#### Santiago SANCHEZ, a/k/a/ Robert George PACICCO, and Gary Dale PIERCEFIELD v. STATE of Arkansas

CR 85-211

707 S.W.2d 310

Supreme Court of Arkansas

Opinion delivered April 14, 1986

*514
      *John W. Settle,*for appellant Santiago Sanchez.

*David L. Gibbons,*for appellant Gary Dale Piercefield.

*Steve Clark,*Att’y Gen., by: *Clint Miller,*Asst. Att’y Gen., for appellee.

Darrell Hickman, Justice.

When the police broke into the apartment of Toni Needham in Fort Smith, Arkansas, an empty box of freezer bags came flying down the stairs and someone was heard running above. The officers went upstairs and found appellant Santiago Sanchez and Bernie Netz in a bedroom with a quantity of illegal drugs and drug paraphernalia. This is what they found: a set of scales and a bowl with a substance in it identified as methamphetamine, a controlled substance, were found on a table. Another dish with methamphetamine was found on a mattress on the floor. In a coat, lying on the bed, was a .32 caliber semi-automatic pistol with seven live rounds along with a *515syringe in a plastic bag. The plastic bag had a residue of ephedrine, a chemical commonly used to dilute controlled substances. A box of freezer bags was on the floor. There was a mirror used as a tabletop on which were three razor blades. The state elicited testimony that razor blades were used to line out drugs for snorting or putting into syringes. Searching further, the officers found two syringes in an adjoining bathroom. In another bedroom they discovered appellant Gary Piercefield hiding in a closet. Toni Needham was also in the room. There were no drugs or paraphernalia found in this room.

Both Sanchez and Piercefield were convicted of possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell and sentenced as habitual criminals: Sanchez to 35 years, Piercefield to 22 years. On appeal Sanchez raises three arguments: the trial court wrongly refused to disclose the name of the confidential informant who supplied the information for the search warrant; the trial court should have admitted evidence that Toni Needham and Bernie Netz pleaded guilty; and there was not substantial evidence to support his conviction. All are meritless. Piercefield only argues lack of substantial evidence. His argument is convincing and requires a reversal and dismissal of his conviction.

The state proceeded under the theory that both Piercefield and Sanchez were in constructive possession of the drugs. Possession may be constructive when one controls a substance or has the right to control it. *Osborne*v. *State,*278 Ark. 45, 643 S.W.2d 251 (1982). Actual physical possession at the time of the arrest is not required. *Cary v. State,*259 Ark. 510, 534 S.W.2d 230 (1976). In *Jones*v. *State,*269 Ark. 119, 598 S.W.2d 748 (1980), we quoted with approval the following definition of substantial evidence:

> Substantial evidence has been defined as ‘evidence that is of sufficient force and character that it will, with reasonable and material certainty and precision, compel a conclusion one way or the other. It must force or induce the mind to pass beyond a suspicion or conjecture. . .’

In determining whether the evidence is substantial, we consider it in a light most favorable to the state. *Westbrook*v. *State,*286 Ark. 192, 691 S.W.2d 123 (1985); *Cary*v. *State, supra.*

*516First, Piercefield’s case: the apartment was not Piercefield’s, and there is no evidence that he had any connection with it. One officer testified that he interviewed Piercefield and asked him why his car smelled like ether. Piercefield said he had gone to Oklahoma with a third party to get a can of ether. An empty can was found on the premises but was not seized. It was established that ether was used to clean methamphetamine. Piercefield was found on the premises but was not where any drugs or paraphernalia were. Nothing was found on or about him that might indicate possession. See *Ravalette*v. *State,*264 Ark. 344, 571 S.W.2d 433 (1978). The jury could only have speculated that Piercefield possessed these drugs because the state did not prove it. His conviction is reversed and dismissed.

The facts are entirely different concerning Sanchez. All evidence indicates he was in control of these drugs and paraphernalia; he was surrounded by them. Sanchez had a gun on him; another was found in a coat nearby. Shells were found in Sanchez’s car which matched the shells in the pistol in the coat. As the police entered the room, Sanchez was rising from the table where the scales and a bowl of methamphetamine were found. Nearby were methamphetamine in a dish on a mattress, ephedrine in a plastic bag along with a syringe, and freezer bags. The tabletop mirror and razor blades were next to where Sanchez was sitting. The jury could have easily concluded that Sanchez was sitting at the table measuring out the drug. The evidence is too strong to support his story that he was a casual visitor. The jury had substantial evidence from which to convict Sanchez.

Sanchez also argues that there was not enough evidence to convict him of intent to deliver. Ark. Stat. Ann. § 82-2617(d) (Supp. 1985) provides that possession of 200 milligrams of a stimulant creates a rebuttable presumption that possession is with intent to deliver. Sanchez possessed 1.26 grams of methamphetamine.

Sanchez’s other arguments are easily answered. There was no evidence that Sanchez needed to know the name of the confidential informant to prepare his defense. The informant was not present when the search was made nor was Sanchez charged with a sale that the informant witnessed. Under the facts of this case, disclosure was not required. *Jackson*v. *State,*283 Ark. 301, *517675 S.W.2d 820 (1984). See also *Toland v. State,*285 Ark. 415, 688 S.W.2d 718 (1985); and *Bennett v. State,*252 Ark. 128, 477 S.W.2d 497 (1972). Sufficient reliability of the informant was shown. *Thompson*v. *State,*280 Ark. 265, 658 S.W.2d 350 (1983); *Illinois*v. *Gates,*103 S.Ct. 2317 (1983).

Sanchez’s argument that the trial court should have allowed the defense to prove that Netz and Needham pleaded guilty is not supported by any authority. Furthermore he was allowed to show that they were both serving sentences for their involvement; therefore, there was no abuse of discretion in excluding this evidence.

Affirmed as to Sanchez. Reversed and dismissed as to Piercefield,

Purtle, J., not participating.