# Patent

## Title
sPLA2 inhibitors

## Abstract

A class of novel indole is disclosed together with the use of such compounds for inhibiting sPLA2 mediated release of fatty acids for treatment of Inflammatory Diseases such as septic shock.

## Background
This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/069,824 filed Feb. 21, 2002 which is a national phase application corresponding to PCT International Application PCT/US00/20816, filed Sep. 7, 2000, corresponding to priority application 60/154,836, filed Sep. 20, 1999.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to novel indole compounds useful for Inflammatory Diseases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The structure and physical properties of human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hereinafter called, “sPLA2”) has been thoroughly described in two articles, namely, “Cloning and Recombinant Expression of Phospholipase A2 Present in Rheumatoid Arthritic Synovial Fluid” by Seilhamer, Jeffrey J.; Pruzanski, Waldemar; Vadas Peter; Plant, Shelley; Miller, Judy A.; Kloss, Jean; and Johnson, Lorin K.; The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 264, No. 10, Issue of April 5, pp. 5335-5338, 1989; and “Structure and Properties of a Human Non-pancreatic Phospholipase A2” by Kramer, Ruth M.; Hession, Catherine; Johansen, Berit; Hayes, Gretchen. McGray, Paula; Chow, E. Pingchang; Tizard, Richard; and Pepinsky, R. Blake; The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 264, No. 10, Issue of April 5, pp. 5768-5775, 1989; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It is believed that sPLA2 is a rate limiting enzyme in the arachidonic acid cascade which hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids. Thus, it is important to develop compounds which inhibit sPLA2 mediated release of fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid). Such compounds would be of value in general treatment of conditions induced and/or maintained by overproduction of sPLA2; such as sepsis or rheumatoid arthritis.
It is desirable to develop new compounds and treatments for sPLA2 induced diseases.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides novel indole compounds having potent and selective effectiveness as inhibitors of mammalian sPLA2.
This invention is also the use of novel indole compounds useful in the treatment and prevention of Inflammatory Diseases.
This invention is also the use of novel indole compounds to inhibit mammalian sPLA2 mediated release of fatty acids.
This invention is also a pharmaceutical composition containing any of the indole compounds of the invention.
I. Definitions:
The term, “Inflammatory Diseases” refers to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pancreatitis, trauma-induced shock, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis, stroke, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, acute bronchiolitis, chronic bronchiolitis, osteoarthritis, gout, spondylarthropathris, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, psoriatic arthropathy, enterapathric spondylitis, Juvenile arthropathy or juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, Reactive arthropathy, infectious or post-infectious arthritis, gonoccocal arthritis, tuberculous arthritis, viral arthritis, fungal arthritis, syphilitic arthritis, Lyme disease, arthritis associated with vasculitic syndromes, polyarteritis nodosa, hypersensitivity vasculitis, Luegenec's granulomatosis, polymyalgin rheumatica, joint cell arteritis, calcium crystal deposition arthropathris, pseudo gout, non-articular rheumatism, bursitis, tenosynomitis, epicondylitis (tennis elbow), carpal tunnel syndrome, repetitive use injury (typing), miscellaneous forms of arthritis, neuropathic joint disease (charco and joint), hemarthrosis (hemarthrosic), Henoch-Schonlein Purpura, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, arthritis associated with certain diseases, surcoilosis, hemochromatosis, sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathries, hyperlipoproteineimia, hypogammaglobulinemia, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, familial Mediterranean fever, Behat's Disease, systemic lupus erythrematosis, or relapsing polychondritis and related diseases which comprises administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of formula I in an amount sufficient to inhibit sPLA2 mediated release of fatty acid and to thereby inhibit or prevent the arachidonic acid cascade and its deleterious products.
The term, “indole nucleus” refers to a nucleus (having numbered positions) with the structural formula (X): 




The indole compounds of the invention employ certain defining terms as follows:
The term, “alkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise defined, a straight or branched chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tertiary butyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl.
The term, “alkenyl” employed alone or in combination with other terms means a straight chain or branched monovalent hydrocarbon group having the stated number range of carbon atoms, and typified by groups such as vinyl, propenyl, crotonyl, isopentenyl, and various butenyl isomers.
The term, “hydrocarbyl” means an organic group containing only carbon and hydrogen.
The term, “halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
The term, heterocyclic radical, refers to radicals derived from monocyclic or polycyclic, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic nuclei having 5 to 14 ring atoms and containing from 1 to 3 hetero atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Typical heterocyclic radicals are pyrrolyl, pyrrolodinyl, piperidinyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, phenylimidazolyl, triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, indolyl, carbazolyl, norharmanyl, azaindolyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, indazolyl, imidazo(1.2-A)pyridinyl, benzotriazolyl, anthranilyl, 1,2-benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl, pyridinyl, dipyridylyl, phenylpyridinyl, benzylpyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, phenylpyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, quinolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, homopiperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, oxacanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrothiopheneyl, pentamethylenesulfadyl, 1,3-dithianyl, 1,4-dithianyl, 1,4-thioxanyl, azetidinyl, hexamethyleneiminium, heptamethyleneiminium, piperazinyl and quinoxalinyl.
The term, “carbocyclic radical” refers to radicals derived from a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 14 membered organic nucleus whose ring forming atoms (other than hydrogen) are solely carbon atoms. Typical carbocyclic radicals are cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, phenyl, spiro[5.5]undecanyl, naphthyl, norbornanyl, bicycloheptadienyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, indenyl, stilbenyl, terphenylyl, diphenylethylenyl, phenyl-cyclohexenyl, acenaphthylenyl, and anthracenyl, biphenyl, bibenzylyl and related bibenzylyl homologues represented by the formula (a): 




where n is a number from 1 to 8.

The term, “non-interfering substituent”, refers to radicals suitable for substitution at positions 4,5,6 and/or 7 of the indole nucleus and on other nucleus substituents (as hereinafter described for Formula I), and radicals suitable for substitution on the heterocyclic radical and carbocyclic radical as defined above. Illustrative non-interfering radicals are C1-C8 alkyl, C2-C8 alkenyl, C2-C8 alkynyl, C7-C12 aralkyl, C7-C12 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, biphenyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, C2-C8 alkenyloxy, C2-C8 alkynyloxy, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyl, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyloxy, C2-C12 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C12 alkylcarbonylamino, C2-C12 alkoxyamino, C2-C12 alkoxyaminocarbonyl, C1-C12 alkylamino, C1-C6 alkylthio, C2-C12 alkylthiocarbonyl, C1-C8 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C8 alkylsulfonyl, C2-C8 haloalkoxy, C1-C8 haloalkylsulfonyl, C2-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, —C(O)O(C1-C8 alkyl), —(CH2)n—O—(C1-C8 alkyl), benzyloxy, phenoxy, phenylthio, —(CONHSO2R), —CHO, amino, amidino, bromo, carbamyl, carboxyl, carbalkoxy, —(CH2)n—CO2H, chloro, cyano, cyanoguanidinyl, fluoro, guanidino, hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, hydroxy, hydroxyamino, iodo, nitro, phosphono, —SO3H, thioacetal, thiocarbonyl, and carbonyl; where n is from 1 to 8 and R is C1-C8 alkyl.
The term, “organic substituent” refers to a monovalent radical consisting of carbon and hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogen, or other elements. Illustrative organic substituents are C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C7-C14 aralkyl, C7-C14 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl and these groups substitued with halogen, —CF3, —OH, C1-C8 alkyl, amino, carbonyl, and —CN.
The term, “hydroxyfunctional amide” is a group represented by the formula: 




wherein Y is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;

R4a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, and aryloxy; and

wherein R4b is hydrogen or an organic substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C7-C14 aralkyl, C7-C14 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl and these groups substitued with halogen, —CF3, —OH, C1-C8 alkyl, amino, carbonyl, and —CN.

The term “substituted group” is an organic group substituted with one or more non-interfering substituents.
The words, “hydroxyfunctional amide linker” refer to a divalent linking group symbolized as, -(Lh)-, which has the function of joining the 4-position of the indole nucleus to an hydroxyfunctional amide group in the general relationship: 




The words, “hydroxyfunctional amide linker length”, refer to the number of atoms (excluding hydrogen) in the shortest chain of the linking group -(Lh)- that connects the 4-position of the indole nucleus with the hydroxyfunctional amide group. The presence of a carbocyclic ring in -(Lh)- counts as the number of atoms approximately equivalent to the calculated diameter of the carbocyclic ring. Thus, a benzene or cyclohexane ring in the acid linker counts as 2 atoms in calculating the length of -(Lh)-. Illustrative hydroxyfunctional amide linker groups are; 




wherein, groups (a), (b) and (c) have acid linker lengths of 5, 7, and 2, respectively.

The term, “(acidic group)” means an organic group which when attached to an indole nucleus at position 5, through suitable linking atoms (hereinafter defined as the “acid linker”), acts as a proton donor capable of hydrogen bonding. Illustrative of an (acidic group) are the following: 




where n is 1 to 8, R80 is a metal or C1-C8 and R81 is an organic substituent or —CF3.
The words, “acid linker” refer to a divalent linking group symbolized as, -(La)-, which has the function of joining the 5 position of the indole nucleus to an acidic group in the general relationship: 




The words, “acid linker length”, refer to the number of atoms (excluding hydrogen) in the shortest chain of the linking group -(La)- that connects the 5 position of the indole nucleus with the acidic group. The presence of a carbocyclic ring in -(La)- counts as the number of atoms approximately equivalent to the calculated diameter of the carbocyclic ring. Thus, a benzene or cyclohexane ring in the acid linker counts as 2 atoms in calculating the length of -(La)-. Illustrative acid linker groups are; 




wherein, groups (a), (b), and (c) have acid linker lengths of 5, 7, and 2, respectively.

The term, “amine”, includes primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
The terms, “mammal” and “mammalian” include human and domesticated quadrupeds.
The term, “alkylene chain of 1 or 2 carbon atoms” refers to the divalent radicals, —CH2—CH2— and —CH2—.
The term, “group containing 1 to 4 non-hydrogen atoms” refers to relatively small groups which form substituents at the 2 position of the indole nucleus, said groups may contain non-hydrogen atoms alone, or non-hydrogen atoms plus hydrogen atoms as required to satisfy the unsubstituted valence of the non-hydrogen atoms, for example; (i) groups absent hydrogen which contain no more than 4 non-hydrogen atoms such as —CF3, —Cl, —Br, —NO2, —CN, —SO3; and (ii) groups having hydrogen atoms which contain less than 4 non-hydrogen atoms such as —CH3, —C2H5, and —CH═CH2.
The term “oxime amide” means the radical, —C═NOR—C(O)NH2.
The term “thio-oxime amide” means the radical —C═NOR—C(S)—NH2.
The term “spiro[5.5]undecanyl” refers to the group represented by the formula; 




II. The Hydroxyfunctional Amide 1H-indole Compounds of the Invention:

The present invention provides novel classes of indole compounds useful as sPLA2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammation. Classes of indole compounds of this invention include indole glyoxylamide hydroxy functional amide derivatives, indole-3-oxime amide hydroxy functional amide derivatives and indole acetamide hydroxy functional amide derivatives. The compounds of the invention have the general formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; 




wherein

R1 is selected from groups (a), (b), and (c) wherein;

    
    
        (a) is C7-C20 alkyl, C7-C20 haloalkyl, C7-C20 alkenyl, C7-C20 alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituents or heterocyclic radical, or
        (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents;
        (c) is the group -(L)-R80; where, -(L)- is a divalent linking group of 1 to 12 atoms selected from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; wherein the combination of atoms in -(L)- are selected from the group consisting of (i) carbon and hydrogen only, (ii) sulfur only, (iii) oxygen only, (iv) nitrogen and hydrogen only, (v) carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur only, and (vi) and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only; and where R80 is a group selected from (a) or (b);
    
    


R2 is hydrogen, or a group containing 1 to 4 non-hydrogen atoms plus any required hydrogen atoms;
R3 is -(L3)-Z, where -(L3)- is a divalent linker group selected from a bond or a divalent group selected from: 




and Z is selected from an oxime amide or oxime thioamide group represented by the formulae, 




wherein X is oxygen or sulfur, Ra is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C1-C8 alkaryl, C1-C8 alkoxy, aralkyl and —CN;

R4 is the group, -(Lh)-(hydroxyfunctional amide group); wherein -(Lh)-, is an hydroxyfunctional amide linker having an hydroxyfunctional amide linker length of 1 to 8; and wherein a hydroxyfunctional amide is represented by the formula: 




wherein Y is oxygen, nitrogen (substituted with hydrogen or alkyl) or sulfur;

R4a is selected from the group consisting of OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C7-C14)alkaryloxy, (C2-C8)alkenyloxy, (C7-C14) aralkyloxy, (C7-C14)aralkenyloxy and aryloxy; and wherein R4b is hydrogen or an organic substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C7-C14 aralkyl, C7-C14 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl and these groups substitued with halogen, —CF3, —OH, C1-C8 alkyl, amino, carbonyl, and —CN;

R5 is selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, -(La)-(acidic group); wherein -(La)-, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 8.
R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituent(s), heterocyclic radicals, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituent(s).
Preferred Subgroups of Compounds of Formula (I):
Preferred R1 Substituents:
A preferred subclass of compounds of formula (I) are those where for R1 the divalent linking group -(L1)- is a group represented by any one of the following formulae (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), or (If): 




where Q1 is a bond or any of the divalent groups (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If) and each R10 is independently hydrogen, C1-8 alkyl, aryl, C1-8 haloalkyl or C1-8 alkoxy.

Particularly preferred as the linking group -(L1)- of R1 is an alkylene chain of 1 or 2 carbon atoms, namely, —(CH2)— or —(CH2—CH2)—.
Also preferred as a subclass of compounds of formula (I) are those where R1 is represented by the group -L1-R11. The preferred group for R11 is a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from the group consisting of C5-C14 cycloalkyl, C5-C14 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, norbornanyl, bicycloheptadienyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, indenyl, stilbenyl, terphenylyl, diphenylethylenyl, phenyl-cyclohexenyl, acenaphthylenyl, and anthracenyl, biphenyl, bibenzylyl and related bibenzylyl homologues represented by the formula (a); 




where n is a number from 1 to 8.

Particularly preferred are compounds of formula (I) wherein for R1 the combined group -(L1)-R11 is selected from the group consisting of 




where R12 is a radical independently selected from halo, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, —S—(C1-C8 alkyl), —O—(C1-C8 alkyl) and C1-C8 haloalkyl where t is a number from 0 to 5 and u is a number from 0 to 4.

Preferred is the group -(L1)-R11; where, -(L1)- is a divalent linking group of 1 to 8 atoms and where R11 is a group selected from (a) or (b).
Preferred for R11 is —(CH2)m—R12 wherein m is an integer from 1 to 6, and R12 is (d) a group represented by the formula: 




wherein a, c, e, n, q, and t are independently an integer from 0 to 2, R13 and R14 are independently selected from a halogen, C1 to C8 alkyl, C1 to C8 alkyloxy, C1 to C8 alkylthio, aryl, heteroaryl, and C1 to C8 haloalkyl, a is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, L5 is a bond, —(CH2)v-, —C═C—, —CC—, —O—, or —S—, v is an integer from 0 to 2, β is —CH2— or —(CH2)2—, γ is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, b is an integer from 0 to 3, d is an integer from 0 to 4, f, p, and w are independently an integer from 0 to 5, r is an integer from 0 to 7, and u is an integer from 0 to 4, or is (e) a member of (d) substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1 to C6 alkyl, C1 to C8 alkyloxy, C1 to C8 haloalkyloxy, C1 to C8 haloalkyl, aryl, and a halogen.

Preferred R2 Substituents:

R2 is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, —O—(C1-C3 alkyl), —S—(C1-C3 alkyl), —C3-C4 cycloalkyl —CF3, halo, —NO2, —CN, —SO3. Particularly preferred R2 groups are selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, —F, —CF3, —Cl, —Br, or —O—CH3.
Preferred R3 Substituents:
A preferred subclass of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein X is oxygen.
Another preferred subclass of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein Z is an oxime amide group. 




Also preferred are compounds of formula (I) wherein Z is an acetamide group represented by the structure 




and R3a is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. For the group R3 it is preferred that the linking group -(L3)- be a bond.

Preferred R4 substituents:

Another preferred subclass of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein R4 is a substituent having an hydroxyfunctional amide linker with an hydroxyfunctional amide linker length of 2 or 3 and the hydroxyfunctional amide linker group, -(Lh)-, for R4 is selected from a group represented by the formula; 




where Q2 is selected from the group —(CH2)—, —O—, —NH—, —C(O)—, and —S—, and each R40 is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C1-C8 alkaryl, C1-C8 alkoxy, aralkyl, and halo. Most preferred are compounds where the hydroxyfunctional amide linker, -(Lh)-, for R4 is selected from the specific groups; 




where R40 is hydrogen or C1-C8 alkyl.

Preferred as the hydroxyfunctional amide group in the group R4 is the group: 




wherein R4a is selected from the group consisting of OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C2-C8)alkenyloxy, (C7-C14)aralkyloxy, and aryloxy; and

wherein R4b is an organic substituent selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C7-C14 aralkyl, C7-C14 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl and these groups substituted with halogen, —CF3, —OH, C1-C8 alkyl, amino, carbonyl, and —CN. A more preferred R4a group is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OCH3, phenyloxy and —OC2H5 while a more preferred R4b is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C7-C14 aralkyl, C7-C14 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl. A most preferred R4b is a group selected from H, CH3, C2H5 and C3H7.

A salt or a prodrug derivative of the (hydroxyfunctional amide group) is also a suitable substituent.

Preferred R5 Substituents:

Preferred acid linker, -(La)-, for R5 is selected from the group consisting of; 




wherein R54, R55, R56 and R57 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, aryl, C1-C8 alkoxy, or halo. Preferred (acidic group) for R5 is selected from the group consisting of —CO2H, —SO3H and —P(O) (OH)2.

Preferred R6 and R7 Substituents:

Another preferred subclass of compounds of formula (I) are those wherein for R6 and R7 the non-interfering substituent is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, thiomethyl, —O-methyl, C4-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C7-C12 aralkyl, C7-C12 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, biphenyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C2-C6 alkenyloxy, C2-C6 alkynyloxy, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyl, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyloxy, C2-C12 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C12 alkylcarbonylamino, C2-C12 alkoxyamino, C2-C12 alkoxyaminocarbonyl, C1-C12 alkylamino, C1-C6 alkylthio, C2-C12 alkylthiocarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl, C2-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl, C2-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, —C(O)O(C1-C6 alkyl), —(CH2)n—O—(C1-C6 alkyl), benzyloxy, phenoxy, phenylthio, —(CONHSO2R), —CHO, amino, amidino, bromo, carbamyl, carboxyl, carbalkoxy, —(CH2)n—CO2H, chloro, cyano, cyanoguanidinyl, fluoro, guanidino, hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, hydroxy, hydroxyamino, iodo, nitro, phosphono, —SO3H, thioacetal, thiocarbonyl, and carbonyl; where n is from 1 to 8.
Most preferred as non-interfering substituents are methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl.
Preferred compounds of the invention are those having the general formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug derivative thereof; 




wherein

R22 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, —F, —CF3, —Cl, —Br, or —O—CH3;
wherein R4a is independently selected from the group consisting of OH, (C1-C10)alkoxy, , (C7-C14)aralkyloxy, (C2-C8)alkenyloxy, (C7-C14) aralkenyloxy, (C3-C10) cycloalkyloxy, heteroaryloxy and aryl; and
wherein R4b is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C7-C14 aralkyl, C7-C14 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl. A preferred R4a group is the group OH, or OCH3 or phenyloxy ; a preferred R4b group is the group H, or (C1-C6)alkyl; and -(Lh)- is a divalent group selected from; 




where R40, R41, R42, and R43 are each independently selected from hydrogen or C1-C8 alkyl.
R16 is selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, C1-C8 alkylthio, C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and halo.
R13 is selected from hydrogen and C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, —S—(C1-C8 alkyl), C1-C8 haloalkyl, C1-C8, phenyl, halophenyl, hydroxyalkyl, and halo, and t is an integer from 0 to 5.
Preferred specific compounds (and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and prodrug derivatives thereof) which are illustrative of the compounds of the invention are as follow:

    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-y]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(methyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)-N-(methyl)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(ethyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(2-propenyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)-N-(2-propyl)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(tert-butyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-[2-(methyl)propyloxy]acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(phenylmethyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(phenylmethyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(phenyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(phenyloxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(cyclohexyl)-N-(hydroxy)acetamide;
    2-[[3-(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)acetamide.


The salts of the above indole compounds represented by formulae (I) and (II) are an additional aspect of the invention. In those instances where the compounds of the invention possess acidic or basic functional groups various salts may be formed which are more water soluble and physiologically suitable than the parent compound. Representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts, include but are not limited to, the alkali and alkaline earth salts such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and the like. Salts are conveniently prepared from the free acid by treating the acid in solution with a base or by exposing the acid to an ion exchange resin.
Included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention, for example, ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, derived from nitrogenous bases of sufficient basicity to form salts with the compounds of this invention (see, for example, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Phar. Sci., 66: 1-19 (1977)). Moreover, the basic group(s) of the compound of the invention may be reacted with suitable organic or inorganic acids to form salts such as acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, chloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fluoride, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycolylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, bromide, chloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, malseate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pantothenate, phosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, and valerate.
Certain compounds of the invention may possess one or more chiral centers and may thus exist in optically active forms. Likewise, when the compounds contain an alkenyl or alkenylene group there exists the possibility of cis- and trans-isomeric forms of the compounds. The R— and S-isomers and mixtures thereof, including racemic mixtures as well as mixtures of cis- and trans-isomers, are contemplated by this invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms can be present in a substituent group such as an alkyl group. All such isomers as well as the mixtures thereof are intended to be included in the invention. If a particular stereoisomer is desired, it can be prepared by methods well known in the art by using stereospecific reactions with starting materials which contain the asymmetric centers and are already resolved or, alternatively by methods which lead to mixtures of the stereoisomers and subsequent resolution by known methods. For example, a racemic mixture may be reacted with a single enantiomer of some other compound. This changes the racemic form into a mixture of diastereomers and diastereomers, because they have different melting points, different boiling points, and different solubilities can be separated by conventional means, such as crystallization.
Prodrugs are derivatives of the compounds of the invention which have chemically or metabolically cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo. Derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and base derivative forms, but the acid derivative form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acidic compound with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a suitable amine. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters derived from acidic groups pendent on the compounds of this invention are preferred prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy) alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkyl esters. Particularly preferred esters as prodrugs are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, morpholinoethyl, and N,N-diethylglycolamido.
N,N-diethylglycolamido ester prodrugs may be prepared by reaction of the sodium salt of a compound of Formula (I) (in a medium such as dimethylformamide) with 2-chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide (available from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis. USA; Item No. 25,099-6).
Morpholinylethyl ester prodrugs may be prepared by reaction of the sodium salt of a compound of Formula (I) (in a medium such as dimethylformamide) 4-(2-chloroethyl) morpholine hydrochloride (available from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis. USA, Item No. C4,220-3).

    a) The 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide hydroxyfunctional amide derivative compounds of the invention are prepared from the methyl ester compound 1A which was prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference, and also as disclosed in preparation 1, in the experimental section infra. Derivatives of the ester compound of formula (1A) such as the saponifaction product may also be employed as starting material for the preparation of compounds of the present invention by those skilled in the art. In the protocol beginning with compound 1A, the ester is converted to the hydroxyfunctional amide compound of formula I (see scheme 1 below) 






This is accomplished by in-situ cleavage of the ester compound (1A), followed by coupling of the resulting intermediate with a protected or unprotected, substituted or unsubstituted hydroxylamine group or derivative in the presence of a coupling agent to form a protected or unprotected hydroxyfunctional amide derivative of a compound of formula (I). For example, the ester compound of formula (1A) is reacted at ambient temperature, in the presence of excess 2,4,6-collidine (collidine) and benzotriazol-1-yolxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphonate (coupling catalyst, see Tetrahedron Lett, 1219 (1975)) with o-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) hydroxylamine to form after 1-4 hours, the o-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) substituted hydroxyfunctional amide derivative. The silyl or other protecting group is removed by well known methods such as the use of trifluoroacetic acid to afford the desired hydroxyfunctional amide compound of formula (I).
Typically, the condensation or coupling is performed in a solvent such a dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran or aqueous mixtures of the like. In general protic solvents are preferred for the purpose of this invention. The reaction is catalyzed by a base including weak organic or inorganic bases. Organic bases such as collidine are preferred. The reaction is also preferably run in the presence of agents that retard or reduce racemization of the hudroxyfunctional amide, the substituted hydroxylamine or its derivative, such as for example, benzotriazolyl-N-oxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate.
Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The resulting product mixture is chromatographed or crystallized, e.g., by sonication to obtain the target compound.
It is known to one skilled in the art that numerous coupling procedures for example, acid to amide or ester to amide conversion procedures, using various bases and or coupling agents may be practiced to prepare the compounds of the present invention. Scheme 2 below, 




provides an alternative scheme for the preparation of compounds of the present invention.

Yet another alternative preparation method is the interconversion of compounds of the invention as shown for example in Scheme 3: 




These and other methods are well known in the arts and can be found in reference texts such as for example J. March Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley Interscience publishers, New York, N.Y., 1985, and R. C. Larock Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1989. The protected compounds of formula (2) are also useful sPLA2 inhibitors and are also compounds of this invention.

    b) 1H-indole-3-acetamide amino acid derivative sPLA2 inhibitors are similarly prepared by condensation of the protected or unprotected, substituted or unsubstituted hydroxylamine or derivative thereof, with the 1H-indole-3-acetamide sPLA2 inhibitor. The 1H-indole-3-acetamide sPLA2 inhibitors and methods of making them are set out in U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,034, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Indole-3-acetamide hydroxyfunctional amide derivative sPLA2 inhibitor compounds of the present invention are represented by compounds of formula (IIb), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrug derivatives thereof, 




wherein



X is oxygen or sulfur;
R11 is selected from groups (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) where;

    
    
        (i) is C6-C20 alkyl, C6-C20 alkenyl, C6-C20 alkynyl, C6-C20 haloalkyl, C4-C12 cycloalkyl, or
        (ii) is aryl or aryl substituted by halo, nitro, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkylthio, C1-C10 alkoxyl, carboxyl, amino, or hydroxyamino; or
        (iii) is —(CH2)n—(R80), or —(NH)—(R81), where n is 1 to 8, and R80 is a group recited in (i), and R81 is selected from a group recited in (i) or (ii);
        (iv) is 




where R87 is hydrogen or C1-C10 alkyl, and R88 is selected from the group; phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, and biphenyl, unsubstituted or substituted by halo, —CN, —CHO, —OH, —SH, C1-C10 alkylthio, C1-C10 alkoxyl, phenyl, nitro, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, hydroxyamino; or a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered heterocyclic ring;

    
    


R12 is halo, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylthio, or C1-C6 alkoxy;

    
    
        each R13 is independently hydrogen, halo, or methyl;
    
    


R14 is the group, -(Lh)-(hydroxyfunctional amide); wherein -(Lh)-, is an hydroxyfunctional amide linker having an hydroxyfunctional amide linker length of 1 to 8; and wherein a hydroxyfunctional amide is represented by the formula: 




wherein Y is oxygen or sulfur;

R14a selected from the group consisting of OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C7-C14)alkaryloxy, (C2-C8)alkenyloxy, (C2-C8)alkynyloxy, (C7-C14) aralkyloxy, (C7-C14) aralkenyloxy and aryloxy; and

wherein R14b is hydrogen or an organic substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C7-C14 aralkyl, C7-C14 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C8 alkoxyalkyl and these groups substitued with halogen, —CF3, —OH, C1-C8 alkyl, amino, carbonyl, and —CN;

R15, R16, and R17 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10alkenyl, C1-C10 alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or any two adjacent hydrocarbyl groups in the set R15, R16, and R17, combine with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a 5 or 6 membered substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic ring; or C1-C10 haloalkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, C1-C10 haloalkoxy, C4-C8 cycloalkoxy, phenoxy, halo, hydroxy, carboxyl, —SH, —CN, C1-C10 alkylthio, arylthio, thioacetal, —C(O)O(C1-C10 alkyl), hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, —NH2, —NO2, —NR82R83, and —C(O)NR82R83, where, R82 and R83 are independently hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 hydroxyalkyl, or taken together with N, R82 and R83 form a 5- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring; or a group having the formula; 




where,

    
    
        R84 and R85 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, hydroxy, or R84 and R85 taken together are ═O;
        p is 1 to 5,
        Z is a bond, —O—, —N(C1-C10 alkyl)-, —NH—, or —S—; and
        Q is —CON(R82R83), -5-tetrazolyl, —SO3H, 




        where n is 1 to 8, R86 is independently selected from hydrogen, a metal, or C1-C10 alkyl, and R99 is selected from hydrogen or C1-C10 alkyl.
    
    
    c) Indole-3-Oxime amide compounds of the invention are represented by compounds of formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; 




wherein



R1 is selected from groups (a), (b), and (c) wherein;

    
    
        (a) is C7-C20 alkyl, C7-C20 haloalkyl, C7-C20 alkenyl, C7-C20 alkynyl, carbocyclic radical, or heterocyclic radical, or
        (b) is a member of (a) substituted with one or more independently selected non-interfering substituents; or
        (c) is the group -(L1)-R11; where, -(L1)- is a divalent linking group of 1 to 8 atoms and where R11 is a group selected from (a) or (b);
    
    


R2 is hydrogen, or a group containing 1 to 4 non-hydrogen atoms plus any required hydrogen atoms;
-(L3)-Z, is the group where -(L3)- is a divalent linker group selected from a bond or a divalent group selected from: 




and Z is selected from an oxime amide or oxime thioamide group represented by the formulae, 




wherein, X is oxygen or sulfur; and Ra is selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C1-C8 alkaryl, C1-C8 alkoxy, aralkyl and —CN;

R4 is the group, -(Lh)-(hydroxyfunctional amide); wherein -(Lh)-, is an hydroxyfunctional amide linker having an hydroxyfunctional amide linker length of 1 to 8;
R5 is selected from hydrogen, a non-interfering substituent, or the group, -(La)-(acidic group); wherein -(La)-, is an acid linker having an acid linker length of 1 to 8.
R6 and R7 are selected from hydrogen, non-interfering substituent, carbocyclic radical, carbocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituent(s), heterocyclic radicals, and heterocyclic radical substituted with non-interfering substituent(s).
Preferred Subgroups of Compounds of Formula (III):
Preferred R1 Substituents:
A preferred subclass of compounds of formula (III) are those where for R1 the divalent linking group -(L1)- is a group represented by any one of the following formulae (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), or (If): 




where Q1 is a bond or any of the divalent groups (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), and (If) and each R10 is independently hydrogen, C1-8 alkyl, C1-8 haloalkyl or C1-8 alkoxy.

Particularly preferred as the linking group -(L1)- of R1 is an alkylene chain of 1 or 2 carbon atoms, namely, —(CH2)— or —(CH2—CH2)—.
The preferred group for R11 is a substituted or unsubstituted group selected from the group consisting of C5-C14 cycloalkyl, C5-C14 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, norbornanyl, bicycloheptadienyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, indenyl, stilbenyl, terphenylyl, diphenylethylenyl, phenyl-cyclohexenyl, acenaphthylenyl, and anthracenyl, biphenyl, bibenzylyl and related bibenzylyl homologues represented by the formula (a); 




where n is a number from 1 to 8.

Particularly preferred are compounds wherein for R1 the combined group -(L1)-R11 is selected from the group consisting of 




where R12 is a radical independently selected from halo, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 alkoxy, —S—(C1-C8 alkyl), —O—(C1-C8 alkyl) and C1-C8 haloalkyl where t is a number from 0 to 5 and u is a number from 0 to 4.

Also preferred for R11 is —(CH2)m-R12 wherein m is an integer from 1 to 6, and R12 is (d) a group represented by the formula: 




wherein a, c, e, n, q, and t are independently an integer from 0 to 2, R13 and R14 are independently selected from a halogen, C1 to C8 alkyl, C1 to C8 alkyloxy, C1 to C8 alkylthio, aryl, heteroaryl, and C1 to C8 haloalkyl, α is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, L5 is a bond, —(CH2)v-, —C═C—, —CC—, —O—, or —S—, v is an integer from 0 to 2, β is —CH2— or —(CH2)2—, γ is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, b is an integer from 0 to 3, d is an integer from 0 to 4, f, p, and w are independently an integer from 0 to 5, r is an integer from 0 to 7, and u is an integer from 0 to 4, or is (e) a member of (d) substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1 to C6 alkyl, C1 to C8 alkyloxy, C1 to C8 haloalkyloxy, C1 to C8 haloalkyl, aryl, and a halogen.

Preferred R2 Substituents:

R2 is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, —O—(C1-C3 alkyl), —S—(C1-C3 alkyl), —C3-C4 cycloalkyl —CF3, halo, —NO2, —CN, —SO3. Particularly preferred R2 groups are selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, —F, —CF3, —Cl, —Br, or —O—CH3.
Preferred R4 Substituents:
Another preferred subclass of compounds of formula (III) are those wherein R4 is a substituent having an hydroxyfunctional amide linker with an hydroxyfunctional amide linker length of 2 or 3 and the hydroxyfunctional amide linker group, -(Lh)-, for R4 is selected from a group represented by the formula; 




where Q2 is selected from the group —(CH2)—, —O—, —NH—, —C(O)—, and —S—, and each R40 is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C1-C8 alkaryl, C1-C8 alkoxy, aralkyl, and halo. Most preferred are compounds where the hydroxyfunctional amide linker, -(Lh)-, for R4 is selected from the specific groups; 




where R40 is hydrogen or C1-C8 alkyl.

Preferred as the hydroxyfunctional amide in the group R4 is the group: 




wherein R4a selected from the group consisting of OH, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C7-C14)alkaryloxy, (C2-C8)alkenyloxy, (C7-C14) aralkyloxy, (C7-C14)aralkenyloxy and aryloxy; and

wherein R4b is selected from the group consisting, of H, (C1-C6)alkyl, heteroaryl and aryl. A preferred R4a group is the group —OH. A salt or a prodrug derivative of the (hydroxyfunctional amide group) is also a suitable substituent.

Preferred R5 Substituents:

Preferred acid linker, -(La)-, for R5 is selected from the group consisting of; 




wherein R54, R55, R56 and R57 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, aryl, C1-C8 alkoxy, or halo. Preferred (acidic group) for R5 is selected from the group consisting of —CO2H, —SO3H and —P(O)(OH)2 

Preferred R6 and R7 Substituents:

Another preferred subclass of compounds of formula (III) are those wherein for R6 and R7 the non-interfering substituent is independently methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, thiomethyl, —O-methyl, C4-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C7-C12 aralkyl, C7-C12 alkaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, tolulyl, xylenyl, biphenyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C2-C6 alkenyloxy, C2-C6 alkynyloxy, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyl, C2-C12 alkoxyalkyloxy, C2-C12 alkylcarbonyl, C2-C12 alkylcarbonylamino, C2-C12 alkoxyamino, C2-C12 alkoxyaminocarbonyl, C1-C12 alkylamino, C1-C6 alkylthio, C2-C12 alkylthiocarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl, C2-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl, C2-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, —C(O)O(C1-C6 alkyl), —(CH2)n—O—(C1-C6 alkyl), benzyloxy, phenoxy, phenylthio, —(CONHSO2R), —CHO, amino, amidino, bromo, carbamyl, carboxyl, carbalkoxy, (CH2)n—CO2H, chloro, cyano, cyanoguanidinyl, fluoro, guanidino, hydrazide, hydrazino, hydrazido, hydroxy, hydroxyamino, iodo, nitro, phosphono, —SO3H, thioacetal, thiocarbonyl, and carbonyl; where n is from 1 to 8.
Most preferred as non-interfering substituents are methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl.
The indole-3-oxime compounds of the invention can be prepared following protocol of scheme 4 below; 







To introduce the oxime functionality, the methyl ester of the glyoxylamide (compound 10 in scheme 1, compound 1 in scheme 2, supra.) is heated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (when R is H) in a THF/methanol mixture for 8 hours or until the reaction was deemed complete. The reaction product is isolated by chromatography or other known laboratory procedure to afford a white solid. Substituted oximes such as when R is methyl, ethyl, phenyl or other substituent can be prepared by reacting the corresponding substituted hydroxylamine hydrochloride or free base with the glyoxylamide as described supra. The ester functionality at the 4 or 5 position on the indole nucleus, as in for example, compound 2, can be: (a) converted to the acid by hydrolysis using lithium hydroxide or other known ester hydrolysis methods to afford compounds of formula 3, or (b) converted to an hydroxyfunctional amide functionality directly or via the acid functionality to afford compounds of formula 4. Preparation of the hydroxyfunctional amide derivative from the ester or acid derivative (Scheme 4, compound 2 or 3 respectively) have also been disclosed supra for the glyoxylamide compounds of formula I.
General procedures for the conversion of organic acids to amides and amide derivatives (e.g., hydroxyfunctional amides) are well known to artisans in the field, and have been documented in general reference texts including for example, J. March Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley Interscience publishers, New York, N.Y., 1985, and R. C. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1989. Additional references, or procedures are found in J. Jones Amino Acids and Peptide Synthesis, Oxford Science Publications, Stephen G. Davis, Editor, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, N.Y., 1992.
III. Method of Making the 1H-Indole-3-Glyoxylamide Starting Material for Preparing the Compounds of the Invention:
The synthesis of the indole compounds of the invention (viz., Compounds of Formulae I and II) can be accomplished by well known methods as recorded in the chemical literature. In particular, the indole starting materials may be prepared by the synthesis schemes taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Another method of making 1H-indole-3-glyoxylamide sPLA2 inhibitors is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,381, filed Jun. 26, 1998 and titled, “Process for Preparing 4-substituted 1-H-Indole-3-glyoxyamides” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,381 discloses the following process having steps (a) thru (i): Preparing a compound of the formula (Iz) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug derivative thereof 




wherein:

R1z is selected from the group consisting of —C7-C20 alkyl, 




where

R10z is selected from the group consisting of halo, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, —S—(C1-C10 alkyl) and halo(C1-C10)alkyl, and tz is an integer from 0 to 5 both inclusive;
R2z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C3 alkyl, C3-C4 cycloalkyl, C3-C4 cycloalkenyl, —O—(C1-C2 alkyl), —S—(C1-C2 alkyl), aryl, aryloxy and HET;
R4z is the group —CO2H, or salt and prodrug derivative thereof; and
R5z, R6z and R7z are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, halo(C1-C6)alkoxy, halo(C2-C6)alkyl, bromo, chloro, fluoro, iodo and aryl;
which process comprises the steps of:

    
    
        a) halogenating a compound of formula Xz 




         where R8z is (C1-C6)alkyl, aryl or HET;
         with SO2Cl2 to form a compound of formula IX 




        b) hydrolyzing and decarboxylating a compound of formula IXz 




         to form a compound of formula VIIIz 




        c) alkylating a compound of formula VIIz 




         with a compound of formula VIIIz 




         to form a compound of formula VIz 




        d) aminating and dehydrating a compound of formula VIz 




         with an amine of the formula R1zNH2 in the presence of a solvent that forms and azeotrope with water to form a compound of formula Vz;
        e) oxidizing a compound of formula Vz 




         by refluxing in a polar hydrocarbon solvent having a boiling point of at least 150° C. and a dielectric constant of at least 10 in the presence of a catalyst to form a compound of formula IVz 




        f) alkylating a compound of the formula IVz 




         with an alkylating agent of the formula XCH2R4az where X is a leaving group and R4az is —CO2R4b, where R4bz is an acid protecting group to form a compound of formula IIIz 




        g) reacting a compound of formula IIIz 




         with oxalyl chloride and ammonia to form a compound of formula IIz 




         and
        h) optionally hydrolyzing a compound of formula IIz 




         to form a compound of formula Iz.

An alternative protocol useful for the synthesis of the starting material is shown in Scheme 6 below: 







The synthesis of indole-3-oxime amides (compound of formula I and II, supra.) of this invention uses as starting material the glyoxamide ((3-(2-amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy)acetic acid methyl ester, compound 10, supra. This starting material is prepared as set out in the preceding section or by the method of Example 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).

    
    


To obtain the glyoxylamide starting material substituted in the 4-position with an (acidic group) linked through an oxygen atom, the reactions outlined in the scheme supra, are used (for conversions 1 through 5, see ref. Robin D. Clark, Joseph M. Muchowski, Lawrence E. Fisher, Lee A. Flippin, David B. Repke, Michel Souchet, Synthesis, 1991, 871-878, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). The starting material ortho-nitrotoluene, 1, is readily reduced to 2-methyl, 3-methoxyaniline, 2. Reduction of 1 is by the catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding nitrotoluene using palladium on carbon as catalyst. The reduction can be carried out in ethanol or tetrahydrofuran (THF) or a combination of both, using a low pressure of hydrogen. The aniline 2, obtained, is converted to the N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl derivative 3, in good yield, on heating with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in THF at reflux temperature. The dilithium salt of the dianion of 3 is generated at −40 to −20° C. in THF using sec-butyllithium and reacted with the appropriately substituted N-methoxy-N-methylalkanamide to form the ketone 4. This product (4) may be purified by crystallization from hexane, or reacted directly with trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride to give the 1,3-unsubstituted indole 5. The 1,3-unsubstituted indole 5 is reacted with sodium hydride in dimethylformamide at room temperature (20-25° C.) for 0.5-1.0 hour. The resulting sodium salt of 5 is treated with an equivalent of arylmethyl halide and the mixture stirred at a temperature range of 0-100° C., usually at ambient room temperature, for a period of 4 to 36 hours to give the 1-arylmethylindole, 6. This indole, 6, is O-demethylated by stirring with boron tribromide in methylene chloride for approximately 5 hours (see ref. Tsung-Ying Shem and Charles A Winter, Adv. Drug Res., 1977, 12, 176, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). The 4-hydroxyindole, 7, is alkylated with an alpha bromoalkanoic acid ester in dimethylformamide (DMF) using sodiumhydride as a base, with reaction condition of 5 to 6. The α-[(indol-4-yl)oxy]alkanoic acid ester, 8, is reacted with oxalyl chloride in methylene chloride to give 9, which is not purified but reacted directly with ammonia to give the glyoxamide 10.
Glyoxamide starting material compounds substituted at the 5 position of the indole nucleus with an (acidic group) may be prepared by methods and starting materials shown in schemes 2 and 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,326; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
IV. Methods of Using the Compounds of the Invention:
The indole compounds described herein are believed to achieve their beneficial therapeutic action principally by direct inhibition of mammalian (including human) sPLA2, and not by acting as antagonists for arachidonic acid, nor other active agents below arachidonic acid in the arachidonic acid cascade, such as 5-lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and etc.
The method of the invention for inhibiting sPLA2 mediated release of fatty acids comprises contacting mammalian sPLA2 with a therapeutically effective amount of indole compounds corresponding to Formulae (I) or (II) as described herein including salt or a prodrug derivative thereof.
Another aspect of this invention is a method for treating Inflammatory Diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pancreatitis, trauma, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and related diseases which comprises administering to a mammal (including a human) a therapeutically effective dose of the indole compound of the invention (see, formulae I and II).
As previously noted the compounds of this invention are useful for inhibiting sPLA2 mediated release of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. By the term, “inhibiting” is meant the prevention or therapeutically significant reduction in release of sPLA2 initiated fatty acids by the compounds of the invention. By “pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
The specific dose of a compound administered according to this invention to obtain therapeutic or prophylactic effects will, of course, be determined by the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including, for example, the compound administered, the route of administration and the condition being treated. Typical daily doses will contain a non-toxic dosage level of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg of body weight of an active compound of this invention.
Preferably compounds of the invention (per Formula I or II) or pharmaceutical formulations containing these compounds are in unit dosage form for administration to a mammal. The unit dosage form can be a capsule or tablet itself, or the appropriate number of any of these. The quantity of Active ingredient in a unit dose of composition may be varied or adjusted from about 0.1 to about 1000 milligrams or more according to the particular treatment involved. It may be appreciated that it may be necessary to make routine variations to the dosage depending on the age and condition of the patient. The dosage will also depend on the route of administration.
The compound can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, aerosol, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal.
Pharmaceutical formulations of the invention are prepared by combining (e.g., mixing) a therapeutically effective amount of the indole compound of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent therefor. The present pharmaceutical formulations are prepared by known procedures using well known and readily available ingredients.
In making the compositions of the present invention, the Active ingredient will usually be admixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which may be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semi-solid or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, or can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), or ointment, containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound. The compounds of the present invention are preferably formulated prior to administration.
For the pharmaceutical formulations any suitable carrier known in the art can be used. In such a formulation, the carrier may be a solid, liquid, or mixture of a solid and a liquid. For example, for intravenous injection the compounds of the invention may be dissolved in at a concentration of 2 mg/ml in a 4% dextrose/0.5% Na citrate aqueous solution. Solid form formulations include powders, tablets and capsules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilisers, suspending agents, binders, tablet disintegrating agents and encapsulating material.
Tablets for oral administration may contain suitable excipients such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate, together with disintegrating agents, such as maize, starch, or alginic acid, and/or binding agents, for example, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, or talc.
In powders the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in admixture with the finely divided Active ingredient. In tablets the Active ingredient is mixed with a carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets preferably contain from about 1 to about 99 weight percent of the Active ingredient which is the novel compound of this invention. Suitable solid carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, low melting waxes, and cocoa butter.
Sterile liquid form formulations include suspensions, emulsions, syrups and elixirs.
The Active ingredient can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as sterile water, sterile organic solvent or a mixture of both. The Active ingredient can often be dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, for instance aqueous propylene glycol. Other compositions can be made by dispersing the finely divided Active ingredient in aqueous starch or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution or in a suitable oil.
The following pharmaceutical formulations 1 thru 8 are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. “Active ingredient”, refers to a compound according to Formula (I) or (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof.
Formulation 1
Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:













Quantity



(mg/capsule)




















Active ingredient
250




Starch, dried
200



Magnesium stearate
10



Total
460
mg










Formulation 2
A tablet is prepared using the ingredients below:













Quantity



(mg/tablet)




















Active ingredient
250




Cellulose, microcrystalline
400



Silicon dioxide, fumed
10



Stearic acid
5



Total
665
mg










The components are blended and compressed to form tablets each weighing 665 mg

Formulation 3
An aerosol solution is prepared containing the following components:













Weight



















Active ingredient
0.25



Ethanol
25.75



Propellant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)
74.00



Total
100.00










The active compound is mixed with ethanol and the mixture added to a portion of the propellant 22, cooled to −30° C. and transferred to a filling device. The required amount is then fed to a stainless steel container and diluted with the remainder of the propellant. The valve units are then fitted to the container.
Formulation 4
Tablets, each containing 60 mg of Active ingredient, are made as follows:

















Active ingredient
60
mg



Starch
45
mg



Microcrystalline cellulose
35
mg



Polyvinylpyrrolidone (as 10% solution in water)
4
mg



Sodium carboxymethyl starch
4.5
mg



Magnesium stearate
0.5
mg



Talc
1
mg



Total
150
mg










The Active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The aqueous solution containing polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powder, and the mixture then is passed through a No. 14 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are dried at 50° C. and passed through a No. 18 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate and talc, previously passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 150 mg.
Formulation 5
Capsules, each containing 80 mg of Active ingredient, are made as follows:

















Active ingredient
80
mg



Starch
59
mg



Microcrystalline cellulose
59
mg



Magnesium stearate
2
mg



Total
200
mg










The Active ingredient, cellulose, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 200 mg quantities.
Formulation 6
Suppositories, each containing 225 mg of Active ingredient, are made as follows:

















Active ingredient
225
mg



Saturated fatty acid glycerides
2,000
mg



Total
2,225
mg










The Active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2 g capacity and allowed to cool.
Formulation 7
Suspensions, each containing 50 mg of Active ingredient per 5 ml dose, are made as follows:
















Active ingredient
50 mg



Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
50 mg



Syrup
1.25 ml



Benzoic acid solution
0.10 ml



Flavor
q.v.



Color
q.v.



Purified water to total
  5 ml










The Active ingredient is passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and syrup-to form a smooth paste. The benzoic acid solution, flavor and color are diluted with a portion of the water and added, with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.
Formulation 8
An intravenous formulation may be prepared as follows:

















Active ingredient
100
mg



Isotonic saline
1,000
ml










The solution of the above ingredients generally is administered intravenously to a subject at a rate of 1 ml per minute.

Assay
The following chromogenic assay procedure was used to identify and evaluate inhibitors of recombinant human secreted phospholipase A2. The assay described herein has been adapted for high volume screening using 96 well microtiter plates. A general description of this assay method is found in the article, “Analysis of Human Synovial Fluid Phospholipase A2 on Short Chain Phosphatidylcholine-Mixed Micelles: Development of a Spectrophotometric Assay Suitable for a Microtiterplate Reader”, by Laure J. Reynolds, Lori L. Hughes, and Edward A Dennis, Analytical Biochemistry, 204, pp. 190-197, 1992 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference):
Reagents:










REACTION BUFFER -


















CaCl2.2H2O
 (1.47 g/L)



KCl
(7.455 g/L)



Bovine Serum Albumin (fatty acid free)
   (1 g/L)



(Sigma A-7030, product of Sigma



Chemical Co., St. Louis MO, USA)



TRIS HCl
 (3.94 g/L)



pH 7.5
(adjust with NaOH)










Enzyme Buffer

    
    
        0.05 NaOAc.3H2O, pH 4.5
        0.2 NaCl
        Adjust pH to 4.5 with acetic acid
    
    


DTNB—5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic Acid
Racemic Diheptanoyl Thio—PC

    
    
        racemic 1,2-bis(heptanoylthio)-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
        TRITON X-100TM prepare at 6.249 mg/ml in reaction buffer to equal 10 uM.
    
    


Reaction Mixture
A measured volume of racemic dipheptanoyl thio PC supplied in chloroform at a concentration of 100 mg/ml is taken to dryness and redissolved in 10 millimolar
TRITON X-100TM nonionic detergent aqueous solution. Reaction Buffer is added to the solution, then DTNB to give the Reaction Mixture.
The reaction mixture thus obtained contains 1 mM diheptanoly thio-PC substrate, 0.29 mm Triton X-100TM detergent, and 0.12 mm DTMB in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 7.5.
Assay Procedure:


    1. Add 0.2 ml reaction mixture to all wells;
    2. Add 10 ul test compound (or solvent blank) to appropriate wells, mix 20 seconds;
    3. Add 50 nanograms of sPLA2 (10 microliters) to appropriate wells;
    4. Incubate plate at 40° C. for 30 minutes;
    5. Read absorbance of wells at 405 nanometers with an automatic plate reader.


All compounds were tested in triplicate. Typically, compounds were tested at a final concentration of 5 ug/ml. Compounds were considered active when they exhibited 40% inhibition or greater compared to uninhibited control reactions when measured at 405 nanometers. Lack of color development at 405 nanometers evidenced inhibition. Compounds initially found to be active were reassayed to confirm their activity and, if sufficiently active, IC50 values were determined. Typically, the IC50 values (see, Table I, below) were determined by diluting test compound serially two-fold such that the final concentration in the reaction ranged from 45 ug/mL to 0.35 ug/ml. More potent inhibitors required significantly greater dilution. In all cases, % inhibition measured at 405 nanometers generated by enzyme reactions containing inhibitors relative to the uninhibited control reactions was determined. Each sample was titrated in triplicate and result values were averaged for plotting and calculation of IC50 values. IC50 were determined by plotting log concentration versus inhibition values in the range from 10-90% inhibition.
Results of Human Secreted Phospholipase A2 Inhibition Tests










TABLE 







Compound No.
Inhibition of human secreted



from
PLA2 IC50 ± mean deviation



Examples 1-16
(3-6 tests) (nM)









1 (SM)
49



2Aa
18.7 +− 3  



2Ab
36.3 +− 10 



2Ac
108 +− 25



2Ad
 20 +− 10



2Ae
63.7 +− 6.0



2Af
37.3 +− 4.0



2Ag
39.5 +− 5.0



2Ah
 51.8 +− 10.0



2Ai
24.7 +− 7.0



2Aj
24.3 +− 2.0



2Ak
15.0 +− 3.0



2Al
 9.0 +− 2.0



2Am
 37.3 +− 13.0



2An
25.3 +− 5.0



2Ba
23.3 +− 3.0



2Bb
22.2 +− 3.0










The compound of formula 1 (starting material) is highly active in inhibiting sPLA2 and is included in the table above, for purposes of comparison only.
While the present invention has been illustrated above by certain specific embodiments, it is not intended that these specific examples should limit the scope of the invention as described in the appended claims.
Experimental
All of the products of the Examples described below as well as intermediates used in the following procedures showed satisfactory nmr and IR spectra. They also had the correct mass spectral values.
Preparation 1
Preparation of [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid methyl ester, a compound represented by the compound of formula (1) formula: 




A) Preparation of 2-Ethyl-4-methoxy-1H-indole.
A solution of 140 mL (0.18 mol) of 1.3M sec-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was added slowly to N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-methoxy-2-methylaniline (21.3 g, 0.09 mol) in 250 mL of THF keeping the temperature below −40° C. with a dry ice-ethanol bath. The bath was removed and the temperature allowed to warm to 0° C. and then the bath replaced. After the temperature had cooled to −60° C., 18.5 g (0.18 mol) of N-methoxy-N-methylpropanamide in an equal volume of THF was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred 5 minutes, the cooling bath removed and stirred an additional 18 hours. It was then poured into a mixture of 300 mL of ether and 400 mL of 0.5N HCl. The organic layer was separated, washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated at reduced pressure to give 25.5 g of a crude of 1-[2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl]-2-butanone. This material was dissolved in 250 mL of methylene chloride and 50 mL of trifluoroacetic acid and stirred for a total of 17 hours. The mixture was concentrated at reduced pressure and ethyl acetate and water added to the remaining oil. The ethyl acetate was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed three times on silica eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give 13.9 g of 2-ethyl-4-methoxy-1H-indole.










Analyses for C11H13NO:


















Calculated:
C, 75.40; H, 7.48; N, 7.99



Found:
C, 74.41; H, 7.64; N, 7.97.










Preparation of 2-Ethyl-4-methoxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole.

2-Ethyl-4-methoxy-1H-indole (4.2 g, 24 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL of DMF and 960 mg (24 mmol) of 60% NaH/minerial oil was added. After 1.5 hours, 2.9 mL (24 mmol) of benzyl bromide was added. After 4 hours, the mixture was diluted with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate was washed with brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated at reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give 3.1 g (49% yield) of 2-ethyl-4-methoxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole.
Preparation of 2-Ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole.
3.1 g (11.7 mmol) of 2-ethyl-4-methoxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole was O-demethylated by treating it with 48.6 mL of 1M BBr3 in methylene chloride with stirring at room temperature for 5 hours, followed by concentration at reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with brine and dried (MgSO4). After concentrating at reduced pressure, the residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane to give 1.58 g (54% yield) of 2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole, mp, 86-90° C.










Analyses for C17H17NO:


















Calculated:
C, 81.24; H, 6.82; N, 5.57



Found:
C, 81.08; H, 6.92; N, 5.41.










Preparation of [[2-Ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic Acid Methyl Ester.
2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indole (1.56 g, 6.2 mmol) was added to a mixture of 248 mg (6.2 mmol) of 60% NaH/mineral oil in 20 mL DMF and stirred for 0.67 hour.
Then 0.6 mL (6.2 mmol) of methyl bromoacetate was added and stirring was continued for 17 hours. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated at reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane, to give 1.37 g (69% yield) of [[2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid methyl ester, 89-92° C.










Analyses for C20H21NO3:


















Calculated:
C, 74.28; H, 6.55; N, 4.33



Found:
C, 74.03; H, 6.49; N, 4.60.










Preparation of [[3-(2-Amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid methyl ester.
Oxalyl chloride (0.4 mL, 4.2 mmol) was added to 1.36 g (4.2 mmol) of [[2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid methyl ester in 10 mL of methylene chloride and the mixture stirred for 1.5 hours. The mixture was concentrated at reduced pressure and residue taken up in 10 mL of methylene chloride. Anhydrous ammonia was bubbled in for 0.25 hours, the mixture stirred for 1.5 hours and evaporated at reduced pressure. The residue was stirred with 20 mL of ethyl acetate and the mixture filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give 1.37 g of a mixture of [[3-(2-amino-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]acetic acid methyl ester and ammonium chloride. This mixture melted at 172-187° C.


EXAMPLE 1
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)acetamide





To a stirred suspension of 1A (0.100 g, 0.263 mmol) anhydrous DMF (1 mL) at ambient temperature was added collidine (0.0331 mL, 0.273 mmol), O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine (0.0366 g, 0.249 mmol), and benzotriazol-1-yloxytris-(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.115 g, 0.261 mmol) sequentially. After 2 h the reaction mixture was diluted with xylenes (15 mL). After sitting for two hours the silyl group was removed and a light yellow precipitate formed. To the suspension was added THF (3 mL), then it was sonicated and filtered. The precipitate was taken up in THF/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) and sonicated. To this was added Et2O (5 mL) and it was again sonicated, then filtered and washed with cold THF to give 2Aa (60.1 mg) as a pale yellow solid in 61% yield. 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.04 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.89 (br q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (s, 2H), 4.56 (br s, 2H), 6.55 (br d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98-7.08 (m, 4H), 7.19-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 10.43 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 396 (M++1).
EXAMPLE 2
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyloxy)acetamide





N-Methylmorpholine (0.100 mL, 0.910 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 1A (0.100 g, 0.263 mmol) and methoxyamine hydrochloride (0.0242 g, 0.289 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (2 mL) at ambient temperature to form a clear solution. Powdered benzotriazol-1-yloxytris-(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.140 g, 0.315 mmol) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo at 37° C. to a 1 mL solution before it was subject to chromatography on silica gel (gradient 0-4% CH3OH in CH2Cl2) to provide 2Ab (105 mg) as a yellow solid in 98% yield. mp 228° C. (dec.); IR(KBr) 3422, 3188, 1694, 1678, 1629 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.04 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 2.91 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 6.56-6.59 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.09 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 11.07 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 410 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C22H23N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 64.54; H, 5.66; N, 10.26.



Found:
C, 64.22; H, 5.70; N, 10.38.










EXAMPLE 3
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(methyloxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Ac was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 83% yield, from 1A and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 168.0-170.0° C.; IR(KBr) 3442, 3225, 1701, 1662, 1630, 1601 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.04 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 2.84 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H), 6.44-6.47 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.04 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 424 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C23H25N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 65.24; H, 5.95; N, 9.92.



Found:
C, 65.02; H, 5.77; N, 9.92.










EXAMPLE 4
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)-N-(methyl)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Ad was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 30% yield, from IA and N-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 217° C. (dec.); IR(KBr) 3401, 3173, 1698, 1676, 1641 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.04 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.86 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 6.97-7.03 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 410 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C22H23N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 64.54; H, 5.66; N, 10.26.



Found:
C, 64.25; H, 5.63; N, 10.17.










EXAMPLE 5
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(ethyloxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Ae was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 91% yield, from 2Ae and O-ethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 176.0-178.0° C.; IR(KBr) 3414, 3157, 1691, 1677, 1623 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 0.97-1.21 (m, 6H), 2.90 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 6.54-6.58 (m, 1H), 6.97-7.09 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 10.93 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 424 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C23H25N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 65.24; H, 5.95; N, 9.92.



Found:
C, 65.03; H, 6.18; N, 9.78.










EXAMPLE 6
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(2-propenyloxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Af was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 91% yield, from 1A and O-(allyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 175.0-177.0° C.; IR(KBr) 3360, 1680, 1642 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.04 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.90 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 5.06-5.16 (m, 2H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 5.75-5.85 (m, 1H), 6.54-6.57 (m, 1H), 6.97-7.09 (m, 4H), 7.18-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 11.01 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 436 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C24H25N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 66.19; H, 5.79; N, 9.65.



Found:
C, 65.98; H, 5.78; N, 9.70.










EXAMPLE 7
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)-N-(2-propyl)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Ag was synthesized, as a white solid in 63% yield, from 1A and N-(2-propyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 202° C. (dec.); IR(CHCl3) 3500, 3400, 1700, 1645 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 0.93 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 6H), 1.03 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.86 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.12-3.17 (m, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 5.49 (s, 2H), 6.50-6.53 (m, 1H), 6.97-7.08 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.34 (m, 4H), 7.70-7.75 (m, 2H); ESIMS m/e 438 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C24H27N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 65.89; H, 6.22; N, 9.60.



Found:
C, 65.95; H, 6.20; N, 9.56.










EXAMPLE 8
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(tert-butyloxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Ah was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 78% yield, from 1A and O-(tert-butyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 203.0-205.0° C.; IR(KBr) 3400, 1691, 1646 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 0.93 (s, 9H), 1.04 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 2.89 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 6.54-6.59 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.95 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 10.35 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 452(M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C25H29N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 66.50; H, 6.47; N, 9.31.



Found:
C, 66.41; H, 6.56; N, 9.62.










EXAMPLE 9
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-[2-(methyl)propyloxy]acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Ai was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 65% yield, from 1A and O-(iso-butyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride. 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 0.75 (s, 3H), 0.77 (s, 3H), 1.04 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.45 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.04-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 10.93 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 452 (M++1).
EXAMPLE 10
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(phenylmethyloxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Aj was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 90% yield, from 1A and O-benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 167.0-169.0° C.; IR(KBr) 3400, 3168, 1681, 1643 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.04 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 2.91 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 5.52 (s, 2H), 6.54-6.57 (m, 1H), 6.99-7.10 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 8H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 11.12 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 486 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C28H27N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 69.26; H, 5.61; N, 8.65.



Found:
C, 69.12; H, 5.54; N, 8.75.










EXAMPLE 11
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(phenylmethyloxy)acetamide





Methyl iodide (0.116 mL, 218 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of 2Aj (101 mg, 0.208 mmol) and K2CO3 (57.5 mg, 0.416 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (2 mL) at ambient temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant mixture was stirred for 4 h. DMF was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was subject to chromatography on silica [gradient 0-50% EtOAc/CH2Cl2, then 3% CH3OH in EtOAc/CH2Cl2 (1/1)] to provide 2Ak (85.0 mg) as a solid in 82% yield. mp 186.5-188.5° C.; IR(CHCl3) 3500, 3400, 1698, 1645 cm−1; 1H NMR(CDCl3) δ 1.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 2.94 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 4.78 (s, 2H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 5.40 (br s, 1H), 6.26-6.30 (m, 1H), 6.45 (br s, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.96-7.04 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.40 (br s, 5H); ESIMS m/e 500 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C29H29N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 69.72; H, 5.85; N, 8.41.



Found:
C, 69.80; H, 5.98; N, 8.32.










EXAMPLE 12
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(phenyloxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2Al was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 80% yield, from 1A and O-phenylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 205° C. (dec.); IR(KBr) 3500, 3400, 1690, 1675, 1645 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 1.03 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.91 (br q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 5.53 (s, 2H), 6.69-7.02 (m, 6H), 7.12-7.30 (m, 7H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 11.75 (s, 1H); ESIMS m/e 472 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C27H25N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 68.78; H, 5.34; N, 8.91.



Found:
C, 68.97; H, 5.29; N, 9.02.










EXAMPLE 13
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(phenyloxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 11, compound 2Am was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 76% yield, from 2Al. mp 146.0-147.5° C.; 1H NMR(CDCl3) δ 1.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 2.93 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 5.50 (br s, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (br s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.18 (m, 6H), 7.24-7.40 (m, 5H); ESIMS m/e 486 (M++1)
EXAMPLE 14
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(cyclohexyl)-N-(hydroxy)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in the Example 2, compound 2An was synthesized, as a yellow solid in 74% yield, from 1A and N-cyclohexylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. mp 210° C. (dec.); IR(CHCl3) 3500, 3400, 1700, 1644 cm−1; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 0.97-1.20 (m, 4H), 1.06 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.50-1.71 (m, 6H), 2.80-2.91 (m, 3H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 5.51 (s, 2H), 6.53 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.10 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H); ESIMS m/e 478 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C27H31N3O5:


















Calculated:
C, 67.91; H, 6.54; N, 8.80.



Found:
C, 67.72; H, 6.63; N, 8.95.










EXAMPLE 15
2-[[3-(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylnmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)acetamide





Following the experimental procedure as described in Example 1, 2Ba was obtained as a white solid in 64% yield. mp 187-189° C.; 1H NMR(DMSO-d6) δ 10.98 (s, 1H), 8.96 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.20 (m, 3H), 6.91 (m, 5H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.73 (m, 2H), 0.99 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ESIMS m/e 382 (M++1).










Elemental Analyses for C21H23N3O4.0.25(H2O):


















Calculated:
C, 65.36; H, 6.14; N, 10.89.



Found:
C, 65.37; H, 6.27; N, 10.90.










EXAMPLE 16
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)-N-(phenylmethyl)acetamide





Following the procedure as described in Example 2, compound 2Bb was synthesized from 1A and N-phenylhydroxylamine hydrochloride.

## Claims

1. An indole compound represented by the formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug thereof; 




wherein
R1 is (c) wherein; 
(c) is the group -(L1)-R11; where, -(L1)- is an alkylene chain of 1 to 8 carbon atoms and where R11 is —(CH2)m—R12; wherein m is an integer from 1 to 6; and R12 is the group represented by the formula: 






where n is an integer from 0 to 2 and p is an integer from 0 to 5; and R13 is selected from C1 to C8 alkyl:
R2 is hydrogen, or C1-C4 alkyl;
R3 is -(L3)-Z, where -(L3)- is a bond and Z is a group represented by the formulae, 





wherein, X is oxygen; and Ra is selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, aryl, C1-C8 alkaryl, C1-C8 alkoxy, aralkyl and —CN;
R4 is the group, -(Lh)-(hydroxyfunctional amide); wherein -(Lh)-, is represented by the formula 




O2 is O; 
R40 is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C8 alkyl; 
(Hydroxyfunctional amide) is the group 




wherein R4a is OH; 
R4b is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C8 alkyl; 
R5 is hydrogen; and 
R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, and C2-C6 alkynyl.

2. The compound of claim 1 wherein the hydroxyfunctional amide linker group, -(Lh)-, for R4 is a divalent group selected from,

3. The compound of claim 1 wherein R4 is the group, (Lh)-(hydroxyfunctional amide group) and wherein the (hydroxyfunctional amide group) is: 




and R4a is independently selected from the group consisting of OH; and
wherein R4b is (C1-C6)alkyl.

4. A compound selected from the group of:
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(methyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)-N-(methyl)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(ethyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(2-propenyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)-N-(2-propyl)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(tert-butyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-[2-(methyl)propyloxy]acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(phenylmethyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(phenylmethyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(phenyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(methyl)-N-(phenyloxy)acetamide; 
2-[[3-(Aminooxoacetyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(cyclohexyl)-N-(hydroxy)acetamide; and 
2-[[3-(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)-2-ethyl-1-(phenylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]oxy]-N-(hydroxy)acetamide.

5. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a indole compound as claimed in claim 1 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent therefor.

6. A pharmaceutical formulation containing an effective amount of the compound of claim 1 useful for the treatment and/or amelioration of Inflammatory Diseases.