J-S54012-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

CHARLES HOWARD PRESTON, JR. 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1424 MDA 2018

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 28, 2017

In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s): 

CP-67-CR-0004831-2015

BEFORE: BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and DUBOW, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: MARCH 18, 2020

Charles Howard Preston, Jr. appeals from the February 28, 2017 

judgment of sentence imposed following his conviction for possession of a 

controlled substance with intent to deliver (“PWID”). We affirm.

On June 9, 2015, Detectives Scott Nadzom and Barton Seelig of the York 

Police Department participated in a controlled “buy-walk,” during which 

Appellant delivered a small quantity of heroin to a confidential informant (“CI”)

in the immediate area of 152 South Pine Street, York, Pennsylvania, while 

under police surveillance. In relevant part, Detective Nadzom observed the 

actual hand-to-hand transaction between Appellant and the CI, while 

Detective Seelig was waiting nearby in an unmarked vehicle and was 

responsible for providing the CI with “official funds” to purchase the narcotics 

and collecting the narcotics afterwards. See N.T. Hearing, 9/13/16, at 27-32, 

34-39. The exchange was also photographed. Id.
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The CI was never out of sight of at least one of the detectives during 

the entirety of the transaction with Appellant. Id. Furthermore, Detective 

Sellig testified that the CI was also searched immediately after the transaction 

with Appellant to ensure that he did not have any other contraband on his 

person. See N.T. Trial, 9/13/16, at 139. The CI immediately handed over

three blue-glassine packets of heroin to Detective Seelig. The contents of 

these packets field-tested positive for heroin, and were “sent to the 

Pennsylvania State Police Lab for further analysis.” See Affidavit of Probable 

Cause, 6/30/15, at unnumbered 1. Appellant was arrested several days later

and charged with a single count of PWID.

Appellant filed a pre-trial motion requesting disclosure of the identity of 

the CI. He argued that the CI’s potential testimony was relevant to Appellant’s 

defense and its materiality outweighed any interest that the Commonwealth 

had in maintaining the confidentiality of the identity. Specifically, Appellant 

alleged that there could be an unspecified discrepancy with the packets of 

heroin delivered to Detective Seelig by the CI. See N.T. Hearing, 9/13/16, at 

44 (“I’m simply stating the Commonwealth can’t say for sure what is in that 

packaging without talking to the CI and getting the CI to tell the jury that.”). 

The trial court denied Appellant’s request, finding that his arguments had not 

overcome the presumption against the Commonwealth maintaining the 

confidentiality of the informant’s identity. Id. at 46-47.

During the trial, Appellant stipulated to a lab report from the 

Commonwealth establishing that the glassine bags delivered by Appellant 
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contained heroin. See N.T. Trial, 9/13/16, at 137-39. Appellant was 

ultimately convicted and sentenced to three to six years of incarceration.

Although Appellant filed a timely appeal from his judgment of sentence, 

it was voluntarily discontinued. Thereafter, his direct appellate rights were 

reinstated by the trial court, and Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. As 

directed by the trial court, Appellant filed a concise statement of errors 

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), and the trial court 

concomitantly filed its Rule 1925(a) opinion.

Appellant presents the following issues for our adjudication:

I. Whether the trial court erred in determining there was no 

Brady[1] violation in the Commonwealth’s failure to provide the 

photographs of the alleged drug transaction until the time of jury 

selection.

II. Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion in 

denying Appellant’s request to compel disclosure of the 

confidential informant.

Appellant’s brief at 5-6 (cleaned up).

Rather than complying with the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate 

Procedure, Appellant has discussed these two issues collectively in his brief. 

Cf. Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (“The argument shall be divided into as many parts as 

there are questions to be argued; and shall have at the head of each part 

. . . the particular point treated therein, following by such discussion and 

citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.”). However, Appellant has 

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1 See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
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presented no cogent argument concerning his first issue. Reviewing 

Appellant’s “collective” argument, it exclusively addresses the gravamen of 

his second issue concerning the trial court’s denial of his motion for disclosure 

of the CI’s identity. See Appellant’s brief at 10-17. Beyond a non sequitur

citation to Brady, Appellant has offered no discussion or citation whatsoever

in support of his first claim. Accordingly, it is waived. See Commonwealth 

v. Kearney, 92 A.3d 51, 66-67 (Pa.Super. 2014) (holding issue waived under 

Rule 2119(a) where “Appellant fails to develop an argument in support his 

claim, or to provide pertinent citation to authority”).

Appellant’s only surviving claim implicates a discretionary discovery 

ruling by the trial court regarding disclosure of the identity of the CI. See 

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(a)(i).

2

 “Our standard of review of claims that a trial 

court erred in its disposition of a request for disclosure of an informant’s 

identity is confined to abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Watson, 69 

A.3d 605, 607 (Pa.Super. 2013).

The following legal principles guide our review:

The Commonwealth enjoys a qualified privilege to withhold the 

identity of a confidential source. In order to overcome this 

qualified privilege and obtain disclosure of a confidential 

informant’s identity, a defendant must first establish, pursuant to 

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2

 Appellant suggests that the identity of the CI was a mandatory disclosure

pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(1)(a), which requires the Commonwealth to 

disclose “[a]ny evidence favorable to the accused that is material either to 

guilt or to punishment . . . .” See Appellant’s brief at 11. However, Appellant 

has not sufficiently demonstrated that the identity of the CI was “favorable” 

to Appellant’s case. Thus, Rule 573(B)(2) applies.
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Rule 573(B)(2)(a)(i), that the information sought is material to 

the preparation of the defense and that the request is reasonable. 

Only after the defendant shows that the identity of the confidential 

informant is material to the defense is the trial court required to 

exercise its discretion to determine whether the information 

should be revealed by balancing relevant factors, which are 

initially weighted toward the Commonwealth.

. . . .

A further limitation on the applicability of the privilege arises from 

the fundamental requirements of fairness. Where the disclosure 

of an informer’s identity, or of the contents of his communication, 

is relevant and helpful to the defense of an accused, or is essential 

to a fair determination of a cause, the privilege must give way.

Id. at 607-8 (internal citations omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Carter, 

233 A.2d 284, 287 (Pa.Super. 2013)). “Only after a showing by the defendant 

that the information sought is material and the request reasonable is the trial 

court called upon to exercise its discretion to determine whether the 

information is to be revealed.” Commonwealth v. Roebuck, 681 A.2d 1279, 

1281 (Pa. 1996). There is no fixed standard. The assessment focuses upon 

“the particular circumstances of each case, taking into consideration the crime 

charged, the possible defenses, the possible significance of the informer’s 

testimony and other relevant factors.” Carter, supra at 287 (quoting 

Rovario v. U.S., 353 U.S. 53, 60-62 (1957))

In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court found that Appellant’s request 

for disclosure was both material and reasonable, but ultimately concluded that 

viewing the circumstances through the lens of the Carter-Rovario balancing 

test militated against disclosure due to Appellant’s potential for violence and 
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society’s interest in protecting the efficacy of the CI’s work with law 

enforcement. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/18/19, at 13-14. 

The trial court’s assessment of the underlying merits of Appellant’s 

request is far too charitable and deferential. In relevant part, the trial court’s 

discussion of the legal standards governing this area of law indicates that it 

was under the mistaken impression that the sheer possibility of beneficial 

testimony is sufficient to establish the necessary prerequisites for disclosure. 

Id. at 11 (“The CI could possibly have provided evidence that might have 

exonerated [Appellant] if the CI’s description of whatever he received from 

[Appellant] markedly differed from that of the officers.” (emphasis in 

original)). However, the relevant touchstone is a demonstration by Appellant 

that there is a reasonable possibility that the CI could provide exculpatory

testimony. See Roebuck, supra at 1283. No such showing was made here.

We are especially mindful that “[t]he defendant need not predict exactly 

what the informant will say, but the source must exonerate the 

defendant. More than the mere assertion that disclosure of the 

informant’s identity might be helpful is necessary.” Commonwealth 

v. King, 932 A.2d 948, 952 (Pa.Super. 2007) (emphasis in original). 

The certified record indicates that the CI was never out of sight of the 

detectives before, during, or after his controlled buy from Appellant. The 

transaction was photographed, and there were no significant discrepancies in 

the detectives’ respective testimonies. The heroin purchased from Appellant 
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was immediately turned over to law enforcement, and a field test indicated it 

was heroin. The CI was also searched by the officers to ensure that he had 

not secreted any other relevant items of interest on his person.

Appellant’s claim that the CI’s testimony would reveal some discrepancy 

in what the CI actually purchased or received from Appellant is entirely 

speculative. Tellingly, Appellant presented no evidence in support of his 

request for disclosure and was unable to articulate even a basic narrative 

supporting the need for testimony from the CI. See N.T. Hearing, 9/13/16, 

at 44 (“I’m simply stating the Commonwealth can’t say for sure what is in that 

packaging without talking to the CI and getting the CI to tell the jury that.”). 

Furthermore, Appellant’s argument that he could establish lack of delivery of 

heroin via the CI’s testimony was utterly undercut by the overwhelming 

evidence regarding the at-issue transaction. Pennsylvania courts have 

routinely rejected such threadbare requests for the disclosure of a confidential 

informant’s identity. See, e.g., Commonwealth v Marsh, 997 A.2d 318, 

322 (Pa. 2010) (holding defendant failed to establish material need for identity 

disclosure where he presented no evidence, but baldly averred that the 

testimony was relevant to his defense of mistaken identity); see also, e.g., 

Commonwealth v. Watson, 69 A.3d 605, 608-09 (Pa.Super. 2013) (holding 

that defendant failed to establish material need for identity disclosure where 

the underlying defense was “incredible”).
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Overall, we conclude that Appellant has failed to establish that his 

request for disclosure of the CI’s identity was either material or reasonable.3 

Id. Thus, no relief is due on this claim.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 03/18/2020

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3

 This rationale differs from that relied upon by the trial court in its Rule 

1925(a) opinion and the underlying ruling. “It is well[-]settled that where the 

result is correct, an appellate court may affirm a lower court’s decision on any 

ground without regard to the ground relied upon by the lower court itself.” 

Commonwealth v. Singletary, 803 A.2d 769, 772-73 (Pa.Super. 2002).