United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted July 19, 2006

Decided July 24, 2006

Before

Hon. WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

 Hon. JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge

 Hon. FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

No. 05-4279

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ROBERT A. COLLINS,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Northern District of

Indiana, South Bend Division

No. 3:03-CR-00046

Robert L. Miller, Jr., 

Chief Judge.

O R D E R

Robert Collins was indicted and convicted by a jury on one count of

possession of firearms as a felon. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The facts underlying that

conviction are set out in United States v. Collins, 110 Fed. App. 701 (7th Cir. 2004),

an interlocutory appeal in which we overturned the district court’s decision to

suppress the firearms as evidence. The district court sentenced him to 48 months’

imprisonment, within the advisory guideline sentencing range of 46 to 57 months. 

Collins’ appointed counsel, asserting that there are no nonfrivolous issues on which

to base an appeal, now moves to withdraw under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738

(1967). We confine our review to the issues identified by counsel’s facially adequate

brief and the reply Collins filed under Circuit Rule 51(b). See United States v. Tabb,

125 F.3d 583, 584 (7th Cir. 1997). 

UNPUBLISHED ORDER

Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53
No. 05-4279 Page 2

Counsel, who did not represent Collins in the district court, first considers an

appeal based on the court’s denial of a pro se motion that Collins filed on the day of

trial requesting a new appointed attorney. Collins argued that his trial counsel had

“blackmailed” him by telling him that he “did not see any legal defense” to the

charges and advising him that a guilty plea would probably result in a lower

sentence. We agree that it would be frivolous to proceed on this issue. We would

review such a claim for abuse of discretion by considering factors including “the

adequacy of the court's inquiry into the motion” and whether there was “a total

lack of communication preventing an adequate defense.” United States v. Harris,

394 F.3d 543, 552 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. Bjorkman, 270 F.3d 482, 500 (7th

Cir. 2001). There must not have been a total lack of communication; in his motion,

Collins acknowledged that he had “continuously been in contact” with his trial

counsel. And Collins was able to fully articulate his displeasure with his counsel,

both in his motion and in open court where the judge discussed the matter with

him. We have held that engaging the defendant and inquiring into the basis for his

dissatisfaction is an adequate inquiry on the part of the district court. Bjorkman,

270 F.3d at 501; cf. United States v. Zillges, 978 F.2d 369, 372 (7th Cir. 1992)

(district court’s inquiry into defendant’s motion was insufficient where it failed to

seek “reasons for his dissatisfaction with counsel”). Because Collins was

communicating with his trial counsel and the district court inquired into his

complaints regarding trial counsel’s performance, it would be futile to argue on

appeal that the district court abused its discretion by denying the motion.

Counsel next weighs an argument that the district court erred by denying

another pro se motion Collins made on the day of trial, requesting that the judge

recuse himself. Collins was apparently concerned that the judge, who had presided

in 1986 over a civil suit that he had filed, was biased. The judge denied the motion

because it set forth no grounds for recusal under 28 U.S.C. § 455 or 28 U.S.C. § 144. 

Because a pretrial petition for mandamus is necessary for us to review a claim

under § 455(a), we could review the denial of that motion only under § 144. See

O'Regan v. Arbitration Forums, Inc., 246 F.3d 975, 987 (7th Cir. 2001). And § 144

requires that a party submit, at least ten days before the commencement of

proceedings, an affidavit including “the facts and the reasons for the belief that bias

or prejudice exists” and a “certificate of counsel of record stating that it is made in

good faith.” Collins submitted his motion on the first day of trial and without an

affidavit or certificate of counsel. Collins’ motion was untimely and failed to meet

the statutory requirements, so it would be frivolous to argue on appeal that the

district court erred by rejecting it.

Counsel next considers a potential argument that the district court erred in

overruling objections that he made at trial to the government’s expert testimony. 

Collins objected to the testimony of Special Agent James Cronin of the Bureau of
No. 05-4279 Page 3

Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, who gave his opinion of the origin of Collins’

firearms. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); United States v. Caldwell, 423 F.3d 754, 757-78

(7th Cir. 2005) (prosecution must prove that firearms traveled in or affected

interstate commerce). Based on his training and experience, Cronin testified, he

did not believe that any of the three weapons were made in Indiana. Collins’ trial

counsel argued first that the testimony lacked the evidentiary foundation required

by Fed. R. Evid. 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). The

district court overruled the objection, ruling that Cronin was an expert for the

purposes of Fed. R. Evid. 702 due to his “years of training and experience with the

ATF,” and that Cronin “relied on information of the sort that other experts in the

field reasonably relied upon.” Rule 702 requires that an expert’s testimony be

“based on sufficient facts and data,” and that the expert apply “reliable principles

and methods” to the facts of the case. Here, Cronin relied on common and approved

methods, including visual inspection of the weapons, research, and consultations

with other experts. We have “sanctioned the reliance of trial courts on established

law enforcement methodologies to fulfill the mandate of Rule 702,” and expert

testimony in particular “has been admitted frequently in firearms prosecutions to

establish that the firearm in question traveled in interstate commerce.” United

States v. Conn, 297 F.3d 548, 556 (7th Cir. 2002). Given Cronin’s qualifications as

an expert and the soundness of his methods under Rule 702, it would be frivolous to

contend on appeal that his testimony should have been ruled inadmissible. 

Collins also objected to Special Agent Cronin’s testimony on the grounds that

it ran afoul of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), which held that under

the Confrontation Clause, “testimonial statements” from a declarant who is

available to testify and whom the defendant has been unable to cross-examine are

inadmissable. See also United States v. Gilbertson, 435 F.3d 790, 795 (7th Cir.

2006). Cronin cited his consultations with “various experts in the field, one of them

being John Finney who is in our office” as part of the basis for his expert opinion. 

Collins’ trial counsel argued that this testimony improperly introduced a

testimonial statement because it referenced information gleaned from an out-ofcourt declarant. But Cronin’s testimony did not include any statement or opinion

attributable to Finney; we do not even know whether Finney agreed with Cronin’s

ultimate conclusion. Cronin merely noted that he had consulted with Finney before

forming his opinion as to where the guns had been manufactured. It would be

frivolous to argue on appeal that Cronin introduced testimonial statements on

Finney’s part simply by mentioning that a consultation had occurred.

Finally, counsel considers an argument that the district court erroneously

refused Collins’ request for a sentence below the advisory guidelines range. Collins’

trial counsel had argued that his sentence should reflect his honest belief that he

was entitled to own the firearms and his alleged lack of intent to do violence with

them. But Collins’ sentence was within the properly calculated guideline range,
No. 05-4279 Page 4

and is therefore presumptively reasonable under United States v. Mykytiuk, 415

F.3d 606, 608 (7th Cir. 2005). Because our review would merely inquire as to

“whether the district court considered the appropriate range of factors and arrived

at a reasonable sentence,” it would be frivolous to argue that Collins’ arguments

required the district court to exercise its discretion in his favor. United States v.

Laufle, 433 F.3d 981, 988 (7th Cir. 2006).

In his Rule 51(b) response, Collins argues that his trial counsel was

ineffective for, among other things, coercing him into testifying against his will. 

Such claims are better reserved for a later motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, at which

point the record may be further developed. See Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S.

500, 504(2003); United States v. Knox, 287 F.3d 667, 671 (7th Cir. 2002). Collins

also argues that he could challenge the court’s application of the sentencing

guidelines, either because the guidelines are no longer an appropriate consideration

for a sentencing court or because he deserved a below-range sentence. But the

sentencing court was explicitly required to consider the advisory guidelines, see 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a)(4)(A), and a challenge to its discretionary decision to sentence

Collins within that range would be frivolous, as noted above. 

Collins also suggests appealing the district court’s decision to not award him

a three-point reduction for “truthful cooperation” in admitting to his prior felony

conviction on the stand. This would be a frivolous contention on appeal, because

downward adjustments under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 are intended “to help the

government and the judiciary avoid the time and expense of trial” and thus are

generally unavailable to defendants who exercise their right to a trial. United

States v. Cunningham, 103 F.3d 596, 598 (7th Cir. 1996). Collins also suggests that

despite his admission on the stand, the jury never actually found that he was a

felon in possession of firearms. But the jury returned a verdict finding Collins

“guilty of possession of a firearm after conviction of a felony, as charged in the

indictment,” so this, too, would be a frivolous contention on appeal. 

Finally, Collins contends that he could pursue an appeal based on the

admission of evidence discovered during what he characterized as an illegal search

of his apartment. But we decided that precise issue in the earlier interlocutory

appeal. Although we acknowledged that it was “a very close case,” the officers’

warrantless entry into Collins’ apartment was justified by exigent circumstances. 

See Collins, 110 Fed. App. at 704. It would be frivolous to base an appeal of his

conviction on issues that this court has already decided. 

We accordingly GRANT the motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.