NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 19a0153n.06

Case No. 18-3683

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ALEXI LEIVA-AVILEZ,

Petitioner,

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

Respondent.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

FROM THE UNITED STATES 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS 

BEFORE: MOORE, SUTTON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Alexi Leiva-Avilez challenges the Board of Immigration 

Appeals’ decision denying his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection 

under the Convention Against Torture. We deny the petition for review.

A citizen of Honduras, Leiva-Avilez illegally entered the United States in 2016. The 

Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceedings against him. Leiva-Avilez 

conceded his removability but applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under 

the Convention Against Torture.

Before coming to the United States, Leiva-Avilez lived in Choluteca, located in southern 

Honduras. Three times between October 2015 and early 2016, members of the Mara Salvatrucha

gang, also known as MS-13, confronted Leiva-Avilez at bus stops in Choluteca. The gang 

members pressured Leiva-Avilez to join MS-13 and threatened to make life difficult for him and 
Case No. 18-3683, Leiva-Avilez v. Barr

2

his family if he refused. He never reported the gang’s threats to the police, he claimed, because 

the police are corrupt and work with MS-13. Leiva-Avilez refused to join the organization, but, 

fearing retaliation, including that the gang would kill him if he did not acquiesce, he eventually 

fled to the United States.

In his applications, Leiva-Avilez argued that the MS-13 members targeted him because he

opposed the gang. He later testified that he was part of a church group of young people who met

each Sunday to encourage others not to join the local gangs.

The immigration judge denied Leiva-Avilez’s applications, finding that he lacked 

credibility and, apart from that, had not shown that MS-13 persecuted him because of his political 

opinion or his participation in the church group or that the government would acquiesce in his 

torture. The Board of Immigration Appeals agreed, though it did not address the credibility point,

and rejected his claims. We review the Board’s decision and consider the immigration judge’s 

reasoning to the extent the Board adopted it. Al-Saka v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 427, 430 (6th Cir. 

2018). 

The Attorney General may grant asylum to a “refugee,” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1), defined as 

an alien unwilling to return home “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution 

on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political 

opinion,” id. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To establish eligibility in this case, Leiva-Avilez thus needed to 

show that his political opinion or his involvement in the church group motivated the gang members 

to persecute him. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481, 483 (1992); Pascual v. Mukasey, 514 

F.3d 483, 486–87 (6th Cir. 2007). We may reverse the Board’s asylum determination only if “no 

reasonable factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 

at 484; see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
Case No. 18-3683, Leiva-Avilez v. Barr

3

No such showing has been made. Substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that a 

desire to recruit Leiva-Avilez and increase its membership motivated the MS-13 members, not a

desire to punish him for his political or faith-based opposition to the gang. Leiva-Avilez 

acknowledged at the hearing that the gang members targeted him because of his age and because 

he was a student. “They wanted me to join them,” he elaborated, “so . . . I could help them in my 

own town to grow.” A.R. at 114. He indeed agreed that the gang “target[s] everybody”: “[y]oung 

students, workers, business people.” Id. at 127. And he admitted that he did not tell the MS-13 

members about his church group. All of this evidence amply supports the Board’s dispositive 

motivation finding.

Leiva-Avilez counters that he expressed a political opinion by refusing to join the gang, 

making it fair to infer that this viewpoint motivated MS-13’s continued recruiting efforts and 

threats. In making this argument, he quotes language from Sangha v. INS, 103 F.3d 1482, 1490 

(9th Cir. 1997). But in the next sentence of the opinion, the Ninth Circuit recognized that the 

Supreme Court rejected that premise in INS v. Elias-Zacarias, stating that refusal to give in to 

forced recruitment does not show that persecution for that refusal turns on political opinion. 

502 U.S. 478, 482–83 (1992); see Sangha, 103 F.3d at 1490. We have said the same thing: 

“[R]efusal to join MS, without more, does not constitute a ‘political opinion.’” Blanco-Santa 

Maria v. Sessions, 707 F. App’x 384, 388 (6th Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (quotation omitted).

That leaves two other objections. Leiva-Avilez challenges the Board’s decision not to pass 

on his credibility or his related inaccurate-translation arguments, noting that the immigration 

judge’s adverse credibility finding “infected” the analysis of his claims. Pet. Br. 14. And he says 

the Board erred in rejecting his proposed social group. But regrettably for Leiva-Avilez, these 

arguments are beside the point. The Board assumed his credibility and still found the evidence 
Case No. 18-3683, Leiva-Avilez v. Barr

4

wanting. And the Board explained that, even if his proposed social group counted as a cognizable 

group eligible for protection, he failed to show a necessary nexus between membership in that 

group and fear of persecution by MS-13. The evidence supports that finding, making it 

unnecessary to decide the legal bona fides of his proposed social group.

Because Leiva-Avilez failed to establish entitlement to asylum, he fails to meet the higher 

standard for withholding of removal. Koliada v. INS, 259 F.3d 482, 488–89 (6th Cir. 2001). And 

on appeal Leiva-Avilez does not challenge the Board’s finding that the Honduran government 

would not sanction or acquiesce in his torture, which was his burden under the Convention Against 

Torture. He thus has forfeited the argument. See Babick v. Berghuis, 620 F.3d 571, 577 (6th Cir. 

2010).

For these reasons, we deny the petition for review.