EPA/600/K-95/002 August 1995



# Handbook for Preparing Office of Research and Development Reports
Third Edition

National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268ii 

## Notice
This document replaces the “Handbook for Preparing Office of Research and Development Reports,” EPA/600/9-83/006, revised October 1989. The Technology Transfer and Support Division (TTSD) has produced this Handbook to provide guidelines that should be followed in preparing technical and scientific reports for the Office of Research and Development (ORD). Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.



## Abstract

This Handbook is intended to assist authors and editors when preparing documentsthat report the results and conclusions of ORD’s research, development, and demonstration programs. The Handbook contains a listing of reference documents to be used in writing a report, a discussion of copyright requirements, and notices that may be used in various types of reports. The Handbook also discusses requirements for software, the general form of the report, style guidelines, and restrictions of which writers must be aware. Required items in reports are described: the cover, front matter, body of text, and back matter and their individual parts. Also described are various types of documents: research and project reports, project summaries, applications guides, proceedings, journal articles, book chapters, published papers, environmental research briefs, seminar announcements, and internal reports. Several sample pages of a report are shown. The appendices consist of the following: • an expanded list of sources—style manuals, guides to naming and presenting data, and texts on technical writing; and • specifications for reports, project summaries, environmental research briefs, and brochures.iii 

## Contents

Notice ................................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. ii Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose ................................................................................................................. 1 Applicability ......................................................................................................... 1 Exclusions ............................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2 Source and Legal Information ..................................................................................... 2 Sources of Information ......................................................................................... 2 Legal Considerations ............................................................................................ 2 Copyright ...................................................................................................... 2 Confidential Information .............................................................................. 5 Notices .......................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 3 Guidelines .................................................................................................................... 7 Overview .............................................................................................................. 7 Requirements ........................................................................................................ 7 Desktop-Published Copy vs. Word-Processed Copy.................................... 7 Software ........................................................................................................ 7 Paste-Up ........................................................................................................ 7 Style ...................................................................................................................... 8 Page Numbering ............................................................................................ 8 Equations ....................................................................................................... 8 Footnotes ....................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations ................................................................................................ 8 Metric Units of Measure ............................................................................... 8 Restrictions ........................................................................................................... 8 Foldouts and Divider Pages .......................................................................... 8 Errata and Addenda....................................................................................... 8 Paper Saving ................................................................................................. 8 Attribution ..................................................................................................... 8 Peer Review ......................................................................................................... 8iv 

## Contents (continued)

Chapter 4 General Organization of Standard Reports ................................................................. 9 Cover .................................................................................................................... 9 Front Matter ......................................................................................................... 9 Title Page ...................................................................................................... 9 Notice ............................................................................................................ 9 Abstract ......................................................................................................... 9 Preface (Optional) ......................................................................................... 9 Foreword ....................................................................................................... 9 Contents ........................................................................................................ 9 Lists ............................................................................................................... 9 Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................... 9 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 10 Body of Report ................................................................................................... 10 Text ............................................................................................................. 10 Figures and Tables ...................................................................................... 10 References ................................................................................................... 11 Back Matter ........................................................................................................ 11 Appendices .................................................................................................. 11 Glossary ...................................................................................................... 11 Bibliography ................................................................................................ 11 Index ............................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 5 Types of Reports ...................................................................................................... . 12 Research Reports ................................................................................................ 12 Presentation ................................................................................................. 12 Content ........................................................................................................ 12 Project Reports ................................................................................................... 12 Project Summaries ............................................................................................. 13 Applications Guides ........................................................................................... 13 Proceedings ........................................................................................................ 13 Journal Articles .................................................................................................. 13 Book Chapters and Published Papers ................................................................ 13 Environmental Research Briefs ......................................................................... 14 Seminar Announcements ................................................................................... 14 Internal Reports .................................................................................................. 14 Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 24 A Other Professional Sources............................................................................................... 24 B Specifications .................................................................................................................... 26v 

## Figures

4-1. Sample cover. ........................................................................................................................ 15 4-2. Sample title page. .................................................................................................................. 16 4-3. Sample contents. ................................................................................................................... 17 4-4. Sample list. ............................................................................................................................ 18 4-5. Sample acronyms and abbreviations. .................................................................................... 19 4-6. Sample page of text. .............................................................................................................. 20 4-7. Samples of figure and table. ................................................................................................. 21 4-8. Sample references. ................................................................................................................ 22 4-9. Sample bibliography. ............................................................................................................ 231 

## Chapter One Introduction

Purpose This Handbook is addressed to those who prepare documents for the Office of Research and Development (ORD) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It contains guidance, notices, and format specifications that will ensure consistentlyhigh-quality documents and associated diskette copies at reasonable costs.


### ApplicabilityThese specifications and guidelines apply to the final documents and associated computer diskettes prepared as a result of research sponsored or conducted by ORD. Such documents include reports that

• result from in-house, interagency, grant, cooperative agreement, and contract research activities performed by or for ORD; • document the findings of research required to produce a specific output; and • are tailored to meet the needs of defined user groups. Examples of reports include, but are not limited to, projectreports and summaries, research reports, conference proceedings, environmental research briefs, criteria documents, manuals, handbooks, user’s guides, seminar announcements, and internal reports.



### ExclusionsThese specifications and guidelines do not apply to nontechnical reports and studies, administrative or fiscal reports, or catalogs. If you are responsible for preparing such reports, ask the project officer to contact the Office of Communication,Education, and Media Relations, Washington, DC, for additional guidance and assistance.2 tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Ask for Stock Number 021-000-00120-1.)


### Legal Considerations The government may be subject to liability for misuse of theliterary or intellectual property (patents, trademarks, proprietary information) of others. Report writers and editors should observe the guidelines given in this section.


### Copyright 1 What Rights Copyright Gives The Copyright Act gives the owner of a copyright the exclusive right to reproduce the copyrighted work, to prepare derivative works based on the copyrighted work, and to distribute copies of the copyrighted work to the public. It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by the Act to the owner of the copyright.

Who Can Claim Copyright The copyright in a work of authorship immediately becomes the property of the author who created it. In the case of works made for hire, the employer and not the employee is considered the author. The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the work.

Works That Are Not Protected Several categories of material are not eligible for copyright protection. These include, among others,

• Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols

or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation,lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents.

________________________________ 1 This section, except for the part on EPA’s use of copyrighted materials, is

taken from Copyright Basics. The full citation is as follows: Copyright Office. Circular 1: Copyright Basics. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1992. This chapter provides information that is generally applicable to all ORD scientific and technical documents. It identifies important reference documents and discusses copyright and notices.



### Sources of Information You may find the following references useful as supplemental sources in preparing ORD scientific and technical reports. Youmay also want to use other guides from engineering and scientific societies and journals. A list of additional sources is given in Appendix A.

Office of Communication, Education, and Media Relations. Publication Management: A Guide to Processes, Standards and Style, EPA/175/K-93/011. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992. (This bookletdescribes the regulations and standards governing the management and production of other than scientific or technical publications produced for EPA.) Office of Communication, Education, and Media Relations.Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms, EPA/175/B-93/001. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993. Office of Communication, Education, and Media Relations. Developing Products for the Public: A Handbook for EPA Communicators, EPA/176/B-91/001. Washington, DC: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. (This handbook describes the Agency’s process for developing a product intended for a nontechnical audience.) ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). Standard Practice for Use of the International System of Units (SI) (The Modernized Metric System), PCN 03-543-093-34. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1992. (ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103-1187; 215-299-5585). U.S. Government Printing Office. Government Printing Office Style Manual. Washington, DC: USGPO, 1984. (This manualcontains editorial advice and the federal government’s recommended style for capitalization, punctuation, use of numerals,hyphenation, etc. You may purchase a copy from the Superin

## Chapter Two Source and Legal Information3 righted material in another government publication does not constitute permission for EPA to use the same material. The absence of a copyright notice or the unpublished status of a work does not establish that the work has not been copyrighted.When permission to use copyrighted material has been obtained and the material is used in an EPA document, the copyrighted material should be identified by the following statement:Reprinted from (title of publication, year of first publication) by (name of author) with permission of (name of copyright owner). Many EPA documents are submitted to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) for distribution. NTIS requires thatcopyright release letters accompany publications. The following is an example of a letter giving EPA and NTIS permission to use copyrighted material:

Dear :Permission is given to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and to the National Technical Information Service to reproduce and sell the document identified below containing the following copyrighted material: (Describe the material; include the title, page number, number of the table(s) or figure(s), and anyother identifying information.) The following copyright acknowledgment will be included: “Reprinted from (title of publication, year of first publication) by(name of author) with permission of (name of copyright owner).”
EPA Document: [Identification of the EPA Document]

The author should, within reason, follow any special acknowledgment wording requested by the copyright owner. Put such wording on the acknowledgment page of the front matter.The data rights provisions applicable to both assistance agreements and contracts limit the right of the recipient or contractor to incorporate copyrighted materials in the product delivered to EPA. Prior to inclusion of copyrighted material in a workproduct delivered under an EPA assistance agreement or contract, the recipient or contractor must first • Get the copyright owner’s written permission for the government’s use of such material • Complete all necessary paperwork and forward permission with the report for processing. • Pay any fees. • Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts,

principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a description, explanation, or illustration. • Works consisting entirely of information that is common

property and containing no original authorship. Examples are standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources. Copyright Secured Automatically Upon Creation Copyright is secured automatically when the work is created. No publication or registration or other action in the Copyright Office is required to secure copyright. Before 1978, copyright was secured by the act of publication with notice of copyright. Works in the public domain on January 1, 1978, remain in the public domain under the current Act.

How Long Copyright Protection Endures Works Originally Created on or after January 1, 1978 A work that was created on or after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment of its creation and is ordinarily given a term enduring for the author’s life plus 50 years after the author’s death. For works made for hire, and foranonymous and pseudonymous works, the duration of copyright will ordinarily be 75 years from publication or 100 years from creation, whichever is shorter. EPA’s Use of Copyrighted Materials Copyright Does Not Cover Government Works • No U.S. copyright exists in work prepared by a U.S. government employee. • You must give a copy of such work to any who ask for it or refer them to whoever is distributing it. You Should Answer Assignment Requests with a Statement from EPA’s Patent Counsel• Answer requests for assignment of U.S. or worldwide copyright rights in works of EPA employees with a letter that includes the following statement: “This assignment cannot be executed because the referenced work was authored by a United StatesGovernment employee as part of that person’s official duties. In view of Section 105 of the Copyright Act (17 U.S.C. §105) the work is not subject to U.S. copyright protection.”

• Copyright protection for a specific foreign country may be possible. Ask EPA’s Patent Counsel to review the document. Be Careful When Using Copyrighted Material Copyrighted material may not be copied or displayed by EPA or incorporated in EPA documents unless written permission of the copyright owner has been obtained. Prior use of copy-4 Copyright Notice In addition to the copyright information that you put on the acknowledgment page, include on the notice page (page ii of the front matter) one of the three following notices: This document contains copyrighted material on pages (list pages).

or This document is copyrighted in its entirety by the author.

or This document is copyrighted in its entirety by the author. In addition, it contains copyrighted material from sources other than the author on pages (list pages). Assistance Agreement Recipients and Contractors Usually Copyright Their Data Works of assistance agreement recipients and contractors can have copyright. In these instances, however, the government is granted a license to all such data. • Assistance agreement recipients, following the Rights-in-Data and Copyright Clause in their agreement (40 CFR Part 30 Appendix C), usually can establish copyright without approval from EPA.• Contractors follow the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Clause that is written into their contract: – most research and development contracts permit the contractor to establish copyright in scientific and technical articles without approval from EPA (FAR Clause 48 CFR Section 52.227-14, Rights in Data—General) – for other data produced under contract, the contractor must get written consent from the contracting officer before copyrighting data (FAR Clauses 48 CFR Section 52.227-14, Rights in Data—General and 48 CFR Section 52.227-17, Rights in Data—Special Works) Announcement of Copyright If assistance agreement recipients or contractors copyright their work, they should use the copyright announcement so that the project officer knows that permission is required if someone outside the government wants to use the document. Although use of the announcement is optional, it is highly recommended. The announcement should contain the symbol  , or the word “Copyright,” or the abbreviation “Copr.,” and the year of first publication of the work, and the name of the owner of copyright in the work. Example: 1995 John Doe Put the copyright announcement on page ii of the front matter. Fair Use Doctrine Is a Murky Field “Fair use” doctrine limits a copyright owner’s absolute ownership rights. • Purposes for which a reasonable portion of a copyrighted work can be used without permission:
– criticism – comment – news reporting– teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use) – scholarship – research When copyrighted works are being used in this way, you should provide a citation as to source. • Four factors used by courts in determining fair use: – the purpose and character of the use – the nature of the copyrighted work – the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole – the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work (courts consider this one the most important) The weight courts assign to each factor varies with the particular circumstances. Two Instances of Fair Use for EPA Employees, Contractors, and Assistance Agreement Recipients • Making one copy of an article for personal use. • Giving a contractor, assistance agreement recipient, or EPA employee individual copies of articles in connection with EPA-sponsored research. Fair use is a vague doctrine and a potential trap for the unwary. Ask your project officer to request from the EPA Patent Counsel advice on a situation in which you are relying on fair use and about which you are not sure. Computer Software Commercial computer software is almost always copyrighted. • Obtain consent of the copyright owner before copying software or using it in EPA work. • You may find consent for limited use and copying in the software license agreement.

• Putting a copyrighted work on a computer network, the Internet, or a bulletin board without written consent from the copyright owner could subject the government to copyright infringement liability.5 Do You Have Questions? If you have further copyright questions, ask your project officer to contact the EPA Patent Counsel at 202-260-7510 (Mailcode 2379) in the Office of General Counsel or the Technology Transfer and Support Division (TTSD) at 513-569-7371.



### Confidential Information You may not include in a document released to the public information of a type that might be claimed as confidential by a business unless the business has informed EPA that it does notclaim the information as confidential. If you have any questions, ask the Office of General Counsel.



### Notices Notices in this section pertain to draft and final documents and trade names. If you do not know if the document you are working on is a draft or the final version, check with the projectofficer. Put the copyright notice (see page 4) and the announcement of copyright (see page 4) after the notices described in this section. Put these notices on page ii of the front matter. In addition to the notices given in this chapter, page 9 in chapter 4 contains two notices under “Abstracts,” and page 13 in chapter 5 contains one notice under “Proceedings.”

Notices for Draft Documents

1. Draft copies of ORD reports are sometimes distributed outside the Agency for review. Mark the top of each page “DRAFT.” Do not cite EPA documents at the draft stage as references in reports prepared by or for ORD.Put the following notice in all draft scientific and technical reports:
Notice

This document is a preliminary draft. It has notbeen formally released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and should not at this stage be construed to represent Agency policy. It is being circulated for comments on its technical merit and policy implications.

2. Final draft documents that may become part of a regulatory docket file but are not submitted for a formal public comment period contain the following notice:
NoticeThis report is an external draft for review purposes only and does not constitute Agency policy.

____________________________ 2 Include appropriate wording, which for contracts is funded and managed and

for assistance agreements is usually partially funded and collaborated in. Alsoinclude notice statement no. 8 for documents containing proprietary information. Notices for Final Documents

3. If agreement is reached that a peer-reviewed draft of a technical information product is appropriate for release as an EPA publication, the following statement must be used:
Notice 2

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development (funded and managed or partially funded andcollaborated in) the research described here under (contract or assistance agreement number) to (name). It has been subjected to the Agency‘s peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. 4. EPA encourages independent publication of research results in refereed journals at any time. Submit one copy of the article to the project officer when it is sent for publication. Following publication, submit three reprints of the article to the project officer. The article must include the following statement:
Notice 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development (funded and managed or partially funded andcollaborated in) the research described here under (contract or assistance agreement number) to (name). It has not been subjected to Agency review and therefore does not necessarily reflectthe views of the Agency, and no official endorsement should be inferred.

5. Final documents for internal use by the requesting program office contain the following notice:

This document is intended for internal Agency use only.
6. For research products that have been peer-reviewed and approved by the Agency but will be published elsewhere (e.g., in book chapters), include the following statement:
Notice 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development (funded and managed or partially funded andcollaborated in) the research described here under (contract or assistance agreement number)to (name). It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication.67. For proceedings that include both EPA and nonEPA authors, use the following notice:
Notice The views expressed in these Proceedings arethose of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Scientists in EPA's Office of Research and Development have prepared the EPA sections, and those sections have been reviewed in accordancewith EPA's peer and administrative review policies and approved for presentation and publication. Disclaimer for Trade and Manufacturer’s Names 8. In addition to other notices that you put on page ii, if your document contains any information unique to a company, laboratory, or individual, you should put a disclaimer statement similar to the following:

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Capitalize trade and manufacturers’ names in a report. Before clearing the report for publication, notify the project officer and approving official of the use of trade and manufacturers’ names.7 

## Chapter Three Guidelines

Levels of Headings Font: Same as text. Case: Initial Caps Subhead 1:Flush left, bold Subhead 2: Flush left, bold, italics Subhead 3:Flush left, normal Subhead 4:Flush left, italics, same line as text Layout—One column: image area 6.5" x 8.75" Spacing: Single 

### SoftwareIf the contract requires you to produce a report in desktoppublished format, follow the guidelines presented in Appendix B, pages 26 through 33. You may produce graphics using a program such as Freehand® , Illustrator® , or Canvas ® . Send the hard copy of the report and diskettes (3 1/2-in. or SyQuest) to TTSD. TTSD plans to store all documents on diskette , so you are requested to send diskettes with every document. If you prepare a report that TTSD will desktop publish, furnish a paper copy and diskettes of the document prepared in WordPerfect®(which is the “Agency standard”), PageMaker® , or Microsoft®Word. 1WordPerfect®has been identified as . You may submit a 3 1/2-in. diskette for smaller projects or aSyQuest diskette for larger projects. Graphics should be submitted as (1) a high resolution (600 dpi or higher) or high quality original paper copy or (2) a TIFF or EPS file and the original paper copy. Label all diskettes containing text and graphics with the application name and version of the program used and the system on which it was done. If you use a program or file other than what is suggested, ask your project officer tocontact TTSD at 513-569-7292 (text) or 513-569-7558 (graphics) before you begin to make sure it can be converted. 

### Paste-Up Use a product such as “DryTac Adhesives” for mounting all copy, tables, charts, figures, photos, etc. Do not use scotch tape, glue, or staples to mount camera-ready art or copy. Tape, glue, or staples create a distortion on the camera-ready material that will show up on the printer’s negatives and plates.

___________________ 1 TTSD sends documents to NTIS on disk. NTIS requires that the format be the

current version of WordPerfect. 

### Overview This chapter identifies the guidelines you should follow when preparing ORD scientific and technical reports and information products for publication. It is not intended to replace methods for handling abbreviations, units of measure, references, and other text annotations that are recommended practice within themany scientific and technical disciplines in the research community. A common sense, consistent approach will usually produce a readable and accurate document.



### Requirements Desktop-Published Copy vs. Word-Processed CopyThe contract may require you to provide final output of cameraready copy in one of two ways: copy produced from desktoppublishing software or from word processing software. Either way is suitable for sending a document to printing or to NTIS.

• Outputs from desktop-publishing software, such as

PageMaker® , give your document a more professional appearance. Often, because type is smaller, spacing iscloser, and multiple columns are used, desktop-published copy requires fewer pages than output from word processing software; therefore, desktop-published copy is less expensive to print. All specifications in AppendixB and all figures in this document describe desktoppublished copy.

• Outputs from word processing software, such as

WordPerfect®or Microsoft®Word, are sometimes quickerand less expensive for writers to produce. Layout specifications for outputs from word processing software are as follows: Paper Size—8.5" x 11" Margins Top, left side, right side: all 1" Bottom: 1.25" Font—Twelve point sans serif (e.g., Univers)8 

### Style Page Numbering Number the front matter consecutively with lower case roman numerals. Count the title page as page i but do not put the number on the page. Number pages in the body of the report and back matter consecutively with arabic numerals. Start the first page of the body of the report on a right-hand page and number it 1; thereafter, begin each new chapter or section on the next available page. Allow no blank pages. 

### EquationsDefine mathematical symbols at their first use. When mathematical formulas and equations are numerous, furnish a separate listing of symbols used.

Treat short, simple, and unnumbered equations as part of the text. When possible, type simple fractions on one line using a diagonal line and parentheses to avoid ambiguity: [1/(a + b)] not [1/a + b or 1 a b

+ ].

If an equation requires special symbols, positioning, or brackets, display the equation on a line by itself, centered on the width of the page, with spacing above and below. Break equations before an operational sign (e.g., +, -, =, x). Align a group of separate but related equations by their equal signs and indent or center the group as a whole. Number equations consecutively, using the chapter number or appendix letter as a prefix and starting equations in each chapter orappendix with 1 (e.g., 1-5 is the fifth equation in Chapter 1; B1 is the first equation in Appendix B). Place these numbers flush right in parentheses as shown below:

SCA CE

W

e = − −       2 1 100 (6-3)
Other instructions concerning mathematical and chemical equations are in the Government Printing Office Style Manual and in other style manuals, such as those issued by the American Chemical Society (1155 Sixteenth St., NW, Washington, DC 20036) or the American Society of Civil Engineers (345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017).


### Footnotes Keep footnotes to a minimum; incorporate all brief and relevant explanatory comments in the copy. Indicate footnotes in thetext by superscript numerals and number consecutively beginning with 1 throughout each chapter. This is more practical than numbering footnotes beginning with 1 on each page, which often requires correcting numbers when text changes. 

### Abbreviations Use abbreviations from standard dictionaries, in the Government Printing Office Style Manual, and in EPA’s glossary (EPA/175/B-93/001). Technical abbreviations may be found in the appropriate reference documents for the subject area involved. 

### Metric Units of Measure Use metric measurements, unless otherwise justified by theproject officer; express equivalent units parenthetically, if desired. If you use other than metric measures, state the reason for such use in a footnote at the first nonmetric measure, and include a conversion table in the report. 

### Restrictions Foldouts and Divider Pages Do not use divider pages—those that merely serve to separate the report into parts—or foldouts. The cost of foldouts can usually be saved with planning: reduce wide tables, have tables fall on successive pages, separate maps into several parts, etc. 

### Errata and Addenda You may choose to handle errata and addenda in one of two ways:

1 If a report already printed and listed with NTIS has changes

and you want to include an errata sheet with the remaining copies of the document, send TTSD the errata sheet and a memo telling TTSD to send the errata sheet to NTIS with instructions that NTIS include it with future copies of the document to be distributed. In the memo, include the EPA number, the NTIS accession number, and the title of the document. 2 If a report already printed and listed with NTIS has changes

and you want to produce a revised document, put the same EPA number, but use anew issuance date on the reviseddocument (e.g., Revised August 1995). For additional information and procedures for processing and distributing modifications to existing reports, ask your project officer to call TTSD. 

### Paper Saving Because of the costs of paper, shipping, mailing, and printing, consider appropriate paper-saving techniques. Combine tables and figures with text on one page and reduce and crop figures and photographs to a smaller size consistent with clarity and a professional appearance.


### AttributionSources of information need to be attributed, even when obtained from another government agency and free of copyright restrictions; otherwise readers assume the materials originated with EPA. 

### Peer Review The Joint Committee on Printing of the United States Congress requires that federal agencies have initial publication rights. Only after peer and administrative review can EPA decide whether to publish a report or waive its initial publication rights.9 

## Chapter Four General Organization of Standard Reports

This report covers a period from (date) to (date) and work was completed as of (date). 

### Preface (Optional) The author’s own statement about the work is called a preface. A preface may include such information as the reasons for undertaking the work, the research method (if it might bear on the reader’s understanding of the text), or the limitations within which the subject was studied.



### Foreword The foreword is often of a scope similar to that of the author’s preface but is provided by the sponsoring laboratory.



### ContentsBegin the contents on a right-hand, odd-numbered page. Include preliminary pages (front matter), main headings of the document, appendices, and the pages on which they appear. You may use dotted leaders to aid readability of the contents. If you use subheads, indent and subordinate them. Avoid extra spacing between major sections when it would cause contents to have a short overrun onto the following page. Figure 4-3 on page 17 shows a sample contents page.



### ListsInclude a list of figures (figures, maps, charts, plates, illustrations) and a list of tables only if considered helpful or essential. For each figure or table, give its number, the caption as it appears in the report, and the page number. Avoid extra spacing when it would cause a list to have a short overrun onto the following page. If lists of figures and tables are short, combine on one page or combine with contents page. See Figure 4-4 on page 18 for a sample list.



### Acronyms and Abbreviations Assemble and define acronyms, symbols, and abbreviations if doing so will aid the reader. Abbreviations or symbols for the less common or specialized terms should also be given in parentheses following their first use in the text. Thereafter, use only the abbreviation or symbol. Consider using two columns 

### Cover Cover specifications are given on page 27 of Appendix B. An example of a cover is given in Figure 4-1 on page 15. You may wish to use the space below the subtitle for an illustration instead of the chevron shown. For questions about covers, ask your project officer to call TTSD at 513-569-7558.



### Front Matter Title Page Center everything on the title page using initial caps only (e.g., Handbook, not HANDBOOK). See Figure 4-2 on page 16 for a sample title page and information on each item.



### Notice Put a peer-review notice, a disclaimer statement if needed, and a copyright notice on page ii of the front matter of a report. Copyright notices are discussed on page 4. Peer-review and disclaimer notices are discussed on pages 5 and 6.



### Abstract Two types of abstracts are used in EPA documents:

• The indicative (descriptive) abstract tells readers what the

report is about. Use it to introduce a project summary.

• An informative abstract reports the hypothesis, methods,

results, and conclusions of research detailed in the text.
Limit the abstract to 200 words. In extramural reports, include the following information as part of the abstract in a prominent location: This report was submitted in fulfillment of (grant or contract number) by (contractor or grantee) under the (partial) sponsorship of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from (date) to (date), and work was completed as of (date). On in-house project reports, include the following information as part of the abstract in a prominent location:10 insignificant details. Eliminate unnecessary border frames. As far as practical, place callouts in a figure horizontally, unboxed,and near the item identified. To ensure easy readability, maintain high contrast. Number figures consecutively, using the chapter number or appendix letter as a prefix and starting figures in each chapter or appendix with 1 (e.g., 1-5 is the fifth figure in Chapter 1; B-1 is the first figure in Appendix B). Put a caption under each figure flush left following the figure number. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns or chemical or mathematical symbols, and close with a period. If photographs are required, submit glossy black and white photo prints with good contrast. Satin finish prints conflict with the screens used by the printer when preparing the finished plates and cause shadowing and variations in the texture. Size and crop photographs to fit within the margins. Do not use footnotes in a figure; make this material part of the caption or text. A sample figure is shown in Figure 4-7 on page 21.
Tables Organize tables as simply as possible for easy reading. Make the format of tables consistent throughout the publication. If thetables require stacking more than two rows of headings (vertically) and several columns (horizontally) the table is probably too complicated for the reader; split it into two or more tables, reorganize, or eliminate some of the data. Center columns under headings, and align on decimal. Leave space between horizontal entries, and do not use vertical lines. Computer printout sheets must show clear contrast between black and white and must not contain any gray or broken type.

Number tables consecutively, using the chapter number or appendix letter as a prefix and starting tables in each chapter or appendix with 1 (e.g., 1-5 is the fifth table in Chapter 1; B-1 is the first table in Appendix B). Place a caption flush left above each table after the table number. Capitalize the first letter ofeach word except articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions. Do not use a closing period.

When a long table is continued on two or more pages, repeat the table number and “Continued,” but not the table caption, on all the following pages (e.g., Table 3-6. Continued). Repeat the column headings with rules on each page.

Footnotes in tables are an efficient way to present peripheral information. Use superscript, lowercase letters, starting from the top of the table and proceeding from left to right. For a table that includes mathematical or chemical equations, use symbols instead of letters for footnotes because of the risk of mistaking when the list exceeds one page. A sample list of acronyms and abbreviations is shown in Figure 4-5 on page 19.


### Acknowledgments Limit acknowledgments to peer reviewers and organizations that aided in a major way. 

### Body of Report Text Start each chapter with a dropped heading. Do not include any blank pages. Often, Chapter 1 is an introduction, but if your report is short, it may not require a separate introduction. Figure 4-6 on page 20 is a sample page of text.


### Figures and Tables Reference all figures and tables in the text. Put figures and tables as close as possible to their mention in the text (but not before they are mentioned). When a report contains only a few pages of text and many figures or tables, place the figures or tables in numerical sequence after the text. Spell out the words “Figure” and “Table” in the text and captions. Put captions in boldface type. Do not put a box around figures or tables. (The “boxes” around figures in this document represent the edges of the page. They are there to give you an idea of how examples would appear on a page.) Do not use foldouts. If you find it necessary to place figures or tables in a horizontal or landscape orientation on the page, center them on the page so that the top is to the left margin and the bottom to the right margin. Figures Treat figures consistently throughout the document, and use them only if they relate directly to the subject matter and are necessary to explain the text.Make sure that line weights and shading are consistent throughout the report. Use white paper and black ink. Do not use light copies or blueprints for camera-ready art or copy. These do not reproduce well when photographed for printing. Do not use small details, such as tiny circles, that will fill in or bleed during printing. Reduce figures too big to fit within the margins given in the specifications in Appendix B. (Need help with reductions? Ask your project officer to call TTSD at 513-569-7558.) Make lines heavy enough to remain legible after you reduce them. If you do not want a visible grid, do not use grid paper for graphs. Instead, use “tic” marks along the edges of the graph at the major divisions of the graph. If you want a visible grid, make sure that the grid background is red. Blue and green grids do not photograph well. Make callouts within the figure clearly legible. Do not submit hand lettered graphics. Crop or mask photographs to eliminate11letters for exponents in the equation. Use symbols in the following order: * (asterisk or star) † (dagger) ‡ (double dagger) § (section mark) # (number sign).
The Chicago Manual of Style, chapter 12, may be helpful for preparing tables. See Figure 4-7 on page 21 for a sample table.


### References In the text, reference the following kinds of material:

• The source of a significant and original statement. • The source of information not sufficiently familiar so that

most readers would know it or be able to find it readily. • The sources of controversial matter and opposing views.

Present references in an accurate, uniform manner at the end of each chapter or together as the last chapter of your document.Cite references using either the number system (putting numbers in superscript or parentheses) or the “author-year” system (e.g., Blinksworth 1987). Use a style consistent with that of any scientific or technical journal or society. Include all essential elements of a reference: author(s) (or organization), title, source, identifying numbers, publisher, place of publication, date, pages. Since personal communications are not usually available to the public, there is little point in using them in a list of references; if they are used, however, include them in parentheses within the text; for example, “(Cavanagh, Jeanne. Letter to author, 1990.)” In citing personal communications, obtain permission from the person to be quoted.
Figure 4-8 on page 22 shows a sample reference page. 

### Back Matter AppendicesAppendices contain supplementary, illustrative material, original data, and quoted matter too long for incorporation in the body of the report or generally relevant but not immediately essential to an understanding of the subject. Start all appendices on the next available page. (If the report ends on page 47, start appendices on page 48.) Treat each appendix title as a dropped chapter head. Divide the appendices into Appendix A, Appendix B, etc., depending on the kinds and amounts of material used. These divisions should not be arbitrary. A close relationship must exist among materials compiled within any given appendix. List all appendices in “Contents.”


### Glossary If a glossary is included, list technical terms or those that might not be readily known. Need for a glossary depends on the intended audience for the report.



### BibliographyBibliographic entries provide supplementary sources for information on the subject of the document. Present this literature, which has not been cited in the text, in a manner consistent withthe references. See Figure 4-9 on page 23 for a sample bibliography page.



### IndexAn index lists in alphabetical sequence names, titles, and subjects appearing in the text. The value of any nonfiction book is enhanced by a well-prepared index. You can find instructions on indexing in most style books. Two of note are the CBE Style Manual, Council of Biology Editors, (available from Council of Biology Editors, Inc., 11 South LaSalle St., Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60603; telephone 312-201-0101, fax 312-201- 0214) and The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL 60637; fourteenth edition (ISBN 0-226- 10389-7) published in 1993.12 Weight the text of a research report in favor of explanatory copy, and do not include large volumes of backup and unediteddata, repeatedly used figures of government or other organizational forms, or verbatim reprints from or transcripts of other printed information sources (e.g., the Federal Register). These inclusions would detract from the classic format of the book,run up the cost excessively, and are more appropriately referenced as secondary sources than printed. Footnote or reference all background materials where appropriate to enable the reader to locate them in the library, through NTIS, or through the appropriate information databases. The effective use of appropriate referencing and footnoting techniques is absolutely necessary to increase the credibility ofthe document and fulfill the purpose of the presentation. Careful documentation shows that a research project has beenthoroughly investigated. Referencing systems vary among scientific disciplines. Whatever system you use, be consistent and make each reference complete. 

### Project Reports Most EPA research is documented and made available to the research community in a project report. Project reports are required when (1) neither a journal article nor an EPA research report is produced or (2) the journal article or EPA research report published is incomplete in terms of fully documenting the project or would require additional background data tosurvive rigorous scientific challenge. NTIS is the major distributor of project reports. Therefore, when preparing project reports, in addition to following “Report Specifications” found in Appendix B, use the following NTIS guidelines for all camera copy:

• Submit original camera copy on 8.5" x 11" white paper

with black ink.• Ensure that all computer printouts are highly legible originals. • Number and account for all pages.• Send the size you want reproduced; NTIS makes no reductions. • If your report includes only one photo, clip the photo to the

camera copy. If your report includes two or more photos, number the photos on the back and put a corresponding 

### Research Reports The research report is a book-length presentation of the best of EPA/ORD’s research findings. These reports are normally the most authoritative results of a research project on a critical area of interest in which the Agency is involved.


### PresentationPresent research reports in classic textbook style—clear, concise prose. Follow “Report Specifications” in Appendix B. 

### Content A research report will fit into one of two broad categories: investigative or expository.
In a standard investigative report, results and conclusions, theevidence to support them, and the interpretation of that evidence are the most important inclusions. The background of the project and the methods used should support the results and recommendations. Structure the body of an investigative report as follows:
1. Introduction 2. Conclusions 3. Recommendations 4. Methods and materials 5. Results and discussion 6. References In the introduction, focus on the hypothesis or problem that the study tests. Place the conclusions and recommendations before other matter in the body of an investigative report because this allows the reader ready access to the full scope of the project.Methods, results, and discussion may be interwoven or addressed separately, as logic dictates.

An expository report sheds additional light on a topic or an area of high interest about which information is lacking. It is more informal and discursive in nature than an investigative report in the sense that its structure is not bound by the scientific method. Its organization is therefore looser than that of the investigative report; however, where possible, use the same format elements as the investigative report. 

## Chapter Five Types of Reports13 number in the place in the text where you want the photo to go. 

### Project Summaries The project summary is a condensed version of the projectreport. The length is usually two to eight pages of desktoppublished copy (up to 21 double-spaced, draft word-processed pages). The project summary announces to the scientific and technical community the availability of the project report from NTIS. It is similar to a short journal article and contains enough information for the readers to determine if they are sufficiently interested in the project to purchase the complete report fromNTIS. Therefore, the summary should present a concise synopsis of the key findings of the research project.In the final draft of the summary, put principal findings, conclusions, tables, and figures that summarize significant results. In order of appearance, include the following:

• Title, identical to the title of the project report it summarizes. In the case of one project summary describing several closely related project reports, the title should be as closely linked as possible to the project report titles.
• Abstract—200 words
• Introduction
• Procedure
• Results and discussion
• Conclusions and recommendations Use as few figures and tables as possible. If orientation of a photograph is questionable, indicate top of photograph on back side with soft-tip marker. Organize tables for maximum clarity and ease of interpretation. Use captions for all tables and figures and reference them in the text. Even though a complete list of references is included in the project report, do not use references in a project summary unless you feel their inclusion is essential to the presentation.To prepare your document, follow “Project Summary Specifications” in Appendix B. When the project summary final is completed, give the diskette copy and the camera copy or word-processed copy to the project officer. 

### Applications Guides When many people need to apply a technology or method and when the only available information on the topic is dispersedover many sources, applications guides are cost-effective information products. They give directions to solve an environmental problem. In preparing them, use straightforward and precise language. To ensure that concepts or procedures are clear, use tabular material and graphic illustration as needed. Three types of application guides are described:

• A manual is a comprehensive description of a new technology meant to solve an environmental problem. It guides the user through the creation, construction, and maintenance of a technology or technique.

• A handbook is a collection of information, statistics, data,

and techniques that are accurate and relevant to a particular subject area.

• A user’s guide explains and describes, step by step, how to

employ an ORD-developed procedure, piece of equipment, model, or program.
Limit the contents of the work to that information required to inform the reader. Eliminate unnecessary details, appendices, and pages to reduce primary and secondary reproduction costs and to expedite review, approval, printing, and distribution.


### Proceedings A proceedings report is usually derived from the presentation of a paper and from the questions, answers, and general discussion at conference sessions.

If the paper has resulted from an EPA-funded project, include the following in a prominent location: This paper has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’speer and administrative review policies and approved for presentation and publication.To prepare a proceedings report, follow “Report Specifications” in Appendix B



### Journal Articles ORD encourages the publication of research results in the open scientific literature. In academia, government, and the privatesector, the independent peer review achieved through the journal article publication process enhances scientific credibility and contributes to the establishment of scientific excellence. Each journal has its own style and requirements that must be observed when articles are prepared and submitted. 

### Book Chapters and Published Papers Publication of research as a chapter in a volume addressing an area of environmental protection usually offers an author space not available in a journal article for the inclusion of additionaldata or information. Chapters also are used frequently to provide a review of the state of knowledge in a scientific or technical area of environmental importance. Published papers or articles allow researchers to communicate at the peer level and attain visibility and credibility for EPA. A14 paper is the written text of a presentation delivered before a scientific peer group. It becomes a published paper subject to EPA/ORD peer review if it will appear as one of the following: • a preprint (a handout given before proceedings starts) • a paper in another organization’s proceedings • an article in a non-peer-reviewed journal or book published outside of the Agency. The book editor or the organization sponsoring the proceedings may provide instructions for chapter or paper preparation. If not, the section on “Report Specifications” in Appendix B provides useful instructions. 

### Environmental Research BriefsThe environmental research brief is a published product designed to keep the research and technical community abreast of current research status based on information resulting fromEPA activities. To prepare your document, follow “Environmental Research Brief Specifications” in Appendix B.

Keep briefs as short as possible, four to eight pages of desktoppublished copy (8-21 double-spaced, draft word-processedpages). Include tables and figures only if essential to the clarification of the text. Include only those references that focus on the topic of the brief.



### Seminar AnnouncementsBrochures announcing a seminar are usually printed in landscape (horizontal) orientation on one of two paper sizes:

• 8.5- by 11-in., folded twice to provide three panels, or

• 8.5- by 14-in., folded three times to provide four panels.

Their preparation is described under “Brochures” in Appendix B. 

### Internal Reports The internal report provides research information in response to a request from an EPA office. Format and layout may vary greatly—from a memo, to a set of aerial photographs, to a typical project report—depending on the request and urgency of the need.15 United States Office of Research and EPA/600/R-93/011 Environmental Protection Development October 1993 Agency Washington DC 20460 

# Radon Reduction Techniques for Existing Detached Houses
Technical Guidance

Figure 4-1. Sample cover.16 EPA Report Number Month and Year of Publication Report number supplied by TTSD

Put title in 24-point, bold type

When a public or private organization originates the report in cooperation with EPA,

put that information several spaces below the project officer’s name and address:
This study was

conducted in cooperation with U.S. Department of Agriculture
When an in-house study was

performed for another governmental agency, add that information:
Prepared for
Department of Defense Washington, DC 20305▼

▼

Place publisher’s full name, city, state, and zip code here.▼ For grant, contract, or interagency agreement, give project officer(s) (without degrees or titles), the first subdivision of their organization (e.g., division), and the laboratory or center name and address.▼ 

# Title—Cap/Lower Case Centered 10 Words or Less

Optional Subtitle

by (or edited by)

Author(s) Organization City, State, and Zip Code

Number

Project Officer
Name Division Laboratory or Center City, State, and Zip Code

Laboratory or Center Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency City, State, and Zip Code For grants or contracts, add appropriate extramural number.▼ For grant, contract, or interagency agreement, list authors (without degrees or titles) as they appear on the Technical Report Data Form (EPA Form 2220-1) and name and location

of their organization. For in-house reports, list authors (without degrees or titles), the first subdivision of their organization (e.g., division), and the

laboratory or center name and address.▼ Put subtitle in 24-point, normal type.▼

Figure 4-2. Sample title page. ▼17 v 

### Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................. iv Tables ................................................................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations and Symbols ................................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................................... ix

Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 3 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 4 Methods and Materials .................................................................................................................. 4 Test Strains ................................................................................................................................ 5 Stock Solutions ....................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 5 Experimental Procedures ............................................................................................................. 15 General Procedures ................................................................................................................. 15 Laboratory Application ........................................................................................................... 20 Field Application ..................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 6 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................ 30
Appendices

A Operational Data Summary .................................................................................................................. 33 B Cooperative Research Report ............................................................................................................... 40

Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................ 45 References ............................................................................................................................................................ 52 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 55

Figure 4-3. Sample contents.18 vi 

### Figures

1-1. Generic strategy for selecting an air emissions control approach. .......................................................... . 4
1-2. Removal efficiency vs. VOC loading for point source VOC controls. ................................................. 15
1-3. Relative cost-effectiveness for point source VOC controls. ................................................................. . 16
2-1. Typical APCD operating costs in 1994 dollars. ..................................................................................... 17
2-2. Schematic diagram of canister-based granular activated carbon adsorption system. ............................ 37
2-3. Schematic diagram of continuously regenerated carbon adsorption system. ........................................ 38
2-4. Schematic diagram of carbon adsorption system with on-site batch regeneration. ............................... 38
3-1. Fuel cost/gain vs. concentration of carbon and incineration systems at 50,000 scfm of solvent-laden air. ................................................................................................... 42

Figure 4-4. Sample list.19 viii 

### Acronyms and Abbreviations

A/C Air-to-cloth (ratio) acfh Actual cubic feet per hour acfm Actual cubic feet per minute acmh Actual cubic meters per hour APA Air pathway analysis (or assessment) APC Air pollution control APCD Air pollution control device ARAR Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes Btu British thermal units BP Boiling point CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments CAS Carbon adsorption system CE Control efficiency CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Figure 4-5. Sample acronyms and abbreviations.20 5 

### Chapter 2 Display Head

Subhead 1 With regard to a frequently mentioned limitation, slowness, the reported coating removal rate for manual CO2pellet blasting ranges from 1.5 ft2/min to 0.1 ft2/min, depending on the substrate being stripped and the coating color (Ivey, 1990; Cundiff and Matalis, 1990). The net average strip rate on an F-16 aircraft was 0.189 ft2/min per minute of nozzle time (0.13 ft2/min with worker effectiveness factored in) (Ivey, 1990). The strip rate increased as the nozzle was widened. The AlcladTM surfaces pulled the net average down. The tested F-16 has 20% AlcladTM surfaces; other U.S. Air Force aircraft have up to 80% AlcladTM surfaces. Thus, strip rates will slow considerably on equipment with a higher percentage of AlcladTM surfaces.
Subhead 2 In fact, the process as tested cannot remove all the coating from AlcladTM surfaces. The AlcladTM surface left by CO 2pellet blasting must be removed by another process to provide an adequate surface for recoating. Held at chest level, the blast nozzle and hose weigh about 20 lb. When blasting underneath the aircraft, another 10 lb of thrust is added. In tests, workers traded off the duty to other workers every 15 min. The newer automated systems are easier to work with, strip faster, and are safer on sensitive materials because the optimal pressure and impingement angle can be maintained.
Subhead 3 Because of the simplicity of the equipment and the decreased cleaning time, there is a savings in labor costs when using ultrasonics. This savings along with that from decreased solvent purchase and disposal costs, offsets the capital cost of the equipment in a short time. Although costs vary for specific equipment, the cost for an ultrasonic cleaner console with a 25"x18"x15" chamber is approximately $10,000. A rinse console and dryer console would add about $4,000 each. Of course, smaller units can be obtained and existing tanks often can be used if a transducer is added.
The function of an inert atmosphere in the no-clean process is to create a solder wave upon which no permanent oxide film can form. The inert atmosphere thus eliminates the need for flux to clean the surface of the wave. There are two no-flux machine concepts on the market: open and closed. The open-concept machine, which employs flaps leading into a tunnel, will not reach the desired oxygen rate of under 10 ppm by continuous nitrogen flow alone. This system uses formic acid to reduce the oxygen level. Although this system has the advantage of mechanical simplicity, formic acid is potentially hazardous, and therefore is undesirable or, in some companies, prohibited. A closed system can prevent oxidation without the use of aggressive chemicals.
Figure 4 shows a typical configuration of the automated washer. Not all users require the multitude of compartments shown in the figure, and simpler versions of this unit can be manufactured. The process unit shown in the figure consists of a series of five compartments through which the soiled metal parts are transported. The parts are transported from one compartment to the next by a helical screw conveyor. The parts are sprayed successively with solutions from five holding tanks (one for each compartment).

Figure 4-6. Sample page of text.21 Figure 4-7. Samples of figure and table. Table 5-1. Reported Operating Capacities for Selected Organic Compounds ( Source: Marzone and Oakes, 1973.)

Compound Capacity a VOCs Carbon

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Acetone

— 1,000 8 Benzene

— 10 6 n-Butyl acetate

— 150 8 n-Butyl alcohol

— 100 8 Carbon tetrachloride 10 10

— Cyclohexane

— 300 6 Ethyl acetate

— 400 8 Isopropyl alcohol 400 8

— Methyl acetate

— 200 7 Methyl alcohol

— 200 7 Methylene chloride 500 10

— Methyl ethyl ketone 200 8

— Methyl isobutyl ketone 100 7

— Perchloroethylene 100 20

— Toluene

— 200 7 Trichloroethylene 100 15

— Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,000

— — Xylene

— 100 10

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a Adsorption capacities are based on 200 scfm of solvent-laden air at 100 °F (per hour). Figure C-1. Evolution of health and environmental issues. ( Scientific) Observations/Knowledge/Monitoring

Broader Recognition

Crystallizing Event Public Knowledge

Public Debate

Policy Developed

Public Debate EFC Focus

Public Action22 Hunt, and J. D. Sellers. Life-Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles, EPA/600/ R-92/245. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.
Presentation
5. Abele, H. A. “Toward implementation of environmental policies.” Paper presented at the Environmental Challenge of the 1990s, International Conference on Pollution Prevention: Clean Technologies and Clean Products, Washington, DC, June 10-13, 1990. Book Chapter
6. Cohen, J. M., and Hannah, S. A. “Coagulation and flocculation.” In Water Quality and Treatment, by American Water Works Association, Inc., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971, 66-122. Proceedings
7. Pauli, R. “Dry media paint stripping—eight years later.” In Proceedings of the 1993 DOD/ Industry Advanced Coatings Removal Conference, Phoenix, AZ, 1993. 

### References

42 Journal
1. Binkley, Dan, and Thomas C. Brown. Forest practices as nonpoint sources of pollution in North America. Water Resources Bulletin 29 (5): 729-740 (1993).

2. Weihs, D., and R. D. Small. An approximate model of atmospheric plumes produced by large area fires. Atmospheric Environment 27A (1): 73- 82 (1993).

Report
3. Richter, B. C., and C. W. Kreitler. Identification of sources of ground-water salinization using geochemical techniques, EPA/600/2-91/064. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.

4. Vigon, B. W., D. A. Tolle, B. W. Cornaby, H. C. Latham, C. L. Harrison, T. L. Boguski, R. G.

Figure 4-8. Sample references.23 

### Bibliography

Baker, R. W., I. Blume, V. Helm, A. Kahn, J. Maguire,

and N. Yoshioka. Membrane research in energy and solvent recovery from industrial effluent streams.DOE Report DE84016819. Idaho Falls, ID: DOEINEL, 1984.

Chandrasekharan, M. P., and R. Rajagopalan. A

multidimensional scaling algorithm for group layout in cellular manufacturing. International Journal of Production Economics32 (1): 65-76 (1990).

Danielson, J. A., ed.Air pollution engineering manual.

Cincinnati, OH: National Center for Air Pollution Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1967. Lenssen, N. A new energy path for the third world. Technology Review96: 43-51 (1993). Marzone, R. R., and D. W. Oakes. Profitably recycling

solvents from process systems. Pollution Eng . 5 (10): 23-24 (1973).
Monrozier, L. J., P. Guez, A Chalamet, R. Bardin,

J. Martins, and J. P. Gaudet. Distribution of microorganisms and fate of xenobiotic molecules in unsaturated soil environments. The Science of the Total Environment 136: 121-133 (1993).
Pedersen, T., and J. Curtis. Soil vapor extraction

technology: Reference handbook, EPA/540/2-91/003 (NTIS PB91168476). Cincinnati OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991.

57
Figure 4-9. Sample bibliography.24 

## Appendices

Appendix A Other Professional Sources

Style Manuals American Mathematical Society. AMS Author Handbook. Providence, RI: AMS, 1995. (Call 401-455-4000 to order) American National Standards Institute, Inc. American National Standards for Writing Abstracts . ANSI Z39.14-1979. New York, NY: ANSI, 1979. (This book is under revision. To order it or the next book, call 212-642-4900 or 212-764- 3274.)

—

American National Standards for the Preparation of Scientific Papers for Written or Oral Presentation . ANSI Z39.16- 1979. New York, NY: ANSI, 1979. American Society for Microbiology. ASM Style Manual for Journals and Books . Washington, DC: ASM, 1991. (To order this or the next book, call 202-737-3600.)

—

Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM, 1992. The Chicago Manual of Style . 14th ed. Chicago, IL: Universityof Chicago Press, 1993. (Most widely used style and printing manual for commercial publishers. Contains most numbers and variety of examples and explanations of layout and format for content of publications, notes, bibliographies,setup of illustrations, figures, tables, and mathematical equations. To order call 312-201-0101.) Council of Biology Editors, Inc. Illustrating Science: Standards for Publication . Bethesda, MD: CBE, 1984. (The address of CBE is 111 E. Wacker Dr. Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60601-4298. Phone: 312-201-0101.)
Council of Biology Editors. Scientific Styles and Format: The CBE Style Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994. (General scientific style and guidelines for the plant sciences, microbiology, animal sciences, chemistry and biochemistry, and geography and geology.)

Dodd, J. S. The American Chemical Society Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors. Washington, DC: ACS, 1986. (Contains eleven references to handbooks on differentkinds of chemical nomenclature; excellent source of information on ethical guidelines for publishing and on journals that publish about chemistry. Also includes information on electronic databases maintained by ACS for public access to the chemical literature.)
Garner, D., D. H. Smith, D. Cheney, and H. Sheehy. The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information: A Manual for Writers and Librarians. Bethesda, MD: Congressional Information Services, Inc., 1993. (Handbook used primarily by libraries to catalog government documents. To order call 301-654-1550.)

Hathwell. Style Manual . 4th ed. New York, NY: American Institute of Physics, 1990. (To order call 301-209-3100 or 1- 800-809-2247.) Michaelson, H. B. How To Write & Publish Engineering Papers and Reports . 4th ed. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1990. (To order call 602-265-2651.) Swanson, E. Mathematics into Type . Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 1979. (To order call 401-455-4000.) 

### Guides to Nomenclature and Presentation of Data The Biochemical Society. Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents . London, UK: BS, 1978.25 Buchanan, R. E., and N. E. Gibbons, eds. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology . 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. 1993
Committee on Common Names of Insects. Common Names ofInsects and Related Organisms Approved by the Entomological Society of America . College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America, 1982.
Committee on Names of Fishes. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada

. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, 1980. Fasman, G. D., ed. Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 3rd ed. Vol 2. Cleveland, OH: CRC, 1976. IUPAC Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry . 2nd ed. London, UK: Butterworths. 1971. (Distributor in the United States is Crane, Russak, New York, NY. The ISBN number is 008- 021-999-3. A new edition is coming out.) IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon, 1979.IUPAC. Manual of symbols and terminology for physicochemical quantities and units.Pure and Applied Chemistry (1979) 51:1-41. Jeffrey, C. Biological Nomenclature . 2nd ed. New York, NY: Crane, Russak, 1977. Lapage, S. P., P. H. A. Sneath, E. F. Lessel, V. B. D. Skerman, H. P. R. Seeliger, W. A. Clark, eds. International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Bacteriological Code . Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology. UNISIST Working Group on Bibliographic Data Interchange. UNISIST Guide to Standards for Information Handling

. Paris, France: UNESCO, 1980. (Guide to international sources on preparation, production, editing, publication, reproduction, and exchange of documents, bibliographic data, document collections, and numerical data.)



### Classic Texts on Writing in Technology and the Sciences Day, R. A. How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper. 4rd ed. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1988. (Explanation of the IMRAD style of scientific writing as well as how to efficiently achieve it; written with excellent humorous examples. Handy references to commonly misused words and abbreviations in the appendices.) Miller, C., and K. Smith. The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing For Writers, Editors, and Speakers . 2nd ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1988. (Excellent lists of gender-neutral terms.) Strunk, W., Jr., and E. B. White. Elements of Style . 3rd ed. NewYork, NY: The Macmillan Co., 1979. (Classic text explaining plain style, the basis of most scientific writing.)
Weston, A. A Rulebook for Arguments . 2nd ed. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., 1992. (The ISBN number is 087-220-156-2.)26 

## Appendix B Specifications

Use These Specifications For These Reports Page Report Research Report 27 Project Report Proceedings Project Summary Project Summary 29
Environmental Research Brief Environmental Research Brief 31
Brochure Seminar Announcement 3327 

## Report Specifications
Measurements Are in Inches Unless Noted Headings—Initial Caps Margins—Left 0.625, Right 0.625, Top 0.875, Bottom 1 (Excluding Rule Header and Page Number) Image Area—7.25 Wide X 10 Long



### Cover 1—1 Column Styles Font: Univers Size/Leading Position or Helvetica in Points Organizational Identification 9/10 United 0.25 from top of page, 2.375 from flush left Office of 0.25 from top of page, 4.625 from flush left Report No. 0.25 from top of page, 6.825 from flush left Title 30/31 Bold 1 from top of page, 2.375 from flush left Subtitle 30 0.75 between title and subtitle 2.375 from flush left EPA Logo 30 1 from top of page, 0.425 from flush left ORD Identifier (Chevron) 2 above bottom of page Line Art/Photo Use available space as needed EPA No. and Title on Spine 14/15 Bold EPA No. and title should not exceed 10 horizontally; if so, use periods to indicate that there is more to the title


### Title Page—1 Column
EPA Report No. and Date 10/11 l down from top of page, 0.75 from flush right, right justified Title 24/25 Bold Centered, 2.625 from top of page Subtitle 24/25 Centered; 0.75 between title and subtitle The word “By” 10/11 Centered, 0.625 from subtitle Authors (if applicable) 10/11 Centered, 0.5 from By Contract No. (if applicable) 10/11 Centered, 0.625 from last line of author ID P.O. Name and Affiliation 10/11 Centered, 0.625 from contract no. (if applicable) Organizational Identification 10/11 Centered, last line is 1.5 from bottom of page


### Preliminary Pages—1 Column

Rule Header Times or Helv. 1 Centered, 0.5 from top of page Display Heads Times or Helv. 14/15 Bold Centered, 1.75 from rule

Text Times or 10/11 Left 1.25, right 1.25 Helvetica First line of text 0.75 from last line of display head Justified Indent first line of paragraph 0.2528 

### Report Specifications (continued) Measurements Are in Inches Unless Noted


### Text Pages (2 Columns, Each 3.5; 0.25 Between Columns) Styles Font Size/Leading Position in Points
Rule Header 1 Centered, 0.5 from top of page Page Number Times or Helvetica 10/11 Centered below columns
Display Heads Times or Helvetica 14/15 Bold Centered, 1.75 from rule Subhead 1 Times or Helvetica 12/13 Bold Flush left Subhead 2 Times or Helvetica 12/13 Bold, Italic Flush left Subhead 3 Times or Helvetica 10/11 Bold Flush left Subhead 4 Times or Helvetica 10/11 Bold Italic Flush left Body Text Times or Helvetica 10/11 Justified, 0.375 from rule header to 0.5 above page number
Equations Helvetica 10/11 Centered or aligned by equal signs; (equation number in parens, flush right)

References Times or Helvetica 10/11 Hanging indent First line: flush left Other lines: indent 0.125 With Number Number: flush left Name: indent 0.25 Other lines: indent 0.25 Text Footnotes Times or Helvetica 7/8 Superscript number flush left Other lines: indent 0.125 and justify 1.5-in. line above footnote 

### Figures and Tables
Figure Caption Helvetica 8/9 Bottom of illustration, flush left (Figure No. Bold) Figure Callouts Helvetica 8/9 Figure Notes and Credits Helvetica 8/9 Following caption

Table Caption Helvetica 8/9 Top of table, flush left (Table No. Bold) Table Helvetica 8/9 (One hairline rule below column heads and one at end of table) Table Footnotes Helvetica 8/9 Below rule line at end of table Table Notes and Credits Helvetica 8/9 Flush left, immediately below rule at end of table (before footnotes)29 

## Project Summary Specifications

Measurements Are in Inches Unless Noted Page Size—8.5 x 11

Font—Helvetica Headings—Initial Caps Page Number—Centered


### Page Dimensions First Page Margins Left 3 Right 0.5 Top 0.5 Bottom 1 Additional Page MarginsLeft 0.5 Right 0.5 Top 1 Bottom 1 Columns (3-Column Layout) Column Width 2.312 Between Columns 0.25 First Page No text in first column Additional Pages Text in 3 columns Organizational Identification From From Left Top Edge Edge
United States 3.125 0.5 Environmental Protection Agency 3.125 next line Research and Development 3.125 1 Rule line above “Research and Development” 3 0.875 Rule line below “Research and Development” 3 0.0625 Laboratory Heading 5.625 0.5 Laboratory Location 5.625 next line EPA Number and Date 5.625 1 Main Title EPA Logo 1.625 1.375 Project Summary 3.125 1.375 Subtitle Title 3.125 2 Authors 3.125 3.375 Text 3.125 4.37530 

### Project Summary Specifications (continued) Measurements Are in Inches Unless Noted

Size/Leading Styles in Points Position
Rule Header 1 Top of second and subsequent pages Laboratory Heading 9/10 Flush left Title 24/25 Bold Flush left Subtitle 24/25 Flush left Authors 10/11 Flush left Abstract 9/10 Bold Justified, indent first line of paragraph 1 em space EPA Blurb 9/10 Bold, Italic Justified, indent first line of paragraph 1 em space Body Text 9/10 Justified, indent first line of paragraph 1 em space Subhead 1 11/12 Bold Flush left Subhead 2 11/12 Bold, Italic Flush left Subhead 3 11/12 Flush left Subhead 4 11/12 Italic Flush left Bullet Paragraph (•) 9/10 Bullet: Indent 0.125 Paragraph: Indent 0.25 Hyphen Indent (-) 9/10 Hyphen: Indent 0.25 Paragraph: Indent .375 Reference 9/10 Reference: flush left Second line: Indent 0.25 Footnote 7/8 Superscript number flush left Other lines: indent 0.125 and justify 1.5-in. rule above footnote NTIS Box 9/10 Italic Figure Head 8/9 Bold, Italic Flush left below figure Figure Callouts 8/9 Italic Table Head 8/9 Bold, Italic Flush left above table Tables 8/9 Italic (including footnotes) One hairline rule below column heads and at end of table (above footnotes) Equations 9/10 Flush left; (equation number in parens, flush right)31 

## Environmental Research Brief Specifications
Measurements Are in Inches Unless Noted Page Size—8.5 x 11

Font—Helvetica Headings—Initial Caps Except for Main Title, Which Is All Caps Page Number—Centered


### Page Dimensions First Page Margins Left 0.625 Right 0.625 Top 0.5 Bottom 2.25 Additional Page MarginsLeft 0.625 Right 0.625 Top 0.5 Bottom 1

Columns (2-Column Layout) Column Width 3.5 Between Columns 0.25
Organizational Identification From From Left Top Edge Edge Laboratory Heading 2.5 0.5 Research and Development 2.5 1
Rule line above “Research and Development” 3 0.875 Rule line below “Research and Development” 3 0.0625 Title EPA Logo 0.625 1.5
Environmental Research Brief 2.5 1.5 Rule line below “Environmental Research Brief” 2.5 2.125
Subtitle Title Centered 2.75 on page Authors Centered 3.5 on page Text 0.625 3.82532 

### Environmental Research Brief Specifications (continued) Measurements Are in Inches Unless Noted Styles Size/Leading Position in Points
Rule Header 1 Top of second and subsequent pages Laboratory Heading 9/10 Flush left Title 36/38 Bold Flush left, ALL CAPS Subtitle 14/16 Centered Authors 11/12 Centered Body Text 9/10 Justified, Subhead 1 11/12 Bold Flush left Subhead 2 11/12 Bold, Italic Flush left Subhead 3 11/12 Flush left Subhead 4 11/12 Italic Flush left Bullet Paragraph (•) 9/10 Bullet: Indent 0.125 Paragraph: Indent 0.25 Hyphen Indent (-) 9/10 Hyphen: Indent 0.25 Paragraph: Indent .375 Reference 9/10 Reference: flush left Second line: Indent 0.25 Footnote 7/8 Superscript number flush left Other lines: indent 0.125 and justify 1.5-in. line above footnote Figure Head 8/9 Bold, Italic Flush left below figure Figure Callouts 8/9 Italic Table Head 8/9 Bold, Italic Flush left above table Tables 8/9 Italic (including footnotes) One hairline rule below column heads and at end of table (above footnotes) Equations 9/10 Flush left; (equation number in parens, flush right)33 

## Brochure Specifications
Measurements Are in Inches Unless Noted Headings—Initial Caps Page Dimensions—8.5 x 11 (3 Panels) or 8.5 x 14 (4 Panels) Panel Margins—Left 0.25, Right 0.25, Top 0.75, Bottom 0.875 Column Width—Not to exceed 3 Font—Helvetica



### Cover Panel Styles Size/Leading Position in Points

Organizational Identification 8/9 United 0.25 from top of panel, 1 from flush left Office or Laboratory 1 from top of panel, 1 from flush left First Rule 1 1.25 from top of panel, 1 from flush left Technology Transfer 1.25 from top of panel, 1 from flush left Second Rule 1 1.375 from top of panel, 1 from flush left Title 18/19 Bold 1.625 from top of panel, 1 from flush left 2.375 from flush left EPA Logo 18 1.625 from top of panel, 0.25 from flush left ORD Identifier 2 above bottom of panel



### Text Panels
Heading 10/11 Bold Flush left Text 8/9