United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Alternative Heat Treatment for Chinese Wooden Handicrafts

Treatment Evaluation Document

Date : May 2010

Treatment Type: Heat Treatment

Commodity: Wooden Handicrafts

Country of origin: China

Objective : To provide justification for a proposed amendment to the regulations for unmanufactured wood articles and the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Treatment

Manual to reduce treatment of wooden handicrafts from 71.1o C for at least 75 minutes to

60o C for 60 minutes.

Overview: The importation of Chinese handicrafts was suspended in 2005 in response to insect pests that were intercepted on the handicrafts. In 2009, APHIS published a proposed rule to allow for imports of Chinese wooden handicrafts to resume subject to

certain con ditions, including the universal heat treatment at 71.1o C for at least 75

minutes. The universal treatment is a default used in the absence of more pest

- specific treatment efficacy information. Since publication of the proposed rule, a new peerreviewed study has been published on the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), a heat

- resistant insect, which is closely associated with the pests APHIS identified as likely to follow the pathway of Chinese wooden handicrafts. The study recommends using a lower temperature, 6 0o C, for a shorter duration, 60 minutes, to treat firewood, a commodity that poses similar or more significant pest risks than handicrafts. APHIS reviewed the

new treatment data contained in this article and all references related to wood insects that

we re used in the development of the International Plant Protection Convention’s (IPPC’s) International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 15 (56 oC for at least 30 minutes). (See attached list of references.) Based on that review, we conclude the treatment developed in the study for EAB is an appropriate treatment option to mitigate the risk associated with the importation of Chinese handicrafts.

Historical Background: APHIS suspended the importation of Chinese wooden handicrafts in 2005, based on 304 live insect pest interceptions from January 2002 – February 2005. In April 2009, APHIS proposed to amend the regulations in “Logs,Lumber, and Other Unmanufactured Wood Articles” (7 CFR 319.40) to allow for imports of Chinese wooden handicrafts to resume subject to certain conditions, including

heat treatment at 71.1o C for at least 75 minutes. Comments received on the proposed rule questioned the use of the universal heat treatment, an all- inclusive treatment which requires a high temperature to meet fungi concerns. The commenter requested that we

allow treatment consistent with IPPC’s ISPM No. 15 (56 oC for at least 30 minutes).

In December 2009, a new study was published, which validates that EAB is a heat

resistant insect and that an EA B host article, firewood, must be heated to 60o C, minimum core temperature, for a minimum of 60 minutes to obtain mortality of the insect. Previous scientific information suggested that ISPM 15 was efficacious for all other insects determined by APHIS t o be most likely to follow the pathway of Chinese handicrafts. That data showed effective treatment for the families: Anobiidae, Bostrychidae, Cerambycidae, Cucujidae, Curculionidae, Dermestidae, Lyctidae, Ptinidae, Tenebrionidae, Formicidae, Kalotermitid ae, Tineidae, Pyralidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae, and Lepisimatidae. In light of this study, APHIS will issue a supplemental proposal that would decrease the previously published heat treatment from the universal heat treatment to 60 oC, minimum core temp erature, for a minimum of 60 minutes.

Evaluation: APHIS has determined that lowering the heat treatment requirements for

Chinese wooden handi crafts would mitigate the pest risk to the United States associated with the importation of these articles . In addition, this action is consistent with our responsibilit ies to the IPPC to take action that represents the least restrictive measure available and result in the minimum impediment to international trade

.

Decision : Amend 7 CFR 319 and the PPQ Trea tment Manual to approve heat treatment at 60o C for 60 minutes for Chinese wooden handicrafts imported into the United States. Imports of Chinese handicrafts would also have to meet all other applicable requirements

in 7 CFR 305.

References:

Myers, S. W., I. Fraser and V. C. Mastro. 2009. Evaluation of heat treatment schedules for emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 102:2048-

2055.

Author : John T. Jones Forestry and Forestry Products Trade Director USDA APHIS PPQ PI MReferences

Heat Treatment to Ki ll Organisms in Wood

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