This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014). STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A16-0098 State of Minnesota, Respondent,

vs. Jamie Charlotte Blahowski, Appellant. Filed October 31, 2016 Affirmed Schellhas, Judge McLeod County District Court File No. 43-CR-15-6 Lori Swanson, Attorney Gene ral, St. Paul, Minnesota; and Michael K. Junge, McLeod County Attorney, Daniel R. Provencher, Assistant County Attorney, Glencoe, Minne sota (for respondent) Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Susan J. Andrews, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant) Considered and decided by Kirk, Presiding Judge; Sc hellhas, Judge; and Bjorkman, Judge.2 U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N SCHELLHAS , Judge Appellant seeks reversal of her convic tion of fifth-degree controlled-substance crime, arguing that the district court erred by a llowing the state to im peach her with a prior misdemeanor conviction. We affirm. FACTS Around 10:30 p.m. on January 1, 2015, Glencoe Police Officer Andrew Fiebelkorn observed appellant Jamie Blahowski driving a vehicle. Officer Fiebelkorn stopped the vehicle that Blahowski was driving because he knew that Blahowski’s driver’s license had been revoked. Officer Fiebelko rn approached the front passe nger side of the vehicle and began speaking with Blahowski; almost imme diately, he saw near the center console a baggie containing a crystalline substance that he suspected was methamphetamine. Officer Fiebelkorn radioed for backup, approached th e front driver side of the vehicle, and instructed Blahowski to exit the vehicle. Blahowski verb ally defied Officer Fiebelkorn’s repeated commands to exit the vehicle and physi cally resisted his attempts to remove her from the vehicle. As he strugg led with Blahowski, Officer Fi ebelkorn saw her reach toward the center console and then toss her ri ght hand over her right shoulder. Glencoe Police Officer Benjam in Jarvi arrived on the scene and helped Officer Fiebelkorn remove Blahowski from the vehicle, handcuff her, and detain her. The officers then searched the vehicle fo r the baggie of suspected methamphetamine, weapons, and other contraband. Upon Officer Fiebelkorn’s re quest, other officers arrived at the scene, including a K-9 unit, and assisted. During the search, Officer Jarvi located the baggie of3 suspected methamphetamine on the floorboard of the rear passenger side of the vehicle. Officer Fiebelkorn secured the baggie of suspected methamphetamine, and subsequent chemical testing confirmed that the baggie contained 0.041 grams of methamphetamine. Respondent State of Minnes ota charged Blahowski with fifth-degree controlledsubstance crime (methamphetamine possession), obstruction of legal process, and driving after revocation. Blahowski pleaded not guilty and demanded a jury trial. On the morning of trial, over Blahowski’s objection, the distri ct court ruled that the state could impeach Blahowski with a 2005 misdemeanor theft conviction. Blah owski nonetheless testified at trial, acknowledged the theft conviction on cross-examination, and repeatedly denied possessing methamphetamine at the time of th e traffic stop. The jury found Blahowski guilty as charged, and the co urt sentenced her to imprisonm ent for 12 mont hs and 1 day for her conviction of fifth-degr ee controlled-substance crime. 1 This appeal follows. D E C I S I O N “[Appellate courts] review a district c ourt’s decision to admit evidence of a defendant’s prior convictions for an abuse of discretion.” State v. Williams , 771 N.W.2d 514, 518 (Minn. 2009); see also State v. Hill , 801 N.W.2d 646, 651 (Minn. 2011) (stating that “[appellate courts] will not reverse a di strict court’s ruling on the impeachment of a witness by prior conviction absent a clear abuse of discretion” (quotation omitted)).

1 Although the presumptive di sposition was a stay of exec ution, Blahowski asked the district court to execute her sentence.4 Minnesota law provides: For the purpose of attacking th e credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has be en convicted of a crime shall be admitted only if the crime (1 ) was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was convicted, and th e court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect, or (2) involved dishonesty or false statement, regardless of the punishment. Minn. R. Evid. 609(a). Accordingly, a defenda nt who testifies at her own trial may be impeached by evidence that sh e previously was convicted of a misdemeanor if the misdemeanor involved dishon esty or false statement. See id. (providing for impeachment by evidence of conviction of a crime “invol v[ing] dishonesty or false statement, regardless of the punishment ” (emphasis added)); State v. Zornes , 831 N.W.2d 609, 626

− 27 (Minn. 2013) (stating that rule 609(a) standard “appl[ie s] . . . to defendants who wish to testify in their own defense”). Evidence of a witness’s prior conviction of a crime involving dishonesty or false statement is admissible for impeachment purpos es so long as no more than ten years has elapsed between the conviction and th e date of the charged offense. See Minn. R. Evid. 609(b) (providing that “[e]vide nce of a conviction . . . is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction”); State v. Ihnot , 575 N.W.2d 581, 585 (Minn. 1998) (holding that “the date of the charged offense is the appropriate end point for the 10-year period that determines whether a conviction is stale under Minn. R. Evid. 609(b)”). Indeed, a district court must admit su ch evidence without regard to whether its probative value outweighs its prejudicial effect. See State v. Bettin , 295 N.W.2d 542,5 545 (Minn. 1980) (“Crimes directly invol ving dishonesty or false statement are automatically admissible without regard to the seriousness of the punishment and without any balancing of probative value ag ainst prejudice being required.”); State v. Head , 561 N.W.2d 182, 185–87 (Minn. App. 1997) (sta ting that “Minn.R.Evid. 609(a)(2) overrides the district court’s general discretion to ex clude relevant evidence under Minn.R.Evid. 403” and concluding that “d istrict court erred by excluding evidence about [state’s witness]’s two prior convictions for pr oviding false information to police”), review denied (Minn. May 28, 1997). If “dishonesty is an element of the crime” of conviction, eviden ce of the conviction “falls within the plain language of Minn.R .Evid. 609(a)(2)” and is admissible under the rule without regard to the manner in which the crim e was committed. Head , 561 N.W.2d at 187. But even if dishonesty is not an elemen t of the crime of conviction, evidence of the conviction is admissible under rule 609(a)(2 ) if the crime was committed in a manner involving dishonesty. Cf. State v. Ross , 491 N.W.2d 658, 659 (Minn. 1992) (noting that “[t]he difficulty in determining whether a particular crime falls under Minn.R.Evid. 609(a)(2) lies not in just the type of crime committed , but also in the manner in which the crime is carried out,” characterizing as “very in structive” Judge Posner’s analysis of Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(2) in Altobello v. Borden Confectionary Prods., Inc. , 872 F.2d 215 (7th Cir. 1989), and recounting Altobello ’s reasoning that “[i]n the cas e of [some] crimes, deceit is not an element, but the manner in whic h the witness committed the offense may have involved deceit, and if that is sh own the conviction is admissible ” (quotation omitted)).6 Theft may be—but is not necessarily—a crime involving dishonesty or false statement, “depending on what kind of act of thievery was involved.” State v. Sims , 526 N.W.2d 201, 202 (Minn. 1994). For example, misdemeanor theft by shoplifting generally is not a crime involving dishon esty or false statement, State v. Darveaux , 318 N.W.2d 44, 48 (Minn. 1982), while theft by swindle categor ically is a crime involving dishonesty or false statement, see State v. Norris , 428 N.W.2d 61, 71 (Minn. 1988) (concluding that district court did not err in ruling that defe ndant’s prior conviction of theft by swindle was admissible under Minn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2)); State v. Swinger , 800 N.W.2d 833, 836 (Minn. App. 2011) (stating that misdemeanor theft by swindle, theft by fraud, and theft by false representation were crim es involving dishonesty or false statement), review denied (Minn. Sept. 28, 2011). In this case, the district court allo wed Blahowski to be impeached on crossexamination by reference to he r 2005 misdemeanor theft conviction. The court reasoned that evidence of the conviction was admissible as “a crime of moral turpitude because it’s a crime of dishonesty.” Blahowski argues that the district court erred by admitting her misdemeanor conviction without making the requi site determination, under Minn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2), that the crime of conviction involved dishonesty or false statement. We agree. The record reflects no informatio n regarding “what kind of act of thievery was involved” in the crime of conviction, Sims , 526 N.W.2d at 202, or “the manner in which the crime [wa]s carried out,” Ross , 491 N.W.2d at 659. Co nsequently, the court ha d no apparent basis for its conclusion that Blahow ski’s misdemeanor theft was a cr ime involving dishonesty or false statement.7 But Blahowski did not argue in district court that evidence of her 2005 misdemeanor theft conviction was not admissible under Mi nn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2 ). Instead, she argued against impeachment by incorre ctly claiming that “all eviden tiary rulings are subject to Rule 403” and contending that , because her theft conviction wa s “within a few days of . . . being ten years old,” the proba tive value of evidence of that conviction was outweighed by its unfairly prejudicial impact. The state argue s that our review of the district court’s impeachment ruling therefore is limited to review for plain error. Becaus e we conclude that any error in the district court’s impeachment ruling did not affect Bl ahowski’s substantial rights, we do not decide whether Blahowski’s objection in district court was sufficient to preserve the assignment of error that she makes on appeal. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.01 (“Any error that does not affect substantial ri ghts must be disregarded.”), .02 (“Plain error affecting a substantial right can be considered by the court . . . on appeal even if it was not brought to the trial court’s attention.”); State v. Reed , 737 N.W.2d 572, 583–84 (Minn. 2007) (explaining that under both harmless-erro r review and plain-error review, error is not reversible unless it affected defendant’s substantial rights). “In most situations, an error affects substa ntial rights if the error was prejudicial and affected the outcome of the case. Put another wa y, an error affects a defendant’s substantial rights if there is a reasonable likelihood that the error had a significant effect on the verdict.” State v. Finch , 865 N.W.2d 696, 703 (Minn. 2015) (quotations and citation omitted); see also State v. Matthews , 800 N.W.2d 629, 634 (Minn. 2011) (stating that “[a] plain error affects the substantial rights of the defendant when there is a reasonable8 likelihood that the error substan tially affected the verdict” and explaining that this analysis “is the equivalent of a harmless error analysis” (quotation omitted)). In determining whether a reasonable like lihood exists that erroneously admitted evidence significantly affected th e verdict, appellate courts ma y consider such factors as the relative strength of properly admitted incu lpatory and exculpator y evidence, the manner in which the erroneously ad mitted evidence was presented to the jury, whether the prosecutor referenced the erroneously adm itted evidence in closing arguments, and whether the district court gave a limiting instruction. See State v. Bolte , 530 N.W.2d 191, 198–99 (Minn. 1995) (concludi ng that no prejudice resulte d from erroneous admission of other-crime evidence after considering “a nu mber of factors including the overwhelming evidence linking the defendant to the [crime of conviction]; the fact that the defense’s evidence was weak and of highly doubtful cred ibility; the fact that the prosecutor did not rely on the evidence in question in his closing argument; the fact that the trial court gave an appropriate cautionary instruction when reque sted, both during the trial and as part of the final instructions; and the fact that othe r other-crime evidence was properly admitted”); State v. Jackson , 764 N.W.2d 612, 620 (Minn. App. 2009) (“In evaluating the reasonable likelihood that the erroneously admitted evidence sign ificantly affected the verdict, this court must consider the persuasiveness of th at evidence. . . . Our analysis must also consider the manner in which th e evidence was presented.”), review denied (Minn. July 22, 2009). Appellate courts presume that a jury follows a district court’s limiting instruction. State v. Thao , 875 N.W.2d 834, 839 (Minn. 2016).9 Blahowski argues that the district c ourt’s impeachment ruling “substantially influenced the jury’s decision to convict [her]” of fifth-degree controlled-substance crime because “[her] defense had no chance with the jury once her testim ony was wrongly—and unfairly—impeached with the highly prejudicial evidence of her prior conviction.” Blahowski points to other evidence and argum ent presented at trial that purportedly bolstered her testimony that she possessed no me thamphetamine at the time of the traffic stop, and she suggests that the jury would ha ve believed her testimony if she had not been impeached with evidence of her 20 05 misdemeanor theft conviction. But Blahowski’s impeachment was limited to a single, brief exchange with the prosecutor on cross-examination: Q: Ms. Blahowski, have you ever been convicted of theft? A: Yes. This exchange was immediatel y followed by a limiting instructi on by the district court, which provided: “Any evidence concerning a prior conviction of the defendant is admitted only for your consideration in deciding whethe r she’s telling the truth in this case. You must not consider a prior conviction as eviden ce of the defendant’s character or conduct, except as you may think it reflects on believab ility.” And the prosecutor did not mention Blahowski’s theft conviction during his op ening statement or his closing argument. The district court’s impeachment ruling di d not prevent Blahow ski from testifying, and Blahowski’s testimony that she possessed no methamphetamine at the time of the traffic stop was in direct conflict with th e state’s evidence, including the testimony of Officers Fiebelkorn and Jarvi and the squad- car recording of the traffic stop and its10 aftermath. Finally, during cross-examinati on, Blahowski acknowledged her guilt of the crime of driving after revocatio n and admitted that she “may have” kicked a police officer as she “physically resisted” O fficer Fiebelkorn’s efforts to remove her from the vehicle. On these facts, we conclude that no reasona ble likelihood exists th at the evidence of Blahowski’s prior conviction significantly affect ed the jury’s verdict on the charge of fifthdegree controlled-substance crime. Affirmed.