Of the Northern District of California, sitting by *

designation.

Not for Publication in West’s Federal Reporter

United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 07-1243

DIGNA GUERRERO,

Plaintiff, Appellant,

v.

OFFICER DANIEL RYAN, 

in his individual and official capacity;

CITY OF BOSTON,

Defendants, Appellees.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

[Hon. Richard G. Stearns, U.S. District Judge]

Before

Boudin, Chief Judge,

Torruella, Circuit Judge,

and Schwarzer, Senior District Judge. *

Héctor E. Piñeiro with whom Robert H. Beadel was on brief

for appellant.

Stephen G. Cox for appellees.

October 5, 2007
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SCHWARZER, Senior District Judge. Plaintiff-appellant

Digna Guerrero (“Guerrero”) appeals the order denying her motion

for judgment as a matter of law, or in the alternative, for a new

trial, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b) and 59. Because Guerrero

has not shown that a reasonable jury could not have had a legally

sufficient basis on which to base its verdict, and because any

errors did not cause prejudice or a “miscarriage of justice,” we

affirm. 

Guerrero alleges that on June 22, 2000, defendantappellee Officer Daniel Ryan (“Ryan”) and his partner, Officer

Thomas Kearny, came to her apartment and confronted her about an

incident involving Guerrero and her downstairs neighbor. Guerrero

claims that Ryan repeatedly told her to “shut up” when she tried to

explain what had happened, grabbed her by the neck and arm, dragged

her downstairs to the neighbor (who was at that time in another

neighbor’s apartment), threatened her, pushed her onto her knees

and demanded that she apologize.

Ryan’s account of these events is that he and Kearny

asked Guerrero about a complaint from her downstairs neighbor that

Guerrero had taken the neighbor’s grandson’s toys and told the

neighbor to “shut up” numerous times. Ryan told Guerrero that she

should not speak to people in this way, and asked her to go

downstairs and apologize. Guerrero then went downstairs by

herself, and upon her return told Ryan that she had apologized.
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Ryan and Kearny then left. 

On May 27, 2003, Guerrero, acting through her mother,

filed a complaint in Massachusetts state court alleging that Ryan

and Kearney had violated her rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the

Massachusetts Civil Rights Acts, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 12 § 11H, and

that the officers were liable for intentional infliction of

emotional distress. Guerrero also alleged liability on the part of

the City of Boston. On July 1, 2003, the City of Boston removed

the case to federal court, where the claims were bifurcated and the

instant case proceeded against the two officers. On July 16, 2006,

Guerrero dismissed her claims against Kearney and amended her

complaint, making a § 1983 claim only against Ryan, and naming

herself the plaintiff, as she had reached majority. 

Ryan's trial began on July 17, 2006, and included five

witnesses for Guerrero and seven witnesses for Ryan, as well as

seventy exhibits. The jury returned a verdict for Ryan after less

than two hours of deliberation, and judgment was entered on July

25, 2006. On July 28, 2006, Guerrero filed a "Motion JNOV, or in

the Alternative, Motion for New Trial Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.

50(b) and 59." After hearing oral argument, the district court

denied the motion on November 9, 2006. Guerrero filed a timely

notice of appeal on December 6, 2006. 

A district court’s denial of a Rule 50 motion for

judgment as a matter of law will be sustained “unless the evidence,
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together with all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict,

could lead a reasonable person to only one conclusion, namely, that

the moving party was entitled to judgment.” PH Group Ltd. v.

Birch, 985 F.2d 649, 653 (1st Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). Ryan

presented a significant amount of evidence supporting his version

of events, including two eye-witnesses and expert testimony about

Guerrero’s mental state. Guerrero made no attempt to demonstrate

that the evidence could only have led a reasonable person to find

for her, and her appeal cannot succeed on this basis.

Guerrero also argues that a new trial is merited under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 59 because of the admission of testimony that (1)

briefly mentioned previous lawsuits brought by Guerrero’s mother,

Nieves Valenzuela (“Valenzuela”); (2) suggested that Valenzuela had

not been truthful in the past; and (3) referred to the fact that on

one occasion the Massachusetts Department of Social Services

(“DSS”) took custody of Guerrero for about a month. In addition,

Guerrero claims that the court below erred in allowing Ryan's

attorney, during closing arguments, to refer to the potential for

Ryan to lose his job. 

The trial judge never made a definitive ruling on

Guerrero’s motion in limine to exclude some of the challenged

testimony, opting to take a “wait and see” approach. Where there

has only been a provisional ruling on a motion in limine, a party

must renew its motion to exclude evidence at trial, or review will
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be for plain error. Crowe v. Bolduc, 334 F.3d 124, 133 (1st Cir.

2003). Guerrero points to two objections at trial, one for lack of

foundation, and one based on the purportedly argumentative nature

of a piece of testimony. None of the challenges to the testimony

in question here are based on these grounds, and the trial

transcript shows that Guerrero failed to make the required

contemporaneous objections. We therefore review for plain error.

Under plain error review, this court “consider[s] a forfeited

objection only if: (1) an error was committed; (2) the error was

‘plain’ (i.e. obvious and clear under current law); (3) the error

was prejudicial (i.e. affected substantial rights); and (4) review

is needed to prevent a miscarriage of justice.” Smith v. Kmart

Corp., 177 F.3d 19, 26 (1st Cir. 1999).

We do not decide whether admission of the testimony

challenged by Guerrero constitutes error, or whether any error is

plain or prejudicial, because Guerrero cannot satisfy the

“miscarriage of justice” requirement. The jury considered a great

deal of contradictory evidence from both sides, and evidence of

Valenzuela’s purported litigiousness or untruthfulness, or

Guerrero’s encounter with DSS, cannot be said to have “resulted in

a miscarriage of justice or seriously affected the fairness,

integrity or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.”

Smith, 177 F.3d at 28 (internal quotation and citation omitted).

It is difficult to see how the admission of testimony that briefly
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referred to Guerrero’s mother in an unflattering light could have

had such a large effect on a trial whose essence was the

credibility of the plaintiff, defendant, and witnesses.

Guerrero’s final argument is that defense counsel’s

closing argument was improper because counsel posed the rhetorical

question, “Why would [Ryan] risk everything, his job, his career,

his pension...?” Guerrero did not make a contemporaneous objection

to this remark, and review is once again for plain error. Smith,

177 F.3d at 25. It is highly improbable that this stray remark

over the course of counsel’s lengthy summation affected the jury’s

verdict, and its admission can hardly be said to constitute a

“miscarriage of justice” in the context of the competing stories

the jury considered.

AFFIRMED.