Nuclear Power Plant 

Construction Costs 

July 2008 

AUTHORS 

David Schlissel and Bruce Biewald 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 2

Projected Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs Are Soaring 

The construction cost estimates for new nuclear power plants are very uncertain and have 

increased significantly in recent years. Companies that are planning new nuclear units are 

currently indicating that the total costs (including escalation and financing costs) will be in 

the range of $5,500/kW to $8,100/kW or between $6 billion and $9 billion for each 1,100 

MW plant. 

These new cost estimates are far higher than the industry had previously predicted. For 

example, as recently as the years 2000-2002, the industry and Department of Energy were 

talking about overnight costs of $1,200/kW to $1,500/kW for new nuclear units.1

 This range 

of estimated overnight costs suggested total plant costs of between $2 and $4 billion per 

new nuclear unit. The MIT Future of Nuclear Study in 2003, increased the estimated prices 

of new nuclear plants to $2,000/kW, not including financing costs. 

However, the estimated costs for new nuclear power plants begin to increase significantly 

starting in about 2006-2007. For example: 

• A June 2007 report by the Keystone Center estimated an overnight cost of 

$2,950/kW for a new nuclear plant. With interest, this figure translated to between 

$3,600/kW and $4,000/kW.2

• In October 2007, Moody’s Investor Services estimated a range of between 

$5,000/kW and $6,000/kW for the total cost of new nuclear units (including 

escalation and financing costs) but acknowledged that this cost estimate was “only 

marginally better than a guess.”3

Also in October 2007, Florida Power & Light (“FPL”) announced a range of overnight costs 

(i.e., no escalation or financing costs) for its two proposed nuclear power plants (total of 

2200MW) as being between $3,108/kW and $4,540/kW. FPL also estimated the total cost 

of the project (including escalation and financing costs) as being between $5,492/kW and 

$8,081/kW. These estimated costs translated into a projected total cost of $12.1 billion to 

$17.8 billion, for just two 1100 MW plants.4

Other recently announced nuclear power plant costs estimates are in the same range as 

Florida Power & Light. For example, Progress Energy has projected a cost of about $10.5 

billion for two new nuclear units with financing costs bringing the total up to about $13-14 

billion.5

 However, Progress Energy has not yet released any of the details underlying this 

cost estimate.6

 

1

 An overnight cost estimate is what the plant would cost if it could be built “overnight.” Overnight cost estimates 

are regularly used in the industry. They do not include escalation or financing costs. 2

 Nuclear Power Joint Fact-Finding, The Keystone Center, June 2007. 

3

 New Nuclear Generation in the United States, Moody’s Investor Services, October 2007, at page 11. 

4

 Direct Testimony and Exhibits of Steven D. Scroggs on behalf of Florida Power & Light in Docket No. 07-0650, 

dated October 2007. 

5

 “Power Market Developments – the American Way,” Nuclear Engineering International, June 18, 2008, at page 

24. 

6

 “Progress Energy plans to file its estimate for two new reactors with Florida regulators,” Charlotte News & 

Observer, March 11, 2008. 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 3

Georgia Power also has estimated that the cost of its 45% share of the two proposed 

Vogtle nuclear plants would be $6.4 billion which is about the same as Progress Energy’s 

estimate for the cost of its two new nuclear units.7

 

These recent nuclear construction costs estimates are summarized in the following table: 

Forecast 

Overnight 

Cost 

Total Plant 

Cost 

Total Plant 

Cost - 2 

Units 

 ($/kW) ($/kW) (billions$) 

DOE (2002) $1,200 

 $1,500 

MIT (2003) $2,000 

Keystone Center (2007) $2,950 $3,600 

 $2,950 $4,000 

Moody's Investor Services 

(2007) $4,000 

 $6,000 

Florida Power & Light (2007) $3,108 $5,492 $12.1 

 $4,540 $8,081 $17.8 

Progress Energy (2008) $14.0 

Georgia Power (2008) 

$6.4 for 

45% of 2 

plants 

SCE&G has similarly estimated that the cost of building two new nuclear units at 

an existing power plant site in South Carolina would be $9.8 billion, exclusive of 

financing costs and the costs of related transmission facilities.8

Indeed, some companies, including Duke Energy, have refused to make public the 

estimated costs of their proposed nuclear power plants. 

One company, MidAmerican Energy Holdings, announced at the end of 2007 that it had 

cancelled a proposed nuclear power plant because no longer made economic sense for its 

ratepayers. 

Projected Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs Are Very Preliminary and Very 

Uncertain 

It is generally accepted that nuclear power plant construction cost estimates are very 

uncertain. For example, Lew Hay, Chairman and CEO of Florida Power & Light has told a 

meeting of the World Association of Nuclear Operators that “although suppliers keep 

quoting overnight costs of $2500 to $3500 per kilowatt, I believe the all-in costs are likely to 

be much higher – possibly twice as much once you factor in owners’ costs such as land, 

 

7

 “New Wave of Nuclear Plants Faces High Costs,” Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2008, page B1. 

8

 “Power Market Developments – the American Way,” Nuclear Engineering International, June 18, 2008, 

at page 24. 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 4

cooling towers, switchyard, etc., interest during construction and cost escalation due to 

inflation and cost overruns. And of course we have to have a contingency as well.”9

 

Moody’s Investor Services also has specifically warned about the short-comings of nuclear 

power plant cost estimates: “All-in fact-based assessments require some basis for an 

overnight capital cost estimate, and the shortcomings of simply asserting that capital costs 

could be “significantly higher than $3,500/kw” should be support by some analysis. That 

said, Moody’s can not confirm (and all of our research supports our conclusion) definitive 

estimates for new nuclear costs at this time. Moody’s can assert with confidence that there 

is considerable uncertainty with respect to the capital cost of new nuclear and coal-fired 

generating technologies...”10 

Moody’s further noted that “Throughout our due diligence process, Moody’s has not been 

able to make a finite determination of the range for the all-in cost associated with new 

nuclear. As a result, we believe the ultimate costs associated with building new nuclear 

generation do not exist today – and that the current cost estimates represent best 

estimates, which are subject to change.”11

A recent article in Public Utilities Fortnightly has emphasized the very preliminary and 

highly uncertain nature of current nuclear plant cost estimates: 

Ground hasn’t been broken for a new nuclear power plant in the 

U.S. for more than 30 years, but today more than 20 companies 

have announced plans to build new nuclear plants, both regulated 

and unregulated ... The ultimate question is how many actually will 

be built? Detailed engineering is well less than 50 percent 

complete for most U.S. conforming designs, with some entrants 

less than 20 percent complete. Millions of engineering man-hours 

are required before cost estimates become reliable enough to 

allow original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and engineering, 

procurement and construction (EPC) contract-cost negotiations to 

fully define cost and performance risk parameters across all 

parties. 

While simplified nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) designs and 

innovations in modular construction suggest the potential to build 

plants more economically, a confluence of largely uncontrollable 

forces are pushing preliminary factor cost estimates upward. 

These include commodity price escalation, engineering, and craft 

labor shortages and manufacturing and shipping constraints. 

Combined with uncertainties about executing engineering and 

construction, overnight cost estimates (that exclude the costs of 

escalation and financing) for proposed plants are increasing and 

the range of estimates is wide – between $3,000 a kilowatt and 

 

9

 “How much, for some utilities, the capital costs of a new nuclear power plant are prohibitive,” Nuclear 

Engineering International, November 2007, at page 27. 10 New Nuclear Generation in the United States, Moody’s Investor Services, October 2007, at page 8. 

11 Id, at page 10. 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 5

$4,500/kW, depending on the dollar date. Cost variability, and 

consequently financing uncertainty, threatens the overall economic 

attractiveness of nuclear development.12

Most of The Designs Being Proposed for New U.S. Nuclear Power Plants Have Not 

Been Built or Operated Anywhere in the World 

The nuclear industry is considering building four new reactor designs in the United States: 

- the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) 

- the Evolutionary Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR) 

- the Westinghouse AP 1000 

- The General Electric Extra Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) 

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has pre-approved the design for the ABWR and 

AP1000. Applications for pre-approval of the other designs are currently being reviewed by 

the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.13

However, there is absolutely no construction or operating experience in the U.S. or 

anywhere in the world with the AP1000 and ESBWR designs. 

And there is only limited construction experienced with a third design, the EPR. One plant 

with an EPR design is under construction in Finland, Olkiluoto 3. Construction of this plant 

is currently several years behind schedule and the currently estimated cost of the plant has 

increased by between 33% and 50% or about $2 billion. Construction of a second EPR 

has just begun in France. According to Business Week, that project was temporarily halted 

in May, 2008 due to quality concerns. 

Four ABWRs have been built in Japan and two more are under construction in Taiwan. 

However, the two ABWRs in Taiwan are now five years behind schedule. Their estimated 

cost has grown from $3.7 billion to between $7.4 and $9.1 billion. 

Given this relatively limited amount of experience, it is reasonable to expect that currently 

unanticipated problems may be encountered during the construction and operation of 

nuclear plants with new designs that will affect the costs of building and/or the operating 

costs or performance of plants with the same or similar designs. 

The Reasons for the Dramatic Increases in the Estimated Costs of New Nuclear 

Power Plants 

The increased estimated costs for today’s new generation of nuclear plants are due, in 

large part, to a fierce worldwide competition for the resources, commodities and 

manufacturing capacity needed in the design and construction of new power plants. This 

competition has led to double-digit annual increases in the costs of key power plant 

commodities such as steel, copper, concrete, etc. 

 

12 “Navigating Nuclear Risks: New Approaches to Contracting in a Post-Turnkey World,” Public Utilities 

Fortnightly, July, 2008, at page 39. 

13 “AREVA files application with NRC for certification of US-EPR design,” Nucleonics Week, December 13, 

2007, at page 5. 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 6

The worldwide demand also is straining the limited capacity of EPC (Engineering, 

Procurement, and Construction) firms and equipment manufacturers. The limited number 

of manufacturers and suppliers could cause bottlenecks in construction if, as expected, 

there are multiple orders for new power plants in the U.S. and abroad. 

For example, there are only two companies that have the heavy forging capacity to create 

the largest equipment/components in new nuclear plants – Japan Steel Works and Creusot 

Forge in France.14 The demand for heavy forgings will be significant because the nuclear 

industry will be waiting in line alongside the petrochemical industry and new refineries for 

the material.15

At the same time, two decades ago there were about 400 suppliers of nuclear plant 

components and 900 so-called nuclear stamp, or N-stamp, certifications from the American 

Society of Mechanical Engineers. Today there are fewer than 80 suppliers in the U.S. and 

fewer than 200 N-stamp certifications.16 Indeed, the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission has said publicly (in early 2007) that it appears now there will be a great 

reliance on overseas companies to manufacture plant systems and components.17 He said 

that the NRC would need to inspect the quality of the manufacturing programs in foreign 

firms to ensure substandard materials or equipment don’t end up installed in plants. He 

also cautioned that it would take more time to inspect foreign-made components than it 

would to check quality control of U.S.-manufactured components. The heavy reliance on 

overseas suppliers also will lead to cost increases due to the continuing weakness of the 

U.S. dollar relative to other currencies. 

The worldwide competition for power plant design and construction resources, equipment 

and commodities means fewer bidders for work, higher prices, earlier payment schedules 

and longer delivery times. Long lead times (six years or so) are expected for key plant 

components. The demand and cost for both on-site construction labor and skilled 

manufacturing labor also have escalated. 

Moody’s has summarized the increased risks associated with the international competition 

for power plant resources as follows: 

Dramatic increases in commodity prices over the recent past, 

exacerbated by a skilled labor shortage, have led to significant 

increases in the over-all cost estimates for major construction 

projects around the world. In the case of new nuclear, the very 

detailed specifications for forgings and other critical components 

for the construction process can add a new element of complexity 

and uncertainty. As noted previously, labor is in short supply and 

commodity costs have been extremely volatile. Most importantly, 

the commodities and world wide supply network associated with 

new nuclear projects are also being called upon to build other 

 

14 “Supply chain could slow the path to construction, officials say,” Nucleonics Week. February 15, 2007, 

at page 13. 15 Id. 16 Id. 17 Id. 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 7

generation facilities, including coal as well as nuclear, nationally 

and internationally. Nuclear operators are also competing with 

major oil, petrochemical and steel companies for access to these 

resources, and thus represent a challenge to all major construction 

projects.”18

There is no reason to expect that the worldwide competition for design and construction 

resources or the existing supply constraints and bottlenecks that have affected nuclear 

power plant cost estimates in recent years will clear anytime in the foreseeable future. For 

example, recent experience has shown that the costs of new coal-fired power plants have 

increased significantly when the owners have actually gone out for bids for plant equipment 

and for plant design and construction contracts. 

At the same time, construction firms are unwilling to commit to fixed price contracts with 

fixed schedules. They want recovery of actual costs, including overruns, and a fair return. 

This means that the risks of cost overruns will be borne by the owners of the plants and 

their customers. 

It is Reasonable to Expect That The Costs of Building New Nuclear Power Plants Will 

Be Even Higher Than The Industry Is Now Projecting 

Until the 1970s, building new nuclear power plants appeared to be a relatively low risk 

investment because construction and operating costs were relatively stable and easy to 

predict. However, starting in the 1970s, the costs of building new nuclear power plants 

began to spiral out of control. As a result, the actual costs of new plants were two to three 

times higher than the costs that had been estimated during licensing or at the start of 

construction. 

As a result, the nuclear industry has a very poor track record in predicting plant 

construction costs and avoiding cost overruns. Indeed, as shown by data in a study by the 

Department of Energy, the actual costs of 75 of the existing nuclear power plants in the 

U.S. exceeded the initially estimated costs of these units by over 200 percent. The 

following table shows the overruns experienced by these 75 nuclear plants by the year in 

which construction of the nuclear power plant began.19

 

18 New Nuclear Generation in the United States, Moody’s Investor Services, October 2007, at page 9. 

19 This table was taken from the May 2008 report by the Congressional Budget Office, Nuclear Power’s 

Role in Generating Electricity, at page 17. 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 8

Projected and Actual Construction Costs for Nuclear Power Plants 

 Average Overnight Costsa

Construction Starts

Year Initiated 

Number of 

Plantsb

Utilities’ Projections 

 (Thousands of 

dollars per MW) 

Actual 

(Thousands of 

dollars per MW) 

Overrun 

(Percent) 

1966 to 1967 11 612 1,279 109 

1968 to 1969 26 741 2,180 194 

1970 to 1971 12 829 2889 248 

1972 to 1973 7 1,220 3,882 218 

1974 to 1975 14 1,263 4,817 281 

1976 to 1977 5 1,630 4,377 169 

Overall Average 13 938 2,959 207 

Source: Congressional Budget Office (CBO) based on data from Energy Information Administration, An 

Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs, Technical Report DOE/EIA-0485 (January 

1, 1986). 

Notes: Electricity-generating capacity is measured in megawatts (MW); the electrical power generated by 

that capacity is measured in megawatt hours (MWh). During a full hour of operation, 1 MW of 

capacity produces 1 MWh of electricity, which can power roughly 800 average households. 

The data underlying CBO’s analysis include only plants on which construction was begun after 

1965 and completed by 1986. 

Data are expressed in 1982 dollars and adjusted to 2006 dollars using the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis’s price index for private fixed investment in electricity-generating structures. Averages 

are weighted by the number of plants. 

a. Overnight construction costs do not include financing charges. 

b. In this study, a nuclear power plant is defined as having one reactor. (For example, if a utility built 

two reactors at the same site, that configuration would be considered two additional power 

plants.)

Thus, the average cost overrun for these 75 nuclear units was 207 percent. In other 

words, the actual average cost of the plants was about triple their estimated costs. 

In fact, the data in the previous table understates the cost overruns experienced by the 

U.S. nuclear industry because (1) the cost figures do not reflect escalation and financing 

costs and (2) the database does not include some of the most expensive nuclear power 

plants built in the U.S. – e.g., Comanche Peak, South Texas, Seabrook, and Vogtle. For 

example, the cost of the two unit Vogtle plant in Georgia increased from $660 million to 

$8.7 billion in nominal dollars – a 1,200 percent overrun. 

There were a number of significant consequences as a result of these cost overruns. First, 

only one-half of the nuclear power plants that were proposed were actually built and 

ratepayers frequently had to bear many millions of dollars of sunk costs for abandoned 

projects. Second, the cost of power from completed nuclear power plants became much 

more expensive for ratepayers than the proponents had claimed. In some instances this led 

to rate increases so large that they spawned the term “rate shock.”. 

Rising construction costs also led to severe financial problems for many of the utilities that 

were building the nuclear power plants. For example, one company, Public Service 

Company of New Hampshire, went bankrupt due to financing difficulties associated with the 

Seabrook nuclear plant. Several other companies nearly went bankrupt due to financial 

difficulties from their nuclear power plant construction projects. In addition, the Washington 

Public Power System defaulted on $2.25 billion in municipal bonds in 1983 after it had 

failed to complete construction of two nuclear power plants. 

Rising nuclear power plant costs also led to more than ten billion dollars of write-offs and 

cost disallowance from utility rate bases. Finally, when many expensive nuclear power 
Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs ▪ 9

plants were sold or divested to affiliates during restructuring efforts in some states, 

ratepayers were left paying hundreds of millions of “stranded” plant costs. 

Given the industry’s poor track record in estimating plant costs and the substantial 

uncertainties associated with building new nuclear power plants (as I have discussed 

above), it is reasonable to expect that the actual costs of new plants will be much higher 

than the industry now claims. At the same time, it does appear that the nuclear industry has 

learned some important lessons from the problems experienced during the building and 

operation of the existing generation of nuclear power plants and, therefore, can be 

expected to avoid some of those problems. 

But even just a 100 percent cost increase (i.e., a doubling of cost) would mean that a new 

nuclear power plant would be extremely expensive, perhaps costing as much as $15 billion 

and $20 billion, or more, for just one unit. Such an increase of only 100 percent would be 

substantially below the 200 percent to 300 percent overruns that the industry experienced 

in building the nation’s existing nuclear power plants. 

The Commitment of the Nuclear Industry to Build New Power Plants is Very Heavily 

Dependent on Obtaining Federal Subsidies 

The nuclear industry has acknowledged that its claimed nuclear renaissance is heavily 

dependent on obtaining federal loan guarantees from would shift the risks of rising plant 

costs from plant owners onto the federal government. For example, David W. Crane, the 

CEO of NRG has been quoted by Business Week as saying that “Without the loan 

guarantees, I think it would be very difficult for the first wave of plants to move forward.”20

Approximately 20 proposals for new power plants are being advanced by companies 

seeking to gain the federal incentives and loan guarantees contained in the Energy and 

Policy Act of 2005. However, it is very uncertain what incentives and/or federal loan 

guarantees any single builder of a new nuclear power plant actually will receive because 

these incentives and loan guarantees are limited. 

For example, Congress has so far set a limit of $18.5 billion on the loan guarantees for new 

nuclear plants. With estimated costs of $7 to $9 billion per unit, this $18.5 billion will not 

stretch very far to guarantee the loans that companies say they need to pursue new plants. 

Thus, any single applicant can expect to receive a guarantee for only a fraction of its cost of 

building a new nuclear plant – not the 80 percent of the total project costs allowed by 

EPACT 2005. Wallace. With the currently estimated construction costs, this would remain 

true even if Congress were to raise the level of loan guarantees to $50 billion or more. 

 

20 Nuclear’s Tangled Economics, Business Week, June 26, 2008.