# Patent

## Title
Arangements of microstrip antennas having dielectric substrates including meta-materials

## Abstract

A slot fed microstrip patch antenna (300) includes a conducting ground plane (308), the conducting ground plane (308) including at least one slot (306). A dielectric material is disposed between the ground plane (308) and at least one feed line (317), wherein at least a portion of the dielectric layer (313) includes magnetic particles (324). The dielectric layer between the feed line (317) and the ground plane (308) provides regions having high relative permittivity (313) and low relative permittivity (312). At least a portion of the stub (318) is disposed on the high relative permittivity region (313).

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Statement of the Technical Field
The inventive arrangements relate generally slot antennas.
2. Description of the Related Art
RF circuits, transmission lines and antenna elements are commonly manufactured on specially designed substrate boards. Conventional circuit board substrates are generally formed by processes such as casting or spray coating which generally result in uniform substrate physical properties, including the dielectric constant.
For the purposes RF circuits, it is generally important to maintain careful control over impedance characteristics. If the impedance of different parts of the circuit do not match, signal reflections and inefficient power transfer can result. Electrical length of transmission lines and radiators in these circuits can also be a critical design factor.
Two critical factors affecting circuit performance relate to the dielectric constant (sometimes referred to as the relative permittivity or ∈r) and the loss tangent (sometimes referred to as the dissipation factor or δ) of the dielectric substrate material. The dielectric constant determines the electrical wavelength in the substrate material, and therefore the electrical length of transmission lines and other components disposed on the substrate. The loss tangent determines the amount of signal loss that occurs for signals traversing the substrate material. Losses tend to increase with increases in frequency. Accordingly, low loss materials become even more important with increasing frequency, particularly when designing receiver front ends and low noise amplifier circuits.
Printed transmission lines, passive circuits and radiating elements used in RF circuits are typically formed in one of three ways. One configuration known as microstrip, places the signal line on a board surface and provides a second conductive layer, commonly referred to as a ground plane. A second type of configuration known as buried microstrip is similar except that the signal line is covered with a dielectric substrate material. In a third configuration known as stripline, the signal line is sandwiched between two electrically conductive (ground) planes.
In general, the characteristic impedance of a parallel plate transmission line, such as stripline or microstrip line, is approximately equal to √{square root over (Ll/Cl)}, where Ll is the inductance per unit length and C1 is the capacitance per unit length. The values of L1 and C1 are generally determined by the physical geometry and spacing of the line structure as well as the dielectric constant of the dielectric material(s) used to separate the transmission lines.
In conventional RF designs, a substrate material is selected that has a single dielectric constant and relative permeability value, the relative permeability value being about 1. Once the substrate material is selected, the line characteristic impedance value is generally exclusively set by controlling the geometry of the line, the slot, and coupling characteristics of the line and the slot.
Radio frequency (RF) circuits are typically embodied in hybrid circuits in which a plurality of active and passive circuit components are mounted and connected together on a surface of an electrically insulating board substrate, such as a ceramic substrate. The various components are generally interconnected by printed metallic conductors, such as copper, gold, or tantalum, which generally function as transmission lines (e.g. stripline or microstrip line or twin-line) in the frequency ranges of interest.
The dielectric constant of the selected substrate material for a transmission line, passive RF device, or radiating element determines the physical wavelength of RF energy at a given frequency for that structure. One problem encountered when designing microelectronic RF circuitry is the selection of a dielectric board substrate material that is reasonably suitable for all of the various passive components, radiating elements and transmission line circuits to be formed on the board.
In particular, the geometry of certain circuit elements may be physically large or miniaturized due to the unique electrical or impedance characteristics required for such elements. For example, many circuit elements or tuned circuits may need to have an electrical length of a quarter of a wavelength. Similarly, the line widths required for exceptionally high or low characteristic impedance values can, in many instances, be too narrow or too wide for practical implementation for a given substrate. Since the physical size of the microstrip line or stripline is inversely related to the dielectric constant of the dielectric material, the dimensions of a transmission line or a radiator element can be affected greatly by the choice of substrate board material.
Still, an optimal board substrate material design choice for some components may be inconsistent with the optimal board substrate material for other components, such as antenna elements. Moreover, some design objectives for a circuit component may be inconsistent with one another. For example, it may be desirable to reduce the size of an antenna element. This could be accomplished by selecting a board material with a high dielectric constant with values such as 50 to 100. However, the use of a dielectric with a high dielectric constant will generally result in a significant reduction in the radiation efficiency of the antenna.
Antenna elements are sometimes configured as microstrip slot antennas. Microstrip slot antennas are useful antennas since they generally require less space, are simpler and are generally less expensive to manufacture as compared to other antenna types. In addition, importantly, microstrip slot antennas are highly compatible with printed-circuit technology.
One factor in constructing a high efficiency microstrip slot antenna is minimizing the power loss, which may be caused by several factors including dielectric loss. Dielectric loss is generally due to the imperfect behavior of bound charges, and exists whenever a dielectric material is placed in a time varying electromagnetic field. The dielectric loss, often referred as loss tangent, is directly proportional to the conductivity of the dielectric medium. Dielectric loss generally increases with operating frequency.
The extent of dielectric loss for a particular microstrip slot antenna is primarily determined by the dielectric constant of the dielectric space between the radiator antenna element (e.g., slot) and the feed line. Free space, or air for most purposes, has a relative dielectric constant and relative permeability approximately equal to one.
A dielectric material having a relative dielectric constant close to one is considered a “good” dielectric material as a good dielectric material exhibits low dielectric loss at the operating frequency of interest. When a dielectric material having a relative dielectric constant substantially equal to the surrounding materials is used, the dielectric loss due to impedance mismatches is effectively eliminated. Therefore, one method for maintaining high efficiency in a microstrip slot antenna system involves the use of a material having a low relative dielectric constant in the dielectric space between the radiator antenna slot and the microstrip feed line exciting the slot.
Furthermore, the use of a material with a lower dielectric constant permits the use of wider transmission lines that, in turn, reduce conductor losses and further improve the radiation efficiency of the microstrip slot antenna. However, the use of a dielectric material having a low dielectric constant can present certain disadvantages, such as the large size of the slot antenna fabricated on a low dielectric constant substrate as compared to a slot antenna fabricated on a high dielectric constant substrate.
The efficiency of microstrip slot antennas is compromised through the selection of a particular dielectric material for the feed which has a single uniform dielectric constant. A low dielectric constant is helpful in allowing wider feed lines, that result in a lower resistive loss, to the minimization of the dielectric induced line loss, and the minimization of the slot radiation efficiency. However, available dielectric materials when placed in the junction region between the slot and the feed result in reduced antenna radiation efficiency due to the poor coupling characteristics through the slot.
A tuning stub is commonly used to tune out the excess reactance in microstrip slot antennas. However, the impedance bandwidth of the stub is generally less than both the impedance bandwidth of the radiator and the impedance bandwidth of the slot. Therefore, although conventional stubs can generally be used to tune out excess reactance of the antenna circuit, the low impedance bandwidth of the stub generally limits the performance of the overall antenna circuit.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A slot fed microstrip patch antenna includes an electrically conducting ground plane having at least one slot and a feed line for transferring signal energy to or from the slot. The feed line includes a stub which extends beyond the slot. A first dielectric layer is disposed between the feed line and the ground plane. T he first dielectric layer has a first set of dielectric properties including a first relative permittivity over a first region, and at least a second region having a second set of dielectric properties. The second set of dielectric properties provide a higher relative permittivity as compared to the first relative permittivity, wherein the stub is disposed on the higher permittivity second region. At least one patch radiator is disposed on a second dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer including a third region providing a third set of dielectric properties including a third relative permittivity, and at least a fourth region including a fourth set of dielectric properties, the fourth set of dielectric properties including a higher relative permittivity as compared to the third relative permittivity. The patch is preferably disposed on the fourth region.
The respective dielectric layers can comprise a ceramic material having a plurality of voids, where at least a portion of the voids are filled with magnetic particles. The magnetic particles can comprise meta-materials.
The intrinsic impedance in a first junction region disposed between the feed line and slot can be matched to the fourth region. The intrinsic impedance in the first junction region can also be matched to an intrinsic impedance of the second region which underlies the stub. The intrinsic impedance of the first junction region can be matched to both the intrinsic impedance of the second region and the fourth region.
As used herein, the phrase “intrinsic impedance matched” refers to an impedance match which is improved as compared to the intrinsic impedance matching that would result given the respective actual permittivity values of the regions comprising the interface, but assuming the relative permeabilities to be 1 for each of the respective regions. As noted earlier, prior to the invention, although board substrates provided a choice regarding a single relative permittivity value, the relative permeability of the board substrates available was necessarily equal nearly 1.
The antenna can comprise a first and a second patch radiator separated by a third dielectric layer. The second patch radiator is preferably disposed on a dielectric region in the third dielectric layer having magnetic particles.
The first dielectric can provide a quarter wavelength matching section proximate to the slot to match the feed line into the slot. The quarter wave matching section can include magnetic particles.
The slot can comprise at least one east one crossed slot and the feed line comprise at least two feed lines, the feed lines phased to provide a dual polarization emission pattern.
A slot fed microstrip antenna includes an electrically conducting ground plane including at least one slot, a first dielectric layer disposed on the ground plane, and at least one feed line disposed on the first dielectric material for transferring signal energy to or from the slot. The feed line includes a stub portion, wherein the first dielectric layer includes a plurality of magnetic particles, at least a portion of the magnetic particles being disposed in a first junction region between the feed line and the slot. The first dielectric layer provides a first relative permittivity over a first region and a second relative permittivity over a second region, the second region having a higher relative permittivity as compared to the first region, wherein at least a portion of the stub is disposed on the second region.
The first dielectric layer can comprise a ceramic material having a plurality of voids, at least some of the voids filled with magnetic particles. The magnetic particles can comprise meta-materials. The second region underlying the stub preferably includes magnetic particles.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side view of a slot fed microstrip antenna formed on a dielectric which includes a high dielectric region and a low dielectric region, wherein the stub is disposed on the high dielectric region, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the microstrip antenna shown in FIG. 1, with added magnetic particles in the dielectric region underlying the stub.
FIG. 3 is a side view of a slot fed microstrip patch antenna which includes a first dielectric region including magnetic particles disposed between the ground plane and the patch, and a second dielectric region disposed between the ground plane and the feed line which includes a high dielectric region underlying the stub, the high dielectric region including magnetic particles, according to another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart that is useful for illustrating a process for manufacturing a slot fed microstrip antenna of reduced physical size and high radiation efficiency.
FIG. 5 is a side view of a slot fed microstrip antenna formed on an antenna dielectric which includes magnetic particles, the antenna providing impedance matching from the feed line into the slot, the slot into the environment, and the slot into the stub, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a side view of a slot fed microstrip patch antenna formed on an antenna dielectric which includes magnetic particles, the antenna providing impedance matching from the feed line into the slot, and the slot to its interface with the antenna dielectric beneath the patch and to the stub, according to an embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Low dielectric constant board materials are ordinarily selected for RF designs. For example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based composites such as RT/duroid® 6002 (dielectric constant of 2.94; loss tangent of 0.0012) and RT/duroid® 5880 (dielectric constant of 2.2; loss tangent of 0.0007) are both available from Rogers Microwave Products, Advanced Circuit Materials Division, 100 S. Roosevelt Ave, Chandler, Ariz. 85226. Both of these materials are common board material choices. The above board materials provide are uniform across the board area in terms of thickness and physical properties and provide dielectric layers having relatively low dielectric constants with accompanying low loss tangents. The relative permeability of both of these materials is near 1.
Prior art antenna designs utilize mostly uniform dielectric materials. Uniform dielectric properties necessarily compromise antenna performance. A low dielectric constant substrate is preferred for transmission lines due to loss considerations and for antenna radiation efficiency, while a high dielectric constant substrate is preferred to minimize the antenna size and optimize energy coupling. Thus, inefficiencies and trade-offs necessarily result in conventional slot fed microstrip antennas.
Even when separate substrates are used for the antenna and the feed line, the uniform dielectric properties of each substrate still generally compromises antenna performance. For example, a substrate with a low dielectric constant in slot fed antennas reduces the feed line loss but results in poor energy transfer efficiency from the feed line through the slot due to the higher dielectric constant in the slot region.
By comparison, the present invention provides the circuit designer with an added level of flexibility by permitting the use of dielectric layers, or portions thereof, with selectively controlled dielectric constant and permeability properties which can permit the circuit to be optimized to improve the efficiency, the functionality and the physical profile of the antenna.
The dielectric regions may include magnetic particles to impart a relative permeability in discrete substrate regions that is not equal to one. In engineering applications, the permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms. The relative permeability of a material in question is the ratio of the material permeability to the permeability of free space, that is μr=μ/μ0. The permeability of free space is represented by the symbol μ0 and it has a value of 1.257×10−6 H/m.
Magnetic materials are materials having a relative permeability μr either greater than 1, or less than 1. Magnetic materials are commonly classified into the three groups described below.
Diamagnetic materials are materials which have a relative permeability of less than one, but typically from 0.99900 to 0.99999. For example, bismuth, lead, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold, and silver are known diamagnetic materials. Accordingly, when subjected to a magnetic field, these materials produce a slight decrease in the magnetic flux density as compared to a vacuum.
Paramagnetic materials are materials which have a relative permeability greater than one and up to about 10. Example of paramagnetic materials are aluminum, platinum, manganese, and chromium. Paramagnetic materials generally lose their magnetic properties immediately after an external magnetic field is removed.
Ferromagnetic materials are materials which provide a relative permeability greater than 10. Ferromagnetic materials include a variety of ferrites, iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys, such as alnico and peralloy. Ferrites, for example, are made of ceramic material and have relative permeabilities that range from about 50 to 200.
As used herein, the term “magnetic particles” refers to particles when intermixed with dielectric materials, resulting in a relative permeability μr greater than 1 for the dielectric material. Accordingly, ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials are generally included in this definition, while diamagnetic particles are generally not included. The relative permeability μr can be provided in a large range depending on the intended application, such as 1.1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, or higher, or values in between these values.
The tunable and localizable electric and magnetic properties of the dielectric substrate may be realized by including metamaterials in the dielectric substrate. The term “Metamaterials” refers to composite materials formed from the mixing of two or more different materials at a very fine level, such as the molecular or nanometer level.
According to the present invention, a slot fed microstrip antenna design is presented that has improved efficiency and performance over prior art slot fed microstrip antenna designs. The improvement results from enhancements including a stub which improves coupling of electromagnetic energy between the feed line and the slot. A dielectric layer disposed between the feed line and the ground plane provides a first portion having a first dielectric constant and at least a second portion having a second dielectric constant. The second dielectric constant is higher as compared to the first dielectric constant. At least a portion of the stub is disposed on the high dielectric constant second portion. Portions of the dielectric layer can include magnetic particles, preferably including a dielectric region proximate to the stub to further increase the efficiency and the overall performance of the slot antenna.
Referring to FIG. 1, a side view of a slot fed microstrip antenna 100 according to an embodiment of the invention is presented. Antenna 100 includes a substrate dielectric layer 105. Substrate layer 105 includes first dielectric region 112, second dielectric region 113 (stub region), and third dielectric region 114 (dielectric junction region disposed between the feed line and slot ). First dielectric region 112 has a relative permeability μ1 and relative permittivity (or dielectric constant) ∈1, second dielectric region 113 has a relative permeability of μ2 and a relative permittivity of ∈2, and third dielectric region 114 has a relative permeability of μ3 and a relative permittivity of ∈3.
Ground plane 108 including slot 106 is disposed on dielectric substrate 105. Antenna 100 can include an optional dielectric cover disposed over ground plane 108 (not shown).
Feedline 117 is provided for transferring signal energy to or from the slot. Feedline includes stub region 118. Feedline 117 may be a microstrip line or other suitable feed configuration and may be driven by a variety of sources via a suitable connector and interface.
Second dielectric region 113 has a higher relative permittivity as compared to the relative permittivity in dielectric region 112. For example, the relative permittivity in dielectric region 112 can be 2 to 3, while the relative permittivity in dielectric region 113 can be at least 4. For example, the relative permittivity of dielectric region 113 can be 4, 6, 8,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or higher, or values in between these values.
Although ground plane 108 is shown as having a single slot 106, the invention is also compatible with multislot arrangements. Multislot arrangements can be used to generate dual polarizations. In addition, slots may generally be any shape that provides adequate coupling between feed line 117 and slot 106, such as rectangular or annular.
Third dielectric region 114 also preferably provides a higher relative permittivity as compared to the relative permittivity in dielectric region 112 to help concentrate the electromagnetic fields in this region. The relative permittivity in region 114 can be higher, lower, or equal to the relative permittivity in region 113. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the intrinsic impedance of region 114 is selected to match its environment. Assuming air is the environment, the environment behaves like a vacuum. In that case, μ2=∈2 will impedance match region 114 to the environment.
Dielectric region 113 can also significantly influence the electromagnetic fields radiated between feed line 117 and slot 106. Careful selection of the dielectric region 113 material, size, shape, and location can result in improved coupling between the feed line 117 and the slot 106, even with substantial distances therebetween.
Regarding the shape of dielectric region 113, region 113 can be structured to be a column shape with a triangular or oval cross section. In another embodiment, region 113 can be in the shape of a cylinder.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the intrinsic impedance of stub region 113 is selected to match the intrinsic impedance of junction region, 114. By matching the intrinsic impedance of dielectric junction region 114 to the intrinsic impedance of stub region 113, the radiation efficiency of antenna 100 is enhanced. Assuming the intrinsic impedance of region 114 is selected to match air, μ13 can be selected to equal ∈3 Matching the intrinsic impedance of region 113 to region 114 also reduces signal distortion and ringing which can be significant problems which can arise from impedance mismatches into the stub present in related art slot antennas.
In a preferred embodiment, dielectric region 113 includes a plurality of magnetic particles disposed therein to provide a relative permeability greater than 1. FIG. 2 shows antenna 200 which is identical to antenna 100 shown in FIG. 1, except a plurality of magnetic particles 214 are provided in dielectric region 113. Magnetic particles 214 can be metamaterial particles, which can be inserted into voids created in substrate 105, such as a ceramic substrate, as discussed in detail later. Magnetic particles can provide dielectric substrate regions having significant magnetic permeability. As used herein, significant magnetic permeability refers to a relative magnetic permeability of at least about 1.1. Conventional substrates materials have a relative magnetic permeability of approximately 1. Using methods described herein, μr can be provided in a wide range depending on the intended application, such as 1.1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, or higher, or values in between these values.
The invention can also be used to form slot fed microstrip patch antennas having improved efficiency and performance. FIG. 3 shows patch antenna 300, the patch antenna 300 including at least one patch radiator 309 and a second dielectric layer 305. The structure below second dielectric layer 305 is the same as FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, except reference numbers have been renumbered as 300 series numbers.
A second dielectric layer is disposed between the ground plane 308 and patch radiator 309. Second dielectric 305 comprises first dielectric region 310 and second dielectric region 311, the first region 310 preferably having a higher relative permittivity as compared to second dielectric region 311. Region 310 also preferably includes magnetic particles 314. Inclusion of magnetic particles 314 permits region 310 to be impedance matched to antenna's environment using a relative permeability equal to the relative permittivity in region 310, to match to air. Thus, antenna 300 provides improved radiation efficiency by matching the intrinsic impedance in region 310 (between slot 306 and patch 309) and the intrinsic impedance of region 314 (between feed line 317 and slot 306).
For example, the relative permittivity in dielectric region 311 can be 2 to 3, while the relative permittivity in dielectric region 310 can be at least 4. For example, the relative permittivity of dielectric region 310 can be 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or higher, or values in between these values.
Antenna 300 achieves improved efficiency through enhanced coupling of electromagnetic energy from feed line 317 through slot 306 to patch 309 through use of an improved stub 318. As discussed earlier, improved stub 318 is provided through use of a high permittivity substrate region proximate therein 313, which preferably also includes optional magnetic particles 324. As noted above, coupling efficiency is further improved through use permittivity in dielectric region 313 which is proximate to stub 318 being higher than dielectric region 312.
Dielectric substrate boards having metamaterial portions providing localized and selectable magnetic and dielectric properties can be prepared as shown in FIG. 4 for use as customized antenna substrates. In step 410, the dielectric board material can be prepared. In step 420, at least a portion of the dielectric board material can be differentially modified using meta-materials, as described below, to reduce the physical size and achieve the best possible efficiency for the antenna and associated circuitry. The modification can include creating voids in a dielectric material and filling some or substantially all of the voids with magnetic particles. Finally, a metal layer can be applied to define the conductive traces and surface areas associated with the antenna elements and associated feed circuitry, such as the patch radiators.
As defined herein, the term “meta-materials” refers to composite materials formed from the mixing or arrangement of two or more different materials at a very fine level, such as the angstrom or nanometer level. Metamaterials allow tailoring of electromagnetic properties of the composite, which can be defined by effective dielectric constant (or relative permittivity) and the effective relative permeability.
The process for preparing and modifying the dielectric board material as described in steps 410 and 420 shall now be described in some detail. It should be understood, however, that the methods described herein are merely examples and the invention is not intended to be so limited.
Appropriate bulk dielectric substrate materials can be obtained from commercial materials manufacturers, such as DuPont and Ferro. The unprocessed material, commonly called Green TapeTM, can be cut into sized portions from a bulk dielectric tape, such as into 6 inch by 6 inch portions. For example, DuPont Microcircuit Materials provides Green Tape material systems, such as 951 Low-Temperature Cofire Dielectric Tape and Ferro Electronic Materials ULF28-30 Ultra Low Fire COG dielectric formulation. These substrate materials can be used to provide dielectric layers having relatively moderate dielectric constants with accompanying relatively low loss tangents for circuit operation at microwave frequencies once fired.
In the process of creating a microwave circuit using multiple sheets of dielectric substrate material, features such as vias, voids, holes, or cavities can be punched through one or more layers of tape. Voids can be defined using mechanical means (e.g. punch) or directed energy means (e.g., laser drilling, photolithography), but voids can also be defined using any other suitable method. Some vias can reach through the entire thickness of the sized substrate, while some voids can reach only through varying portions of the substrate thickness.
The vias can then be filled with metal or other dielectric or magnetic materials, or mixtures thereof, usually using stencils for precise placement of the backfill materials. The individual layers of tape can be stacked together in a conventional process to produce a complete, multi-layer substrate. Alternatively, individual layers of tape can be stacked together to produce an incomplete, multi-layer substrate generally referred to as a sub-stack.
Voided regions can also remain voids. If backfilled with selected materials, the selected materials preferably include metamaterials. The choice of a metamaterial composition can provide tunable effective dielectric constants over a relatively continuous range from 1 to about 2650. Tunable magnetic properties are also available from certain metamaterials. For example, through choice of suitable materials the relative effective magnetic permeability generally can range from about 4 to 116 for most practical RF applications. However, the relative effective magnetic permeability can be as low as about 2 or reach into the thousands.
A given dielectric substrate may be differentially modified. The term “differentially modified” as used herein refers to modifications, including dopants, to a dielectric substrate layer that result in at least one of the dielectric and magnetic properties being different at one portion of the substrate as compared to another portion. A differentially modified board substrate preferably includes one or more metamaterial containing regions. For example, the modification can be selective modification where certain dielectric layer portions are modified to produce a first set of dielectric or magnetic properties, while other dielectric layer portions are modified differentially or left unmodified to provide dielectric and/or magnetic properties different from the first set of properties. Differential modification can be accomplished in a variety of different ways.
According to one embodiment, a supplemental dielectric layer can be added to the dielectric layer. Techniques known in the art such as various spray technologies, spin-on technologies, various deposition technologies or sputtering can be used to apply the supplemental dielectric layer. The supplemental dielectric layer can be selectively added in localized regions, including inside voids or holes, or over the entire existing dielectric layer. For example, a supplemental dielectric layer can be used for providing a substrate portion having an increased effective dielectric constant. The dielectric material added as a supplemental layer can include various polymeric materials.
The differential modifying step can further include locally adding additional material to the dielectric layer or supplemental dielectric layer. The addition of material can be used to further control the effective dielectric constant or magnetic properties of the dielectric layer to achieve a given design objective.
The additional material can include a plurality of metallic and/or ceramic particles. Metal particles preferably include iron, tungsten, cobalt, vanadium, manganese, certain rare-earth metals, nickel or niobium particles. The particles are preferably nanometer size particles, generally having sub-micron physical dimensions, hereafter referred to as nanoparticles.
The particles, such as nanoparticles, can preferably be organofunctionalized composite particles. For example, organofunctionalized composite particles can include particles having metallic cores with electrically insulating coatings or electrically insulating cores with a metallic coating.
Magnetic metamaterial particles that are generally suitable for controlling magnetic properties of dielectric layer for a variety of applications described herein include ferrite organoceramics (FexCyHz)-(Ca/Sr/Ba-Ceramic). These particles work well for applications in the frequency range of 8-40 GHz. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, niobium organoceramics (NbCyHz)-(Ca/Sr/Ba-Ceramic) are useful for the frequency range of 12-40 GHz. The materials designated for high frequency are also applicable to low frequency applications. These and other types of composite particles can be obtained commercially.
In general, coated particles are preferable for use with the present invention as they can aid in binding with a polymer matrix or side chain moiety. In addition to controlling the magnetic properties of the dielectric, the added particles can also be used to control the effective dielectric constant of the material. Using a fill ratio of composite particles from approximately 1 to 70%, it is possible to raise and possibly lower the dielectric constant of substrate dielectric layer and/or supplemental dielectric layer portions significantly. For example, adding organofunctionalized nanoparticles to a dielectric layer can be used to raise the dielectric constant of the modified dielectric layer portions.
Particles can be applied by a variety of techniques including polyblending, mixing and filling with agitation. For example, a dielectric constant may be raised from a value of 2 to as high as 10 by using a variety of particles with a fill ratio of up to about 70%. Metal oxides useful for this purpose can include aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, zirconium oxide and niobium (II, IV and V) oxide. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3), and zirconates, such as calcium zirconate and magnesium zirconate, also may be used.
The selectable dielectric properties can be localized to areas as small as about 10 nanometers, or cover large area regions, including the entire board substrate surface. Conventional techniques such as lithography and etching along with deposition processing can be used for localized dielectric and magnetic property manipulation.
Materials can be prepared mixed with other materials or including varying densities of voided regions (which generally introduce air) to produce effective dielectric constants in a substantially continuous range from 2 to about 2650, as well as other potentially desired substrate properties. For example, materials exhibiting a low dielectric constant (<2 to about 4) include silica with varying densities of voided regions. Alumina with varying densities of voided regions can provide a dielectric constant of about 4 to 9. Neither silica nor alumina have any significant magnetic permeability. However, magnetic particles can be added, such as up to 20 wt. %, to render these or any other material significantly magnetic. For example, magnetic properties may be tailored with organofunctionality. The impact on dielectric constant from adding magnetic materials generally results in an increase in the dielectric constant.
Medium dielectric constant materials generally have a range from 70 to 500+/−10%. As noted above these materials may be mixed with other materials or voids to provide desired effective dielectric constant values. These materials can include ferrite doped calcium titanate. Doping metals can include magnesium, strontium and niobium. These materials have a range of 45 to 600 in relative magnetic permeability.
For high dielectric constant applications, ferrite or niobium doped calcium or barium titanate zirconates can be used. These materials have a dielectric constant of about 2200 to 2650. Doping percentages for these materials are generally from about 1 to 10%. As noted with respect to other materials, these materials may be mixed with other materials or voids to provide desired effective dielectric constant values.
These materials can generally be modified through various molecular modification processing. Modification processing can include void creation followed by filling with materials such as carbon and fluorine based organo functional materials, such as polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE.
Alternatively or in addition to organofunctional integration, processing can include solid freeform fabrication (SFF), photo, uv, x-ray, e-beam or ion-beam irradiation. Lithography can also be performed using photo, uv, x-ray, e-beam or ion-beam radiation.
Different materials, including metamaterials, can be applied to different areas on substrate layers (sub-stacks), so that a plurality of areas of the substrate layers (sub-stacks) have different dielectric and/or magnetic properties. The backfill materials, such as noted above, may be used in conjunction with one or more additional processing steps to attain desired, dielectric and/or magnetic properties, either locally or over a bulk substrate portion.
A top layer conductor print is then generally applied to the modified substrate layer, sub-stack, or complete stack. Conductor traces can be provided using thin film techniques, thick film techniques, electroplating or any other suitable technique. The processes used to define the conductor pattern include, but are not limited to standard lithography and stencil.
A base plate is then generally obtained for collating and aligning a plurality of modified board substrates. Alignment holes through each of the plurality of substrate boards can be used for this purpose.
The plurality of layers of substrate, one or more sub-stacks, or combination of layers and sub-stacks can then be laminated (e.g. mechanically pressed) together using either isostatic pressure, which puts pressure on the material from all directions, or uniaxial pressure, which puts pressure on the material from only one direction. The laminate substrate is then is further processed as described above or placed into an oven to be fired to a temperature suitable for the processed substrate (approximately 850° C. to 900° C. for the materials cited above).
The plurality of ceramic tape layers and stacked sub-stacks of substrates can then be fired, using a suitable furnace that can be controlled to rise in temperature at a rate suitable for the substrate materials used. The process conditions used, such as the rate of increase in temperature, final temperature, cool down profile, and any necessary holds, are selected mindful of the substrate material and any material backfilled therein or deposited thereon. Following firing, stacked substrate boards, typically, are inspected for flaws using an acoustic, optical, scanning electron, or X-ray microscope.
The stacked ceramic substrates can then be optionally diced into cingulated pieces as small as required to meet circuit functional requirements. Following final inspection, the cingulated substrate pieces can then be mounted to a test fixture for evaluation of their various characteristics, such as to assure that the dielectric, magnetic and/or electrical characteristics are within specified limits.
Thus, dielectric substrate materials can be provided with localized tunable dielectric and magnetic characteristics for improving the density and performance of circuits, including those comprising microstrip antennas, such as slot fed microstrip patch antennas.
EXAMPLES
Several specific examples dealing with impedance matching using dielectrics including magnetic particles according to the invention is now presented. Impedance matching from the feed into the slot, the slot into the stub, as well as the slot and the environment (e.g. air) is demonstrated.
The condition necessary for having equal intrinsic impedances at the interface between two different mediums, for a normally incidence (θ=0°) plane 



  
    
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    .
  




This equation is used in order to obtain an impedance match between the dielectric medium in the slot and the adjacent dielectric medium, for example, an air environment (e.g. a slot antenna with air above) or another dielectric (e.g. antenna dielectric in the case of a patch antenna). The impedance match into the environment is frequency independent. In many practical applications, assuming that the angle of incidence is zero is a generally reasonable approximation. However, when the angle of incidence is substantially greater than zero, cosine terms should be used along with the above equations in order to match the intrinsic impedance of two mediums.
The materials considered are all assumed to be isotropic. A computer program can be used to calculate these parameters. However, since magnetic materials for microwave circuits have not be used for matching the intrinsic impedance between two mediums before the invention, no reliable software currently exists for calculating the required material parameters necessary for impedance matching.
The computations presented were simplified in order to illustrate the physical principles involved. A more rigorous approach, such as a finite element analysis can be used to model the problems presented herein with additional accuracy.
EXAMPLE 1
Slot with air Above.
Referring to FIG. 5, a slot antenna 500 is shown having air (medium 1) above. Antenna 500 comprises transmission line 505 and ground plane 510, the ground plane including slot 515. A dielectric 530 having a dielectric constant ∈r=7.8 is disposed between transmission line 505 and ground plane 510 and comprises region/medium 5, region/medium 4, region/medium 3 and region/medium 2. Region/medium 3 has an associated length (L) which is indicated by reference 532. Stub region 540 of transmission line 505 is disposed over region/medium 5. Region 525 which extends beyond stub 540 is assumed to have little bearing on this analysis and is thus neglected.
The magnetic relative permeability values for medium 2 and 3 (μr2 and μr3) are determined by using the condition for the intrinsic impedance matching of mediums 2 and 3. Specifically, the relative permeability μr2 of medium 2 is determined to permit the matching of the intrinsic impedance of medium 2 to the intrinsic impedance of medium 1 (the environment). Similarly, the relative permeability μr3 of medium 3 is determined to permit the impedance matching of medium 2 to medium 4. In addition, the length L of the matching section in medium 3 is determined in order to match the intrinsic impedances of medium 2 and 4. The length of L is a quarter of a wavelength at the selected frequency of operation.
First, medium 1 and 2 are impedance matched to theoretically eliminate the reflection coefficient at their interface using the equation: 



  
    
      
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              1
            
          
          
            ɛ
            
              r
              1
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              2
            
          
          
            ɛ
            
              r
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        1
        )
      
    
  




then the relative permeability for medium 2 is found as, 



  
    
      
        
          μ
          
            r
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              μ
              
                r
                1
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  1
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                1
                ·
                
                  7.8
                  1
                
              
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              
                μ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
            
            =
            7.8
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        2
        )
      
    
  




Thus, to match the slot into the environment (e.g. air) the relative permeability μr2 of medium (2) is 7.8.

Next, medium 4 can be impedance matched to medium 2. Medium 3 is used to match medium 2 to 4 using a length (L) of matching section 532 in region 3 having an electrical length of a quarter wavelength at a selected operating frequency, assumed to be 3 GHz. Thus, matching section 432 functions as a quarter wave transformer. To match medium 4 to medium 2, a quarter wave section 532 is required to have an intrinsic impedance of:

η3=√{square root over (η2·η4)}  (3)

The intrinsic impedance for region 2 is: 



  
    
      
        
          η
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                μ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
            
          
          ⁢
          
            η
            0
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        4
        )
      
    
  




where η0 is the intrinsic impedance of free space, given by:

η0=120πΩ≈377Ω  (5)

hence, the intrinsic impedance η2 of medium 2 becomes, 



  
    
      
        
          η
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  7.8
                  7.8
                
              
              ·
              377
            
            ⁢
            
               
            
            ⁢
            Ω
          
          =
          
            377
            ⁢
            
               
            
            ⁢
            Ω
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        6
        )
      
    
  




The intrinsic impedance for region 4 is: 



  
    
      
        
          η
          4
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  μ
                  
                    r
                    4
                  
                
                
                  ɛ
                  
                    r
                    4
                  
                
              
            
            ⁢
            
              η
              0
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  
                    1
                    7.8
                  
                
                ·
                377
              
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
            ≈
            
              135
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        7
        )
      
    
  




Substituting (0.7) and (0.6) in (0.3) gives the intrinsic impedance for medium 3,

η3=√{square root over (377.135)}Ω=225.6Ω  (8)

Then, the relative permeability in medium 3 is found as: 



  
    
      
        
          
            η
            3
          
          =
          
            
              225.6
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
            =
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      μ
                      
                        r
                        3
                      
                    
                    
                      ɛ
                      
                        r
                        3
                      
                    
                  
                
                ·
                
                  η
                  0
                
              
              =
              
                
                  
                    
                      μ
                      
                        r
                        3
                      
                    
                    7.8
                  
                
                ·
                377
              
            
          
        
        ⁢
        
          

        
        ⁢
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              3
            
          
          =
          
            
              7.8
              ·
              
                
                  (
                  
                    225.6
                    377
                  
                  )
                
                2
              
            
            =
            2.79
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        9
        )
      
    
  




The guided wavelength in medium 3 at 3 GHz, is given by 



  
    
      
        
          λ
          3
        
        =
        
          
            
              c
              f
            
            ⁢
            
              1
              
                
                  
                    ɛ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                  ·
                  
                    μ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  3
                  ×
                  
                    10
                    10
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                     
                  
                  ⁢
                  cm
                  ⁢
                  
                    /
                  
                  ⁢
                  s
                
                
                  3
                  ×
                  
                    10
                    9
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                     
                  
                  ⁢
                  Hz
                
              
              ·
              
                1
                
                  
                    7.8
                    ·
                    2.79
                  
                
              
            
            =
            
              2.14
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        10
        )
      
    
  




where c is the speed of light, and f is the frequency of operation.

Consequently, the length (L) of quarter wave matching section 532 is given by 



  
    
      
        L
        =
        
          
            
              λ
              3
            
            4
          
          =
          
            
              
                2.14
                4
              
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
            =
            
              0.536
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        11
        )
      
    
  




Note that the reactance between mediums (2) and (3) must be zero, or very small, so that the impedance of medium (2) be matched to the impedance of medium (4) using a quarter wave transformer located in medium (3). This fact is well known in the theory of quarter wave transformers.
Similarly, medium 5 can be impedance matched to medium 2. As noted earlier, an improved stub 540 providing a high Q can permit formation of a slot antenna having improved efficiency by disposing stub 540 over a high dielectric constant medium/region 5 while also impedance matching medium 5 to medium 2. Since region 2 is impedance matched to air, region 5 should have a relative permeability value that equals the dielectric constant value of region/medium 5. For example, if ∈r=20, then μr should be set to 20 as well.
EXAMPLE 2
Slot with dielectric above, the dielectric having a relative permeability of 1 and a dielectric constant of 10.
Referring to FIG. 6, a side view of a slot fed microstrip patch antenna 600 is shown formed on an antenna dielectric 610 which provides a dielectric constant ∈r=10 and a relative permeability μr=1. Antenna 600 includes the microstrip patch antenna 615 and the ground plane 620. The ground plane 620 includes a cutout region comprising a slot 625. The feed line dielectric 630 is disposed between ground plane 620 and microstrip feed line 605.
The feed line dielectric 630 comprises region/medium 5, region/medium 4, region/medium 3 and region/medium 2. Region/medium 3 has an associated length (L) which is indicated by reference 632. Stub region 640 of transmission line 605 is disposed over region/medium 5. Region 635 which extends beyond stub 640 is assumed to have little bearing on this analysis and is thus neglected.
Since the relative permeability of the antenna dielectric is equal to 1 and the dielectric constant is 10, the antenna dielectric is clearly not matched to air as equal relative permeability and dielectric constant, such as μr=10 and μr=10 for the antenna dielectric would be required. Although not demonstrated in this example, such a match can be implemented using the invention. In this example, the relative permeability for mediums 2 and 3 are calculated for optimum impedance matching between mediums 2 and 4 as well as between mediums 1 and 2. In addition, a length of the matching section in medium 3 is then determined which has a length of a quarter wavelength at a selected operating frequency. In this example, the unknowns are again the relative permeability μr2 of medium 2, the relative permeability μr3 of medium 3 and L. First, using the equation 



  
    
      
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              1
            
          
          
            ɛ
            
              r
              1
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              2
            
          
          
            ɛ
            
              r
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        12
        )
      
    
  




the relative permeability in medium 2 is: 



  
    
      
        
          μ
          
            r
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              μ
              
                r
                1
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  1
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              1
              ·
              
                7.8
                10
              
            
            =
            0.78
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        13
        )
      
    
  




In order to match medium 2 to medium 4, a quarter wave section 632 is required with an intrinsic impedance of

η3=√{square root over (η2·η4)}  (14)

The intrinsic impedance for medium 2 is 



  
    
      
        
          η
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                μ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
            
          
          ⁢
          
            η
            0
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        15
        )
      
    
  




where η0 is the intrinsic impedance of free space, given by

η0=120πΩ≈377Ω  (16)

Hence, the intrinsic impedance η2 of medium 2 becomes, 



  
    
      
        
          η
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  0.78
                  7.8
                
              
              ·
              377
            
            ⁢
            
               
            
            ⁢
            Ω
          
          =
          
            119.2
            ⁢
            
               
            
            ⁢
            Ω
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        17
        )
      
    
  




The intrinsic impedance for medium 4 is 



  
    
      
        
          η
          4
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  μ
                  
                    r
                    2
                  
                
                
                  ɛ
                  
                    r
                    3
                  
                
              
            
            ⁢
            
              η
              0
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  
                    1
                    7.8
                  
                
                ·
                377
              
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
            ≈
            
              135
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        18
        )
      
    
  




Substituting (18) and (17) in (14) gives the intrinsic impedance for medium 3 of

η3=√{square root over (119.2·135)}Ω=126.8Ω  (19)

Then, the relative permeability for medium 3 is found as 



  
    
      
        
          η
          3
        
        =
        
          
            126.8
            ⁢
            
               
            
            ⁢
            Ω
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  
                    μ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                  
                    ɛ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
              ·
              
                η
                0
              
            
            =
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                        μ
                        
                          r
                          3
                        
                      
                      7.8
                    
                  
                  ·
                  377
                
                ⁢
                
                  

                
                ⁢
                
                  μ
                  
                    r
                    3
                  
                
              
              =
              
                
                  7.8
                  ·
                  
                    
                      (
                      
                        126.8
                        377
                      
                      )
                    
                    2
                  
                
                =
                0.8823
              
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        20
        )
      
    
  




The guided wavelength in medium (3), at 3 GHz, is given by 



  
    
      
        
          λ
          3
        
        =
        
          
            
              c
              f
            
            ⁢
            
              1
              
                
                  
                    ɛ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                  ·
                  
                    μ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  3
                  ×
                  
                    10
                    10
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                     
                  
                  ⁢
                  cm
                  ⁢
                  
                    /
                  
                  ⁢
                  s
                
                
                  3
                  ×
                  
                    10
                    9
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                     
                  
                  ⁢
                  Hz
                
              
              ·
              
                1
                
                  
                    7.8
                    ·
                    0.8823
                  
                
              
            
            =
            
              3.81
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        21
        )
      
    
  




where c is the speed of light and f is the frequency of operation. Consequently, the length L is given by 



  
    
      
        L
        =
        
          
            
              λ
              3
            
            4
          
          =
          
            
              
                3.81
                4
              
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
            =
            
              0.952
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        22
        )
      
    
  




As in example 1, the radiation efficiency of the antenna can be further improved by matching the intrinsic impedance of medium 2 to the medium 5. This can be accomplished by setting the relative permeability and dielectric constant values in medium/region 5 to provide an intrinsic impedance which is impedance matched to η2.
Since the relative permeability values required for impedance matching in this example include values that are substantially less than one, such matching will be difficult to implement with existing materials. Therefore, the practical implementation of this example will require the development of new materials tailored specifically for this or similar applications which require a medium having a relative permeability less than 1.
EXAMPLE 3
Slot with dielectric above, that has a relative permeability of 10, and a dielectric constant of 20.
This example is analogous to example 2, having the structure shown in FIG. 6, except the dielectric constant ∈r of the antenna dielectric 610 is 20 instead of 1. Since the relative permeability of antenna dielectric 610 is equal to 10, and it is different from its relative permittivity, antenna dielectric 610 is again not matched to air. In this example, as in the previous example, the permeability for mediums 2 and 3 for optimum impedance matching between mediums 2 and 4 as well as for optimum impedance matching between mediums 1 and 2 are calculated. In addition, a length of the matching section in medium 3 is then determined which has a length of a quarter wavelength at a selected operating frequency. As before, the relative permeabilities μr2, of medium 2 and μr3 of medium 3, and the length L in medium 3 will be determined to match the impedance of adjacent dielectric media.
First, using the equation 



  
    
      
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              1
            
          
          
            ɛ
            
              r
              1
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              2
            
          
          
            ɛ
            
              r
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        23
        )
      
    
  




the relative permeability of medium 2 is found as, 



  
    
      
        
          μ
          
            r
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              μ
              
                r
                1
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  1
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              10
              ·
              
                7.8
                20
              
            
            =
            3.9
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        24
        )
      
    
  




In order to match the impedance of medium 2 to medium 4, a quarter wave section is required with an intrinsic impedance of

η3=√{square root over (η2·η4)}  (25)

The intrinsic impedance for medium 2 is 



  
    
      
        
          η
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                μ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
              
                ɛ
                
                  r
                  2
                
              
            
          
          ⁢
          
            η
            0
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        26
        )
      
    
  




where η0 is the intrinsic impedance of free space, given by

η0=120πΩ≈377Ω  (27)

hence, the intrinsic impedance of medium 2 η2 becomes, 



  
    
      
        
          η
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  3.9
                  7.8
                
              
              ·
              377
            
            ⁢
            
               
            
            ⁢
            Ω
          
          =
          
            266.58
            ⁢
            
               
            
            ⁢
            Ω
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        28
        )
      
    
  




The intrinsic impedance for medium (4) is 



  
    
      
        
          η
          4
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  μ
                  
                    r
                    4
                  
                
                
                  ɛ
                  
                    r
                    4
                  
                
              
            
            ⁢
            
              η
              0
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  
                    1
                    7.8
                  
                
                ·
                377
              
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
            ≈
            
              135
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        29
        )
      
    
  




Substituting (29) and (28) in (25) gives the intrinsic impedance for medium 3, which is

η3=√{square root over (266.58·135)}Ω=189.7Ω  (30)

Then, the relative permeability for medium (3) is found as 



  
    
      
        
          
            η
            3
          
          =
          
            
              189.7
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              Ω
            
            =
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                        μ
                        
                          r
                          3
                        
                      
                      
                        ɛ
                        
                          r
                          3
                        
                      
                    
                    ·
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  η
                  0
                
              
              =
              
                
                  
                    
                      μ
                      
                        r
                        3
                      
                    
                    7.8
                  
                
                ·
                377
              
            
          
        
        ⁢
        
          

        
        ⁢
        
          
            μ
            
              r
              3
            
          
          =
          
            
              7.8
              ·
              
                
                  (
                  
                    189.7
                    377
                  
                  )
                
                2
              
            
            =
            1.975
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        31
        )
      
    
  




The guided wavelength in medium 3, at 3 GHz, is given by 



  
    
      
        
          λ
          3
        
        =
        
          
            
              c
              f
            
            ⁢
            
              1
              
                
                  
                    ɛ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                  ·
                  
                    μ
                    
                      r
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                  3
                  ×
                  
                    10
                    10
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                     
                  
                  ⁢
                  cm
                  ⁢
                  
                    /
                  
                  ⁢
                  s
                
                
                  3
                  ×
                  
                    10
                    9
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                     
                  
                  ⁢
                  Hz
                
              
              ·
              
                1
                
                  
                    7.8
                    ·
                    1.975
                  
                
              
            
            =
            
              2.548
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        32
        )
      
    
  




where c is the speed of light and f is the frequency of operation. Consequently, the length 632 (L) is given by 



  
    
      
        L
        =
        
          
            
              λ
              3
            
            4
          
          =
          
            
              
                2.548
                4
              
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
            =
            
              0.637
              ⁢
              
                 
              
              ⁢
              cm
            
          
        
      
    
    
      
        (
        33
        )
      
    
  




As in examples 1 and 2, the radiation efficiency of the antenna can be further improved by matching the intrinsic impedance of medium 2 to the medium 5. This can be accomplished by setting the relative permeability and dielectric constant values in medium/region 5 to provide an intrinsic impedance which is impedance matched to η2.
Comparing examples 2 and 3, through use of an antenna dielectric 610 having a relative permeability substantially greater than 1 facilitates impedance matching between mediums 1 and 2, as well as between mediums 2 and 4 and 2 and 5, as the required permeabilities for mediums 2, 3 and 5 for matching these mediums are both readily realizable as described herein.
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not so limited. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as described in the claims.

## Claims

1. A slot fed microstrip patch antenna, comprising: an electrically conducting ground plane, said ground plane having at least one slot;
a feed line for transferring signal energy to or from said slot, said feed line including a stub which extends beyond said slot; 
a first dielectric layer disposed between said feed line and said ground plane, said first dielectric layer having a first set of dielectric properties including a first relative permittivity over a first region, and at least a second region of said first dielectric layer having a second set of dielectric properties, said second set of dielectric properties providing a higher relative permittivity as compared to said first relative permittivity, wherein said stub is disposed on said second region, and 
at least one patch radiator and a second dielectric layer, said second dielectric layer disposed between said ground plane and said patch radiator, wherein said second dielectric layer includes a third region providing a third set of dielectric properties including a third relative permittivity, and at least a fourth region including a fourth set of dielectric properties, said fourth set of dielectric properties including a higher relative permittivity as compared to said third relative permittivity.

2. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said patch is disposed on said fourth region.

3. The antenna of claim 1, wherein at least one of said first and second dielectric layer comprises a ceramic material, said ceramic material having a plurality of voids, at least a portion of said voids filled with magnetic particles.

4. The antenna of claim 3, wherein said magnetic particles comprise meta-materials.

5. The antenna of claim 2, wherein an intrinsic impedance in a first junction region between said feed line and said slot is matched to said fourth region.

6. The antenna of claim 2, wherein an intrinsic impedance in a first junction region between said feed line and said slot is matched to an intrinsic impedance of said second region.

7. The antenna of claim 5, wherein an intrinsic impedance of said first junction region is matched to an intrinsic impedance of said second region.

8. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said at least a first patch radiator comprises a first and a second patch radiator, said first and said second patch radiators separated by a third dielectric layer.

9. The antenna of claim 8, wherein said second patch radiator is disposed on a dielectric region in said third dielectric layer having magnetic particles.

10. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said first dielectric provides a quarter wavelength matching section proximate to said slot to match said feed line into said slot.

11. The antenna of claim 10, wherein said quarter wave matching section includes magnetic particles.

12. The antenna of claim 1, wherein said slot comprises at least one crossed slot and said feed line comprises at least two feed lines, said feed lines phased to provide a dual polarization emission pattern.

13. A slot fed microstrip antenna, comprising:
an electrically conducting ground plane, said ground plane having at least one slot; 
a first dielectric layer disposed on said ground plane, and 
at least one feed line disposed on said first dielectric material for transferring signal energy to or from said slot, said feed line including a stub portion, wherein said first dielectric layer includes a plurality of magnetic particles, at least a portion of said magnetic particles being disposed in a first junction region between said feed line and said slot, 
said first dielectric layer having a first relative permittivity over a first region and a second relative permittivity over a second region, said second region having a higher relative permittivity as compared to said first region, wherein at least a portion of said stub is disposed on said second region.

14. The antenna of claim 13, wherein said first dielectric layer comprises a ceramic material,.said ceramic material having a plurality of voids, at least some of said voids filled with magnetic particles.

15. The antenna of claim 14, wherein said magnetic particles comprise meta-materials.

16. The antenna of claim 13, wherein said second region includes magnetic particles.

17. The antenna of claim 13, wherein an intrinsic impedance in said first junction region is matched to said second region.