UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

IMS GLOBAL LEARNING 

CONSORTIUM, INC.,

 Plaintiff,

 v. CIVIL ACTION NO.

 17-10437-GAO

SCHOOLS INTEROPERABILITY 

FRAMEWORK ASSOCIATION D/B/A

ACCESS 4 LEARNING COMMUNITY,

 Defendant.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER RE:

DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO TRANSFER VENUE

(DOCKET ENTRY # 33)

February 1, 2018

BOWLER, U.S.M.J.

Pending before this court is a motion to transfer this

action to the United States District Court for the Southern

District of Ohio (“the Southern District of Ohio”) pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1404(a) (“section 1404(a)”) filed by defendant Schools

Interoperability Framework Association d/b/a Access 4 Learning

Community (“SIF”). (Docket Entry # 33). Plaintiff IMS Global

Learning Consortium, Inc. (“IMS”) opposes a transfer. (Docket

Entry # 37). After conducting a hearing on January 11, 2018,

this court took the motion (Docket Entry # 33) under advisement.

BACKGROUND

This action arises out of purportedly false and misleading

advertising in violation of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a),

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by SIF, which “prepares educational data standards” for “the

collection, storage, and use of educational data.” (Docket Entry

# 1, p. 1) (Docket Entry # 34-2). The verified complaint also

includes two statutory and two common law claims under

Massachusetts law. (Docket Entry # 1). 

IMS, a Delaware corporation which is registered to do

business in Massachusetts, also develops standards for use of

educational data. (Docket Entry ## 1, 34-2). IMS and SIF “are

comprised of members from school districts, government agencies,

and corporations” and they “collaborate on the Common Education

Data Standards,” an “education data management initiative”

designed “to streamline the understanding of data” across

educational institutions. (Docket Entry # 1, pp. 2-4). IMS and

SIF produce “standards and technology for a data transfer

framework” and are direct competitors. (Docket Entry # 1, p. 4). 

According to its website, SIF “offers state-wide implementation

of its specifications in 12 states including Massachusetts.” 

(Docket Entry # 37-1). 

In November 2016, SIF, a District of Columbia corporation

with three employees, published “Educational Technical Standards

101,” which the parties refer to as the “White Paper.” (Docket

Entry # 1, Ex. A) (Docket Entry # 1, p. 5) (Docket Entry # 34-2). 

IMS alleges that the White Paper, a “slide deck,” and SIF’s

website include false statements and misrepresentations harmful

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to IMS. (Docket Entry # 1, pp. 5-10). In March 2017, the

Australian Ministry of Education, a longtime IMS member, refused

to renew its annual contract with IMS. 

 SIF does not have an office in Massachusetts. Although

“[i]t has a small office in Washington, D.C., . . . its main

operating presence is in Columbus, Ohio,” where Larry Furth

(“Furth”), the executive director of SIF, lives and works. 

(Docket Entry # 34-2). A second employee, John Lovell (“Lovell”)

lives and works in Bellingham, Washington, and a third employee,

Penny Murray (“Murray”), lives and works in England. (Docket

Entry # 34-2). Furth was the primary author and editor of the

White Paper. Working in Columbus, Furth collected and

implemented various comments and revisions suggested by reviewers

across the United States into the final document. (Docket Entry

# 34-2). “The preparation of the Whitepaper and its posting on

the Internet occurred entirely outside Massachusetts, mainly in

Ohio.” (Docket Entry # 34-2). 

IMS is located in Lake Mary, Florida. Rob Abel, Ed.D.

(“Abel”), the company’s chief executive officer, resides in

Florida and lives near Orlando. (Docket Entry # 34-2). The

company conducts “board meetings across the country” and held one

such board meeting in Massachusetts in June 2017. Comprised of

16 employees, IMS has 19 members in Massachusetts and six members

in Ohio. (Docket Entry # 37-1). One employee, Tracy Fandel

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1 IMS did not identify Fandel as an individual likely to

have discoverable information in its initial disclosures pursuant

to Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1). (Docket Entry # 34-1). 

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(“Fandel”), IMS’ finance and administration manager, “works out

of an office in Massachusetts.”1 (Docket Entry # 37-1). Abel

regularly communicates with Fandel. SIF distributed the White

Paper by email in a press release on November 16, 2016. Fandel,

in turn, forwarded the press release and the White Paper by email

to Abel the following day. (Docket Entry # 37-1). 

“[T]he direct distance between Orlando, Florida and

Columbus, Ohio is 711 miles.” (Docket Entry # 34-1, pp. 1-2). 

The direct distance between Orlando and Boston is 1,115 miles. 

(Docket Entry # 34-1).

DISCUSSION

Arguing that the connections of this case to Massachusetts

are nonexistent, SIS moves to transfer the action to the Southern

District of Ohio. (Docket Entry ## 34, 39). As a plaintiff, IMS

maintains that its choice of the Massachusetts forum is afforded

weight and “there is a presumption in favor of” its choice. 

(Docket Entry # 37). 

The appropriate mechanism to transfer a case is section

1404(a) where, as here, “the chosen forum is within the federal

system.” Aurora Casket Co., LLC v. Caribbean Funeral Supply,

Corp., CV 16-2937 (GAG/BJM), 2017 WL 5633102, at *2 (D.P.R. Nov.

22, 2017). Section 1404(a) affords this court discretion “to

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adjudicate motions for transfer according to an ‘individualized,

case-by-case consideration of convenience and fairness.’” 

Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29, (1988);

accord Baskin–Robbins Fran. LLC v. Alpenrose Dairy, Inc., 825

F.3d 28, 41 n.7 (1st Cir. 2016) (section 1404(a) transfer motion

is “addressed to the district court’s sound discretion”);

Astro-Med, Inc. v. Nihon Kohden Am., Inc., 591 F.3d 1, 12 (1st

Cir. 2009).

The initial inquiry is “‘whether the case “might have been

brought” in the suggested transferee district.’” Group-A

Autosports, Inc. v. Billman, CA 14-10884-JGD, 2014 WL 3500468, at

*2 (D. Mass. July 9, 2014) (quoting section 1404(a)); 28 U.S.C. §

1404(a). The Southern District of Ohio is a court where this

action “may have been brought” inasmuch as the majority of the

alleged misconduct in preparing and posting the White Paper took

place in Columbus. 

In assessing a venue transfer under section 1404(a), the

court considers a number of private and public interest factors. 

Garcia-Tatupu v. Bert Bell/Peter Rozelle NFL Player Ret. Plan,

249 F. Supp. 3d 570, 576 (D. Mass. 2017). The applicable factors

“include 1) the plaintiff’s choice of forum, 2) the relative

convenience of the parties, 3) the convenience of the witnesses

and location of documents, 4) any connection between the forum

and the issues, 5) the law to be applied and 6) the state or

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public interests at stake.” Avci v. Brennan, 232 F. Supp. 3d

216, 219 (D. Mass. 2017); accord Kleinerman v. Luxtron Corp., 107

F. Supp. 2d 122, 125 (D. Mass. 2000). “The burden of proof

rest[s] with the party seeking to transfer,” i.e., SIF. 

Astro-Med, Inc. v. Nihon Kohden Am., Inc., 591 F.3d at 13. 

Ordinarily, “there is a strong presumption in favor of

plaintiff’s choice of forum.” Coady v. Ashcraft–Gerel, 223 F.3d

1, 11 (1st Cir. 2000). Plaintiff’s choice, however, carries less

weight when “‘the operative facts of the case have no material

connection with this district.’” U.S. ex rel. Ondis v. City of

Woonsocket, Rhode Island, 480 F. Supp. 2d 434, 436 (D. Mass.

2007); March VII Inv. LP v. Kramer, CA 15-11917-MLW, 2016 WL

4941985, at *4 (D. Mass. Sept. 14, 2016) (“presumption in favor

of plaintiffs’ choice of venue is relatively weak in this case

because the March Entities now have ‘no material connection with

this district’”); 15 Arthur R. Miller et al. Federal Practice and

Procedure, § 3848 (4th ed. 2017) (preference “given less weight

if the plaintiff sued in a district that has no obvious

connection to the case”). Likewise, “‘the plaintiff’s venue

choice is to be given less weight if the plaintiff is a

nonresident of the chosen forum.’” Group-A Autosports, Inc. v.

Billman, 2014 WL 3500468, at *3 (quoting Ondis, 480 F. Supp. 2d

at 436); 15 Arthur R. Miller et al. Federal Practice and

Procedure, § 3848 (4th ed. 2017) (“[i]f the plaintiff is not a

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resident of the forum, the plaintiff’s forum choice may be

entitled to relatively little deference”). 

Here, plaintiff is not a Massachusetts corporation. The

misrepresentations in the White Paper form the gravamen of the

complaint. (Docket Entry # 1, pp. 5-9). The majority of work

preparing the White Paper took place in Columbus. From his

office in Columbus, Furth took the steps to post the White Paper

and the related material on the company’s website. (Docket Entry

# 34-2). Although the website reflects that the company “offers

state-wide implementation of its specifications in 12 states

including Massachusetts” (Docket Entry # 37-2), there is little

indication that the White Paper caused an injury to IMS in

Massachusetts. These and other circumstances reduce the weight

afforded plaintiff’s choice of a Massachusetts forum.

The Southern District of Ohio is a substantially more

convenient forum to SIF. Furth resides and works in Columbus. 

With respect to IMS, a transfer to Ohio is relatively neutral

inasmuch as it is already litigating the case in a distant forum

from Orlando. Orlando is nevertheless closer to Columbus than to

Boston. (Docket Entry # 34-1). Accordingly, this is not a case

in which the “transfer would merely shift the inconvenience from

one party to the other.” Princess H., Inc. v. Lindsey, 136

F.R.D. 16, 18 (D. Mass. 1991). The convenience to IMS’ counsel,

who is located in Boston, is of little, if any, significance even

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considering the potential, additional litigation costs to IMS. 

See Ondis, 480 F. Supp. 2d at 437; Princess H., Inc. v. Lindsey,

136 F.R.D. 16, 18 (D. Mass. 1991) (“[n]o case articulates that

the convenience of counsel is a consideration in deciding a

motion to transfer pursuant to § 1404(a)”); see also Bowen v.

Elanes New Hampshire Holdings, LLC, 166 F. Supp. 3d 104, 107-08

(D. Mass. 2015) (“[p]rivate interest factors include . . .

‘comparative trial costs’” and noting that “courts do not assess

the convenience of counsel”). 

The location of witnesses is frequently mentioned as the

most important factor in the analysis. Turnley v. Banc of Am.

Inv. Services, Inc., 576 F. Supp. 2d 204, 217 (D. Mass. 2008)

(“‘convenience to the expected witnesses is “probably the most

important factor, and the factor most frequently mentioned”’”);

see Braintree Laboratories, Inc. v. Bedrock Logistics, LLC, CA

16-11936-IT, 2016 WL 7173755, at *3 (D. Mass. Dec. 8, 2016)

(“convenience of witnesses is ‘probably the most important

factor’ to be considered”); Gemini Investors Inc. v. Ameripark,

Inc., 542 F. Supp. 2d 119, 126 (D. Mass. 2008) (collecting cases

“that convenience of the witnesses is an extremely important, if

not the most important, factor”). “In considering this factor,

the court looks at the number of potential witnesses located in

both the transferor and the transferee district, the nature and

quality of their testimony, and whether the witnesses can be

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compelled to testify.” Boateng v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 460 F.

Supp. 2d 270, 275 (D. Mass. 2006) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Of the 14 witnesses SIF identifies in its initial

disclosure, one (Nadeau) resides in Massachusetts and another

Alex Jackl (“Jackl”) works in Warwick, Rhode Island. (Docket

Entry # 34-1) (Docket Entry # 34-2, ¶ 11). Nadeau submitted

comments to Furth during the preparation of the White Paper

similar to comments made by other reviewers. He was not an

active contributor to the White Paper. (Docket Entry # 34-2, ¶

11). Jackl is a co-leader of SIF’s North American Technical

Board. SIF also listed George Gatsis (“Gatsis”) as a potential

witness in its initial disclosures. Gatsis works for a

corporation in Illinois but conducts business in Massachusetts. 

(Docket Entry # 37-2, ¶ 4) (Docket Entry # 34-1). IMS also

identifies Danielle Norton (“Norton”), SIF’s program manager for

the Massachusetts Department of Education, in its initial

disclosures and intends to depose her. Furth attests that

“Norton did not play any significant role in the preparation of”

the White Paper. (Docket Entry # 34-2, ¶ 12).

In contrast, none of the five, overlapping witnesses listed

in both IMS’ and SIF’s initial disclosures reside in

Massachusetts, although this court assumes that one of the five,

Jackl, is within the 100-mile subpoena power of this court. See

Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(c)(1)(A). Of these five witnesses, Furth, a

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2 Although IMS asserts in its opposition that Jim Goodell

is located in Worcester, Massachusetts (Docket Entry # 37, p. 7),

the initial disclosures list him as an analyst with a company in

Fairfax, Virginia. 

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critical witness, lives in Columbus. Three of the remaining,

four overlapping witnesses, including Abel, live closer to Ohio

than to Massachusetts. (Docket Entry ## 34-1, 34-2). In fact,

seven of the 19 witnesses identified by IMS and SIF in their

initial disclosures reside or work in Ohio or the nearby states

of Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota.2 (Docket Entry ## 34-1, 34-2). 

Overall, the convenience of the witnesses weighs in favor of the

Ohio forum. 

Technological advances undeniably reduce the importance of

the location of documents as a factor in the section 1404(a)

analysis. See Rodríguez-Navarro v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 15-1900

(JAG), 2016 WL 4179884, at *3 (D.P.R. Aug. 4, 2016); Arroyo-Perez

v. Demir Group Intern., 733 F. Supp. 2d 314, 321 (D.P.R. 2010);

Boateng v. Gen. Dynamics Corp., 460 F. Supp. 2d at 276; 15 Arthur

R. Miller et al. Federal Practice and Procedure, § 3853 (4th ed.

2017) (“[w]hile recognizing the impact of technology, courts

generally conclude that the physical location of records and

document is still relevant”). All of the documents relating to

the White Paper are in the possession of SIF in Furth’s office in

Columbus. (Docket Entry # 34-2). No SIF “documents relating to

the Whitepaper are located in Massachusetts.” (Docket Entry #

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34-2). 

The Southern District of Ohio has a greater connection to

the issues than this forum. As the main location where Furth

created and prepared the White Paper as well as posted it on

SIF’s website, the Southern District of Ohio forum is the primary

location of the alleged misconduct which also involves an Ohio

resident. See Group-A Autosports, Inc. v. Billman, 2014 WL

3500468, at *5 (insofar as “any state has an interest in

adjudicating this case, it would be North Carolina since the

alleged counterfeiting took place there, and the case involves a

resident of that state”). Likewise, the states’ interests favor

Ohio, which has a greater interest than Massachusetts, in the

litigation. See also Ticketmaster-New York, Inc. v. Alioto, 26

F.3d 201, 211 (1st Cir. 1994) (“Commonwealth’s interest in the

litigation sub judice is arguably lessened by the doubts

surrounding whether defendant’s act can be said to have been

committed in the forum”). 

The federal law applied in this action does not weigh in

favor of either party. See id. The remaining claims, however,

arise under Massachusetts law. This factor therefore weighs

against a transfer. 

Finally, docket congestion “is a proper factor to evaluate.”

Johnson v. VCG Holding Corp., 767 F. Supp. 2d 208, 217 (D. Me.

2011); accord Research Automation, Inc. v. Schrader-Bridgeport

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Intern., Inc., 626 F.3d 973, 978 (7th Cir. 2010); 15 Arthur R.

Miller et al. Federal Practice and Procedure, § 3847 (4th ed.

2017). The 2016 statistics of the median time from filing to

disposition of civil cases (Docket Entry # 34-1, Ex. C) favor a

transfer whereas the more recent 2017 data indicates that the

Southern District of Ohio has a longer median time than this

district. See http://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/

data_tables/stfj_c5_630.2017.pdf. Hence, this factor weighs

slightly against a transfer. 

 Weighing the various factors and mindful of plaintiff’s

choice of a Massachusetts forum, SIF met its burden of proof in

seeking a transfer. 

CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing discussion, the motion to

transfer (Docket Entry # 33) is ALLOWED and this case is

transferred to the United States District Court for the Southern

District of Ohio.

 /s/ Marianne B. Bowler 

 MARIANNE B. BOWLER

 United States Magistrate Judge 

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