with the United States Tax Court on May

2, 1995. Due to the delay evident in such time lag,

Petitioners seek abatement of interest for the period

running from December 14, 1994 to May 2, 1995. 

On answering brief, respondent replies as follows to

petitioners’ contentions: 

While respondent does not necessarily agree with

petitioners’ argument on this particular matter and does not

concur that counter-signing and filing stipulated decision

documents implicates a ministerial decision, respondent will

concede that an abatement of interest, for the period from

February 25, 1995 through April 25, 1995, should be allowed

to petitioners in the unusual circumstances of this case. 

In making this concession, however, respondent notes two

points detailed below. 

The two points respondent refers to are as follows: 

1. Respondent’s counsel proceeded with settling

individual Barrister cases out of alphabetical order “where

a taxpayer or representative contacted respondent’s counsel
- 46 -

at random. Petitioners, in their tax shelter case, never

initiated this type of contact with respondent’s counsel.”

2. As a result of petitioners’ letter accompanying the

signed decision document, “Any attorney would have to

consider and determine whether petitioners intended to enter

into the settlement.” 

Evidently, respondent had not communicated this concession

to petitioners before petitioners sent their answering brief to

the Court. Consequently, petitioners have not had the

opportunity to point out any implications that respondent’s

concession of 60 days of the second period might have on the 80

days of the second period that remain in dispute. 

We take the foregoing into account in our analysis. 

December 14, 1994, is the date petitioners mailed to

respondent the executed decision document, and May 2, 1995, is

the date we entered decision in petitioners’ case. Respondent

did not explain the significance of February 25, 1995. April 25,

1995, is the date Winkler signed the decision document in

petitioners’ case. 

Between December 14, 1994, and December 23, 1994, Rowland

(1) received petitioners’ signed decision document, (2) prepared

and signed an appeal transmittal and case memorandum which

outlined the terms of the settlement, and (3) forwarded the

appeals transmittal and case memorandum to Becker for his
- 47 -

approval. On January 13, 1995, Becker (1) signed and approved

the appeals transmittal and case memorandum, (2) prepared a

letter informing petitioners that the settlement offer had been

approved, and (3) delivered the documents to the records office

of the Cincinnati office which had 5 days to transfer the

documents to Winkler for his review and signature. Taking into

account transmission time, including weekends, it is reasonable

to conclude that Winkler would have received the documents by

about January 25, 1995. 

The foregoing activities do not constitute ministerial acts

because they are acts prerequisite to the processing of the

settlement agreement between petitioners and respondent. Section

301.6404-2T(b)(1), Temporary Proced. & Admin. Regs., supra,

provides that “The term ‘ministerial act’ means a procedural or

mechanical act * * * that occurs during the processing of a

taxpayer’s case after all prerequisites to the act, such as

conferences and review by supervisors have taken place.” 

Rowland’s preparation of the appeals transmittal and case

memorandum and Becker’s review thereof thus are not ministerial

acts. Id.

We conclude that, for the period from December 14, 1994,

through about January 25, 1995, there was no error or delay by an

IRS employee in performing a ministerial act, within the meaning

of section 6404(e)(1)(A), and thus respondent did not have
- 48 -

authority to abate interest in petitioners’ case. Similarly,

there was no error or delay for the period April 25 (when Winkler

signed the settlement document), through May 2, 1995, when the

decision was entered by the Tax Court. 

The remaining 3 months of the second period are more

complicated. Respondent’s two proffered explanations are not

helpful. The first explanation, dealing with taking cases out of

alphabetical order, related to the first period (ending October

26, 1994) and not to the second period. The second explanation,

dealing with uncertainty as to petitioners’ intent to settle,

evidently was resolved by Becker, not later than January 13,

1995, when he notified petitioners in writing that the proposed

settlement “has been approved.” 

We consider first whether Winkler’s actions with respect to

the settlement of petitioners’ case constituted ministerial acts. 

We have found that in 1993 arrangements were made to have

the Cincinnati office take on part of the work of settling

Barrister cases. About July 1993, Barrister cases were assigned

to Rowland and her Cincinnati office colleagues. For about the

first 6 months that the Cincinnati office processed Barrister

cases, proposed decision documents were sent to Winkler and Craig

for approval before the documents were sent to the taxpayers. 

Thereafter, the Cincinnati office was deemed to be sufficiently

proficient at drafting these documents, so that that office sent
- 49 -

those documents to the taxpayers without review by Winkler or

Craig. Winkler then reviewed the format and contents of the

decision documents, signed them, and forwarded them to the Court

for entry of decision. These findings suggest that, although

Winkler’s review role had substantially diminished by early 1994,

at that point his actions with regard to Barrister case

settlements still were more than ministerial. 

However, our focus is on the status of Winkler’s actions in

early 1995, a year later. We believe that the clearest evidence

of record on that point is the stipulated January 13, 1995,

letter from Becker to petitioners informing petitioners that the

settlement they reached with Rowland, “as reflected in the

stipulation-decision document, has been approved.” Becker’s

letter to petitioners goes on to state that “We have forwarded

the stipulation you signed to District Counsel for filing with

the United States Tax Court.” From this we conclude that Becker,

acting in his official capacity on behalf of respondent, was

assuring petitioners that by January 13, 1995, (1) all the

actions involving the exercise of judgment or discretion in

petitioners’ case had already occurred, and (2) only ministerial

acts remained before the stipulated decision was submitted to

this Court. From the foregoing, we conclude it is more likely

than not that Winkler’s remaining tasks--signing the stipulation 

and causing it to be delivered to this Court--were ministerial. 
- 50 -

Examples (4) and (5) of section 301.6404-2T(b)(2), Temporary

Proced. & Admin. Regs., supra, show that assigning priorities in

the processing of work can constitute the exercise of judgment

and discretion. We have found that Winkler gave priority to

working on cases calendared for trial by the Court. If the 3-

month delay in Winkler’s signing the stipulation was attributable

to this prioritizing, then it would appear that, under the

regulation, Winkler was not “dilatory in performing a ministerial

act.” Sec. 301.6404-2T(a)(final flush language), Temporary

Proced. & Admin. Regs., supra. Under these circumstances,

abatement of interest for this 3-month period would not be

authorized under the statute and the regulation. 

We have not found, and respondent does not direct our

attention to, any evidence in the record herein that the 3-month

delay (or any part thereof) was in fact properly attributable to 

Winkler’s prioritizing. Nevertheless, in the last brief filed in

the instant case, respondent concedes “that an abatement of

interest, for the period from February 25, 1995 through April 25,

1995, should be allowed to petitioners in the unusual

circumstances of this case.” Respondent does not explain why

this concession is made, nor why the concession period begins on

February 25, 1995. We have not identified from the record herein

any event on or about February 25, 1995, that might be relevant

to a conclusion that a section 6404 status had changed. Compare
- 51 -

15 We recognize that respondent’s concession includes Apr.

25, 1995. However, we refuse to give effect to that 1 day 

because the record clearly and indisputably shows that on that

day Winkler moved the process along. Indeed, the parties have so

stipulated. 

Jacobs v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-123, with Berry v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-323. Because respondent’s

concessions came so late in our proceedings, petitioners have

been deprived of the opportunity to explore the events of

February 25, 1995, or thereabouts. 

Taking into account the fact and timing of respondent’s

concession, we conclude it is more likely than not that

respondent has conceded that there was an abuse of discretion in

failing to abate interest for the 2-month period February 25

through April 24, 1995.15 We conclude that the period January 25

through February 24, 1995, should be treated the same as the

conceded period. 

We hold for respondent as to December 14, 1994, through

January 24, 1995; for petitioners as to January 25 through April

24, 1995; and for respondent as to April 25 through May 2, 1995,

on this issue. 

C. Additional Periods

On answering brief, petitioners urge that we order abatement

for “Additional periods during the 14+ years of interest”. 

Petitioners do not direct our attention to any specific periods,
- 52 -

16 Petitioners point out that, if we were to agree with any

of their contentions, then the “bottom line” would take into

account the effect of compounding interest on the interest that

we would have concluded should not have been assessed. E.g., RJR

Nabisco, Inc. v. United States, 955 F.2d 1457 (11th Cir. 1992). 

Thus, in general the amounts at stake are greater than the

amounts formally in dispute. 

evidently preferring that we conduct a detailed search. We

decline to do so. 

We hold for respondent on this issue. 

D. Abatement Periods--Summary

We hold for petitioners that respondent’s failure to abate

interest for the period January 25 through April 24, 1995, was an

abuse of discretion and will order abatement for this period. We

hold for respondent as to all other periods placed in dispute in

the instant case. 

II. Interest Computations

Respondent twice computed petitioners’ interest liability:

once before the August 18, 1995, assessment and once before

trial. Petitioners contend that both of respondent’s interest

computations contain numerous errors, and that respondent’s

failure to correct such errors constitutes an abuse of

discretion. Respondent contends that, after taking respondent’s

concessions into account, respondent’s trial computations are

correct.16 

Before reaching the merits of these disputes, we pause to

discuss our jurisdiction to correct respondent’s computations. 
- 53 -

See, e.g., Ewing v. Commissioner, 118 T.C. 494, 498 (2002). Our

jurisdiction to correct error in respondent’s interest

computations stems from section 6404(h)(2)(B), which provides

that rules similar to the rules of section 6512(b) apply for

purposes of section 6404(h). Supra note 12. Section 6512(b)

generally defines this Court’s jurisdiction with respect to

overpayments. See Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. & Subs. v.

Commissioner, 110 T.C. 291, 294 (1998). Section 6512(b)

provides, inter alia, that if a taxpayer properly invokes our

overpayment jurisdiction under section 6512(b), then we have

jurisdiction to determine the amount of the taxpayer’s

overpayment. This jurisdiction under section 6512 also permits

us to redetermine a taxpayer’s statutory interest. Lincir v.

Commissioner, 115 T.C. 293, 298 (2000), affd. 32 Fed. Appx. 278

(9th Cir. 2002); see Zfass v. Commissioner, 118 F.3d 184, 192 n.9

(4th Cir. 1997), affg. T.C. Memo. 1996-167. 

Petitioners have paid all the tax and interest assessed for

1979, 1981, 1982, and the parties agree that there is no

additional tax or interest that needs to be assessed. 

Respondent’s concession that interest should be abated for the

period of time beginning on February 25, 1995, and ending on

April 25, 1995, results in an overpayment as to each of the years

in issue. Accordingly, pursuant to section 6404(h)(2)(B), we

have jurisdiction to determine the amount of petitioners’
- 54 -

overpayment, and, in order to do so, we have jurisdiction to

redetermine the correct amount of the interest on their original

underpayments. 

Petitioners assign a number of errors to respondent’s

interest computations. We consider each of petitioners’

contentions in turn. 

A. Start Dates

The parties agree that June 7, 1982, the date respondent

issued to petitioners their 1981 refund, is the correct start

date for 1981. The parties disagree as to what are the correct

start dates for 1979 and 1982. 

 1. 1979

Relying on Avon Products, Inc. v. United States, 588 F.2d

342 (2d Cir. 1978), petitioners contend that June 28, 1982, the

date respondent issued to petitioners a refund for 1979 plus

interest thereon, is the correct start date for 1979 because

petitioners did not have the use of respondent’s money before

that date. Relying on Rev. Proc. 94-60, 1994-2 C.B. 774,

respondent contends that January 1, 1982, the date respondent

began to accrue interest on petitioners’ overpayment, is the

correct start date for 1979. Respondent maintains that this

approach “comports with” Avon Products, Inc. v. United States,

supra. 

We agree with respondent’s conclusion. 
- 55 -

17 SEC. 6601. INTEREST ON UNDERPAYMENT, NONPAYMENT, OR 

 EXTENSIONS OF TIME FOR PAYMENT, OF TAX.

(a) General Rule.--If any amount of tax imposed by this

title [title 26, the Internal Revenue Code] (whether

required to be shown on a return, or to be paid by stamp or

by some other method) is not paid on or before the last date

prescribed for payment, interest on such amount at an annual

rate established under section 6621 shall be paid for the

period from such last date to the date paid. 

The later amendment of this provision, by sec. 1511(c)(11)

of TRA 1986, 100 Stat. at 2745, applies to interest for periods

after Dec. 31, 1986, TRA 1986 sec. 1511(d), 100 Stat. 2746, and

so it does not affect our search for the starting date for

interest on the 1979 and 1982 underpayments. 

18 One may fairly contend that this principle has been

eroded by various provisions, including sec. 6621(c) (discussed

infra at C.) and the interest abatement provision that is the

subject of the instant proceeding. However, the “use of money”

principle remains an appropriate basis for decision where it has

not been modified by statute, as in the instant issue. See,

e.g., Dang v. Commissioner, 259 F.3d 204, 208 n.4 (4th Cir.

2001), affg. an unreported order and decision of this Court

entered July 21, 2000; BankAmerica Corp. v. Commissioner, 109

T.C. 1, 14-16 (1997). 

Section 6601(a)17 provides the general rule that interest on

an underpayment shall accrue during the period from the last date

prescribed for payment until the date paid at the underpayment

rate established under section 6621. As we stated in Intel Corp.

& Consol. Subs. v. Commissioner, 111 T.C. 90, 92 (1998):

Section 6601 reflects the “use of money” principle: “That

is, the party who has the use of the money pays interest up

until the event which causes the party no longer to have use

of that money.” [BankAmerica Corp. v. Commissioner, 109

T.C. 1, 14 (1997).][18] * * * 

Under section 6601(a), interest on an underpayment begins to

accrue when the tax becomes both due and unpaid. Avon Products
- 56 -

19 Respondent states that petitioners carried back from

1981 to 1978 “the investment credit”. Petitioners state they

carried back “actual losses”. The parties stipulate that

petitioners carried back “credits/losses”. The parties have not

favored us with petitioners’ 1981 tax return or claim for refund

for 1979, and so we do not have a basis in the record for greater

precision as to what was carried back. Although sec. 6611(f)

deals with net operating losses in par. (1) and credits in par.

(2)(A), infra note 20, we are fortunate in that for our purposes

the relevant rules of pars. (1) and (2)(A) are identical. 

20 Sec. 6611(f) provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 

SEC. 6611. INTEREST ON OVERPAYMENTS.

* * * * * * *

(f) Refund of Income Tax Caused by Carryback or

Adjustment for Certain Unused Deductions.--

(1) Net operating loss or capital loss carryback.

--For purposes of subsection (a), if any overpayment of

(continued...)

Inc. v. United States, 588 F.2d at 344. The last date prescribed

for payment of income tax is generally the due date for filing

the tax return without regard to any extension of time for

filing. See sec. 6601(b).

Petitioners did not owe any 1979 income tax as of the due

date for filing their 1979 tax return--April 15, 1980. On their

1981 tax return, petitioners claimed flowthrough items in respect

of their investment in TEA. Petitioners then carried back

“credits/losses” from 1981 to 1978 and then to 1979, which

resulted in an overpayment for 1979.19 Under subsections (a) and

(b)(2) of section 6611, interest on a refund of an overpayment is

calculated from the date of the overpayment. Section 6611(f)20
- 57 -

20(...continued)

tax imposed by subtitle A [relating to income taxes]

results from a carryback of a net operating loss or net

capital loss, such overpayment shall be deemed not to

have been made prior to the close of the taxable year

in which such net operating loss or net capital loss

arises. 

(2) Certain credit carrybacks.--

(A) In general.--For purposes of subsection

(a), if any overpayment of tax imposed by subtitle

A results from a credit carryback, such

overpayment shall be deemed not to have been made

before the close of the taxable year in which such

credit carryback arises * * *.

Sec. 1055(b)(1) of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA

1997), Pub. L. 105-34, 111 Stat. 788, 944, redesignated par. (2)

of sec. 6611(f) as par. (3). 

21 Sec. 346(c)(1)(A) and (B) of TEFRA 1982, 96 Stat. at

637, substituted the phrase “the filing date for” for the phrase

“the close of” in each place the latter phrase appeared in pars.

(1) and (2)(A) of sec. 6611(f). The amendments were effective

for interest accruing after Oct. 3, 1982. See TEFRA 1982 sec.

346(d)(2), 96 Stat. at 638. Interest on petitioners’ overpayment

for 1979 accrued from Jan. 1 through June 16, 1982. Thus, the

amendments do not affect interest on petitioners’ overpayment for

1979. 

prescribes the date interest begins to accrue on an overpayment

created by a “credits/losses” carryback. Section 6611(f) as in

effect for June 28, 1982, the date when respondent issued to

petitioners their refund for 1979,21 provided that for these

purposes the overpayment is deemed to have been made after the

last day of the taxable year in which the carryback arises. The

carryback which resulted in an overpayment for 1979 arose in
- 58 -

22 Sec. 6601(d) provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 

SEC. 6601. INTEREST ON UNDERPAYMENT, NONPAYMENT, OR 

 EXTENSIONS OF TIME FOR PAYMENT, OF TAX.

* * * * * * *

(d) Income Tax Reduced by Carryback or Adjustment for

Certain Unused Deductions.--

(1) Net operating loss or capital loss

carryback.--If the amount of any tax imposed by

subtitle A is reduced by reason of a carryback of a net

operating loss or net capital loss, such reduction in

tax shall not affect the computation of interest under

this section for the period ending with the last day of

(continued...)

1981, and thus the date of petitioners’ overpayment for 1979 was

deemed to be January 1, 1982. 

Consistent with these provisions, respondent accrued

interest on petitioners’ 1979 overpayment from January 1, 1982. 

As a result of the foregoing, we conclude that petitioners

are deemed to have had the use of their refund on account of

their carryback(s) to 1979 from January 1, 1982. The 1979 refund

amounted to $10,375.38, consisting of $9,568 plus $807.38

interest. The parties settled the deficiency proceeding in this

Court by agreeing to a deficiency of $8,207.59 for 1979, plus

$1,641.52 addition to tax under section 6659. The 1979

deficiency resulted from disallowance of part of the carryback

from 1981. 

As we have noted, section 6601(a) provides the general rule

for interest on underpayments. However, section 6601(d),22 as in
- 59 -

22(...continued)

the taxable year in which the net operating loss or net

capital loss arises. 

(2) Certain credit carrybacks.--

(A) In general.--If any credit allowed for

any taxable year is increased by reason of a

credit carryback, such increase shall not affect

the computation of interest under this section for

the period ending with the last day of the taxable

year in which the credit carryback arises * * *. 

Sec. 1055(a) of TRA 1997, 111 Stat. 944, redesignated par.

(2) of sec. 6601(d) as par. (3). 

23 Sec. 346(c)(2)(A) and (B) of TEFRA 1982, 96 Stat. at

637, 638, substituted the phrase “the filing date for” for the

phrase “the last day of” in each place the latter phrase appeared

in pars. (1) and (2)(A) of sec. 6601(d). The amendments were

effective for interest accruing after Oct. 3, 1982. TEFRA 1982

sec. 346(d)(2), 96 Stat. at 638. Interest on petitioners’

overpayment for 1979 accrued from Jan. 1 through June 16, 1982. 

Thus, the amendments do not affect interest on petitioners’

underpayment for 1979. 

effect for the disputed June 1-28, 1982, interest period,23

provides that where the income tax has been reduced by

carrybacks, interest is not to accrue for the period ending with

the last day of the taxable year in which the carried back item

arises. The carryback to 1979, the disallowance of part of which

resulted in the 1979 deficiency, arose in 1981, and thus the

earliest date for interest on the 1979 underpayment is January 1,

1982. This results in petitioners’ underpayment interest

starting date matching the overpayment interest starting date

that they benefited from. 
- 60 -

Putting it another way, as a result of the carryback(s),

petitioners were deemed to have an overpayment as of January 1,

1982. As a result of the parties’ settlement in the deficiency

litigation, it developed that petitioners were not entitled to

the bulk of that overpayment. Because the overpayment and

interest were calculated with a starting date of January 1, 1982,

the resulting underpayment and interest also are calculated with

a starting date of January 1, 1982. 

Petitioners’ contention that interest does not begin to

accrue until the date respondent issued to petitioners the refund

appears to hinge on the fact that they did not have actual use of

respondent’s money until the date respondent issued the refund. 

Interest has been defined as compensation for the use or

forbearance of money. Deputy v. du Pont, 308 U.S. 488, 498

(1940). In this sense, the payment of interest serves as a proxy

for actual use of the money. Petitioners received interest on

their 1979 refund which began to accrue as of January 1, 1982. 

Consistent with the definition of interest, petitioners are

treated as having had the use of respondent’s money (i.e., what

the parties agreed in their settlement papers was respondent’s

money) as of January 1, 1982, even though they did not have

actual use of the refunded dollars until respondent issued the

refund for 1979. 
- 61 -

24 Sec. 301.6611-1, Proced. & Admin. Regs., provides, in

pertinent part, as follows: 

SEC. 301.6611-1. Interest on overpayments.--

* * * * * * *

(continued...)

However, the period beginning January 1, 1982, includes a

12-day period--June 16-28, 1982--during which respondent had the

money and for which respondent did not pay interest to

petitioners. On brief, each side vigorously disputes the other

side’s contentions as to this 12-day period. When we clear away

the parties’ language of conflict, it appears that both sides

contend that petitioners are not liable for any interest on

account of this 12-day period. We conclude that the “use of

money” principle leads to the result that both sides contend is

the correct result. The parties are to give effect to this

conclusion in the computations under Rule 155. 

We hold for respondent that interest on the 1979

underpayment begins to accrue on January 1, 1982, but does not

accrue for the period June 16-28, 1982. 

2. 1982

Petitioners’ refund for 1982 was not attributable to a

carryback. Accordingly, the date of petitioners’ overpayment for

1982 is the first date when the amount of petitioners’ payments

in respect of 1982 exceeds the amount of their liabilities for

1982. Sec. 301.6611-1(b), Proced. & Admin. Regs.24 Petitioners’
- 62 -

24(...continued)

(b) Date of overpayment. Except as provided in section

6401(a), relating to assessment and collection after the

expiration of the applicable period of limitation, there can

be no overpayment of tax until the entire tax liability has

been satisfied. Therefore, the dates of overpayment of any

tax are the date of payment of the first amount which (when

added to previous payments) is in excess of the tax

liability (including any interest, addition to tax, or

additional amount) and the dates of payment of all amounts

subsequently paid with respect to such liability. * * *

tax payments and credits are deemed made on the last day for

filing the return, April 15, 1983. Secs. 6513(a) and (b), and

6151. Thus, April 15, 1983, was the deemed date of petitioners’

overpayment. 

Under section 6611(b)(2), interest on an overpayment accrues

from the date of the overpayment. Consistent with section

6611(b)(2), respondent accrued interest from April 15, 1983, the

date of petitioners’ claimed 1982 overpayment. 

As a result of the foregoing, we conclude that petitioners

are deemed to have had the use of their 1982 refund beginning

April 15, 1983. The 1982 refund amounted to $14,851.79,

consisting of $14,549 plus $302.79 interest. The parties settled

their deficiency proceedings in this Court by agreeing to a

deficiency of $4,298. 

As we have noted, section 6601(a) provides the general rule

that interest on an underpayment accrues from the last date

prescribed for payment, which in the instant case was April 15,

1983. Petitioners raise the same use-of-the-money contention
- 63 -

that they raise with respect to 1979. For the reasons stated

above with respect to 1979, we reject their contention. 

Accordingly, we conclude that the start date for interest on the

1982 underpayment is April 15, 1983. 

Petitioners also contend as follows: 

Respondent seeks to recover two distinct obligations from

Petitioners. The first obligation is a deficiency in tax,

recoverable under IRC §6213 (along with interest mandated by

IRC §6601). The second obligation is “refunded interest”

erroneously paid to Petitioners, recoverable under IRC §7405

(with interest mandated only by IRC §6602). 

Petitioners further contend that respondent’s contentions as to

the start date for 1979 and 1982 mask an impermissible attempt to

recover erroneously refunded interest because the period of

limitations for filing a suit under section 7405 has expired. 

See sec. 6532(b). 

We disagree. 

Respondent chose to proceed against petitioners under the

deficiency procedures. As our analysis shows, the interest

provisions applicable to these procedures lead to the interest

starting dates contended for by respondent. We have no occasion

to determine in the instant case whether respondent could

properly proceed against petitioners under section 7405 and, if

so, then what would be the effect of the section 6532(b)

limitations provisions. In fact, respondent did not proceed

under section 7405 and cannot be compelled to do so. The choice

is respondent’s, not petitioners’. E.g., Beer v. Commissioner,
- 64 -

733 F.2d 435, 436 (6th Cir. 1984) and cases there cited, affg.

T.C. Memo. 1982-735; Pesch v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 100, 117-118,

120 n.29 (1982); see also Ideal Rlty. Co. v. United States, 561

F.2d 1123, 1125 (4th Cir. 1977). 

We hold for respondent that interest on the 1982

underpayment begins to accrue on April 15, 1983. See our

comments, supra, as to the period for which respondent did not

pay interest on the overpayment. 

B. Asserted Accounting Errors

1. $2.44

Petitioners contend on opening brief that “$2.44 was paid

5/19/85 not 5/19/86". Respondent acknowledges on answering brief

that, on an interest computation as to 1979 prepared for trial,

the “$2.44 was listed in error on exhibit 82-R as May 19, 1996

instead of May 19, 1986.” Respondent insists that “such item was

paid on May 19, 1986. (Ex. 3-J).” 

This dispute affects the “bottom line” only to the extent of

1 year’s worth of interest on $2.44, plus the effect of

compounding the interest on that 1 year’s worth of interest. 

See, e.g., Dang v. Commissioner, 259 F.3d at 206. 

The only evidence on this matter that we have found in the

record is respondent’s transcript of account, which shows the

$2.44 as “credit applied 05-19-86 from Form 1040 tax period Dec

1985". In the absence of (1) any restrictions on the use of this
- 65 -

stipulated exhibit and (2) any evidence contradicting the

correctness of this transcript of account entry, we conclude that

it is more likely than not that the correct date is May 19, 1986,

rather than May 19, 1985. 

We hold for respondent on this issue. 

2. $894.09 or $887.33

Petitioners contend on opening brief that “$894.09 (rather

than 887.33) was paid on 12/26/86.” Respondent acknowledges on

answering brief that, on an interest computation as to 1979

prepared for trial, “the amount of a credit for a payment on

December 26, 1985, was listed incorrectly on exhibit 83-R as

$887.33 instead of $894.09.” 

This agreement between the parties, which is consistent with

the information in respondent’s transcript of account for 1979,

is to be given effect in the computation under Rule l55. 

C. Sec. 6621(c) Rate

On April 29, 1985, respondent assessed an additional $1,360

tax liability on account of 1979 and an additional $87 tax

liability on account of 1981. Apparently, interest was accrued

on these items at the section 6621(c) rate. The parties have

stipulated that these assessed additional tax liabilities are not

subject to the section 6621(c) rate. 

On August 18, 1995, respondent assessed an additional $1,144

tax liability on account of 1981. Apparently, interest was
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accrued on this item at the section 6621(c) rate. On opening

brief, petitioners contend that the section 6621(c) rate should

apply to only $1,137 of this item. On answering brief,

respondent concedes that the section 6621(c) rate should apply to

only $1,137 of the $1,144 additional assessment. 

These agreements are to be given effect in the computation

under Rule 155. As to any other questions regarding the section

6621(c) rate, we note that the parties’ settlement in

petitioners’ deficiency case includes the determination that: 

the entire underpayment in income tax for the taxable years

1978, 1979, 1981 and 1982 is a substantial underpayment

attributable to tax-motivated transactions for purposes of

computing the interest payable with respect to such amount

pursuant to I.R.C. § 6621(c), formerly I.R.C. § 6621(d);

This agreement by the parties in petitioners’ deficiency case was

part of the decision we entered disposing of that case.

Apart from the above-noted stipulation and the above-noted

concession, we hold for respondent on this issue. 

III. The $40,000 Offer in Compromise

In May 1996 (supra note 8) petitioners sent to respondent a

check in the amount of $40,000 as part of an offer in compromise

to settle their interest liability for 1978, 1979, 1981, and

1982. At Fish’s request, on September 4, 1996, petitioners

withdrew their offer in compromise. At some point, probably in

December 1996, possibly in January 1997, respondent refunded to

petitioners the $40,000, without interest. 
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25 Sec. 301.7122-1(d)(4), Proced. & Admin. Regs., provides,

in pertinent part, as follows:

If an offer in compromise is withdrawn or rejected, the

(continued...)

Petitioners contend that the $40,000 they submitted along

with their offer in compromise adequately compensated respondent

for any interest that would have accrued during the period of

time respondent held the $40,000, and thus interest on

petitioners’ interest liabilities should have been tolled during

that period. Alternatively, petitioners claim that interest

should be tolled from September 4, 1996, the date petitioners

withdrew their offer, until an unspecified date in early January

1997, presumably the date petitioners received from respondent

their $40,000. Respondent contends that petitioners are not

entitled to an “interest credit”, for lack of a better term, for

the time that respondent held the $40,000 because the Form 656

petitioners executed, the form with which petitioners submitted

the $40,000, provides that respondent is not obligated to pay

interest on the $40,000 petitioners submitted. 

We agree with respondent’s conclusion. 

Paragraph 7(c) of the Form 656 petitioners executed

provides, in pertinent part, as follows: “I/we understand that

IRS will not pay interest on any amount I/we submit with the

offer.” Section 301.7122-1(d)(4), Proced. & Admin. Regs.,

dictates the same result.25 Thus, it is clear that petitioners
- 68 -

25(...continued)

amount tendered with the offer, including all installments

paid, shall be refunded without interest, unless the

taxpayer has stated or agreed that the amount tendered may

be applied to the liability with respect to which the offer

was submitted. 

This regulation, in effect for the period in which

petitioners submitted their offer in compromise, was removed and

replaced by sec. 301.7122-1T, effective July 21, 1999. 64 Fed.

Reg. 39026 (July 21, 1999). The temporary regulation, “with

minor changes”, became final on July 18, 2002. 67 Fed. Reg.

48025 (July 23, 2002). The new regulation provides additional

guidance regarding offers in compromise. T.D. 8829, 1999-2 C.B.

at 235. It does not change the nature of amounts submitted with

an offer in compromise; rather, it makes explicit that those

amounts are considered deposits. Sec. 301.7122-1(h) of the new

regulation. 

are not entitled to interest on the $40,000 submitted with their

offer in compromise. We still must decide, however, whether

respondent erred in the computation of petitioners’ interest

liability by failing to toll the accrual of interest for the

period in which respondent held the $40,000.

In contending that interest should not accrue during the

period in which respondent held the $40,000, petitioners do not

cite to any specific authority. Rather, they rely on the general

“use of money” principle described in Avon Products, Inc. v.

United States, 588 F.2d 342 (2d Cir. 1978), and developed by its

progeny.

On the record in the instant case, we conclude that we

cannot hold that respondent abused discretion and we cannot hold

that there was a computational error with regard to the period
- 69 -

during which respondent held the $40,000 that accompanied

petitioners’ offer in compromise. 

Firstly, petitioners paid the $40,000 in connection with an

offer in compromise to settle the dispute as to their interest

liabilities for 1978, 1979, 1981, and 1982. About $65,000 of the

then-disputed interest, more than half the total, was interest

for 1978, a year as to which we do not have jurisdiction to grant

relief. Indeed, petitioners’ $40,000 offer was less than twothirds of the 1978 interest alone. Neither side has suggested

any way to apportion or allocate the $40,000 offer between 1978

on the one hand and 1979, 1981, and 1982 on the other hand. 

Petitioners did not make any such allocation in their offer in

compromise. An allocation first to the interest on the oldest

year’s liability would not leave anything for any of the years as

to which we could grant relief. 

Secondly, respondent abated interest on the entire

liabilities for the period October 4, 1995, through September 20,

1996. Supra table 5 and associated text. Respondent held

petitioners’ $40,000 from May 1996 until about the end of that

year. Thus, there already is an abatement of interest on the

whole debt for somewhat more than half of the period during which

respondent held petitioners’ $40,000. 
- 70 -

Thirdly, it is not at all clear as to how the “use of money”

principle should apply to the $40,000 paid with the offer in

compromise. 

A. Avon Products involved payments of tax. The instant

case, however, involves a deposit. See Keith v. Commissioner, 35

T.C. 1130, 1136 (1961). Unlike payments, deposits are set aside

“in special suspense accounts established for depositing money

received when no assessment is then outstanding against the

taxpayer.” Rosenman v. United States, 323 U.S. 658, 662 (1945). 

“The receipt by the Government of moneys under such an

arrangement carries no more significance than would the giving of

a surety bond.” Id. Deposits can be returned to the taxpayer

upon request at anytime before respondent is entitled to assess

the tax. See Rev. Proc. 84-58, 1984-2 C.B. 501. Because of

this, respondent does not have unrestricted use of the money, as

respondent does with payments. 

B. Neither respondent nor petitioners have any obligation

to pay interest during the period in which respondent holds a

deposit. See Rosenman v. United States, 323 U.S. at 663-664;

Rev. Proc. 84-58, 1984-2 C.B. 501. The purpose of interest,

however, is “to compensate the Government for delay in payment of

a tax,” or to compensate the taxpayer for the use of the

taxpayer’s money. Avon Products, Inc. v. United States, 588 F.2d

at 343. Thus, the absence of an obligation to pay interest is
- 71 -

yet another indication that deposits do not fit neatly into the

“use of money” gloss on sections 6601 and 6611.

C. The parties have not discussed Rev. Proc. 84-58, 1984-2

C.B. 501, 503, which provides in pertinent part as follows: 

Sec. 5. INTEREST

.01 * * * If the remittance is held as a deposit in the

nature of a cash bond, but is returned at the taxpayer’s

request, and a deficiency is later assessed for that period

and type of tax, the taxpayer will not receive credit for

the period in which the funds were held as a deposit. * * *

Petitioners withdrew the offer in compromise and eventually

received back their $40,000. Under these circumstances, we do

not have to deal with any possible implications of the last

sentence of section 5.01 of Rev. Proc. 84-58. Nor do we have to

consider whether the fact that petitioners were pro se at the

time they withdrew the offer in compromise and that the

withdrawal was at respondent’s agent’s suggestion has any impact

on the application of that last sentence. See generally Perkins

v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 749, 760 (1989). 

On this record we conclude that we shall not direct

respondent to abate interest or recompute interest to take

account of the $40,000 that petitioners paid in connection with

their offer in compromise. 

We hold for respondent on this issue. 
- 72 -

26 The parties have stipulated as follows:

The parties agree that the methodology to use in

determining the correct amount of interest for each year in

issue is first to calculate the interest that accrues on the

balance due (giving effect to all payments, credits, and

abatements shown on the transcripts - exhibit 3-J) from the

appropriate start date determined by the Court to the date

interest was paid for that year with no interest accruing

during the waiver periods, agreed abatement periods, such

further abatement periods as determined by the Court, and

such other periods of no interest accrual determined by the

Court at issue in the case. This accrued interest is then

subtracted from the total interest assessed. If the

difference is a positive number, the difference is an

overassessment of interest which should be abated. Since

the total interest assessed has been paid, such

overassessment will constitute an overpayment which should

be refunded to petitioners. 

This stipulation is to be given effect in the Rule 155

computations. 

To take account of respondent’s concessions and the

foregoing, 

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.

26