1

STATE OF VERMONT

ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

}

In re: Cetrangolo and DeFelice }

Act 250 Permit Application } Docket No. 66-3-06 Vtec

(Self-Storage Facility - Northfield) }

}

Decision and Order on Appellant-Applicants’ Motion for Summary Judgment

Appellant-Applicants D. L. Cetrangolo and David DeFelice (Applicants) appealed

from a decision of the District 5 Environmental Commission denying their application for

an Act 250 permit to construct the first phase of a self-storage facility on their property on

Route 12 in Northfield. Applicants are represented by James P. W. Goss, Esq.; the

Northfield Planning Commission is represented by Joseph S. McLean, Esq.; The Gray

Building Coalition represents itself through its board member Kerri Hoffman, who is not

an attorney. Intervenor Vermont Natural Resources Board has not filed memoranda on the

present motions; it is represented by John H. Hasen, Esq. Applicants have moved for

summary judgment. The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.

Applicants’ property is approximately 3.85 acres in size. It is located at 11 North

Main Street (Vermont Route 12), in Northfield Village, in the Village Industrial zoning

district. In October of 2004, Applicants applied for an Act 250 permit to install self-storage

buildings on this property. The District Commission held a hearing in May 2005 on

Applicants’ application and issued a written decision denying it on February 28, 2006, on

the sole basis that the project does not satisfy 10 V.S.A. 6086(a)(10), which requires

conformance with the municipal plan. Applicants appealed this decision to Environmental

Court. 
1

 This decision will distinguish as necessary between the two groups of zoning

districts by the prefix “Town” or “Village” before each zoning district. The maps provided

by the parties in connection with these motions do not legibly show the exact dividing lines

between the Town and the Village zoning districts. However, it is undisputed that as of

the date of the District Commission proceedings, the project property was in the Village

Industrial zoning district.

2

 While no map has been provided, the district is described as having that purpose

in Table 10.2 of the Municipal Plan.

2

The Town and the incorporated Village of Northfield have a unified zoning

ordinance, within which the Town and the Village are divided into separate zoning

districts. As described in §10.2 of the 2004 Town and Village of Northfield Municipal Plan

(Municipal Plan), Northfield has four distinct “village centers,” only one of which is the

incorporated “Village of Northfield.” The village centers described in the Municipal Plan

are: “Northfield Falls,” the most northerly of the four; “Northfield Village” proper, which

includes the “downtown” area centered on Depot Square (its incorporated boundaries

extend for approximately a mile north of Depot Square and include the project property);

the “Center Village” surrounding the Norwich University campus farther south on Route

12, and the “South Village,” centered on the intersection of Route 12 with the access road

to Interstate 89.

Within the parts of the Town that are not in the incorporated Northfield Village1

there are agricultural, recreation, conservation, residential, and industrial and commercial

zoning districts, including an “urban residential” zoning district that is applicable to the

three unincorporated village centers.2 Within the incorporated Village of Northfield there

are three residential zoning districts, a recreation zoning district, a “business” zoning

district and an “industrial” zoning district. The boundaries of the districts are established

as shown on an official zoning map in the municipal offices; no party has provided a copy

of the zoning district map for the Court’s use in the present motions.
3

 The maps provided by the parties in connection with these motions do not show

the exact dividing line.

4

 It does not appear to be disputed, and the Court can infer from the totality of the

filings (including the District Commission decision), that the zoning district of this Village

core or downtown business area in the vicinity of Depot Square is the Village Business

zoning district, but the zoning district map has not been provided to the Court.

3

Route 12 (Main Street) runs in a north-south direction as it passes through the

Village of Northfield, going over a bridge over the Dog River; the river (or3

 Depot Street)

appears to divide “North” Main Street from “South” Main Street. Main Street is the

principal north-south artery running through the Town. The Dog River flows in a south-tonorth direction, and is located roughly parallel to and to the west of Main Street south of

the project property, turns to the east under Main Street, forms the southerly boundary of

the project property, and turns to the north, forming the easterly boundary of the project

property as well, and continues to the north roughly parallel to and to the east of Main

Street. The railroad line runs in a north-south direction through the area, one block to the

west of Main Street.

To the south of and across the river from Applicants’ property, along the east side

of Main Street, and along East Street, are located various retail and personal service stores,

including several cafés, a sandwich shop, a hair salon, a florist, a laundry and a plumbing

company. The Town Hall, the library, and the post office are located farther south on the

east side of Main Street. 

To the south of and across the river from Applicants’ property, diagonally across

Main Street, is the Northfield Village core or downtown business area.4

 This area includes

“Depot Square,” an historic commercial district, which contains two nineteenth-century

landmarks, the former Vermont Central Railroad station and the United Church, and an

additional twelve historic structures. This downtown core business area includes
5

 The Gray Building Coalition filed only a portion of this plan with its summary

judgment response memorandum; it filed the cover page, the table of contents, Section

One: Project Overview(containing numbered pages 1 and 2) and Section Two: Downtown

Market Analysis (containing numbered pages 1 through 13), plus a page containing

“Initiatives” numbered 4 through 8. This latter page contains the handwritten notation “pg

14" but is not in fact sequential to the other pages. Sections Three through Five of the plan

(and its Appendix) were not provided by any party.

4

commercial and residential uses typical of a small Vermont town or village, including a

drug store, a book store, a cable company, a restaurant, a café and a bank. The Municipal

Plan characterizes Northfield Village as the “main hub of the community.” Municipal Plan

§10.2.

Directly across Route 12 from Applicants’ property, apparently also in the Village

Industrial zoning district, is a gas station with a convenience store, and a large hardware

and feed store. To the north of the hardware and feed store, across Water Street, is a

commercial dyeing business.

The Gray Building, a former school building, is located on a high knoll of land

immediately to the north of and on the same side of Route 12 as the project property. A

band of existing trees is located on the southerly boundary of the Gray Building property.

The Gray Building is listed on the national historic register and has recently undergone

extensive restoration to facilitate its adaptive reuse for a variety of business offices and

community service uses. The restoration of the historic Gray Building and its adaptive

reuse was specifically mentioned in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Plan, §5.3 at p. 37; §5.4 at

p. 41, as well as in the 1997 Northfield Village Downtown Plan5

 (1997 Downtown Plan) as

“Initiative #7.”

 Applicants’ property formerly contained a granite processing plant and sales

operation that was built in the early 1900s. The granite business ceased in 1997 and the

plant was demolished at some point thereafter; some of the material has been used as fill
6

 As found by the District Commission in its analysis of the aesthetic effect of the

proposed project, which was not appealed and so is the “law of the case.” In re Bennington

School, Inc., 176 Vt. 584, 587 n.2 (2004) (mem.); see also Village of Woodstock v.

Bahramian, 160 Vt. 417, 424 (1993). Although the District Commission’s decision has been

provided, not all of the exhibits submitted to the District Commission have been provided,

making it difficult for the Court to determine what other documents or exhibits might also

reflect the “law of the case” regarding this project.

7

 These two buildings, shown as shaded in on the plan, are the first phase (Phase I)

of Applicants’ plan to eventually construct a total of seven self-storage buildings on their

5

to level the site. The property contains a brick smokestack (located in the southerly portion

of the property) and an existing cement wall along the river on the southerly property

boundary, as well as four cement “piers,” that are the remains of the granite processing

plant. The smokestack and wall are proposed to remain in place in connection with the

proposed project; the piers are shown on the plan as being incorporated into the 140-footlong buildings that are a later phase of the project. 

The property is relatively level and open as it extends from Route 12 easterly

towards the bank above the level of the Dog River, with a band of trees and other

vegetation along the river. Applicants propose an undisturbed 50-foot-wide vegetated

buffer between the developed area of the site and the top of the river bank. Applicants

propose to eliminate existing curb cuts and to install a single curb cut in the Main Street

frontage for vehicle access to the site, as well as to install plantings and street trees at the

sidewalk along Main Street to screen the site from view from the sidewalk and street.

Applicants’ property is visible from the Gray Building, from Route 12, from the

downtown business area across the river, and from residences along the Dog River,

although the proposed buildings of Phase I would not be visible6

 from the downtown

business area due to the proposed setback and screening.

Applicants propose to construct two7

 single-story, prefabricated metal self-storage
property. The five other buildings are proposed to be set back only approximately twenty

feet from the sidewalk; they include one building that is 20' x 140' in size, one that is 30' x

140' in size, one that is 20' x 180' in size and two that are 30' x 180' in size. Applicants now

argue that the scope of the present appeal encompasses the entire seven-building project.

However, Applicants applied to the District Commission only for Phase I, the first two

buildings of the project, and the District Commission decision was limited to the first two

buildings. The appeal to this Court is de novo, but the scope of the appeal is limited to

what was before the District Commission for its decision, that is, only the two buildings

shaded by diagonal lines on the plan.

8

 While the introductory paragraph in the District Commission decision describes

the buildings as 180 feet in length, the two buildings that are shaded on the plan and are

shown as “Phase I” on the plan are 120 feet in length. A 120-foot length results in the 6,000-

square-foot footprint as stated on the project’s municipal building permit application.

9

 The District Commission’s findings analyzed the traffic generated by the buildings

on the basis that they contained a total of sixty units, which would make each unit forty feet

wide.

6

buildings on their property. The buildings are each proposed to be 1208 feet in length; one

is twenty feet in width and the other is thirty feet in width, making a total footprint of 6,000

square feet, containing a total of sixty9

 storage units. The two proposed buildings

comprising Phase I are set back approximately 100 feet from the Main Street sidewalk. 

Applicants applied in August of 2004 (see Exhibit 8) for a municipal “building

permit,” shown on the application as “Phase I, 6000 sq [ft],” which was entered under

“total sq[uare] f[ee]t” in place of the number 30,400, which was crossed out. The project

was referred to the Zoning Board of Adjustment (ZBA) for a hearing as a conditional use

under §705 of the Zoning Regulations. Applicants’ application to the ZBA stated the

“[p]rovision of zoning ordinance in question” in full as “SECTION 705: #6. RETAIL/PERSONAL

SERVICE,” leaving out the word “stores” which is the final term in that use category. The

ZBA appears to have granted the conditional use approval at its October 28, 2004 hearing.

Neither the minutes of that hearing nor any decision of the ZBA has been provided to the
10 10 V.S.A. §8504(h).

7

Court in connection with the present motions. The section of the “building permit”

application showing referral to or the result of Planning Commission action is blank, as is

the section for Zoning Administrator action. 

Act 250 requires that an applicant demonstrate that a proposed project “[i]s in

conformance with any duly adopted local or regional plan . . . under chapter 117 of Title

24.” 10 V.S.A. §6086(a)(10). The burden of proof under this criterion is on the applicant.

10 V.S.A. §6088(a). In determining whether this criterion has been satisfied, if the district

commission (or this Court on appeal10) finds the applicable provisions of the municipal plan

to be ambiguous, “for interpretive purposes” the statute directs the Court to “consider

[municipal] bylaws, but only to the extent that they implement and are consistent with

those [plan] provisions, and [it] need not consider any other evidence.” Id. This sentence

of the statute was added in 2001 in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in In re Kisiel,

172 Vt. 124, 130 (2000). In re John A. Russell Corp., 2003 VT 93, ¶20 n. 4, 176 Vt. 520, 524

n. 4 (2003) (mem.).

Several “key principles” guide the determination of whether a project complies with

a local plan. John A. Russell Corp., 2003 VT 93, at ¶16–24, 176 Vt. at 523–25. First, a

determination of nonconformity must be based upon a “‘specific policy’ set forth in the

plan.” Id. (quoting In re Green Peak Estates, 154 Vt. 363, 369 (1990)). The specific policy

must be stated “in language that ‘is clear and unqualified, and creates no ambiguity.’” John

A. Russell Corp., 2003 VT 93 at ¶16, 176 Vt. at 523 (quoting In re MBL Assocs., 166 Vt. 606,

607 (1997) (mem.)). While “broad policy statements phrased as ‘nonregulatory

abstractions’” may not be given “‘the legal force of zoning laws,’” John A. Russell Corp.,

2003 VT 93 at ¶16, 176 Vt. at 523 (quoting In re Molgano, 163 Vt. 25, 31 (1994)), zoning
11 It is well-established in municipal zoning jurisprudence that the zoning

“regulations control the plan.” John A. Russell Corp., 2003 VT 93 at ¶16, 176 Vt. at 523

(quoting Smith v. Winhall Planning Comm., 140 Vt. 178, 183 (1981)); see Kalakowski v. John

A. Russell Corp., 137 Vt. 219, 225 (1979).

12 This Court is directed by 10 V.S.A. §8504(m) to give prior decisions of the former

Environmental Board “the same weight and consideration” as it gives its own prior

decisions.

8

bylaws are “designed to implement the town plan,11 and may provide meaning where the

plan is ambiguous.” Kisiel, 172 Vt. at 130 (2000); 10 V.S.A. §6086(a)(10).

These key principles illuminate the two inquiries the Court12 must make in

evaluating whether a project conforms to a municipal plan, as laid out in In re John J. Flynn

Estate and Keystone Dev. Corp., #4C0790-2-EB, Findings of Fact, Concl. of Law, and Order,

at 27–28 (Vt. Envtl. Bd., May 4, 2004). The first part of the inquiry is whether the language

in the local plan is mandatory, as opposed to merely providing “guidance.” Id. The

second question is whether the provisions are specific or, on the other hand, whether they

are “general in nature or ambiguous.” Id. at 28. A plan provision is considered to “evince[]

a specific policy” if it “(a) pertains to the area or district in which the project is located; (b)

is intended to guide or proscribe conduct or land use within [that area or district]; and (c)

is sufficiently clear to guide the conduct of an average person, using common sense and

understanding.” Id.; In re Times and Seasons, LLC and Hubert K. Benoit, #3W0839-2-EB,

Findings of Fact, Concl. of Law, and Order (Altered), at 59–60 (Vt. Envtl. Bd., Nov. 4, 2005).

In this inquiry, it is necessary to recognize that a municipal plan is meant to

“provide a framework upon which the zoning regulations are built.” John J. Flynn Estate,

#4C0790-2-EB, Concl. of Law at 28. Municipal plans do not typically contain prohibitory

language, id.; Times and Seasons, #3W0839-2-EB, Concl. of Law at 58, and, as the

Environmental Board recognized in John J. Flynn Estate, #4C0790-2-EB, Concl. of Law at
13 The statement in the plan was as follows, §5.3.3.2(d)(4): “High quality agricultural

land . . . shall be protected. (Refer to Section 6 of this Plan).”

9

27, the Court is obligated by the statutory language of 10 V.S.A. 6086(a)(10) itself, “to give

regulatory effect to a document [the municipal plan] which, because its purpose is

otherwise, is often not written in regulatory language.”

Thus, while recognizing that “should” is not the equivalent of “shall” and

“encouraged” is not the equivalent of “required,” the Environmental Board in Times and

Seasons concluded that the following plan provision was sufficiently mandatory, despite

the qualifying language: “Where feasible, commercial development shall be located within

or close to South Royalton Village or Royalton Village, re-using existing sites where

possible, or in other locations specifically recommended in this plan and its amendments.”

#3W0839-2-EB, Concl. of Law at 59 (emphasis added). Further, in Southwestern Vermont

Health Care Corp., the Environmental Board determined that the plan’s statement13 of

“general policy” that high quality agricultural land “shall be protected,” as further

described in “Section 6 of this Plan” was sufficiently mandatory, even though all the

relevant provisions in Section 6 of the plan were written in terms of “should encourage”

or that certain “development designs . . . will be encouraged.” #8B0537-EB, Findings of

Fact, Concl. of Law, and Order, at 22, 23, 53 (Vt. Envtl. Bd., Feb. 22, 2001).

The 2004 Northfield Town and Village Municipal Plan(Municipal Plan) specifically

recognizes the Act 250 criterion that a project applicant must show that the project is “in

conformance with” the duly-adopted local plan. 10 V.S.A. § 6086(a)(10). Section 11.7 of

the Municipal Plan provides specific language to assist in implementing this provision of

Act 250 within the Town and Village of Northfield. The Municipal Plan states that, “[i]n

the case of Northfield, conformance [of a project with the Municipal Plan under Criterion

10 of Act 250] should be determined by whether the proposed development is consistent
10

with the specific policies listed at the ends of Chapters 2 through 10. If a project is not

consistent with a specific policy, it should be determined to be not in conformance with the

Plan.” Chapters 2 through 10 contain a section at the end of each chapter detailing goals,

policies, and tasks related to the subject matter of that specific chapter. The goal or goals

for each chapter provide the context for understanding the specific policies of each chapter.

The District Commission denied the project under Act 250 Criterion 10, 10 V.S.A. §

6086(a)(10), due to its failure to conform with three specific chapters of the Municipal Plan.

The District Commission did not deny the project on the basis of an adverse effect on

aesthetics or historic sites under Criterion 8. No party appealed the decision as to Criterion

8 or as to any of the other chapters of the Municipal Plan, so that the proposal’s compliance

with Criterion 8 or the other chapters of the Municipal Plan is not at issue in this appeal.

In the present motion, Applicants move for summary judgment that the proposal

conforms with all three of the chapters cited by the District Commission: those related to

natural and cultural resources (Chapter 2), the local economy (Chapter 5), and land use

(Chapter 10), and therefore that it meets Act 250 Criterion 10, 10 V.S.A. § 6086(a)(10) and

should be approved by the Court.

Chapter 2 - Natural and Cultural Resources

Chapter 2 of the Municipal Plan is entitled “Natural and Cultural Resources,” and

addresses Northfield’s “sense of place” as defined by its natural setting and its built

environment; the latter is the aspect of Chapter 2 related to the proposed project. Section

2.1 of Chapter 2 recognizes that “Northfield does not have to go the way of many

communities that are losing their sense of identity and place to nondescript, homogenous

forms of development” and states that “[s]uch development . . . is inconsistent with the

historic character of the built environment.” Section 2.1 provides that “it is critical to

protect environmental quality and community identity, and to preserve that which makes
14 As the District Commission decision was not appealed on Criterion 8, we do not

address Policy 11 regarding whether the project was designed to minimize adverse impacts

to Northfield’s historic sites and structures.

11

Northfield a special place to live, work and visit.” Municipal Plan, § 2.1. These statements

provide the context for the Court’s consideration of the policies in Chapter 2.

With respect to Northfield’s cultural resources, the goal stated in § 2.5 for Chapter

2 is: “[t]o identify, protect and preserve important . . . historic features of Northfield’s

landscape, which help define the community’s unique identity and sense of place; . . .”

Municipal Plan, § 2.5. In pursuit of that goal, the plan states eleven policies (in the portion

of § 2.5 to which the Court is directed by §11.7 for Act 250 analysis). 

Of those policies,14 which begin with the phrase “development should be . . . ,”

Policy 9 states that development should be “[s]ited and designed to be consistent with

Northfield’s historic settlement pattern, including traditional densities and scales of

development, local street networks, and streetscapes;” and Policy 10 states that it should

be “[c]ompatible with Northfield’s historic architectural styles, . . .” With regard to the

issue of specificity, and applying the analysis in John J. Flynn Estate, #4C0790-2-EB, Concl.

of Law at 27, policies 9 and 10 do pertain to the Northfield Village area in which the project

is located; they are intended to guide conduct or land use consistent with the historic

character of the Village District; and they are sufficiently clear to guide an average person’s

conduct, using common sense and understanding. 

On the other hand, the language of all the policy statements in Chapter 2 begins with

“should” and therefore is not mandatory, yet §11.7 of the Plan itself calls for the Act 250

analysis to be made on the basis of conformance with these policy statements. The Court

must therefore examine the zoning regulations to resolve this ambiguity and determine

whether to interpret the policy statements in Chapter 2 to be any more mandatory than the

“should be” language would deem to warrant. The Zoning Regulations, however, lack any
12

design review mechanism or any specific mandatory regulations as to the appearance of

projects in the Village zoning districts, and lack any specific mandatory regulations

pertaining to downtown development. Accordingly, Policies 9 and 10 in Chapter 2 are not

sufficiently mandatory to form the basis for denial of the proposal under Criterion 10 of Act

250, and summary judgment must be GRANTED to Appellant-Applicants that the project

does not fail to comply with Chapter 2 of the Municipal Plan.

Moreover, material facts have not been provided to the Court, other than in the text

of the Municipal Plan itself, as to the traditional density and scale of development in the

downtown core area, or the compatibility (or even the visibility) of the proposed project

with respect to Northfield’s historic architectural styles. Therefore, even if the plan were

sufficiently mandatory as to Policies 9 and 10 of Chapter 2, the Court would have to deny

summary judgment on the basis that material facts are in dispute, or at least have not been

provided, with respect to whether or not the project as proposed complies with Policies 9

and 10 of Chapter 2 of the Municipal Plan.

 

Chapter 5 - Local Economy

The goal of Chapter 5 of the Municipal Plan, entitled “Local Economy,” is: “[a]

strong local economy characterized by well[-]paying jobs for area residents, a vibrant

downtown, business opportunities for local entrepreneurs, and a broad tax base.”

Municipal Plan, § 5.4. In pursuit of that goal, the plan states eleven policies (in the portion

of the chapter to which the Court is directed by §11.7 for Act 250 analysis).

Policy 3 is to “support reinvestment and revitalization of downtown properties to

enhance the economic vitality of the downtown as the community’s civic, cultural and

commercial center,” and, “to this end,” Policy 3 states that “the implementation of the

Northfield Village Downtown Plan is strongly encouraged.”

Policy 1 is to “encourage strongly” the establishment or expansion of businesses
13

that, among other things, “reinforce the community’s historic settlement pattern.”

In Section 5.3, “Economic Outlook”, under the heading of “Downtown Vitality”, the

Municipal Plan states that the 1997 Downtown Plan “set forth a conceptual master plan

that included several initiatives for improving the vitality and the economic climate in the

downtown.” Unfortunately, the parties have not provided Section 3 of the 1997 Downtown

Plan containing the conceptual master plan. However, as restated at § 5.3 of the Municipal

Plan, one of these initiatives was “[r]edevelopment of the Cetrangolo parcel, which is well

situated to serve as a cornerstone for downtown development efforts.” Municipal Plan §

5.3 at p. 37. The 1997 Downtown Plan stated that “several possible uses for this parcel

exist,” and noted that “downtown lodging facilities have been identified as [a] priority by

some local officials and business leaders.” Municipal Plan § 5.3.

Applicants argue that this Court cannot consider this language because the 1997

Downtown Plan is not a “duly-adopted” plan pursuant to chapter 117 of Title 24. 10 V.S.A.

§6086(a)(10). Applicants are correct that the Court, in assessing compliance with Criterion

10, does not analyze the project’s conformance with the 1997 Downtown Plan directly.

However, to the extent that the duly-adopted Municipal Plan incorporates the 1997

Downtown Plan by reference, language from the 1997 Downtown Plan may be considered

by the Court as if it were stated outright in the Municipal Plan itself.

The project property is specifically mentioned in several places in the portion of the

1997 Downtown Plan provided to the Court. In the Introduction on page 1 of Section Two,

summarizing the market analysis, the 1997 Downtown Plan states: “In particular, growth

at Norwich University and the loss [of] a major downtown land use (Ce[]trang[o]lo) will

have an [e]ffect on the downtown market.” In the Executive Summary on page 3 of Section

Two, identifying major events affecting the downtown’s market position, the 1997

Downtown Plan states: “Ce[]trangolo’s exit from the downtown will remove employees

and spending from the area – however, it also opens up opportunities for redevelopment.
15 As contrasted with the cultural or community vitality of the downtown area

which is addressed in Chapter 10 of the Municipal Plan.

14

In the Executive Summary on page 4 of Section Two, and repeated as a “key conclusion”

on page 13 of Section Two, the 1997 Downtown Plan states: “The Ce[]trangolo building

may offer up an opportunity to create a collaborative craft/industrial shop. This, in turn,

may have appeal to tourism and transient visitors.” In the discussion in the text (on page

12 of Section Two) of the “opportunities for development” caused by “Ce[]trangolo’s exit

from the downtown,” the 1997 Downtown Plan states: “The exit of a major employer from

the downtown is certain to result in some loss of business for existing shops and services[;

n]evertheless, this is an important downtown location, which should be viewed creatively

as an opportunity for new uses.” 

The Municipal Plan is sufficiently mandatory and specific to determine that, for a

project this near the core downtown area to conform to Chapter 5 of the Municipal Plan,

it must contribute to the economic vitality of the downtown, whether by adding jobs or by

adding downtown amenities that would provide reasons for residents (including Norwich

students and faculty), residents of the region, and tourists, to make more use of the

downtown area, that is, to contribute to “a vibrant downtown,” especially in the evening.

The Municipal Plan is not sufficiently mandatory or specific to require any particular type

of development on the project property, as long as it complies with the applicable zoning

regulations. 

However, undisputed material facts have not been provided to the Court regarding

whether the proposed two self-storage buildings would contribute to the economic

vitality15 of the downtown area of Northfield Village. All that appears in the materials

provided by the parties are the statements in Applicant’s Act 250 permit application that

the project “involves no creation of jobs” (§6(a)); that it involves “no additional
16 The Court’s copy of the Land Use Districts Map attached to the Municipal Plan

as A-7 is insufficiently legible for the Court to determine the location of any of the districts

listed on it, and the Court has not been provided with a copy of the Official Zoning Map.

There is sufficient ambiguity in the map to turn to the zoning regulation to understand

Table 10.2 and Chapter 10 of the Municipal Plan. Nevertheless, the text of §10.3 of the

Municipal Plan sufficiently defines that the so-called “urban core” discussed in Chapter 10

comprises the area “along the Dog River/Route 12 corridor from the Berlin boundary” in

the north, through Northfield Village, “south to the area surrounding [the] intersections

of Route 12 and Route 12A, and Route 12 and Route 64.” This “urban core” includes all the

15

employment” (§9A(b)); and that “traffic will be minimal relative to previous use as a

granite plant with more than 60 employees . . . plus customers and vendors” (§5(I)). That

is, the Court on summary judgment cannot make assumptions about the economic impact

of a self-storage project on the economic vitality of the downtown area. Summary

judgment is therefore DENIED as to whether or not the project as proposed complies with

Chapter 5 of the Municipal Plan, as material facts are in dispute, or at least have not been

provided to the Court in connection with the present motions, as to the issue of proposed

project’s effect on the local economy.

Chapter 10 - Land Use

Chapter 10 of the Municipal Plan states that one of the principal purposes of the plan

is to provide a “foundation” for the Town’s zoning regulations. Municipal Plan § 10.1.

Section 10.2 describes the historic settlement patterns within the town, including each of

the four village centers; it describes Northfield Village itself as “the main hub of the

community,” and that the village, “centered around Depot Square, functions as the

community’s downtown.” Municipal Plan § 10.2. 

Section 10.3 of the Municipal Plan describes the current land use (zoning)

regulations of the Town and Village, dividing them in Table 10.2 into “urban” and “rural”

districts. The eight land use (zoning) districts listed16 in the Plan’s Table 10-2 correspond
Village zoning districts plus the Town’s “urban residential” zoning district. 

16

to the zoning districts contained in the Town and Village of Northfield Zoning Regulations;

they are merely sorted differently, so that all the Village zoning districts plus the Town’s

“urban residential” district are listed as high density or “urban” districts, while all of the

remaining Town districts are listed as lower density or “rural” districts.

With respect to Northfield’s land use, the goal stated in § 10.5 for Chapter 10 is: “[t]o

maintain the Town and Village’s historic settlement pattern while managing development

in a manner to further the other goals and policies of this Plan.” Municipal Plan §10.5. In

pursuit of that goal, the plan states twelve policies (in the portion of the chapter to which

the Court is directed by §11.7 for Act 250 analysis).

Policy 5 of Chapter 10 provides that “the downtown area’s central commercial, civic,

and cultural community function will be reinforced through a concentrated mix of land

uses at high densities and an urban pattern of development;” this must be read together

with Policy 3 that “Northfield Village’s role as the cultural, civic, and industrial center for

the community should continue to be supported.” Municipal Plan §10.5 (emphasis added).

Policy 4 provides that development in traditional village settings “should be designed to

reflect the traditional, pedestrian-scale of development . . . .” Municipal Plan §10.5. 

Policy 1 of Chapter 10 provides that development “will be encouraged to locate

within the urban core” land use districts “through [the] land use [zoning] regulations” as

well as through the “related policies of” the Municipal Plan. Municipal Plan § 10.5

(emphasis added). Because this policy of Chapter 10 requires the zoning regulations to

accomplish the goal of encouraging development to locate in the urban core, the Court

must examine the zoning regulations regardless of whether or not the regulations would
17 To obtain conditional use approval, a proposal must demonstrate that it will not

result in an adverse effect on “[t]he character of the area affected.” Zoning Regulations,

§208(2). The “character of the area,” in turn, is “defined by the purpose or purposes of the

zoning district within which the project is located and [by the] specifically stated policies

and standards of the municipal plan.” 24 V.S.A. §4414(3)(A)(ii).

17

have to be examined under 10 V.S.A. §6086(a)(10) due to the ambiguity of the provisions

of Chapter 10 of the Municipal Plan discussed in footnote 16. 

Policies 1 and 5 are clearly mandatory, and all of the cited policies pertain to the

Northfield Village area in which the project is located, are intended to guide conduct or

land use consistent with the character of the Village District, and are sufficiently clear to

guide an average person’s conduct, using common sense and understanding. 

The Zoning Regulations as incorporated in Policy 1 of Chapter 10 of the Municipal

Plan are mandatory and specific. Within the Village, no permitted uses are provided for

the Village Industrial zoning district, Zoning Regulations, §705; that is, all proposed uses

in the Village Industrial zoning district must obtain conditional use approval.17 The only

categories of conditional uses which are allowed by the zoning regulations to apply for

conditional use approval in this district are: shopping centers (defined as two or more

adjoining retail or service establishments having a common parking lot); manufacturing

uses; motor vehicle sales; and “retail and personal service stores;” as well as utility rightsof-way and related structures; and government buildings. Zoning Regulations §705. While

storage uses are allowed as conditional uses in the Town’s “Industrial and Commercial”

zoning district, id. §604, and the Town’s Mill Hill Industrial/Commercial zoning district,

id. §607, storage uses are not allowed in any of the Village zoning districts, or in the Town’s
18 The Court recognizes that the Phase I two-building proposal received conditional

use approval from the ZBA under §705 of the Zoning Regulations, as reflected in the

“Board of Adjustment” section on the building permit application. (Applicants’ Exhibit 8).

However, there is no indication that Applicants have applied for or received site plan

approval, which is a prerequisite to the issuance of a zoning permit for all uses other than

one- or two-family residential uses, accessory buildings, and agricultural uses. Zoning

Regulations, §209; see In re Appeal of Jolley Associates, 2006 VT 132, ¶5 (vested right to

conditional use review under old bylaws, but later site plan application to be reviewed

under amended bylaws). As the space on the building permit application for “Action of

Zoning Administrator” is blank, nothing in the materials supplied to the Court reflects

whether the project ever received a zoning permit from the Zoning Administrator. 

18

Urban Residential district, that is, in any of the core urban area referenced in Chapter 10

of the Municipal Plan. As the proposed self-storage facility does not fall within any of the

conditional use categories allowed in the Village Industrial zoning district; it is therefore

not an allowed use18 in this zoning district for the purpose of determining its conformance

with Policy 1 of Chapter 10 of the Municipal Plan: that is, it does not conform with that

policy.

It also does not conform with Policy 4, in that it is a development in Northfield

Village yet it does not reflect the traditional, pedestrian scale of development, as it is

intended to be used only occasionally and only by people loading or unloading their

storage units by vehicle. Nor does it conform with Policy 5, as it does nothing to reinforce

the downtown area’s central commercial, cultural or civic community functions, in that it

is not a use that draws people to the downtown area for any commercial or cultural

purposes, in contrast with uses such as retail or service establishments allowed in the

district. 

Therefore, the proposed use does not conform with Chapter 10 of the Municipal

Plan. Summary judgment is entered against Applicants and in favor of the Planning 
19

Commission on this issue.

Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that

Appellant-Applicants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED, and summary judgment

is GRANTED in favor of the Northfield Planning Commission that the project as proposed

fails to comply with the Municipal Plan, at least with respect to Chapter 10 regarding land

use, upholding the District Commission decision and concluding this appeal. AppellantApplicants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED that the project as proposed does

not fail to comply with Chapter 2 of the Municipal Plan, as Policies 9 and 10 of Chapter 2

are not sufficiently mandatory.

A telephone conference has been scheduled (see enclosed notice) to discuss whether

Applicants wish to proceed in this appeal on the merits of Chapter 5, or whether the issues

relating to Chapter 5 may be moot in light of the Court’s decision with regard to Chapter

10. 

Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 11th day of April, 2007.

_________________________________________________

Merideth Wright 

Environmental Judge