IN THE UNITED ST ATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

WESTERN DIVISION-CINCINNATI 

JAMES A. SINGLER, as guardianship of 

Carrie Jones, 

Case No. l:18-cv-271 

Plaintiff, 

V. 

CON AGRA FOODS INC., CON AGRA 

BRANDS, INC., 

Defendants. 

Judge Matthew W. McFarland 

ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION 

FOR LIMITED DISCLOSURE (DOC. 66) 

This matter is before the Court on Plaintiff's Motion for Limited Disclosure of 

certain documents designated by Defendant DS Containers, Inc. ("DSC") as 

"Confidential-Attorneys' Eyes Only(" AEO")" to Plaintiff's consulting expert. (Doc. 66.) 

DSC has filed a response in opposition (Doc. 67), to which Plaintiff has filed a reply in 

support of the motion (Doc. 68). The matter is ripe for review. Having considered the 

parties' arguments, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES WITHOUT 

PREJUDICE Plaintiff's Motion. 

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT DISPUTE 

Plaintiff has filed a motion: 

ask[ing] the Court to allow the ancillary disclosure of pricing documents 

and information to a non-competitor consulting expert for the purpose of: 

1) establishing the appropriate foundation for and developing her 

economic feasibility claim; and 2) evaluating claims raised by Defendants 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 1 of 8 PAGEID #: 910
regarding the expense to produce the cooking spray cans at issue relative 

to alternative cans. 

(Motion for Disclosure, Doc. 66, Pg. ID 807.) 

In his memorandum in support, Plaintiff contends that "a factual dispute exists 

regarding the cost of the product and whether cost played a role in Conagra's decision to 

switch to the DSC 2-piece can."1 (Id. at Pg. ID 808.) Plaintiff argues that this dispute 

arises from Conagra's testimony (supported by other documents)2 that there may have 

been a cost savings associated with the switch from the 3-piece, non-vented can,3 to the 

2-piece, vented can, when the affidavit supplied by DSC averred, in essence, that DSC 

charged Conagra more for the 2-piece, vented can, not the alternative 3-piece, non-vented 

can. (Id.) Because of this dispute, and even in the absence of a dispute, Plaintiff argues 

that it must be permitted to provide DSC's wholesale pricing information (that is, what 

DSC charged Conagra) for the cans, rather than the DSC affidavit which identifies the 

price differential between what DSC charged Conagra for each type of can but does not 

actually reveal the underlying prices. (Id.) Plaintiff argues that this information is critical 

to his ability to establish the feasibility of an alternative design and that without access to 

such information, "Plaintiff's consultant would be unable to complete an appropriate cost 

analysis and comparison." (Id. at Pg. ID 809.) 

RELEVANT PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

The issue that is presently before the Court has been percolating, both directly and 

1 This is the "bottom vented" can design that was utilized in the product that injured Plaintiff. 

2 Although Plaintiff cites to certain deposition testimony and documents, neither the deposition transcript 

nor the documents have been filed in the record. Accordingly, the Court cannot review them. 3 The non-vented can is alleged to be an alternative design to the vented can. 

2 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 2 of 8 PAGEID #: 911
indirectly, for some time. For that reason, the Court's other decisions, as well as the 

discussion surrounding this discovery dispute, which occurred on January 25, 2021, 

provide useful context to the current dispute. 

Plaintiffs Motion to Compel (Doc. 50). In that motion, Plaintiff sought technical 

and cost/ pricing information pertaining to both the at-issue vented can and the 

alternative, non-vented can. The Court noted that DSC had admitted the feasibility of 

the alternative design-the non-vented can.4 However, the Court noted that it could not 

preclude all discovery pertaining to the non-vented can, (see Doc. 50, Pg. ID 551), as the 

jury would be called upon to decide, beyond the question of feasibility, whether the 

alternative design would have prevented Plaintiff's injuries in order for Plaintiff to carry 

his burden. Thus, the Court granted Plaintiff's Motion to Compel. 

January 25, 2021 Informal Discovery Dispute Call. Thereafter, the parties 

approached the Court with concerns about the very issue raised in this Motion. At that 

time, Plaintiff indicated that he wanted to be able to show his expert DSC' s pricing 

information, and DSC offered as a compromise that it would provide an affidavit setting 

forth the price differential between the price it charged Conagra for both the vented and 

non-vented cans. The Court provided initial thoughts to counsel and encouraged counsel 

to continue to resolve the dispute. Thereafter, the parties submitted an addendum to the 

protective order, as set forth below, which required a party's permission before any AEO 

materials could be disclosed to third parties. (Doc. 54.) 

4 According to Plaintiff's reply brief, this stipulation has not been provided to Plaintiff. 

3 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 3 of 8 PAGEID #: 912
Plaintiff's Motion for Leave to Take A Second 30(b)(6) Deposition (Doc. 65). In 

that motion, Plaintiff sought leave to take an additional Rule 30(b)(6) deposition of 

Conagra on four categories: (1) product complaints; (2) warnings and precautions; (3) 

propellants and product recipes; and (4) product cost, expense and weight. (Doc. 65, Pg. 

ID 796.) With regard to category 4, Plaintiff argued that the topics were relevant to 

economic feasibility of alternative designs for the can. But the Court recognized that 

Conagra was willing to stipulate to the economic feasibility of the alternative design, and 

therefore denied Plaintiff's motion as to this category. (Id. at Pg. ID 804.) In that same 

order, the Court "order[ed] Conagra to provide the stipulation that it has already agreed 

to provide in lieu of testifying regarding these topics .... " (Id.) 

LAW AND ANALYSIS 

Before the Court substantively addresses this dispute, a word about the 

appropriate standard through which the Court views Plaintiff's disclosure request. 

Plaintiff's Motion, as styled and as argued, seeks a ruling from this Court permitting him 

to disclose the pricing information that DSC has designed as AEO, to his "non-competitor 

pricing expert." (See Doc. 66, Pg. ID 819.) 

Plaintiff brings this Motion as procedurally required by the Addendum to the 

Protective Order, which was signed by all counsel, and which provides the protocol 

should one party desire to release any material designated as AEO pursuant to Paragraph 

5.d of the Protective Order, which permits disclosure only to counsel, not to anyone else, 

such as an expert. (See Doc. 54.) The agreed upon procedure provides that the party 

desiring to disclose the material must first approach the other party and explain the 

4 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 4 of 8 PAGEID #: 913
"relevance and necessity" of producing the designated materials. (See id. at Pg. ID 565.) 

If the parties cannot agree that the disclosure is permissible, the matter is to be escalated 

to the Court either through a request for an informal discovery conference, a motion to 

compel, or a motion for protective order. (See id.) Thus, based on the wording of the 

motion and the parties' agreed Addendum to the Protective Order, Plaintiffs Motion for 

Disclosure is most akin to a motion to compel.5 The Addendum also identifies a standard 

for production that the documents be both relevant and necessary. (See id.) 

Accordingly, Plaintiff, as the party requesting disclosure of the AEO material, has 

the burden of proving that "the information sought is relevant."6 Prado v. Thomas, 

3:16cv306, 2017 WL 5151377, at *1 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 19, 2017) (citing Gruenbaum v. Werner, 

270 FRD 298,302 (S.D. Ohio 2010)). Relevance is governed by the text of Rule 26(b), but 

the trial court retains discretion over the scope of discovery. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b); 

Pittman v. Experian Info. Sol., Inc., 901 F.3d 619, 642 (6th Cir. 2018). 

The Court agrees that, to prove his design defect claim, Plaintiff must establish 

that the foreseeable risks associated with the design exceeded the benefits associated with 

the design, and that this analysis includes consideration of the "technical and economic 

feasibility, ... , of using an alternative design or formulation." Ohio Rev. Code § 

2307.75(A), (C)(2). The Court also acknowledges that Plaintiff must prove that the 

5 To the extent Plaintiff contends that the issue before the Court is whether DSC s pricing information is 

properly designated as AEO, this argument is not properly before the Court because Plaintiff has not 

conferred with DSC on this point. To the contrary, prior to filing this motion, Plaintiff asked DSC to permit 

disclosure of AEO materials to his expert-not that DSC re-designate the material. (Doc. 66-1 at 821-23.) 

6 This relevance standard is further supported by the terminology used in the Addendum itself. (See Doc. 

54 at Pg. ID 565.) 

5 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 5 of 8 PAGEID #: 914
alternative design would have prevented the harm for which plaintiff seeks to recover. 

See Rheinfrank v. Abbott Laboratories, Inc., 137 F. Supp. 3d 1035, 1039 (S.D. Ohio 2015). 

Indeed, the Court recognized as much in its prior orders. (See Doc. 50 at Pg. ID 551) 

(recognizing that DSC's stipulation as to economic feasibility might not permit Plaintiff 

to meet her burden under the statute, particularly as to whether the alternative design 

would prevent the injury at issue). However, the Court has also recognized discovery as 

to product cost, expense, and weight to be unnecessary in light of a stipulation as to 

economic feasibility. (See Doc. 65, Pg. ID 804.) 

Plaintiff provides no reason for the Court to deviate from this course now. Plaintiff 

indicates that the purpose of the disclosure is for the expert to opine on the feasibility of 

the alternative product. But both Conagra and DSC have stipulated to the economic 

feasibility of the alternative design. (See Doc. 61 at Pg. ID 726; Doc. 67 at Pg. ID 840.) 

Because Defendants have stipulated that the alternative design is economically feasible, 

there is no need for Plaintiff's expert to opine as to this issue. 

While Plaintiff identifies several other reasons it contends disclosure of DSC' s 

pricing information is necessary, none mandate disclosure. For example, Plaintiff 

contends that disclosure is necessary to determine whether cost played a role in 

Conagra' s decision to switch/ cost savings to Conagra. However, Plaintiff's expert cannot 

offer testimony as to Conagra' s motivations. Plaintiff also argues that he wants to test 

the veracity of DSC's affidavit, but he has the AEO pricing materials and can confirm the 

accuracy of the differentials. Plaintiff has not argued he is unable to review and compare 

this information himself. Finally, Plaintiff insists that DSC's manufacturing costs are 

6 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 6 of 8 PAGEID #: 915
relevant to determining DSC' s motive in offering the two-piece can in its portfolio. But 

DSC's profit margin is irrelevant because it did not choose the final can for the productit offered both cans to Conagra, who chose the can to be used in the final product, and 

nonetheless, DSC has also stipulated to the economic feasibility of the alternative design. 

In summary, Plaintiff does not identify a single purpose in disclosing these costs to his 

expert outside of economic feasibility-a fact to which Defendants have stipulated. 

CONCLUSION 

Accordingly, for the reasons above, the Court does not find Plaintiff's Motion to 

be well-taken. However, Plaintiff has represented that neither Conagra nor DSC has 

tendered a written stipulation to Plaintiff on the issue of economic feasibility. This is 

concerning to the Court, as it has previously based its discovery decisions, including this 

decision, on Defendants' representations that they stipulate to this issue. Indeed, the 

Court has previously ordered that a stipulation be presented to Plaintiff. (See Doc. 65 at 

Pg. ID 804.) Although Defendants' representations in their briefing might be sufficient to 

constitute a stipulation, DSC and Conagra are hereby ORDERED to provide Plaintiff 

with a stipulation regarding economic feasibility within ten (10) days of the date of this 

Order. Additionally, Plaintiff's Motion is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, subject to 

refiling should Defendants not tender a stipulation on economic feasibility. 

7 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 7 of 8 PAGEID #: 916
IT IS SO ORDERED. 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

By: ~ ,c#L~ 

JUDGE MATTHEW W. McFARLAND 

8 

Case: 1:18-cv-00271-MWM Doc #: 76 Filed: 09/17/21 Page: 8 of 8 PAGEID #: 917