[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 16-12133

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cr-00557-AT-AJB-2

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

HAMZA BENDELLADJ, 

a.k.a. Bx1,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________

(October 2, 2017)

Before TJOFLAT, ROSENBAUM and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Hamza Bendelladj appeals his 180-month total sentence for 1 count of 

conspiracy to commit wire and bank fraud, 10 counts of wire fraud, 1 count of 

conspiracy to commit computer fraud and abuse, and 11 counts of computer fraud 

and abuse. On appeal, he first argues that the District Court plainly erred when it 

applied a two-level “fence” enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(4) because he 

merely sold data that he had stolen himself. Second, he argues that the District 

Court clearly erred by considering his data breach of 123refills.net (“123Refills”) 

as relevant conduct because it was not sufficiently related to his use of the SpyEye 

malware software, which was the basis of the charges in the indictment. Finally, 

he argues that the District Court clearly erred when it calculated the loss amount 

because it included incomplete and expired credit card records in the calculations.

I.

In determining the procedural reasonableness of a sentence, we review a 

district court’s application of the Guidelines de novo and its factual findings for 

clear error. United States v. Arguedas, 86 F.3d 1054, 1059 (11th Cir. 1996). But 

when the defendant does not preserve an argument for appeal, we review for plain 

error. United States v. Straub, 508 F.3d 1003, 1008 (11th Cir. 2007). 

A two-level enhancement applies if the offense involved receiving stolen 

property and the defendant was a person in the business of receiving and selling 

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stolen property. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(4). Here, however, the invited-error doctrine 

precludes review of whether § 2B1.1(b)(4) applies to Bendelladj’s conduct. 

The doctrine of invited error is implicated when a party induces or invites 

the district court into making the error. United States v. Cobb, 842 F.3d 1213, 

1222 (11th Cir. 2016). Where invited error exists, it precludes a court from 

invoking the plain-error rule and reversing. Id. By explicitly telling the District 

Court that the only Guidelines issue that needed to be resolved was the loss 

amount, Bendelladj invited any error the District Court made in applying the 

enhancement. Accordingly, rather than review for plain error, we do not address 

the applicability of the enhancement on appeal. 

II.

We review whether a district court properly included relevant conduct for 

clear error. United States v. Siegelman, 786 F.3d 1322, 1332 (11th Cir. 2015), 

cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 798 (2016).

The limits of sentencing accountability are not coextensive with the scope of 

criminal liability. Id. Relevant conduct is broadly defined to include both 

uncharged and acquitted conduct that is proven at sentencing by a preponderance 

of the evidence. Id. When considering relevant conduct, the district court must 

consider all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, 

induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant. U.S.S.G. 

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§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(A). Defendants are responsible for all acts and omissions that are 

part of the “same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of 

conviction.” Id. § 1B1.3(a)(2). Offenses are part of a common scheme or plan if 

they are substantially connected to each other by at least one common factor, such 

as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar modus 

operandi. Id. § 1B1.3, comment. (n.5(B)(i)). Offenses that do not qualify as part 

of a common scheme or plan may nonetheless qualify as part of the same course of 

conduct if they are sufficiently connected or related to each other as to warrant the 

conclusion that they are part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing series of 

offenses. Id. § 1B1.3, comment. (n.5(B)(ii)). We consider whether there are

distinctive similarities between the offense of conviction and the remote conduct 

that signal that they are part of a single course of conduct rather than isolated, 

unrelated events that happen only to be similar in kind. Siegelman, 786 F.3d at 

1333. 

Here, the District Court did not clearly err by considering Bendelladj’s 

breach of 123Refills as relevant conduct because there was evidence that he used 

SpyEye to gain access to 123Refills’s records. And, regardless, the breach of 

123Refills was part of a common scheme or plan and the same course of conduct. 

The breach occurred during the time in which Bendelladj was, in one form or 

another, hacking computers to steal financial data; it followed his general modus 

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operandi of obtaining unauthorized access to computers and stealing financial data; 

and it involved similar victims—individuals with accounts at major financial 

institutions. 

III.

We review the determination of the amount of loss involved in the offense 

for clear error. United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 1282, 1305 (11th Cir. 2009). 

We will only find clear error if we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a 

mistake has been made. Id. 

A 24-level enhancement applies if an offense involves a loss of between 

$65,000,000 and $150,000,000. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(M). In a case involving 

unauthorized access devices, the loss includes any unauthorized charges and shall 

not be less than $500 per access device. Id. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(F)(i)). An 

“unauthorized access device” is “any access device that is lost, stolen, expired, 

revoked, canceled, or obtained with intent to defraud.” 18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(3) 

(emphasis added).1

The appropriate method for estimating loss in any given case is highly factdependent, and district judges are entitled to considerable leeway in choosing how 

to go about that task. United States v. Campbell, 765 F.3d 1291, 1301 (11th Cir. 

 1 In defining “unauthorized access device,” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 Application Note 3(F)(i) adopts the 

definition set forth in U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 Application Note 10(A), which in turn adopts the 

definition in 18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(3). See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(F)(i)); id. § 2B1.1, 

comment. (n.10(A)).

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2014). The district court must make a reasonable estimate of the loss. Id. The 

government must prove the facts underlying a proposed sentence by a 

preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 1304. Although a district court must not 

speculate concerning the existence of a fact that would permit a more severe 

sentence under the Guidelines, a reasonable estimate of the intended loss will be 

upheld on appeal. United States v. Grant, 431 F.3d 760, 762 (11th Cir. 2005).

Here, the District Court did not clearly err by including incomplete and 

expired accounts in the total amount of access devices for the loss calculation

because the relevant statutory definition includes expired access devices and there 

was evidence presented that expired credit card records could still be used. The 

District Court, moreover, took the possibility of defects into account when 

calculating the number of credit card records underlying the loss determination and 

decreased the amount as a result.

AFFIRMED.

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