VACATE AND AFFIRM IN PART, REVERSE IN PART, AND REMAND 

and Opinion Filed March 26, 2024 

S 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

No. 05-22-01077-CV 

JOSE LUIS VARELA AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF 

MARIA SOLEDAD VARELA DE LOPEZ (DECEASED), CARMEN 

HERNANDEZ, JOSE HERNANDEZ, MARICELA SILVA, ELIGIO SILVA, 

AND PEDRO ROSTRO, Appellants 

V. 

ZAVALA PLUS, LLC, Appellee 

On Appeal from the 160th Judicial District Court 

Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-07336 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before Justices Goldstein, Garcia, and Miskel 

Opinion by Justice Garcia 

This is a personal-injury case arising from a bus accident in Mexico. The trial 

judge granted defendant Zavala Plus, LLC’s motion to apply foreign law to several 

issues in the case and then later granted a take-nothing summary judgment in favor 

of Zavala Plus. Plaintiffs appeal, challenging both of these rulings. We affirm in part, 

reverse in part, and remand. 
 –2– 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Allegations 

Appellants alleged the following facts in their Third Amended Petition, which 

was their live pleading at the time of final judgment 

Appellee Zavala Plus has its principal place of business in Dallas County, 

Texas. It operates and does business as a motor-vehicle carrier and common carrier. 

It has a U.S. Department of Transportation number and a Texas DMV certificate 

number. Its sole owner and manager is its president, Francisco J. Zavala. 

On May 6, 2018, a bus owned by Zavala Plus and driven by Hector Manuel 

Aldaba Lozano (Aldaba) was involved in a roll-over accident in Mexico near San 

Tiburcio. It was or had been raining, and immediately before the crash Aldaba was 

driving the bus over 70 miles per hour on a federal highway with a 55 mile-per-hour 

speed limit. At the time of the accident, all 42 passengers on the bus were traveling 

to destinations in the United States. The passengers included appellants Carmen 

Hernandez, Eligio Silva, Maricela Silva, and Pedro Rostro. Maria Soledad Varela de 

Lopez was also a passenger on the bus and was originally a plaintiff in this suit, but 

a suggestion of her death was filed before final judgment, and the administrator of 

her estate is an appellant as her estate’s representative. Finally, appellant Jose 

Hernandez was not a passenger on the bus, but he sued as a plaintiff for loss-ofconsortium damages based on Carmen Hernandez’s alleged injuries. 
 –3– 

B. Procedural History 

This personal-injury lawsuit began in May 2019 when Maria Soledad Varela 

de Lopez sued Zavala Plus. In January 2020, the other appellants joined the suit as 

plaintiffs via amended petition. The amended petition also added a second 

defendant, Zavala Plus S.A. de C.V. (“Zavala Mexico”), which was allegedly a 

Mexican entity. According to Zavala Plus, Zavala Mexico was never served with 

citation. Appellants eventually nonsuited all claims against Zavala Mexico. 

In July 2020, Zavala Plus filed a traditional motion for summary judgment 

that relied principally on two arguments: (1) Zavala Plus was not operating the bus 

at the time of the accident, and the bus driver was not hired, supervised, or employed 

by Zavala Plus, and (2) Mexican law applied to all issues in the case, and the 

plaintiffs were not entitled to relief under Mexican law. Appellants filed a response, 

and the trial judge eventually denied the motion. 

In June 2021, appellants filed a second amended petition. They asserted 

negligence and gross-negligence liability theories. 

In July 2021, Zavala Plus filed a motion entitled “Defendant’s Request to 

Apply Mexican Law Pursuant to Tex. R. Evid. 203.” Appellants filed a response. 

The trial judge conducted a two-day evidentiary hearing on the motion. Zavala 

Plus’s expert witness testified that under Mexican law, the laws of the Mexican state 

of Zacatecas would govern claims arising from the bus accident. The trial judge later 
 –4– 

signed an order ruling that “the substantive laws of Mexico” would apply to several 

liability and damages issues in the case. 

A few days after the trial judge’s choice-of-law ruling, appellants filed a third 

amended petition. In that pleading they asserted that Texas substantive law applied 

to the case, and they continued to plead their claims as claims for negligence, 

negligence per se, and gross negligence. Appellants also filed a motion for 

reconsideration of the trial judge’s choice-of-law order. The trial judge eventually 

denied the motion for reconsideration. 

In November 2021, Zavala Plus filed a second motion for summary judgment 

asserting that (1) appellants’ claims as pleaded under Texas law were not allowed 

under Zacatecan law and (2) if the trial judge construed appellants’ live petition to 

plead the liability theories available under Zacatecan law, all of those theories failed 

because appellants had no evidence that Zavala Plus employed the bus driver. 

Appellants filed a response. 

In December 2021, a suggestion of death was filed for plaintiff Maria Soledad 

Varela de Lopez. The document requested the substitution of Jose Luis Lopez Varela 

in her place as administrator of her estate. In January 2022, Zavala Plus filed a plea 

in abatement alleging that Jose Luis Lopez Varela had not adequately shown his 

standing and capacity to prosecute the suit on the estate’s behalf. On April 26, 2022, 

the trial judge signed an agreed order abating the prosecution of the estate’s claims. 
 –5– 

On June 30, 2022, the trial judge signed an order granting summary judgment 

for Zavala Plus. Appellants filed a request for findings of fact and conclusions of 

law solely as to the trial judge’s choice-of-law order and her order denying 

appellants’ motion for reconsideration. The trial judge denied the request by written 

order. Appellants also timely filed a motion for new trial on August 1. The motion 

for new trial was overruled by operation of law on September 13. TEX. R. CIV. P. 

329b(c). 

Appellants timely filed a notice of appeal on September 28. On October 13, 

the trial judge signed an agreed order lifting the abatement of Lopez’s estate’s 

claims. The next day, the trial judge signed a modified order granting Zavala Plus’s 

second summary-judgment motion. Substantively, the October 14 order is identical 

to the June 30 order. 

C. Appellate Jurisdiction 

Appellants note that the June 30 summary-judgment order was arguably not a 

final, appealable judgment because (1) it purported to grant summary judgment on 

the entire case, including the abated claims of Lopez’s estate, and (2) under our 

precedents, a judicial action in an abated case that has not been reinstated is generally 

considered a “legal nullity.” See, e.g., Amrhein v. La Madeleine, Inc., 206 S.W.3d 

173, 175 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). But they posit that any finality problem 

was cured when the trial judge later lifted the abatement and then again granted 

Zavala Plus summary judgment on the entire case. 
 –6– 

We conclude that the June 30 summary-judgment order was a final, 

appealable judgment. A judgment is final and appealable if it disposes of all parties 

and claims then pending in the case. See Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 

191, 195 (Tex. 2001). The June 30 order satisfies this test. Under our Amrhein

opinion, the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment on Lopez’s claims 

because the action had been abated as to those claims and had not been reinstated, 

but we conclude that this error did not prevent the judgment from being final. See

id. at 204 (“Granting more relief than the movant is entitled to makes the order 

reversible, but not interlocutory.”). Although Amrhein refers to a summary judgment 

rendered during an abatement as a “legal nullity,” we did not conclude that the 

infirmity prevented the judgment from being final or defeated our appellate 

jurisdiction—we simply reversed the judgment and remanded for further 

proceedings. See 206 S.W.3d at 175; accord Cruz v. Hernandez, No. 05-19-00956-

CV, 2021 WL 1588996, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 23, 2021, no pet.) (mem. 

op.). In keeping with our precedents, we conclude that the erroneous granting of 

summary judgment against Lopez’s estate during an abatement did not prevent the 

judgment from being final and appealable, and we have jurisdiction over this appeal. 

As for the modified summary-judgment order that the trial judge signed on 

October 14, 2022, we agree with appellants that the trial court lost plenary power 

before signing that order. Appellants’ motion for new trial was overruled by 

operation of law on September 13, 2022, so the trial court lost plenary power 30 days 
 –7– 

later, on October 13, 2022. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(e). Accordingly, the October 

14 summary-judgment order is void and must be vacated. See Polk v. La Hacienda 

Apt., No. 05-22-01236-CV, 2023 WL 2364974, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 6, 

2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“A judgment signed after the trial court’s plenary power 

has expired is void.”). We proceed to consider appellants’ appeal as being from the 

June 30 summary judgment. See In re C.R.C., No. 05-20-00125-CV, 2022 WL 

16549070, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 31, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (reviewing 

timely appeal from final judgment after concluding that subsequent judgment was 

signed after plenary power had expired). 

II. ISSUES PRESENTED

Appellants present two issues on appeal. Their first issue argues that the trial 

judge erred by applying Mexican substantive law to their claims. Their second issue 

argues that the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment. 

III. ANALYSIS

A. Issue One: Did the trial judge err by ruling that Zacatecan law governed 

appellants’ claims? 

Before turning to appellants’ substantive choice-of-law arguments, we 

address a preliminary argument concerning the trial judge’s failure to make findings 

of fact and conclusions of law. 
 –8– 

1. Preliminary question: Did the trial judge err by denying 

appellants’ request for findings of fact and conclusions of law? 

We consider appellants’ last argument first: whether the trial judge erred by 

denying appellants’ request for findings of fact and conclusions of law on the choiceof-law issue. Appellants argue that the trial judge had a duty to grant their timely 

request for findings and conclusions because the judge’s choice-of-law ruling was 

based on an evidentiary hearing. Zavala Plus responds that (1) the judge did not err 

because findings and conclusions serve no purpose when the ruling is reviewed de 

novo on appeal and (2) alternatively, any error is harmless because the trial judge’s 

reasoning is irrelevant on appeal and appellants are not prevented from properly 

presenting their case. 

“In any case tried in the district or county court without a jury, any party may 

request the court to state in writing its findings of fact and conclusions of law.” TEX.

R. CIV. P. 296. The rule gives parties a right to findings of fact and conclusions of 

law in cases finally adjudicated after a conventional trial on the merits before the 

court. IKB Indus. v. Pro-Line Corp., 938 S.W.2d 440, 442 (Tex. 1997). A trial judge 

may properly issue findings and conclusions in certain other circumstances, but 

parties are not entitled to them. Id. 

This case was resolved on summary judgment, not after a conventional trial 

on the merits before the court. Thus, even if findings in support of the choice-of-law 

ruling would be proper, appellants were not entitled to them as of right. See id. 

Accordingly, we reject appellants’ argument. 
 –9– 

2. Applicable Law and Standard of Review 

Texas courts apply the rules found in the Restatement (Second) of Conflicts of 

Laws to resolve choice-of-law questions. Stevenson v. Ford Motor Co., 608 S.W.3d 

109, 116 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, no pet.); see also Hughes Wood Prods., Inc. v. 

Wagner, 18 S.W.3d 202, 205 (Tex. 2000). 

Under the Restatement approach, we first determine whether Texas has a 

statutory choice-of-law rule on point. Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 119, 121–23. If there 

is no statutory directive and the laws of two or more interested states conflict, we 

apply the Restatement’s “most significant relationship” test to determine which 

state’s law controls. Id. at 117. In tort cases, Restatement § 145(1) prescribes that the 

parties’ rights and liabilities with respect to an issue “are determined by the local 

law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship 

to the occurrence and the parties under the principles stated in § 6.” Id. at 118 

(quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 145(1) (AM. L. INST. 

1971)); see also Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 205 (noting that, in tort cases, 

choice of law is decided on an issue-by-issue basis). Section 145(2) sets forth a nonexclusive list of forum contacts to be considered in the most-significant-relationship 

analysis. Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 118. Section 6 provides a list of general policy 

factors relevant to the most-significant-relationship determination. Id. 

Beyond §§ 6 and 145, other sections of the Restatement provide more specific 

choice-of-law rules for common issues. Texas courts frequently apply those 
 –10– 

provisions. See Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 206 n.2 (noting that the Texas 

Supreme Court “has often applied more specific sections of the Restatement to 

address particular choice of law issues”). For example, in personal-injury cases, 

§ 146 provides that the parties’ rights and liabilities are governed by the law of the 

state where the injury occurred unless § 6 dictates that another state has a more 

significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties. RESTATEMENT § 146. As 

for damages issues in tort cases, § 171 provides simply that § 145 supplies the rule 

for determining the measure of damages. Id. § 171. 

Because the bus accident giving rise to this case happened in Mexico, we note 

also that the Restatement assigns a special meaning to the term “state”: “As used in 

the Restatement of this Subject, the word ‘state’ denotes a territorial unit with a 

distinct general body of law.” Id. § 3. A comment further explains that each state of 

the United States is a “state” for Restatement purposes. Id. § 3 cmt. a. Evidence in 

the record shows, and appellants do not dispute, that the Mexican legal system is 

structured like the United States’ system in that Mexico has both a body of federal 

law and a separate body of law in each of the 32 Mexican states. We conclude that 

each state of Mexico is a distinct “state” for Restatement purposes. 

The ultimate question of which state’s law governs an issue is a question of 

law for the court to decide. Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 204. Thus, we review 

the trial judge’s choice-of-law decision itself de novo. Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 116. 

However, the forum contacts that must be considered in the most-significant-
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relationship analysis require a factual inquiry. Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 

204; see also RESTATEMENT § 145(2) (calling for consideration of facts including 

the parties’ domiciles, residences, nationalities, places of incorporation, and places 

of business). Accordingly, when a summary-judgment movant seeks the application 

of another state’s law, the movant must satisfy its burden of proof with respect to the 

fact questions necessary to the choice-of-law decision. Hughes Wood Prods., 18 

S.W.3d at 205. The movant must show that there is no genuine issue of material fact 

and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. Evidence favorable to the 

nonmovant will be taken as true, and all reasonable inferences must be drawn and 

any doubts resolved in the nonmovant’s favor. Id. 

3. Did the trial judge erroneously ignore a statutory choice-of-law 

directive? 

Appellants argue that the trial judge erred by ignoring a statutory choice-oflaw directive, specifically Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 71.031(c). 

That section addresses claims for injury or death caused by a wrongful act, neglect, 

or default that took place in a foreign state or country. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 71.031(a). Subsection (c) provides, “The court shall apply the rules of 

substantive law that are appropriate under the facts of the case.” Id. § 71.031(c). 

Appellants acknowledge that we have construed § 71.031(c) to incorporate the 

Restatement’s most-significant-relationship test. See Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 121–

22. 
 –12– 

Appellants are correct that the first step in resolving a choice-of-law question 

is determining whether Texas has a controlling statute on point. See id. at 117; 

RESTATEMENT § 6. Appellants also correctly point out that Zavala Plus did not cite 

or rely on § 71.031(c) in its choice-of-law motion. Instead, Zavala Plus relied solely 

on the most-significant-relationship test as set forth in the Restatement and as applied 

by Texas appellate courts. However, appellants quoted § 71.031(c) on the first page 

of their response to Zavala Plus’s choice-of-law motion, and their attorney 

referenced the statute at the hearing as well. Thus, there is no reason to assume that 

the trial judge ignored § 71.031(c) in making her choice-of-law ruling. 

In any event, appellants do not explain how they could have been harmed by 

the alleged error, given that § 71.031(c) simply incorporates the most-significantrelationship test. See Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 121–22. Thus, even if the trial judge 

completely overlooked § 71.031(c) and proceeded directly to the most-significantrelationship test, that oversight was harmless. 

4. Did the trial judge err by failing to distinguish between Mexican 

federal law and Zacatecan state law? 

Next, appellants argue that the trial judge erred in making her choice-of-law 

ruling because Zavala Plus did not adequately prove which body of Mexican law—

Mexican federal law or Zacatecan state law—should apply to this case. Appellants 

also point out that the trial judge’s choice-of-law order specified that “the substantive 

laws of Mexico” applied to a host of legal issues, and they argue that Zavala Plus 
 –13– 

failed to prove either (1) that Mexican federal law governed these issues or (2) that 

Zacatecan law was materially the same as Mexican federal law. 

Zavala Plus responds that its expert witness (1) presented both Mexican 

federal law and Zacatecan law to the trial judge and (2) opined that Zacatecan law 

would govern this case and Mexican federal law would not because no federal 

interest was involved in the controversy. 

We reject appellants’ argument. Zavala Plus is correct that its expert evidence 

showed that Zacatecan law rather than Mexican federal law would apply to the issues 

in this case. We note that Zavala Plus’s expert on Mexican law acknowledged that 

one treatise on Mexican law opines that Mexican federal law applies to accidents 

that occur on federal highways in Mexico, but he disagreed with that opinion and 

explained why it was wrong. This disagreement does not preclude summary 

judgment because the parties do not dispute that all pertinent foreign law was 

properly submitted in evidence. See Long Distance Int’l, Inc. v. Telefonos de Mex., 

S.A. de C.V., 49 S.W.3d 347, 351 (Tex. 2001). Resolution of the disagreement 

remains a question of law subject to de novo review. Id. 

Moreover, we conclude that the trial judge actually applied Zacatecan law 

rather than Mexican federal law in the summary-judgment proceedings. Although 

the judge’s choice-of-law order referred generally to “the substantive laws of 

Mexico,” her summary-judgment order referred specifically to the Civil Code of 
 –14– 

Zacatecas. Nothing in the record suggests that the trial judge intended to apply 

Mexican federal law when she granted summary judgment in this case. 

Based on the record as a whole, we conclude that the trial judge applied 

Zacatecan law, as Zavala Plus urged in its second summary-judgment motion, and 

did not apply Mexican federal law. Cf. In re Estate of Moore, No. 05-18-00019-CV, 

2019 WL 2098477, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 14, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.) 

(“[I]f an order is ambiguous, it should be considered in light of the record and, in 

particular, the motion on which it was granted.”). 

5. Did the trial judge err in determining that Zacatecan law applied 

to appellants’ claims because Zavala Plus failed to show any 

conflict between Zacatecan law and Texas law? 

In their next two arguments, appellants contend (1) Zavala Plus did not prove 

a true conflict between Zacatecan law and Texas law on any issue, and (2) even if 

Zavala Plus identified some conflicts, the evidence showed that Zacatecan law and 

Texas law are similar. Zavala Plus responds that the evidence showed a conflict 

because applying Zacatecan law rather than Texas law would affect the outcome of 

appellants’ claims. We conclude that the law of Zacatecas conflicts with the law of 

Texas in some relevant respects. 

Texas courts generally determine whether there is a conflict between the laws 

of potentially relevant jurisdictions before applying the most-significant-relationship 

test. See Stevenson, 608 S.W.3d at 123–24. But cf. B/K Series Invs., LLC v. ECOM 

Series Invs., LLC, No. 05-22-00115-CV, 2023 WL 2821876, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—
 –15– 

Dallas Apr. 7, 2023, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding that Texas law applied to 

fraud claim under most-significant-relationship test and thus not analyzing whether 

Delaware’s fraud law conflicted with Texas’s). The determination of a foreign 

jurisdiction’s law is ultimately a question of law, even though that determination is 

generally based on a presentation that “resembles the presentment of evidence.” 

Long Distance Int’l, Inc., 49 S.W.3d at 351; see also TEX. R. EVID. 203. 

We conclude that the relevant parts of the record—consisting mostly of 

affidavit and deposition testimony from Zavala Plus’s expert witness David Lopez—

showed that the laws of Zacatecas and Texas conflicted on some issues that included 

the following: 

• Zacatecan law would not allow any recovery by appellant Jose 

Hernandez, who was not a passenger on the bus and sued solely 

for loss-of-consortium damages based on alleged injuries to his 

wife, who was a passenger. Texas law would allow Hernandez’s 

claim. See Whittlesey v. Miller, 572 S.W.2d 665, 668 (Tex. 

1978). 

• Zacatecan law does not recognize joint enterprise as a basis for 

imposing vicarious liability. Texas law does. See Tex. Dep’t of 

Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 613 (Tex. 2000). 

• The recoverable damages in a case like this one are more limited 

under Zacatecan law than they are under Texas law. Under 

Zacatecan law, the greatest possible recovery for loss of earning 

capacity is the equivalent of the injured person’s wages for 1,065 

days. This amount, plus past and future medical expenses 

directly and immediately caused by the accident, are recoverable 

under Zacatecan law as “material damages.” Under Zacatecan 

law, other non-pecuniary injuries such as pain and suffering will 

support an award of “moral damages,” but those damages are 

capped at one-third the amount of material damages. Similar caps 
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on recoverable actual damages in personal-injury cases do not 

exist under Texas law. 

• Mexican law does not allow the recovery of punitive damages 

except in airplane-crash cases. Lopez further opined that if 

Zacatecan courts were to hold that Zacatecas’s law allowed the 

recovery of punitive damages, those damages would be 

considered moral damages and thus subject to the cap of onethird of material damages. Texas law allows the recovery of 

punitive or exemplary damages under a broader array of 

circumstances, subject to different caps. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. §§ 41.003–.009. 

The liability theories available under Zacatecan law differed from those 

available under Texas law in other ways as well. For example, Lopez testified that 

Zacatecas would recognize only three potential claims in favor of appellants: 

(1) subjective liability, (2) objective liability, and (3) common-carrier liability. 

These claims have the following features: 

• A subjective-liability claimant must show that the defendant 

committed an illicit act, meaning an act that violated a 

substantive law of Mexico such as a traffic regulation or a law 

governing the commercial transportation of passengers. Thus, a 

subjective-liability claim is narrower than a general Texas 

negligence claim, which does not require a showing of an illegal 

act. 

• A plaintiff can assert an objective-liability claim against a 

defendant who makes use of a dangerous mechanism and causes 

damage to another, even if the defendant’s conduct is not illicit. 

Lopez said that objective-liability claims are akin to strictliability claims in Texas, and that the bus involved in the accident 

at the heart of this case would constitute a dangerous mechanism 

within the meaning of the Zacatecan objective-liability statute. 

Thus, Zacatecan law allows a kind of strict-liability claim to 

persons injured in bus crashes when Texas law would not. 
 –17– 

• Finally, Zacatecas law creates a claim specifically against 

common carriers for injuries caused by their drivers and means 

of transport. Lopez described this common-carrier claim as a 

quasi-contract theory. The statute of limitations for subjectiveliability and objective-liability claims is two years, while the 

statute of limitations for a common-carrier claim is six months. 

Another difference between Zacatecan law and Texas law concerns causation 

and damages. Under Zacatecan law, damages can be recovered only if they are a 

direct and immediate consequence of the defendant’s act. Under Texas law, by 

comparison, recoverable tort damages generally consist of the damages necessary to 

place the plaintiff in the position he or she would have occupied absent the 

defendant’s tortious conduct, with the caveat that consequential or special damages 

must be both foreseeable and directly traceable to the tortious act. See J&D Towing, 

LLC v. Am. Alternative Ins. Corp., 478 S.W.3d 649, 655 (Tex. 2016). 

Finally, Lopez testified that the law of respondeat superior vicarious liability 

is the same in Zacatecas and Texas. 

We conclude that the law of Zacatecas conflicts with the law of Texas in some 

material respects, both as to liability issues and as to damages. 

6. Did the trial judge err by ruling that Zacatecan law applies to 

numerous issues in this case? 

Next, appellants argue that the trial judge erred by ruling that Zacatecan law 

applies to numerous issues in this case. As previously noted, we review this ruling 

by applying the summary-judgment standard to any fact questions about contacts 
 –18– 

with the relevant forums and by reviewing the ultimate choice-of-law ruling de novo. 

See Hughes Wood Prods., 18 S.W.3d at 204–05. 

a. The Alleged Inadequacy of Zavala Plus’s Presentation 

Appellants first argue that the trial judge’s choice-of-law ruling was erroneous 

because Zavala Plus insufficiently analyzed the contacts identified in Restatement

§ 145 and the policies listed in Restatement § 6 for each discrete issue in the case. 

Zavala Plus responds that (1) the record does not support appellants’ contention and 

(2) the argument is irrelevant because this Court reviews the ruling de novo. 

We disagree with appellants. Zavala Plus’s choice-of-law motion discussed 

both § 145 and § 6 of the Restatement, and it recognized that Texas choice-of-law 

rules require an issue-by-issue approach to choice of law. The motion separately 

addressed liability issues and damages issues. Appellants cite no authority requiring 

choice-of-law motions to meet any particular threshold of legal analysis, and we 

have found none. Accordingly, we reject appellants’ argument. 

b. The § 145 Factors 

We next review the evidence concerning the § 145 factors. See RESTATEMENT

§ 145(2)(a)–(d). 

The place where the injury occurred. There is no dispute that the bus accident 

and passenger injuries involved in this case occurred in the state of Zacatecas. 

Although appellants characterize this fact as “fortuitous,” we disagree. The 

passengers aboard the bus were traveling from Mexico to various points in the 
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United States. Thus, the fact that the bus was in Zacatecas when the accident 

occurred was not fortuitous, i.e., was not the result of chance rather than design. See

fortuitous, THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY (2001). 

The place where the conduct causing the injury occurred. The conduct that 

was the most direct and immediate cause of appellants’ injuries was that of the bus 

driver, Aldaba,1

 and there is no dispute that his conduct that allegedly caused the 

accident occurred in the state of Zacatecas. 

Appellants argue that Zavala Plus itself also committed conduct that caused 

their injuries and that it did so in Dallas County, Texas. This conduct allegedly 

included employing Aldaba, entrusting the bus to Aldaba, failing to properly control 

Aldaba, failing to establish an adequate safety program, failing to establish and 

enforce adequate policies for its drivers, and negligently supervising and retaining 

Aldaba. Zavala Plus responds that (1) appellants’ allegations are generally 

unsupported by any evidence and (2) in any event this Restatement factor focuses on 

the vehicle operator’s conduct and not on more remote steps. 

We agree with Zavala Plus that this Restatement factor focuses on the 

immediate cause of the injuries rather than more remote causes. See Perkins v. 

Dynasty Grp. Auto, No. 08-01-00493-CV, 2003 WL 22810452, at *3 (Tex. App.—

1

 We will refer to the bus driver as Aldaba based on the allegations in appellants’ live petition at the 

time of judgment. We note, however, that it is not clear that any evidence of the driver’s identity was ever 

adduced in the trial court. We refer to the driver as Aldaba simply for convenience, and this opinion should 

not be taken to establish the driver’s identity in future proceedings relating to this accident. 
 –20– 

El Paso Nov. 25, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.) (where plaintiffs were injured in auto 

accident in Texas, conduct causing the injuries occurred in Texas, even though 

defendant originally entrusted vehicle to plaintiffs in Florida). Accordingly, even 

though appellants alleged Texas conduct by Zavala Plus that contributed to causing 

the accident, we conclude that this factor weighs in favor of the state of Zacatecas. 

The parties’ domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation, and 

place of business. Zavala Plus concedes that it is organized under the laws of Texas 

and has its principal place of business in Texas. Appellants assert that they are 

residents of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas, but Zavala Plus disputes that any 

appellant resides in Texas. The record supports Zavala Plus’s position. According to 

appellants’ live petition, each appellant resides in either Oklahoma or Kansas, and 

we see no evidence that any appellant was a Texas resident at the time of the 

accident. 

Place where the parties’ relationship, if any, is centered. Appellants argue 

that the fourth factor favors Texas because (1) some passengers on the bus (although 

not appellants) were traveling to destinations in Texas, (2) no passengers were 

traveling to a destination in Mexico, (3) the bus tickets bore Zavala Plus’s name and 

logo, and they listed locations and telephone numbers “en USA” (as well as some 

“en Mexico”); and (4) Zavala Plus admitted that it sold the tickets. 

Zavala Plus counters that the parties’ relationship was centered in Zacatecas 

because (1) appellants pleaded that at least some of them bought their bus tickets in 
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Zacatecas on the date of the accident, (2) appellants boarded the bus in Zacatecas, 

and (3) the entire trip, ending in the accident, took place in Zacatecas. Zavala Plus 

also denies that it admitted that it sold appellants their bus tickets, and after 

reviewing the record we agree with Zavala Plus on this point; we see no admission 

that Zavala Plus sold appellants their bus tickets. 

Based on the facts and circumstances shown by the record, and considering 

only the two jurisdictions proposed by the parties, we conclude that the parties’ 

relationships were not centered in Texas. Those relationships were commercial 

passenger–carrier relationships that began in Mexico and that were contemplated to 

end in a state other than Texas. Nothing in the record suggests that Zavala Plus’s 

status as a Texas business entity or its headquarters in Texas played any role in 

forming the relationships. The fact that other bus passengers may have been 

traveling to Texas is irrelevant to appellants’ relationships with Zavala Plus. And 

the fact that the bus tickets were marked with a “Zavala Plus” logo and listed several 

Zavala Plus locations and telephone numbers in Texas is offset by the fact that the 

bus tickets also bore the printed legend “Zavala Plus S.A. de C.V.” across the bottom 

and listed several Zavala Plus locations and telephone numbers in Mexico (and in 

Oklahoma and Kansas). And, we note, the pre-printed text of the ticket is in Spanish. 

We conclude that this factor has limited applicability in this case. But to the 

extent appellants’ relationships with Zavala Plus had an identifiable geographic 

center, that center was not in Texas. 
 –22– 

Conclusion. On the whole, the § 145 factors weigh in favor of Zacatecas as 

the state with the most significant relationship with this case. 

c. The § 6(2) Factors 

Finally we consider the § 145 factors in light of the policy-oriented factors 

enumerated in § 6(2), which are: 

(a) the needs of the interstate and international systems, 

(b) the relevant policies of the forum, 

(c) the relevant policies of other interested states and the relative 

interests of those states in the determination of the particular 

issue, 

(d) the protection of justified expectations, 

(e) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law, 

(f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of result, and 

(g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied. 

RESTATEMENT § 6(2)(a)–(g). 

Most of these factors require no extended discussion in this case. The 

Restatement instructs that factors (d), (e), and (f) have “relative insignificance” in 

tort cases. See id. § 145 cmt. b; see also id. § 6 cmts. g–i. We agree; accordingly, we 

do not discuss those factors separately—although factor (e) is intertwined with 

factors (b) and (c), which we discuss below. We also need not dwell on factor (a), 

the needs of the “interstate and international systems.” Regarding that factor, the 

Restatement suggests that choice-of-law rules should “further harmonious relations 

between states and . . . facilitate commercial intercourse between them.” Id. § 6 cmt. 

d. Although appellants argue otherwise, we do not believe the choice between Texas 

and Zacatecan law in this personal-injury case arising from a one-vehicle accident 
 –23– 

will significantly affect international relations or commerce. Finally, we discount the 

importance of factor (g), which is “ease in the determination and application of the 

law to be applied.” Id. § 6(2)(g). The comments indicate that this factor refers to the 

goal of making choice-of-law rules simple and easy to apply. See id. § 6 cmt. j. We 

do not see how this factor should influence our choice between Texas and Zacatecan 

law. We further note, to the extent it is relevant, that determining and applying 

Zacatecan law is not so difficult as to weigh in favor of applying Texas law. See

Gutierrez v. Collins, 583 S.W.2d 312, 320 (Tex. 1979) (noting that access to 

translations of Mexican statutes and cases was not a significant problem). 

Thus, we focus on factors (b) and (c), which are Texas’s and Zacatecas’s 

policies and interests relevant to the issues presented in this controversy. See

RESTATEMENT § 6(2)(b), (c); see also id. § 6(2)(e) (the basic policies underlying a 

field of law are relevant to the choice-of-law analysis). A state has a strong interest 

in protecting its residents from harm; accordingly, it also has a strong interest in 

adopting and enforcing liability rules that will, in its judgment, deter dangerous 

conduct within its borders. See In re Oncor Elec. Delivery Co. LLC, 630 S.W.3d 40, 

43 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding) (stating that tort law’s fundamental purposes 

include deterring wrongful conduct, shifting losses to responsible parties, and fairly 

compensating deserving victims); RESTATEMENT § 145 cmt. c (“To some extent, at 

least, every tort rule is designed both to deter other wrongdoers and to compensate 

the injured person.”). 
 –24– 

At the same time, however, a state also has a strong economic interest in 

protecting its citizens and businesses from excessive liability claims. See Toyota 

Motor Co. v. Cook., 581 S.W.3d 278, 287 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2019, no pet.). 

Appellants suggest that Zacatecas has no interest in protecting a foreign company 

like Zavala Plus from excessive liability, but we disagree. A state has an interest in 

protecting non-resident businesses that engage in commerce within the state because 

that encourages economic activity that may benefit the state’s residents as well as 

the businesses themselves. See Vizcarra v. Roldan, 925 S.W.2d 89, 92 (Tex. App.—

El Paso 1996, no writ) (Mexico’s policy of protecting businesses from excessive 

liability claims extended to Texas company that had a warehouse in Juarez and did 

business in Mexico). 

d. Zacatecan law governs the liability issues in this case. 

Zavala Plus’s summary-judgment motion attacked liability elements rather 

than damages elements. Accordingly, we focus our choice-of-law analysis on the 

liability issues in this case. Cf. Toyota Motor Co.., 581 S.W.3d at 284–92 (analyzing 

liability issues, compensatory-damages issues, and punitive-damages issues 

separately for choice-of-law purposes); 

Pursuant to Restatement § 6(2)(b) and (c), we examine the interests Texas and 

Zacatecas have in supplying the liability rules to govern appellants’ claims. 

First, Zacatecas has a strong interest in regulating traffic and deterring 

dangerous driving on its roads. The accident happened in Zacatecas, and appellants’ 
 –25– 

physical injuries occurred in Zacatecas; these facts weigh strongly in favor of 

applying Zacatecan liability law. See RESTATEMENT § 145(2)(a), (b); see also id. 

§ 145 cmt. d (“[S]ubject only to rare exceptions, the local law of the state where 

conduct and injury occurred will be applied to determine whether the actor satisfied 

minimum standards of acceptable conduct and whether the interest affected by the 

actor’s conduct was entitled to legal protection.”); id. § 146. 

Next, the domiciles of the parties, which are relevant under § 145(2)(c), do 

not weigh in favor of Zacatecas, but neither do they weigh solely in favor of Texas. 

Although Zavala Plus is a Texas company, thus giving Texas some interest in 

establishing liability rules to regulate Zavala Plus’s conduct, none of the appellants 

are residents of Texas. Thus, the strong state interest in ensuring that its residents are 

protected from harm and compensated for their injuries is absent from this case. And 

the fact that Zavala Plus’s alleged misconduct in Texas concerned its alleged 

operations in a different state further attenuates Texas’s interest in regulating Zavala 

Plus’s specific conduct in question. 

Finally, as noted above, the parties’ relationships were not centered in Texas 

to the extent that they can be said to have any center at all. 

After considering the § 145 facts, we conclude that the relevant § 6(2) factors 

require application of Zacatecan law to the liability issues in this case. This includes 

the issue of whether appellant Jose Hernandez, who was not on the bus, can recover 

for loss of consortium based on injuries to his wife. See RESTATEMENT § 158(1) 
 –26– 

(stating that § 145 determines whether a particular interest claimed by a person is 

entitled to legal protection). 

We also conclude that Zacatecan law governs Zavala Plus’s potential liability 

for others’ conduct, such as under a theory of joint enterprise. Appellants pleaded 

that Zavala Plus was liable for Zavala Mexico’s conduct under a joint-enterprise 

theory, but Lopez testified by affidavit that Zacatecas does not recognize joint 

enterprise as a valid theory for imputing liability. The Restatement instructs that 

§ 145 governs the choice-of-law determination for liability for alleged “joint torts” 

by more than one person, see RESTATEMENT § 172(1), and we have concluded above 

that Zacatecas has the most significant relationship to this case for liability issues 

pursuant to § 145. Moreover, the Restatement specifies that joint-tort liability is 

usually governed by “the local law of the state where the injury occurred,” id. 

§ 172(2), further supporting our conclusion that Zacatecan law controls the 

availability of a joint-enterprise liability theory against Zavala Plus in this case. 

7. Conclusion 

The trial judge did not err by ruling that Zacatecan law governs the liability 

issues addressed in Zavala Plus’s choice-of-law motion. As discussed below, the 

final summary judgment was based entirely on liability issues, so we express no 

opinion as to whether the trial judge’s choice-of-law ruling regarding recoverable 

damages was correct. 

We overrule appellants’ first issue. 
 –27– 

B. Issue Two: Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment in 

favor of Zavala Plus? 

In their second issue, appellants challenge the trial judge’s decision to grant a 

take-nothing summary judgment in Zavala Plus’s favor. We sustain appellants’ 

second issue in part as discussed below. 

1. Summary of Claims and Summary-Judgment Grounds 

In their live pleading, appellants asserted that Texas law governed all of their 

claims, and they asserted the following liability theories against Zavala Plus: 

• Direct negligence in the form of negligent entrustment, hiring, 

training, and the like. 

• Vicarious liability for Aldaba’s negligence and negligence per se 

under theories of respondeat superior and agency. 

• Joint liability with Zavala Mexico, under a joint-enterprise 

theory, for any negligence attributed to Zavala Mexico. 

• Gross negligence. The only conduct appellants specifically 

identified as grossly negligent was Aldaba’s conduct. 

• Loss of consortium by appellant Jose Hernandez, based on 

injuries his wife Carmen allegedly suffered in the accident. 

As to each of these liability theories, Zavala Plus sought summary judgment on the 

ground that the theory was not recognized by Zacatecan law. 

Zavala Plus also moved for summary judgment to the extent the trial judge 

might construe appellants’ live pleading as asserting the three liability theories 

available to appellants under Zacatecan law. Specifically, Zavala Plus asserted the 

following summary-judgment grounds as to those theories: 
 –28– 

Subjective liability Appellants had no evidence (1) of a licit or illicit 

act by Zavala Plus or (2) that any act by Zavala Plus 

was a direct and immediate cause of appellants’ 

injuries. 

Objective liability Appellants had no evidence that Zavala Plus was 

making use of the bus at the time of the accident. 

Common-carrier liability Appellants had no evidence that the bus driver was 

Zavala Plus’s employee. 

Additionally, any such claim by appellants Lopez 

and Rostro was time-barred by a six-month 

limitations period. 

Respondeat superior Appellants had no evidence that Aldaba was Zavala 

Plus’s employee or that he was acting in the course 

and scope of employment for Zavala Plus at the 

time of the accident. 

The trial judge granted Zavala Plus’s motion in every particular. She granted 

a traditional summary judgment as to Jose Hernandez’s loss-of-consortium claim, 

appellants’ “negligence-based claims pleaded under Texas law” including gross 

negligence, and appellants’ claim of joint enterprise. She granted a no-evidence 

summary judgment as to respondeat superior liability, common-carrier liability, 

subjective liability, and objective liability under Zacatecan law. And she granted a 

traditional summary judgment based on the statute of limitations against appellants 

Lopez and Rostro on any common-carrier liability claim under Zacatecan law. 

2. Standard of Review 

We review an order granting summary judgment de novo. See Trial v. 

Dragon, 593 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Tex. 2019). 

When we review a traditional summary judgment in favor of a defendant, we 

determine whether the defendant conclusively disproved an element of the plaintiff’s 
 –29– 

claim or conclusively proved every element of an affirmative defense. Alexander v. 

Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc’y, FSB, 555 S.W.3d 297, 299 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018, 

no pet.). We take evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true, and we indulge every 

reasonable inference and resolve every doubt in the nonmovant’s favor. Id. A matter 

is conclusively established if ordinary minds could not differ as to the conclusion to 

be drawn from the evidence. Id. 

We review a no-evidence summary judgment under the same legal sufficiency 

standard as a directed verdict. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 

(Tex. 2013). We consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, 

crediting evidence a reasonable jury could credit and disregarding contrary evidence 

and inferences unless a reasonable jury could not. Id. The nonmovant bears the 

burden of producing summary-judgment evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue 

of material fact as to each challenged element. Id. 

3. Traditional Summary Judgment 

Appellants make several arguments to support their premise that the 

traditional-summary-judgment rulings in Zavala Plus’s favor were erroneous. 

a. Global Argument 

Appellants first argue that all of the traditional-summary-judgment rulings 

were erroneous because they were based on the trial judge’s erroneous choice-oflaw ruling. Because the trial judge correctly ruled that Zacatecan law governs the 

liability issues in this case, appellants’ first argument under issue two fails. 
 –30– 

We note that appellants do not otherwise specifically challenge the summaryjudgment ruling that appellant Jose Hernandez’s loss-of-consortium claim is not 

cognizable under Zacatecan law. Accordingly, we uphold the summary judgment 

against him. 

b. Joint Enterprise 

Next, appellants give three reasons the trial judge erred by granting summary 

judgment on their theory that Zavala Plus was liable for Zavala Mexico’s conduct 

under a joint-enterprise theory, even if Zacatecan law applies. We disagree for the 

following reasons. 

First, appellants argue that summary judgment was improper because joint 

enterprise is a theory of liability rather than a cause of action. But they cite no 

authority for the premise that summary judgment cannot properly be granted on a 

theory of imputed liability like joint enterprise. Contrary to their position, we once 

reversed a summary judgment in part because the summary-judgment motions failed 

to address a pleaded joint-enterprise theory. See Chevez v. Brinkerhoff, No. 05-13-

00572-CV, 2014 WL 7246798, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 22, 2014, no pet.) 

(mem. op.); see also Motloch v. Albuquerque Tortilla Co., Inc., 454 S.W.3d 30, 37 

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2014, no pet.) (concluding that “summary judgment was 

proper on Motloch’s claim under the joint enterprise theory”). Accordingly, we 

reject appellants’ first argument. 
 –31– 

Second, appellants argue that summary judgment was improper because 

Lopez testified that Zacatecan law recognizes a joint-tortfeasor theory of liability for 

damages caused by an entity’s agents. Although appellants accurately describe 

Lopez’s testimony, Lopez also clearly distinguished between an agency theory of 

liability, which is available under Zacatecan law, and the Texas version of jointenterprise liability, which is not. Accordingly, we reject this argument. 

Finally, appellants point out that they asserted a joint-venture theory of 

liability in their second amended petition and dropped it in their third amended 

petition, which was their live petition at the time of judgment. Although this is true, 

it is also irrelevant. Joint enterprise and joint venture are two different theories of 

liability. See Chevez, 2014 WL 7246798, at *7 n.10 (noting that joint enterprise and 

joint venture have different elements). Thus, the fact that appellants nonsuited their 

joint-venture theory did not bar Zavala Plus from seeking summary judgment on 

appellants’ live joint-enterprise theory. 

Thus, appellants have not shown that the traditional summary judgment on 

their joint-enterprise theory was erroneous. 

c. Gross Negligence 

Next, appellants give two reasons that the trial judge erred by granting 

summary judgment on their gross-negligence claims even if Zacatecan law applies. 

We reject their arguments for the following reasons. 
 –32– 

First, appellants contend that Zavala Plus did not ask the trial judge to apply 

Zacatecan law to their gross-negligence claims. We disagree. Zavala Plus’s choiceof-law motion focuses on the Restatement analysis, but it mentions gross negligence 

as one of appellants’ claims, argues that appellants’ proper liability claim is one for 

objective liability under Mexican law, and asserts that punitive damages are 

unavailable under Mexican law. If there was any doubt as to Zavala Plus’s 

contention about gross negligence, it was dispelled by Zavala Plus’s summaryjudgment motion, which said, “Gross negligence is not one of the three claims 

available to Plaintiffs under Zacatecan law.” (Footnote omitted.) 

Second, appellants argue that Zavala Plus failed to show a conflict between 

Texas and Zacatecan law relevant to gross negligence. Again, we disagree. Under 

Texas law, gross negligence requires a showing that the tortfeasor acted with greater 

culpability than simple negligence, and a gross-negligence finding can support an 

award of exemplary damages. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 41.001(11) 

(defining gross negligence); id. § 41.003(a)(3) (providing that gross negligence can 

support an exemplary-damages award). Lopez testified about the three possible 

Zacatecan claims available to appellants on the facts they alleged in this case, and 

none of them corresponds to the § 41.001 definition of gross negligence. He also 

testified that Mexican law historically does not allow the recovery of punitive 

damages, and he opined that punitive damages are not currently allowed under 

Mexican law except in airplane-crash cases. Thus, Zavala Plus sufficiently showed 
 –33– 

a conflict between Texas law and Zacatecan law with respect to a claim for gross 

negligence to justify a choice-of-law ruling on the matter. 

Thus, appellants have not shown that the traditional summary judgment on 

their gross-negligence claims was erroneous. 

d. Negligence 

Next, appellants argue that the trial judge erred by granting summary 

judgment on their negligence claims even if Zacatecan law applies because Zavala 

Plus did not show any conflict between Zacatecan law and Texas negligence law. 

We disagree. 

Lopez testified that a Texas negligence claim is analogous to a subjectiveliability claim under Zacatecan law. However, he explained in his deposition that 

one element of the claim is that the defendant undertook an act or omission contrary 

to law. This is not an element of a simple negligence claim under Texas law, 

although it would be an element of negligence per se. See Kroger Co. v. Elwood, 

197 S.W.3d 793, 794 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (“To establish negligence, a party 

must establish a duty, a breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the 

breach.”); Ward v. ACS State & Loc. Sols., Inc., 328 S.W.3d 648, 652 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2010, no pet.) (negligence per se requires proof that the defendant violated a 

statute or ordinance designed to protect a class to which the plaintiff belongs, in 

addition to proximate cause and damages). Lopez also identified other differences 

between a Texas negligence claim and a Zacatecan subjective-liability claim. For 
 –34– 

example, Zacatecan law employs a different causation standard, requiring the 

plaintiff’s injury to be a “direct and immediate consequence” of the act complained 

of, and it imposes caps on compensatory damages that are not found in Texas law. 

Thus, appellants’ argument that there is no “true conflict” between Zacatecan law 

and Texas negligence law is incorrect. 

Appellants have not shown that the traditional summary judgment on their 

negligence claims was erroneous. 

e. Common-Carrier-Liability Claims 

Zavala Plus also obtained a traditional summary judgment against appellants 

Lopez and Rostro based on the statute of limitations as to any common-carrierliability claims they might be deemed to have asserted under Zacatecan law. Zavala 

Plus relied specifically on a six-month statute of limitations found in the Zacatecan 

Civil Code. 

Appellants argue that this ruling was erroneous because (1) statutes of 

limitations are deemed to be procedural rules for choice-of-law purposes and Zavala 

Plus asked the trial judge to apply only substantive Zacatecan law, and (2) in any 

event, Texas’s procedural rules apply in Texas courts. 

We reject appellants’ arguments. Appellants’ contention that Zavala Plus did 

not ask the trial judge to apply “procedural” rules like the Zacatecan six-month 

limitations period for common-carrier-liability claims is simply incorrect. Zavala 
 –35– 

Plus’s summary-judgment motion specifically sought summary judgment against 

Lopez and Rostro based on that six-month limitations statute. 

As for appellants’ second argument, we conclude that Civil Practice and 

Remedies Code § 71.031 prescribes that the Zacatecan six-month limitations period 

applies to Lopez’s and Rostro’s common-carrier-liability claims. See Stevenson, 608 

S.W.3d at 120 (“Section 71.031 is essentially a codified choice-of-law rule 

governing the timeliness of action.”). That section applies when a death or injury 

case is brought in Texas court and “the wrongful act, neglect, or default causing the 

death or injury [took] place in a foreign state or country.” CIV. PRAC. & REM. 

§ 71.031(a). If the plaintiff is the resident of a foreign state or country, the plaintiff 

must begin the action “within the time provided by the laws of the foreign state or 

country in which the wrongful act, neglect, or default took place.” Id. § 71.031(a)(3). 

According to appellants’ live pleading, all appellants were residents of either 

Oklahoma or Kansas, and thus they were residents of foreign states. See Owens 

Corning v. Carter, 997 S.W.2d 560, 564–65 (Tex. 1999) (treating Alabama residents 

as residents of foreign states under § 71.031). Appellants present no argument to 

show that § 71.031(a)(3) does not require application of Zacatecas’s statute of 

limitations to their common-carrier-liability claims on the facts of this case. 

Accordingly, we reject their argument that the Zacatecan limitations statute does not 

apply because limitations statutes are “procedural” rather than “substantive.” 
 –36– 

4. No-Evidence Summary Judgment 

Next we consider the trial judge’s rulings that there was no evidence to 

support respondeat superior liability or any of the three possible Zacatecan claims 

against Zavala Plus. 

a. Threshold Question: Should we construe appellants’ live 

petition as pleading claims under Zacatecan law? 

As we previously noted, the trial judge ruled that Mexican law applied to 

appellants’ claims. A few days later, appellants filed their final live pleading, their 

third amended petition, in which they invoked only Texas-law causes of action and 

averred that “Texas substantive law applies based on the facts and contacts of this 

case.” Nevertheless, Zavala Plus’s summary-judgment motion asserted that Zavala 

Plus was entitled to a no-evidence summary judgment to the extent appellants had 

pleaded claims under Zacatecan law, and the trial judge granted no-evidence 

summary judgment for Zavala Plus on those Zacatecan claims. 

On appeal, appellants assert (1) they pleaded no claims under Zacatecan law, 

so the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment on unpleaded claims, and (2) 

alternatively, even if the trial judge could consider Zavala Plus’s summary-judgment 

attacks on unpleaded Zacatecan-law claims, the trial judge erred on the merits by 

sustaining those attacks. Zavala Plus responds that the trial judge properly ignored 

the Texas labels that appellants assigned to their claims and properly treated 

appellants’ third amended petition as pleading all three Zacatecan claims potentially 

available on the alleged facts: subjective liability, objective liability, and common-
 –37– 

carrier liability. In their reply brief, appellants again assert that unpleaded claims 

cannot support summary judgment, and they complain that Zavala Plus is asking this 

Court to construe appellants’ live pleading in Zavala Plus’s favor by construing it to 

plead claims under Zacatecan law. 

The briefing thus raises a conundrum. Appellants deny that they pleaded any 

claims under Zacatecan law, and they urge us to reverse the trial judge’s no-evidence 

summary-judgment rulings on that basis. But if we were to accept appellants’ 

position and conclude that they pleaded only Texas-law claims, the no-evidence 

summary-judgment rulings might be erroneous, but we would nevertheless affirm 

the take-nothing judgment because we have already concluded that appellants have 

not shown error in the traditional summary judgment on their Texas-law claims. We 

do not believe this is what appellants intend us to do—particularly because 

appellants do argue in the alternative that they raised genuine fact issues to support 

their claims under Zacatecan law. 

We conclude that construing the live petition in appellants’ favor means 

treating it as pleading the claims properly available under the governing law in light 

of the facts pleaded, regardless of the labels appellants assigned to their claims. See

Stone v. Laws. Title Ins. Co., 554 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. 1977) (absent special 

exceptions, courts construe a petition liberally in the pleader’s favor); Jones v. 

Landry’s Seafood Inn & Oyster Bar-Galveston, Inc., 328 S.W.3d 909, 913 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (“[A] court considers the substance, not 
 –38– 

the label, of a claim to determine its nature.”). And we agree with Zavala Plus that 

appellants’ allegations in their live pleading, liberally construed, suffice to plead the 

claims available to them under Zacatecan law. Accordingly, we address appellants’ 

alternative merits-based argument that the trial judge erred by granting no-evidence 

summary judgment on their claims under Zacatecan law. 

b. Applicable Law and No-Evidence Grounds 

Lopez testified that Zacatecan law recognizes three possible claims in favor 

of accident victims in appellants’ position: (1) subjective liability, (2) objective 

liability, and (3) common-carrier liability. He also testified that the law of respondeat 

superior is the same in Zacatecas and in Texas. Thus, Zavala Plus would be 

vicariously liable for Aldaba’s conduct if at the time of the accident Aldaba was 

Zavala Plus’s employee and was acting in the course and scope of employment. See

G&H Towing Co. v. Magee, 347 S.W.3d 293, 296 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam) 

(“Generally, a master is vicariously liable for the torts of its servants committed in 

the course and scope of their employment.”). 

Each of the three claims available under Zacatecan law requires a plaintiff to 

prove that the defendant’s conduct caused injury to the plaintiff. For a subjectiveliability claim, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant committed conduct that 

was illicit or against good customs and that the conduct caused damage to another. 

Alternatively, the plaintiff can prove that the defendant committed a licit act that 

caused damage to another, but in that case the rules for an objective-liability claim 
 –39– 

apply. For an objective-liability claim, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant 

was making use of a dangerous mechanism (such as a bus) and thereby caused 

damages. And for a common-carrier-liability claim, the plaintiff must prove that the 

defendant was a common carrier and that a “shortcoming” of a driver the defendant 

employed caused damages. Lopez explained that an employer of Aldaba, the bus 

driver, would be liable under respondeat superior for Aldaba’s conduct if Aldaba 

was acting within the course and scope of his employment at the time of the accident. 

Zavala Plus’s no-evidence challenges to these claims all involve the questions 

of whether appellants could produce any evidence that (1) Aldaba was Zavala Plus’s 

employee and (2) he was acting in the course and scope of his employment at the 

time of the accident. Appellants contend that they raised genuine fact issues on both 

elements; Zavala Plus disagrees. We now turn to that dispute. 

c. Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on 

appellants’ claims that Zavala Plus was vicariously liable for 

Aldaba’s conduct under respondeat superior? 

Appellants argue that the following summary-judgment evidence2

 raises a 

genuine fact issue regarding the elements of (1) Aldaba’s employment status and 

(2) course and scope at the time of the accident: 

2

 Zavala Plus argues that appellants have essentially forfeited their challenge to the no-evidence 

summary judgment because appellants’ summary-judgment response did not specifically refer to the 

evidence that creates a genuine fact issue. See Great Hans, LLC v. Liberty Life Serv. Corp., No. 05-20-

00113-CV, 2021 WL 5822841, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 8, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that 

nonmovant must “specifically identify the supporting proof it seeks to have considered by the trial court 

and explain why it demonstrates a fact issue exists”). We conclude that appellants’ response was sufficient 

in this regard and reject Zavala Plus’s argument. 
 –40– 

• The Mexican police report about the May 6, 2018 accident 

indicates that the bus was the property of “ZAVALA PLUS 

LLC” with an address in Irving, Texas. 

• A “Texas Apportioned License Cab Card” associated with the 

bus listed Zavala Plus as the “Registrant” and as the “Carrier 

Responsible for Safety.” This card listed the “Reg Year” as 2017 

and expired August 31, 2018. 

• An excerpt from a March 2018–March 2019 insurance policy on 

the bus in question that listed Zavala Plus as the insured party. 

• Zavala Plus’s admission that at the time of the accident the bus 

in question was marked as follows on at least one side: 

“OPERATED BY: ZAVALA PLUS US DOT: 1295573 ICC 

MC: 523778 IRVING TX.” 

• Documents from Aldaba’s personnel file that were apparently 

produced in discovery by Zavala Plus. The documents were 

covered with a printed email that apparently originated from 

“Zavala Plus Rio Grande <Zavala_plus@hotmail.com>”. One 

document is a statement by Aldaba dated May 4, 2018—just two 

days before the accident. In the statement, Aldaba acknowledged 

that he made some mistakes in driving buses, including an 

accident in January 2018. He further said that he was suspended 

on January 14, 2018. His statement concluded, “[O]n Sunday 

21/April/2018 I came to meet with the person in charge Nivardo 

Zavala to learn what was going on, because I was not aware of 

the reasons I was out of work since I am interested in my work, 

so I have to provide this written statement in which I accept to 

improve my work being this my last chance in the company 

Zavala Plus.” 

• Zavala Plus’s corporate representative testified that she believed 

that in December 2015 Zavala Plus’s president, Francisco 

Zavala, was using the email address zavala_plus@hotmail.com 

in his role as president. 

• The police report from the accident said that the luggage “was 

given to the citizen Nivardo Zavala Beltran, who declared to be 

the legal representative of said company.” Appellants also filed 

an excerpt of testimony by “Nivardo Zavala” in an October 2017 

trial in a different case. In that testimony, Nivardo Zavala said 
 –41– 

that he worked for Zavala Plus in Mexico as the “mechanics’ 

boss.” Appellants also filed a resume of “Nivardo Zavala 

Beltran” that said he was currently a maintenance supervisor for 

Zavala Plus. The resume is undated, but its contents indicate it 

was prepared in or after 2016. 

We conclude that appellants successfully raised a genuine fact issue on the 

essential elements of whether bus driver Aldaba was a Zavala Plus employee and 

whether he was acting within the course and scope of his employment at the time of 

the accident. Specifically, we conclude that the evidence that Zavala Plus owned the 

bus in question was sufficient to support presumptions that (1) the bus’s driver, 

Aldaba, was a Zavala Plus employee and (2) Aldaba was acting in the course and 

scope of his employment for Zavala Plus at the time of the accident. And we 

conclude that other summary-judgment evidence also supports these elements. 

Our conclusion follows from our decision in Hunsucker v. Omega Industries, 

659 S.W.2d 692 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1983, no writ). In that vehicle-accident case, 

Hunsucker claimed that she was forced to hit a guardrail by the erratic driving of an 

Omega-owned vehicle, but the Omega vehicle left the scene of the accident, and its 

driver was never identified. Id. at 693. Omega won the case on summary judgment. 

Id. We reversed the summary judgment as to Hunsucker’s vicarious-liability claim, 

holding that Hunsucker’s evidence that Omega owned the vehicle gave rise to 

presumptions that its driver was an Omega employee acting in the course and scope 

of employment. See id. at 696–98. In the same way, appellants’ evidence that Zavala 

Plus owned the bus involved in this accident triggered presumptions that Aldaba was 
 –42– 

a Zavala Plus employee and that he was acting within the course and scope of his 

employment at the time of the accident. 

Zavala Plus argues that appellants cannot defeat summary judgment with a 

presumption, citing Chavez v. Kansas City Southern Railway Co., 520 S.W.3d 898 

(Tex. 2017) (per curiam), for support. But Chavez does not stand for this proposition. 

Rather, Chavez holds that a summary-judgment movant may not use a presumption 

to shift the burden of presenting evidence onto the nonmovant. Id. at 900. As 

illustrated by the Hunsucker case, discussed above, a nonmovant can defeat 

summary judgment by adducing evidence that triggers a presumption that material 

facts are true. See Hunsucker, 659 S.W.2d at 696–98; see also Brown v. Big D 

Transp., Inc., 45 S.W.3d 703, 705–06 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2001, no pet.) 

(reversing no-evidence summary judgment because nonmovant was entitled to 

presumptions of material facts in its favor). 

The presumptions of employment and course and scope are buttressed by 

other evidence in the record. There is evidence that Nivardo Zavala Beltran was a 

Zavala Plus employee working in Mexico in October 2017, several months before 

the May 2018 accident. There is also evidence that after the accident Beltran went 

to the accident scene, declared himself to be the “legal representative of said 

company,” i.e., Zavala Plus, and took charge of the bus passengers’ luggage. 

Although Zavala Plus argues that the evidence supports no more than mere suspicion 

that Beltran still worked for Zavala Plus several months after October 2017, we 
 –43– 

conclude that the evidence of Beltran’s post-accident conduct boosts the probative 

force of the evidence beyond mere speculation and suspicion. That is, Beltran’s postaccident claim to be Zavala Plus’s representative supports a reasonable inference 

that Beltran was Zavala Plus’s employee at the time of the accident. And his active 

involvement in dealing with the passengers’ luggage supports an inference that 

Zavala Plus acted to protect the passenger’s interests because it, and not some other 

entity, was responsible for the bus’s operation at the time of the accident. We 

conclude that the evidence of Beltran’s conduct supports a reasonable inference that 

Aldaba was a Zavala Plus employee acting in the course and scope of his 

employment when he drove the bus and got involved in the accident. 

We conclude that the trial judge erred by granting a no-evidence summary 

judgment against appellants on their respondeat superior theory. 

d. Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on 

appellants’ claims against Zavala Plus for common-carrier 

liability under Zacatecan law? 

Zavala Plus’s sole no-evidence summary-judgment ground attacking 

appellants’ common-carrier claims under Article 2037 of the Zacatecan Civil Code 

was that appellants had no evidence that the driver of the bus was a Zavala Plus 

employee. We have concluded that the evidence raises a genuine fact issue on 

whether the driver was a Zavala Plus employee. Accordingly, we conclude that the 

trial judge erred by granting a no-evidence summary judgment against appellants on 

their claims against Zavala Plus for common-carrier liability under Article 2037. 
 –44– 

e. Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on 

appellants’ claims against Zavala Plus for subjective liability 

under Zacatecan law? 

Zavala Plus obtained no-evidence summary judgment on appellants’ 

subjective-liability claims under Zacatecan law on the grounds that appellants had 

no evidence (1) that Zavala Plus committed a licit or illicit act or (2) that any such 

act was the direct and immediate cause of appellants’ injuries. 

As to the first summary-judgment ground, appellants rely on evidence that the 

bus driver was driving at an unsafe speed at the time of the accident. Zavala Plus 

responds that this is an act by an alleged employee of Zavala Plus and not by Zavala 

Plus itself—essentially arguing that the summary judgment was proper at least as to 

any claims that Zavala Plus has direct subjective liability, as opposed to vicarious 

liability for the bus driver’s subjective liability. 

We have already concluded that appellants raised a genuine issue of material 

fact on their respondeat superior theory of vicarious liability. Accordingly, the trial 

judge erred to the extent she granted summary judgment against appellants on their 

claims that Zavala Plus is vicariously liable for the bus driver’s subjective liability 

under Zacatecan law. We do not see any argument by appellants that the trial judge 

erred by granting summary judgment on their claims directly against Zavala Plus for 

subjective liability, so we do not disturb that portion of the judgment. See Ontiveros 

v. Flores, 218 S.W.3d 70, 71 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam). 
 –45– 

As for the second summary-judgment ground, appellants rely on the police 

report about the accident as evidence that the bus driver’s conduct was a direct and 

immediate cause of appellants’ injuries. The report indicates that the bus rolled over 

in the course of the accident and that an ambulance took passengers to a clinic in 

Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas. This is sufficient evidence to raise a genuine fact 

question on the issue of causation of appellants’ injuries. 

f. Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on 

appellants’ claims against Zavala Plus for objective liability 

under Zacatecan law? 

Zavala Plus obtained no-evidence summary judgment on appellants’ 

objective-liability claims under Zacatecan law on the ground that appellants had no 

evidence that Zavala Plus was “making use” of the bus at the time of the accident. 

In their opening brief, appellants challenge this summary judgment solely by 

arguing that Zavala Plus can be vicariously liable for the bus driver’s conduct under 

an objective-liability theory because the driver was “making use” of the bus at the 

time of the accident. Zavala Plus does not dispute that it could potentially be held 

vicariously liable for an objective-liability claim but denies that it, a corporate entity, 

could be directly liable for “making use” of the bus. Although appellants address a 

possible direct objective-liability theory in their reply brief, we do not consider 

arguments made for the first time in a reply brief. See Veterinary Specialists of N. 

Tex., PLLC v. King, No. 05-21-00325-CV, 2022 WL 406095, at *6 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Feb. 9, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.). 
 –46– 

We have already concluded that appellants raised a genuine issue of material 

fact on their respondeat superior theory of vicarious liability. Accordingly, the trial 

judge erred to the extent she granted summary judgment against appellants on their 

claims that Zavala Plus is vicariously liable for the bus driver’s objective liability 

under Zacatecan law. We do not disturb the portion of the judgment granting 

summary judgment on their claims directly against Zavala Plus for objective 

liability. 

5. Did the trial judge err by granting summary judgment on claims 

that had been abated? 

Finally, appellants argue that the trial judge erred by granting summary 

judgment on any claims asserted on behalf of the estate of Maria Soledad Varela de 

Lopez because the case was abated as to those claims when the trial judge granted 

summary judgment. We agree. 

On April 26, 2022, the trial judge signed on order abating the case as to the 

estate’s claims. The next day the judge signed an order administratively closing the 

case. On May 11, 2022, the judge signed an order vacating the administrative closure 

of the case but not lifting the abatement applicable to the estate’s claims. On June 

30, 2022, the judge signed a final summary judgment disposing of all claims in the 

case. On October 13, 2022, the judge signed an order lifting the abatement, and on 

October 14, 2022, the judge signed a modified summary-judgment order that 

essentially repeated the substance of the June 30 order. 
 –47– 

As discussed in Part I of this opinion, the June 30, 2022 summary-judgment 

order was a legal nullity to the extent it purported to dispose of the estate’s claims 

because the case had been abated as to those claims. See, e.g., Amrhein v. La 

Madeleine, Inc., 206 S.W.3d 173, 175 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). Zavala 

Plus argues that the modified summary-judgment order signed on October 14, 2022, 

cured the error. But this argument fails because the October 14 order was signed 

after the trial judge had lost plenary power to modify the June 30 judgment. Thus, 

that order is void and must be vacated. See Polk v. La Hacienda Apt., No. 05-22-

01236-CV, 2023 WL 2364974, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 6, 2023, no pet.) 

(mem. op.) (“A judgment signed after the trial court’s plenary power has expired is 

void.”). As to the June 30, 2022 order, we conclude that the trial judge erred by 

granting summary judgment as to the claims asserted on behalf of the estate of Maria 

Soledad Varela de Lopez. 

6. Conclusion 

We sustain appellants’ second issue in part. The trial judge erred by granting 

summary judgment against appellant Jose Luis Varela as Representative of the 

Estate of Maria Soledad Varela de Lopez. The trial judge did not err by granting 

summary judgment against appellant Jose Hernandez. As to the remaining 

appellants, we reach the following conclusions: 

• the trial judge did not err by granting summary judgment on 

(1) appellants’ substantive claims asserted under Texas law, 

(2) appellants’ claims for joint-enterprise liability, 

(3) appellants’ claims under Zacatecan law for direct subjective 
 –48– 

liability, (4) appellants’ claims under Zacatecan law for direct 

objective liability, and (5) appellant Pedro Rostro’s commoncarrier-liability claim under Zacatecan law; and 

• the trial judge erred by granting summary judgment on 

appellants’ claims under Zacatecan law for (1) subjective 

liability on a respondeat superior basis, (2) objective liability on 

a respondeat superior basis, and (3) common-carrier liability, 

except for appellant Pedro Rostro as noted above. 

IV. DISPOSITION

We vacate the trial court’s October 14, 2022 Modified Order on Defendant 

Zavala Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary 

Judgment. 

We reverse the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant Zavala Plus, 

LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment as to 

all claims being prosecuted by appellant Jose Luis Varela as Representative of the 

Estate of Maria Soledad de Lopez (Deceased). 

We also reverse the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant Zavala 

Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment 

as to the following claims: 

• the claims by appellants Carmen Hernandez, Maricela Silva, 

Eligio Silva, and Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for 

subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory, objective 

liability on a respondeat superior theory, and common-carrier 

liability; and 

• the claims by appellant Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for 

subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory and objective 

liability on a respondeat superior theory. 
 –49– 

We affirm the remainder of the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant 

Zavala Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary 

Judgment. We remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

221077F.P05 

 

/Dennise Garcia/ 

DENNISE GARCIA 

JUSTICE 
 –50– 

S 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

JUDGMENT 

JOSE LUIS VARELA AS 

REPRESENTATIVE OF THE 

ESTATE OF MARIA SOLEDAD 

VARELA DE LOPEZ 

(DECEASED), CARMEN 

HERNANDEZ, JOSE 

HERNANDEZ, MARICELA 

SILVA, ELIGIO SILVA, AND 

PEDRO ROSTRO, Appellants 

No. 05-22-01077-CV V. 

ZAVALA PLUS, LLC, Appellee 

 On Appeal from the 160th Judicial 

District Court, Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-07336. 

Opinion delivered by Justice Garcia. 

Justices Goldstein and Miskel 

participating. 

 In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we VACATE the trial 

court’s October 14, 2022 Modified Order on Defendant Zavala Plus, LLC’s 

Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment. 

We REVERSE the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on Defendant Zavala 

Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment 

as to the following claims: 

• all claims being prosecuted by appellant Jose Luis Varela as 

Representative of the Estate of Maria Soledad Varela de Lopez 

(Deceased); 

• the claims by appellants Carmen Hernandez, Maricela Silva, 

Eligio Silva, and Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for 

subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory, objective 
 –51– 

liability on a respondeat superior theory, and common-carrier 

liability; and 

• the claims by appellant Pedro Rostro under Zacatecan law for 

subjective liability on a respondeat superior theory and objective 

liability on a respondeat superior theory. 

In all other respects, we AFFIRM the trial court’s June 30, 2022 Order on 

Defendant Zavala Plus, LLC’s Second Traditional and No-Evidence Motion for 

Summary Judgment. We REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with 

the opinion. 

It is ordered that each party bear its own costs of this appeal. 

Judgment entered this 26th day of March 2024.