Opinion filed August 31, 2023

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals __________

No. 11-22-00020-CV

__________

GLEN D. AARON, II, Appellant

V.

CADDO MINERALS, INC., ET AL., Appellees 

On Appeal from the 118th District Court

Glasscock County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DC-2072-CV

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

In this case, Appellant challenges the trial court’s orders granting Rule 91a 

motions to dismiss claims against Appellees. Appellant alleges that the granting of 

the dismissal of these claims has infringed upon his constitutional right of access to 

the courts and his right to a jury trial. Appellant also claims that the award of 

attorney’s fees under Rule 91a.7 were improper. We affirm the judgments of the 

trial court and the award of attorney’s fees.
2

Procedural History

The case before this court was severed from a claim originally filed by Pioneer 

Natural Resources USA, Inc. interpleading oil and gas production funds to mineral 

interest owners. According to Appellant, after Pioneer deposited the interpleader 

funds with the trial court and was released from the case, Appellant filed suit against 

various individuals and companies alleging trespass-to-try-title and tort claims. 

These claims were severed from the original action and limited to the matter between

Glen D. Aaron, II (Appellant), and Appellees, Caddo Minerals, Inc. (Caddo), Elm 

Creek Energy, LLC (Elm Creek), and John and Teresa Hillman Family Properties, 

LP (Hillman). Appellant repeatedly claims in his filings with the trial court and in 

his brief on appeal that “there is only one core issue between Caddo and other royalty 

owners, [those royalty owners including Appellant himself] and that is the correct 

calculation of the 1/50th interest stated in the deed.” Thus, all of the claims made 

by Appellant relate to a mineral interest conveyance originally between Robert Sean 

Aaron, Appellant’s adult son, and Caddo. 

Two petitions and three Rule 91a dismissal orders are relevant to this appeal. 

In both his fifth and sixth amended petitions, Appellant claims that, on “December 

8, 2017, Robert Sean Aaron conveyed a 1/50th interest” to Caddo. According to the 

petitions, following the conveyance to Caddo, Robert deeded back any remaining 

interest to Appellant and assigned all potential causes of action against third parties 

regarding prior conveyances to Appellant at that time. Appellant states that the 

“Mineral and Royalty Deed” at issue was filed by Robert on December 20, 2017. 

Appellant’s petitions state that the language of the deed to Caddo purports to convey: 

an undivided One-Fiftieth (1/50)interest [sic] in and to all the oil, gas 

and other minerals in and under and that may be produced from the 

following described lands situated in Glasscock and Midland Counties,

Texas, to wit: South 120 acres of the East-Half (E/2) of Section 38, 

Block 36, T-1-S, T&P Ry. Co. Survey, Glasscock and Midland 
3

Counties, Texas, recorded at Volume 365, page 178, Official Public 

Records of Glasscock County, Texas.

Appellant argued that the “one-fiftieth” interest was only a portion of one-third of 

one-twelfth of an interest in the described lands, rather than a one-fiftieth interest in 

the entire described property. Appellant pled that “[Robert] only owned 1/3rd of 1/12 

of an NPRI in said lands and could not have conveyed more.” As it does on appeal, 

Caddo argued that the deed grants a one-fiftieth interest in all of Robert’s mineral 

estate and includes no reservation to the grantor. Caddo later conveyed its onefiftieth interest to Hillman and Elm Creek. 

The only petitions included in the appellate record—and relevant to this 

appeal—for this trial court cause number are Appellant’s fifth amended petition and 

sixth (and final) amended petition. Caddo filed the first Rule 91a motion to dismiss

on December 10, 2020. Appellant filed a response and the trial court—following a 

hearing—granted the motion on January 6, 2021. The order granted the motion “in 

all respects,” dismissing all the claims with prejudice.1

On March 12, 2021, Appellant filed his fifth amended petition, alleging claims 

against Caddo, Elm Creek, and Hillman.2 Appellant’s claims included: negligent 

misrepresentation, suit to set aside conveyance, voidable deeds, money had and 

received, and a suit to construe the deed conveying property to Caddo. Elm Creek 

and Hillman jointly filed a Rule 91a motion to dismiss and for attorney’s fees, as did 

Caddo. Following a hearing on June 17, 2021, the trial court issued orders granting 

the motions to dismiss and awarding attorneys’ fees to both Caddo and Elm 

1

This order of dismissal was not appealed and all four claims (trespass to try title, slander of title, 

money had and received, and the request for declaratory judgment) were dismissed with prejudice.

2

The fifth amended petition was filed before the motion for severance was granted. The petition

includes claims against additional defendants who are not part of the severed cause number or the appeal.
4

Creek/Hillman. The orders granted the motions “in all respects,” dismissing all the 

claims with prejudice. 

On July 30, 2021, Appellant filed the sixth amended petition, re-alleging the 

same five claims from the fifth amended petition, as well as two additional claims: 

tortious interference with property and deed of conveyance, and interference with a 

business relationship.3 Caddo filed a Rule 91a motion to dismiss and application 

for attorney’s fees, which was granted by the trial court’s final judgment on 

November 15, 2021.4

 The order granted the motion in all respects, and dismissed 

all seven claims with prejudice: the five claims previously dismissed, as well as the 

two new claims alleged in the sixth amended petition. 

Appellant appeals the trial court’s decision alleging multiple issues.5

 

Appellant’s brief is challenging to decipher. Even though his issues for “appellate 

3

The sixth amended petition contained no new allegations as to the five prior claims that were 

dismissed with prejudice on June 17, 2021, per the orders signed by the trial court on August 19, 2021.

This petition was also filed before the motion for severance was granted and includes claims against 

additional defendants who are not part of the severed cause number or the appeal. In a “supplement” to his 

sixth amended petition, Appellant further abandoned all claims included in the petition and prior pleadings 

that related to a portion of the land at issue. 

4

The final judgment signed by the trial court indicates that this decision followed a hearing on 

November 2, 2021. It appears that the parties did not request a transcript of this hearing, so one was not 

provided as part of the appellate record. Hillman and Elm Creek did not file a second Rule 91a motion to 

dismiss following the sixth amended petition and are not listed in the “Final Judgment” signed by the trial 

court. Despite this, the order granting Hillman and Elm Creek’s Rule 91a motion to dismiss and application 

for attorney’s fees does dispose of all claims against Hillman and Elm Creek and functions as a final 

judgment. 

5

Appellant’s brief is forty-nine pages of multifarious and frequently repetitive argumentsfilled with 

cut-and-pasted single-spaced trial court pleadings, all complaining of the trial court’s orders granting the 

Rule 91a dismissals and its award of attorneys’ fees. The brief is supported by sparsely furnished case law 

and legal authority. We note that, while Appellant appears pro se, he used to be a practicing attorney. Pro 

se litigants are held to the same standards as licensed attorneys. See Valadez v. Avitia, 238 S.W.3d 843, 

845 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.). As to Appellant, there is no exception. In addition, Appellant’s 

briefing falls short of the “clear and concise” briefing requirement and utilizes conclusory statements as to 
5

review” are numbered in the brief, many of the stated issues for review overlap into 

overall categories. While his issues presented, as described in his brief, are unclear, 

it is clear that Appellant alleges that the trial court erred in both granting the motions 

to dismiss related to the fifth and sixth amended petitions and awarding attorneys’ 

fees to Caddo on two motions and Elm Creek and Hillman on one motion. It is also 

clear that Appellant alleges that the grant of the Rule 91a dismissals infringed upon 

two constitutionally protected rights. In addition, there are allegations regarding 

expert report evidence and requests for findings of fact and conclusions of law, 

which fall under his Rule 91a dismissal issues. As a result, we address these issues 

in two groups: (1) alleged errors related to the grant of Rule 91a motions to dismiss 

and awards of attorney’s fees under the rule, and (2) alleged constitutional errors.

Rule 91a Motions to Dismiss

Appellant argues on appeal that the trial court erred in dismissing the claims 

alleged in Appellant’s fifth and sixth amended petitions. Appellant contends that 

the trial court had no basis for the rulings and asks us to find that the trial court 

abused its discretion in dismissing the petitions and to reverse the judgments of the 

trial court. We decline to do so.

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

Appellate courts review the merits of a trial court’s Rule 91a ruling de novo. 

San Jacinto River Auth. v. Medina, 627 S.W.3d 618, 628 (Tex. 2021); see also In re 

multiple points of alleged error. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). “An appellate court has no duty-or even rightto perform an independent review of the record and applicable law to determine whether there was error.”

Valadez, 238 S.W.3d at 845. “Were we to do so, even on behalf of a pro se appellant, we would be 

abandoning our role as neutral adjudicators and become an advocate for that party.” Id. (citing Plummer v. 

Reeves, 93 S.W.3d 930, 931 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. denied)). We decline to do so. Furthermore, 

“[i]n the review of a civil case, the appellate court has no discretion to consider an issue not raised in the 

appellant’s brief, even if the ends of justice so require.” Id. (citing Bankhead v. Maddox, 135 S.W.3d 162, 

163–64 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2004, no pet.)). Accordingly, we have carefully consolidated our discussion of 

related issues to fully address his contentions on appeal.
6

Farmers Tex. Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., 621 S.W.3d 261, 266 (Tex. 2021) (orig. 

proceeding) (explaining that “whether a defendant is entitled to dismissal under the 

facts alleged is a legal question”). Under a Rule 91a de novo review, “the availability 

of a remedy under the facts alleged is a question of law and the rule’s factualplausibility standard is akin to a legal-sufficiency review.” City of Dallas v. Sanchez, 

494 S.W.3d 722, 724 (Tex. 2016). We “construe the pleadings liberally in favor of 

the plaintiff, look to the pleader’s intent, and accept as true the factual allegations in 

the pleadings.” Koenig v. Blaylock, 497 S.W.3d 595, 599 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, 

pet. denied). However, an appellant seeking reversal of a Rule 91a dismissal must 

negate the validity of each ground on which the trial court could have relied in 

granting the dismissal. See Parkhurst v. Office of Att’y Gen. of Tex., 481 S.W.3d 

400, 402 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2015, no pet.).

Rule 91a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “a party may 

move to dismiss a cause of action on the grounds that it has no basis in law or fact.” 

TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1. A cause of action has no legal basis under Rule 91a “if the 

allegations, taken as true, together with inferences reasonably drawn from them, do 

not entitle the claimant to the relief sought.” Id. A cause of action has no factual 

basis under Rule 91a “if no reasonable person could believe the facts pleaded.” Id.

A Rule 91a motion to dismiss must identify each cause of action that it attacks and 

specify why the claim has no basis in law or in fact, or both. Id. R. 91a.2. Rule 91a 

prohibits a trial court from considering evidence when ruling on the motion—except 

when required by Rule 91a.7—and requires a decision “based solely on the pleading 

of the cause of action, together with any pleading exhibits permitted by Rule 59.” 

Id. R. 91a.6; see also id. R. 59 (providing that documents “constituting, in whole or 

in part, the claim sued on, or the matter set up in defense,” may be deemed part of 

pleadings). Additionally, except in actions involving the government, “the court 

may award the prevailing party on the motion all costs and reasonable and necessary 
7

attorney fees incurred with respect to the challenged cause of action in the trial 

court.” Id. R. 91a.7. “Any award of costs or fees must be based on evidence.” Id.

B. Analysis—Motions to Dismiss

Appellant limits this appeal to the three Rule 91a motions and orders related 

to the fifth and sixth amended petitions.6 Two motions were filed by Caddo and one 

was filed jointly by Elm Creek and Hillman. Each of the three Rule 91a motions 

asserted no-basis-in-law challenges against Appellant’s causes of action. A cause 

of action has no-basis-in-law under Rule 91a “if the allegations, taken as true, 

together with inferences reasonably drawn from them, do not entitle the claimant to 

the relief sought.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1.

The fifth amended petition alleged five claims against Caddo (negligent 

misrepresentation, declaratory judgment to construe the deed, declaratory judgment 

to void the deed, money had and received, suit to set aside conveyance due to unjust 

enrichment) and three of those claims also included Elm Creek and Hillman

(declaratory judgment to void the deed, money had and received, suit to set aside 

conveyance due to unjust enrichment). The sixth amended petition includes all five 

of the claims that were dismissed with prejudice in the order related to the fifth 

amended petition, as well as two additional claims against Caddo and—by 

subsequent assignment—Hillman and Elm Creek (tortious interference and 

interference in a business relationship). 

1. Declaratory Judgment 

a. Deed Construction- the one-fiftieth interest conveyed to 

Caddo 

We review the grant of a Rule 91a motion to dismiss de novo. See Medina, 

627 S.W.3d at 628. Because Appellant has claimed that the core issue between 

6

The trial court granted a total of four Rule 91a motions to dismiss in this matter. 
8

Caddo and other royalty owners is the correct calculation of the one-fiftieth interest 

conveyed to Caddo by deed, we address the requests for declaratory judgment first. 

Appellant asked the trial court, in both the fifth and sixth amended petitions, to 

construe the conveyance from Robert to Caddo.

The Declaratory Judgments Act authorizes a person interested in a deed to 

have determined any question of construction and obtain a declaration of their rights, 

status, or other legal relations. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004 (West 

2020). There are two prerequisites for a declaratory judgment action: there must be 

a real controversy and the controversy must be able to be determined by the judicial 

declaration sought. Nehls v. Hartman Newspapers, LP, 522 S.W.3d 23, 29 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied). The controversy raised by Appellant 

is the determination of the actual conveyance set out in the December 2017 deed 

between Robert and Caddo. Appellant suggests that the conveyance has been 

misinterpreted, and that Caddo is claiming a larger conveyance than what is recited 

in the deed. Caddo disagrees, claiming that the deed is clear on its face and that the 

conveyance is a portion of the entire described property. Thus, a justiciable 

controversy exists because there is a dispute between the parties regarding the 

amount and nature of the interest conveyed in the deed.

Neither party contends the deed is ambiguous, and we agree. Wenske v. Ealy, 

521 S.W.3d 791, 794 (Tex. 2017) (citing Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939 

S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996) (explaining that ambiguity is a question of law for the 

court)). “If a [deed] is so worded that it can be given a definite or certain legal 

meaning when so considered and as applied to the matter in dispute, then it is not 

ambiguous.” Gaskins, Trustee of Van Martin Gaskins Family Trust v. Navigator 

Oil & Minerals, Inc., 670 S.W.3d 391, 400 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2023, no pet. h.) 

(citing URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cty., 543 S.W.3d 755, 765 (Tex. 2018)). Here, the 

operative portion of the deed language is not disputed. Therefore, we begin by 
9

attempting to ascertain the parties’ intent as expressed in that deed’s language. 

Nettye Engler Energy, LP v. BlueStone Nat. Res. II, LLC, 639 S.W.3d 682, 689 (Tex. 

2022) (citing Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 

S.W.3d 323, 333 (Tex. 2011)); Wenske, 521 S.W.3d at 794.

When construing an unambiguous deed, the primary responsibility of the 

court is to ascertain the intent of the parties solely from all the language within the 

four corners of the deed. See Brooke-Willbanks v. Flatland Mineral Fund, LP, 660 

S.W.3d 559, 563–64 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2023, no pet. h.). The parties argue that 

the “intent” of the parties as represented in the granting clause is dispositive.

The language at issue is the conveyance of “an undivided One-Fiftieth 

(1/50)interest [sic] in and to all the oil, gas and other minerals in and under and that 

may be produced from the following described lands. . . .” The parties disagree as 

to the amount conveyed by the “one-fiftieth” language. Appellant claims this was 

only one-fiftieth of one-third of one-twelfth, but Caddo claims this is a clear, 

undivided one-fiftieth interest of the mineral interest’s royalties in the entire 

described property. “Our interpretation of any contract or deed primarily concerns 

the parties’ intended meaning.” Van Dyke v. Navigator Grp., 668 S.W.3d 353, 361 

(Tex. 2023). “But as always, we determine intent objectively by giving words their 

fair meaning.” Id. (citing Matagorda Cnty. Hosp. Dist. v. Burwell, 189 S.W.3d 738, 

740 (Tex. 2006)). 

Here, the granting clause seems to clearly express the intent of the parties, and 

we agree with the trial court’s determination and conclude that Caddo received an 

undivided one-fiftieth interest in and to all the oil, gas and other minerals in and 

under and that can be produced from the entirety of the described property—as 
10

stated—“from the following described lands.”7 This language does not explicitly 

reserve any part of that interest to Robert. Appellant provides no other language to 

harmonize within the four corners of the deed from which any other construction 

can be drawn and provides no caselaw directing a different result. Appellant’s issues 

related to the trial court’s deed construction of the one-fiftieth interest conveyed to 

Caddo are overruled.

b. Statute of Frauds- sufficiency of the property description

We note that Appellant’s petitions allege that the deed from Robert to 

Caddo—and subsequently, from Caddo to Hillman and Elm Creek— contain an 

insufficient property description. But Appellant only summarily alleged in his sixth 

amended petition, that the statute of frauds was not met because “[d]escription is not 

limited to survey or metes and bounds.”8

 This pleading is inadequate to advise the 

trial court in any detail of the specifics of his complaint, what language is challenged,

7

According to Appellant’s amended petitions, it states that “the following described lands situated 

in Glasscock and Midland Counties, Texas, to wit: South 120 acres of the East-Half (E/2) of Section 38, 

Block 36, T-1-S, T&P Ry. Co. Survey, Glasscock and Midland Counties, Texas, recorded at Volume 365, 

page 178, Official Public Records of Glasscock County, Texas.” Appellees do not dispute this deed 

language or the description of the land. 

8

A property description that meets the requirements of the statute of frauds is not required to be 

strictly “limited to survey or metes and bounds.” “If enough appears in the description so that a person 

familiar with the area can locate the premises with reasonable certainty, it is sufficient to satisfy the statute 

of frauds.” Reiland v. Patrick Thomas Properties, Inc., 213 S.W.3d 431, 437 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (citing Gates v. Asher, 280 S.W.2d 247, 248–49 (Tex. 1955)). “[A] deed should 

not be declared void for uncertainty if it is possible, by any reasonable rules of construction, to ascertain 

from the description, aided by extrinsic evidence, what property the parties intended to convey.” Hahn v. 

Love, 394 S.W.3d 14, 25 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (citing Teledyne Isotopes, 

Inc. v. Bravenec, 640 S.W.2d 387, 389 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, writ ref’d n.r.e.); cf. AIC 

Mgmt. v. Crews, 246 S.W.3d 640, 645 (Tex. 2008) (“Texas law does not require courts to scrutinize the 

proceedings of a judicial sale with a view to defeat them; instead, ‘every reasonable intendment will be 

made in their favor, so as to secure, if it can be done consistent with legal rules, the object they were 

intended to accomplish.’”)). Moreover, “[e]very presumption should be indulged to reach the conclusion 

that some interest should be passed by a deed.” Id. (citing Templeton v. Dreiss, 961 S.W.2d 645, 657 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied).
11

and the legal authority and case law he claims support his arguments. Thus, the trial 

court did not err when it concluded, by granting Appellees’ 91a motions to dismiss,

that Appellant’s statute-of-frauds argument had no basis in law or in fact. 

On appeal, Appellant makes no argument based on the statute of frauds.

Appellant has therefore waived this issue. In Appellant’s brief, there is a list of 

“points of error” made by the trial court. In this list—denominated “Issues 

Presented”—Appellant does not include any reference to a statute-of-frauds claim. 

Appellant similarly does not mention a statute-of-frauds claim in the detailed 

“Summary of Argument” on appeal. The only specific appellate reference to the 

statute of frauds is the statement by Appellant that he had made a statute-of-frauds 

claim in the fifth amended petition. There is no argument made, construction of the 

property description given, nor authority cited on this subject in his appellate 

briefing to support the blanket contention that the trial court “abused its discretion 

in granting the two Rule 91a Orders of Dismissal when the pleadings of both the 

Fifth Amended Petition and the Sixth Amended Petition of Appellant gave clear 

notice to Defendants of the allegations against them and stated precisely the causes 

of action under which those allegations were maintained.” 

A brief must “contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, 

with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). 

“Failure to cite legal authority or to provide substantive analysis of the legal issues 

presented results in waiver of the complaint.” Dipprey v. Double Diamond, Inc., 

637 S.W.3d 784, 814–15 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2021, no pet.) (quoting Smale v. 

Williams, 590 S.W.3d 633, 639 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, no pet.)). Although 

the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure directs courts of appeals to liberally construe 

briefs and only require substantial compliance with the briefing rules, Appellant fails 

to substantially comply with the briefing requirements as to this issue. See TEX. R.
12

APP. P. 38.9 (“[B]riefs are meant to acquaint the court with the issues in a case and 

to present argument that will enable the court to decide the case.”). 

Appellant’s issues related to the trial court’s failure to issue a “declaratory 

judgment” based on alleged incomplete deed description and statute-of-frauds 

complaints are overruled. 

2. Suit to Set Aside Conveyance and Money Had and Received

Appellant’s sole support for the claims of unjust enrichment (the basis for his 

suit to set aside the conveyance) and money had and received stemmed from his 

assumption that his proposed calculation of the interest conveyed in the deed was 

correct. The trial court did not err in dismissing these claims, because the royalty 

payments to interest owners were properly calculated in proportions contrary to what 

Appellant advocates. Because we have overruled Appellant’s issues related to the 

conveyance and have held that the trial court did not err in dismissing Appellant’s 

declaratory judgment claims, Appellant has no remaining legal basis in support of 

these claims. Appellant’s appellate issues related to his suit to set aside conveyance

due to unjust enrichment and money had and received are overruled as to Appellees 

Caddo, Hillman, and Elm Creek.

3. Negligent Misrepresentation

Appellant also made a claim in his petitions against Appellees for negligent 

misrepresentation. A plaintiff must prove four elements for a claim of negligent 

misrepresentation: (1) a representation is made by the defendant in the course of his 

business or in a transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest; (2) the defendant 

supplies “false information” for the guidance of others in their business; (3) the 

defendant did not exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or 

communicating the information; and (4) the plaintiff suffers pecuniary loss by 

justifiably relying on the representation. McCamish, Martin, Brown & Loeffler v. 

F.E. Appling Interests, 991 S.W.2d 787, 791 (Tex. 1999). To support a claim for 
13

negligent misrepresentation, the false information provided must concern an 

“existing fact.” AKB Hendrick, LP v. Musgrave Enters., Inc., 380 S.W.3d 221, 237–

38 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.).

Appellant alleged in his petitions that Caddo negligently represented to the 

operator, Pioneer, that it owned a one-fiftieth (0.02) interest in the south 120 acres. 

Appellant claims this “overstatement” unjustly enriched Caddo to the ultimate 

detriment of Appellant. In their Rule 91a motion to dismiss, Caddo claims that the 

negligent misrepresentation claim fails because: (1) Caddo did not make any 

representation that is actionable under Texas law; (2) Appellant has no standing in

a claim of negligent misrepresentation; (3) Appellant failed to establish that Caddo 

supplied false information that was justifiably relied upon; and (4) Appellant failed 

to meet the two-year statute of limitations deadline for making that claim. 

Under the tort of negligent misrepresentation, liability is not based on the 

breach of duty that a professional owes to their clients or others in privity, but on an 

“independent duty to the nonclient based on the professional’s manifest awareness 

of the nonclient’s reliance on the misrepresentation and the professional’s intention 

that the nonclient so rely.” McCamish, 991 S.W.2d at 792 (applying Texas law

holding that lenders, auditors, physicians, real-estate brokers, securities placement

agents, accountants, surveyors, and title insurers are all professionals who may be 

liable under the tort of negligent misrepresentation). Here, Appellant has provided 

nothing in the record to suggest that Caddo was acting as a professional providing 

information in the course of its employment that was also intended to be relied upon 

by a non-client. Further, Appellant does not provide any argument or assertion that 

he or Robert were a “non-client” who justifiably relied upon such claims when 

executing the deed with Caddo. Even if, as Appellant suggests, Caddo had made a 

misrepresentation in the course of a professional duty or act, there is nothing to 

suggest these representations occurred prior to the execution of the deed between 
14

Robert and Caddo—or that it led to the signing of the deed between Robert and 

Caddo. 

Appellant not only lacks standing to bring this claim against Caddo, but he 

failed to plead and meet any of the elements of justifiable reliance. See JPMorgan 

Chase Bank, N.A. v. Orca Assets G.P., L.L.C., 546 S.W.3d 648, 654 (Tex. 2018). 

Justifiable reliance can be negated as a matter of law when circumstances exist under 

which reliance cannot be justified. Id.; see Nat’l Prop. Holdings, L.P. v. Westergren, 

453 S.W.3d 419, 424 (Tex. 2015); AKB Hendrick, 380 S.W.3d at 232 (reliance on a 

representation made in a business or commercial transaction can be unjustified as a 

matter of law). “In an arm’s-length transaction[,] the defrauded party must exercise 

ordinary care for the protection of his own interests.” Westergren, 453 S.W.3d at 

425) (quoting Thigpen v. Locke, 363 S.W.2d 247, 251 (Tex. 1962)). A party is 

“charged with knowledge of all facts that would have been discovered by a 

reasonably prudent person similarly situated.” See AKB Hendrick, 380 S.W.3d at

232.

Further, in Texas, a cause of action for negligent misrepresentation is 

governed by the two-year statute of limitations applicable to tort actions. Tex. Am.

Corp. v. Woodbridge Joint Venture, 809 S.W.2d 299, 302 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

1991, writ denied) (citing Coleman v. Rotana, Inc., 778 S.W.2d 867, 873 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1989, writ denied)). According to Appellant’s pleadings, the deed 

was signed on December 8, 2017, and recorded on December 20, 2017. The fifth 

amended petition was filed on March 12, 2021—clearly outside the statute of 

limitations—and Appellant has neither pled nor provided any reason why the statute 

should have been tolled to accommodate for his delay. Appellant’s issue related to 

the dismissal of his negligent misrepresentation claim is overruled.
15

4. Tortious Interference and Interference with a Business Relationship

Appellant has waived the issues of tortious interference and interference with 

a business relationship on appeal. Appellant cites no authority in support of the 

general assertion that the trial court erred in granting dismissal of claims included in 

the sixth amended petition. As we have said, a brief must “contain a clear and 

concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities 

and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). And “[f]ailure to cite legal authority or 

to provide substantive analysis of the legal issues presented results in waiver of the 

complaint.” Dipprey, 637 S.W.3d at 814–15 (quoting Smale, 590 S.W.3d at 639). 

Appellant again fails to even substantially comply with this requirement as to these 

issues. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.9. Accordingly, Appellant has waived this complaint 

for appellate review.

5. Remaining Issues

On appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it refused to 

consider the “Designation of Expert” filed by Appellant. However, under Rule 91a, 

the trial court cannot consider evidence in deciding whether to grant a motion to 

dismiss. See Strickland v. iHeartMedia, Inc., 665 S.W.3d 739, 742 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 2023, pet. denied); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.6. Only pleading

exhibits which comport with Rule 59 are permitted. TEX.R.CIV. P. 91a.6. Permitted 

exhibits include “notes, accounts, bonds, mortgages, records, and all other written 

instruments, constituting, in whole or in part, the claim sued on.” Id. R. 59. “No 

other instrument of writing shall be made an exhibit in the pleading.” Id. The 

resume and report included in Appellant’s designation of expert witness do not 

constitute permissible exhibits as outlined in the rules of civil procedure. As a result, 

the trial court did not err in failing to consider his expert designation. Appellant’s 

issue is overruled.
16

Appellant also asserts that the trial court failed to issue findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. Yet, aside from pointing out that Appellant requested findings 

of fact and conclusions of law twice in his appellate brief, he cites no authority in 

support of the assertion that the trial court erred, nor any authority that supports a 

harm suffered as a result. Again, to present an issue for review, a brief must “contain 

a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to 

authorities and to the record.” TEX.R. APP. P. 38.1(i). “Failure to cite legal authority 

or to provide substantive analysis of the legal issues presented results in waiver of 

the complaint.” See, Dipprey, 637 S.W.3d at 814. Accordingly, Appellant has 

waived this complaint for our review.

Nevertheless, even if Appellant’s complaint were preserved, findings of fact 

and conclusions of law are not proper in this context. See Strickland, 665 S.W.3d at 

743; Harpole v. Rains Cnty. Appraisal Dist., No. 12-22-00221-CV, 2023 WL 

3510829, at *6 (Tex. App.—Tyler May 17, 2023, no pet.); cf. IKB Indus. (Nigeria) 

Ltd. v. Pro-Line Corp., 938 S.W.3d 440, 441 (Tex. 1997) (holding that findings of 

fact and conclusions of law are not necessary or proper in a summary judgment 

proceeding). In a similar context, courts have held that findings of fact and 

conclusion of law are improper when a trial court grants summary judgment relief 

because, if summary judgment is proper, the case has not been “tried,” therefore 

there are no facts to find, and the legal conclusions have been stated in the motion 

and the response. See, e.g., Kholaif v. Safi, 636 S.W.3d 313, 318 (Tex. App—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2021, pet. denied); Gardner v. Abbott, 414 S.W.3d 369, 380 

(Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.); Willms v. Americas Tire Co., Inc., 190 S.W.3d 

796, 810 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (citing IKB, 938 S.W.2d at 441); see

also Linwood v. NCNB Tex., 885 S.W.3d 102, 103 (Tex. 1994). The same is true for 

dismissal motions under Rule 91a. See Harpole, 2023 WL 3510829, at *6 (“Because 

the trial court decides a Rule 91a motion to dismiss based upon the pleading of the 
17

causes of action, findings of fact and conclusions of law are neither required nor 

appropriate.”). The court may not consider evidence and the allegations in the 

motion to dismiss must show the cause of action either has no basis in law or in fact, 

or both. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a. Even if Appellant had not waived the issue, 

because the trial court properly granted the Rule 91a motions to dismiss, findings of 

fact and conclusions of law are not required in this context. Appellant’s issue 

regarding the trial court’s failure to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law is

overruled.

C. Analysis—Rule 91a Attorney’s Fees

Appellant also claims that the trial court erred in granting the requested 

attorney’s fees to Caddo and to Elm Creek and Hillman following the orders granting

the Rule 91a motions to dismiss. Additionally, Appellant argues that the amount of 

each of the awards for attorney’s fees were unreasonable and unnecessary. 

The prevailing party on a Rule 91a motion may be awarded “all costs and 

reasonable and necessary attorney fees incurred with respect to the challenged cause 

of action in the trial court.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.7. Any award of such costs or fees 

must be based on evidence and is subject to the discretion of the trial court. Id. The 

amount of an award under Rule 91a may not be overturned, absent an abuse of 

discretion. See Cypress Creek EMS v. Dolcefino, 548 S.W.3d 673, 691 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied). The trial court’s discretion is governed by 

whether the requested attorney’s fees are reasonable and necessary. See, e.g., 

Rohrmoos Venture v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP, 578 S.W.3d 469, 496 (Tex. 

2019). “Attorney’s fees awarded under [Rule] 91a.7 are limited to those associated 

with [the] challenged cause of action, including fees for preparing or responding to 

the motion to dismiss.” Dolcefino, 548 S.W.3d at 691 (quoting Weizhong Zheng v. 

Vacation Network Inc., 468 S.W.3d 180, 188 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2015, pet. denied)).
18

As relevant to this appeal, Caddo prevailed on two motions to dismiss and 

requested the trial court to award attorney’s fees and costs incurred in connection 

with the challenged causes of action. Included in each application was a declaration 

from Caddo’s lead counsel, Timothy Cleveland, and applicable invoices related to 

the work done. The unsworn declarations comported with the requirements of Texas 

Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Sections 132.001(c) and (d). TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. §§ 132.001(c), (d) (West 2019). The declarations also included 

information about Cleveland’s experience, as well as his evaluation of the types of 

services that were necessary and the factors important in determining reasonable 

rates for counsel working on this type of case. The invoices attached detail the 

service provided, the attorney who completed the work, the amount of time 

expended for the work, and the cost. See Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. 

Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997) (detailing the factors a factfinder should 

consider in determining the reasonableness of a fee).

The trial court granted both of Caddo’s applications for attorney’s fees, 

awarding $19,616.50 for the first request and $14,422 for the second request. 

Although Appellant complains on appeal that the reasonableness of the hours are 

fact issues that should have been submitted to a jury, the language of the statute 

clearly reserves this determination for the trial court. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.7 (“the 

court may award the prevailing party on the motion all costs and reasonably and 

necessary attorney’s fees incurred” (emphasis added)). Appellant offered no 

evidence to rebut the calculation of the fees, or the awards granted by the trial court. 

The trial court relied on the evidence presented by the Caddo declarations and 

invoices, and we cannot say that the awards were unnecessary or unreasonable, or 

that it constituted an abuse of discretion by the trial court. As a result, all issues 

related to the grant and calculation of costs and attorney’s fees as to Caddo are 

overruled.
19

Elm Creek and Hillman filed the Rule 91a motion to dismiss jointly, as well 

as their application for costs and attorney’s fees following the grant of the motion to 

dismiss. Elm Creek and Hillman’s application included a sworn affidavit from 

attorney Joe Drennan describing the reasonableness and necessity of the fees, as well 

as the applicable invoices related to the work done. Appellant filed an objection to 

the application for fees, and on appeal merely repeats the arguments alleged in his 

objection. Appellant complained that the attorney’s fees were excessive and failed 

to disclose duplicitous billing between Hillman and Elm Creek. However, Appellant 

again failed to offer any evidence to rebut the calculation of the requested fees, or 

the awards granted by the trial court. The affidavit and invoice provided the trial 

court with the information required to determine what costs and attorney’s fees were 

reasonable and necessary for the representation of Hillman and Elm Creek in the 

response to Appellant’s petition and related Rule 91a motion to dismiss. We find no 

abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court. All issues related to the grant and 

calculation of costs and attorney’s fees as to Hillman and Elm Creek are overruled.

D. Analysis—Texas constitution

Appellant argues on appeal that when the trial court granted the motions to 

dismiss, it deprived him of the right to open courts and to “a remedy by due course 

of law.” Appellant also claims that the award of attorney’s fees determined by the 

trial court violated his right to a trial by jury, as guaranteed in the Texas constitution. 

1. Article 1, Section 13—Open Courts

The open courts provision of the Texas constitution provides that “[a]ll courts 

shall be open, and every person for an injury done him, in his lands, goods, person 

or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.” TEX. CONST. art. I, § 13. 

The open courts provision “assures that a person bringing a well-established 

common-law cause of action will not suffer unreasonable or arbitrary denial of 

access to the courts.” Yancy v. United Surgical Partners Int’l, Inc., 236 S.W.3d 778, 
20

783 (Tex. 2007) (citing Jennings v. Burgess, 917 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tex. 1996)). “A 

statute has the effect of denying access to the courts if it unreasonably abridges a 

plaintiff’s right to obtain redress for injuries caused by the wrongful acts of another.” 

Id. (citing Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d 661, 665 (Tex. 1983)). “Proof of an open 

courts violation requires two elements: (1) a cognizable, common-law claim that is 

statutorily restricted, and (2) the restriction is unreasonable or arbitrary when 

balanced against the statute’s purpose and basis.” Id.

The open courts provision is implicated if the Legislature “withdraw[s] 

common-law remedies for well established common-law causes of action.” 

Lebohm v. City of Galveston, 275 S.W.2d 951, 955 (Tex. 1955); accord Methodist 

Healthcare Sys. v. Rankin, 307 S.W.3d 283, 286 (Tex. 2010); Trinity River Auth. v. 

URS Consultants, Inc.-Tex., 889 S.W.2d 259, 262 (Tex. 1994). Rule 91a does not 

facially violate the open courts provision of the Texas constitution. See Guillory v. 

Seaton, LLC, 470 S.W.3d 237, 244–46 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. 

denied) (the “fee-shifting” of Rule 91a poses no facial violation of the constitutional 

right to access the courts, nor does it pose any unreasonable financial barrier to

access Texas courts.).

Here, the grant of Caddo’s and Hillman and Elm Creek’s Rule 91a motions to 

dismiss do not unreasonably abridge Appellant’s right to either access the courts or 

to obtain redress for any alleged injuries. Appellant argues that, because Rule 91a 

requires an evaluation based on the petition itself—and prevents the review of 

additional evidence—it restricts access to the courts. However, the clerk’s record 

shows that Appellant filed at least three amended petitions, which included claims 

against the defendants—the petition which was the basis for the first Rule 91a 

motion to dismiss granted on January 6, 2021, and the fifth and sixth amended 

petitions which followed. Appellant was able to continue to allege additional claims 

against Caddo as well as Elm Creek and Hillman, even after a motion to dismiss had 
21

been granted. Further, Appellant has filed this appeal—much like with any motion 

to dismiss—and is able to obtain redress in the event the trial court erred in its grant 

of dismissal in favor of Caddo, Elm Creek, and Hillman.

Appellant also takes issue with the lack of explanation from the trial court in 

the orders dismissing the claims alleged in Appellant’s fifth and sixth amended 

petitions. As discussed above, the review of a Rule 91a motion to dismiss is de novo 

and affords no deference to the trial court’s ruling. See Medina, 627 S.W.3d at 628. 

Because the appellate court must also completely review the record and make its

own determination, there is no need for a trial court to specify their reasons for 

granting a Rule 91a motion in order to comport with the open courts provision. 

Guillory, 470 S.W.3d at 246. Rule 91a does not facially violate the open courts 

provision. Appellant’s issue is overruled.

2. Article 1, Section 15—Jury Trial

Appellant further argues that the dismissal under Rule 91a violated his right 

to a trial by jury, as protected under Article 1, Section 15 of the Texas constitution. 

However, Rule 248 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure directs the trial court to 

resolve pending matters “as far as practicable” before a jury trial commences. 

TEX. R. CIV. P. 248. Rulings under Rule 91a are statutorily confined to that of the 

trial court. See id. R. 91a (Where “the court . . . must decide the motion based solely 

on the pleading of the cause of action, together with any pleading exhibits permitted 

by Rule 59” and “the court may award the prevailing party . . . all costs and 

reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees.”) (emphasis added). A constitutional right 

to a jury trial depends upon the existence of an issue of material fact. Walden v. 

Affiliated Computer Servs., Inc., 97 S.W.3d 303, 323 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). A contract, including a deed, that (as Appellant has agreed)

is not ambiguous is construed as a matter of law by the court, not by a jury. See

Barrow-Shaver Resources Company v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc., 590 S.W.3d 471, 
22

479 (Tex. 2019) (citing El Paso Field Servs., L.P. v. MasTec N. Am., Inc., 389 

S.W.3d 802, 806 (Tex. 2012)). As a result, no fact issue existed for a jury to 

determine, and Appellant therefore did not have a constitutional right to a jury trial. 

Accordingly, Appellant was not denied the right to a jury trial in this matter. We 

overrule Appellant’s issue.

This Court’s Ruling

We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

W. BRUCE WILLIAMS

JUSTICE

August 31, 2023

Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J., 

Trotter, J., and Williams, J.