IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS

______________________________________

)

HARMONIA HOLDINGS GROUP, LLC, )

)

Plaintiff, ) No. 21-1704C

)

v. ) Filed: September 27, 2021

)

THE UNITED STATES, ) Re-issued: October 12, 2021

)

Defendant, )

)

and )

)

PERATON INC., )

)

Defendant-Intervenor. )

______________________________________ )

OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Harmonia Holdings Group, LLC requests that the Court preliminarily enjoin the

performance of a sole source bridge contract awarded by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS” or 

“Agency”) to Defendant-Intervenor Peraton Inc. (“Peraton”) following the cancellation of the 

solicitation that is the subject of this bid protest. For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds Plaintiff

has failed to demonstrate the requisite factors to obtain the relief it seeks. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s

Motion for Preliminary Injunction is DENIED. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Original Solicitation and Bid Protests

In early 2020, the IRS solicited bids from contractors to develop and execute software 

application testing to assist with the IRS’s tax administration systems and applications related to 
2

intake, processing, and customer support during tax season. 1 Prelim. Admin. R. (“Prelim. AR”) 

at 74–186, ECF No. 25; see Def.’s Resp. to Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 9, ECF No. 30; Pl.’s 

Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 6, ECF No. 29. The bids were evaluated based on six factors: (1) 

Mandatory Requirements, (2) Technical Support,(3) Relevant Experience,(4) Past Performance,

(5) Management Approach, and (6) Price. Prelim. AR 168; see ECF No. 29 at 7–8. 

The IRS received 33 bids and on December 7, 2020 awarded four blanket purchase 

agreements (“BPA”), one of which went to Plaintiff. Prelim. AR 62; see ECF No. 30 at 9. Prior 

to this request for bids, the testing support services had been provided by Northrop Grumman 

Systems Corporation (now Peraton) for 22 years. Prelim. AR 2; see ECF No. 29 at 6. The award 

was protested by three unsuccessful offerors, including Northrop Grumman, at the Government 

Accountability Office (“GAO”). ECF No. 30 at 9. The protestors alleged that the IRS’s 

evaluations of the proposals (as to both the protestors and the awardees) were arbitrary and that its

price analysis and best value determinationswere flawed. Id.; see Prelim. AR 3–6.

B. Corrective Action and Cancellation of the Solicitation

In response to the protests, on December 30, 2020, the IRS notified the GAO that it would 

take corrective action by reevaluating the three protesters’ bids under factors 2, 3, and 4;

reassessing factor 5; and reassessing the price realism evaluation of the protestors and of the most 

qualified offerors. Prelim. AR 735. The IRS would then issue a new technical evaluation report 

(“TER”) and source selection decisions. Id. Performance of the BPAswould remain stayed during

this process. Id. Following the reevaluation and award, the IRS would lift the stay of the awarded 

1 The solicitation sought proposals from offerors holding contracts under the General 

Services Administration (“GSA”) Federal Supply Schedule 70, with the intent to award four 

multiple award, blanket purchase agreements to procure information technology services to 

support the IRS. See Def.-Intervenor’s Resp. to Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 6, ECF No. 31. 
3

contracts, if they remained the best value to the Government, or would cancel any award that no 

longer represented the best value to the Government and issue new or additional awards if the 

Agency determined it would be in the Government’s best interest. Id. The IRS further stated that 

additional corrective action may be taken if appropriate. Id. As a result, on January 19, 2021, the 

GAO dismissed the protests as “academic.” Id. at 738, 740, 742.

As of May 17, 2021, the Agency’s corrective action remained incomplete. Id. at 747. IRS 

had been unable to adequately complete a TER addressing all the evaluation factors. Id.; see ECF 

No. 30 at 10. It noted in an internal presentation that “the evaluation ratings are not supported, 

specifically strengths do notshow how the Government will benefit and weaknesses don’t show 

any risk.” Prelim. AR 748. Additionally, the Agency’s legal office had concerns that the technical 

evaluation panel (“TEP”) was biased against Northrop Grumman. Id. IRS also had not finished 

its reassessment of factor 5. Id. at 749. The internal presentation further noted the Agency’s

concern about a lapse in service, expected July 25, 2021, and the need for a sole source bridge 

contract if it could not complete the reevaluation by the expiration of the existing contract with 

Peraton. Id. at 744, 747. The internal presentation put forth two solutions: (1) complete the 

corrective action, notify the offerors, and see if the new reevaluation is protested; or (2) cancel the 

award, start the acquisition process over, and issue a sole source bridge contract to allow time for 

the re-compete. Id. at 748–49; see Pl.’s Reply in Support of Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 6, 

ECF No. 32. It noted that a sole source bridge contract might be necessary even if the Agency 

proceeded with the first option. Prelim. AR 749. 

On May 26, 2021, the Acting Director of the Office of Information Technology 

Acquisition, Steven Brand, agreed that “canceling the current solicitation and starting over is the 
4

right course of action” and that, as discussed, the IRS would need “to execute a bridge contract 

that will provide [the Agency] time for the re-compete.” Id. at 750.

C. Sole Source Bridge Contract Awarded to Peraton 

The IRS filed a Justification for an Exception to Fair Opportunity on July 22, 2021, to 

obtain approval to issue a task order under the Alliant 2 Governmentwide Acquisition Contract 

(“GWAC”) to Peraton “to provide continued services while the re-compete process is completed.” 

Id. at 752; see ECF No. 30 at 11. The IRS explained that the need to avoid a lapse in service was 

urgent enough that “providing a fair opportunity would result in unacceptable delays.” Prelim. 

AR 752 (citing Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) 16.505(b)(2)(i)(A)). It intended to award 

the sole source bridge contract to Peraton, the incumbent, because Peraton’s “experience, technical 

expertise and . . . high level of resources in place” would allow it to continue services more 

efficiently and with less costs than if a new contractor were selected. Id. at 753. The justification 

was approved, and Peraton was awarded an approximately$17.7 million contract, with a 12-month 

term beginning July 26, 2021 followed by three four-month option periods. Id. at 754; Def.-

Intervenor’s Resp. to Revised Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 9, ECF No. 31. On August 11, 2021, the 

IRS notified the public of the decision. Prelim. AR 937–40.

On August 17, 2021, Plaintiff filed a bid protest action in this Court, along with a motion 

for a preliminary injunction. See Pl.’s Compl., ECF No. 1; Pl.’s Mot. For Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 3. 

In accordance with the Court’s scheduling order (ECF No. 14), Defendant filed a preliminary 

administrative record and Plaintiff subsequently filed a revised preliminary injunction motion. See

ECF Nos. 25, 29. Plaintiff’s Motion seeks an order preliminarily enjoining the IRS from allowing 

Peraton to perform the current bridge task order. ECF No. 29 at 22. 
5

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

In a bid protest action, this Court may issue a preliminary injunction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1491(b)(2) and Rule 65 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). A 

preliminary injunction, however, is an “extraordinary remedy, which should not be granted as a 

matter of course.” Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 165 (2010). To obtain 

preliminary relief, the movant has the burden of demonstrating that: (1) it will suffer irreparable 

injury if the injunction is not granted; (2) there is a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits 

of its claim(s) at trial; (3) the harm suffered by the movant, if the injunction is not granted, will 

outweigh the harm suffered by the Government and any third-parties; and (4) granting the 

injunction would not be contrary to the interest of the public. See Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, 

Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); see also MORI Assocs. v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 503, 519 (2011)

(citing FMC Corp. v. United States, 3 F.3d 424, 427 (Fed. Cir. 1993)).

No one factor is dispositive, and the weakness of one factor may be sufficient to justify 

denial of preliminary relief depending on the weight (or lack thereof) assigned to the remaining 

factors. Sumecht NA, Inc. v. United States, 923 F.3d 1340, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citing Chrysler 

Motors Corp. v. Auto Body Panels of Ohio, Inc., 908 F.2d 951, 952 (Fed. Cir. 1990)). At the least, 

the “movant must establish both ‘likelihood of success on the merits and irreparable harm’ for the 

court to grant a preliminary injunction.” Chamberlain Grp., Inc. v. Techtronic Indus. Co., 676 F. 

App’x 980, 984 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc., 239 

F.3d 1343, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (emphasis added)). 
6

B. Plaintiff’s Request for a Preliminary Injunction Must Be Denied.

Plaintiff has not met its burden to justify the extraordinary relief of preliminarily enjoining 

the Agency’s award to Peraton pending a final determination in this bid protest action. As 

discussed below, the preliminary injunction factors weigh in favor of denying Plaintiff’s Motion. 

1. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

To assess Plaintiff’s likelihood of success, the Court must evaluate both jurisdictional and 

merits arguments. Defendant and Peraton raise objections to the Court’s jurisdiction over some or 

all of Plaintiff’s claims pursuant to the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994 (“FASA”), 

41 U.S.C. § 4106. The Tucker Act, as amended by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 

1996 (“ADRA”), Pub. L. No. 104-320, 110 Stat. 3870 (1996), provides the Court with “jurisdiction 

to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to”: (1) “a solicitation by a Federal 

agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract,” (2) “a proposed award or the award of a 

contract,” or (3) “any alleged violation of a statute or regulation in connection with a procurement 

or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1). FASA, however, bars protests that are “in 

connection with the issuance or proposed issuance of a task or delivery order.” 2 41 U.S.C. 

§ 4106(f). The Federal Circuit has recognized the FASA protest bar as expansive and unyielding. 

As it explained in SRA International, Inc. v. United States,

[t]he statutory language of FASA is clear and gives the court no room to exercise 

jurisdiction over claims made “in connection with the issuance or proposed 

issuance of a task or delivery order.” Even if the protestor points to an alleged 

violation of statute or regulation, as [plaintiff] does here, the court still has no 

jurisdiction to hear the case if the protest is in connection with the issuance of a 

task order. We acknowledge that this statute is somewhat unusual in that it 

2 The FASA bar does not apply to two types of protests: (1) “a protest on the ground that 

the [task or delivery] order increases the scope, period, or maximum value of the contract under 

which the order is issued” and (2) “a protest of an order valued in excess of [$10 million].” 41 

U.S.C. §§ 4106(f)(1)(A)–(B). Protests in the latter category fall within the exclusive jurisdiction 

of the GAO. Id. § 4106(f)(2). 
7

effectively eliminates all judicial review for protests made in connection with a 

procurement designated as a task order—perhaps even in the event of an agency’s 

egregious, or even criminal, conduct. Yet Congress’s intent to ban protests on the 

issuance of task orders is clear from FASA’s unambiguous language.

766 F.3d 1409, 1413 (Fed. Cir. 2014). 

Defendant and Peraton argue that FASA precludes the Court from exercising jurisdiction 

over Plaintiff’s challenge to the task order issued to Peraton. See ECF No. 30 at 19–20; ECF No. 

31 at 9–14. Peraton goes one step further, arguing that because of the way Plaintiff framed its 

allegations the “Complaint and Motion are ‘in connection with’ the Agency’s award to Peraton of 

the Task Order Bridge,” and thus this Court is “deprive[d] . . . of jurisdiction over the entirety of 

the protest.” ECF No. 31 at 13 (citing SRA Int’l, 766 F.3d at 1414). Conversely, Plaintiff argues

the FASA protest bar is inapplicable to this matter altogether. ECF No. 32 at 3. According to 

Plaintiff, the case “does not revolve around the Agency’s arbitrary and unlawful issuance of a sole 

source contract to Peraton” butinstead “relates to the Agency’s decision to cancel the BPA awards 

and ignore its stated corrective action.” Id.; see id. at 5 (“[Plaintiff] challenges the Agency’s 

corrective action. Peraton’s contract is a byproduct of the Agency’s unlawful and arbitrary failure 

to follow its corrective action.”). 

Plaintiff’s contention in briefing appears to be belied by the opening sentence of its 

Amended Complaint, which describes this action as “protesting [the] award to Peraton.” See Am. 

Compl. at 1, ECF No. 28. Indeed, allegations throughout the Amended Complaint seem to draw 

a connection between the Agency’s decision to cancel the solicitation and its decision to award a 

task order to Peraton, as well as challenge the lawfulness of and seek relief against the task order 

itself. See, e.g., id. ¶ 1 (“the Agency’s cancellation and corrective action, which resulted in a sole 

source award to Peraton, lacks a rational basis is unlawful, arbitrary and capricious”), id. ¶ 5 

(alleging that the Agency’s task order award to Peraton was unlawful); id. at 6 (identifying Count 
8

One as, “[t]he Agency’s Cancellation and Sole Source is a Violation of Law”); id. at 7 (seeking as 

part of the Prayer for Relief a preliminary and permanent injunction of the performance of the task 

order to Peraton). 3 Consequently, Plaintiff’s allegations could fairly be said to raise objections to 

the Agency’s cancellation of the solicitation, “abandonment” of its stated corrective action, and 

the subsequent task order award to Peraton. See id. ¶¶ 29–30. 

The parties, however, do not contest that the Court has jurisdiction to entertain claims based 

on Plaintiff’s first two objections, at least to the extent they are standalone claims. The Court 

agrees. Other judges of this court have held that a challenge to a solicitation cancellation decision 

arises under the final prong of § 1491(b)(1)—i.e., an alleged violation of statute or regulation in 

connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement. See Tolliver Grp., Inc. v. United States, 

151 Fed. Cl. 70, 87 (2020); see also MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 523 (observing that the final

prong “must be the vehicle by which the remainder of [the Court’s] pre-existing jurisdiction over 

procurement protests was preserved” after ADRA and includes a protest of a cancellation of a 

solicitation). Challenges to an agency’s corrective action have been categorized as arising under 

the Court’s pre-award jurisdiction (i.e., the first prong) or under the final prong, depending on the 

allegations. See Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 430, 443 (2017) (citing Ceres 

Gulf, Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 303, 315–16 (2010) (discussing cases related to corrective 

action protests as reflecting challenges to pre-award conduct) and Sys. Application & Techs. v. 

United States, 691 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (noting the first and final prongs as bases for 

jurisdiction to challenge a corrective action, even if not yet implemented, that plaintiffs argued

was both arbitrary and capricious and involved an alleged violation of law)). 

3 At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel likewise described the cancellation decision and 

subsequent task order award as inextricably linked, stating that the two could not be “decoupled”

and were “wrapped up in the same decision.” 
9

That the Agency decided to issue a task order to Peraton as a short-term replacement 

procurement vehicle does not automatically preclude the Court from exercising jurisdiction over 

potentially part of Plaintiff’s protest. See BayFirst Sols., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 493, 

503 (2012) (“It may be that each protest requires a fact-intensive inquiry as to the agency’s 

decision-making process, and a careful analysis of the connectedness of each challenged 

procurement decision to the issuance or proposed issuance of a task order.”). The Court must 

evaluate whether the basis of and facts surrounding Plaintiff’s first two objections cause them to 

be “logically distinct” from the subsequent issuance of the task order bridge to Peraton. See MORI

Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 533; see also SRA Int’l, 766 F.3d at 1413 (explaining that “a temporal 

disconnect may, in some circumstances, help to support the non-application of the FASA bar”). 

Several courts have found such disconnection between a decision to cancel a solicitation and a 

decision to procure the same services through issuance of a task order. See Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. 

at 99 (holding “the cancellation decisions themselves are far removed from the selection of a 

replacement acquisition vehicle”); BayFirst, 104 Fed. Cl. at 507 (“The cancellation of the 

[s]olicitation may be viewed as a discrete procurement decision and one which could have been 

the subject of a separate protest.”);see also MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 525, 533–34.

Here, the Agency’s decision to cancel the solicitation (rather than completing the corrective 

action) predates the award to Peraton and could potentially serve as an independent basis for the 

Court’s jurisdiction; therefore, the application of the FASA protest bar to the cancellation and 

corrective action claims would not be unavoidable. See BayFirst, 104 Fed. Cl. at 507;see also 

Guam Indus. Servs. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 546, 555 (2015) (“Not every decision that 

precedes the selection of a task order vehicle is so bound up with the proposed issuance of a task 

order that a protest of the decision would be prohibited by FASA.” (quoting MORI Assocs. v. 
10

United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 33, 38 (2013)). While there is some causal connection between the 

Agency’s decisions not to complete the corrective action, but rather to cancel and re-compete the 

solicitation, and the issuance of the task order to Peraton to avoid a lapse in service during the recompete process, see Prelim. AR 748, this type of proximate causation has been recognized as

insufficient to implicate the FASA protest bar for a cancellation challenge, see BayFirst, 104 Fed. 

Cl. at 507. 

But accepting arguendo Plaintiff’s disavowal that its protest concerns the Agency’s award

of the bridge task order to Peraton, what jurisdictional basis does the Court have to review or

potentially enjoin that separate procurement decision? See, e.g., DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 

547 U.S. 332, 352 (2006) (observing the requirement of a plaintiff to demonstrate standing for 

each claim and each form of relief sought);see ECF No. 28 at 7 (requesting in Prayer for Relief 

that the Court preliminarily and permanently enjoin “the performance of the sole source bridge 

contract issued to Peraton”). Plaintiff argues that Tolliver and MORI Associates provide the 

answer. ECF No. 32 at 4–5. As Peraton notes, these cases are arguably distinguishable. Both 

involved similar circumstances: following protests of contract awards, the respective agencies 

committed to corrective actions before ultimately cancelling the solicitations and procuring the 

services under a different procurement vehicle involving task orders. Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 80–

83; MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 511–16. Unlike this case, however, the plaintiffs in Tolliver 

and MORI Associates raised separate challenges to the agencies’ cancellation decisions (claiming 

they were arbitrary and capricious and violated FAR 1.602-2(b)) and the lawfulness of the

replacement procurement method (claiming the agencies failed to comply with the Rule of Two).4 

4 The Rule of Two provides that “[t]he contracting officer shall set aside any acquisition 

over the simplified acquisition threshold for small business participation when there is a reasonable 
11

Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 98–99 (holding the FASA protest bar did not preclude the court’s 

jurisdiction over plaintiff’s Rule of Two claim); MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 533–34 (same). 

With respect to the latter, the courts held that the Rule of Two involved an alleged violation of law 

arising during a stage of the procurement process that is logically distinct from the issuance or 

proposed issuance of the task orders; and consequently, the FASA bar was inapplicable. See 

Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 98–99 (focusing on distinct nature of Rule of Two challenge); MORI 

Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl at 533–34. The Tolliver court also held that the plaintiff’s Rule of Two claim, 

brought under the finalprong of the Court’s § 1491(b)(1) jurisdiction, did not constitute a “protest” 

to which the FASA bar could apply. 151 Fed. Cl. at 100. It specifically noted, however, that a 

cancellation of a solicitation is expressly identified as a “protest” under the Competition in 

Contracting Act, which has been used to inform this Court’s bid protest jurisdiction. Id. at 98–99 

& n.40. 

Neither court held that jurisdiction over the cancellation claims ipso facto conferred 

jurisdiction to either review or enjoin the subsequently issued task orders.5 See id. at 85 n.12, 99 

n.40. Moreover, although Tolliver articulated the plaintiffs’ Rule of Two challenge as being

“neither to a particular solicitation nor to the merits of an award or to a proposed award of a task 

order,” id. at 105 n.48, the same cannot be said of Plaintiff’s allegations here. Plaintiff does not 

raise a Rule of Two or similar “[d]iscrete, preliminary matter.” MORI Assocs., 113 Fed Cl. at 38. 

Rather, as part of its argument that the Agency’s cancellation decision was irrational and violated

expectation that—(1) Offers will be obtained from at least two responsible small business 

concerns; and (2) Award will be made at fair market prices.” FAR 19.502-2(b).

5 Indeed, the Government argued in Tolliver that the cancellation and Rule of Two claims 

were separate, and the Court found independent jurisdiction for both. Tolliver, 151 Fed. Cl. at 99 

& n.40.
12

FAR § 1.602-2(b), Plaintiff essentially invites the Court to evaluate the necessity of the issuance 

of the task order—i.e., the merits of the award. ECF No. 29 at 18 (the “record plainly does not 

support the conclusion that the corrective action could not be completed or that the Agency’s 

chosen alternative—another 2-year sole source award—was necessary.” (emphasis added)). 

FASA appears to preclude the Court from engaging in this type of inquiry.6 See DataMill, Inc. v. 

United States, 91 Fed. Cl. 740, 757 (2010) (observing that decision to procure software program 

through non-competitive sole source procurement was “by its very nature[] ‘in connection with’ 

the ‘issuance’ of [the] delivery order”). Accordingly, although Plaintiff’s cancellation and 

corrective action claims, if they stand alone, could be within the Court’s bid protest jurisdiction, 

the Court finds that Plaintiff has not demonstrated at this stage a likelihood that the Court has 

jurisdiction to review or enjoin the performance of the task order awarded to Peraton.

Beyond the threshold issue of jurisdiction, the Court must also examine the likelihood of 

success of Plaintiff’s cancelation/corrective action claims. The Court reviews challenged agency 

decisions pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) standard of review. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1491(b)(4). In assessing whether an agency decision is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of 

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), the Court must inquire 

6 If the Court analyzes Plaintiff’s claims as framed in the Amended Complaint, the 

jurisdictional problems potentially increase. As Peraton points out, portions of the Amended 

Complaint’s allegations and prayer for relief arguably entwine the issuance of Peraton’s task order 

with the remainder of Plaintiff’s bid protest, which could invoke the broad application of the FASA 

bar to the entirety of Plaintiff’s protest See SRA Int’l, 766 F.3d at 1414 (examining the relief 

sought and determining it, while not dispositive, to be demonstrative that the protest actually 

concerned the issuance of the task order); Mission Essential Pers., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. 

Cl. 170, 179 (“The fact that [plaintiff’s] requested relief bears directly on the Army’s task orders 

strongly indicates that this protest is ‘in connection with the issuance’ of those task orders.”); see 

also DataMill, Inc. v. United States, 91 Fed. Cl. 740, 757 (2010). It is not necessary to resolve 

these arguments now, but they give some weight to the Court’s determination that Plaintiff has not 

met its burden on the likelihood of success factor as it relates to the jurisdictional objections to any 

task order-related claim or relief. 
13

if: “(1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure 

involved a violation of regulation or procedure,” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi 

v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Challengers bear the “‘heavy burden’ of 

showing that the award decision ‘had no rational basis.’” Id. at 1333 (quoting Saratoga Dev. Corp. 

v. United States, 21 F.3d 445, 456 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). A challenge alleging a violation of a 

regulation or procedure requires plaintiffs to prove “a clear and prejudicial violation of applicable 

statutes or regulations.” Id. (quoting Kentron Haw., Ltd. v. Warner, 480 F.2d 1166, 1169 (D.C. 

Cir. 1973)). 

The Federal Circuit has described the arbitrary and capricious standard applicable to the 

bid protest context as “highly deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 

F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000). Because the “greater the discretion granted to a contracting 

officer, the more difficult it will be to prove the decision was arbitrary and capricious,” a plaintiff’s 

heavy burden in challenging a cancellation decision is weightier. Galen Med. Assocs. v. United 

States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Burroughs Corp. v. United States, 617 F.2d 

590, 597 (Ct. Cl. 1980)). This is because a contracting officer’s discretion is at its “greatest” when 

“deciding to cancel a negotiated procurement.” Madison Servs., Inc. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 

120, 125 (2010); see also Am. Gen. Leasing, Inc. v. United States, 587 F.2d 54, 58–59 (Ct. Cl. 

1978). 

According to Defendant, the reasons underlying the cancellation decision, and by extension

the decision to end the corrective action, are twofold: (1) between January 2021, when the Agency 

announced the corrective action, and mid-May 2021 the technical team was unable to adequately 

complete the TER; and (2) the Agency’s legal division had concerns that the TEP was biased

against Northrop Grumman. See ECF No. 30 at 16–17 (citing Prelim. AR 747, 748). Upon an 
14

initial review of the limited record, and with the deferential standard of review in mind, both 

reasons could potentially provide a rational basis for cancelling the solicitation, considering the 

risk of a lapse in critical services and the importance of maintaining the integrity of the Agency’s 

procurement process. That being said, Plaintiff raises legitimate concerns about the sufficiency of 

the Agency’s explanation in support of its decision. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm 

Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (authorizing courts to set aside agency action where 

the agency fails to “articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational 

connection between the facts found and the choice made”); see also Fla. Power & Light Co. v. 

Lorion, 470 U.S. 749, 743–44 (1985). The sum of the Agency’s reasoning is contained in only an 

undated PowerPoint presentation, which provides no further context beyond conclusory 

statements, and a single e-mail from the Acting Director of the Office of Information Technology 

Acquisition, which simply states his agreement that cancelling the solicitation and starting over is 

the proper course of action. Prelim. AR 747, 748, 750. This is not to suggest the Agency will be 

unable to produce additional documentation in the complete administrative record to support the 

rationale of its decision. However, at this juncture, with only a preliminary administrative record,

there is not much evidence demonstrating what facts the Agency considered, nor is there a 

meaningful articulation of the basis for its decision.7 See State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43; Fla. Power 

& Light, 470 U.S. at 744. 

Accordingly, the likelihood of success factors weigh both for and against Plaintiff. It has 

demonstrated some likelihood of success on the merits vis-à-vis the Agency’s decision to forego 

7 Plaintiff alleges the Agency’s decision also violates FAR § 1.602-2(b). ECF No. 29 at 

17–18. As far as the Court can discern, Plaintiff’s FAR claim mirrors its arbitrary-and-capricious 

claim. See id. at 18 (“The Agency’s decision to cancel the Solicitation was arbitrary and, thus, 

violated FAR § 1.602-2.”). Accordingly, no separate analysis for the purpose of the likelihood of 

success factor is necessary. 
15

the corrective action and cancel the solicitation (at least on the current limited record), and there 

is no jurisdictional obstacle to the Court independently entertaining those claims. However, 

Plaintiff has not demonstrated a likelihood that the Court has jurisdiction to review or enjoin the 

task order to Peraton.

2. Irreparable Harm

Plaintiff must “demonstrate that irreparable injury is likely,” not just a mere possibility. 

Winter, 555 U.S. at 22 (emphasis added). To assess irreparable harm, the “relevant inquiry . . . is 

whether plaintiff has an adequate remedy in the absence of an injunction.” Magellan Corp. v. 

United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 446, 447 (1993). Some decisions of this court have recognized that lost 

profits and business from a government contract may constitute an irreparable harm. See, e.g., 

Springfield Parcel C, LLC v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 163, 194 (2015) (noting that “[m]onetary

relief under the Tucker Act is limited only to bid preparation and proposal costs, which ‘are not 

equivalent to potential profits from a government contract’” (quotingBayFirst Sols., LLC v. United 

States, 102 Fed. Cl. 677, 696 (2012))); Hosp. Klean of Tex., Inc. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 618, 

624 (2005) (“[L]oss of profit, stemming from a lost opportunity to compete for a contract on a 

level playing field has been found sufficient to constitute irreparable harm.”); but see Minor Metals 

v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 379, 381–82 (1997) (“[E]conomic harm without more, does not seem 

to rise to the level of irreparable injury.”). At least one decision has held, however, that a 

“procurement error coupled with loss of business does not necessarily require injunctive relief.” 

Hawpe Constr., Inc. v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 571, 582 (2000). 

Plaintiff contends the Court may presume it will be irreparably harmed, absent preliminary 

injunctive relief, based on Plaintiff’s lost opportunity to compete under the now-cancelled 

solicitation. ECF No. 29 at 19; ECF No. 32 at 8–9. Plaintiff does not provide any meaningful 
16

explanation of the alleged irreparability of its injury but, in support, cites several cases recognizing

that the loss of potential work and profits constitutes irreparable harm for purposes of granting a 

permanent injunction. See ECF No. 29 at 19 (citing Remington Arms Co., LLC v. United States, 

126 Fed. Cl. 218, 232–33 (2016); MORIAssocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 552–53; Contracting, Consulting, 

Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 334, 335 (2012)). But whether Plaintiff is ultimately 

entitled to injunctive relief upon the Court’s final determination in this matter is not the question 

before the Court now; rather, the focus is on any alleged irreparable harm that may be incurred 

during the pendency of the litigation absent preliminary relief. See Sierra Mil. Health Servs. v. 

United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 573, 582 (2003) (evaluating whether disappointed bidder was entitled 

to preliminary injunction halting transition work, during the pendency of a protest, that was 

necessary for awardees to begin actual performance of contracts at a future date). 

Here, Plaintiff has made no showing in that regard. Moreover, if successful in its protest 

and the cancellation decision is set aside, Plaintiff will not have suffered any lost opportunity to 

compete. Even if unsuccessful, the Agency intends to re-compete the solicitation, Prelim. AR750,

and there is nothing in the record to indicate that Plaintiff would be ineligible to compete under 

the new solicitation, cf. MORI Assocs., 102 Fed. Cl. at 516; PGBA, LLC v. United States, 60 Fed. 

Cl. 196, 221 (2004) (acknowledging loss of opportunity to fairly compete for a contract may 

qualify as an irreparable injury where protester demonstrates that it will “‘inevitably’ suffer harm”

consequently). Accordingly, Plaintiff has not established it will suffer any irreparable injury

absent a preliminary injunction. 

Assuming Plaintiff has demonstrated irreparable harm, Plaintiff also fails to persuade the 

Court that preliminarily enjoining the task order would remedy such harm. See Lewis v. Casey, 

518 U.S. 343, 357 (1996) (explaining scope of injunctive relief “must of course be limited to the 
17

inadequacy that produced the injury in fact”); Gemveto Jewelry Co. v. Jeff Cooper Inc., 800 F.2d 

256, 259 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (“[I]njunctive relief should be narrowly tailored . . . .”). Plaintiff’s 

alleged harm seems to derive directly from the Agency’s cancellation decision, not from the 

current performance of the task order. The Court, therefore, does not grasp how enjoining the task 

order would preserve the parties’ relative positions or maintain the status quo until a decision on 

the merits.8 See Smith Int’l, Inc. v. Hughes Tool Co., 718 F.2d 1573, 1578 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (“A 

preliminary injunction will normally issue only for the purpose of preserving the status quo and 

protecting the respective rights of the parties pending final disposition of the litigation.”). As 

Defendant noted at oral argument, an injunction that would be narrowly tailored to Plaintiff’s 

alleged harm would either rescind the cancellation of the solicitation and/or prevent the IRS from 

moving forward with re-competing the solicitation. 9 Plaintiff’s Motion does not request such 

relief.

The irreparable harm factor, therefore, weighs heavily against granting preliminary relief,

and on that basis alone the Motion should be denied. SeeChamberlain Grp., 676 F. App’x at 984. 

8 Indeed, Plaintiff does not dispute that it is ineligible to perform work under an Alliant 2 

task order. Accordingly, if the Court enjoined Peraton’s performance of such task order, it is not 

at all evident that IRS would procure IT services on an interim basis from Plaintiff. See ECF No. 

31 at 14. 

9 At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel asserted for the first time that it was seeking a more 

limited injunction, which would permit a contractor to fulfill—in a narrowly-tailored fashion—the 

IRS’s need for only the most critical services that are the subject of Peraton’s task order. Counsel, 

however, provided no explanation of how narrowing the scope of the bridge contract would more 

particularly remedy Plaintiff’s alleged harm, what authority the Court possesses to instruct the 

Government on how it should go about procuring services under the contract, or how the Court 

could adequately describe the scope of such injunctive relief under RCFC 65(d)(1). 
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3. Remaining Factors

Under the remaining factors, the Court must weigh the harm suffered by the movant, if the 

motion is not granted, against the harm to the Government and any third-party intervenor if the 

motion is granted. Akal Sec. Inc. v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 311, 320 (2009). Additionally, the 

Court must decide if it is in the public’s interest to issue the preliminary injunction. Winter, 555 

U.S. at 24 (cautioning courts to “pay particular regard for the public consequences in employing 

the extraordinary remedy of injunction” (quoting Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 

312 (1982))). 

Plaintiff contends it continues to suffer harm from the lost opportunity to compete, while 

the Agency would suffer no harm in completing its corrective action. ECF No. 29 at 21. It further 

asserts that preliminary injunctive relief would serve the public interest by preserving: (1) the 

integrity of the procurement process and (2) the Court’s ability to redress violations of procurement 

laws and regulations. See id. According to Defendant, the preliminary injunctive relief sought 

would result in a lapse in services needed to support IRS’s tax administration systems and 

applications, which would lead to serious harm to Treasury Department operations and to 

taxpayers. See ECF No. 30 at 24; Decl. of Aaron Francesconi ¶ 12, ECF No. 30-1. Peraton also 

describes the harms that would result from enjoining performance of the task order, including

economic loss as well as the loss of valuable personnel. See ECF No. 31 at 26. 

The balance skews decidedlyagainst granting preliminary injunctive relief. Defendant and 

Peraton have asserted with specificity a number of concrete, serious harms that would be caused 

by even a temporary lapse in services. The potential disruption to the efficient administration of 

the nation’s tax system far outweighs the non-specific, policy-based harms alleged by Plaintiff.

See Munilla Constr. Mgmt., LLC v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 131, 137 (2016) (finding the 
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balance of hardships weighs in favor of the Government and Intervenor when work under a 

contract has begun and it would prove disruptive to halt such work only to resume it at a subsequent 

time); Aero Corp., S.A. v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 237, 242 (1997)(“[A] procuring agency should 

be able to conduct procurements without excessive judicial infringement upon the agency’s 

discretion.”). For the same reasons, the Court finds that the potentially serious fiscal impact that 

would result from enjoining Peraton’s performance of the task order is not in the public interest. 

III. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction is DENIED and Plaintiff’s 

initial Motion for Preliminary Injunction, filed concurrently with the Complaint, is DENIED AS 

MOOT. The parties shall submit by no later than October 4, 2021 a joint status report proposing 

a schedule for further proceedings. 

This opinion and order will be unsealed in its entirety after October 11, 2021 unless the 

parties submit by no later than October 6, 2021 an objection specifically identifying the protected 

information subject to redaction. Any objecting party must submit a proposed redacted version of 

the decision and provide the reason(s) supporting the party’s request for redaction.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: September 27, 2021 /s/ Kathryn C. Davis

KATHRYN C. DAVIS

Judge