T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on a nd i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P la in tif

f - A p p e lla n t, v. HU GO AL B E R T O ME DI NA H E RN A N D E Z , A K A H ug o M edi naH ernand ez , D ef

endant- A pp el l ee . N o. 10- 30026 D . C . N o. 2: 09 -c r- 06 03 9-W F N -2 ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe E a s t e rn D i s tr i c tof W a s hi ngt on W m . F r e m m i ng N i e l s e n, S e ni orD i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d N ove m be r2, 2010

S e a tt l e , W a s hi ngt on B efo re: B . F L E T C H E R , F E RN A N D E Z an d B Y B E E , C i rcu i tJu d g es. A ft erst op pi ng a c ardri ven b y H ug o M edi na-H ernand ez (“ M edi na”) , n ar co ti cs o ff

icer s e v en tu ally d isco v er ed co ca in e in clea r p lastic b ag s n ea r M ed in a’s groi n are a. T he di stri ctcourtgrant ed M edi na’ s m ot i on t o sup pres s, ho l di ng , i nt er 

# FI LED NO V 17 2010 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALSA s apr e l i m i na ry m a tt e r , w e not e tha tthe l e ga l i ty of the s t op i s nota n i s s ue 1 i n th i s ap p eal . T h e d i stri ctco u rtfo u n d th atM ed i n a’ s st o p w as j u st i fi ed b ecau se the offi ce rs had p robabl e c ause t o arr es tM edi na’ s pas se ng er , Juan O choa-V as qu ez ( “ O c hoa ” ) , f

ordrug tr a f

f i c ki ng. W e thus a s s um e , w i thoutde c i di ng, tha tthe o f f ic e r s h a d p r o b ab le c a u s e to a rr e s t O c h o a . 2 a l i a , tha t( 1) the of

f i c e r s l a c ke d r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on t o f r i s k M e di na ; ( 2) M e di na w as arre st ed atthe m om enthe exi t ed the vehi cl e; and (3) the offi ce rs l ac ked p r o b ab l e c a u s e t o a rr e s ta n d s e a r c h Me d i n a . T h e g o v e rn m e n tap p e a l s a n d we re vers e. 1 F i r s t , T r oope rK i e l pr ope r l y f r i s ke d M e di nai m m e di a t e l y a f t e rs t oppi ng M ed in a’s v eh icle. B ef

o re fr isk in g M ed in a, an o b jectiv e o ff

icerin T ro o p erK iel’ s po si t i on kn ew thatM edi na w as dri vi ng a c ari n w hi ch O choa w as a pas se ng er ; that M e di na ha d be e n s e e n i n O c hoa ’ s pr e s e nc e on num e r ous oc c a s i ons ; tha tthe of f i c e r s ha d pr obabl e c a us e t o s e a r c h a nd a rr e s tO c hoa f ordrug tr a f

f i c ki ng; a nd th a t O c h o ah a d p r e v io u s ly b e e n a rr e s te d w h ile in p o s s e s s io n o f a f ir e a rm . A d d itio n a lly , a t th e tim e o f th e f r is k , T r o o p e rK ie l w a s o u tn u m b e r e d tw o to o n e . U n d e rth e s e c ir c u m s ta n c e s , M e d in a ’s f r is k w a s p r o p e r . See U

n i ted S ta tes v. D a vis, 530 F . 3d 1069, 1082–83 ( 9th C i r . 2008) ( hol di ng tha tr e a s onabl e c onc e rns f or o f f ic e rs a f e ty m a y ju s tif

y a f r is k ) ; U ni te d State s v . V

aughan , 718 F . 2d 332, 334–36 ( 9th C i r . 1983) ( hol di ng tha tof f i c e r s m a y br i e f

l y de t a i n a nd f

r i s k the c om pa ni on of3

s us pe c t e d drug de a l e r s w he n the of f i c e r s ha ve pr obabl e c a us e t o a rr e s tthe suspec t ed drug deal er s on d rug charges) . S e c o n d , M e d in aw a s n o t u n d e ra rr e s t a t th e m o m e n t h e e x ite d th e v e h ic le . A lth o u g h th e o f

f ic e r s in te n d e d to a rr e s t M e d in aw h e n th e y s to p p e d h im , a r e a s o n ab le p e r s o n in M e d in a ’s p o s itio n a t th e m o m e n t M e d in ae x ite d th e v e h ic le w o u ld h a v e f

e lt f r e e to le a v e a f

te rb r ie f q u e s tio n in g . See U

ni ted Stat es v. D el ga di l lo-V

elasqu ez , 85 6 F . 2d 12 92 , 12 95 –9 6 (9th C i r. 19 88 ). A s e xp l ai ned abov e, the fr i sk of M edi na af t erhe exi t ed the vehi cl e w as a perm i ss i bl e off i ce r sa fe ty m ea su re an d , th er ef o re , d idn o t co n stitu te an ar re st. A d d it io n ally, M ed in a’s hand cuff i ng di d n ottra nsform the st op i nt o an arr es t . A ft erfr i ski ng M edi na, T roop erK i el fe l tan un i dent i fi ed obj ec tconceal ed i n M edi na’ s groi n are a. W hen as ked w hatthe obj ec tw as , M edi na re pl i ed he had n o i dea w hatT roop erK i el w as ta lk in g ab o u t. U n d e rth e s e c ir c u m s ta n c e s , T r o o p e rK ie l w a s ju s tif ie d in hand cuff i ng M edi na for offi ce r s af ety a nd thi s a ct i on di d n otes ca l at e the s a f e ty - r e la te d d e ta in m e n t in to a n im p e rm is s ib le a rr e s t. See U ni ted Stat es v. B uf f i ngton , 815 F . 2d 1292, 1300 ( 9th C i r . 1987) ( “ T he us e of f or c e dur i ng as t op doe s notc onve r tthe s t op i nt o a n a rr e s ti f i toc c ur s unde rc i r c um s t a nc e s j us t i f y i ng f e a r s f o rp e r s o n a l s a f

e ty .” ) ; see a l

so U ni te d State s v . T

ay lor , 716 F . 2d 701, 709 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 8 3 ) ( n o tin g th a t “th e u s e o f h a n d c u f f s , if r e a s o n ab ly n e c e s s a ry , w h ile4

s ubs t a nt i a l l y a ggr a va t i ng the i ntrus i ve ne s s of a n i nve s t i ga t ory s t op, do not nece ss ar i l y c on verta T

erry s to p in to a n a rr e s t n e c e s s ita tin g p r o b ab le c a u s e ” ) . H ow e ve r , M e di naw a s unde ra rr e s tw he n A ge ntZ i da k r e a d M e di nahi s M i r a nda r ig h ts a n d s e a r c h e d h im ; a t th is p o in t, n o r e a s o n ab le p e r s o n w o u ld h a v e f e lt f r e e to l e a ve a f t e rbr i e f que s t i oni ng. T hi rd, M edi na’ s a rr es tand sea rc h w er e s up po rt ed by prob abl e c ause . B ef ore a rr e s t i ng a nd s e a r c hi ng M e di na , A ge ntZ i da k kne w tha tM e di naw a s i n the c o m p a n y o f

O c h o a , as u s p e c te d d ru g d e a le r ; th a t M e d in ah a d a b u lg e in h is g r o in ar ea ; thatw hen asked w hatthe bu l ge w as , M edi na re pl i ed he di d n otkn ow w hat T roop erK i el w as t al ki ng abou t ; thatO choa had a si m i l arbu l ge i n h i s groi n are a; a nd tha tupon s e a r c hi ng O c hoa , A ge ntZ i da k r e m ove d 13 c l e a rpl a s t i c ba gs of suspec t ed cocai ne fr om O choa’ s groi n are a. W e hol d thatthese fa ct s w er e suff i ci enti n them se l ves t o w arra nta per son o f r ea sonabl e c aut i on i n the bel i ef that M e d in a , lik e O c h o a , w a s c o n c e a lin g d ru g s in h is u n d e rp a n ts . See B e c k v . O h io , 37 9 U . S . 89 , 91 (196 4) (s t at i ng the prob abl e c ause st andard). T h e o r d e rs u p p r e s s in g th e c o c a in e d is c o v e r e d o n M e d in a ’s p e r s o n is RE V E RS E D an d th e case i s R EM A N D ED t o the di stri ctcourtfor f urther p ro ceed i n g s.