# Patent

## Title
Transgenic expression from a SOCS-3 promoter in vertebrate cells

## Abstract

Disclosed is a transgenic vertebrate cell containing a nucleic acid construct comprising a murine SOCS-3 promoter, or an operative fragment thereof, or an operative derivative of either of these.

## Background
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/327,138, filed Jun. 7, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,541,244,


The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of grant DK 50238 awarded by the NIH.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Throughout this application various publications are referenced within parentheses. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
1. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the medical arts. In particular the present invention relates to the field of cellular signal transduction and to gene therapy.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Cytokines are small secreted proteins or factors (5 to 20 kD) that have specific effects on cell-to-cell interactions, intercellular communication, or the behavior of other cells. Cytokines involved in inflammatory diseases are produced by lymphocytes, especially TH1 and TH2 lymphocytes, monocytes, intestinal macrophages, granulocytes, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. (Reviewed in G. Rogler and T. Andus, Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease, World J. Surg. 22(4) 382-89 [1998]; H. F. Galley and N. R. Webster, The immuno-inflammatory cascade, Br. J. Anaesth. 77:11-16 [1996]). Some cytokines are pro-inflammatory (e.g., tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-1(α and β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12); others are anti-inflammatory (e g., IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1ra], IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β). However, there may be overlap and functional redundancy in their effects under certain inflammatory conditions.
One group of cytokines, the IL-6-type, are also important in the regulation of complex cellular processes such as gene activation, proliferation and differentiation The IL-6-type cytokines include IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M, ciliary neutrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1. (Reviewed in P. C. Heinrich et al., Interleukin-6-type cytokine signaling through the gp130/JAK/STAT pathway, Biochem. J. 334(Pt 2):297-314 [1998]). The IL-6-type cytokines (also known as the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family) have in common that signal transduction proceeds through a pathway beginning with ligand binding by type I and type II surface receptors, internalization involving affinity converter/signal transducing subunit gp 130, the activation of the Janus family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (e.g., Jak1, Jak2, and Tyk2); this results in the phosphorylation and dimerization of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-1 and STAT-3that activate transcription from promoters having STAT recognition sites. (Heinrich et al. [1998]; M. Ernst et al., Gp130-mediated signal transduction in embryonic stem cells involves activation of Jak and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, J. Biol. Chem. 271(47):30136-43 [1996]; R. Starr et al., A family of cytokine-inducible inhibitors of signaling, Nature 387(6636):917-21 [1997]; T. Hirano et al., Cytokine & Growth Factor Rev. 8:241-52 [1997]; E. Arzt & G. K. Stalla, Neuroimmunomodulation 3:28-34 [1996]; S. J. Haque & B. R. G. Williams, Semin. Oncol. 25 (suppl. 1):14-22 [1998]). This pathway is known as the Jak-STAT signaling cascade.
Several IL-6-type cytokines are important neuro-immuno-endocrine modulators of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Arzt, E. & Stalla [1996]; S. Melmed, Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 8:391-97 [1997]; H. O. Besedovsky, & A. Del Rey, Endo. Rev. 17:64-102 [1996]), which regulates metabolism, including growth, body temperature, water balance, blood sugar, fat metabolism, and sexual and nerve function. For example, LIF is a potent auto-paracrine stimulus of pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion, which stimulates the adrenals to produce additional hormones. Thus, LIF modulates the HPA axis response to various inflammatory and stress stimuli. (Z. Wang et al., Endocrinology 137:2947-53 [1996]; C. J. Auernhammer et al., Endocrinology 139:2201-08 [1998a]). In vitro experiments using human fetal pituitary cells (I. Shimon et al., J. Clin. Invest. 100: 357-63 [1997]) and the corticotroph cell line AtT-20 (S. Akita et al., J. Clin., Invest 95, 1288-1298 [1995]; C. Bousquet et al., J. Biol. Chem 272:10551-57 [1997]), showed a profound and synergistic action of LIF and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on POMC gene expression and ACTH secretion LIF is known to induce the Jak-STAT signaling cascade in the corticotroph cells. (C. J. Auernhammer et al., Pituitary corticotroph SOCS-3: novel intracellular regulation of leukemia-inhibitory factor-mediated proopiomelanocortin gene expression and adrenocorticotropin secretion, Mol. Endocrinol. 12(7):954-61 [1998b]; I. Shimon et al. [1997]; D. W. Ray et al., Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) stimulates proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in a corticotroph cell line. Role of STAT pathway, J. Clin. Invest. 97(8):1852-59 [1996]; D. W. Ray et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. USA 840:162-73 [1998]).
A new family of cytokine-inducible proteins has recently been described that inhibits the Jak-STAT signaling cascade (E.g., S. E. Nicholson et al., The SOCS proteins: a new family of negative regulators of signal transduction, J. Leukoc. Biol. 63(6):665-68 [1998]; R. Starr et al., SOCS: suppressors of cytokine signaling, Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 30(10):1081-85 [1998]). These proteins have been variously termed suppressors of cytokine signaling (“SOCS”)(R. Starr et al., A family of cytokine-inducible inhibitors of signaling, Nature 387(6636):917-21 [1998], D. J. Hilton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:114-19 [1998]), STAT-induced STAT inhibitors (SSI)(T. Naka et al., Nature 387:924-28 [1997]; S. Minamoto et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 237:79-83 [1997]), cytokine-inducible SH2 containing protein (CIS)(A. Yoshimura et al., EMBO J. 14:2816-26 [1995]; M. Masuhara et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res,. Commun. 239:439-46 [1997]; A, Matsumoto et al., Blood 89:3148-54 [1997]), and Jak binding protein (JAB)(T. A. Endo et al., Nature 387:921-24 [1997]; H. Sakamoto et al., Blood 92 1668-76 [1998]). The SOCS-protein family currently consists of CIS and SOCS-1 through 7 (D. J. Hilton et al.[1998]; M. J. Aman & W. J. Leonard, Curr. Biol. 7:R784-R788 [1997]; R. Starr & D. J. Hilton, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30:1081-85 [1998]).
SOCS-protein expression is stimulated by various cytokines in a tissue specific manner (R. Starr et al., Nature 38: 917-21 [1997]; M. J. Aman & W. J. Leonard [1997]; H. Sakamoto et al. [1998]; H. O. Besedovsky, & A. Del Rey [1996]; T. E. Adams et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273:1285-87 [1998]; C. Bjorbaek et al., Mol. Cell 1:619-625 [1998]). The gene expression of SOCS-1/SSI-1/JAB and SOCS-3/SSI-3/CIS-3, referred to herein as SOCS-1 and SOCS-3, are induced by IL-6 and LIF in various tissues (R. Starr et al. [1997]; D. J. Hilton et al. [1998]; T. Naka et al. [1997]; S. Minamoto et al. [1997]; M. Masuhara et al. [1997]; A. Matsumoto et al. [1997]; T. A. Endo et al. [1997]). For example, SOCS-3 gene expression is rapidly induced by LIF in the pituitary in vivo, and in corticotroph AtT-20 cells in vitro. (C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998b]).
Both, SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 proteins bind to the JH1 domain of Jak-2 and thereby inhibit IL-6-, IL-11-, or LIF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation activity by Jak-2 of gp 130 and STAT-3 (S. Minamoto et al. [1997]; M. Masuhara et al. [1997]; C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998b]). SOCS-3 is induced by growth hormone (GH) in the liver, and inhibits GH-induced Spi 2.1 promoter activity. (T. E. Adams et al. [1998]). SOCS-3 inhibits LIF-induced POMC gene expression and ACTH secretion (C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998b]), thus providing an intracellular negative feedback regulation of cytokine-induced activation of the HPA-axis. Hypothalamic SOCS-3 gene expression is stimulated by leptin, and SOCS-3inhibits leptin-induced signal transduction (C. Bjorbaek et al., Mol. Cell 1:619-625 [1998]), thus suggesting its regulatory role in central leptin resistance.
The structure of SOCS proteins has been described. (e.g., S. E. Nicholson et al., Mutational analyses of the SOCS proteins suggest a dual domain requirement but distinct mechanisms for inhibition of LIF and IL-6 signal transduction, EMBO J. 18(2):375-85 (January 1999). Dominant negative STAT-3 mutants, isolated by substitution of a carboxy-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation site Tyr705 to Phe705 (STAT-3F) or mutation at positions important for DNA binding (STAT-3D) have been recently described (K. Nakajima et al., EMBO J. 15:3651-58 [1996]). Overexpression of these STAT-3 dominant negative mutants in corticotroph AtT-20 cells inhibits LIF-induced POMC gene expression and ACTH secretion. (C. Bousquet & S. Melmed, J. Biol. Chem. 274:10723-30 [1999]). Cytokine-induced gene expression of SOCS-1 has been shown to be inhibited in cells overexpressing dominant negative STAT-3 mutants (T. Naka et al. [1997]), but the promoter region of SOCS-1 has not been cloned.
Therefore, there remains a definite need for a promoter sequence capable of regulating expression of preselected proteins, such as SOCS-3 protein, and that can be targeted by gene therapy to treat growth disorders, autoimmune diseases, immune diseases, and inflammatory conditions. This and other features and benefits provided by the present invention will now be described.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a nucleic acid construct comprising a murine SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or a non-murine homologue thereof, or an operative fragment or derivative of any of these. The construct can also contain, operatively linked to the SOCS-3 promoter, a DNA sequence encoding a gene for any preselected protein or a gene-specific part of such a DNA sequence, or to a DNA sequence that encodes a preselected gene-specific antisense RNA or a catalytic RNA. A preselected protein that is encoded by the nucleic acid construct can be from an autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic source. In addition, the present nucleic acid construct optionally contains a reporter gene to facilitate detection and/or selection of successfully transfected cells. The present nucleic acid construct is particularly useful for linking expression of a desired gene product to physiological processes that are regulated by gp130-mediated signal transduction from IL-6-type cytokines (i.e., cytokines of the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family), such as IL-6, IL-11, or LIF. For example, when the encoded protein is a SOCS-3 protein, the present nucleic acid can be used to modulate the physiology and/or hormonal secretions of cells of the hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals, liver, or other tissues, through a negative autoregulatory feedback of SOCS-3 on its own cytokine-induced gene expression.
The present invention also relates to a transgenic vertebrate cell containing the nucleic acid construct of the present invention and to transgenic non-human vertebrates comprising such cells.
The present invention also relates to a method of treating a growth retardation disorder in a human subject. The method involves genetically modifying a GH-responsive or gp130-responsive cell(s) of a human subject having a growth retardation disorder, such as dwarfism, GH deficiency, gonadal dysgenesis, chondrodystrophy, or bone-cartilage dysplasia. The cell(s) are genetically modified using a nucleic acid construct that comprises a SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or operative fragment thereof, operatively linked to a DNA sequence that encodes an RNA that specifically hybridizes to a functional SOCS-3 mRNA. In response to a growth-inducing cytokine, in vivo, the genetically modified cell(s) within the human subject, transcribe an RNA transcript that specifically hybridizes to a functional SOCS-3 mRNA, preventing translation therefrom This RNA transcript can be an antisense RNA or a catalytic RNA (ribozyme) that cleave the SOCS-3 mRNA. As a consequence, the amount of SOCS-3 protein produced within the genetically modified cell(s) is relatively reduced, and one or more symptoms of the growth retardation disorder in the subject are thereby improved, due to a lessening of SOCS-3-mediated signal suppression within the genetically modified cell(s).
The present invention also relates to a method of treating a growth acceleration disorder in a human subject. The method involves genetically modifying a GH-responsive or gp130-responsive cell(s) of a human subject having a growth acceleration disorder, such as gigantism, acromegaly, or Cushing's disease. The cell(s) are genetically modified using a nucleic acid construct, comprising a SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or operative fragment thereof, operatively linked to a DNA sequence encoding a SOCS-3 protein, or functional fragment thereof. In response to the growth-inducing cytokine, in vivo, the genetically modified cell(s) produce an enhanced amount of SOCS-3 protein. The symptom(s) of the growth acceleration disorder in the subject are thereby improved, due to enhanced SOCS-3-mediated cytokine signal suppression.
The present invention also relates to a method of treating an autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in a human subject having a condition, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave's disease, or a neuroendocrinological response to psychological or physical stress. The method involves genetically modifying a gp130-responsive cell(s), responsive to a pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as IL-6 or LIF. The cell(s) are genetically modified using a nucleic acid construct that includes a SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or operative fragment thereof, operatively linked to a DNA sequence encoding a SOCS-3 protein, or functional fragment thereof In response to a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family, in vivo, the genetically modified cell(s) produce an enhanced amount of SOCS-3 protein. The symptom(s) of the autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in the subject are thereby improved, due to a relative increase in SOCS-3-mediated signal suppression.
Alternatively, the SOCS-3 promoter is operatively linked to a DNA sequence encoding a functional anti-inflammatory cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family, such as IL-11, linked to a functional secretory signal. In response to a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family, in vivo, the genetically modified cell(s) produce and secrete an enhanced amount of the anti-inflammatory cytokine. The symptom(s) of the autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in the subject are thereby improved.
The present invention also relates to a kit for genetically modifying a vertebrate cell. The kit includes a polynucleotide comprising a murine SOCS-3 promoter sequence having SEQ. ID. NO.:1, or an operative fragment or non-murine homologue thereof, or an operative derivative of any of these. Preferably, the polynucleotide includes, operatively linked to the SOCS-3 promoter, at least one DNA sequence encoding a preselected protein or a gene-specific part of such a DNA sequence, or a DNA encoding a preselected gene-specific antisense RNA or a specific catalytic RNA, as appropriate for a particular application. Optionally, the promoter is linked to a reporter gene for facilitating detection, isolation, or selection of genetically modified cells from unmodified cells. Some embodiments of the kit are configured for use in practicing the present methods of treating a growth retardation or acceleration disorder in a human subject or the present method of treating an autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in a human subject.
These and other advantages and features of the present invention will be described more fully in a detailed description of the preferred embodiments which follows.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows stimulation of expression from the murine SOCS-3 promoter in corticotroph AtT-20 cells treated with 0.5×10−9 M LIF, IL-6, or IL-11 for 60 and 120 min, respectively. FIG. 1A shows a Northern blot analysis performed with 25 μg total RNA per lane. The upper panel shows SOCS-3 mRNA; the lower panel shows β-actin mRNA. FIG. 1B shows luciferase activity in AtT-20 cells transfected with pGL3Basic alone or a −2757/+929 murine SOCS-3 promoter-pGL3Basic construct (clone 6).
FIG. 2 shows LIF-induced SOCS-3 promoter activity and gene expression in corticotroph AtT-20 cells overexpressing wild type STAT-3 (AtT-20W) or dominant negative STAT-3 mutants (AtT-20F and AtT-20D), as well as wild type SOCS-3 (AtT-20S) and mock-transfected (AtT-20M); cells were treated with 0.5×10−9 M LIF for 45 min. FIGS. 2A and 2D show Northern blot analysis performed with 15 μg total RNA per lane for a representative experiment; upper panel shows SOCS-3 mRNA; lower panel shows β-actin mRNA. FIGS. 2B and 2E show Northern blot signals for SOCS-3 mRNA analyzed by quantitative densitometry and normalized for β-actin mRNA. FIGS. 2C and 2F show relative luciferase activity in various cell clones bearing a −2759/+927 murine SOCS-3 promoter-pGL3Basic construct (clone 6).
FIG. 3 shows relative luciferase activities in transiently transfected AtT-20 cells bearing different constructs of the genomic 5′-region of murine SOCS-3. Luciferase activity was measured in untreated (filled bars) and LIF-stimulated (unfilled bars) AtT-20 cells. Crossed lines indicate a deletion of STAT binding elements in Clone 6D1 (SEQ.ID.NO.:35) and 6D2 (SEQ.ID.NO.:36), in between the named nucleotides. A dotted line indicates a mutation of the wild type STAT binding sequence (5′-TTCCAGGAA-3′; SEQ.ID.NO:13) with mutant (5′-ATCGACGAT-3′; SEQ.ID.NO.:14) in clone 6M1 (SEQ.ID.NO.:37). Clone 2 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO.:38; Clone 4 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO. :2; Clone 6 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO.:3; Clone 6T1 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO.:4; Clone 6T2 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO.:5; Clone 6T3 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO.:12; Clone 6T4 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO.:6; and Clone 8 corresponds to SEQ.ID.NO.:39. The nucleotide sequence at the top of FIG. 3, marked as −101 through −62, corresponds with nucleotide positions 2807 through 2846 of SEQ.ID.NO.:1.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to a nucleic acid construct comprising a murine SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or an operative fragment thereof, or a non-murine homologue thereof, or an operative derivative of any of these.
The following nucleotide sequence represents the full length  ̃3.8-kb genomic 5′-region of the murine SOCS-3 gene (GenBank Accession AF117732). The transcription start site is defined as +1. An untranscribed region extends from nucleotide −2907 to −1, inclusive. A transcribed but untranslated region (exon 1) extends from +1 to +289; exon 2, begins at +854 (exons are underlined), and contains the intronless coding region of SOCS-3 with a translational start site encoded at nt. +944 to +946. (R. Starr et al. [1997]). The translation initiation codon ATG (nt. +944 to +946) and a TATA-box (nt. −39 to −34) are indicated in boldface type. Two potential STAT-binding elements (nt. −74 to −66 and nt. −97 to −88) are in boldface and underlined:










−2907
GACGTTCCTA AAAGCATGCA TGTCACCCAG CTTACCCACC CATCTCAGGC CACAGCAGCC
(SEQ ID. NO 1)



−2847
TGAGAGAGCG GAAGAACACC TGCTGGTCCT GTCCCACCTC TCCTCTTCAA ACAGCCCCAC


−2787
ATCCTCCAGT TTTGCTCTGG GTGGAGCTCC CTGCTGGCCC TGCAGAGGGA AGGCTCTCCT


−2727
AAGCATCATC TATCAGAACG TCTTCAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAG CCTCTCCAGC


−2667
CAGGCTAGCT CTAACACCAT TTCTTCCCCT TCCCCTCTCT CAAATTCACT TATCTTTTTT


−2607
TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTGGATT TTTGAGACAG GGTTTCTCTG TATAGCCCTG GTTGTCCTGG


−2547
AACTCACTTT GTACACCAGC CTGGCCTCGA ACTCAGAGAT CCACCTGCCT CTGCCTCCTG


−2487
AGTGCTGGGA TTAAAGGCGT GCGCCACCAC GCCCGGCTAA ATTCACTTAT CTATTTAATG


−2427
TATATAGGGT ATAGGCTGCC CTTGAACTCA CAAAGATCTG CTTGCTTTGC TTCTGGAATA


−2367
CTAAAGGTGT GTGCTACCAT CACAGGGACC AAGATTTATT TTAATTCTGT ATATGTGTGT


−2307
GTGTGTGTGT GTGTATGGGG GGTGCACATG AGTACAGATT CCCTTGGAGG CCTGGGGTGG


−2247
CTTAGGACTG GGGTTACAAC AGTTGTGACC CATCCTACAT AGGTCCTGGC ACCAACACCC


−2187
CCCCCCCCCC CCCCCGTCTT CCAGAAGTGC AGCAGGTGTT CTTAACTGCT GAGCCAGCAA


−2127
TCCAGCCCCT GACTTCCCTC TCTTACTTAA GAAGCTATCA CAGTGTCTCA CTGGGTCACA


−2067
ATCATGACTA GTCCTTGCTC ATGGCCCACA GCCTCTTCCC CACTGTGGGT TTTGCCCCGC


−2007
AGCTCTGCCG CCCCAGCGCT GCACCCGAGG CCTGACAGAG CCAGGCACGA AGTCAGGGTT


−1947
TGTGGAATGG ATGAATGAAC TTGACTCGTG GCAGAGCATT GTAATTTACA AAGCACTTTC


−1887
CCATCCATTA ACTCCAGGGC TATTTCCTAA GAGTCCTCCC TGTCCTCCAC TGCCCTCGGC


−1827
TGAGAGGCAT ACGGTCAAGG CAGTGGCTGG GGAACACTCC CTGAATGAGA TCAAGGAGGG


−1167
CTTGTTCACA GAGAAAGGGA GAATCCATTT GCGGAGCCTG AGAGTGACTC GAAGGCAAGG


−1707
ACTGGGCCTC ACCTGTGGGA TCTCCATCTG TGAGCATCCG CTCATCAGAC CAGTGTGAGA


−1647
TATTTTAAAT AAGGCCCCTA AGCCTCTTGA CTACTGGAAT TGCCAGGGGC GGGGGACAGA


−1587
TGGGCACCCA TCCCTATTTA ACAGATAACA AGACTGACTC CAGAGAGGCA GTGCACCTGC


−1527
CCTGGTCTCT CTTAGTTCCT CAGCATCAGT GGAGCAGATT GGACACAGTG GGCCAGAAGG


−1467
GAAGCAGGCA GCCCTCCCTC CTAGCCCAAG CTACTCTGTG TAGTCAGTTT GCCCTCCTAC


−1407
TGGTGTTACA AGAAGCCTGT GGTATCCAAG AGGGCAGGTC AGAAAGCCCA CTGAGAGCAG


−1347
ACACTGTGTG TCACTTAGCT GGTTCTCAGG TGGCTGCCAC TTCCTGCTGC CTGTTGCAAA


−1287
ACTCGACACT AGGCCTTTAT AGATACTCAC GTGACCAGGA GTAAACAACC TTTCACCTCA


−1227
ATCACCTGCT CTTATCAATA CTCCCTCTCC ACCCCACCAT CGGGAAAGTT CAGACACCTT


−1167
AAAACGTAGA GCCAAGAGAG GGTCCATTCT GACACCTCAG CGACTTTCAG GCAGTGGCTG


−1107
AACCCGTTAC AACGCTCTGT GGACAGTCCT CCTAGTCGAC ATTCCTTCTC AGGTTTGACC


−1047
CTGTCCTGGG AAGTGAGGCT TCTCTCTCTG GGTTCCCCAC TCCTGTTCTT GAATAAGGAG


−987
CCCCACAACC TCTTATTCTC TCTATACAGA GCCTGGGAAA CAGCAAAACT CGGCTCGCCT


−927
ACAAGACTCC AGCGCGCCCT CTGGTGGACT CGGGGGACGA GCATGGGATG AGGGTTTCTT


−867
TCCTCTAGCT CCCCCACCGC GCCGAGAGTA CCTGGGCGGA CCCACAGTTC GCCACGCAGG


−807
TTGCGAGGCC CAGATGAGTG ATAAGGTAGT AGTTAGCTGC TCCTCCCACC CCACTCCCCA


−747
AAGGACATCA GCACCCACGT CTGTCACCGA AGAACCAGGC AATGGGCGGA TGAGCTGAGG


−687
CCAGGTAGCT GCTTCTAAGT CAGTGTCTCC TCCACTTCTG GATCTCACAG CTTCATCTTT


−627
TGGACCTGTC TACAGGTAAA TGTCGCGCAT CCCCCTCCTC CACTTCCTAG GTCCCCAGTG


−567
GGCTGGTGGC TGAATGGTCC TACGTCCCTT TTGGTTGGCA CGGGATGCTT GGAACTGTAC


−507
ATGAGGACCT CGGGGTGGCC TGGGTGCAGA GGGAGGGGAG CGTCCCCGCG GGGATCAAAA


−447
GAAAGGGAAG GGGTGCCAGG AGGGAGCCTC TCCCGGCTGG CCTCCTAGAA CTGCCCGCGC


−387
GCTCCCATCG CGACGCCCCC GCCTCTGCCA GAAACCAGCC TTCTTAGAAG GGAGGGGGGG


−327
GAAAGTGTGA ATGAGAAGTT GGGGGCGGAG CGCGCGGGGG AGGGGCCGCT GCCAGGAACG


−267
CTCGGCCAAG GCTGGCGCCG CGCCCGCCGG TCGGGCAGCC TCGCGCCGCG CTTTGTCTCC


−207
CTCTCGGTGA GTCTCGGCGG GTCCTGGAGG CCCCAGCTCC AAGCCCGCCC TCCGCAGCCC


−147
CTCCCTCGCC CTCCGCGCAC AGCCTTTCAG TGCAGAGTAG TGACTAAACA TTACAAGAAG


−87
ACCGGCCGGG CAGTTCCAGG AATCGGGGGG CGGGGCGTAC TGGCCGGGTA AATACCCGCG


−27
CGCGCGGCCT CCGAGGCGGC TCTAACTCTG ACTCTACACT CGCCCGCTCC TACGACCGCT


+34
GTCTCTCCGG GCTCCCGGAC GCCCCCTTCC CGGCCCAGCT CTCCGTCGAG GTCCCTCGCC


+94
CAGGTCCTTT GCCTGATTCG CCCAGGAGTG CGCCTCATCG GCCCGGGGAG CAGCGAAGCC


+154
AGAGGGGGCG CACGCACGGG GAGCCCCTTT GTAGACTTCA CGGCTGCCAA CATCTGGGCG


+214
CAGCGCGAGC CACTGCTGGG CGCCGCCTCG CCTCGGGGAC CATAGGAGGC GCAGCCCCAA


+274
GGCCGGAGAT TTCGCTTCGG GACTAGGTAG GAAGGAGGGG CGCGGTGTGG GGAAGGGTGG


+334
GGGCATCGGT CCAGCTCGGG AGCTTTTCCC GGTTTCTCCT CCCCTTCCCG GGTCATTCCC


+394
CGTAGGGAGG GGACGAGGCA GGGGGCAGAG CGGATGAGAA CCGAAGATCC CTGATTCCCG


+454
TCATACTCAG ACTGGGGCCC TCGGGTTTCT CCTGTCCCCT CTCTCACATA TCTCGGGTTT


+514
GGCACCCCCC TTTTTTCGCC CTCGCCACTG AGGACACCGG ACTGAGAGGC GCCCTGAGCG


+574
TCCCTAGCGC TCTTGTGTCT CTCCCCATCC TGGCCGCGCT CCTGGAGACC CAACTTCCAC


+634
GCGCGAGTTT TCTCTGGGCG TCCTCCTAGG GCGGGCAGGG GAAGAGACTG TCTGGGGTTG


+694
GCCGGCAGTG ACCGAGGACA GTCGAGTTCC GCGAGGTGGC TGGCCCTGAG ACACGGTCTA


+754
AAGCGGGGCA AAGGGGTGCC CCGGGCGCTA GGCGGAGGCT GGAGGGCCGG GCACGCTGGA


+814
GGGTTCCGGG CACTCACGCG CCTCACGCTT TGCTCTCTGC AGCTCCCCGG GATGCGGTAG


+874
CGGCCGCTGT GCGGAGGCCG CGAAGCAGCT GCAGCCACCG CCGCGCAGAT CCACGCTGGC


+934
TCCGTGCGCC ATGGTCACCC ACAGCAAGTT TCCCGCCGCC GGGATGAGCC GCCCCCTGGA


+994
CACCAGCCTG CGCCTCAAGA CCTTCAGCTC CAAAACCGAG //






A preferred embodiment of the SOCS-3 promoter of the present invention is a DNA fragment with the sequence of nt. −2907 to +1033, inclusive (SEQ. ID. NO.:1). Other preferred embodiments of the SOCS-3 promoter include any operative fragment of SEQ. ID. NO.:1 or non-murine homologue thereof, or an operative derivative of any of these.
Preferred examples of an operative fragment include the −2759 to +104 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:2); the −2759 to +927 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:3); the −1864 to +927 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:4); the −857 to +927 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:5); the −63 to +927 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:6); the −97 to +927 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:7); the −97 to +104 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:8), the −87 to +927 fragment (SEQ ID. NO.:9); the −87 to +104 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:10); and the −275 to +158 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:11). A most preferred example is the −161 to +927 fragment (SEQ. ID. NO.:12).
Non-murine homologues include any SOCS-3 promoter sequence of non-murine origin that functions in a vertebrate cell type of interest.
Another preferred embodiment of a SOCS-3 promoter is an operative derivative of SEQ. ID. NO.:1, or of any operative fragment of SEQ. ID. NO.:1 or non-murine homologue thereof, having the translational start site (the ATG in bold at nt. +944 to +946 of the murine sequence above) changed to ATT, or changed to a codon sequence, other than ATT, that is also not recognized as a translational start site; another preferred SOCS-3 promoter is a derivative of SEQ. ID. NO.:1 with the codon of the first translational start site deleted altogether. Other operative derivatives include SOCS-3 promoter sequences containing a mutation, polymorphism, or variant allele with respect to any nucleotide position of SEQ. ID. NO.:1 that does not fully eliminate promoter activity, for example, a deletion of nt. −101 to −62, or a deletion of nt. −80 to −60, or a mutation of nt. −74 to −66. The skilled practitioner is aware of suitable methods for site-directed mutagenesis, e.g. the method of Deng and Nickoloff (W. P. Deng and J. A. Nickoloff, Analyt. Biochem.200:81-88 [1992]), and commercial site-directed mutagenesis kits are available, for example the Transformer® site-directed mutagenesis kit (Clontech).
The murine SOCS-3 gene promoter contains a pair of STAT binding elements TT(N5)AA (SEQ. ID. NO.:31), separated by 14 nucleotides, at nt. −74 to −66 and at nt. −97 to −88. In this respect, the murine SOCS-3 promoter is structurally similar to the human CIS gene promoter, which contains two functionally important pairs of STAT binding elements and is upregulated by a STAT-5 dependent pathway. (A. Yoshimura et al. [1995]; A. Matsumoto et al. [1997]; F. Verdier et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5852-60 [1998]). However, for activity from the present SOCS-3 promoter, only the STAT binding element at −74 to −66 is essential for optimal operability.
In a preferred embodiment, the SOCS-3 promoter is operatively linked to a DNA having a DNA sequence encoding any preselected protein or series of preselected proteins. For purposes of the present invention, “operatively linked” means that the promoter sequence, is located directly upstream from the coding sequence and that both sequences are oriented in a 5′ to 3′ manner, forming a transcriptional unit, such that transcription could take place in vitro in the presence of all essential enzymes, transcription factors, co-factors, activators, and reactants, under favorable physical conditions, e.g., suitable pH and temperature. This does not mean that, in any particular cell, conditions will favor transcription.
These DNA sequence encoding a preselected protein(s), or a gene-specific part, are derived from the genome of any eukaryotic organism, prokaryotic organism, or virus, and can be autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic with respect to the host cell. DNA sequences having a “normal” form of a gene, or a desirable allele thereof are useful in genetic therapy to compensate for endogenous production of defective protein(s) or the underexpression or overexpression of normal protein(s). In some embodiments, natural variant alleles of a gene are used, or novel genetic modification(s) are artificially induced in the DNA sequence encoding the preselected protein. Variant alleles or mutations are not limited to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but also include deletions, insertions, inversions, translocations, transitions, tranversions, or repeats. Mutations or variations are artificially induced in the DNA sequence encoding the preselected protein by a number of techniques, all of which are well known in the art. Alternatively, the DNA sequence linked to the SOCS-3 promoter encodes a gene-specific antisense RNA, such as an antisense RNA that specifically hybridizes to SOCS-3 mRNA, preventing translation therefrom. In another embodiment, the DNA sequence encodes a catalytic RNA, such as a “hairpin” or “hammerhead” ribozyme, that specifically hybridizes to a predetermined mRNA of interest and cleaves it, thereby preventing any further translation therefrom.
Most preferably, transcription of the DNA sequence from the SOCS-3 promoter results in RNA transcript that is biologically active in the cell or organism of interest, for example, as mRNA that is translated into functional protein(s); or as antisense RNA that specifically hybidizes with a functional mRNA of interest, for example a SOCS-3 mRNA, and thus prevents its translation to protein; or as catalytic RNA that specifically hybridizes with and cleaves a predetermined mRNA of interest.
In one embodiment, the preselected protein is a SOCS-3 protein, or a functional fragment thereof. Transcription of the DNA sequence encoding the SOCS-3 protein produces mRNA transcript, which is translated into SOCS-3 protein, or a functional fragment thereof. Thus one benefit of the present invention is that the nucleic acid can be used in a genetic therapy to correct clinical disorders derived from defective negative regulation of cytokine signal transduction in GH-responsive or gp130-responsive cells. Such defective negative regulation can result from, but need not result from, endogenous underexpression of functional SOCS-3 protein, which protein inhibits in an autocrine manner the cytokine-induced Jak-STAT cascade and SOCS-3 protein synthesis itself. But an unmodulated cellular response to GH and IL-6-type cytokine signaling caused by a defect in any of various components of the cellular signal transduction mechanism can also be negatively regulated using the present nucleic acid construct containing a DNA sequence encoding a SOCS-3 protein, or a functional fragment thereof.
In another embodiment, the DNA sequence operatively linked to the SOCS-3 promoter, encodes a SOCS-3-specific nucleotide sequence, transcription of which results in the production of RNA transcript in an antisense orientation that can hybridize to SOCS-3-encoding mRNA to prevent synthesis of SOCS-3 protein. In another embodiment, SOCS-3-specific sequences are included in a DNA sequence that encodes a catalytic RNA that specifically hybridizes to SOCS-3 mRNA. These embodiments are beneficially applied to genetic therapy to correct clinical disorders derived from negative overregulation of cytokine signal transduction in GH-responsive or gp130-responsive cells.
Other preferred embodiments of the present nucleic acid construct also include, operatively linked to the SOCS-3 promoter, a DNA sequence encoding a reporter protein for facilitating the detection or selection of cells containing the present nucleic acid construct and expressing from the SOCS-3 promoter. Preferably, but not necessarily, the reporter gene encodes a fluorescent protein. Fluorescent proteins include green fluorescent protein (or enhanced green fluorescent protein), yellow fluorescent protein, blue fluorescent protein, a phycobiliprotein, such as phycoerythrin or phycocyanin, or any other protein which fluoresces under suitable wave-lengths of light. Another reporter gene suitable for some applications is a gene encoding a protein that can enzymatically lead to the emission of light from a substrate(s); for purposes of the present invention, such a protein is a “light-emitting protein.” For example, a light-emitting protein includes proteins such as luciferase or apoaequorin.
The DNA of animal cells is subject to methylation at the 5′ carbon position of the cytidine bases of CpG dinucleotides. Unmethylated CpGs are found preferentially in transcriptionally active chromatin. (T. Naveh-Many et al., Active gene sequences are undermethylated, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:4246-50 [1981]). Hypermethylation is associated with transcriptional repression. (R. Holliday, The inheritance of epigenetic defects, Science 238:163-70 [1987]). Since some vertebrate cell types of interest may silence expression from the present SOCS-3 promoter sequence by methylation, the skilled practitioner is aware that suitable insulator elements are employed to prevent methylation of the promoter sequence. Preferably, this is done by flanking the transcriptional unit of the promoter sequence and included gene(s) with insulator elements. For example, by including double copies of the 1.2 kb chicken β-globin insulator element 5′ to the SOCS-3 promoter sequence and 3′ to the operatively linked gene(s) in the present DNA construct, methylation will be substantially prevented at CG dinucleotide sites within the SOCS-3 promoter sequence and thus expression therefrom occurs. (M. J. Pikaart et al., Loss of transcriptional activity of a transgene is accompanied by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation and is prevented by insulators, Genes Dev. 12:2852-62 [1998]; Chung et al., DNA sequence which acts as a chromatin insulator element to protect expressed genes from cis-acting regulatory sequences in mammalian cells, U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,053).
The present invention also relates to a transgenic vertebrate cell containing the nucleic acid construct of the present invention, regardless of the method by which the construct was introduced into the cell. The present cell is a growth hormone (GH)-responsive or gp130-responsive cell, for example, a cell that specifically binds any IL-6-type cytokine (i.e., binds a cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family). Embodiments include pituitary cells, hypothalamic cells, adrenal cells, intestinal cells, kidney cells, liver cells (e.g., hepatocytes), immune-competent cells, or bone-forming cells, such as osteoblasts. In one embodiment, the present cell is a corticotroph cell, but the cell may also be an intestinal epithelial cell, a lymphocyte, a somatotroph, a lactotroph, or a gonadotroph cell. For some in vitro applications, for example with a wide variety of non-murine cells, inhibitors of histone deacetylation and DNA methylation, such as trichostatin A or sodium butyrate, can be included in the culture medium to prevent possible silencing of expression from the SOCS-3 promoter. (M. J. Pikaart et al. [1998]).
The transgenic cells of the present invention are detected, isolated or selected from non-transgenic cells with the aid of, for example, a flow-activated cell sorter (FACS), set at the appropriate wavelength(s). Alternatively, the transgenic cells are detected, isolated or selected manually from non-transgenic cells using conventional microscopic technology.
In particular applications involving a transgenic cell that expresses additional xenogeneic genes from any promoter, this expression may be linked to a reporter gene that encodes a different fluorescent or light-emitting protein from the reporter gene linked to the SOCS-3 promoter. Thus, multiple reporters fluorescing or emitting at different wavelengths can be chosen and cell selections based on the expression of multiple traits can be made.
The present invention also relates to transgenic non-human vertebrates comprising such cells, for example, non-human primates, mice, rats, rabbits, gerbils, hamsters, canines, felines or other non-human mammals. Other vertebrates include birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, ostriches, emus, geese, guinea fowl, doves, quail, rare and ornamental birds, and the like. Broadly speaking, a “transgenic” vertebrate is one that has had foreign DNA permanently introduced into its cells. The foreign gene(s) which (have) been introduced into the animal's cells is (are) called a “transgene(s).” The present invention is applicable to the production of transgenic vertebrates containing xenogeneic, i.e., exogenous, transgenic genetic material, or material from a different species, including biologically functional genetic material, in its native, undisturbed form. In other embodiments, the genetic material is “allogeneic” genetic material, obtained from different strains of the same species, for example, from animals having a “normal” form of a gene, or a desirable allele thereof.
Gene delivery is by any suitable method including in vivo and vitro gene delivery methods. (E.g., D. T. Curiel et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,521,291 and 5,547,932). Typically, gene delivery involves exposing a cell to a gene delivery mixture that includes preselected genetic material together with an appropriate vector, mixed, for example, with an effective amount of lipid transfecting agent (lipofection). The amount of each component of the mixture is chosen so that gene delivery to a specific species of cell is optimized. Such optimization requires no more than routine experimentation. The ratio of DNA to lipid is broad, preferably about 1:1, although other proportions may also be utilized depending on the type of lipid agent and the DNA utilized. This proportion is not crucial. Other well known gene delivery methods include electroporation or chemical methods. (E.g., M. Ostresh, No barriers to entry transfection tools get biomolecules in the door, The Scientist 13(11):21-23 (1999).
“Transfecting agent”, as utilized herein, means a composition of matter added to the genetic material for enhancing the uptake of exogenous DNA segment(s) into a vertebrate cell. The enhancement is measured relative to the uptake in the absence of the transfecting agent. Examples of transfecting agents include adenovirus-transferrin-polylysine-DNA complexes. These complexes generally augment the uptake of DNA into the cell and reduce its breakdown during its passage through the cytoplasm to the nucleus of the cell.
Other preferred transfecting agents include Lipofectin®, DMRIE C, Cellfectin® or Lipofectamine (Life Technologies), LipoTAXI (Stratagene), Superfect or Effectene (Qiagen). Although these are not as efficient gene delivery (or transfecting) agents as viral transfecting agents, they have the advantage that they facilitate stable integration of xenogeneic DNA sequence into the vertebrate genome, without size restrictions commonly associated with virus-derived transfecting agents. A virus, or transfecting fragment thereof, can be used to facilitate the delivery of the genetic material into the cell. Examples of suitable viruses include adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses such as human immune-deficiency virus, other lentiviruses, such as Moloney murine leukemia virus and the retrovirus vector derived from Moloney virus called vesicular-stomatitis-virus-glycoprotein (VSV-G)-Moloney murine leukemia virus, mumps virus, and transfecting fragments of any of these viruses, and other viral DNA segments that facilitate the uptake of the desired DNA segment by, and release into, the cytoplasm of cells and mixtures thereof. All of the above viruses may require modification to render them non-pathogenic or less antigenic. Other known vector systems, however, are also useful.
The present invention also relates to a method of treating a growth retardation disorder in a human subject, especially in a child or adolescent. The method involves genetically modifying a GH-responsive or gp130-responsive cell of a human subject having a growth retardation disorder, typically resulting in short stature, such as, but not limited to, dwarfism, GH deficiency, gonadal dysgenesis, chondrodystrophy, bone-cartilage dysplasia, or an idiopathic condition of severe short stature. Typically, the cell is a pituitary, adrenal, hypothalamic, liver, immune-competent, or bone-forming cell that is responsive to a growth-inducing cytokine in a paracrine manner. Examples include hepatocyte, lymphocyte, lymphocyte, chondrocyte, corticotroph, somatotroph, lactotroph, or gonadotroph cells, or cells derived from a pituitary tumor, adrenal tumor, hypothalamic tumor, liver tumor, or bone tumor.
The cell(s) are genetically modified by any suitable method, in vivo or in vitro, for example by transfection or transduction, using a nucleic acid construct of the present invention, comprising a SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or operative fragment thereof, operatively linked, in a transcriptional unit, to a DNA sequence encoding an RNA that specifically hybridizes to a functional SOCS-3 mRNA, i.e., a SOCS-3-specific antisense RNA. In response to the presence of a growth-inducing cytokine, in vivo, the cell transcribes, from the transcriptional unit, RNA transcript that hybridizes to SOCS-3 mRNA, preventing translation therefrom. This RNA transcript can be an antisense RNA or a catalytic RNA (ribozyme) that cleave the SOC S-3 mRNA. As a consequence, the amount of SOCS-3 protein produced within the genetically modified cell(s) is reduced relative to unmodified cells of the same kind, and one or more symptoms of the growth retardation disorder in the human subject are thereby improved, due to a lessening of SOCS-3-mediated suppression of gp130-mediated signal transduction from growth-inducing cytokines, such as GH, within the genetically modified cell(s).
The present invention also relates to a method of treating a growth acceleration disorder in a human subject. The method involves genetically modifying a GH-responsive or gp130-responsive cell from a tissue of a human subject having a growth acceleration disorder, resulting in greater than normal enlargement of one or more parts of the body, such as, but not limited to, gigantism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, or an idiopathic condition resulting in abnormal, non-edemic enlargement of bones, or facial or other soft tissue features. Typically, the cell is a pituitary, adrenal, hypothalamic, liver, immune-competent or bone-forming cell that is responsive to a growth-inducing cytokine in a paracrine manner. Examples include hepatocyte, lymphocyte, chondrocyte, corticotroph, somatotroph, lactotroph, or gonadotroph cells, or cells derived from a pituitary tumor, adrenal tumor, hypothalamic tumor, liver tumor, or bone tumor.
The cell(s) are genetically modified by any suitable method, in vivo or in vitro, for example by transfection or transduction, using a nucleic acid construct, in accordance with the present invention, comprising a SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or operative fragment thereof, operatively linked, in a transcriptional unit, to a DNA sequence encoding a SOCS-3 protein, or functional fragment thereof. In response to a growth-inducing hormone or cytokine, in vivo, SOCS-3 mRNA transcript is transcribed from the transcriptional unit, resulting in translation of SOCS-3 message to SOCS-3 protein. The amount of SOCS-3 protein produced is thereby enhanced in the genetically modified cell(s) in response to the presence of a growth-inducing cytokine, such as GH or a cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit family, compared to the amount in unmodified cells of the same kind. The symptom(s) of the growth acceleration disorder in the subject are thereby improved, due to increased SOCS-3-mediated cytokine signal suppression within the genetically modified cell(s). Thus, for example, in pituitary corticotroph cells, ACTH secretion is suppressed by increased levels of SOCS-3, ultimately leading to less production of glucocorticoid hormones by the adrenals and ameliorating symptoms of Cushing's disease. Similarly, the effects of excess GH, as for example in acromegaly, are moderated in accordance with the present method.
The present invention also relates to a method of treating an autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in a human subject. Such diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave's disease, allergic or anaphylactic reactions, or neuroendocrinological responses to psychological or physical stress. The method involves genetically modifying a cell(s) from the subject that is gp130-responsive, i.e., responsive to at least one pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as IL-6, LIF, or any other pro-inflammatory cytokine for which signal transduction is gp130-mediated. Typically, the cell is a pituitary, adrenal, hypothalamic, liver, intestinal, nerve, kidney, immune-competent, or bone-forming cell that is responsive to a pro-inflammatory cytokine in a paracrine manner. Examples include hepatocyte, lymphocyte, chondrocyte, neuron, intestinal epithelial, corticotroph, somatotroph, lactotroph, or gonadotroph cells.
The cell(s) are genetically modified by any suitable method, in vivo or in vitro, for example by transfection or transduction, using a nucleic acid construct comprising a SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or an operative fragment thereof, operatively linked, in a transcriptional unit, to a DNA sequence encoding a SOCS-3 protein, or functional fragment thereof. In response to an inflammatory cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit family, in vivo, SOCS-3 mRNA transcript is transcribed from the transcriptional unit, resulting in translation of SOCS-3 message to SOCS-3 protein. The amount of SOCS-3 protein produced is thereby enhanced in the genetically modified cell(s) in response to the presence of an inflammatory cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit family, compared to the amount in unmodified cells of the same kind. One or more symptoms of the autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in the subject are thereby improved, due to a relative increase in SOCS-3-mediated signal suppression.
In another embodiment, the nucleic acid construct that is used in the method comprises a SOCS-3 promoter sequence, or operative fragment thereof, operatively linked, in a transcriptional unit, to a DNA sequence encoding a functional anti-inflammatory cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family, such as IL-11, linked to a functional secretory signal. In response to the presence of a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the gp130 signaling subunit cytokine family, in vivo, the anti-inflammatory cytokine is produced and secreted by the modified cell(s), which has both paracrine and autocrine effects that improve One or more symptoms of the autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in the subject.
In some embodiments of the present methods, gene delivery is done in vitro, and the cell(s) is first obtained from a tissue of the human subject by any suitable biopsy method, for example percutaneous biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy, or stereotactic cranial biopsy. Gene delivery is accomplished in vitro, and the genetically modified cell(s) are then re-implanted within the tissue of the human subject.
The nucleic acid construct that is used in the present methods optionally contains a reporter gene for convenient detection, isolation or selection of transgenic cells expressing from the SOCS-3 promoter as described herein. For particular applications, other DNA sequences encoding other preselected proteins are optionally linked to the SOCS-3 promoter, making their expression inducible by IL-6-type cytokines and gp130-mediated signal transduction.
The present invention also relates to a kit for genetically modifying a vertebrate cell. The kit is a ready assemblage of materials or components for facilitating the genetic modification of a vertebrate cell. The kit includes a polynucleotide comprising a murine SOCS-3 promoter sequence having SEQ. ID. NO.:1, or an operative fragment or non-murine homologue thereof, or an operative derivative of any of these, as described herein with respect to the nucleic acid construct of the present invention. Preferably the polynucleotide includes a transcriptional unit that contains the SOCS-3 promoter, operatively linked to at least one DNA sequence encoding a preselected protein or to a gene-specific part thereof, such as a SOCS-3 protein, or a functional fragment thereof, and/or a reporter gene for facilitating detection, isolation, or selection of genetically modified cells from unmodified cells. The DNA sequence encoding the preselected protein can be in a sense or antisense orientation as appropriate for a particular application. Some embodiments of the kit are configured for use in practicing the present methods of treating a growth retardation or acceleration disorder in a human subject or the present method of treating an autoimmune disease, immune disease, or inflammatory condition in a human subject.
The kit optionally contains a suitable transfecting agent, as described above. The kit includes instructions for using the materials or components effectively. The materials or components assembled in the kit are provided to the practitioner stored in any convenient and suitable way that preserves their operability and utility. For example the components can be in dissolved, dehydrated, or lyophilized form; they can be provided at room, refrigerated or frozen temperatures.
The foregoing descriptions of the nucleic acid constructs, transgenic cells, transgenic vertebrates, methods, and kits of the present invention are illustrative and by no means exhaustive. The invention will now be described in greater detail by reference to the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Materials and Methods
Materials. Recombinant murine LIF, IL-6, and IL-11 were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn.). Mouse liver Marathon-Ready® cDNA, Advantage® -GC cDNA polymerase, mouse GenomeWalker® Kit, and Advantage® -GC genomic polymerase were from Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.). Maxiscript® T7 polymerase kit and ribonuclease protection kit RPA-II® were from Ambion (Austin, Tex.). Polyclonal STAT-1 p84/p91 (M-22) and STAT-3 (H-190) antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, Calif.). Mouse genomic DNA, Erase-a Base® system, pGL3 Basic and pSV-β-galactosidase vector were from Promega (Madison, Wis.). TOPO-TA® PCR2.1 vector was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.).
Cell Culture. Cell culture of AtT-20/D16v-F2 cells was performed as described (C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998b]; C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998a]). Individual clones of AtT-20 cells, overexpressing SOCS-3 (AtT-20S), mock-transfected (AtT-20M), wild type STAT-3 (AtT-20W) or dominant negative STAT-3 mutants (AtT-20 F and AtT-20D), were isolated after stable transfection. (C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998b]; C. Bousquet & S. Melmed, J. Biol. Chem. 274:10723-30 [1998]). From each group, three separate individual clones with high stable overexpression of the respective construct were selected with G418 (1 mg/mL) for the experiments.
Northern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis was performed as described (C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998b]; C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998a]). To detect endogenous SOCS-3 mRNA in AtT-20S cells, without hybridization to exogenous SOCS-3 mRNA derived from stable overexpression of SOCS-3, a probe spanning exon 1 and the untranslated 5′ region of exon 2 as used. Otherwise, the previously described (C. J. Auernhammer et al. [1998b]; C. J. Auernhammer & S. Melmed, Endocrinology 140:1559 [1999]) murine SOCS-3 probe spanning most of the coding region of SOCS-3 was used.
5′-Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) and RNase protection Assay. 5′-RACE was performed with a pre-made, adaptor-ligated Marathon-Ready® double stranded cDNA derived from pooled BALB/c mouse liver (A. Chenchik et al., Biotechnol. 3:526-34 [1996]) and Advantage® -GC cDNA polymerase using gene-specific primary and nested antisense primers 5′-CAGTAGAATCCGCTCTCCTGCAGCTTG-3′ (SEQ. ID. NO.:15) and 5′-CTCGCTTTTGGAGCTGAAGGTCTTGAG-3′ (SEQ. ID. NO.:16). Products were cloned into PCR2.1 vector, and multiple single clones sequenced.
RNase protection assay was performed with RPA-II® kit, following the manufacturer's recommendations. A fragment spanning nucleotides +158 to −275 was cloned into PCR2.1 vector; the plasmid was linearized with BamHI, and a 32P-UTP labeled antisense probe was generated with T7 polymerase.
PCR-based characterization of the 5′-genomic region. The 5′-genomic region of SOCS-3 was cloned using a PCR-based technique (P. D. Siebert et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1087-88 [1995]) with pre-made adaptor-ligated genomic DNA fragments, derived from ICR Swiss mice, as provided by the Genomewalk® kit. PCR and subsequent nested PCR were performed by automatic hot-start as touchdown-PCR using Advantage® -GC genomic Polymerase and gene specific antisense primers 5′-CAGTAGAATCCGCTCTCCTGCAGCTTG-3′ (SEQ. ID. NO.:15) and 5′-CTCGCTTTTGGAGCTGAAGGTCTTGAG-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:16). Further genomic walks in the 5′ direction were performed with gene specific antisense primers 5′-CTTCCTACCTAGTCCCGAAGCGAAATC-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:17), 5′-CAGATGTTGGCAGCCGTGAAGTCTAC-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:18), 5′-GCGGGCGAGTGTAGAGTCAGAGTTAGAG-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:19), and 5′-CGATTCCTGGAACTGCCCGGCCGGTCTTC-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:20), as well as 5′-CTCAGTGGGCTTTCTGACCTGCCCTCTTG-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:21) and 5′-GACTACACAGAGTAGCTTGGGCTAGGAG-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:22). Products were cloned into PCR2.1, and single clones were sequenced.
Different Constructs of the 5′ Genomic Region of SOCS-3. 3′-Truncated forms of the full-length 3.7-kb construct in pGL3Basic vector (clone 6) were generated by PCR from genomic DNA and subsequent cloning as described above.
5′-Truncated forms of clone 6 were generated using Erase-a-Base® kit, following the manufacturer's recommendations. Briefly, the 3.7-kb full-length construct of the 5′ genomic region of SOCS-3 in pGL3Basic vector was digested with SstI and NheI, followed by unidirectional digestion with exonuclease III (S. Henikoff, Gene 28:351-59 [1984]) and subsequent re-ligation.
Mutated forms of clone 6 were generated by overlap extension PCR (A. Aiyar et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 57:177-91 [1996]) with Pfu polymerase and 5% DMSO, by using external sense primer 5′-CATCGCGACGCCCCCGCCTCT-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:23) and antisense primer 5′-GAAACCCGAGGGCCCCAGTCTG-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:24) with exclusive restriction sites for NruI or ApaI, respectively. Internal mutagenizing primers caused deletions of nucleotides −80 to −60 and −101 to −62, respectively. Similarly, the STAT binding element region at −74 to −66 was mutated. Gel-purified PCR-products and the original template were digested with NruI and ApaI, fragments were purified, and the mutated fragments were re-ligated into the original 3.7-kb construct in pGL3Basic vector. Each construct was verified by sequencing.
Luciferase Assay. For transient transfection experiments, 2×105 cells were plated in 6-well plates, incubated for 24 hours, and transfected using Lipofectamine-re and 0.5 μg of constructs in pGL3Basic vector, and 1.0 μg pSV-β-galactosidase. Transfected cells were first incubated for 24 hours in serum-free DMEM, followed by 6 hours of cytokine treatment and subsequent measurement of luciferase activity. In experiments comparing overexpressing dominant negative STAT-3 mutants or wild type SOCS-3, treatment with LIF was for 45 minutes.
In experiments using different promoter constructs, transfection efficiency was verified by measurement of β-galactosidase activity.
Electromobility shift assay. Nuclear extracts of AtT-20 cells and electromobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed as described (P. D. Siebert et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1087-88 [1995]). Briefly, AtT-20 cells were grown to 80% confluence and were serum-deprived for 24 hours before treatment with 10−9 M LIF, followed by cell lysis and preparation of nuclear extracts. For the EMSA, 20-μg nuclear extracts were preincubated for 15 minutes at room temperature in 20 μL binding buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.1% NP-40, 5% glycerol, 1 mg/mL BSA; pH 7.5) with 1 μg of poly(dI-dC). A 32P-labeled double stranded oligonucleotide, corresponding to nucleotide sequence −77 to −57 of the SOCS-3 promoter (5′-77CAGTTCCAGGAATCGGGGGGC−57-3)(SEQ.ID.NO.:25), was used as a probe (60,000 cpm, 5 fmol per reaction) and added to each sample and binding reaction, performed at room temperature for 20 min. In competition experiments, 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled double stranded competitor oligonucleotides were added to the preincubation reaction with the double stranded oligonucleotide corresponding to nucleotide sequence −77 to −57 of the SOCS-3 promoter, this same oligonucleotide mutated at positions −74, −71, −69, and −66 (underlined) (5′-77CAGATCGACGATTCGGGGGGC−57-3)(SEQ.ID.NO.:26), or the AP-2 recognition site oligonucleotide 5′-GATCGAACTGACCGCCCGCCGCCCGT-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:27). For supershift experiments 2 μg polyclonal STAT-1 p84/p91 or STAT-3 antibody was added to the preincubation reaction and incubated for an additional 60 min at 4° C. Protein-DNA complexes were run on a 6% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel in 0.5× TBE buffer (90 mM Tris, 64.6 mM boric acid, 2.5 mM EDTA); gels were dried and autoradiographs were exposed (Kodak biomax MS film at −70° C.).
Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by unpaired t-test. All values are mean±SEM.
Example 2
5′-Genomic Sequence of Murine SOCS-3 and Determination of the Transcription Start Site by 5′-RACE and RNase Protection Assay
Based on the sequence information from the 5′ genome walk, a full length 5′ product of murine SOCS-3 spanning  ̃3.8-kb of genomic sequence was generated from ICR Swiss mice genomic DNA by PCR with Advantage® -GC genomic polymerase using the following sense and antisense primers: 5′-GACGTTCCTAAAAG CATGCATGTCACCCAG-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:28) and 5′-GGATCTGCGCGGCGGTGGC TGCAGCTGCTT-3′ (SEQ.ID.NO.:29). Cloning of the product into PCR2.1 vector was followed by verification of sense orientation, sequencing, restriction enzyme digestion with SstI and XhoI, and subcloning of a  ̃3.7-kb construct into pGL3Basic vector (clone 6). Sequence information was obtained for the whole 3.8 kb. (SEQ.ID.NO.:1).
5′-RACE revealed the existence of an untranslated exon 1 (+1 to +289; SEQ.ID.NO.:32), separated from exon 2 (starting at +854; partial exon 2, sequence +854 to +1033 [SEQ.ID.NO.:34]) by an intron (+290 to +853; SEQ.ID. NO.:33). Using Rnase protection assay, the main transcription start site was defined and is referred to as +1. The previously determined translation initiation site for murine SOCS-3 (GenBank Accession U88328) (R. Starr et al., Nature 387:917-21 [1997]) was in exon 2 at +944.
Example 3
Effects of Different Cytokines on SOCS-3 Promoter Activity and Gene Expression
FIG. 1 shows the stimulatory effect of various cytokines on expression from the SOCS-3 promoter sequence. AtT-20 cells were either untreated, or stimulated with 0.5×10−9 M LIF, IL-6, or IL-11 for 60 or 120 min. Northern blot analysis showed a SOCS-3-specific signal of uniform transcript size of  ̃2.8 kb (FIG. 1A).
LIF was the most potent inducer of SOCS-3 mRNA expression. Although IL-6 and IL-11 were less potent stimuli of SOCS-3 gene expression, they each showed a similar pattern of SOCS-3 mRNA induction (FIG. 1A).
For measurement of SOCS-3 promoter activity, transient transfections of AtT-20 cells were performed either with pGLBasic alone or with clone 6, a construct containing nucleotides −2,759 to +927 of the 5′-genomic region of murine SOCS-3 linked to the luciferase reporter gene in pGL3Basic vector (FIG. 1B). Relative SOCS-3 promoter activity is indicated by relative light unit values in FIG. 1B, calculated from 4 independently performed experiments. Each experiment was performed with n=3 wells per group. Asterisks indicate in-group significance of untreated (−) vs. treated (+); *, P<0.05**, P<0.01. AtT-20 cells transfected with clone 6 showed a significantly higher basal luciferase activity than cells transfected with pGL3Basic alone (4043±443 vs. 1611±398 relative light units [RLU]; P<0.001). Stimulation with 0.5×10−9 M LIF, IL-6, or IL-11 caused no further increase of luciferase activity in control AtT-20 cells transfected with pGL3Basic alone. However, in comparison to untreated cells, AtT-20 cells transfected with clone 6 showed an approximately 10-fold (P<0.01) increase in luciferase activity following stimulation with LIF, a 2-fold (not significant) increase following stimulation with IL-6, and a 3-fold (P<0.05) stimulation of luciferase activity by IL-11. (FIG. 1B).
Activation by LIF, IL-6 and IL-11, of SOCS-3 promoter activity and gene expression thus is concordant with our finding of a functionally important STAT-1/STAT-3 binding element in the murine SOCS-3 promoter region.
Example 4
Effect of Overexpressed Dominant Negative STAT-3 Mutants or Wild Type SOCS-3 on LIF-induced SOCS-3 Gene Expression and Promoter Activity
Expression from the SOCS-3 promoter is partly dependent both on the expression of STAT-3 and SOCS-3 itself. FIG. 2 shows the effect of overexpressed dominant negative STAT-3 mutant or wild type SOCS-3 on LIF-induced SOCS-3 gene expression and promoter activity in AtT-20 cells. AtT-20 cells overexpressing wild type STAT-3 (AtT-20W) showed a 5.4±0.7-fold increase of SOCS-3 mRNA levels after stimulation with 0.5×10−9 M LIF for 45 min. In comparison, AtT-20 cells overexpressing the dominant negative mutants STAT-3F (AtT-20F) and STAT-3D (AtT-20D) both showed relatively diminished induction of SOCS-3 mRNA after stimulation with LIF 3.4±0.4 (p=0.07) and 2.6±0.1-fold (p<0.02), respectively (FIGS. 2A, 2B). Similarly, transient transfection experiments with clone 6 showed stimulation of luciferase activity by LIF (6.9±0.5-fold) in AtT-20W cells, but only 5.4±0.5- (P=0.09) and 3.4±0.4-fold (P<0.01) stimulation were observed in AtT-20F and AtT-20D cells, respectively. (FIG. 2C). These results, showing that LIF-induced SOCS-3 promoter activity and gene expression is decreased in these dominant negative STAT-3 mutant transfectants, indicate that SOCS-3 promoter activity is at least partly dependent on wild type STAT-3 expression. (FIGS. 2A-C).
Overexpression of wild type SOCS-3 in AtT-20 cells abrogated LIF-induced SOCS-3 promoter activity and gene expression. (FIGS. 2D-F). Mock-transfected AtT-20 cells (AtT-20M) showed an approximately 5-fold increase of SOCS-3 mRNA levels after 45 min stimulation with 0.5×10−9 M LIF, while AtT-20 cells overexpressing wild type SOCS-3 (AtT-20S), showed a significant inhibition of LIF-induced SOCS-3 mRNA expression (FIGS. 2D, 2E). Similarly, transient transfection experiments with clone 6 revealed luciferase activity to be stimulated by LIF (9.9±1.3-fold) in AtT-20M cells, while LIF-induced luciferase activity in AtT-20S cells was abrogated and did not differ substantially from luciferase activity in untreated AtT-20S cells. (FIG. 2F). These results indicate a negative autoregulatory feedback of SOCS-3 on its own cytokine-induced gene expression.
LIF-induced SOCS-3 mRNA and luciferase activity were each calculated from 3 independently performed experiments. Each experiment was performed with 3 different clones per group. LIF-induced luciferase activity was normalized to the untreated control for each clone.
Example 5
Functional Analysis of Different SOCS-3 5′ Region-luciferase Constructs
Clone 6 (SEQ.ID.NO.:3) is the −2759 to +927 5′ genomic region of murine SOCS-3 linked to the luciferase reporter in pGL3Basic vector. 3′-Truncations of clone 6 were: clone 4 (nt. −2759 to +104; SEQ.ID.NO.:2) and clone 2 (nt. −2759 to −716, SEQ.ID.NO.:38). 5′-Truncations of clone 6 were: clone 6T1 (nt. −1864 to +927; SEQ.ID.NO.:4); clone 6T2 (nt −857 to +927; SEQ.ID.NO.:5); clone 6T3 (nt. −152 to +927; SEQ.ID.NO.:12); and clone 6T4 (nt. −63 to +927; SEQ.ID.NO.:6). Analysis of clone 6 sequence with Mat Inspector V2.2 (K. Quandt et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 4878-84 [1995]), revealed potential STAT binding sites containing the consensus binding sequence TT(N)5AA (SEQ.ID.NO.:31) (C. M. Horvath et al., Genes Dev. 9:984-94 [1995]; J. E. Darnell, Jr., Science 277:1630-35 [1997]; S. Becker et al., Nature 394:145-51 [1998]) located at nt. −97 to −89 and nt. −74 to −66, as well as at nt. −347 to −339 and −1403 to −1395. However, only the STAT binding site from nt. −74 to −66 showed the more specific sequence TTCCAGGAA (SEQ.ID.NO.:13), indicating a potential binding site for STAT-1 and STAT-3.
Therefore, in subsequent experiments, the focus centered on the STAT binding site at nt. −74 to −66, constituting part of the tandem STAT binding region pair of nt. −97 to −89 and nt. −74 to −66. Using overlap extension PCR, we deleted the complete tandem STAT binding region from nt. −101 to −62 (clone 6D2; SEQ.ID.NO.:36), or only the 3′-located STAT binding element from nt. −80 to −60 (clone 6D1; SEQ.ID.NO.:35). In clone 6M1 (SEQ.ID.NO.:37), the 3′-located STAT binding element from nt. −74 to −66 was not deleted, but mutated to ATCGACGAT, thus destroying the specific binding sequence TTCCAGGAA (SEQ.ID.NO.:13). Clone 8 (SEQ.ID.NO.:39) was a minimal −275 to +158 5′ genomic region of SOCS-3 linked to the luciferase reporter in pGL3Basic vector. Basal and LIF-induced luciferase activity were assayed after transient transfection of corticotroph AtT-20 cells with the different constructs.
FIG. 3 shows relative luciferase activities in transfected AtT-20 cells bearing the different constructs. Relative luciferase activities were calculated in comparison to basal luciferase activity of pGL3Basic alone without LIF treatment, which was defined as 1.0. Basal luciferase activity of clone 2 (SEQ.ID.NO.:38) did not differ from pGL3Basic, and neither clone 2 (SEQ.ID.NO.:38) nor pGL3Basic showed induction of luciferase activity by LIF. However, clones 4 and 6 (SEQ.ID.NOS.:2 and 3, respectively) showed 7- and 4-fold higher basal luciferase activity, respectively, as well as 35-fold higher LIF-stimulated luciferase activity, compared to the pGL3Basic (P<0.01). This indicates that the region from nt. +104 to +927 is not involved in SOCS-3 promoter activity.
Increasing 5′-truncations of clone 6 up to nt. −161 caused a gradual increase of basal and LIF-stimulated luciferase activity, with both clone 6T2 (P<0.01) and clone 6T3 (P<0.001) showing significantly higher basal and LIF-induced luciferase activities than clone 6. Clone 6T3 had the highest basal (17-fold elevation) and LIF-induced (97-fold elevation) luciferase activities, compared to basal pGL3Basic (p<0.001). This demonstrates that the region from nt. −2759 to −161 contains apparent negative regulator elements, but is not responsible for basal and LIF-induced SOCS-3 promoter activity.
Further 5′-truncation to nt. −63 in clone 6T4 (SEQ.ID.NO.:6) caused decreases in basal activity and, more markedly, in LIF-inducible promoter activity. Mutated clones 6D1 (SEQ.ID.NO.:35) (P<0.001) and 6M1 (SEQ.ID.NO.:37) (P<0.01) showed reduced LIF-induced luciferase activity, compared to wild type clone 6 (SEQ.ID.NO.:3). (FIG. 3). Extending the deletion to the entire tandem STAT binding region in clone 6D2 (SEQ.ID.NO.:36), showed no significant difference in the magnitude of basal vs. LIF-induced luciferase activity in comparison to clone 6D1 (SEQ.ID.NO.:35). These results indicate that the specific STAT-1/STAT-3 binding element at −74 to −66 (TTCCAGGAA; SEQ.ID.NO.:13) mediates the LIF-induced rise in luciferase activity, while the more 5′-located STAT binding element at −97 to −89 (TTACAAGAA; SEQ.ID.NO.:30) does not significantly participate in this signal.
Clone 8 (SEQ.ID.NO.:39) showed basal and LIF-induced luciferase activity comparable to clone 6 (SEQ.ID.NO.:3). (FIG. 3). This further demonstrates the functional importance for SOCS-3 promoter activity of the region containing the STAT-1/STAT-3 binding element.
Example 6
Electromobility Shift Assay
EMSA showed specific binding of nuclear extracts from LIF-induced AtT-20 cells to a double stranded oligonucleotide probe spanning nt. −77 to −57 (STAT oligoprobe), including the STAT-1/STAT-3 binding element from −74 to −66. While nuclear extracts from unstimulated AtT-20 cells did not form specific complexes with the oligoprobe, nuclear extracts from LIF-stimulated AtT-20 cells formed three specific complexes, compatible with STAT-3 homodimers, STAT-1/STAT-3 heterodimers and STAT-1 homodimers (C. M. Horvath et al., Genes Dev. 9:984-94 [1995]; J. E. Darnell, Jr., Science 277:1630-35 [1997]; S. Becker et al., Nature 394:145-51 [1998]). The three complexes disappeared during self-competition with a 100-fold excess of unlabeled double stranded STAT oligonucleotide, whereas the same double stranded oligonucleotide mutated at positions −74, −71, −69, and −66, or a nonspecific double stranded AP-2 oligonucleotide had no effect. Incubation with a specific antibody directed against STAT-1 abolished the two bands representing STAT-1 homodimer and STAT1/STAT3 heterodimer. Similarly, incubation with a specific antibody directed against STAT-3 abolished the two bands representing STAT-3 homodimer and STAT1/STAT3 heterodimer. These results are evidence of specific binding of STAT-1 and STAT-3 to the SOCS-3 promoter region between nt. −74 to −66.
The foregoing examples being illustrative but not an exhaustive description of the embodiments of the present invention, the following claims are presented.

## Claims

1. A transgenic vertebrate cell containing a nucleic acid construct comprising a murine SOCS-3 promoter having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ.ID.NO: 1 or an operative fragment thereof having promoter activity that is inducible by LIF.

2. The transgenic vertebrate cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is a pituitary, adrenal, hypothalamic, intestinal, liver, kidney, immune-competent, or bone-forming cell.

3. The transgenic vertebrate cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is a hepatocyte, lymphocyte, neuron, intestinal epithelial, corticotroph, somatotroph, lactotroph, or gonadotroph cell.

4. The transgenic vertebrate cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is a cell derived from a pituitary tumor, adrenal tumor, hypothalamic tumor, or liver tumor.

5. The transgenic vertebrate cell of claim 1, grown in the presence of an inhibitor of DNA methylation.