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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

PREMIER DEALER SERVICES, INC., 

 

Plaintiff, Case No. 2:18-cv-735

 JUDGE EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR.

v. Magistrate Judge Chelsey M. Vascura

 

ALLEGIANCE ADMINISTRATORS, 

LLC, et al.,

Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

This matter is before the Court on several motions in limine:

• Plaintiff’s Second Motion in Limine (ECF No. 177)

• Defendants’ First Motion in Limine (ECF No. 178) 

• Defendants’ Second Motion in Limine (ECF No. 180)

• Defendants’ Fourth Motion in Limine (ECF No. 182) 

• Defendants’ Fifth Motion in Limine (ECF No. 183) 

• Defendants’ Sixth Motion in Limine (ECF No. 184) 

• Defendants’ Seventh Motion in Limine (ECF No. 185) 

For the following reasons, Plaintiff’s motion is DENIED, and Defendants’ motions are 

GRANTED in part and DENIED in part and HELD IN ABEYANCE in part. 

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff Premier Dealer Services (“Premier”) brings trade secret misappropriation and 

copyright infringement claims against Defendants Allegiance Administrator, LLC and Dimension 

Service Corporation (together, “Defendants” or “Allegiance”) alleging that Defendants wrongfully 

used a form created by Premier. The form is referred to as the LPLP Certificate. The facts are fully 

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set out in the Court’s July 29, 2021 Opinion and Order on the parties’ cross motions for summary 

judgment. (See ECF No. 128.) The remaining issue of damages on Plaintiff’s copyright 

infringement claim proceeds to trial on May 31, 2022. (Id. at 27; Scheduling Order, ECF No. 148.)

II. LAW

A. Motion in Limine Standard

“Neither the Federal Rules of Evidence nor the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure explicitly 

authorize a court to rule on an evidentiary motion in limine.” In re E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. 

C-8 Pers. Injury Litig., 348 F. Supp. 3d 698, 721 (S.D. Ohio 2016). The practice of ruling on such 

motions “has developed pursuant to the district court’s inherent authority to manage the course of 

trials.” Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41 n.4 (1984). “The purpose of a motion in limine is 

to allow a court to rule on issues pertaining to evidence prior to trial to avoid delay and ensure an 

evenhanded and expedient trial.” In re E.I. du Pont, 348 F. Supp. 3d at 721 (citing Ind. Ins. Co. v. 

Gen. Elec. Co., 326 F. Supp. 2d 844, 846 (N.D. Ohio 2004)). However, courts are generally 

reluctant to grant broad exclusions of evidence before trial because “a court is almost always better 

situated during the actual trial to assess the value and utility of evidence.” Koch v. Koch Indus., 

Inc., 2 F. Supp. 2d 1385, 1388 (D. Kan. 1998); accord Sperberg v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 

519 F.2d 708, 712 (6th Cir. 1975). Unless a party proves that the evidence is clearly inadmissible 

on all potential grounds—a demanding requirement—“evidentiary rulings should be deferred until 

trial so that questions of foundation, relevancy and potential prejudice may be resolved in proper 

context.” Ind. Ins. Co., 326 F. Supp. 2d at 846; see also Koch, 2 F. Supp. 2d at 1388 (“[A] court 

is almost always better situated during the actual trial to assess the value and utility of evidence.”). 

The denial, in whole or in part, of a motion in limine does not give a party license to admit all 

evidence contemplated by the motion; it simply means that the Court cannot adjudicate the motion 

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outside of the trial context. Ind. Ins Co., 326 F. Supp. 2d at 846. Evidentiary rulings are made 

subject to the district court’s sound discretion. Frye v. CSX Trans., Inc., 933 F.3d 591, 598 (6th 

Cir. 2019).

B. Copyright Infringement Damages

In general, copyright infringers are liable “for either ... (1) the copyright owner’s actual 

damages and any additional profits of the infringer ... or (2) statutory damages.” 17 U.S.C. § 

504(a). The pertinent statute on proving actual damages and profits for a direct copyright 

infringement is 17 U.S.C. § 504(b), which provides:

The copyright owner is entitled to recover the actual damages suffered by him or 

her as a result of the infringement, and any profits of the infringer that are 

attributable to the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the 

actual damages. In establishing the infringer’s profits, the copyright owner is 

required to present proof only of the infringer's gross revenue, and the infringer is 

required to prove his or her deductible expenses and the elements of profit 

attributable to factors other than the copyrighted work.

17 U.S.C. § 504(b). 

In the alternative, “the copyright owner may elect, at any time before final judgment is 

rendered, to recover, instead of actual damages and profits, an award of statutory damages for all 

infringements involved in the action.” 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1).

1. Actual Damages and Profits

“Damages are awarded to compensate the copyright owner for losses from the 

infringement, and profits are awarded to prevent the infringer from unfairly benefitting from a 

wrongful act.” Cotter v. Christus Gardens, Inc., 238 F.3d 420 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting H.R.Rep. 

No. 94-1476, at 161 (1976), reprinted in 17 U.S.C.A. § 504, at 146 (West 1996)). The copyright 

owner must prove actual damages and lost profits by a preponderance of the evidence. Smith v.

Thomas, 911 F.3d 378, 381 (6th Cir. 2018).

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There is no prescribed method of calculating actual damages. In some cases, actual 

damages may be calculated as the amount the copyright infringer would have paid the copyright 

owner to use the copyrighted material, often called a license fee. Navarro v. Procter & Gamble

Company, 501 F. Supp. 3d 482 (S.D. Ohio 2020). Actual damages may also be the “loss in the fair 

market value of the copyright.” Cotter, 238 F.3d at 420. Where there is no license fee or apparent 

decrease to the value of the copyright, the actual damages may be the amount of profit the 

copyright infringer received for using the copyright. See id. However, “[a] plaintiff may not 

recover its full lost profits plus all of the defendant’s profits, for this would constitute a forbidden 

double recovery.” Id. (quoting 4 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 

14.02A, at 14-10 (2000)). 

Compared to calculating actual damages, calculating lost profits is somewhat clearer. 

Section 504(b) of the Copyright Act dictates that the copyright owner’s burden is “to present proof 

only of the infringer’s gross revenue.” Then the burden shifts to the infringer to show 1) deductible 

expenses, and 2) the elements of revenue attributable to factors other than the copyrighted work. 

Balsley v. LFP, Inc., 691 F.3d 747, 768 (6th Cir. 2012). Copyright infringers must “prove their 

deductible expenses with specificity.” Singletary Constr., LLC v. Reda Home Builders, Inc., 815 

F. App’x 892, 899–900 (6th Cir. 2020). If the defendant does not meet its burden, the gross revenue 

figure is left to stand as the complete measure of lost profit damages. Balsley, 691, F.3d at 769. 

2. Statutory Damages

Again, the copyright owner may elect to recover actual damages and lost profits, or 

statutory damages. Because actual damages are often difficult to prove in copyright infringement 

cases, statutory damages ensure that infringers are adequately deterred and copyright owners are 

adequately compensated. See Douglas v. Cunningham, 294 U.S. 207, 209 (1935). 

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Section 504(c)(1) allows for statutory damages “for all infringements involved in the 

action, with respect to any one work, ... in a sum of not less than $750 or more than $30,000 as the 

court considers just.” Where the copyright owner establishes willful infringement, the Court may 

increase the award of statutory damages to a sum of not more than $150,000. 17 U.S.C. § 

504(c)(2). On the other hand, where the infringers establish that they were not aware and had no 

reason to believe that their acts constituted copyright infringement, i.e., innocent infringement, the 

Court, in its discretion, may reduce the award of statutory damages to a sum not less than $200. Id.

The awarding of a specific amount of statutory damages is a factual determination, which 

would be made either by the Court or, if requested by a party, a jury. Feltner v. Columbia Pictures

Television, Inc., 523 U.S. 340 (1998). To elect statutory damages, the copyright owner should 

inform the court of his intent to seek statutory damages at any point before final judgment. Smith, 

911 F.3d at 383 (citing William F. Patry, Patry on Copyright § 22:171 (2018)). The election “does 

not have to exclude the possibility of actual damages—plaintiffs are entitled to simultaneously 

seek actual damages and statutory damages in the alternative.” Id. In other words, the plaintiff may 

present evidence of both to the trier of fact “and wait until the verdict is rendered to select which 

one it prefers.” Id. (citing Curet-Velazquez v. ACEMLA de Puerto Rico, Inc., 656 F.3d 47, 57–58 

(1st Cir. 2011)).

Whereas actual damages must be proven by a preponderance of the evidence, statutory 

damages “do not require specific proof” and are instead set at the district court or jury’s discretion 

within the statutory bounds. Smith, 911 F.3d at 381. In determining the amount of damages to

award, the following factors are relevant: “(1) the infringer’s blameworthiness, i.e., whether the 

infringement was willful, knowing, or innocent, (2) the expenses saved and the profits reaped by 

the defendants in connection with the infringement, and (3) the revenues lost by the plaintiffs due 

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to the defendants’ conduct.” Jobete Music Co. v. Johnson Commc’ns, Inc., 285 F. Supp. 2d 1077, 

1085–86 (S.D. Ohio 2003). The trier of fact has broad discretion in awarding statutory damages

within statutory range in §504(c)(1). Id.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Plaintiff’s Second Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Copyright Liability 

and Miscellaneous Irrelevant Evidence (ECF No. 177)

Plaintiff moves to exclude evidence that it contends relates to Defendants’ copyright 

liability that Defendants designated for trial, including evidence of: Allegiance’s creation of the 

LPLP Certificate; representations that Tricor made to Allegiance that it owned the Old Tricor Form 

when it was sending the form to Allegiance and dictating changes to the form; evidence that the 

LPLP Certificate is boilerplate language, common in the industry, or substantially similar to other 

forms. (ECF No. 177.) In response, Defendants argue that Plaintiff mischaracterizes the evidence 

and that the evidence will not be used to dispute copyright infringement liability. (ECF No. 199.) 

The Court’s prior Order on Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine (ECF No. 172) excluded:

• Arguments as to whether Defendants’ and Tricor’s use of the LPLP Certificate was 

improper. 

• Arguments as to whether Defendants are liable for copyright infringement.

• Evidence relating to Premier’s authorship and creation of the LPLP Certificate.

• Evidence that Premier’s LPLP Certificate was not entitled to copyright protection, 

including arguments that the LPLP Certificate was boilerplate language common 

in the industry, or substantially similar to other forms. 

The Court sees no reason to revisit these matters, with one exception. As to the fourth item, 

evidence that the LPLP Certificate is boilerplate language, common in the industry, or substantially 

similar to other forms is relevant to show how much of Allegiance’s revenue from administering 

Tricor’s contracts was due to the language of the LPLP Certificate. For clarity, the Court notes that 

Allegiance is entitled to present evidence that all certificates in the industry are similar and 

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therefore its profit was not heavily reliant on the language of the Certificate. Allegiance is not, 

however, able to claim that the LPLP Certificate was not entitled to copyright protection.

Additionally, while a challenge to Premier’s copyright is properly excluded, evidence of 

Allegiance’s creation of their certificate is potentially admissible to show blameworthiness. 

Plaintiff represents that it will determine whether to recover actual damages and disgorgement 

profits or statutory damages after the jury reaches a verdict as to both alternative methods of 

recovery. (Final Pretrial Order at 2, ECF No. 209.) As discussed above, in determining statutory 

damages, a trier of fact considers “the infringer’s blameworthiness, i.e., whether the infringement 

was willful, knowing, or innocent.” Jobete Music Co., 285 F. Supp. 2d at 1085–86. Allegiance is 

entitled to present evidence that Tricor represented that it owned the certificate and that Tricor 

dictated changes to the certificate to Allegiance to show whether the infringement was willful, 

knowing or innocent. 

Plaintiff further seeks to exclude the following evidence on the grounds that it is irrelevant, 

likely to confuse the jury, or otherwise unduly prejudicial:

1. Correspondence between counsel for Premier and counsel for Tricor regarding the brewing 

dispute in Canada in early 2018. 

2. Pleadings in the Canadian litigation. 

3. Pleadings in the litigation between Mr. Olson and Premier. 

4. Pleadings in this action. 

5. Evidence relating to “rates,” vehicle service contracts, and other matters resolved by the 

Court’s ruling on summary judgment. 

6. Premier’s consolidated financial statements. 

7. Hearsay evidence, e.g., deposition testimony of Allegiance personnel 

(ECF No. 177 at 3–4.) Plaintiff, however, does not argue why each of the above is inadmissible 

on all grounds. See Ind. Ins. Co., 326 F. Supp. 2d at 846 (Unless a party proves that the evidence 

is clearly inadmissible on all potential grounds, “evidentiary rulings should be deferred until trial 

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so that questions of foundation, relevancy and potential prejudice may be resolved in proper 

context.”). Therefore, for the reasons stated above, Plaintiff’s Motion is DENIED.

B. Defendants’ First Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Allegiance’s 

Administration Revenue as Evidence of Premier’s “Actual Damages” (ECF No. 

178) 

Defendants moves to exclude evidence or arguments that Plaintiff is entitled to lost profits 

based on the amount of Tricor Automotive Group, Inc.’s (“Tricor”) LPLP programs that 

Allegiance has administered. Allegiance argues the evidence is improper because: (1) Premier 

terminated its business relationship with Tricor and had no reasonable expectation of future 

revenue from Tricor; and (2) the claimed damages are not based on any analysis of overall lost 

profits relating to the LPLP Certificate. (ECF No. 178.)

Allegiance sets forth relevant facts for its argument. Tricor offers Canadian automobile 

dealerships various finance and insurance products to provide coverage related to the new and used 

vehicles purchased at the dealerships. (Second Amend. Compl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 46.) In 2001, Premier 

began administering Tricor’s service contracts. On May 29, 2018, Premier sent Tricor a letter 

terminating its business relationship with the entity pursuant to the at-will termination clause in 

the agreement between Premier and Tricor. (Termination Correspondence, ECF No. 178-2.) That 

same month, Allegiance began to administer Tricor’s service contracts. 

Allegiance argues that because Premier voluntarily terminated its business relationship 

with Tricor, it is not entitled to profits Allegiance received from performing administration 

services for Tricor. Allegiance asks this Court to preclude Premier’s argument that its “actual 

damages” are, in part, based on the number of LPLP programs Allegiance has administered for 

Tricor. Instead, Allegiance contends that Plaintiff’s actual damages are properly computed by 

determining the loss of value to its copyright due to the infringement. 

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Premier responds that the number of LPLP programs is relevant to calculate its actual 

damages because it shows what Premier could have made in profit if Allegiance had not infringed. 

Furthermore, Premier contends that it may seek Allegiance’s profits from working with Tricor as 

actual damages despite Premier previously terminating its business relationship with Tricor 

because Premier’s termination did not give Allegiance the right to infringe Premier’s work. (ECF 

No. 195.)

As both sides cite, “[a]ctual damages can thus be thought of as the anticipated amount that 

the copyright holder would have received had the infringer not infringed.” ECIMOS, LLC v. 

Carrier Corp., 971 F.3d 616, 632 (6th Cir. 2020). Whether Premier defines Allegiance’s profits 

from the LPLP Certificate as actual damages or disgorged profits makes no difference here. 

Premier is entitled to recover those profits under one title or the other but not both. See Cotter, 238 

F.3d at 420. Therefore, Premier may present evidence of the number of LPLP Certificates sold by 

Allegiance to show what amount of profit Allegiance earned from the LPLP Certificate. See Smith, 

911 at 383 (approving plaintiff’s presentation of evidence that the defendant was earning $5,000 

to $7,000 per performance of plaintiff’s copyrighted song); Cotter, 238 F.3d 420 (calculating 

damages using the number of the particular copyright-infringing statues sold from the store). 

Defendants’ motion is DENIED. 

C. Defendants’ Second Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence Suggesting a Direct 

Relationship between the LPLP Certificates and Allegiance’s Revenue (ECF No. 

180)

Defendants move to preclude testimony that: (1) it sells the LPLP Certificates, (2) receives 

them when a program is initiated, or (3) provides the Certificates to the Tricor dealers to allow the 

dealers to provide the forms to customers. Defendants assert that there is only an indirect

relationship between Allegiance and Tricor’s use of the LPLP Certificate. (Allegiance Deposition 

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at 41, 231, ECF No. 180-1.) Therefore, the Court should preclude Plaintiff from arguing a direct 

relationship between the LPLP Certificates and Allegiance’s revenue for performing 

administration services on the programs initiated by Tricor. 

Plaintiff responds that Allegiance’s corporate representative’s deposition does not 

affirmatively establish whether Allegiance played a direct or indirect role on infringement. 

Plaintiff contends that Tricor owns 95% of Allegiance and, therefore, the Court should reject 

Allegiance’s attempt to distance itself from Tricor. (ECF No. 191.)

This Court ruled as a matter of law that Allegiance is liable for direct copyright 

infringement of Premier’s LPLP Certificate. Allegiance may not argue that it is indirectly involved 

in the infringement. Allegiance may, however, dispute what amount of its revenue stems from the 

LPLP Certificate and to what extent Tricor versus Allegiance benefits from using the Certificate. 

Defendants’ Second Motion in Limine is DENIED.

D. Defendants’ Fourth Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Allegiance’s 

Administration Fees to Show Disgorgement Profits (ECF No. 182) 

Defendants move to exclude evidence regarding Allegiance’s administration revenue as 

part of any profits that should be allegedly disgorged under Section 504(b) of the U.S. Copyright 

Act. According to Defendants, Premier has the burden to prove that Defendants’ gross revenues 

have a reasonable relationship to the infringement and Premier has failed to put forth any expert 

testimony to establish any causal link between them. Plaintiff Premier responds that Defendants

misinterpret the burden on each party under the Copyright Act. (ECF No. 193.) The Court agrees.

To recover lost profits, also called disgorgement profits, the copyright owner’s burden is 

only to prove “the infringer’s gross revenue.” 17 U.S.C. § 504(b). The Sixth Circuit has stated that 

the revenue must be reasonably related to the infringement and “any relevant revenue that could 

be traced back to the infringement can be submitted to the jury.” ECIMOS, 971 F.3d at 635; 

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Navarro, 515 F. Supp. 3d 718, 764–65 (S.D. Ohio 2021) (describing the Sixth Circuit’s reasonable 

relationship standard as “something less than causation,” “generous,” and “relatively lax”). Then, 

it isthe infringer’s burden to prove “why certain profits are or are not attributable to the defendant’s 

infringement of the plaintiff’s copyrighted material.” See Balsley v. LFP, Inc., 691 F.3d 747, 769 

(6th Cir. 2012). 

Here, Plaintiff has sufficient evidence that the amount it submits as Allegiance’s gross 

revenue can be traced back to the infringement. Plaintiff submits that the gross revenue amount 

reached by Christopher Biagioli, its expert, is limited to the LPLP program in Canada administered 

by Allegiance for Tricor. Allegiance may dispute the calculation of that amount at trial. The Court 

will not exclude evidence of Allegiance’s revenue from administering the Lifetime program for 

Tricor in Canada at this time. Defendants’ Fourth Motion in Limine is DENIED. 

E. Defendants’ Fifth Motion in Limine to Exclude Hearsay Evidence (ECF No. 183) 

Defendants move to exclude certain testimony from Lisle Greenweller’s deposition and 

Nicholas Biagioli’s Report on the grounds that it is inadmissible hearsay. Specifically, Defendants 

move to preclude a document that purportedly lists Premier’s costs for administering the LPLP 

Program including how much time employees spend on the LPLP Program. (See ECF No. 183 at 

5.) Defendants argue that the Time Projection Document is based on interview responses of 

unnamed employees of Premier and therefore the document and Ms. Greenweller’s testimony 

regarding the document is hearsay. 

Plaintiff Premier argues that the document is not hearsay. It is a summary of the average 

amount of time that certain employees spend on limited portions of their duties relating to 

administration of the LPLP Program. The document was created by Ms. Greenweller, Premier’s 

president, for this litigation. It is not a collection of out of court statements, but instead knowledge 

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that Greenweller gained in the course of her role as president of the company and recorded on this 

document. (ECF No. 194.) If the document is hearsay, then Plaintiff argues that is still admissible 

under the Residual Exception.

The Court will determine the admissibility of the document and testimony based on the 

evidence admitted during trial. Defendant’s Fifth Motion in Limine is HELD IN ABEYANCE. 

F. Defendants’ Sixth Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Fees Allegiance 

Received for Administration of Tricor’s Engine for Life Program Contracts (ECF 

No. 184) 

Defendants move to exclude evidence regarding the administration fees Allegiance has 

received for administering its Engine for Life Program for Tricor. During damages discovery, 

Defendants claim they inadvertently provided administration revenue data from the Engine for 

Life Program, which is separate and unrelated to the LPLP Program. Even though it is not related 

to the LPLP Program, Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s experts have included revenue data from 

the Engine for Life Program in their reports. (ECF No. 184.)

Plaintiff responds that the Engine Program has its own certificate that is identical to the 

LPLP Certificate and therefore Plaintiff should be able to seek damages from Allegiance’s Engine 

Program Certificate as well as the LPLP Certificate. (ECF No. 197.) Plaintiff produces the Engine 

for Life Certificate (ECF No. 197-4), which contains identical wording as the LPLP Certificate 

(ECF No. 197-5). 

Defendants assert that Plaintiff cannot seek damages for the Engine Program because it is 

not within the scope of the Second Amended Complaint or Summary Judgment ruling. The Court 

agrees. Plaintiff filed this suit alleging that Defendants are liable for copyright infringement based 

on their LPLP Certificate. The Court’s summary judgment ruling held that Defendants were liable 

for copyright infringement based on their LPLP Certificate. The Court has not found that 

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Defendants are liable for copyright infringement based on the Engine for Life certificate. Plaintiff

may not add separate certificates and programs to their claims at this time. Therefore, the Court 

GRANTS Defendants’ motion to exclude evidence of the Allegiance’s administration fees for the 

Engine for Life program and certificate to the extent the evidence is used to argue for damages 

unrelated to the LPLP Certificate. 

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, 

• Plaintiff’s Second Motion in Limine (ECF No. 177) is DENIED;

• Defendants’ First Motion in Limine (ECF No. 178) is DENIED;

• Defendants’ Second Motion in Limine (ECF No. 180) is DENIED;

• Defendants’ Fourth Motion in Limine (ECF No. 182) is DENIED;

• Defendants’ Fifth Motion in Limine (ECF No. 183) is HELD IN ABEYANCE;

• Defendants’ Sixth Motion in Limine (ECF No. 184) is GRANTED.

As with all in limine rulings, these rulings are subject to modification should the facts or 

circumstances at trial differ from that which has been presented in the pre-trial motion and 

memoranda.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

5/20/2022 s/Edmund A. Sargus, Jr.

DATE EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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