OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL . STATE OF TEXAS 

JOHN CORNYN 

August 5,2002 

The Honorable Ken Armbrister 

Chair, Criminal Justice Committee 

Texas State Senate 

P.O. Box 12068 

Austin, Texas 7871 l-2068 

Opinion No. JC-0536 

Re: Whether a public accounting firm with owners 

who are not certified public accountants may 

incorporate under the Texas Business Corporation 

Act or the general provisions of the Texas Limited 

Liability Company Act (RQ-050%JC) 

Dear Senator Armbrister: 

You ask whether a public accounting firm with owners who are not certified public 

accountants may incorporate under the Texas Business Corporation Act or the general provisions 

of the Texas Limited Liability Company Act.’ We conclude in the affirmative. 

The Public Accountancy Act, chapter 901 of the Occupations Code, regulates the practice 

of public accountancy. See TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. 89 901 .OOl-.605 (Vernon 2002). It provides for 

the licensing of individuals and firms in the practice of public accountancy. An individual may not 

practice public accountancy or use the title “certified public accountant,” the abbreviation “CPA,” 

or another designation indicating that the person is a certified public accountant unless the individual 

holds a certificate issued under chapter 901. See id. $9 901.25 1, .45 l(a). Similarly, a firm may not 

provide “attest services “2 or use the title “CPAs,” “CPA Firm,” “ Certified Public Accounting Firm,” 

“Auditing Firm,” or a variation of those designations unless the firm holds a license issued under 

chapter 901. See id. $9 901.351, .451(b). 

Chapter 901 of the Occupations Code now permits an accounting firm eligible for a license 

to have owners who are not certified public accountants (“CPAs”). Prior to 2001, a fin-n was 

ineligible to be licensed unless its owners and resident managers in the state were certified public 

accountants. See Act of May 13, 1999,76th Leg., R.S., ch. 388, 5 1, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 1431, 

2 141. In 2001, the legislature adopted Senate Bill 1358, which eased the restrictions on the public 

‘See Letter from Honorable Ken Armbrister, Chair, Criminal Justice Committee, State Senate, to Honorable 

John Comyn, Texas Attorney General (Feb. 6,2002) (on file with Opinion Committee) [hereinafter Request Letter]. 

“‘Attest service” means an audit, engagement, or other assurance service required to be performed in 

accordance with professional standards adopted by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants or another 

national accountancy organization recognized by the Texas State Board of Public Accountancy. See TEX. OCC. CODE 

ANN. $901.002(a)( 1) (Vernon 2002). 
The Honorable Ken Armbrister - Page 2 (JC-0536) < 

accounting practice by allowing the licensing of accounting firms with less than 100% ownership 

by CPAs and the provision of additional services by these firms, such as financial advising or 

consulting or recommending the sale of a product. See Act of May 18,2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 

1497, 85 5, 23, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 5302, 5305, 5310-13. As amended by Senate Bill 1358, 

section 901.354 of the Occupations Code requires a firm seeking a license to “show that a majority 

of the ownership of the firm, in terms of financial interest and voting rights, belongs to persons who 

hold certificates issued under this chapter or are licensed in another state.” See TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. 

5 901.354 (Vernon 2002). Additionally, as amended in 2001, section 901.005 defines the practice 

of accountancy to include “a broad range of financial, advisory, and attest services,” such as 

“providing management or financial advisory or consulting services,” “recommending the sale of 

a product if the recommendation requires or implies accounting or auditing skill,” and “providing 

litigation support services.” Id. 8 901.005(a)(4)-(6). 

Your request is prompted by the 2001 amendments to chapter 901 of the Occupations Code 

allowing accounting firms to have less than 100% CPA ownership and to provide additional 

financial and accounting services. The Secretary of State’s office, you inform us, “has stated that 

it will not accept articles of incorporation submitted by accounting firms wishing to incorporate or 

form a limited liability company under any Texas Statute, if the accounting firm has non-CPA 

owners as permitted by Senate Bill 1358.” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 2. You ask for an 

opinion from this office “clarifying that duly licensed Texas accounting firms with less than 100% 

CPA ownership may be formed under the Texas Business Corporation Act and the Texas Limited 

Liability Company Act as intended under the [Texas Public Accountancy Act].” Id. at 6. 

To provide a legal context for your question, we review the relevant restrictions contained 

in the Texas Business Corporation Act, the Texas Professional Corporation Act, and the Texas 

Limited Liability Company Act. We begin with the Texas Business Corporation Act (the “TBCA”), 

TEX. Bus. CORP. ACT ANN. arts. 1.01-13.08 (Vernon 1980 & Supp. 2002). A corporation may not 

incorporate under the TBCA if it engages in any activity that requires a license from the state and 

if a corporation may not hold such a license. See id. art. 2.01B(2) (Vernon Supp. 2002); Tex. Att’y 

Gen. Op. No. MW-99 (1979) at 1. Article 2.01B of the Texas Business Corporation Act provides 

that a corporation may not organize under the Act if: 

[A]ny one or more of its purposes for the transaction of 

business in this State is to engage in any activity which cannot 

lawfully be engaged in without first obtaining a license under the 

authority of the laws of this State to engage in such activity and such 

a license cannot lawfully be granted to a corporation. 

TEX. BUS. CORP. ACT ANN. art. 2.01B(2) (Vernon Supp. 2002). See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-99 

(1979) at 1 (“The learned professions could not, as a general matter, incorporate under the 

[TBCA].“). “Corporation,” for the purposes of the TBCA, is “a corporation for profit subject to the 

provisions of this Act, except a foreign corporation.” TEX. Bus. CORP. ACT ANN. art. l.O2A(l) 

(Vernon 1980). 
The Honorable Ken Armbrister - Page 3 (JC-0536) 

A corporation excluded by article 2.01B(2) from incorporating under the TBCA may 

organize under the Texas Professional Corporation Act (the “TPCA”), TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. 

art. 1528e (Vernon 1997 & Supp. 2002). The TPCA authorizes the formation of a professional 

corporation to perform a specific type of “professional service and services ancillary thereto.” See 

id. 0 6 (Vernon 1997); see also id. 4 3(b) (defining “professional corporation” as a corporation 

formed to provide one specific service); 5 4(a) (Vernon Supp. 2002) (providing that, with the 

exception of health professionals, professional corporation may only provide one type of 

professional service). A professional corporation may only include individual shareholders who are 

licensed to render the same professional service as the corporation. See id. $5 3(b), 6 (Vernon 

1997). “Professional service,” for the purposes of the TPCA, is: 

Any type of personal service which requires as a condition precedent 

to rendering of such service, the obtaining of a license, permit, 

certificate . . . and which prior to the passage of this Act and by 

reason of law, could not be performed by a corporation, including by 

way of example and not in limitation . . . the personal services 

rendered by architects, attorneys-at-law, certifiedpublic accountants, 

dentists, public accountants . . . . 

Id. 6 3(a) (emphasis added). Thus, the TPCA applies to corporations that perform personal services 

which could not be legally performed by a corporation prior to the passage of the statute, i.e., 

January 1, 1970. See id.; Act of May 28, 1969,61 st Leg., R.S., ch. 779, 5 1, 1969 Tex. Gen. Laws 

2304; see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. M-55 1 (1970) at 5 (date of passage means date law becomes 

operative). 

Such a corporation may also organize under the Texas Limited Liability Company Act (the 

“TLLCA”), TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 1528n (Vernon 1997 & Supp. 2002). Under its general 

provisions, TLLCA authorizes the formation of a limited liability company engaged in a business 

subject to regulation by another statute if it is not prohibited by the other statute. See id. art. 2.01B 

(Vernon 1997). The limited liability company remains subject to all the limitations of the other 

statute. See id. Part eleven of the TLLCA specifically authorizes the formation of a professional 

limited liability company. See id. art. 11 .OlA (Vernon Supp. 2002). Similar to the TPCA, a 

professional limited liability company organized under part eleven of the TLLCA may, in general, 

only perform one specific type of professional service, see id. art. 11 .OlA(2), B(2) (Vernon 1997); 

see also id. art. 1 l.OlA(3)-(4) (V emon Supp. 2002) (exception for named health professional 

services); and it may include as members only professional individuals or entities licensed or 

authorized to render the same service as the company, see id. art. 11 .OlB(2)-(4) (Vernon Supp. 

2002). Additionally, “professional services” is “any type of personal service that requires as a 

condition precedent to the rendering of the service the obtaining of a license . . . including the 

personal service rendered by. . . [a] certified public accountant, . . . public accountant, . . . .” Id. art. 

ll.OlB(l) (Vernon 1997). 
The Honorable Ken Armbrister - Page 4 (JC-0536) 

With this background, we return to your question regarding the incorporation of a public 

accounting firm with less than “100% CPA-ownership.” Prior to the 2001 amendments to chapter 

901 of the Occupations Code, accounting firms with 100% CPA-ownership incorporated as a 

professional corporation under the TPCA or organized as a professional limited liability company 

under part eleven of the TLLCA. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1,5; see also Tex. Att’y Gen. 

Op. No. M-556 (1970) (indicating that public accounting firms must organize under TPCA because 

Public Accountancy Act of 1945 did not authorize corporations to practice public accounting). You 

agree that an accounting firm with non-CPA owners that “now provide a myriad of services” cannot 

incorporate under the TPCA or organize under part eleven of the TLLCA. See Request Letter, supra 

note 1, at 2-3. Again, a professional corporation formed under the TPCA may only perform one 

specific type of “professional service” and all its shareholders must be licensed to render the same 

service. See TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 1528e $5 3(a)-(b), 6 (Vernon 1997). Similarly, a 

professional limited liability company organized under part eleven of the TLLCA may only perform 

one specific type ofprofessional service and have as members only professional individuals licensed 

or authorized to render the same service as the company. See id. art. 1528n, art. 11 .OlA(2), B(2)-(3) 

(Vernon Supp. 2002). 

But you suggest that an accounting firm with non-CPA owners “should be permitted to 

incorporate under the [TBCA] and form limited liability companies under the general provisions of’ 

the TLLCA. Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3. We consider the provisions of chapter 901 of the 

Occupations Code and the limiting provisions of the TBCA and the TLLCA and conclude that they 

do not preclude such accounting firms from incorporating under the TBCA or forming under the 

general provisions of the TLLCA. 

We conclude that chapter 901 of the Occupations Code authorizes the practice of public 

accountancy by a corporation incorporated under any applicable statute including the TBCA or by 

a limited liability company formed under the TLLCA. Chapter 901 expressly authorizes the grant 

of a license to a “firm” that meets the requirements of section 901.354. See TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. 

0 901.354 (Vernon 2002); see also id. 8 901.002(a)(5) (“‘Certified public accountancy firm’ means 

a person who holds a firm license.“). A “firm” may provide attest services and use the designation 

“certified public accountants” or otherwise indicate that it is “a certified public accountancy firm” 

if it holds a license and otherwise complies with the requirements of chapter 901 and rules 

promulgated thereunder. See id. 8 901.45 l(b). Under chapter 901, a “firm” means “a sole 

proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or other business entity engaged 

in the practice of public accountancy.” Id. § 901.002(a)(8) (emphasis added). “Corporation,” in 

turn, is broadly defined: “a corporation authorized by a statute applicable to this state or by an 

equivalent law of another state or a foreign country, including a professional public accounting 

corporation organized under [the TPCA] .” Id. 5 901.002(a)(7) (emphasis added). The term 

expressly includes a corporation incorporated under any state statute. 

While the definition of “corporation” specifically references a corporation organized under 

the TPCA, it is not limited to such a corporation. See TEX. GOV’TCODEANN. 8 3 11.005( 13) (Vernon 

1998) (“‘Includes’ and ‘including’ are terms of enlargement and not of limitation or exclusive 
The Honorable Ken Armbrister - Page 5 (JC-0536) 

enumeration . . . .” ). In 1991, the legislature specifically broadened “corporation” to embrace 

corporations other than those incorporated under the TPCA. See Act of May 26, 1991, 72d Leg., 

R.S., ch. 533, 8 1, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 1817. Prior to 1991, the term was limited to a corporation 

organized under the TPCA: “‘Corporation’ means a professional public accounting corporation 

organized under The Texas Professional Corporation Act, as amended (Article 1528e, Vernon’s 

Texas Civil Statutes), . . . or an equivalent law of another state, territory, or foreign country.” Act 

ofMay 28, 1989,71st Leg., R.S., ch. 892’5 1’1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 3901. In 1991, the legislature 

inserted after the TPCA cite the phrase “or other corporation authorized by applicable statutes.” See 

Act of May 26, 1991,72d Leg., R.S., ch. 533, 5 1, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 1817. Significantly, the 

legislature also added a definition of “firm”: “a sole proprietorship, partnership, professional or 

other corporation, or other business engaged in the practice of public accountancy.” See id. 

(emphasis added). While the 1999 codification of the public accountancy law re-worded these 

definitions to their current form, it did not change or, more importantly, constrict these definitions. 

SeeAct ofMay 13, 1999,76thLeg.,R.S., ch. 388, 8 1, 1999Tex. Gen. Laws 1431,2127. Finally, 

the 2001 amendments did not alter the definition of “corporation”; and it added the term “limited 

liability company” to the definition of “firm.” See Act of May 18,2001,77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1497, 

8 1,200l Tex. Gen. Laws 5302. 

We next consider the TBCA. The statute, by its terms, does not exclude a public accounting 

firm from incorporating under its provisions. As discussed earlier, a corporation may not incorporate 

under the TBCA (1) if it engages in any activity that requires a license from the state and (2) if a 

corporation subject to the TBCA may not hold such a license. See TEX. BUS. CORP. ACT ANN. arts. 

l.O2A( 1 l), 2.01B(2) (Vernon Supp. 2002). Chapter 901 ofthe Occupations Code, as we determined 

earlier, allows a corporation organized under any applicable state statute, including the TBCA, to 

hold a public accounting license and to practice public accounting. 

We do not believe the fact that public accounting firms previously organized under the TPCA 

precludes incorporation under the TBCA. This office has said that when the TPCA was enacted, the 

TBCA and the TPCA were intended to be mutually exclusive: an entity could incorporate 

under only one of these statutes. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. Nos. MW-99 (1979) at 3; H-442 (1974) 

at 2; M-551 (1970) at 3,5; see also Welmaker v. Cuellar, 37 S.W.3d 550, 551 (Tex. App.-Austin 

2001, pet. denied) (concluding that TPCA and Texas Professional Association Act are mutually 

exclusive, citing attorney general opinions). However, this office has also recognized the 

legislature’s power to change the mutually exclusive character of the two statutes, concluding that 

the two statutes are mutually exclusive unless the legislature has expressly authorized a specific 

profession to incorporate under either statute. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-99 (1979) at 3. We 

believe the legislature did so in chapter 901 of the Occupations Code when it allowed accounting 

firms to form corporations under the TPCA or any other applicable state statute in 1991. 

Finally, we look at the TLLCA. By its terms, the TLLCA’s general provisions also do not 

exclude a public accounting firm from organizing under its provisions. The TLLCA’s general 

provisions permit the formation of a limited liability company engaged in a business subject to 

regulation by another statute, but only if the formation is not prohibited by the other statute. See 
The Honorable Ken Armbrister - Page 6 (JC-0536) 

TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 1528n, art. 2.01B (Vernon 1997). Chapter 901 of the Occupations 

Code does not prohibit the formation of an accounting firm under the TLLCA. 

While the TPCA and part eleven of the TLLCA expressly apply to the practice of public 

accounting, we cannot say that accounting firms eligible for a license under chapter 901 are limited 

to those provisions and may not incorporate under the TBCA or organize under the general 

provisions of the TLLCA. We have not found, nor have we been directed to, any persuasive 

authority to support such a limited construction. Chapter 901, as amended in 2001, clearly 

contemplates the existence and operation in the state of accounting firms with members or owners 

who are not certified public accountants. The TPCA does not prohibit the organization of an 

accounting firm with non-CPA owners under the TBCA, and part eleven of the TLLCA does not 

prohibit the formation of such an accounting firm under its general provisions as a brief received by 

this office appears to suggest. 3 We do not disagree that the 2001 amendment to chapter 901 

permitting accounting firms to include non-CPA members or owners might present organizational 

issues for which no provision is made in the TBCA or the TLLCA. But such organizational 

concerns as well as public policy concerns raised by the incorporation of accounting firms that 

include non-CPAs and the provision of financial, consulting, and marketing services by such firms 

are more appropriately addressed by the legislature. See TACPA Brief, supra note 3, at 1 O-l 1. 

3See Brief to the Attorney General, Request No. 0508-JC, on behalf of Texas Association of Certified Public 

Accountants, from William H. Caudill and Jayash M. Chadha, Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P. (Mar. 29,2002) at 8- 10 (on 

file with Opinion Committee) [hereinafter TACPA Brief]. 
The Honorable Ken Armbrister - Page 7 (JC-0536) 

SUMMARY 

A public accounting firm with owners who are not certified 

public accountants that is eligible for a firm license under the Public 

Accountancy Act, TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. $0 901.001-.605 (Vernon 

2002), may incorporate under the Texas Business Corporation Act, 

TEX. Bus. CORP. ACT ANN. arts. 1.01-13.08 (Vernon 1980 & Supp. 

2002), or the general provisions of the Texas Limited Liability 

Company Act, TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 1528n (Vernon 1979 & 

supp. 2002). 

Yo ve truly 42c,, JOHN CORNYN 

Attorney General of Texas 

HOWARD G. BALDWIN, JR. 

First Assistant Attorney General 

NANCY FULLER 

Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel 

SUSAN DENMON GUSKY 

Chair, Opinion Committee 

Sheela Rai 

Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee