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14-3508-cv 

Carvalho v. Grzankowski 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY 

OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held 

at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 

York, on the 16th day of October, two thousand fifteen. 

 

PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR., 

ROBERT D. SACK, 

REENA RAGGI, 

 Circuit Judges. 

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CARRIE A. CARVALHO, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. No. 14-3508-cv 

 

RENEE GRZANKOWSKI, SCOTT GRZANKOWSKI, 

Defendants-Appellees. 

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APPEARING FOR APPELLANT: CHRISTOPHER J. McVEIGH, McVeigh Skiff, 

Burlington, Vermont. 

APPEARING FOR APPELLEES: ANDREW CAREY BOXER, Ellis Boxer & 

Blake, PLLC, Springfield, Vermont. 

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of 

Vermont (Christina Reiss, Chief Judge).
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UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the judgment entered on August 8, 2014, is AFFIRMED. 

Plaintiff Carrie Carvalho, the owner of a full-grown bullmastiff named Greta, 

appeals from an award of summary judgment in favor of defendants Renee and Scott 

Grzankowski, owners of a Labrador retriever puppy named Trey, on Carvalho’s claim of 

negligence arising from an encounter between the two dogs that resulted in Greta pulling 

on her leash with such force as to cause injury to Carvalho’s shoulder. Carvalho argues 

that the district court erred in concluding, as a matter of law, that defendants were not 

negligent in failing to protect her from their dog. We review an award of summary 

judgment de novo, and we will affirm only if the record, viewed in the light most 

favorable to the nonmoving party, reveals no genuine issue of material fact. See Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(a); Zann Kwan v. Andalex Grp. LLC, 737 F.3d 834, 842–43 (2d Cir. 2013). 

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of prior proceedings, which 

we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm. 

To establish negligence under Vermont law, a plaintiff must show “that the 

defendant owed her a legal duty, that the defendant breached that duty, that the breach 

was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury, and that she suffered actual loss or 

damage.” Lenoci v. Leonard, 2011 VT 47, ¶ 9, 189 Vt. 641, 642, 21 A.3d 694, 697 

(2011). “Duty, the first element, is central to a negligence claim, and its existence is 

primarily a question of law.” Endres v. Endres, 2008 VT 124, ¶ 11, 185 Vt. 63, 68, 968 

A.2d 336, 340 (2008); see Buxton v. Springfield Lodge No. 679, Loyal Order of Moose, 
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Inc., 2014 VT 52, ¶ 7, 196 Vt. 486, 490, 99 A.3d 171, 174 (2014) (stating that court 

determines “whether a duty is owed, as well as the scope of any duty that is owed”). 

The district court here concluded that “Defendants had no duty to protect Plaintiff 

from Trey’s behavior because they had no notice that Trey’s behavior posed a probable 

source of danger to Plaintiff, rather than to her dog.” Carvalho v. Grzankowski, 36 F. 

Supp. 3d 423, 431 (D. Vt. 2014) (emphasis in original). Carvalho submits that this 

conclusion takes “too narrow” a view of defendants’ duty of care. She argues that 

defendants could—and should—have prevented her injury by restraining Trey and that 

reasonable care requires the exercise of such restraint, given defendants’ notice of Trey’s 

energetic and playful demeanor. We are not persuaded. 

A landowner owes a guest a duty of “reasonable care in all the circumstances.” 

Demag v. Better Power Equip., Inc., 2014 VT 78, ¶ 26, 197 Vt. 176, 102 A.3d 1101, 

1110 (2014). But the circumstances here were insufficient to put defendants on notice 

that their Labrador retriever puppy was a “probable source of danger,” either to Greta—a 

mature bullmastiff weighing approximately 80 to 90 pounds—or to Greta’s owner. 

Davis v. Bedell, 123 Vt. 441, 443, 194 A.2d 67, 68 (1963) (stating that “question in each 

case is whether the dog’s past behavior has been such as to require a person of reasonable 

prudence to foresee harm to the person or property of others”); accord Hillier v. Noble, 

142 Vt. 552, 556–57, 458 A.2d 1101, 1104 (1983). Much less could defendants have 

foreseen an indirect and “unreasonable risk of injury” to Carvalho from Trey’s behavior 

toward Greta. Demag v. Better Power Equip., Inc., 2014 VT 78, ¶ 27, 197 Vt. 176, 102 
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A.3d at 1110 (stating that, under common law, degree of care that reasonably prudent 

person would exercise and, thus, scope of legal duty are determined by foreseeability of 

consequences of individual’s acts or omissions). Indeed, Carvalho’s injury stems from 

her own inability to control her leashed dog. We therefore conclude, viewing the record 

in the light most favorable to Carvalho, that she has not established a claim for 

negligence against defendants. 

Insofar as Carvalho seeks certification to the Vermont Supreme Court, we deny 

that application. See generally 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley 

Indem. Co., 634 F.3d 112, 125–26 (2d Cir. 2011) (recognizing discretionary authority to 

certify questions of state law). 

We have considered Carvalho’s remaining arguments, and we conclude that they 

are without merit. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 

FOR THE COURT: 

CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court