UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTICT OF OHIO

WESTERN DIVISION

DAVID DURHAM, Case No. 1:18-cv-91

 Plaintiff, McFarland, J. 

 Litkovitz, M.J. 

vs. 

DETECTIVE JERRY NIFFENEGGER, et. al. ORDER

 Defendants. 

This matter is before the Court on defendants’ joint motion to strike plaintiff’s rebuttal 

expert disclosure or, in the alternative, to exclude such expert’s testimony. (Doc. 118). Plaintiff 

filed a response in opposition, which includes a motion for leave to supplement his expert 

disclosure with a full report that is also before the Court. (Docs. 124, 125). Following an

extension, defendants filed a reply in support of their motion and a response in opposition to 

plaintiff’s motion for leave to supplement. (Docs. 128, 129).

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I. Background

The original calendar order in this case established that defendants were to identify 

experts and produce associated reports by April 30, 2020, and plaintiff was to identify rebuttal 

experts with associated reports two months later, by June 30, 2020. (Doc. 38). At a status 

conference held February 28, 2020, the parties were directed to submit a proposed revised 

calendar order. (Doc. 55). The Court entered the new calendar order on May 28, 2020, which 

set defendants’ primary expert identifications and reports as due January 15, 2021 and plaintiff’s 

rebuttal expert identifications and reports as due approximately two months later, on March 19, 

2021. (Doc. 59). Thereafter, defendants sought five extensions of the deadline to file their 

1 At the request of the Clerk’s Office, plaintiff and defendants filed identical documents (Docs. 124-25 and 128-29, 

respectively) to reflect both components of each filing in the Court’s electronic filing system. 

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primary expert disclosure and reports—the latter two requests being joint with plaintiff. (Docs. 

71, 73, 87, 99, and 111). The Court granted the requests, thereby establishing the final deadline 

to file defendants’ primary expert disclosure and reports as December 15, 2021 and the discovery 

deadline as March 15, 2022. (Docs. 72, 74, 88, 100, and 112). These motions and orders did not 

explicitly address plaintiff’s rebuttal expert disclosure and report deadline. 

Defendants filed their primary expert disclosure on December 13, 2021, identifying Dr. 

James E. Hawkins as a retained expert witness in this matter. (Doc. 113). Defendants state that 

Dr. Hawkins will address the alleged medical, emotional, and psychological damages plaintiff

allegedly suffered as a result of defendants’ actions. (Doc. 118 at PAGEID 679).

On January 14, 2022, plaintiff filed his rebuttal exert disclosure. (Doc. 114). The filing 

does not include a report, but it identifies “Dr. Kenneth Manges, Ph.D.” as plaintiff’s rebuttal 

expert witness and states that Dr. Manges “has reviewed the Defendant’s Expert Report” and

“will testify about the errors and the correct test that should have been applied.” (Id.). Plaintiff’s 

disclosure states that Dr. Manges’s report will be available within 30 days. (Id.). Plaintiff’s 

rebuttal expert disclosure does not indicate whether Dr. Manges was “retained or specially 

employed to provide expert testimony in the case. . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). (See id.). 

On April 28, 2022, plaintiff filed a notice of disclosure of Dr. Manges’s full report. (Doc. 130). 

Defendants argue that plaintiff should be prohibited from disclosing and relying on Dr. 

Manges’s expert opinion. They argue that plaintiff never explicitly sought to extend his rebuttal 

expert deadline. They further argue that even if it were extended by operation of Rule 

26(a)(2)(D),2 plaintiff did not meet this deadline because his disclosure did not include an 

2 As relevant here, this subsection reads: 

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accompanying and legally sufficient report. Plaintiff responds that his disclosure should be 

deemed timely given either an implied two-month allowance carried over from the Court’s first 

two calendar orders or the operation of Rule 26(a)(2)(d)(ii) and that, in any event, any purported 

discovery violation is both substantially justified and harmless. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). 

II. Law

Expert disclosures “must be accompanied by a written report—prepared and signed by 

the witness—if the witness is one retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in 

the case. . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). Such report must contain the following information: 

(i) a complete statement of all opinions the witness will express and the basis and 

reasons for them; 

(ii) the facts or data considered by the witness in forming them; 

(iii) any exhibits that will be used to summarize or support them; 

(iv) the witness’s qualifications, including a list of all publications authored in the 

previous 10 years; 

(v) a list of all other cases in which, during the previous 4 years, the witness 

testified as an expert at trial or by deposition; and 

(vi) a statement of the compensation to be paid for the study and testimony in the 

case. 

Id. Even if, however, an expert is not retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony 

in a case (e.g., treating doctors), “the mere disclosure of the expert’s identity” is not enough. 

Ogle v. Koorsen Fire & Sec., Inc., 336 F. Supp. 3d 874, 877 (S.D. Ohio 2018). Disclosure of a 

non-retained expert’s identity must be accompanied by: (1) the subject matter on which the 

witness is expected to present evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, 703, or 705; and (2) 

Time to Disclose Expert Testimony. A party must make these disclosures at the times and in the 

sequence that the court orders. Absent a stipulation or a court order, the disclosures must be 

made:

. . .

(ii) if the evidence is intended solely to contradict or rebut evidence on the same subject 

matter identified by another party under Rule 26(a)(2)(B) or (C), within 30 days after the other 

party’s disclosure.

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a summary of the facts and opinions to which the witness is expected to testify. Id. (citing Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(C)) (remaining citation omitted).

The identity of expert witnesses and their reports must be made “at the times and in the 

sequence that the court orders.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D). Moreover, “[i]f a party fails to 

provide information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) . . . , the party is not allowed 

to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, 

unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). The Sixth 

Circuit has held that Rule 37(c)(1) “mandates that a trial court punish a party for discovery 

violations in connection with Rule 26 unless the violation was harmless or is substantially 

justified.” Roberts ex rel. Johnson v. Galen of Va., Inc., 325 F.3d 776, 782 (6th Cir. 2003) 

(citations omitted). Nevertheless, the advisory committee notes to Rule 37(c)(1) caution: 

Limiting the automatic sanction to violations “without substantial justification,”

coupled with the exception for violations that are “harmless,” is needed to avoid 

unduly harsh penalties in a variety of situations: e.g., the inadvertent omission 

from a Rule 26(a)(1)(A) disclosure of the name of a potential witness known to all 

parties; the failure to list as a trial witness a person so listed by another party; or 

the lack of knowledge of a pro se litigant of the requirement to make disclosures. 

In the latter situation, however, exclusion would be proper if the requirement for 

disclosure had been called to the litigant’s attention by either the court or another 

party. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 advisory committee’s note to subdivision (c). 

“A noncompliant party may avoid sanction if ‘there is a reasonable explanation of why 

Rule 26 was not complied with or the mistake was harmless.’” Howe v. City of Akron, 801 F.3d 

718, 747 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Bessemer & Lake Erie R.R. Co. v. Seaway Marine

Transp., 596 F.3d 357, 370 (6th Cir. 2010)). The Court is to analyze five factors to determine 

whether a Rule 26 violation is harmless or substantially justified under Rule 37(c)(1):

(1) the surprise to the party against whom the evidence would be offered; (2) the 

ability of that party to cure the surprise; (3) the extent to which allowing the 

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evidence would disrupt the trial; (4) the importance of the evidence; and (5) the 

nondisclosing party’s explanation for its failure to disclose the evidence.

Id. at 748 (quoting Russell v. Absolute Collection Servs., Inc., 763 F.3d 385, 396-97 (4th Cir.

2014)). “These factors lend themselves to the fundamental task of Rule 37(c)(1), which is 

‘separating ‘honest,’ harmless mistakes from the type of ‘underhanded gamesmanship’ that 

warrants the harsh remedy of exclusion.’” Elgin v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. 3:20-cv00139, 2020 WL 8771656, at *2 (W.D. Ky. Oct. 1, 2020) (quoting Bentley v. Highlands Hosp. 

Corp., No. 15-97 2016 WL 5867496, at *10 (E.D. Ky. Oct. 6, 2016) (quoting Howe, 801 F.3d at 

749)).

Prior to the amendment of Rule 37 to add subparagraph (c)(1) in 1993, the Sixth Circuit 

had held that a late filing “is not an extreme situation showing contumacious conduct[,]” and “an 

innocent plaintiff should not be penalized for the conduct” of counsel. Freeland v. Amigo, 103 

F.3d 1271, 1278 (6th Cir. 1997). Since Rule 37’s amendment to include mandatory punishment 

for discovery violations, the Sixth Circuit has still found that failures to disclose are “relatively 

harmless” when opposing counsel “kn[ows] who [i]s going to testify and to what they [are] going 

to testify.” Roberts, 325 F.3d at 783 (emphasis added). In Roberts, the Sixth Circuit noted that 

in the typical case where exclusion is justified under Rule 37(c)(1), opposing counsel either had 

no advance knowledge that the expert witness would testify or no knowledge of the substance of 

the expert’s reports. Id. 

Applying the Howe factors to this case persuades the Court that the exclusion of Dr. 

Manges’s testimony under Rule 37(c)(1) is not warranted because any violation was harmless.

3

 

As to the first factor, defendants allege they were surprised by plaintiff’s attempt to rebut their 

3 The Court therefore need not consider whether plaintiff’s disclosure was late under either of its prior calendar 

orders or Rule 26(a)(2)(D). 

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expert’s testimony because plaintiff “failed to name a primary expert identification, and never 

sought any extension of time to provide one or a rebuttal expert identification.” (Doc. 129 at 

PAGEID 733-34). While the most recent extensions of defendants’ primary expert deadlines did 

not accordingly and explicitly extend plaintiff’s rebuttal expert deadline, prior calendar orders

suggest that the Court would be inclined to afford plaintiff a rebuttal opportunity. (See Doc. 39, 

59). This factor weighs slightly in favor of defendants. As to the second and third Howe factors, 

the trial in this case is not yet scheduled, allowing for ample time to assuage any surprise, and 

plaintiff has now filed a notice of disclosure of Dr. Manges’s full report. (Doc. 130). As to the 

fourth factor, denying plaintiff the opportunity to rebut defendants’ expert witness would impact 

the parties’ case presentations at trial. See Wallace Sales & Consulting, LLC v. Tuopu N. Am., 

Ltd., No. 15-cv-10748, 2016 WL 6836993, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 21, 2016) (“[O]mitting 

evidence as to damages could compromise the balance of the trial presentations.”). Finally, 

because prior calendar orders suggest that the Court would be inclined to afford plaintiff a 

rebuttal opportunity, the Court finds that plaintiff’s expectation that extensions of defendants’ 

expert deadlines would apply to associated rebuttal expert deadlines is not unreasonable.

In their response, defendants rely primarily on Ogle and Devereux v. Knox Cnty., No. 

3:17-cv-197, 2018 WL 5928048 (E.D. Tenn. Nov. 13, 2018), to support their position that 

plaintiff should be prohibited from identifying and relying on Dr. Manges’s expert opinion. In 

Ogle, the defendants had moved to strike the plaintiff’s late-filed expert witness disclosure. 336 

F. Supp. 3d at 876. The plaintiff responded to the motion only after being prompted by an order 

to show cause and argued that documents produced in discovery satisfied the requirements of 

Rule 26(a)(2)(C). Id. The Court was reluctant to impose such a harsh sanction upon the 

plaintiff, and therefore directed the plaintiff’s counsel to submit the discovery documents he 

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referenced for in camera review. Id. at 876-77. Finding no dispute as to lateness or inadequacy 

of the disclosure, the Court considered only whether the plaintiff’s Rule 26 violation was 

harmless, as the plaintiff had presented no argument why his lateness was justified. Id. at 876, 

879. The Court found that it was not harmless, expressing clear frustration with the plaintiff’s

counsel’s failure to specifically identify what of the discovery exchanged between the parties 

could have possibly satisfied Rule 25(a)(2)(C)—even implying that plaintiff’s counsel may have 

misrepresented the contents of that discovery to the court. Id. at 880. On these facts, which 

demonstrated compounded missteps by the plaintiff’s counsel, the Court concluded that the 

plaintiff was prevented from using all but one of her disclosed experts, notwithstanding the 

severe negative impact on her case. Id. at 881-82.

In Devereux, the plaintiffs identified their expert within the court’s scheduled deadline 

but the report followed after the deadline, and the defendants argued that the expert’s testimony 

should be excluded. 2018 WL 5928048, at *2-3. The parties also disagreed regarding whether 

the expert at issue (a treating physician) was required to submit the more comprehensive report 

required under Rule 26(a)(2)(B) or the less comprehensive report required under Rule 

26(a)(2)(C). Id. at *3-4. The court concluded that the plaintiffs’ expert identification (similar to 

what was provided in the case at bar) was inadequate under Rule 26(a)(2)(C). Id. at *5-6. The 

court also concluded that the subsequent report was both late and demonstrated that the expert 

was “retained or specifically employed” for the litigation. Id. at *6-7. Finally, the court found 

that the report was insufficient under Rule 26(a)(2)(B). Id. at *7. Notwithstanding these 

conclusions, however, the court declined to exclude the plaintiffs’ expert’s testimony given that 

the tardiness and inadequacies of the plaintiffs’ disclosure and report were harmless. Id. at *8. 

Specifically, the court considered that the trial in the case was not scheduled for ten months 

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following the late report, and it had already permitted the defendants’ deposition of the expert to 

proceed. Id.

In their reply, defendants also cite Durden v. Citicorp Tr. Bank, FSB, No. 3:07-cv-974, 

2008 WL 11318338 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 25, 2008), for the proposition that even a death in the 

family of the expert at issue does not substantially justify a late-filed report; so plaintiff’s latefiled disclosure and report here cannot be substantially justified under Rule 37. See id. at *4. 

The court in Durden ultimately concluded, however, that exclusion of the expert’s testimony as a 

sanction was not warranted where trial was not imminent and the defendant anticipated that the 

plaintiff would use an expert; rather, the court ordered that discovery be re-opened for the limited 

purposes of allowing the defendant to depose the plaintiff’s expert and obtain a rebuttal expert. 

2008 WL 11318338, at *6-8. Defendants also cite Vaughn v. City of Lebanon, 18 F. App’x 252 

(6th Cir. 2001), for the proposition that plaintiff’s rebuttal expert testimony should be excluded 

because it would require the extension of expert discovery deadlines. In Vaughn, however, the 

plaintiff only disclosed experts in his responses to the defendants’ motions for summary 

judgment. Id. at 262. Under those circumstances, the court found that modification of the 

discovery order prejudiced the defendants with respect to their summary judgment motions and 

replies. Id. at 263. In addition, the court found that exclusion was appropriate where the

plaintiff had never given any indication that he planned to use experts and “deliberately 

disobeyed the disclosure deadline.” Id. at 264. 

All of these cases are distinguishable. First, the expert identification and reports in the 

cases cited by defendants were the plaintiffs’ primary experts. Here, the expert at issue is a 

rebuttal expert, which—as discussed above—does not implicate the same potential prejudices as 

might a primary expert. The court in Devereux ultimately found the late and inadequate 

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disclosure harmless, where trial was not imminent, and it had allowed the expert’s deposition to 

proceed notwithstanding the fact that certain deadlines had passed. 2018 WL 5928048, at *8. 

Similarly, the court in Durden concluded that even where a late-filed expert disclosure was 

neither substantially justified nor harmless, the appropriate sanction fell well-short of excluding 

the expert’s testimony. 2008 WL 11318338, at *6-8. The harsh result in Ogle was at least in 

part driven by the fact that the Court was evidently troubled by the plaintiff’s counsel’s conduct 

in the case. Finally, the court in Vaughn concluded that modification of the discovery order was 

prejudicial where motions for summary judgment had already been filed, plaintiff had given no 

indication that he planned to use experts, and the plaintiff “deliberately disobeyed the disclosure 

deadline.” Id. at 263-64. None of these cases convince the Court that striking plaintiff’s rebuttal 

expert disclosure or excluding Dr. Manges’s testimony is warranted under the Howe test. 

Plaintiff’s late disclosure and report are harmless and can be easily remedied. See Roberts, 325 

F.3d at 782. 

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED THAT:

1. Defendants’ motion (Doc. 118) is DENIED. 

2. Plaintiff’s motion for leave to supplement his rebuttal expert disclosure (Doc. 125) is

GRANTED. 

3. The discovery deadline is hereby extended to June 3, 2022, for the limited purpose of 

defendants’ having an opportunity to depose Dr. Manges, and the dispositive motion 

deadline is hereby extended to July 1, 2022.

Date: _________________________ __________________________________ 

 Karen L. Litkovitz 

 United States Magistrate Judge

4/29/2022

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