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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 42090

STATE OF IDAHO,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

LAURA LEE SMITH,

Defendant-Appellant.

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2015 Opinion No. 54S

Filed: February 1, 2016

Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk

SUBSTITUTE OPINION

THE COURT’S PRIOR OPINION

DATED AUGUST 27, 2015

IS HEREBY WITHDRAWN

Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho, 

Bonner County. Hon. Barbara A. Buchanan, District Judge. 

Judgment of conviction for aiding and abetting in the delivery of a controlled 

substance, vacated and case remanded.

Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender; Sally J. Cooley, Deputy 

Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. 

Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Jessica M. Lorello, Deputy 

Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. 

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GUTIERREZ, Judge

Laura Lee Smith appeals from her judgment of conviction for aiding and abetting in the 

delivery of a controlled substance. She first contends that the trial court erred by admitting the 

audio recording of a nonwitness’s out-of-court statements in violation of the Confrontation 

Clause. Smith also claims that the trial court erred in the admission at trial of certain testimonial 

evidence that Smith characterizes as hearsay. Smith finally contends that there was insufficient 

evidence to support her conviction. For the reasons set forth below, we vacate Smith’s 

conviction and remand for a new trial.

I.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

While working on an undercover sting operation in a local bar, two officers, Detective 

Hight and Officer Mattingley, made video-recorded arrangements to purchase psilocybin 
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mushrooms from Shawn Kendle. Kendle indicated to the officers that he had a source for the 

mushrooms and that his source was in the bar. Kendle then approached Smith and spoke with 

her for several minutes. Smith exited the bar and Officer Mattingley followed her into the 

parking lot. Smith drove away from the lot but returned approximately ten minutes later. She 

exited the vehicle holding a brown paper bag, which she carried across the parking lot to the 

driver’s side of Kendle’s truck. Officer Mattingley heard a car door open and shut. Smith then 

walked back across the parking lot toward the bar, the brown paper bag notably absent. The two 

officers and Kendle later went back outside where Kendle exchanged a brown paper bag from 

the driver’s side of his truck for the officers’ payment. The mushrooms inside the bag were later 

identified as psilocybin mushrooms by police forensics. The State charged Smith with aiding 

and abetting in the delivery of a controlled substance.

At trial, Smith objected to the admission of the audio portion of the video recording 

wherein Kendle could be heard saying, “I’ve got her in the bar.” Smith challenged its admission 

on the grounds that she had not had “an opportunity to cross-examine [Kendle] about what he’s 

saying.” The trial court overruled this objection and allowed the video playback with audio. The 

court also overruled Smith’s hearsay objection to Officer Mattingley’s testimony as he described 

the events within the video, specifically his statement, “[Kendle] is standing at the bar talking to 

what he said was his person that could supply him with mushrooms.” At the conclusion of the 

State’s case, Smith moved for a directed verdict on the basis of insufficient evidence, which the 

court denied.

The jury found Smith guilty of aiding and abetting in the delivery of a controlled 

substance. The court sentenced Smith to a unified sentence of four years, with two years 

determinate, but suspended the sentence and placed her on probation for three years. Smith 

timely appeals.

II.

ANALYSIS

Smith raises three issues on appeal: first, whether the trial court erred by admitting the 

audio portion of the video recording of Kendle’s statement to police during their undercover 

operation in violation of Smith’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation; second, whether the 

court erred in the admission of witness testimony before the jury during the narration of that 

video; and finally, whether there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict.
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A. Right of Confrontation

On appeal, Smith argues that the trial court violated her constitutional right under the 

Confrontation Clause when it admitted the audio portion of a video recording of a nonwitness. 

In reviewing a potential violation of the Confrontation Clause, this Court will defer to the trial 

court’s factual findings, unless they are clearly erroneous, but will exercise free review over the 

trial court’s legal determinations. State v. Hooper, 145 Idaho 139, 142, 176 P.3d 911, 914 

(2007). 

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the 

right to confront witnesses at trial. U.S. CONST. AMEND. VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the 

accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with witnesses against him.”). It applies only 

to hearsay statements that are testimonial. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004); 

State v. Stanfield, 158 Idaho 327, 332, 347 P.3d 175, 180 (2015). A statement is testimonial 

when it was made with a primary objective of creating an evidentiary record to establish a fact at 

trial. Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006) (“Statements . . . are testimonial when the 

circumstances objectively indicate . . . that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish 

or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.”); State v. Shackelford, 

150 Idaho 355, 372-73, 247 P.3d 582, 599-600 (2010) (holding that statements of ex-wife were 

not testimonial because they were not offered for their truth). Statements of individuals made 

unknowingly to undercover officers are not testimonial. Davis, 547 U.S. at 825 (citing Bourjaily 

v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 181-84 (1987) and noting that “statements made unwittingly to a 

Government informant” were “clearly nontestimonial”). 

At issue here are Kendle’s out-of-court statements made to undercover officers during 

their sting operation. Smith broadly argues that multiple “statements of Mr. Kendle . . . were 

testimonial in nature,” but she only specifically addresses the admission of Kendle’s statement, 

“I’ve got her in the bar,” in reference to his source for the mushrooms.1 

First, Kendle unwittingly made the recorded statement to undercover officers, as there is 

nothing in the record to suggest that Kendle suspected he was dealing with undercover officers 

or that he was being recorded. Second, the State did not offer the audio recording to prove the 

 

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Smith contested only the trial court’s admission of the audio portion of the video during 

trial and on appeal. However, the audio on the recording was notably unintelligible and Smith 

does not contest the admissibility of any other specific statements.
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truth of the matter asserted. Instead, the State offered the audio statements on the video to 

provide context for the jury as they viewed the recorded conversation between the undercover 

officers and Kendle.2 Regarding the specific statement, “I’ve got her in the bar,” the truth of this 

assertion suggests nothing more than Smith’s location at the time of the conversation. We agree 

with the trial court’s discretion to admit this nontestimonial statement into evidence. 

Because the statement was not testimonial, the Confrontation Clause does not apply. 

Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in admitting the audio portion of the video 

recording.

B. Officer’s Narration as Hearsay

Smith also challenges the trial court’s admission of Officer Mattingley’s testimony as 

improper hearsay. The trial court has broad discretion in determining the admissibility of 

testimonial evidence. State v. Smith, 117 Idaho 225, 232, 786 P.2d 1127, 1134 (1990). A 

decision to admit or deny such evidence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing 

of abuse of that discretion. Id. As discussed above, hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered 

in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Idaho Rule of Evidence 801(c); State v. 

Gomez, 126 Idaho 700, 704, 889 P.2d 729, 733 (Ct. App. 1994). The hearsay rule also prohibits 

allowing a witness to give a summary of an out-of-court conversation if the purpose of such 

testimony is to prove the truth of the facts asserted in that conversation. Gomez, 126 Idaho at 

704, 889 P.2d at 733 (describing that an explanation of a transaction constitutes hearsay if the 

words used indicate a particular fact). Hearsay is inadmissible unless otherwise provided by an 

exception in the Idaho Rules of Evidence or other rules of the Idaho Supreme Court. I.R.E. 802.

When a trial court’s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court 

conducts a multi-tiered inquiry to determine: (1) whether the lower court correctly perceived the 

issue as one of discretion; (2) whether the lower court acted within the boundaries of such 

 

2 During trial, the State only argued that the video recording was admissible for the 

nonhearsay purpose of demonstrating “how the case developed” and to “put [it] in context.” On 

appeal, the State adds that the statements were also offered to show Smith’s role in the 

transaction. Because it was raised for the first time on appeal, we do not consider this additional 

justification in reaching our decision. See, e.g., State v. Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 670, 227 P.3d 

918, 924 (2010) (noting that appellate review is limited to the arguments presented below); State 

v. Davis, 155 Idaho 216, 219, 307 P.3d 1242, 1245 (Ct. App. 2013) (holding that defendant’s 

nonspecific justification for admission of testimony at trial did not preserve her specific 

nonhearsay justification raised for the first time on appeal). 
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discretion and consistently with any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; 

and (3) whether the lower court reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. Hedger, 

115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d 1331, 1333 (1989). 

Smith challenges the trial court’s admission of a portion of the officer’s trial testimony. 

During the playback of the video recording for the jury, the officer described the events in the 

video and stated, “[Kendle] is standing at the bar talking to what he said was his person that 

could supply him with mushrooms.” The officer later identified the person at the bar as Smith. 

Smith argues that this testimony constituted hearsay and did not fall within a recognized 

exception. We agree. Although the State argues that the officer’s testimony gave context to the 

transaction shown on the video, we are not persuaded that the officer’s statements were limited 

to explanatory words providing only context. The officer’s explanation of the recorded 

transaction was a recounting of an out-of-court statement by Kendle and was an assertion of a 

particular fact: that Smith was Kendle’s mushroom supplier. Further, during trial, the State did 

not argue for the admission of the statement on any grounds other than it was nonhearsay; there 

is nothing in the record indicating that the trial court considered admission of the statement on 

any other grounds or that it instructed the jury of the statement’s limited use. On appeal, we 

need not consider any other justifications besides those offered during trial. See State v. 

Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 670, 227 P.3d 918, 924 (2010). Therefore, we conclude that the trial 

court erred in admitting the officer’s hearsay testimony.

This conclusion requires that we determine whether the error necessitates a new trial for 

Smith. Where a court incorrectly rules on admissibility of evidence, a party is entitled to relief 

on appeal only where the error affects a substantial right of one of the parties. State v. Ehrlick, 

158 Idaho 900, 911, 354 P.3d 462, 473 (2014). “Any error, defect, irregularity or variance which 

does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.” Idaho Criminal Rule 52.

Whether an error is harmless in a particular case depends upon a host of 

factors, including the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s 

case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence 

corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the 

extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall 

strength of the prosecution’s case.

Hooper, 145 Idaho at 146, 176 P.3d at 918. Where the error was objected to at trial, we apply 

the harmless error test articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Chapman v. California, 
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386 U.S. 18 (1967). State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 222, 245 P.3d 961, 974 (2010); State v. Folk, 

157 Idaho 869, 879, 341 P.3d 586, 596 (Ct. App. 2014). Under the two-part Chapman test, the 

defendant must establish the existence of an error, “at which point the State shall have the burden 

of demonstrating that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Perry, 150 Idaho at 222, 

245 P.3d at 974. This requires the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not 

contribute to the verdict. Id. at 221, 245 P.3d at 973. In interpreting Chapman, the Supreme 

Court has explained that:

To say that an error did not “contribute” to the ensuing verdict is not, of 

course, to say that the jury was totally unaware of that feature of the trial later 

held to have been erroneous. . . . 

To say that an error did not contribute to the verdict is, rather, to find that 

error unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in 

question, as revealed in the record.

Yates v. Evatt, 500 U.S. 391, 403 (1991), overruled in part on other grounds by Estelle v. 

McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 72 n.4 (1991). Therefore, an appellate court’s inquiry “is not whether, in 

a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but 

whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.” 

Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 279 (1993). 

Here, Smith properly establishes the existence of the error, as required by Chapman. 

Under the second part of Chapman, the State is then required to demonstrate that the error was 

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. However, the State altogether fails to argue that the court’s 

erroneous admission of Officer Mattingley’s hearsay testimony was harmless. Instead, the State 

argues that Kendle’s “I’ve got her in the bar” statement was harmless.3 Where the State does not 

address the specific error complained of, it cannot be said to have met its burden of 

demonstrating that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, we conclude 

that the State did not meet its burden of proving that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable 

doubt. See State v. Almaraz, 154 Idaho 584, 598, 301 P.3d 242, 256 (2013). Because this issue 

is dispositive, we need not address Smith’s final issue on appeal, which was whether there was 

sufficient evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict.

 

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In its briefing, the State argues that “the guilty verdict entered against Smith in this case 

was surely unattributable to the single [“I’ve got her in the bar”] statement about which Smith 

complains.” 
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III.

CONCLUSION

The trial court did not err when it admitted the nontestimonial audio portion of Kendle’s 

statement. The admission of the hearsay testimony of Officer Mattingley was error, and the 

State did not meet its burden of proving that such error was harmless. Accordingly, we vacate 

Smith’s judgment of conviction and remand for a new trial.

Chief Judge MELANSON and Judge GRATTON CONCUR.