D Sr 41

.



## I UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY



### h)Ifd REGION IX

75 Hawthorne Street

San Francisco, CA 94105-3901



## JUL 1 02014

OFFICE OF THE

REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR

Mr. Nolan Hirai

Manager, Clean Air Branch

State of Hawaii

Department of Health

P.O. Box 3378

Honolulu, Hawaii 96801

Dear Mr. Hirai:

This letter responds to Hawaii Department of Health’s HDOH) December 11, 2013 and July 1, 2014

submittals regarding exceedances of the 2012 annual PM 2

. 5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard

(NAAQS) that occurred at the Kona monitoring station (AQS ID: 15-001-1012) in 2011

— 2013.

Specifically, these documents address 2 days in 2011, 200 days in 2012, and 66 days in 2013 as listed in

Table A-i of the enclosed document EPA Review of HDOH’s “Docu,nentationjör Natural Events

Excluded Data, Kona Air Monitoring Station” Regarding Exceedances o/AnnualPM2.5 NAAQS in

2011-2013.

HDOH’s submittals included documentation that these exceedances were caused by exceptional events

due to volcanic emissions. EPA has reviewed the documentation provided by HDOH to demonstrate that

the exceedances on these days meet the criteria for an exceptional event in the Exceptional Events Rule

(EER). Based on the weight of evidence, EPA concurs that the exceedances were caused by volcanic

exceptional events and finds that HDOH has successfully made the demonstrations referred to in 40

CFR §50.14. In addition, HDOH has met the schedule and procedural requirements in section 50.14(c)

with respect to the same data. EPA’s detailed assessment of HDOH’s submittals is enclosed. My staff

will enter “concurrence flags” for these data into EPA’s AQS data system.

Based

on our review of the HDOH’s submittals, EPA will exclude these data from the following types

of calculations and activities:

• EPA’s Air Quality System (AQS) will not count these days as exceedances when generating

user reports, or include them in design values estimates, unless the AQS user specifically

indicates that they should be included.

• EPA will accept the exclusion of these data for the purpose of selecting appropriate

background concentrations for New Source Review air quality analyses.

If we are the permitting authority, we will propose permits on this basis. If we are commenting on another permitting

authority’s proposed action, our comments will be consistent with the concurrences in this letter.

Printed on Recycled Paper• EPA will accept the exclusion of these data for the purpose of selecting appropriate background concentrations for transportation conformity hot spot analyses.2 • The data will continue to be publicly available, but EPA’s publications and public information statements on the status of air quality in the affected area will not reflect these data in any summary statistic of potential regulatory application, unless such inclusion is specifically noted. In addition, EPA will rely on calculated values that exclude these data in proposed regulatory actions, such as a proposed designation, classification, or attainment demonstration related to the 2012 annual PM 2 . 5 NAAQS. These regulatory actions require EPA to provide an opportunity for public comment prior to taking a final Agency action. If EPA is pursuing one of these actions using PM 2 . 5 data from the Kona station. EPA will open a new comment period during which EPA may receive comments on the exceptional event submission you have made and the concurrences conveyed in this letter. If so, we must consider and respond to those comments before taking final regulatory action. Accordingly, the concurrences conveyed in this letter do not constitute final EPA action regarding any matter on which EPA is required to provide an opportunity for public comment. In particular, this applies to determinations regarding the attainment status or classification of the area. Final actions will take place oniy after EPA completes notice and comment rulemaking on those determinations. As an additional clarification, the concurrences conveyed in this letter are applicable only to determinations incorporating the submitted data relative to the 2012 annual PM 2 . 5 NAAQS.

In August 2014, EPA anticipates transmitting our intended designations for Hawaii for the 2012 annual PM 2 . 5 NAAQS to Governor Abercromhie. We will also publish the intended designations in the Federal Register and accept public comments. Our intended designations for Hawaii will take into consideration

today’s concurrences regarding exceedances of the 2012 annual PM2.s NAAQS that occurred in 2011

-

2013. If you have any questions or wish to discuss this matter further, please contact Deborah Jordan, Director of the Air Division at (415) 947-8715. Sincerely, Jared Blumenfeld ZO /4 Enclosure cc: Lisa Young, HDOH 2 Applicable only to PM 10 and PM 25 . These data may be included in statistics intended to describe trends in actual air quality in the area.

# E P A R e v i ew o f H D O H ’ s “ D o c u m e n t a ti o n f o r

N a t u r a l E v e n t s E x c l ud e d D a t a , K o n a Ai r

M o n it o r i n g S t a ti o n ” R e g a r d i n g E x cee d a n ces o f

A nnu a l PM 2 .5 

# NAA Q S i n 2011

- 20 13

K on a A i r M on i t or i ng S ta t i on ( A QS I D : 15-001-1012)

2011-2013 E x ce e d a n c e s

U S E nvi r o n m e nt a l P r ot e c ti on Ag e n c y

, Re g i o n 9

J u l y 20 14P a g e 2 o f 14

T a b l e o f C o n te n t s

1.0 I n t r od

u c ti on

.......................................................................................................................... 3

2.0 S u mm a r y

o f t h e E v e n t s

........................................................................................................ 3

3.0 R e qu i re m e n t s o f t h e E x ce p ti on a l Ev e n t s R u l e ( E E R )

.......................................................... 5

4.0 C r it er i a S e t F o r t h i n 40 C F R §50.1 ( j )

.................................................................................. 6

4.1 Aff e c t s A i r Q u a li t y (A A Q )

.................................................................................................. 6

4.2 N o t R ea son a

b l y C on t r o ll a

b l e o r P re v e n t a

b l e ( n R C P )

.......................................................... 6

4.3 N a t u ra l Ev e n t

........................................................................................................................ 7

5.0 Cl ear C a

us a l R e l a ti onsh i p

.................................................................................................... 7

6.0 C on ce n t ra ti ons i n E x ce ss o f N o r m a l H i s t o r i ca l F l u c t u a ti ons (H F )

..................................... 9

7.0 N o E x cee d a n c e B u t F o r t h e Ev e n t (N E B F )

....................................................................... 10

8.0 P r o ce du ra l R e qu i r e m e n t s

................................................................................................... 10

9.0 C on c l us i on

.......................................................................................................................... 11

10.0 A dd iti on a l R ec o mm e nd a ti on s

............................................................................................ 11

A pp e nd i x A

............................................................................................................................... 12P a g e 3 o f 14

1.0 I n tr o du ct i o n

O n M arc h 22, 2007, E P A a dop t e d a f i n a l r u l e

, T r e a t m e n t o f D a t a I n fl u e n c e d b

y E x c e p ti ona l

Eve n ts 1 ( EE R ) t o g ov e r

n t h e re v i e w a nd h a nd li n g o f cert a i n a i r qu a li t y m on it o r i n g d a t a f o r w h i c h

t h e no r m a l p l a nn i n g a nd r e g u l a t o r y p r o ce ss e s are no t a

pp r op r i a t e

. U n d er t h e r

u l e , E P A m a y

e x c l ud e d a t a fr o m us e i n d e t er mi n a ti ons o f N a ti o n a l A m b i e n t A i r Q u a li t y S t a nd ar d ( N AAQ S )

e x cee d a n c e s a nd v i o l a ti o ns i f a s t a t e d e m ons t ra t e s t h a t a n “e x ce p ti on a l e v e n t ” ca us e d t h e

e x cee d a n c e s. B ef

o r e E P A ca n e x c l ud e d a t a fr o m t h e s e r e g u l a t o r y d e t er mi n a ti ons, t h e s t a t e m us t

f l a g t h e d a t a i n E P A’ s A i r Q u a li t y S y s t e m ( A Q S ) d a t a b a s e a nd, af

t er no ti c e a nd oppo r t un i t y f

o r

pub li c c o mm e n t , sub mit a d e m ons t ra ti on t o j us ti f

y t h e e x c l us i on. Af

t er c o ns i d er i n g t h e w e i g h t o f

e v i d e n ce p r ov i d e d i n t h e d e m ons t ra ti on, E P A d ec i d e s w h e t h er o r no t t o c o n c u r w it h e a c h f l a g

.

O n D e c e m b er

11, 2013 a nd J u l y

1, 2014, H a w a ii D e p artm e n t o f H ea lt h ( H DOH) sub mitt e d

do c u m e n t a ti on t o d e m ons t ra t e t h a t e x cee d a n ce s o f t h e 2012 A nnu a l PM 2.5 s t a nd ar d t h a t o c c u r r e d

i n 2011

- 2013 a t t h e K on a m on it o r i n g s t a ti on (AQ S I D : 15

- 001

- 1012 )

, l o c a t e d on t h e w e s t c o a s t

o f t h e i s l a nd o f H a w a ii ( F i g u re 1 ) re su lt e d f r o m vo l ca n i c- r e l a t e d e x ce p ti o n a l e v e n t s.

S p ec i f i ca l l y , on D e ce m b er

11, 2013, HD O H sub mitt e d “ D o c u m e n t a ti on f o r N a t u ra l E v e n t s

E x c l ud e d D a t a

, K on a A i r Mon it o r i n g S t a ti on, AQ S I D 15

- 00 1

- 1012, 2011

- 2012 PM 2

. 5

E x cee d a n ce s, F i n a l R e p o r t

, D ece m b er 2013 ” (“ D e m ons t ra ti on f o r 2011

- 2 0 12Ev e n t s ”)

. O n J u l y

1, 2014, HDOH sub mitt e d “ D o c u m e n t a ti on f o r N a t u ra l Ev e n t s E x c l ud e d D a t a

, K on a A i r

Mon it o r i n g S t a ti on, AQ S I D 15

- 001

- 1012, 2013 PM 2

. 5 E x cee d a n ce

, F i n a l R e po r t

, J un e 2014 ”

(“ D e m ons t ra ti on f

o r 20 1 3 Ev e n t s ”) a nd “ D o c u m e n t a ti on f o r N a t u ra l E v e n t s E x c l ud e d D a t a

, K on a A i r Mon it o r i n g S t a ti on, AQ S I D 15

- 00 1

- 1 0 12, 2011

- 2012 PM 2 .5 E x cee d a n ce s, A dd e n d u m

t o t h e F i n a l R e po r t , M a y 2014 ” (“ 2011

- 2012 A dd e ndu m ”)

.

Th i s do c u m e n t s e t s f

o r t h t h e b a s i s f

o r E P A’ s c o n c u rre n c e w it h HDO H ’ s c l a im t h a t e x cee d a n c e s

o f t h e 2012 A nnu a l PM 2 .5 s t a nd ar d i n 2 d a y s i n 2 0 11, 200 d a y s i n 2012, a n d 66 d a y s i n 2013 a s

li s t e d i n A pp e nd i x A , T a

b l e A- 1 w e re t h e r e su lt o f vo l ca n i c

- re l a t e d e x ce p ti on a l e v e n t s

.

2.0 Su m m a r y o f t h e E v e n t s

V o l ca n i c e mi ss i ons p r im ar i l y c ons i s t o f w a t er v a p o r

, car bon d i o x i d e a nd SO 2

. SO 2 reac t s w it h

c ons tit u e n t s i n t h e a i r i n t h e p re s e n ce o f sun l i g h t t o f

o r m s ec on d a r y

su l fa t e PM 2

. 5 aer oso l . Th e

K il a u ea vo l c a no, l o ca t e d on t h e sou t h ea s t er n sho re o f H a w a ii , h a s b ee n er u p ti n g c on ti nuous l y

s i n ce 1983 fr o m t w o v e n t s l o ca t e d a t t h e H a l e m a’ u m a’ u a nd P u ’ u ’ O ’ o c r a t e r s ( F i g u r e 1 )

. HDOH e x p l a i ns, “ SO 2 e mi ss i ons e m a n a ti n g fr o m t h e K il a u ea vo l c a no a r e t ra nspo r t e d b y

p re v a ili n g w i nds ar ound t h e sou t h er n e d g e o f t h e i s l a nd t o w ar d K on a

, a r e t r a ns f o r m e d e n r ou t e t o

su l fa t e PM 2

. 5 aer oso l

, t h e n are c a u g h t i n t h e w a k e o f t h e i s l a nd i n a l a nd

- s e a b ree z e c i rc u l a ti on.” 2

F i g u re 2 ill us t ra t e s t h e d i rec ti on o f p r e v a ili n g t ra d e w i nds, w h i c h t ra nspo r t s e mi ss i ons fr o m t h e

K il a u ea vo l c a no, a nd t h e l a nd

- s ea b r ee z e o f f sho r e o f K on a w h i c h t r a

ps po ll u t a n t s. O n M arc h 13,

2008, a n e w g a s v e n t op e n e d a t H a l e m a’ u m a’ u, i n crea s i n g e mi ss i ons fr o m t h i s l o ca ti on b y a

fac t o r o f 10. HDOH a ss e r t s t h a t t h e H a l e m a’ u m a ’ u v e n t e mi ss i ons, b e i n g s it u a t e d a t h i g h er

e l e v a ti on a nd f

u r t h er i n l a nd, h a v e a g r ea t e r im p ac t on a i r qu a li t y i n K o n a t h a n e mi ss i ons fr o m

1 72 F R 135 6 0 , M a r c h 2 2

, 2 00 7

. 2 S ee 2 0 13 De m on s t r ati o n

, p

. 3

.P a g e 4 o f 14

t h e P u ’ u O’ o v e n t. 3 PM 2

. 5 m on it o r i n g s t art e d on H a w a ii af t er t h e v e n t op e n e d i n 2008,

n ece ss it a t e d b y t h e i n cr e a s e d e mi ss i ons. H o w e v er , d a t a a r e a v a il a b l e f o r SO 2 c on ce n t ra ti ons on

H a w a ii p r i o r t o 2008. A n nu a l a v e ra g e SO 2 c on ce n t ra ti ons a t K on a

, w h i c h HDOH s t a t e s c a n

s er v e a s a p r o x y f o r PM 2 .5 , i n crea s e d b y

50 % w h e n c o m p ar i n g 2000

- 2007 a nd 2009

- 2013. 4

HDOH p r ov i d e d t h e e x ce p ti on a l e v e n t s d e m ons t r a ti on p ac k a g e s t o sho w t h a t e mi ss i ons

e m a n a ti n g fr o m t h e K il a u ea vo l ca no are n a t u ra l v o l ca n i c e x ce p ti on a l e v e n t s w h i c h ca us e d t h e

f l a gg e d e x cee d a n c e s li s t e d i n t h i s re v i e w a t A pp e n d i x A , T a b l e A- 1 a t t h e K on a

s t a ti on.

3 S ee 2 0 13 De m on s t r ati o n

, pp

. 17

, 2 4

- 26

. 4 S ee 2 0 13 De m on s t r ati o n

, p

. 62

.P a g e 5 o f 14

F i g u re 1 . Top o g ra

ph i c a l m a p o f H a w a ii w it h l o ca ti ons o f t h e H a l e m a’ u m a ’ u a nd P u ’ u O’ o

v e n t s, a i r m on it o r i n g s t a t i ons, a nd po w er p l a n t s (f r o m 2013 D e m ons t ra ti on, F i g u re 2

- 6 )

.

F i g u re 2. H a w a ii w i nd p a tt er ns (fr o m 2013 D e m o ns t ra ti on, F i g u re 2

- 2 )

.

3.0 R e qu i r e m e n t s o f t h e E x ce p t i o n a l E v e n t s R u l e ( EE R)

P u r su a n t t o 40 C od e o f F e d era l R e g u l a ti ons ( C F R ) §50.14 (c ) ( 3 )( i v )

, a re q u e s t f o r E P A’ s

c on c u r r e n c e on a n e x ce p t i on a l e v e n t f l a g m us t b e acc o m p a n i e d b y a d e m o n s t ra ti on t h a t:

A. Th e e v e n t s a ti s f

i e s a ll o f t h e cr it er i a s e t f

o r t h i n 4 0 C F R

§50.1 ( j )

. I t a f fec t s a i r qu a li t y ; i s

no t rea son a

b l y c on t r o ll a

b l e o r p re v e n t a b l e ; a nd i s ca

us e d b y hu m a n ac ti v i t y t h a t i s

un li k e l y t o r e c u r a t a

p art i c u l ar l o ca ti on, o r i s a n a t u ra l e v e n t; a nd i s d e t er mi n e d b y t h e

A d mi n i s t ra t o r i n acc o r d a n ce w it h 40 C F R 50.14 t o b e a n e x ce p ti on a l e v e n t; a nd

B. Th ere i s a c l e a r ca

u s a l re l a ti onsh i p b e t w ee n t h e m e a su re m e n t und e r c ons i d e ra ti on a nd t h e

e v e n t t h a t i s c l a im e d t o h a v e a f f e c t e d t h e a i r

q u a lit y i n t h e a rea ;

C. Th e e v e n t i s a sso c i a t e d w it h a m ea su re d c on ce n t ra ti on i n e x ce ss o f no r m a l h i s t o r i ca l

f l u c t u a ti ons, i n c l ud i n g b a c kg r ound ; a nd

D. Th ere w ou l d h a v e b e e n n o e x cee d a n c e o r v i o l a ti o n bu t f

o r t h e e v e n t

.

Th e EE R a l so h a s p r o c e d u ra l re qu i r e m e n t s. 40 CFR §50.14 (c)( 2 ) ( iii ) re qu i r e s t h a t d a t a c l a im e d

t o b e du e t o a n e x ce p ti o n a l e v e n t b e f l a g g e d i n t h e AQ S d a t a

b a s e

, a nd t h a t a n i n iti a l d e s cr i p ti onP a g e 6 o f 14

o f t h e e v e n t b e p r ov i d e d t o E P A ; bo t h m us t o cc u r b y J u l y 1 o f t h e y e ar f

o ll o w i n g t h e e v e n t

. I n

a dd iti on, 40 C F R

§50.14 (c)( 3 )( i ) r e qu i re s t h a t t h e S t a t e :

· sub mit a

d e m ons t ra ti on t o E P A w it h i n t h ree y e ar s o f t h e ca l e n d ar q u art er o f t h e e v e n t o r

12 m on t hs p r i o r t o a n E P A r e g u l a t o r y d ec i s i on ;

· p r ov i d e no ti ce a nd opp o r t un i t y f o r pub li c c o mm e n t; a nd

· sub mit a n y

pub li c c o m m e n t s a l on g w it h t h e d e m ons t ra ti on.

T h e f o ll o w i n g s ec t i on s e v al u a te HDOH ’ s d em on s t r a ti on f or t h e d a y s a nd e v e n t s i n qu e s ti o n w it h

r e s p e c t t o t h e s e r e qu i r e me n t s

.

4.0 C r i ter i a S e t F o rt h i n 40 C F R §50.1 (j)

4.1 A ff ect s A i r Q u a li t y (AA Q )

A s s t a t e d i n t h e p rea m b l e t o t h e EE R

, t h e e v e n t i n qu e s ti on i s c ons i d ere d t o h a v e a f f e c t e d a i r

qu a li t y i f it ca n b e sho w n t h a t t h ere i s a c l e ar ca u s a l re l a ti onsh i p b e t w e e n t h e m on it o re d

e x cee d a n c e a nd t h e e v e n t

, a nd t h a t t h e e v e n t i s a s s o c i a t e d w it h a m e a su re d c on ce n t r a ti on i n

e x ce ss o f no r m a l h i s t o r i c a l f

l u c t u a ti ons. 5 Th e c r it e r i a a nd t h e e v i d e n ce sup p o r ti n g t h i s cr it er i on

are d i s c uss e d i n d e t a il i n S ec ti ons 5.0 a nd 6.0 b e l o w a nd a ll o w us t o r e a so n a b l y c on c l ud e t h a t t h e

vo l ca n i c e v e n t s i n qu e s ti on aff e c t e d a i r q u a li t y

.

4.2 N o t R e aso n a b l y C o n tr o ll a b l e o r P r e v e n t a b l e ( n R C P )

I n a dd re ss i n g r ea son a

b l e c on t r o l s, HDOH p r ov i d e d d e t a il e d i n f o r m a ti on o n t h e c u r

r e n t s e t o f

re qu i re d c on t r o l s f

o r e a c h s i g n i f

i ca n t sou r ce i n t h e K on a a rea : fac ili t y n a m e , d i s t a n ce f r o m t h e

K on a m on it o r i n g s t a ti on

, e qu i p m e n t t y p e

, e mi ss i on t o t a l s, a

pp li ca b l e r e g u l a t o r y m ea su r e s, a nd

c o m p li a n ce i n f

o r m a ti on du r i n g e x c e e d a n c e d a y s. 6 A i r po ll u ti on c on t r o l m ea su re s f o r mi n imi z i n g

PM 2 .5 a nd PM 2 .5 p rec u r so r s fr o m p er mitt e d sou r ce s i n c l ud e H a w a ii A d mi n i s t ra ti v e R u l e s,

P re v e n ti on o f S i g n i f

i c a n t D e t er i o r a ti on / B e s t A v a i l a b l e C on t r o l T ec hno l og y

, N e w S ou r c e

P erf o r m a n c e S t a nd ar ds, a nd N a ti on a l E mi ss i on S t a nd ar ds f o r H a z ar dous A i r P o ll u t a n t s

.

Th ere are t h r ee po w er

p l a n t s w it h c o m b i n e d po t e n ti a l e mi ss i ons ( P M + NO 2 + SO 2 ) ra n g i n g f r o m

2,783 – 9,075 t ons p er y e ar l o ca t e d on t h e ea s t e r n, H il o, s i d e o f H a w a ii a s i l l us t ra t e d i n F i g u re 1.

HDOH sho w s t h a t e mi ss i ons aff e c ti n g K on a

on f l a g g e d d a y s f

o ll o w a t r a n s po r t p a t h w a y a r ound

t h e sou t h er

n e d g e o f t h e i s l a nd. 7 E mi ss i ons e m a n a ti n g f r o m H il o -a r ea f

ac iliti e s w ou l d ra r e l y

f o ll o w t h e i d e n ti ca l t ra n s po r t p a t h a s t hos e fr o m K il a u ea du e t o d i u r

n a l h ea t i n g e f

f e c t s o f M a un a

K ea a nd M a

un a L o a

, l o c a t e d t o t h e no r t h / no r t h w e s t o f K il a u ea ( F i g u re 2 )

, w h i c h f

o r c e a

p re do mi n a t e l y

sou t h er l y w i nd (w i nd b l o w s fr o m s ou t h t o no r t h ) a t H il o. 8 Th eref o re

, H il o sou r ce s

w ere no t i n c l ud e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s.

P er mitt e d sou rce s a r e re gu l ar l y i nsp e c t e d, w it h T itl e V sou rce s i nsp e c t e d ea c h y e ar a nd mi no r

sou rce s i nsp ec t e d a t l ea s t e v e r y t h r ee t o f i v e y e ar s t o e nsu re e qu i p m e n t i s o p era t e d w it h i n t h e

5 72 F R 13 5 69 , M a r c h 2 2

, 2 0 0 7

. 6 2011

- 2 0 12 De m on s t r ati o n

, C h a p te r 4 ; 20 1 3 De m o n s t r ati o n

, Ch ap te r 4.

7 S ee Secti o n 5 o f t h i s T SD; 2011

- 2012 De m o n s t r ati o n

, C h ap te r 3 ; 2 0 13 De m on s t r ati o n

, Ch ap te r 3

. 8 S ee 2 0 13 De m on s t r ati o n

, Se c ti o n 3

. 2 .E a n d Fi gu r e 3

- 14

.P a g e 7 o f 14

t er m s o f t h e p er

mit s. C o m p l a i n t s are a l so i nv e s ti g a t e d t h a t m a y i nvo l v e T itl e V o r mi no r sou r c e s.

I ns p ec ti on re p o r t s a nd c o rre spond e n ce w ere re v i e w e d fr o m 2011 t o 2013 w h i c h f ound no

i nd i ca ti on o f

sou rce no n c o m p li a n ce w it h s t a nd ar d s i nvo l v i n g PM 2

. 5 ( i n c l ud i n g f u g iti v e dus t )

, NO 2 , a nd SO 2 e mi ss i ons

.

HDOH c it e s U n it e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i ca l S u r v e y ( U S G S ) e s tim a t e s o f SO 2 e mi ss i ons fr o m t h e

K il a u ea vo l c a no, w h i c h t ra ns f

o r m t o su l fa t e PM 2. 5 ae r oso l

, a s 447,566 t ons

, 438,958 t ons a nd

426,728 p er y e ar f

o r 20 1 1, 2012 a nd 2013, re sp ec ti v e l y

. A c o m p ar i son o f vo l ca n i c e mi ss i ons t o

t hos e fr o m s i g n i f

i c a n t a n t h r opo g e n i c sou r c e s i n K on a f ound t h a t PM 2.5 a n d PM 2 .5 p rec u r so r s,

NO 2, a nd SO 2 fr o m a n t h r opo g e n i c sou r c e s w e r e o n l y 1 % o f t h e t o t a l e mi ss i ons (a n t h r op o g e n i c

PM 2 .5 , NO 2 , a nd SO 2 + vo l ca n i c SO 2 )

.

Th e S t a t e o f H a w a ii

, i n c l ud i n g H a w a ii C oun t y

, i s c u rre n t l y d e s i g n a t e d

“ un c l a ss i f i a b l e / a tt a i n m e n t ” f

o r t h e 1997 a nn u a l PM 2

. 5 NAAQ S

, t h e 2006 24

- hou r PM 2.5 NAAQ S

,

a nd t h e 2010 1

- hou r NO 2 NAAQ S . E P A d i d no t p r o m u l g a t e i n iti a l a r ea d e s i g n a ti ons f

o r e it h er

t h e S t a t e o f H a w a ii o r H a w a ii C oun t y i n it s f i r s t r ound o f

d e s i g n a ti ons f

o r t h e 2010 1

- hou r SO 2 NAAQ S. 9 E P A i n t e nds t o a dd re ss t h e a r e a d e s i g n a t i ons f

o r H a w a ii a nd a ll o t h er c u r re n t l y

und e s i g n a t e d a r ea s o f t h e c oun t r y i n f u t u re a c ti ons. Th e m a g n it ud e o f t h e v o l ca n i c sou r c e a nd

e x i s ti n g

, im p l e m e n t e d c on t r o l s on t h e K on a a r ea a n t h r opog e n i c sou r c e s a t t h e tim e o f

e x cee d a n c e s su ff

i c i e n t l y e s t a

b li sh t h a t t h e e v e n t s m ee t t h e n RCP cr it er i a

.

4.3 N a t u r a l E v e n t

Th e EE R s t a t e s t h a t “ [ a ] m b i e n t c on ce n t ra ti ons o f p arti c u l a t e m a tt er f o r w h i c h vo l ca n i c o r

s e i s mi c ac ti v i t y c a

us e d o r s i g n i f i c a n t l y c on t r i bu t e d t o h i g h l e v e l s o f p arti c u l a t e m a tt er i n a n

aff e c t e d a rea w ill b e t rea t e d a s n a t u r a l e v e n t s” 10 . Th eref o re

, a m b i e n t p arti c u l a t e m a tt er

c on ce n t r a ti ons du e t o vo l ca n i c e mi ss i ons w ill b e c ons i d ere d f o r t rea tm e n t a s a n e x ce p ti on a l

e v e n t

. HDOH a ss ert s t h a t t h e e x cee d a n ce s w e re a d i rec t re su lt o f t h e K il ae u a vo l ca no e mi ss i ons,

w h i c h E P A shou l d c ons i d er t o b e a n a t u ra l e v e n t

.

5.0 C l e a r C a u sa l R e l a t i o n s h i p

E P A c ons i d er s a

v a r i e t y o f e v i d e n c e w h e n e v a l u a t i n g w h e t h er t h e r e i s a c l e ar ca u s a l re l a ti onsh i p

b e t w ee n t h e m ea su r e m e n t s und er c ons i d e r a ti on a n d t h e e v e n t t h a t a n a i r a g e n c y c l a im s a ff e c t e d

t h e a i r qu a li t y i n t h e ar e a

. D e m ons t ra ti ons t y p i c a ll y i n c l ud e d o c u m e n t a ti on sho w i n g t h a t t h e

e v e n t s i n fac t o cc u r re d a nd t h a t e mi ss i ons re l a t e d t o t h e e v e n t w e r e t ra nsp o r t e d i n t h e d i rec ti on o f

t h e m on it o r( s ) w h e r e e l e v a t e d c on c e n t ra ti ons m e a su re m e n t s w e r e r e c o r d e d ; t h e s i z e o f t h e area

aff e c t e d b y t h e t r a nspo r t e d e mi ss i ons ; t h e re l a ti onsh i p i n tim e b e t w ee n t h e e v e n t

, t ra nspo r t o f

e mi ss i ons, a nd rec o r d e d c on ce n t r a ti ons ; a nd, a s a pp r op r i a t e , po ll u t a n t sp e c i e s

- sp ec i f i c

i n f o r m a ti on suppo r ti n g a ca

us a l r e l a ti onsh i p b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t a nd t h e m e a su re d c on c e n t ra ti on

.

C h a p t er 2 o f t h e 2013 D e m ons t ra ti on i n c l ud e s a c o m p re h e ns i v e c o n ce p t u a l m od e l o f t h e e v e n t s,

i n c l ud i n g d e t a il s o f t h e K on a m on it o r i n g s t a ti on, d e s cr i p ti on o f t h e t op o g r a p h y a nd c lim a t e o f

Hawa ii , p re v a ili n g w i nd p a tt er ns t h a t a ll o w f

o r ef f i c i e n t t ra nspo r t o f K il a

u e a i n f l u e n ce d a i r

9 78 F R 47 1 91

, A u g u s t 5

, 20 13

. 10 72 F R 13 5 65 , M a r c h 2 2

, 2 0 0 7

.P a g e 8 o f 14

m a ss e s t o K on a

, a

d i s c u s s i on o f SO 2 c onv er s i on t o su l fa t e PM 2 .5 , a nd a su mm a r y o f a dd iti on a l

a n a l y s e s p re s e n t e d. ( H D OH a l so no t e s t h a t “ t h e b ac k g r ound n a rra ti v e p re s e n t e d h e r e a l so a pp li e s

t o t h e 2011

- 2012 e x ce p ti on a l e v e n t s do c u m e n t e d i n t h e [ 2011

- 2012 D e m ons t ra ti on ]

, a nd shou l d

b e c ons i d e r e d a s supp l e m e n t a l i n f o r m a ti on t o t h a t re po r t

. ” )

C h a p t er 3 o f bo t h t h e 2 0 11

- 2012 a nd 2013 D e m o ns t ra ti ons p re s e n t HD OH ’ s a n a l y s i s t o

d e m ons t ra t e a CCR

. W e su mm ar i z e t h i s a n a l y s i s b e l o w a nd p r ov i d e c it a ti ons so l e l y t o t h e 2013

D e m ons t ra ti on w h e r e t h e a n a l y s i s i n t h e 2011

- 20 1 2 a nd t h e 2013 D e m ons t r a ti ons are

subs t a n ti a l l y

s imil ar

. C h a

p t er 6 o f bo t h D e m ons t ra ti ons a l so su mm ar i z e s t h e CCR e l e m e n t

.

V o l ca n i c e mi ss i ons p r im ar i l y c ons i s t o f w a t er v a p o r

, car bon d i o x i d e a nd SO 2

. SO 2 reac t s w it h

c ons tit u e n t s i n t h e a i r i n t h e p re s e n ce o f sun l i g h t t o f

o r m s ec on d a r y

su l fa t e PM 2

. 5 aer oso l ( 2013

D e m ons t ra ti on, S ec ti on 2.3, pp. 12

- 14 ) . Th e h a z y a i r po ll u ti on a tt r i bu t e d t o t h e vo l ca no i s o f t e n

ref e rre d t o a s vo l ca n i c s m o g (“ v o g ”)

. T ra d e w i nds b l o w t h e vo g f r o m it s m a i n sou rce a t t h e

K il a u ea vo l c a no on t h e s ou t h ea s t er n sho r e o f H a w a ii ar ound t h e sou t h er n e dg e o f t h e i s l a nd a nd

up t h e K on a c o a s t

. V o g b ec o m e s t ra p p e d a l o n g t h e K on a c o a s t b y d a y tim e ( onsho re) a nd

n i g h ttim e ( o ff

sho r e) b r e ez e s ( 2013 D e m ons t ra ti on, S ec ti on 2, p. 6 a nd S ec ti on 3, pp. 20

- 21 a nd

33

- 43 )

.

S a t e llit e- b a s e d m ea s u r e m e n t s sho w e l e v a t e d c o n ce n t ra ti ons o f SO 2 e mi ss i ons e m a n a ti n g fr o m

t h e K il a u ea vo l c a no a nd h i g h a er oso l c on c e n t ra ti o ns do w n w i nd t o t h e sou t h a nd w e s t p e a k i n g o ff

sho re o f t h e K o n a a r ea ( 2 013 D e m ons t ra ti on, S ec ti on 2.3, pp. 13

- 14 )

. S a t e llit e m ea su re m e n t s o f

NO 2 , a n i nd i ca t o r

o f a n t h r opog e n i c po ll u ti on, are h i g h ar o u nd t h e i s l a nd o f O a hu a nd l o w ov e r

t h e e n ti re i s l a nd o f H a w a ii . Th e s e m ea su r e m e n t s sug g e s t t h a t a n t h r op o g e n i c e mi ss i ons are no t

t h e p r im a r y

sou r c e o f PM 2 .5 t h a t ca

us e d e x cee d a n ce s a t t h e K o n a a i r m o n it o r i n g s t a ti on ( 2013

D e m ons t ra ti on, F i g u re 2

- 12 )

.

T w o a dd iti on a l m on it o r i n g s t a ti ons t h a t m ea su r e PM 2

. 5 a nd SO 2 f o r 2011

- 2013 are l o c a t e d a l o n g

t h e t ra nspo r t p a t h w a y o f t h e vo l ca n i c p l u m e : P a h a l a (AQ S I D : 15

- 001

- 20 1 6 ) a nd O c ea n V i e w (AQ S I D : 15

- 001

- 202 0 ) ( F i g u re 1 ) . 2011

- 2013 a i r m on it o r i n g d a t a sho w t h a t a nnu a l a v er a g e SO 2

c on ce n t r a ti ons d ec r ea s e f r o m t h e P a h a l a t o t h e O c ea n V i e w s t a ti on a nd f u r t h er d e c r e a s e fr o m t h e

O cea n V i e w t o t h e K o n a s t a ti on ( 2013 D e m ons t ra t i on, S ec ti on 3.2. B , T a b l e s 3

- 3 a a nd 3

- 3 b )

. A dd iti on a l l y

, a nnu a l PM 2

. 5 c on ce n t ra ti ons c on ti nu e t o i n crea s e fr o m t h e P a h a l a t o t h e O c ea n

V i e w s t a ti on a nd fr o m t h e O c e a n V i e w t o t h e K o n a s t a ti on ( 2013 D e m ons t r a ti on, S ec ti on 3.2. B

, T a b l e s 3

- 2 a a nd 3

- 2b )

. T h i s i s c ons i s t e n t w it h w h a t w ou l d b e e x p ec t e d a s SO 2 i s c onv ert e d t o

su l fa t e s i n t h e w a k e o f t h e vo l ca no ’ s p l u m e a s it d r i f t s fr o m P a h a l a t o O c e a n V i e w t o K on a

. HDOH s t a t e s t h a t “ t h i s d e m ons t ra t e s a c l ear ca us a l li nk b e t w ee n SO 2 re l ea s e d b y t h e vo l ca no,

t h e tim e n ece ss a r y t o f

o r m su l fa t e s i n t h e p re s e n c e o f sun li g h t a nd a tm osph er i c c ons tit u e n t s, t h e

vo l ca n i c p l u m e t ra nspo r t p a t h, a nd m on it o re d c on c e n t ra ti ons ” ( 2013 D e m ons t ra ti on, S ec ti on 3,

pp. 24

- 26 )

.

W h il e t h e m a g n it ud e s o f t h e c on ce n t r a ti ons d i ffer a t t h e s it e s, t h e c on c e n t r a ti ons are w e ll

c o rre l a t e d a t O cea n V i e w a nd K on a

. H D OH p r e s e n t s a t h ree- d a y ce n t ere d a v er a g e o f PM 2.5 a nd

SO 2 c on ce n t ra ti ons fr o m t h e K on a a nd O c e a n V i e w s t a ti ons. HDOH e x p l a i ns, “ [ t ] h i s s m oo t h i n g

w a s p e r f o r m e d t o r e p re s e n t tim e l a g a sso c i a t e d w it h po ll u t a n t t ra nspo r t b e t w ee n O cea n V i e w a nd

K on a

, a s w e ll a s p r ov i d e so m e s m oo t h i n g o f t h e l a r g e sho r t s ca l e c on c e n t ra t i on v ar i a ti ons t h a tP a g e 9 o f 14

are c h a r ac t er i s ti c o f t h e s e d a t a s e t s ” ( 2013 D e m on s t ra ti on, S ec ti on 3.2. C , p. 26 ) . Th e

c on ce n t r a ti ons are w e ll c o rre l a t e d i n 2011, 2012, a nd 2013, i nd i ca ti n g a l a r g e r e g i on a l sou r ce

w it h e mi ss i ons t h a t f

o ll o w a sou t h er l y p a t h a nd a f

fec t s t h e a i r

q u a li t y a t bo t h m on it o r i n g s it e s.

K il a u ea vo l c a no i s t h e on l y l a r g e po i n t sou rce f o ll o w i n g t h e t r a

j ec t o r y d e s c r i b e d a

bov e

. L ar g e

po i n t sou rce e mi ss i ons on t h e H il o s i d e o f H a w a ii ( F i g u re 1 ) w ou l d r a re l y f o ll o w t h e s a m e

t ra nspo r t p a t h a s e mi ss i o ns fr o m e it h er t h e H a l e m a’ u m a’ u o r P u ’ u O’ o c ra t er s du e t o

t opo g ra p h i ca l e ff e c t s fr o m M a

un a K e a a nd M a

u n a L o a ( 2013 D e m ons t ra t i on, S ec ti on 3.2.E, pp.

41

- 42 )

. D a y s r e qu e s t e d f

o r e x c l us i on f

o r 2011

- 2 0 13 w ere f

l a g g e d d u r i n g p ea k p er i ods o f PM 2

. 5

c on ce n t r a ti ons a t t h e K o n a a nd O c ea n V i e w m on it o r i n g s t a ti ons.

E mi ss i ons o f PM 2 .5 a nd PM 2

. 5 p rec u r so r s, NO 2 a n d SO 2, fr o m a n t h r opo g e n i c sou rce s i n t h e K o n a

area a r e on l y 1 % o f t h e t o t a l e mi ss i ons (a n t h r opo g e n i c PM 2 .5 , NO 2 , a nd SO 2 + vo l ca n i c SO 2 )

. HDOH ar g u e s t h a t

, “ t h er ef o re

, a n t h r op o g e n i c so u rce s c a nno t b e t h e ca us e o f c o r r e l a ti on i n

po ll u t a n t c on ce n t ra ti ons m ea su re d a t t h e K on a a n d O cea n V i e w a i r m on it o r i n g s it e s. ” ( 2013

D e m ons t ra ti on, S ec ti on 4, pp. 55

- 59 )

.

HDOH p r e s e n t s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e H a l e m a’ u m a’ u v e n t , s it u a t e d a t a h i g h er e l e v a ti on a nd f

u r t h e r

i n l a nd, a pp ear s t o h a v e a g r ea t e r im p ac t on K on a t h a n t h e P u ’ u O’ o v e n t

, w h i c h i s s it u a t e d a t a

l o w er e l e v a ti on a nd c l os e r t o t h e c o a s t

. H i g h er a n n u a l PM 2

. 5 c on ce n t ra ti ons are m e a su re d a t t h e

K on a a i r m on it o r i n g s t a ti on i n 2012 a nd 2013 t h a n i n 2011 ( 2013 D e m ons t r a ti on, T a b l e 4

- 1,

S ec ti on 4 ) . Th i s c o rre l a t e s w it h h i g h er SO 2 e mi ss i ons fr o m t h e H a l e m a ’ u m a’ u v e n t i n 2012 a nd

2013 t h a n i n 2011. HD O H a ss ert s t h a t “ t h e h i g h e r c on ce n t r a ti on m ea su re d i n 2012 a nd 2013 i s

li k e l y a tt r i bu t e d t o l a r g er SO 2 e mi ss i ons fr o m t h e v o l ca no ’ s H a l e m a’ u m a ’ u v e n t

. ”

HDOH a tt e m p t e d t o f

i nd a su rr o g a t e m on it o r w it h s imil ar t opo g ra p h y a nd m e t e o r o l o g y f

o r w h a t

t h e K on a m on it o r mi g h t r ea d i n t h e a bs e n ce o f t h e vo l ca no. Th e y no t e t h a t e x ce p t f

o r t h e K on a

s t a ti on, a ll o t h er

s t a t e m on it o r i n g s it e s sho w c o m p li a n ce w it h t h e a nn u a l PM 2 .5 NAAQ S . Th e

C a m pb e ll I ndus t r i a l P ar

k m on it o r (Ka

po l e i AQ S ID : 15

- 003

- 0010 ) on O a h u, w it h l ar g er n e ar b y

a n t h r op o g e n i c sou r ce s t h a n t h e K on a m on it o r

, m e a su re s a nn u a l PM 2

. 5 c on ce n t ra ti ons o f 5.2, 7.0,

a nd 2.8 μ g /m 3 f

o r 2011, 2012, a nd 2013 re sp e c ti v e l y ( 201 3 D e m ons t ra ti o n

, S ec ti on 3.2. F , p. 43 )

.

B a s e d on HDO H ’ s a n a l y s i s, E P A c on c u r s t h a t t h e re w a s a c l e ar c a us a l re l a ti onsh i p b e t w ee n

un c on t r o ll a

b l e e mi ss i ons g e n era t e d fr o m t h e K il a u ea vo l ca no a nd t h e e x ce e d a n ce s m e a su re d a t

t h e K on a m on it o r i n g s t a t i on.

6.0 C o n ce n tr a t i o n s i n E x ce ss o f N o r m a l Hi s t o r i c a l F l u ct u a t i o n s ( H F )

P u r su a n t t o 40 C F R

§ 50.14 (c)( 3 )( i v )( C )

, t h e d e m ons t ra ti on m us t sho w t h a t “ t h e e v e n t i s

a sso c i a t e d w it h a m e a su r e d c on c e n t ra ti on i n e x ce s s o f no r m a l h i s t o r i ca l f

l u c t u a ti ons. ” Th e r e i s

no “ b r i g h t li n e ” o r

sp e c i f i c t h re sho l d t e s t f

o r t h i s r e qu i re m e n t , bu t c on c e n t r a ti ons i n t h e h i g h

p erce n til e s ca n p r ov i d e s uppo r ti n g e v i d e n ce 11

.

To d e m ons t ra t e t h a t t h i s re qu i re m e n t w a s m e t

, H DOH p r ov i d e d a 14

- y e ar tim e s er i e s p l o t s o f

SO 2 a t t h e K on a

, H il o, a nd P a h a l a s t a ti ons a s w e ll a s a

d a i l y 1

- hou r SO 2 c u m u l a ti v e p r ob a b ili t y

d i s t r i bu ti on. PM 2

. 5 d a t a w ere no t a v a il a b l e on H a w a ii un til af

t er t h e v e n t o p e n e d i n 2008,

11 72 F R 13 5 69 , M a r c h 2 2

, 2 0 0 7

.P a g e 10 o f 14

t h eref o r e H D OH p re s e n t s SO 2 d a t a a s a su rr o g a t e

. A nnu a l a v e ra g e SO 2 c o n ce n t ra ti ons a t K o n a

i n crea s e d b y

50 % w h e n c o m p ar i n g 200 0

- 2007 a n d 2009

- 2013 a nd a l so sh o w i n crea s e s i n t h e

g r ea t e r t h a n 90 th p erce n t i l e 1

- hou r SO 2 c on ce n t r a ti ons, i nd i ca ti n g a n i n c r e a s e i n p ea k

c on ce n t r a ti ons. B a s e d o n HDOH’ s a n a l y s i s, E P A c on c u r s t h a t t h e PM 2.5 c o n ce n t ra ti ons m ea s u re d

pos t H a l e m a’ u m a’ u v e n t op e n i n g w ere i n e x ce ss o f no r m a l h i s t o r i ca l f

l u c t u a ti ons p r i o r t o t h e

v e n t op e n i n g

.

7.0 N o E x cee d a n ce Bu t F o r t h e E v e n t (N EB F )

Th e N E B F d e m ons t ra ti on i s s imil ar t o a nd i n f o r m e d b y t h e d e m ons t ra ti on o f t h e n RCP a nd CCR

re qu i re m e n t s a nd i s e x p ec t e d t o sho w t h a t t h e m e a su re d c on c e n t ra ti on w ou l d h a v e b e e n b e l o w

t h e a pp li ca b l e N AAQ S w it hou t t h e eff e c t o f t h e e v e n t

.

HDOH p r ov i d e d a

su mm a r y o f t h e a n a l y s e s a nd i n f

o r m a ti on r e g a r d i n g bo t h t h e n RCP a nd CCR

re qu i re m e n t s a nd s t a t e d t h a t

, “ on t h e b a s i s o f t h e w e i g h t o f e v i d e n c e d e s c r i b e d a bov e

, t h e

e x cee d a n c e o f t h e fe d e ra l a nnu a l PM 2

. 5 s t a nd ar d i n 2013, i n t h e K on a a r ea w ou l d no t h a v e

o cc u r r e d bu t f o r t h e c on ti nuous vo l ca n i c e mi ss i ons fr o m K il a u ea vo l ca no a n d t ra nspo r t o f

su l fa t e

aer oso l s... t o t h e K on a a r ea

. ” A s imil ar s t a t e m e n t w a s m a d e f

o r t h e 2011 a nd 2012 e x cee d a n c e s.

E P A c ons i d ere d t h e p re v i ous l y

- d i s c uss e d a n a l y s i s o f vo l ca n i c e mi ss i ons c o up l e d w it h SO 2

c on ce n t r a ti ons ov er tim e

, i n f o r m a ti on p re s e n t e d c on cer

n i n g c o n ce n t r a ti ons m ea su re d a t o t h er

PM 2

. 5 m on it o r s i n H a w a ii n ear a n t h r op o g e n i c sou r ce s w it h l a r g e r e mi ss i ons t h a n f ound on t h e

i s l a nd o f H a w a ii , s a t e llit e i n f o r m a ti on r e g a r d i n g c on ce n t ra ti ons o f SO 2 a n d NO 2 , a nd HDOH’ s

a n a l y s i s o f e mi ss i on sou rce l o ca ti ons a nd t r a nspo r t p a t h w a y s, a nd c o n c u r s t h a t t h e N E B F

cr it er i on h a s b e e n m e t

.

8.0 P r o ce du r a l R e qu i r e m e n t s

Th e EE R a t 40 C F R

§50

. 14 (c) r e qu i re s t h a t d a t a c l a im e d t o b e du e t o a n e x ce p ti on a l e v e n t m us t

b e f l a g g e d i n t h e A Q S d a t a

b a s e a nd a n i n iti a l d e s c r i p ti on o f t h e e v e n t b e p r ov i d e d t o E P A b y

J u l y 1 o f t h e y e ar f

o ll o w i n g t h e e v e n t . Th e EE R a t 40 C F R §50.14 (c)( 3 )( i ) r e qu i re s t h a t t h e S t a t e

sub mit a d e m ons t ra ti on t o E P A w it h i n t h ree y e ar s o f t h e e v e n t t h a t h a s b e e n sub j ec t t o pub li c

no ti ce a nd oppo r t un i t y f

o r c o mm e n t

, a nd t h a t a n y pub li c c o mm e n t s b e sub mitt e d a l on g w it h t h e

d e m ons t ra ti ons.

HDOH f l a gg e d t h e e v e n t s i n AQ S i n acc o r d a n ce w it h 40 C F R §50.14. O n D ece m b er

11, 2013

a nd on J u l y

1, 2014 HD OH sub mitt e d a p ac k a g e f

o r 2011

- 2012 a nd 2013 PM 2

. 5 e v e n t s

re sp ec ti v e l y

. O n J u l y

1, 2 014 HDOH a l so s e n t a n A dd e ndu m t o t h e 2011

- 2 012 D e m ons t ra ti on

w it h a n upd a t e d N E BF s ec ti on, d e t a il e d d e s cr i p ti on o f a i r m on it o r i n g s t a t i ons, a nd f u ll

- s i z e d

f i g u r e s fr o m t h e 201 1

- 2 0 12 D e m ons t ra ti on, S ec ti on 3 a nd A pp e nd i x A

. HDOH p r ov i d e d a n

oppo r t un i t y f

o r pub li c c o mm e n t on t h e 2011

- 2012 D e m ons t ra ti on fr o m D e ce m b er 16, 2013 t o

J a nu a r y 14, 2014. H DO H p r ov i d e d a n oppo r t un i t y f o r pub li c c o mm e n t on t h e 2011

- 2012

A dd e ndu m a nd t h e 2013 D e m ons t ra ti on fr o m M a y 30, 2014 t o J un e 30, 20 1 4. Th e p ac k a g e s

w ere pos t e d on t h e HD O H w e bs it e

. N o pub li c c o mm e n t s w ere r ece i v e d

.

I mm e d i a t e pub li c no ti f

i c a ti on o f NAAQ S e x cee d a n ce s i s p r ov i d e d on t h e HDOH w e bs it e a t

h tt p :// h ea lt h.h a w a ii

. g ov / c a

b / no ti f i ca ti on

- o f

- e x cee d a n ce- o f- a

- n a ti on a l

- a m b i e n t -a i r- qu a li ty

-P a g e 11 o f 14

s t a nd ar d. N o ti f

i ca ti on o f t h e 2011

- 2013 e x cee d a n c e s o f t h e a nn u a l PM 2

. 5 N AAQ S w e r e pos t e d

on ce t h e d a t a w e r e v a li d a t e d ( 2012

- 2012 D e m ons t ra ti on S ec ti on 1, p.2 a nd 2013 D e m ons t ra ti on,

S ec ti on 1, p.2 )

.

9.0 C o n c l u s i o n

D o c u m e n t a ti on sub mitt e d b y H D OH c l a im s t h a t e mi ss i ons e m a n a ti n g fr o m t h e K il a u ea vo l c a no

are n a t u ra l vo l ca n i c e x c e p ti on a l e v e n t s w h i c h ca u s e d t h e f l a g g e d e x cee d a n ce s li s t e d i n t h i s

re v i e w a t A p p e nd i x A , T a b l e A- 1 a t t h e K on a

s t a t i on. E P A f

i nds t h a t t h e w e i g h t o f t h e e v i d e n c e

sub mitt e d b y HDOH i s s u ff i c i e n t f o r c on c u r re n ce on t h e f

l a g g i n g o f t h e d a t a f

o r t h e m on it o r s

i d e n ti f i e d i n T a b l e A- 1. Th e s e c o n c u r

r e n ce s do n o t c ons tit u t e f i n a l E P A ac ti on t o e x c l ud e t h e s e

d a t a fr o m c ons i d e ra ti on f o r pu r pos e s o f d e t er

mi n i n g t h e a tt a i n m e n t s t a t us o f t h e a r ea

. F i n a l

ac ti ons w ill c o m e on l y a f t er E P A c o m p l e t e s no ti c e a nd c o mm e n t r u l e m a k i n g on a n y

s u c h

d e t er mi n a ti ons.

10.0 A dd i t i o n a l R ec o mme nd a t i o n s

Th e f o ll o w i n g rec o mm e n d a ti ons do no t c u rre n t l y a ffec t ou r c on c u rre n ce on t h e s e e v e n t s, bu t a r e

rec o mm e nd e d f

o r f u t u r e E x ce p ti on a l Ev e n t d e m ons t ra ti on sub mitt a l s :

· P u r su a n t t o 40 C F R

§50.14 (c)( 3 )( i v ) ( D)

, t h e d e m ons t ra ti on m us t sho w t h a t “ t h ere w ou l d

h a v e b e e n no e x cee d a n c e o r v i o l a ti on bu t f

o r t h e e v e n t

. ” Th e w e i g h t o f e v i d e n ce i n a

d e m ons t ra ti on do e s no t r e qu i re a p rec i s e e s tim a t e o f t h e e s tim a t e d a i r q u a lit y im p ac t f

r o m

t h e e v e n t

, t ho u g h t h a t c o u l d b e us ef u l. 12 W h il e no t c u rre n t l y a v a il a b l e

, w e r e c o mm e nd

t h a t HDOH f

o ll o w t h e d e v e l op m e n t o f t h e U n i v er s i t y o f H a w a ii a t M a n o a’ s V o l ca n i c

M ea su re m e n t a nd P re d i c t i on Mod e l w h i c h c ou l d b e us e d i n t h e f u t u re t o p r ov i d e a n

e s tim a t e o f t h e a i r

q u a li t y im p ac t o f t h e vo l ca no.

· I n t h e f

u t u re

, w e s u g g e s t HDOH m od i f y c o r re l a ti o n p l o t s (e

. g ., 2013 D e m o ns t ra ti on,

F i g u re 3

- 2, p.2 8 ) a nd w i n d r os e p l o t (e

. g ., 2013 D e m ons t ra ti on, F i g u r e 3

- 8, p. 34 ) t o

im p r ov e rea d a

b ili t y b y i n crea s i n g t h e f

on t s i z e

, li n e w e i g h t a nd ti c k l e n g t h s

, a s w e ll a s

re m ov e e x t ra n e ous t e x t

.

12 72 F R 13 5 70 , M a r c h 2 2

, 2 0 0 7

.P a g e 12 o f 14

A pp e nd i x A

T a b l e A- 1. D a y s f

l a gg e d f o r e x c l us i on f

o r e a c h q u art er i n 2011

- 2013 (fr o m A pp e nd i x B o f t h e

2011

- 2012 a nd 2013 D e m ons t ra ti ons) 13

13 O n Dec e m

b e r 11, 20 1 3

, HDOH s u

b m itte d “ D o c u m e n tati o n f or Nat u r al E v e n t s E x c l u d e d Data

, K o n a A i r

Mo n it or i n g Stati o n

, A QS I D 15

- 001

- 1012

, 20 1 1

- 201 2 PM 2

. 5 E x cee d a n ce s

, F i n al R e por t

, Dec e m b e r 2013 ” ( “ 2011-

2012 De m o n s t r ati o n ” ). O n J u l y 1

, 201 4

, HDOH s u b m i tte d “D o c u m e n tati o n f or Na t u r al E v e n t s E x cl u d e d Data

, K o n a A i r Mo n it or i n g Sta t i o n

, A Q S I D 15

- 001

- 1012

, 20 1 3 PM 2

. 5 E x cee d a n ce

, Fi n al R e por t

, J un e 2014 ” ( “ 20 1 3

D e m on s t r ati o n ” ).P a g e 13 o f 14

T a b l e A- 1 ( c on ti nu e d )

.P a g e 14 o f 14

T a b l e A- 1 ( c on ti nu e d )

.