3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 82 

# 3 Implementation Measures for Reducing Pollutant 1 

# Concentrations with Source Controls and Treatment 2

3 

### The implementation measure is:

Reduce Pollutant Concentrations pollutant concentrations by implementing source control 4



### measures controls and by treatment practices as necessary to meet wa ter quality goals

. 5 

### Stormwater quantity control, along with source and pollution prevention controls, has been 6 

### determined to be the most reliable means of achievi ng pollutant reduction and mitigating the 7 

### many adverse environmental effects of excess urban stormwater runoff (NRC 2008). Many 8 

### issues arise in the decision-making process of sele cting stormwater controls. This section 9 

### addresses some of those considerations related to s ource-control practice selection and 10 

### stormwater treatment technologies. 11



### This document does not address flood-control consid erations. However, note that volume control 12 

### practices can contribute to flood protection by inf iltrating, evapotranspiring, and reusing 13 

### precipitation that would otherwise contribute to fl oods. Although volume control is the most 14 

### important tool to reduce the loadings of urban runo ff pollutants to the Chesapeake Bay, some 15 

### significant sources of pollutants are likely to req uire source control or treatment. They can 16 

### include areas with vehicles or other urban/commerci al/industrial activity. 17



### A primary consideration in selecting stormwater man agement practices is the regulatory policy 18 

### for the site and practice. Local, state, and federa l regulations and policies apply, and managers 19 

### should research these before site design and practi ce selection. Addition general information on 20 

### how to choose among the many available stormwater r unoff control practices is provided in 21 

### Decentralized Stormwater Controls for Urban Retrofi t and Combined Sewer Overflow Reduction 22 

### (WERF 2005). 23



### Source Control/Pollution Prevention 24


### Implementation Measures:

• Identify the pollutants of concern (POCs) to help t arget the selection of pollution prevention/source control that are most appropriate , for example, nutrients and sediment

• Implement pollution prevention/source control pract ices, i.e. nonstructural, programmatic efforts as basic, routine land management practices to target specific pollutants

• Require source controls on

• New and redevelopment site plans for commercial/ind ustrial facilities

• Commercial industrial facilities through developmen t of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)

• Municipal facilities through development of SWPPPs

• Develop and implement ongoing outreach programs aim ed at behavior change to prevent pollution and control it at its source. Methods for impact and effectiveness evaluation should be incorporated into these outreach and educ ation programs.

• Implement residential downspout disconnection progr am3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 83 

### • Conduct inspections of commercial/industrial facili ties to provide compliance assistance or to ensure implementation of controls

Runoff Treatment 1



### Implementation Measures:

• Identify the pollutants of concern (POCs) to help t arget the section of treatment approaches that are most appropriate

• Select treatment practices based on applicability t o the POCs

• Use practices to reduce of runoff volume as the pre ferred and most reliable approach to reducing pollutant loading to receiving waters

• Use treatment practices as needed if reduction of r unoff is not feasible

• Base the selection of treatment practice on

– treatment effectiveness for the POC to ensure disch arge quality

– long-term maintenance considerations to ensure cont inued adequate maintenance and recognition of life-cycle costs

– site limitations to ensure appropriateness of pract ice to the site

– aesthetics and safety to ensure public acceptance

2



## 3.1 Source Control/Pollution Prevention 3



## 3.1.1 Identify Pollutants of Concern 4



### This document does not address f lood

- control considerations. However, note that volume control 5 

### practices can contribute to flood protection by infiltrating, evapotranspiring , and reusing 6 

### precipitation that would otherwise contribute to fl oods

. A lthough volume control is the most 7 

### important tool to reduce the loadings of pollutant to the Chesapeake Ba y, some significant 8 

### sources of pollutants are likely to require source control or treatment. The y can include areas 9 

### with vehicles or other urban/commercial/ industrial activity. 10



### A primary consideration in selectin g stormwater management practices is the re gulatory policy 11 

### for the site and practice. Local, state, and federa l regulations and policies apply

, and managers 12 

### should research these before site design and practice selection

. 13



### The recommended approaches for selecting stormwater source control practices and treatment 14 

### technologies for water quality protection include the following : 15


### Identify the p ollutants of concern (POC s ). Identifying the POCs helps target the selection 16 

### of pollution prevention/ source control or treatment practices that m ight be most 17


### appro priate. 18 

### Implement p ollution prevention/source control practices

. Many nonstructural, 19 

### programmatic efforts implemented as basic land mana gement practices

— as pollution 203/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 84 

### prevention and source reduction practices exist that are used routinely and cost

1 

### effectiv ely to target specific pollutants. 2 

### Implement t reatment p ractices

. Volume control is the most reliable method to redu ce 3 

### pollutant loadings from urban runoff. However, treatment of runoff m ight be necessary 4 

### f

or storm events larger than small LID design storm s or for areas where LID practices are 5 

### not appropriate ( such as where LID practices on site are not technically fea sible , such as 6 

### high groundwater tables )

. 7



### • Consider long

- term maintenance. This is a critical factor in runoff control selecti on, 8 

### encompassing many considerations including ( 1) the increased likelihood that practices 9 

### will be properly maintained if the practice is visible rather than out of sight ( e.g., 10 

### underground or behind a building ); ( 2) the likelihood that long

- term maintenance can be 11 

### ensured ; ( 3) the potential to minimize long

- term maintenance needs through selection of 12 

### appropriate practices and ( 4) the level of skill that will be required of a maintenance 13 

### technician

. 14 

### Address p hysical s ite l imitations

. These can include lack of adequate space to install 15 

### infiltration practices or evapotranspiration practices, presence of contaminated soils, 16 

### proximity to building foundations, or many other fa ctors. 17


### Address a esthetics and s afety

. Nuisance vectors, aesthetics, and safety concerns r equire 18 

### addressin g for community acceptance. 19 

### Addition general information on how to choose among the many available stormwater runoff 20 

### control practices is provided in Decentralized Stormwater Controls for Urban Retrofi t and 21 

### Combined Sewer Overflow Reduction (WERF 2005 )

. 22



## 3. 1 Identify Pollutants of Concern 23


### Regulatory and Policy Drivers. POCs can be regulated by federal, state, or local requirements 24 

### and policies. Examples of the types of regulations or issues that can result in specific types of 25 

### pollutants being identified for reduction include t he following: 26



### • The Chesapeake Bay Executive Order, which specifies that nitrogen (N) , phosphorus (P)

, 27 

### and sediment are POCs that must be controlled to su ccessfully protect and restore the 28 

### Chesapeake Bay 29



### • Narrative and numeric water quality standards at th e federal, state, or local level 30



### • Specific NPDES permit limitations for MS4s, constru ction activities, or industrial activities 31



### • The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) makes available to the public annually-collected 32 

### data on storage, release and transfer of certain to xic chemicals from industrial facilities. 33 

### Required under Emergency Planning and Community Rig ht-to-Know Act (EPCRA) its 34 

### primary purpose is to inform communities and citize ns of chemical hazards in their areas. 35



### • TMDL requirements under the Clean Water Act section 303(d) for water quality limited 36 

### segments ( www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl ) 37



### • States and local governments can develop watershed pollutant reduction goals, such as 38 

### the Virginia Tributary Strategies 39 

### ( www.naturalresources.virginia.gov/Initiatives/Water Quality ) 403/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 85 

### Predominant Land Uses. Specific land uses also contribute to the loading o f certain pollutants 1 

### that have been well-established in the literature. Land use type is one predictive indicator for the 2 

### type of pollutants and typical pollutant loading th at would be discharged during storm events. 3 

### POCs and typical loadings from various land use typ es can be assumed using modeled data in the 4 

### literature, such as from the 1983 Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) (see Table 3-27), 5 

### or more recent sources. Models that can be used to estimate loading from land use types are 6 

### provided in this document ’s appendix 1 of this chapter

. 7

Table 3-27. Median stormwater pollutant concentrati ons from NURP study by land use 8

Residential Mixed Commercial Open space/ non-urban
Pollutant Units Median CV Median CV Median CV Median CV BOD mg/L 10 0.41 7.8 0.5 9.3 0.31 -- -- COD mg/L 73 0.55 65 0.58 57 0.39 40 0.78 TSS mg/L 101 0.96 67 1.14 69 0.85 70 2.92 Total Pb μg/L 144 0.75 114 1.35 104 0.68 30 1.52 Total Cu μg/L 33 0.99 27 1.32 29 0.81 -- -- Total Zn μg/L 135 0.84 154 0.78 226 1.07 195 0.66 TKN μg/L 1,900 0.73 1,288 0.5 1,179 0.43 965 1 Nitrate + Nitrite μg/L 736 0.83 558 0.67 572 0.48 543 0.91 Total Pb μg/L 383 0.69 263 0.75 201 0.67 121 1.66 Soluble P μg/L 143 0.46 56 0.75 80 0.71 26 2.11
Source: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (USEPA 1983 ) CV = Coefficient of variation = standard deviation/ mean Source: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (USEPA 1983 )


### More recent quantification of urban pollutants is s ummarized in the National Stormwater Quality 9 

### Database (Pitt et al. 2004). Table 3-28 include excerpts fro m the summary report to highlight 10 

### pollutant concentrations from typical urban land us es. 11

Table 3-28. Median concentration of typical stormwa ter pollutants from urban land uses 12

Land use TDS (mg/L) TSS

(mg/L) BOD 5

(mg/L) COD

(mg/L) NH 3

(mg/L) N0 2 +NO

3 (mg/L) Total

Kjeldahl nitrogen (mg/L) TP

Phos p horus
, total (mg/L)
Residential 72 49 9 55 0.32 0.6 1.4 0.3

Mixed Residential 86 68 7.6 42 0.39 0.6 1.35 0.27
Commercial 74 42 11 60 0.5 0.6 1.6 0.22
Mixed Commercial 70 54 9.25 60 0.6 0.58 1.39 0.26

Industrial 92 78 9 60 0.5 0.73 1.4 0.26

Mixed Industrial 80 82 7.2 40.4 0.43 0.57 1 0.2

Institutional 52.5 17 8.5 50 0.31 0.6 1.35 0.18 Freeways 77.5 99 8 100 1.07 0.28 2 0.25 Mixed Freeways 174 81 7.4 48

-- — 0.6 1.6 0.263/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 86 Land use TDS (mg/L) TSS

(mg/L) BOD 5

(mg/L) COD

(mg/L) NH 3

(mg/L) N0 2 +NO

3 (mg/L) Total

Kjeldahl nitrogen (mg/L) TP

Phos p horus
, total (mg/L) Open Space 125 48.5 5.4 42.1 0.18 0.59 0.74 0.31 Mixed Open Space 109 83.5 6 34 0.51 0.7 1.12 0.27

Source: Pitt et al. , R., A. Maestre, and R. Morquecho. 2004 . The National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD, version 1.1). University of Alabama, Department of Civil a nd Environmental Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL. http://rpitt.eng.ua.edu/Research/ms4/Paper/Mainms4p aper.html . Updated February 16 , 2004. Accessed February 3, 2010.

Table 3-29. Median concentration of typical stormwa ter pollutants from urban land uses 1

Land use Oil and grease (mg/L) Fecal

coliform (mpn/ 100 mL) As,

total (ug/L) Cd,

total (ug/L) Cr,

total (ug/L) Cu,

total (ug/L) Pb,

total (ug/L) Ni,

total (ug/L) Zn,

total (ug/L)
Residential 3.9 8,345 3 0.5 4.6 12 12 5.4 73

Mixed Residential 4.4 11,000 3 0.8 7 17 18 7.9 99.5

Commercial 4.7 4,300 2.4 0.89 6 17 18 7 150

Mixed Commercial 5 4,980 2 0.9 5 17 17 5 135

Industrial 5 2,500 4 2 14 22 25 16 210

Mixed Industrial 4.75 3,033 3 1.6 8 18 20 9 160

Institutional

-- — -- — -- — -- — -- — -- — 5.75

-- — 305
Freeways 8 1,700 2.4 1 8.3 34.7 25 9 200

Mixed Freeways 4 730 3 0.5 6 8.5 10

-- — 90

Open Space 1.3 7,200 4 0.38 5.4 10 10

-- — 40 Mixed Open Space 6 2,600 3 2 6 10 10 8 88

Source: Pitt et al. , R., A. Maestre, and R. Morquecho. 2004 . The National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD, version 1.1). University of Alabama, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tuscal oosa, AL. http://rpitt.eng.ua.edu/Research/ms4/Paper/Mainms4p aper.html . Updated February 16, 2004. Accessed February 3, 2010.


### Other sources of information on the types and conce ntrations of pollutants associated with land 2 

### use types are provided in Table 3-30. 3

Table 3-30. Sources of information on typical pollu tants by land use type 4
Reference Information provided Infiltration vs. Surface Water Discharge: Guidance for Stormwater Managers, Final Report. 03-SW-4, Water Environment Research Federation (WERF 2006) Appendix A. Assessment of Existing Watershed Conditions: Source of Stormwater Pollutants

Maestre, A., R. Pitt. The National Stormwater Quality Database, Version 1.1, A Compilation and Selected information from monitoring conducted for the NPDES Phase 1 stormwater program, from3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 87 Reference Information provided Analysis of NPDES Stormwater Monitoring Information. Center for Watershed Protection, and EPA. 2005 Simple and Complex Stormwater Pollutant Load Models Compared

, (Ohrel 2000) www.stormwatercenter.net/Library/Practice/13.pdf applications and subsequent monitoring, from 1992 to 2002. Approximately 3,765 events from 360 sites in 65 communities is included. A discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of different types of models to estimate pollutant loads



### Sources: R. Ohrel. 2000. Simple and Complex Stormwater Pollutant Load Models Compared. 1 

### Article 13 in The Practice of Watershed Protection . Editors Thomas R. Schueler and Heather K. 2 

### Holland. Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, MD. 3



### Watershed reconnaissance can be used to identify de veloped sites that might be hotspots of 4 

### pollutants. Certain types of land uses, particularl y industrial and commercial properties, can be 5 

### significant sources of POCs that warrant source con trol and treatment control practices. 6 

### Managers should evaluate such land use types to ide ntify possible pollutant sources and 7 

### determine their relative risk to water quality. Tho se reconnaissance efforts can help a 8 

### municipality determine 9



### • Which land use(s) and activities are most common in the watershed 10



### • What land uses(s) are expected to change in watersh ed 11



### • The pollutants that would likely dominate in stormw ater runoff 12



### • Any hotspot areas for the contamination 13



### The identified pollutants are of concern regardless of whether they are impairing receiving 14


### streams. 15



### Managers should review monitoring data from the wat ershed for the historical period of record to 16 

### ascertain water quality characteristics and POCs. T hey should review water quality data for 17 

### POCs to determine information regarding the form of the pollutant, such as 18



### • Particle-size distribution 19



### • Pollutant partitioning or fractionation 20



### • Pollutant speciation, which affects bioavailability , toxicity, and treatability 21



### • Whether the pollutant is exhibited during the first flush (WERF 2005) 22



### That information should be used to determine which treatment unit processes or operations 23 

### would be most appropriate if source controls are ad equate. 24



### Protecting existing uses, in addition to restoring impaired uses, is a critically important goal for 25 

### restoring any waterbody. Areas of the watershed tha t are of high- quality and should be protected 26 

### from degradation should also be identified. Table 3 -31 provides resources for conducting 27 

### watershed assessments to identify pollutant sources and to identify areas for additional protections. 28

Table 3-31. Sources of information on conducting wa tershed assessments 29
Reference Information provided National Management Measures to Control Non-point Source Pollution from Urban Areas, EPAWatershed assessment practices include examples of programs, methods to characterize watershed conditions and to establish indicators3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 88 841-B-05-004, USEPA 2005 Healthy Watersheds Initiative, www.epa.gov/healthywatersheds Information on Healthy Watersheds, including - Approaches and benefits of conserving and protect ing healthy watersheds - A systems approach to watershed assessment - Current assessment approaches being used by regio ns, states, and communities - Conservation Approaches & Tools - Outreach Tools - Links to projects at the national, regional, stat e, and local scales
1 

### A review of results of industrial/commercial facili ty inspections can indicate whether these types 2 

### of properties are likely to become hotspots for pol lutants. Additionally, managers can review 3 

### reports of illicit discharges, illegal connections, and illegal dumping to determine if there are 4 

### patterns in discharges that might not be predicted by land use alone, which would indicate a need 5 

### for additional outreach and education or enforcemen t activity. Information from past inspections 6 

### and investigations can also help to identify areas with legacy pollutants (spills, dumping, and so 7 

### on) that need to be addressed before certain types of infiltration practices could be used. Also, 8 

### managers can evaluate local planning documents to i dentify potential future land uses that might 9 

### become sources of pollutants. 10



### A generalized approach for a site assessment is to 11


### 1. Identify potential sources 12



### • By type—commercial, industrial, transportation 13



### • By risk—of spills, leaks, illicit discharges 14



### • By using existing commercial/industrial databases, phone books, land use and zoning 15 

### maps, field investigations, permit applications 16



### 2. Prioritize using 17



### • POCs 18



### • Spill or discharge potential 19



### • Sensitivity of watershed 20



### • Past operation experience 21



### 3. Generate a list of potential hotspot areas prior itized according to the magnitude and 22 

### severity of risk 23 

### 4. Inspect and follow-up for implementation of corr ective measures 24



### References for conducting site assessments are prov ided in Table 3-32. 25

Table 3-32. Resources for conducting site assessmen ts and implementing P2 BMPs 26
Reference Information provided
Urban Subwatershed and Site Reconnaissance Users Guide. Manual 11 (Wright et al. 2005) www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/ USRM/USRM11_Appendix_C.doc Includes a Hotspot Site Investigation (HSI) procedure, which quantifies a facility’s impact and identifies possible BMPs needed. An inspection form is used characterize the site, quantify impacts, an d3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 89 Reference Information provided identify BMPs.
Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual No. 9: Municipal Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping Practices (Novotney et al. 2008) www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/ municipal/USRM9.pdf Guidance on how to improve ten key areas: municipal hotspots, municipal construction, road maintenance, street sweeping, storm drain cleanouts, stormwater hotlines, landscaping and par k maintenance, residential stewardship, stormwater maintenance, and employee training
Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual No. 8: Pollution Source Control Practices (Schueler et al. 2005) www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/ USRM/ELC_USRM8v2sls.pdf Includes methods to assess subwatershed pollution sources, more than 100 regulatory and incentive options, 21 specific stewardship practices for residential neighborhoods, and 15 pollution prevention techniques for control of stormwater hotspots California Stormwater Best Management Practice Handbooks

(CASQA 2004) www.cabmphandbooks.com/industrial.asp Guidance on preparing stormwater pollution prevention plans, fact sheets for a variety of sour ce and treatment control BMPs, and information on monitoring, reporting, and evaluation

EPA’s Menu of BMPs www.epa.gov/npdes/menuofbmps Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping for Municipal Operations BMP Fact Sheets



### Aesthetic Issues. Finally, water quality issues that are important to the community should help to 1 

### determine POCs. For example, if a pond in a public park is being filled with sediment because of 2 

### upstream construction or algae growth is excessive, sediment and nutrients are POCs for that 3 

### pond’s subwatershed. 4



## 3. 1. 2 Implement Pollution-Prevention and Source-Reducti on Practices and 5 

## Policies 6


### Managers should review local regulations, standards , and policies, as well as the ongoing 7 

### pollution-prevention programs, to determine how the y can be improved. Identify regulations, 8 

### incentives or a combination of both that would be m ost appropriate to address the POC through 9 

### source reduction or treatment. Evaluate the polluti on prevention/source control program to 10 

### ensure that it is using the most recent approaches and is being effectively implemented. 11



### The following are examples of types of regulations and incentive programs to be considered for 12 

### POCs: 13



### Nutrients 14



### • Fertilizer ban/limitations on use (refer to the tur f section of this chapter) 15



### • Phosphate ban (e.g., laundry detergent phosphate ba ns in Virginia (1988), Maryland 16 

### (1985), District of Columbia (1986), and Pennsylvan ia (1990)) 17



### • Free yard care consultations/soil testing (e.g., se rvices offered by cooperative extension 18 

### agencies) 19



### Pesticides 20



### • Inspections of commercial/industrial storage and ap plication procedures (e.g., as part of 21 

### NPDES industrial facility inspections) 223/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 90 

### • Integrated Pest Management (IPM) incentives 1



### • Example resources: Urban Pesticide Pollution Preven tion (UP3) Project, 2 

### www.up3project.org 3



### Trash, Oil & Grease, Pathogens 4



### • Stormwater ordinance that addresses trash, commerci al loading areas, and such 5



### • Fats, oils, grease program (e.g., JEA FOG program i n Jacksonville, Florida) 6



### • Pet waste ordinance (e.g., Virginia Beach Ordinance #1237, 7 

### www.vbgov.com/file_source/dept/planning/Document/Ly nnhavenFecalReport2006.pdf 

### ) 8



### Sediment 9



### • Erosion and sediment control ordinance (EPA model e rosion and sediment control 10 

### ordinance) 11



### • Disturbed area restoration ordinance 12



### • Tree preservation ordinance (see the Reforestation Fact Sheet) 13



### • Buffer ordinance (EPA model aquatic buffers ordinan ce) 14 

### Erosion and sedimentation control certification req uirements 15



### Hydrocarbons, Oil/Grease 16



### • The Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (S PCC) rule includes requirements 17 

### for oil spill prevention and response, including re quirements for specific facilities to 18 

### prepare and implement SPCC Plans 19



### • Requirements for covers and berms for fueling and f uel storage areas 20



### • Green business certification to reward businesses t hat have taken tangible steps toward 21 

### environmental sustainability (e.g., Bay Area Green Business Program) 22



### Resources pollution prevention and source reduction practices and programs are provided in 23 

### Table 3-33. 24

Table 3-33. Resources for information on stormwater pollution prevention practices 25

CZARA/6217 http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/nonpoint/welcome. html
EPA’s National Management Measures to Control Nonpo int Source Pollution from Urban Areas, 2005 www.epa.gov/owow/nps/urbanmm/index.html

EPA’s Education Resources for Non-Point Source Runo ff www.epa.gov/owow/nps/eduinfo.html

EPA Menu of BMPs www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps
California Stormwater Quality Association (CASQA) I ndustrial and Commercial, Handbook www.cabmphandbooks.com/industrial.asp
2005 Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washi ngton: Volume IV -- Source Control BMPs www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/0510032.html
Source Water Protection Practices Bulletin: Managin g Stormwater Runoff to Prevent Contamination of3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 91 Drinking Water, EPA 816-F-09-007 July 2009 www.epa.gov/safewater
Source Water Protection Practices Bulletin: Managin g Highway Deicing to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water, EPA 816-F-09-008, July 2009 www.epa.gov/safewater
Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange, a clearingh ouse for pollution prevention information www.p2rx.org

1



## 3.1.3 Source Controls 2


### Source controls are the most cost-effective approac h to reducing pollutant concentrations; 3 

### however, to be effective, such controls must be ado pted and properly maintained. Some source 4 

### controls must be implemented as part of the design of the facility itself, such as ensuring that 5 

### vehicle maintenance operations are conducted in an area where contaminated stormwater will not 6 

### run off the site. 7



### Resources pollution prevention and source reduction practices and programs are provided in 8 

### Table 3-33. 9

Table 3-33. Resources for information on stormwater pollution prevention practices 10

CZARA/6217 http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/nonpoint/welcome. html
EPA’s National Management Measures to Control Nonpo int Source Pollution from Urban Areas, 2005 www.epa.gov/owow/nps/urbanmm/index.html

EPA’s Education Resources for Non-Point Source Runo ff www.epa.gov/owow/nps/eduinfo.html

EPA Menu of BMPs www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps
California Stormwater Quality Association (CASQA) I ndustrial and Commercial, Handbook www.cabmphandbooks.com/industrial.asp
2005 Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washi ngton: Volume IV -- Source Control BMPs www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/0510032.html
Source Water Protection Practices Bulletin: Managin g Stormwater Runoff to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water, EPA 816-F-09-007 July 2009 www.epa.gov/safewater
Source Water Protection Practices Bulletin: Managin g Highway Deicing to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water, EPA 816-F-09-008, July 2009 www.epa.gov/safewater
Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange, a clearingh ouse for pollution prevention information www.p2rx.org



### Table 3-34 shows some examples of source control im plementation strategies targeted at specific 11 

### pollutants. 123/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 92 Table 3-34. Pollution-prevention and source control practices 1

Strategy/BMPNutrientsPesticidesPathogensSedimentMetals,oil/grease

Require source controls on new and redevelopment si te plans for commercial/industrial facilities

• Mandatory storm drain marking for all inlets in ma intenance yards, parking lots and along sidewalks 

### • • • • •

• Elimination of curb and gutter in favor of bioswal es where feasible, particularly in residential or suburban areas 

### • • • • •

• Covered dumpster areas 

### • •

• Covered outdoor loading/unloading areas that drain to sanitary sewer connections 

### • •

• Covered fueling areas 

### •

• Native plant landscaping 

### • • •

• Irrigation management 

### • • •

• Disconnected roof gutters to minimize parking lot runoff 

### • • •

• Curb cuts to allow parking lot runoff to run into landscaping 

### • • • Implement residential downspout disconnection incen tive program 

### • • • Educate residents about pollution prevention at hom e

• Native plant landscaping 

### • • •

• Soil preparation, restoration, and amendments (com posting) 

### • • •

• Water conservation (e.g., irrigation management) 

### • • •

• Integrated Pest Management 

### • •

• Household hazardous waste disposal and used oil re cycling. 

### • •

• Car wash education 

### • •

• Pet waste management 

### • • Require source control activities at commercial/ind ustrial facilities through development of a SWPPP Cover materials/minimize exposure 

### • • Fleet maintenance conducted inside or under cover 

### • Spill kits and response 

### • Spill training for all staff 

### •

• Parking lot maintenance 

### • • • Conduct inspections of commercial/industrial facili ties to provide compliance assistance or require implementation of controls or both Implement source control measures at all municipal facilities through development of SWPPPs

• Cover materials/minimize exposure 

### • •

• Fleet maintenance conducted inside or under cover 

### •

• Spill kits and response 

### •3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 93 Strategy/BMPNutrientsPesticidesPathogensSedimentMetals,oil/grease

• Spill training for all staff 

### •

• Street sweeping street sweeping at a monthly inter val (or more frequently) along all curbed roads with speed limit s of 35 MPH or less in urban/suburban areas; use regenerative air sweeper technology 

### • • •

• Parking lot maintenance • • • Establish dog walking areas with signage and locati ons to properly dispose of dog waste 

### •
Inspection high-priority construction projects at h igh frequency 

### • • Require source controls on new and redevelopment si te plans for commercial/industrial facilities

• Covered dumpster areas 

### • •

• Covered outdoor loading/unloading areas which drain to sanitary

sewe r connections 

### • •

• Covered fueling areas 

### •

• Native plant landscaping 

### • • •

• Irrigation management 

### • • •

• Disconnected roof gutters to minimize parking lot r unoff 

### • • •

• Curb cuts to allow parking lot runoff to run into l andscaping 

### • • • Imp lement residential downspout disconnection incentiv e program 

### • • • Educate residents about pollution prevention at hom e

• Native plant landscaping 

### • • •

• Soil preparation, restoration, and amendments (comp osting) 

### • • •

• Water conservation (e.g.

, irrigation management) 

### • • •

• Integrated Pest Management 

### • •

• Household hazardous waste disposal and used oil rec ycling. 

### • •

• Car wash education 

### • •

• Pet waste management 

### • • Require source control activities at commercial/ind ustrial facili ties through development of a SWPPP

• Cover materials/minimize exposure 

### • •

• Fleet maintenance conducted inside or under cover 

### •

• Spill kits and response 

### •

• Spill training for all staff 

### •

• Parking lot maintenance 

### • • • Conduct inspections of commercial/industrial facilities to provide compliance assistance or require implementation of controls or both Implement source control measures at all municipal facilities3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 94 Strategy/BMPNutrientsPesticidesPathogensSedimentMetals,oil/grease

through development of SWPPPs

• Cover materials/minimize exposure 

### • •

• Fl eet maintenance conducted inside or under cover 

### •

• Spill kits and response 

### •

• Spill training for all staff 

### •

• Street sweeping 

### • • •

• Parking lot maintenance 

### • • • Establish dog walking areas with signage and locati ons to properly dispose o f dog waste 

### •
Inspection high

- priority construction projects at high frequency 

### • • The types of pollutants controlled through this str ategy will depend on the materials used/stored and the activities conducted at the facilities.



### Some specific examples of leading programs around t he country include the following: 1



### • New Jersey’s Stormwater Program that includes a com prehensive storm drain marking 2 

### requirements 3 

### ( http://www.state.nj.us/dep/watershedmgt/DOCS/StormD rainLabeling.pdf http://www.sta 4 

### te.nj.us/dep/watershedmgt/DOCS/StormDrainLabeling.p df ). 5



### • San Mateo Countywide Water Pollution Prevention Pro gram, which offers pollution 6 

### prevention tips geared toward citizens, business ow ners, and municipalities 7 

### ( http://www.flowstobay.org). 8 

### http://www.flowstobay.org/ )

. 9



### • Seattle Public Utilities’ Integrated Pest Managemen t Program and ProIPM Fact Sheets 10 

### ( http://www.seattle.gov/UTIL/Services/Yard/For_Lands cape_Professionals/Integrated_P 11 

### est_Management/index.asp http://www.seattle.gov/UTIL/Services/Yard/For_Lands cape_ 12 

### Professionals/ Integrated_Pest_Management/index.asp ). 13



### • North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention & E nvironmental Assistance’s Web site, 14 

### including the P2 infoHouse, a searchable database o f pollution prevention resources 15 

### ( http://www.p2pays.org). 16 

### http://www.p2pays.org/ )

. 17



### • The Brake Pad Partnership in California—In response to water quality pollution from 18 

### copper, a group of brake manufacturers, stormwater agencies, and environmental groups 19 

### is now sponsoring a state bill that effectively eli minates copper from all automobile 20 

### brakes sold in California, a major source of copper 21 

### ( www.suscon.org/bpp/index.php www.suscon.org/bpp/index.php ). 22



### A recent source control program in the District of Columbia is the fee on the disposable bags 23 

### from retail stores. Bags represent 47 percent of th e trash in Anacostia River tributaries. The 243/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 95 

### nickel-per-bag fee is an effort to reduce litter an d generate funds to clean up the Anacostia River. 1 

### The Washington Post reported that the fee is having a big effect withi n 3 weeks from the 2 

### program’s start, reports were that the fee had cut the use of plastic bags by half or more 3 

### ( Washington Post , Saturday, January 23, 2010). 4



## 3. 1.4 Public Outreach 5


### Many state and federal agencies require some form o f outreach or public education and 6 

### involvement as part of their water quality laws and regulations. For example, Phase II of EPA’s 7 

### National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NP DES) stormwater regulations, which 8 

### requires municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4 ) operators to develop and implement 9 

### stormwater management programs, states that localit ies are to provide opportunities for citizens 10 

### to participate in developing the program and that t hey distribute educational materials on 11 

### stormwater runoff. In all communities, whether regu lated as MS4s or not, developing an 12 

### effective outreach campaign will help gain the crit ical support and compliance that will lead to 13 

### the ultimate success of a stormwater management pro gram. Making the public aware of the 14 

### issues, educating them on what needs to be done, an d motivating them to take action will help 15 

### managers meet both regulatory and water quality obj ectives. 16



### Changing behavior through education and developing responsible attitudes among watershed 17 

### citizens and communities is not a simple task. EPA has provided resources to help communities 18 

### educate local citizens on how to protect local wate r quality through their own actions. EPA has 19 

### published Getting In Step: A Guide to Conducting Watershed Ou treach Campaigns. See 20 

### http://www.epa.gov/watershed/outreach/documents/. Getting In Step approaches outreach using 21 

### concepts from social marketing. Social marketing me ans looking at the target audience as 22 

### consumers. Instead of selling products or services, social marketing sells ideas, attitudes, and 23 

### behaviors. The goal of social marketing is not to m ake money but to improve society and the 24 

### environment. Social marketing campaign examples inc lude the popular slogan “Only You Can 25 

### Prevent Forest Fires.” Such campaigns persuade the public that a problem exists that only they 26 

### can solve. For example, if the goal is to encourage people to test their soil before they apply lawn 27 

### fertilizer, make it easier for them: sponsor a soil test day on which a local garden supply store 28 

### hands out free soil test kits and demonstrates thei r use. This approach will go a lot further toward 29 

### getting people to test their soil than merely sendi ng out a flyer in the mail. 30



### Getting In Step provides the overall framework for developing and implementing an outreach 31 

### campaign in concert with an overall water quality i mprovement effort. It presents the outreach 32 

### process as discrete steps, with each step building on the previous ones. The steps are as follows: 33



### • Define the driving forces, goals, and objectives 34



### • Identify and analyze the target audience 35



### • Create the message 36



### • Package the message 37



### • Distribute the message 38



### • Evaluate the outreach campaign 393/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 96 

### The Getting in Step guide includes worksheets to help develop an outre ach plan, information on 1 

### additional resources for outreach and education, pu blications, and other available outreach 2 

### materials. 3



### EPA also provides the Outreach Toolbox (http://www. epa.gov/nps/toolbox/) for organizations to 4 

### use to educate the public on stormwater runoff. The toolbox contains a variety of resources to 5 

### help develop an effective and targeted outreach cam paign. Features of the nonpoint source 6 

### Outreach Toolbox 7



### • Featured Products—Exemplary outreach examples culle d from the catalog for increasing 8 

### awareness and changing behaviors across each of the six targeted topics (general 9 

### stormwater and storm drain awareness, lawn and gard en care, pet care, septic system care, 10 

### motor vehicle care, and household chemicals and was te) and organized by media type. 11



### • Searchable Catalog—Contains more than 700 viewable or audible TV, radio, and print 12 

### ads and other outreach products to increase awarene ss and/or change behaviors across six 13 

### common topics (see Featured Products). Search by me dia type or topic. Permissions for 14 

### using the cataloged products are disclosed (and in most cases, granted) by the product 15 

### owners, and contact information, campaign Web sites , and other pertinent details are 16 

### provided. 17



### • Other Nonpoint Source Outreach Collections—Links to collections of nonpoint source 18 

### outreach and educational products compiled by state s and other organizations. 19



## 3 .1.4 Downspout Disconnection 20


### In many urban areas, roof downspouts are connected to the storm sewer system or, in some 21 

### cities, to combined sewer systems. Disconnecting th e downspouts allows the roof runoff to drain 22 

### to the lawn or garden and infiltrate. Disconnection might not be applicable in all situations, 23 

### depending on safety and property protection needs o f each site. One example of a municipal 24 

### downspout disconnection program is Portland, Oregon . The program was implemented to help 25 

### mitigate combined sewer overflow, but the program i s applicable to any urban surface water 26 

### protection program. Portland’s program includes out reach materials, standards, and safety 27 

### guidelines for downspout disconnection. 28



## 3.1.5 Inspections of Commercial/Industrial Faciliti es 29


### A pollution prevention program should include a com ponent that tracks commercial/industrial 30 

### activity and includes conducting routine and random inspections of commercial/industrial 31 

### facilities. The program can be used to provide comp liance assistance or to ensure implementation 32 

### of controls, such as those required under a municip al ordinance. This activity is an integral 33 

### component of the NPDES MS4 stormwater permit requir ements, and technical guidance on 34 

### approaches for inspection programs—for MS4 communit ies or for other entities—is provided in 35 

### EPA’s MS4 Program Evaluation Guidance, Chapter 4.6 Industrial/Commercial Facilities, 36 

### January 2007, http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/ms4guid e_withappendixa.pdf. 373/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 97 

### Examples of stormwater inspection programs for comm ercial/industrial facilities include 1



### • Contra Costa, California Commercial & Industrial Business Inspection Plan , 2005, 2 

### http://www.ci.brentwood.ca.us/pdf/npdes/commerial_i ndustrial_inspection_plan_05.pdf 3



### • Sacramento County Stormwater Quality Program, 4 

### http://www.sactostormwater.org/industrial/complianc e.asp 5



### Many municipalities have adopted stormwater ordinan ces that outline general or specific 6 

### discharge prohibitions that apply to industrial and commercial properties. Such ordinances 7 

### should includes specification such as exemptions, inspection requirements, and penalties for 8 

### noncompliance. 9



### Key technical components of an inspection program i nclude (USEPA 2007) 10



### • Facility Inventory. The types of industrial and com mercial facilities that need to be 11 

### inspected vary from large industrial areas with few commercial businesses, to restaurants 12 

### and retail businesses but no industrial facilities at all. Characterize the facilities and 13 

### prioritize them on the basis of their potential eff ect on stormwater quality, and the 14 

### inspection program should be based on this prioriti zation approach. The inventory can be 15 

### created using multiple resources, such as the permi tting authority’s list of facilities that 16 

### are covered under the state industrial general perm it, business licenses, list of 17 

### pretreatment significant industrial users, and phon e books or other professional 18 

### directories. Procedures for developing and organizi ng the inventory could be subject to 19 

### requirements such as those that apply to MS4s. 20



### • Tracking. A database facilitates program management . The database inventory should 21 

### include facility type, past inspection or enforceme nt results, proximity to receiving 22 

### waters, potential pollutant sources on-site, and ot her pertinent information to assist in 23 

### inspection prioritization and management.. 24



### • Standards, BMPs, and Outreach. Many MS4 permittees have stormwater ordinances that 25 

### include specific BMPs or standards for industrial a nd commercial facilities to protect 26 

### water quality and minimize stormwater pollution. Ot hers have adopted pollution 27 

### prevention standards for new or redevelopment of in dustrial/commercial facilities. 28 

### Development of brochures, fact sheets, and posters to hand out to operators during 29 

### inspections to educate them about appropriate BMPs and inform them of what to expect 30 

### from the inspection program. Many permittees have d eveloped materials in multiple 31 

### languages to use in a variety of communities. Some permittees have Web sites with links 32 

### to relevant outside resources for more information. Many permittees also acknowledge 33 

### that educating facility operators is essential to i mplementing BMPs and minimizing 34 

### stormwater pollution and should be done during insp ections and through workshops, 35 

### conferences, and professional meetings. 36



### • Staff Training. Routine training to ensure that ins pectors are knowledgeable is essential 37 

### to minimizing stormwater pollution from industrial/ commercial facilities. It is important 38 

### to cross-train any other staff (e.g., pretreatment, health department) used for stormwater 39 

### inspections as well. 40



### • Inspections. Most effective industrial/commercial i nspection programs maintain a 41 

### complete facility inventory and group them accordin g to site-specific priorities. 423/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 98 

### Inspection frequency is determined according to pri ority. An inspection standard 1 

### operating procedure should be formalized and docume nted. It should include a checklist 2 

### to be used during the inspection and possibly a rep ort format. Inspectors should be aware 3 

### of federal, state, and local stormwater regulations that might apply to industrial/ 4 

### commercial facilities. Inspectors should be familia r with various types of BMPs 5 

### commonly used at the types of facilities being insp ected and should be able to educate 6 

### facility operators about such BMPs. Inspections sho uld be used to identify 7 

### noncompliance issues and as an opportunity to educa te facility operators about proper 8 

### stormwater BMPs. 9



### • Program Support and Resources. Inspection programs should be included in the operating 10 

### budget. 11



## 3.2 Runoff Treatment 12



## 3.2.1 Identify Pollutants of Concern 13


### Approaches for identifying pollutants of concern (P OCs) are discussed under 3.1.1 Source 14 

### Control/Pollution Prevention . For the Chesapeake Bay, pollutants of concern inc lude N, P, and 15 

### sediment. Source control and pollution prevention a re the most effective means for reducing 16 

### pollutant concentration, used with runoff minimizat ion. Treatment should be used as needed, in 17 

### addition to the measures of pollutant reduction and runoff minimization to mitigate the identified 18 

### pollutants of concern. 19



## 3.2.2 Select Implement Treatment Practices Appropriate to the POC 20


### Treatment Practices and Design Guides. Treatment controls for stormwater, and estimates of 21 

### their effectiveness, have been summarized in the li terature. Example references are provided in 22 

### Table 3-35. In general, the effectiveness for remov ing virtually all pollutants, with the exception 23 

### of gross solids and heavy particulates, is highly v ariable, at best, because of the differences in 24 

### practice design, nature of pollutants, changes in w atershed conditions, and variability in storm 25 

### characteristics ( Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Performa nce Analysis, 26 

### December 2008, prepared for EPA by Tetra Tech). 27



### Table 3-35 includes references to sources of inform ation on manufactured pretreatment devices 28 

### that might be useful before LID practices. 29

Table 3-35. References on general stormwater treatm ent BMP type, effectiveness, and design 30 approaches 31

Reference Information provided

Stormwater Treatment BMPs

EPA’s Stormwater Best Management Practices Design Guide , Volumes 1-3 (121, 121A, 121B), September 2004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, EPA/600/R-04/121, www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r04121/600r04121.htm Three volume series provides guidance when selecting BMPs (either through retrofitting of existing BMPs or applying newly constructed BMPs to new development) to prevent or mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization.3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 99 Reference Information provided
Infiltration vs. Surface Water Discharge: Guidance for Stormwater Managers, Final Report . 03-SW-4, Water Environment Research Federation (WERF 2006) Describes the performance of infiltration basins, bioretention, grass swales, porous pavement, as well as design and maintenance guidelines, and methods for modeling performance. Appendix D. Literature Review Supporting Design of Infiltration BMPs
Maryland Stormwater Design Manual Maryland Stormwater Design Manual www.mde.state.md.us/Programs/WaterPrograms/ SedimentandStormwater/stormwater_design/index.asp Sizing and performance criteria for urban BMPs

Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Performance Analysis, December 2008, prepared for EPA by Tetra Tech A procedure and results for estimating long- term performance for several types of LID BMPs designed and maintained in accordance with Massachusetts stormwater standards, but the procedure could be applied in other areas.

Center for Watershed Protection Technical Memorandum: The Runoff Reduction Method www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/SW/RRT echMemo.pdf A framework for BMP designers to verify compliance with proposed stormwater regulations in Virginia

Water Environment Research Foundation Performance and Whole-Life Costs of BMPs and SUDS www.werf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&Tem plate=/CustomSource/Research/ResearchProfile.cfm& ReportId=01-CTS-21- TA&CFID=2715758&CFTOKEN=75805127 Research on stormwater BM P effectiveness and
cost

International Stormwater Database

www.bmpdatabase.org Compendium of results from studies of BMP effectiveness

Technology Acceptance & Reciprocity Partnership (TARP) Testing protocols and performance reports for manufactured pretreatment devices
Washington State Department of Ecology, Evaluation of Emerging Stormwater Treatment Technologies www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/stormwater/newtech/ index.html Program for evaluating stormwater technologies proposed by vendors, and a clearinghouse for information and decisions on their use.

Center for Watershed Protection ’s National Pollutant Removal Performance Databas e, Version 3 Center for Watershed Protection’s National Pollutant Removal Performance Database, Version 3 www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/ SW/bmpwriteup_092007_v3.pdf Compendium of results from 166 studies of BMP effectiveness

Determining Urban Stormwater BMP Effectiveness http://books.google.com/books?id=p5qMMwofaDwC&l pg=PA175&ots=Z_1Tyw56OG&lr=&pg=PA175#v=one page&q=&f=false (Strecker et al. 2000) Discussion of protocols for measuring and reporting BMP effectiveness

Design Approaches
Chesapeake Stormwater Network’s Baywide Design Detailed design specifications for rooftop3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 100 Reference Information provided Specificationswww.chesapeakestormwater.net/baywide-designspecifications2 disconnection, filter strips, grass channels, soil compost amendments, green roofs, rain tanks, permeable pavers, infiltration, bioretention, dry swales, urban bioretention, filtering practices, constructed wetlands, wet ponds, and extended detention ponds
U.S. Department of Defense Unified Facilities Crite ria (UFC) Low Impact Development www.wbdg.org/ccb/DOD/UFC/ufc_3_210_10.pdf Design criteria and examples for LID practices

City of Portland 2008 Stormwater Management Manual www.portlandonline.com/BES/index.cfm?c=47952 Typical design details for a number of LID BMPs for urban settings
Strecker, E., M.M. Quigley, and B.R. Urbonas. 2000. Determining urban stormwater BMP effectiveness. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Tools for Urban Water Resources , February 7-10, 2000, Chicago, IL. Overview of BMP effectiveness.

1 

### Design manuals that include specifications for spec ific BMP types are prepared by federal 2 

### agencies, such as the Department of Defense and by state and local entities. Table 3-36 lists 3 

### some of these design manuals that have a specific f ocus on treatment of nutrients; this is not 4 

### intended to be a comprehensive list, and updates ar e routinely made as technology advances. 5

Table 3-36. Stormwater treatment design manuals or specifications with focus on nutrient removal 6 for urban stormwater 7
Reference Information provided Developing Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sediment Reduction Efficiencies for Tributary Strategy Pract ices, BMP Assessment Final Report www.chesapeakebay.net/marylandBMP.aspx (Simpson and Weammert 2009) Effectiveness estimates, focusing on nutrients and sediment, for a number of urban, agricultural, and forestry BMPs

New York State Stormwater Management Design Manual , Chapter 10: Enhanced Phosphorus Removal Standards www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/29072.html P Phosphorus removal section recently added

Chesapeake Stormwater Network Baywide Design Standardswww.chesapeakestormwater.net/all-thingsstormwater/category/baywide-design-specifications Specifications for 15 stormwater BMPs

New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual

www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual2.htm Chapter 4 includes information on meeting nutrient removal performance standards, and Chapter 9 includes design standards

Northern Virginia BMP Handbook

www.novaregion.org/DocumentView.aspx?DID=1679 BMP manual with design calculations for P phosphorus removal

Virginia Stormwater BMP Clearinghouse BMP design specifications3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 101 Reference Information provided www.vwrrc.vt.edu/swc/NonProprietaryBMPs.html

1



### The potential for trees and other vegetation to rem ove pollutants from stormwater as a treatment 2 

### practice has been evaluated in phytoremediation research but has not yet been widely studied for 3 

### applicability in sequestering pollutants removed fr om stormwater or for extending the life of 4 

### bioretention media. Plants provide nutrient uptake, toxin uptake such as heavy metals, and 5 

### pollutant breakdown. This is an area for future res earch. Resources for information on 6 

### phytoremediation is included in Table 3-37. 7

Table 3-37. Resources for information on phytoremed iation 8
Reference Type of information Information Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance

, The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council 2009 ( http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/PHYTO3.pdf) http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/PHYTO

- 3.pdf ) Provides guidance on using vegetation for soil remediation, and estimates of transpiration
rates.

EPA’s Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup ( EPA’s http://www.clu-in.org/download/ remed/phytoremprimer.pdf Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation
for Sit e Cleanup ) (http://www.clu

in.org/download/remed/phytoremprimer.pdf) Phytoremediation process, advantages and considerations, and additional resources

Phytotechnology Project Profiles (http://www.clu-in.org/products/phyto/) ( http://www.clu

in.org/products/phyto/ ) Case studies demonstrating phytotechnology applications

9



## 3. 3.1 Use New Approaches in Assessing Treatment Technologies

. 10 

## Technology Effectiveness 11


### Understanding unit operations and processes is nece ssary for success of the treatment system 12 

### design, as well as system O&M. This modern approach for stormwater treatment is based more 13 

### on traditional industrial drinking water and wastew ater treatment concepts, rather than on 14 

### traditional stormwater approaches that generally ad dressed only the more basic goal of removing 15 

### total suspended solids. This approach is presented in Critical Assessment of Stormwater 16 

### Treatment and Control Selection Issues (WERF 2005), and is applicable as treatment concern s 17 

### become more focused on removal of P phosphorus and N nitrogen . The approach advises users to 18 

### first select unit operations or processes applicabl e for POCs on the basis of the pollutant form 19 

### (i.e., dissolved, colloidal, particulate), chemical speciation (e.g., ionic metal species, 20 

### P phosphorus species), and granulometric characteristics (e.g., particle size, specific gravity, 21 

### surface area), and then individually select the com ponents of a treatment system according to the 22 

### unit operations or processes that are effective for treating the POCs (see Table 3-38). For 23 

### example, this approach is presented in the New York State Stormwater Management Design 24 

### Manual, Chapter 10: Enhanced Phosphorus Removal Standards. 253/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 102 Table 3-38. Unit operation or processes and typical treatment system components for 1 fundamental process categories 2 Fundamental process category (FPC) Unit operation or process (UOP) Target Pollutants Typical treatment system components ( TSCS) TSCs)
Flow and Volume Extended retention/detention ponds Wetlands Tanks/vaults Equalization basins Hydrologic Operations

Volume Reduction All Pollutant loads Infiltration/exfiltration trenches and basins Permeable or porous pavement Bioretention cells Dry swales Dry well Extended detention basins
Particle Size Alteration Coarse sediment Comminutors (not common for stormwater) Mixers (not common for stormwater) Physical Sorption Nutrients, metals, petroleum compounds Engineered media, granular activated carbon, and sand/gravel (at a lower capacity) Size Separation and Exclusion (screening and filtration) Coarse sediment, trash, debris Screens/bars/trash racks Biofilters Permeable or porous pavement Infiltration/exfiltration trenches and basins Manufactured bioretention systems Engineered media/granular/sand/compost filters Hydrodynamic separators Catch basin inserts (i.e., surficial filters) Density, Gravity, Inertial Separation (grit separation, sedimentation, flotation and skimming, and clarification) Sediment, trash, debris, oil and
grease Extended detention basins Retention/detention ponds Wetlands Settling basins, tanks/vaults Swales with check dams Oil-water separators Hydrodynamic separators
Aeration and Volatilization Oxygen demand, PAHs, VOCs Sprinklers Aerators Mixers (not common for stormwater) Physical Treatment Operations

Physical Agent Disinfection Pathogens Shallow detention ponds Ultraviolet systems Microbially Mediated Transformation (can include oxidation, reduction, or facultative processes) Metals, nutrients, organic pollutants Wetlands Bioretention systems Biofilters (and engineered bio-media filters) Retention ponds Media/sand/compost filters Biological Processes

Uptake and Storage Metals, nutrient, organic pollutants Wetlands/wetland channels Bioretention systems Biofilters Retention ponds
Chemical Processes Chemical Sorption Processes Metals, nutrients, organic Subsurface wetlands Engineered media/sand/compost filters3/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 103 Fundamental process category (FPC) Unit operation or process (UOP) Target Pollutants Typical treatment system components ( TSCS) TSCs) pollutants Infiltration/exfiltration trenches and basins Coagulation/Flocculation Fine sediment, nutrients Detention/retention ponds Coagulant/flocculant injection systems Ion Exchange Metals, nutrients Engineered media, zeolites, peats, surface complexation media
Chemical Disinfection Pathogens Custom devices for mixing chlorine or aerating with ozone Advanced treatment systems

Source: WERF 2005



## 3. 3.2 Estimating Effectiveness of Stormwater Treatment Pr actices

. 1


### As noted previously, estimates of the effectiveness of stormwater treatment practices vary for 2 

### many reasons. The effectiveness of any stormwater B MP—for example, in annual pounds of 3 

### pollutant removed or in percent of pollutant remove d—will be a function of the rainfall pattern, 4 

### the specific design of the BMP, the watershed and p ollutant characteristics, and—for LID 5 

### practices that include infiltration or filtration —the nature of the media. Media with high 6 

### P phosphorus or N nitrogen content can export nutrients, while providing effe ctive removals of 7 

### trace metals. For more information on factors influ encing the treatment effectiveness of 8 

### bioretention and other LID practices, see the Fact Sheets. 9



### A list table of genera lly accepted stormwater treatment BMPs, and their and estimated effluent 10 

### mean concentrations are provided in Table 3-39. The se values are used in a WERF stormwater 11 

### treatment model (the model name is SELECT) , and provide an indication of the effluent quality 12 

### that may be observed from the practices

. 13

Table 3-39. Default effluent even t mean concentration for BMPs used in WERF SELECT model 14
TSS (mg/L) TP (mg/L) TN (mg/L)
BMP MED STD MED STD MED STD
Extended Detention a 31 2 0.19 0.04 2.72 0.5
Wetland Basins a 18 1 0.14 0.02 1.15 0.2

Bioretention a 24 2 0.34 0.06 0.78 0.1
Swales b 13 1 0.22 0.05 2.72 0.4
Media Filters a 16 1 0.14 0.03 0.76 0.1
Permeable Pavement a 18 1 0.14 0.03 1.15 0.15
Source: Pomeroy and Rowney 2009 a. Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers 2008.
b. Barrett et al. 1998

TSS (mg/L) Total phosphorus

(mg/L) Total nitrogen

(mg/L) Total zinc

(mg/L)
BMP MED STD MED STD MED STD MED STD
Extended Detention a 31 2 0.19 0.04 2.72 0.5 0.0602 0.003
Wetland Basins a 18 1 0.14 0.02 1.15 0.2 0.0307 0.0023/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 104 Bioretention a 24 2 0.34 0.06 0.78 0.1 0.04 0.001
Swales b 13 1 0.22 0.05 2.72 0.4 0.0215 0.001
Media Filters a 16 1 0.14 0.03 0.76 0.1 0.0585 0.002
Permeable Pavement a 18 1 0.14 0.03 1.15 0.15 0.0307 0.002

a. Barrett, M.E., P.M. Walsh, J.F. Malina, and R.J. Ch arbeneau. 1998. Performance of Vegetative Controls for Treating Highway Runoff. Journal of Environmental Engineering 124:11.

b. Geosynte c Consultants and Wright Water Engineers. 2008. Analysis of Treatment System Performance: International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database ( 1999

- 2008 ) . Technical report prepared for Water Environment Research Foundation, American Soc iety o f Civil Engineers (Environmental and Water Resources Institute/Urban Water Resources Research Council), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fed eral Highway Administration, American Public Works Assoc iation.



### Estimates of potential pollutant-removal effectiven ess were summarized on the basis of a 1 

### literature review of data on the Chesapeake Bay wat ershed ( Recommendations for Endorsement 2 

### by the Chesapeake Bay Program Nutrient Subcommittee and its Workgroups For use in 3 

### Tributary Strategy Runs of Phase 5 of the Chesapeak e Bay Program Watershed Model; Collins 4 

### et al. 2009, www.chesapeakebay.net/marylandbmp.aspx ). The pollutant-removal estimates 5 

### provided indicate that the majority of annual reduc tion in pollutant loading is derived from 6 

### volume reduction, although some treatment can be ac hieved with appropriate media (low 7 

### N nitrogen and P phosphorus content) and the conditions detention time to enable allow 8 

### denitrification to occur . Estimates of performance for LID practices, and o ther urban stormwater 9 

### treatment practices, are provided for the following : 10



### • Dry detention ponds and hydrodynamic structures BMP s 11



### • Dry extended detention basins BMP 12



### • Infiltration and filtration practices (includes bio retention, permeable pavement, 13 

### infiltration trenches and basins, filters, and vege tated open channels) 14



### • Urban wet ponds and wetlands 15



### Of those practices, infiltration and filtration pra ctices have the best potential for addressing 16 

### pollutant treatment of the LID technologies. Note t hat infiltration through soils via applications 17 

### such as bioretention are different from dry wells b ecause a level of treatment is provided in the 18 

### soil (see the 2005 EPA memorandum that clarifies th at typical stormwater infiltration compared 19 

### to dry wells, www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/memo_gi_classvwells.pdf ). The performance estimates 20 

### for infiltration and filtration practices are provi ded in the Bioretention Fact Sheet in Section 6. 21



### Actual pollutant-removal performance can vary signi ficantly depending on many factors, 22 

### including regional rainfall pattern, media specific ation, design features, and watershed 23 

### characteristics that affect the pollutant concentra tion and speciation. To obtain more accurate 24 

### estimates, approaches that combine pilot testing wi th continuous hydrologic modeling have been 25 

### performed, for example in EPA Region 1. That type o f approach could be successful in 26 

### developing more accurate performance estimates for specific climate regions and practice 27 

### designs ( Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Performa nce Analysis, prepared by 28 

### Tetra Tech, Inc., for EPA Region 1 2008, 29 

### www.epa.gov/region1/npdes/stormwater/assets/pdfs/BM P-Performance-Analysis-Report.pdf ). 303/15/20 2

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 105 

## 3. 4 Consider Long-term Maintenance Considerations . Maintenance 1 

## requirements should be evaluated as part of practic e selection to 2 

## help enable a more accurate comparison of the life- cycle costs of 3 

## the practice. 4



### Maintenance considerations can include 5



### • Necessary maintenance activities for the life of th e control compared to alternatives 6



### • How placement of the practice can affect maintenanc e (visibility, and such) 7



### • Level of effort necessary to ensure adequate mainte nance 8



### • Frequency of maintenance necessary 9



### • Responsible party to conduct maintenance or ensure continuing use of areas in drainage 10 

### easements, and mechanisms for enforcement 11



### Resources for information on maintenance considerat ions are provided in Table 3-40. Additional 12 

### maintenance information is provided in the fact she ets in section 6. Information on LID O&M 13 

### costs is provided in Section 2 of this Chapter. 14

Table 3-40. Resources for information on maintenanc e considerations 15 Stormwater Manager’s Resource Center Manual Builder

www.stormwatercenter.net Information on maintenance tracking, frequencies, unit costs, easements, performance bonds, and checklists for maintenance inspections for common BMPs. Virginia’s Maintaining Your BMP: A Guidebook for Private Owners and Operators in Northern Virginia www.dcr.virginia.gov/chesapeake_bay_local_assistanc e /documents/bmpmaintfinal.pdf Maintenance guidance for homeowners, homeowners associations, and other, nontechnical audiences

Lake County, Illinois’ A Citizen’s Guide to Maintaining Stormwater Best Management Practices for Homeowners Associations and Property Owners www.northbarrington.org/files/newsletters/Guide_Fin al_ 110404.pdf Step-by-step guide for planning for and conducting maintenance on common stormwater BMPs

Pierce County, Washington’s Stormwater Maintenance Manual for Private Facilities www.co.pierce.wa.us/xml/services/home/environ/water / wq/maintman/MaintManFinal2-22-05.pdf Includes BMP-specific maintenance information and checklists as well as information on developing a maintenance program

16



## 3. 5 Address Physical Site Limitations

. 17


### Physical site limitations can affect the appropriateness of a practice. These can include 18



### • Lack of adequate pervious area to infiltrate stormw ater 19



### • Presence of functionally impervious soils 20



### • Steep slopes or a high groundwater table 213/15/20 2

- 22

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 106 

### • Presence of contaminated soils 1



### • Potential for highly contaminated stormwater (from hotspots) infiltrating and 2 

### contaminating groundwater source 3



### • Proximity to building foundations, roadways, bridge s, abutments, and retaining walls 4



### • Lack of necessary vertical relief to transport stor mwater flows 5



### • Conflicts with underground utilities 6



### Example resources for information on some of the si te limitation issues are provided in Table 3-41. 7

Table 3-41. Example resources for information on so me of the many site limitation issues to 8 consider 9
Resource Limitation addressed
CSN Technical Bulletin No. 1 Stormwater Design Guidelines for Karst Terrain in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Versi on 2.0

, Chesapeake Stormwater Network, Developed by Karst W orking Group, Released June 2009 Infiltration practices in Karst areas

Groundwater Contamination Potential from Infiltrati on of Urban Stormwater Runoff. Shirley E. Clark, Robert Pitt, and Richard Field; To be published 2009 as Chapter 6 in The Effects of Urbanization on Groundwater: An Engineering Case Ba sed Approach for Sustainable Development. Committee on Groundwater Hydrology, ASCE/EWRI. Risk of groundwater contamination from infiltration practices

Center for Watershed Protection’s Stormwater Practices for Cold Climates
www.stormwatercenter.net/Cold%20Climates/cold-clima tes.htm Cold-climate considerations, including freezing temperatures and high runoff during snowmelt
Urban Small Sites Best Management Practice Manual , Chapter 2: Selecting BMPs (Metropolitan Council 2009) www.metrocouncil.org/environment/Water/BMP/manual.h tm Includes a matrix of physical feasibility factors to aid in selecting BMPs

10



## 3. 6 Address Aesthetics and Safety

. 11


### When selecting and designing BMPs, it is important to consider the surrounding land use type, 12 

### the immediate context, and the proximity of the sit e to civic spaces to ensure that the site’s 13 

### aesthetics are preserved. Also, access to BMP areas should be limited to protect public safety. 14 

### Finally, water should not be allowed to stand for l onger than 72 hours to prevent mosquito 15 

### breeding. More information about aesthetic and safe ty considerations is at the WERF Using 16 

### Rainwater to Grow Livable Communities site ( www.werf.org/livablecommunities ), particularly 17 

### on the Green Infrastructure Design Considerations p age 18 

### ( www.werf.org/livablecommunities/pdf/design.pdf ). 19



## 3.3 References 20



### Barrett, M.E., P.M. Walsh, J.F. Malina, and R.J. Ch arbeneau. 1998. Performance of Vegetative 21 

### Controls for Treating Highway Runoff. Journal of Environmental Engineering 124:11. 223/15/20 2

- 22

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 107 

### CASQA (California Stormwater Quality Association). 2004. California Stormwater Best 1 

### Management Practice Handbooks . California Stormwater Quality Association, Menlo 2 

### Park, CA. <http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/industrial .asp>. Accessed February 24, 3 

### 2010. City of Seattle. 2010. Integrated Pest Management Program: ProIPM Fact She ets

. 4 

### Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, WA. 5 

### <http://www.seattle.gov/UTIL/Services/Yard/For_Land scape_Professionals/Integrated_Pes 6 

### t_Management/index.asp>. Accessed February 24, 2010

. 7



### Clark, Shirley E., Robert Pitt, and Richard Field. 2009. Groundwater Contamination Potential 8 

### from Infiltration of Urban Stormwater Runoff. Chapt er 6 in The Effects of Urbanization on 9 

### Groundwater: An Engineering Case Based Approach for Sustainable Development

. 10 

### Committee on Groundwater Hydrology, ASCE/EWRI. Cent er for Watershed Protection’s 11 

### Stormwater Practices for Cold Climates, Ellicott Ci ty, MD. 12 

### <http://www.stormwatercenter.net/Cold%20Climates/co ld-climates.htm>. Accessed 13 

### February 24, 2010. 14



### CSN (Chesapeake Stormwater Network). 2009. Baywide Design Specifications . Chesapeake 15 

### Stormwater Network, Baltimore, MD. <http://www.ches apeakestormwater.net/baywide16 

### design-specifications2>. Accessed February 24, 2010

. 17



### CSN (Chesapeake Stormwater Network). 2010. Entries in Baywide Design Specifications (15)

. 18 

### Chesapeake Stormwater Network, Baltimore, MD. 19 

### <http://www.chesapeakestormwater.net/all-things-sto rmwater/category/baywide-design20 

### specifications>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 21



### CWP (Center for Watershed Protection). 2007. National Pollutant Removal Performance 22 

### Database, Version 3 . Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, M D. 23 

### <http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/SW /bmpwriteup_092007_v3.pdf>. 24 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 25



### CWP (Center for Watershed Protection). 2008. Technical Memorandum: The Runoff Reduction 26 

### Method . Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, M D. 27 

### <http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/SW /RRTechMemo.pdf>. Accessed 28 

### February 24, 2010. 29



### Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers. 2 008. Analysis of Treatment System 30 

### Performance: International Stormwater Best Manageme nt Practices (BMP) Database 31 

### (1999-2008) . Prepared for Water Environment Research Foundatio n, American Society of 32 

### Civil Engineers (Environmental and Water Resources Institute/Urban Water Resources 33 

### Research Council), U.S. Environmental Protection Ag ency, Federal Highway 34 

### Administration, and American Public Works Associati on, by Geosyntec, Atlanta, GA. 35



### Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers. 2 009. Urban Stormwater BMP 36 

### Performance Monitoring . International Stormwater BMP Database. 37 

### <http://www.bmpdatabase.org/>. Accessed February 23 , 2010. 383/15/20 2

- 22

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 108 

### HRPDC (Hampton Roads Planning District Commission). 2006. Draft Implementation Plan for 1 

### the Fecal Coliform TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Load) for Shellfish Areas of Lynnhave n 2 

### Bay, Broad Bay and Linkhorn Bay Watersheds. Hampton Roads Planning District 3 

### Commission, Hampton Roads, VA. 4 

### <http://www.vbgov.com/file_source/dept/planning/Doc ument/LynnhavenFecalReport2006. 5 

### pdf>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 6



### ITRC (Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council). 2009. Phytotechnology Technical and 7 

### Regulatory Guidance . The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, W ashington, DC. 8 

### <http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/PHYTO-3.pdf>. Acc essed February 24, 2010. 9



### Karst Working Group. 2009. Technical Bulletin No. 1 Stormwater Design Guidelines for Karst 10 

### Terrain in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Version 2.0 . Chesapeake Stormwater Network, 11 

### Ellicott City, MD. 12



### LCSMC (Lake County Stormwater Management Commission ). No date. A Citizen’s Guide to 13 

### Maintaining Stormwater Best Management Practices fo r Homeowners Associations and 14 

### Property Owners . Lake County Stormwater Management Commission, Wau kegan, IL. 15 

### <http://www.northbarrington.org/files/newsletters/G uide_Final_110404.pdf>. Accessed 16 

### February 24, 2010. 17



### Maryland DOE (Department of the Environment). 2000. Maryland Stormwater Design Manual

. 18 

### Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD. 19 

### <http://www.mde.state.md.us/Programs/WaterPrograms/ SedimentandStormwater/stormwat 20 

### er_design/index.asp>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 21



### Maestre, A., R. Pitt, 2005. The National Stormwater Quality Database, Version 1 .1, A 22 

### Compilation and Analysis of NPDES Stormwater Monito ring Information. Center for 23 

### Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland, and USEPA Washington, D.C. 24 

### <http://rpitt.eng.ua.edu/Publications/Stormwater%20 Characteristics/NSQD%20EPA.pdf>. 25 

### Accessed March 10, 2010. 26



### Metropolitan Council. 2009. Urban Small Sites Best Management Practice Manual, Chapter 2: 27 

### Selecting BMPs. Metropolitan Council, St. Paul, MN. 28 

### <http://www.metrocouncil.org/environment/Water/BMP/ manual.htm>. Accessed February 29 

### 24, 2010. 30



### New York State DEC (Department of Environmental Con servation). 2008. New York State 31 

### Stormwater Management Design Manual, Chapter 10: En hanced Phosphorus Removal 32 

### Standards . New York State Department of Environmental Conser vation, Albany, NY. 33 

### <http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/29072.html>. Access ed February 24, 2010. 34



### NJDEP (New Jersey Department of Environmental Prote ction). 2004. Storm Drain Labeling 35 

### Guidelines for New Jersey . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection , Division 36 

### of Watershed Management, Trenton, NJ. 37 

### <http://www.state.nj.us/dep/watershedmgt/DOCS/Storm DrainLabeling.pdf>. Accessed 38 

### February 24, 2010. 393/15/20 2

- 22

- 10 Chesapeake Bay Executive Order Section 502 Guidance — Do Not Cite or Quote —



### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 109 

### NJDEP (New Jersey Department of Environmental Prote ction). 2009 . New Jersey Stormwater 1 

### Best Management Practices Manual . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

, 2 

### Trenton, NJ. <http://www.state.nj.us/dep/stormwater /bmp_manual2.htm>. Accessed 3 

### February 24, 2010. 4



### NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrati on). 2009. The Coastal Nonpoint 5 

### Pollution Control Program . U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and 6 

### Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. 7 

### <http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/nonpoint/welcome .html>. Accessed February 24, 8 

### 2010. 9



### North Carolina DENR. No date. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance

. 10 

### North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention & E nvironmental Assistance, Raleigh, 11 

### NC. <http://www.p2pays.org/>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 12



### Novotney, M. and R. Winer. 2008. Urban Subwatershed Restoration Manual No. 9: Munici pal 13 

### Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping Practices . Center for Watershed Protection, 14 

### Ellicott City, MD. 15 

### <http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/mu nicipal/USRM9.pdf>. Accessed 16 

### February 24, 2010. 17



### NRC (National Research Council). 2008. Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. 18 

### The National Academies Press and the Committee on R educing Stormwater Discharge 19 

### Contributions to Water Pollution, Washington, DC. 20



### NVPDC (Northern Virginia Planning District Commissi on). 1992. Northern Virginia BMP 21 

### Handbook . Northern Virginia Planning District Commission, F airfax, VA. 22 

### <http://www.novaregion.org/DocumentView.aspx?DID=16 79>. Accessed February 24, 23 

### 2010. 24



### NVPDC (Northern Virginia Planning District Commissi on). No date. Virginia’s Maintaining 25 

### Your BMP: A Guidebook for Private Owners and Operat ors in Northern Virginia . Virginia 26 

### Department of Conservation and Recreation, Richmond , VA. 27 

### <http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/chesapeake_bay_local_a ssistance/documents/bmpmaintfinal. 28 

### pdf>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 29



### P2RX (Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange). 2009

. Pollution Prevention Resource 30 

### Exchange . Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange, Omaha, NE . <http://www.p2rx.org>. 31 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 32



### PCDPW (Pierce County Department of Public Works). 2 005. Pierce County, Washington’s 33 

### Stormwater Maintenance Manual for Private Facilitie s . Pierce County Department of 34 

### Public Works, Environmental Services, Water Program s Division, Tacoma, WA. 35 

### <http://www.co.pierce.wa.us/xml/services/home/envir on/water/wq/maintman/MaintManFi 36 

### nal2-22-05.pdf>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 373/15/20 2

- 22

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 110 

### Pennsylvania DEP. No date. Technology Acceptance & Reciprocity Partnership (TA RP)

. 1 

### Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection , Harrisburg, PA. 2 

### <http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/pollprev/t echservices/tarp/>. Accessed February 3 

### 24, 2010. 4



### Pitt, R., A. Maestre and R. Morquecho. 2004. The National Stormwater Quality Database 5 

### (NSQD, version 1.1) . University of Alabama, Department of Civil and En vironmental 6 

### Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL. 7 

### <http://rpitt.eng.ua.edu/Research/ms4/Paper/Mainms4 paper.html>. Updated February 16, 8 

### 2004. Accessed February 3, 2010. 9



### Pomeroy, C.A., and A. Rowney. 2009. User’s Guide to the SELECT BMP Model. SW1R06a. 10 

### Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA. 11



### Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. 2008. 2008 Stormwater Management Manual . City 12 

### of Portland, Portland, OR. <http://www.portlandonli ne.com/BES/index.cfm?c=47952>. 13 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 14



### Schueler, T., C. Swann, T. Wright, and S. Sprinkle. 2005. Urban Subwatershed Restoration 15 

### Manual No. 8: Pollution Source Control Practices . Center for Watershed Protection, 16 

### Ellicott City, MD. 17 

### <http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/US RM/ELC_USRM8v2sls.pdf>. 18 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 19



### Simpson and Weammert. 2009. Developing Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sediment Reduct ion 20 

### Efficiencies for Tributary Strategy Practices, BMP Assessment Final Report . Chesapeake 21 

### Bay Program, Baltimore, MD. <http://www.chesapeakeb ay.net/marylandBMP.aspx>. 22 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 23



### SMRC (Stormwater Manager’s Resource Center). No dat e. Manual Builder . Stormwater 24 

### Manager’s Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD. <http ://www.stormwatercenter.net>. 25 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 26



### SSMCWPPP (San Mateo Countywide Water Pollution Prev ention Program). No date. San Mateo 27 

### Countywide Water Pollution Prevention Program . San Mateo Countywide Water Pollution 28 

### Prevention Program, San Mateo, CA. <http://www.flow stobay.org/>. Accessed February 29 

### 24, 2010. 30



### Strecker, E., M.M. Quigley, and B.R. Urbonas. 2000. Determining urban stormwater BMP 31 

### effectiveness. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Tools for Urban Water 32 

### Resources , February 7-10, 2000, Chicago, IL. 33



### Sustainable Conservation. 2010. Brake Pad Partnership . Sustainable Conservation, San 34 

### Francisco, CA. <http://www.suscon.org/bpp/index.php >. Accessed February 24, 2010. 35



### Tetra Tech. 2008. Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Performa nce Analysis, Tetra 36 

### Tech, Inc., Fairfax, VA. 373/15/20 2

- 22

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 111 

### UP3 Project. No date. UP3 Project . Urban Pesticide Pollution Prevention Project, Oak land, CA. 1 

### <http://www.up3project.org>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 2



### USDOD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2004. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) Low Impact 3 

### Development . U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. 4 

### <http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/DOD/UFC/ufc_3_210_10.pdf>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 5



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. Brownfields Technology Primer: 6 

### Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Clean up . U.S. Environmental Protection 7 

### Agency, Washington, DC. <http://www.clu-in.org/down load/remed/phytoremprimer.pdf>. 8 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 9



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2004. Stormwater Best Management Practices 10 

### Design Guide

, Volumes 1-3 (121, 121A, 121B) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 11 

### Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. 12 

### <http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r04121/600r04121. htm>. Accessed February 24, 13 

### 2010. 14



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. National Management Measures to 15 

### Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Urban Areas . U.S. Environmental Protection 16 

### Agency, Washington, DC. <http://www.epa.gov/owow/np s/urbanmm/index.html>. 17 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 18



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. National Management Measures to 19 

### Control Non-point Source Pollution from Urban Areas . U.S. Environmental Protection 20 

### Agency, Washington, DC. 21



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008 Memorandum: Underground Injection 22 

### Control (UIC) Program Class V Well Identification G uide. U.S. Environmental Protection 23 

### Agency, Washington, DC. <http://www.epa.gov/npdes/p ubs/memo_gi_classvwells.pdf> 24 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 25



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. National Menu of Stormwater Best 26 

### Management Practices . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 27 

### <http://www.epa.gov/npdes/menuofbmps>. Accessed Feb ruary 24, 2010. 28



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Phytotechnology Project Profiles . U.S. 29 

### Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 30 

### <http://www.clu-in.org/products/phyto/>. Accessed F ebruary 24, 2010. 31



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. Source Water Protection Practices 32 

### Bulletin: Managing Stormwater Runoff to Prevent Con tamination of Drinking Water . U.S. 33 

### Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 34 

### <http://www.epa.gov/safewater/sourcewater/pubs/fs_s wpp_stormwater.pdf>. Accessed 35 

### February 24, 2010. 363/15/20 2

- 22

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 112 

### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. Source Water Protection Practices 1 

### Bulletin: Managing Highway Deicing to Prevent Conta mination of Drinking Water. U.S. 2 

### Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 3 

### <http://www.epa.gov/safewater/sourcewater/pubs/fs_s wpp_deicinghighway.pdf>. 4 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 5



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Education Resources for Non-Point 6 

### Source Runoff

. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 7 

### <http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/eduinfo.html>. Accesse d February 24, 2010. 8



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Healthy Watersheds . U.S. 9 

### Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 10 

### <http://www.epa.gov/healthywatersheds>. Accessed Fe bruary 24, 2010. 11



### USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Impaired Waters and Total Maximum 12 

### Daily Loads . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 13 

### <http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl>. Accessed February 2 4, 2010. 14



### Virginia DCR (Department of Conservation and Recrea tion). 2009. Virginia Stormwater BMP 15 

### Clearinghouse . Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreatio n, Richmond, VA. 16 

### <http://www.vwrrc.vt.edu/swc/NonProprietaryBMPs.htm l>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 17



### Hendrix, Steve. 2010. D.C. shoppers opt for roughin g it over paying 5-cent bag tax. Washington 18 

### Post, Saturday, January 23, 2010. 19



### Washington State Department of Ecology. 2005. Stormwater Management Manual for Western 20 

### Washington: Volume IV -- Source Control BMPs. Washington State Department of 21 

### Ecology, Olympia, WA. <http://www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio /0510032.html>. Accessed 22 

### February 22, 2010. 23



### Washington State Department of Ecology. 2009. Evaluation of Emerging Stormwater Treatment 24 

### Technologies . Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA. 25 

### <http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/stormwater/newte ch/index.html>. Accessed 26 

### February 22, 2010. 27



### Weinstein, N., C. Glass, J.P. Heaney, J. Lee, W. Hu ber, P. Jones, C. Kloss, M. Quigley, E. 28 

### Strecker and K. Stephens. 2005. Decentralized Stormwater Controls for Urban Retrofi t and 29 

### Combined Sewer Overflow Reduction. Water Environment Research Foundation, 30 

### Alexandria, VA. 31



### WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). 2005. Critical Assessment of Stormwater 32 

### Treatment and Control Selection Issues . Water Environment Research Foundation, 33 

### Alexandria, VA. 34



### WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). 2005. Performance and Whole-Life Costs of 35 

### BMPs and SUDS. Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA. 36 

### <http://www.werf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search &Template=/CustomSource/ 37 

### Research/ResearchProfile.cfm&ReportId=01-CTS-21- 38 

### TA&CFID=2715758&CFTOKEN=75805127>. Accessed Februar y 24, 2010. 393/15/20 2

- 22

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### Chapter 3. Controlling Urban Runoff 113 

### WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). 2006. Infiltration vs. Surface Water 1 

### Discharge: Guidance for Stormwater Managers, Final Report. Water Environment 2 

### Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA. 3



### WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). 2008. Using Rainwater to Grow Livable 4 

### Communities . Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria , VA. 5 

### <http://www.werf.org/livablecommunities>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 6



### WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). 2006- 2007. Green Infrastructure Design 7 

### Considerations . Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria , VA. 8 

### <http://www.werf.org/livablecommunities/pdf/design. pdf>. Accessed February 24, 2010. 9



### WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). 2009. User’s Guide to the SELECT BMP 10 

### Model, SW1R06a, 2009. Water Environment Research Foundatio n, Alexandria, VA. 11



### Wright T., C. Swann, K. Cappiella and T. Schueler. 2005. Urban Subwatershed and Site 12 

### Reconnaissance Users Guide. Manual 11, Appendix C. Center for Watershed Protection, 13 

### Ellicott City, MD. 14



### < http://www.cwp.org/Resource_Library/Center_Docs/USR M/USRM11_Appendix_C.doc 

### >. 15 

### Accessed February 24, 2010. 16