p. 1


# OAR Box 1811 Prepped by Keeia Richards



### Document

Number: 

# 33 ) ll-A-1 4 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 10/30/20081:19:24 PM Sheet 33 of 82P. 2 

# At-r/K 3T-n\-f4-' i s

EVALUATION

O F OPACIT YFREQUENC YMETHO DO N CONTINUOU S PLUME S

Contrac t No . 68-01-511 0 Tas kOrde r # 2 6

Prepare dby : DE L GREE N

ASSOCIATES , INC . 115 5 C Ches s Drive , Suit e A Foste r City , C

A 9440 4 (415 ) 574-473 7

Prepare dfor : U.S . ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENC Y Divisio no f Stationar y Sourc e Enforcemen t 'Researc hTriangl e Park , N C 2771 1

Tas kManage r Kir kFoste r

Decembe r 198 1P. 3

ACKNOWLEDGMEN T

De l Gree nAssociates , Inc . (DGA ) woul dlik e t o expres s thei r appreciatio nfo r th e assistanc e provide db y Easter nTechnica l Associate s i nconductin g th e fiel dwor kfo r thi s study . DG A wishe s t o acknowledg e tha t th e dat a summarie s presente dinthi s repor t ar e base dcnstatistica l evaluation s conducte db y th e Researc hTriangl e Institut e fo r th e Environmenta l Protectio nAgency .



### nTABL E O F CONTENT S P. 4

pag e
1. 0 Summary 2. 0 Introductio n 3. 0 Backgroun d 4. 0 Stud

y Desig n 4. 1 Selectio no f Opacit y Pattern s 4. 2 Smok e Sourc e 4. 3 Selectio no f Observer s 4. 4 Numbe r o f Opacit y Observation s 4. 5 Collectio no f Dat a 4. 6 Reductio no f Dat a 4. 7 Qualit y

Assuranc e Procedure s 5. 0 Tes t Procedure s 5. 1 Selectio no f Tes t Sit e 5. 2 Ambien t Condition s 5. 3 Smok e Generato r Operatio n 5. 4 Instructio no f Observer s 5. 5 Collectio no f Dat a 6. 0 Fiel dTes t Result s 6. 1 Collecte dDat a 6. 2 Discussio no f Result s 1 3 4 8 8 8 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7
Appendi xA

- Referenc e Method9 (wit hPreamble ) Appendi xB - Sampl e Dat a Form ; Transmissomete r Log an dPredetermine d Plum e Pattern s Appendi xC - Meteorologica l Dat a Appendi xD- Dat a Summary Appendi xE - Participant s

### 6. 1

6. 2

4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3
6. 4 • 

### 6. 5 LIS T OF TABLE S

Numbe r o f Observation s Complete d Metho d9 an

dTransmissomete r Opacit y Average s

LIS T O F FIGURE S Stri pChar t Recor dfo r Typica l Tes t Ru n Observe r Locatio n Observe dMea nOpacit y v . Actua l Mea nOpacit y Standar dDeviatio no f Observe dMea nOpacit y v . Actua l Mea nOpacit y Frequenc y

o f Differenc e Betwee nActua l an d Observe dMea nOpacitie s Frequenc y

Distributio no f th e Difference s o f Actua l an

dObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Opacit y

^20% ) - Whit e Smok e Frequenc y

Distributio no f th e Difference s o f Actua l an

dObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Opacit y

>20% ) - Blac kSmok e



### i v P. 5

* *

pag e 

### 1 6 1 8

9 1 4 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2
2 3

*P. 6

% ' » 1. 0 SUMMAR

Y Inorde r t o establis hth e accuracy , precision , an dgenera l effectivenes s o f traine dcbserver s i ndeterminin g sourc e complianc e wit haggregate-time opacit y regulations , EPA' s Divisio no f Stationar y Sourc e Enforcemen t autho rize da serie s o f dat a collectio nfiel dstudies . Th e studie s wer e undertake n a s par t o f a large r effor t t o suppor t existin g stat e aggregate-time regula tions , include di nman y Stat e Implementatio nPlans , a s wel l a s t o suppor t th e developmen t o f a

nopacit y

readin g metho dspecificall y fo r short-term

intermitten t plumes . Thi s documen t report s th e result s o f a fiel dstudy conducte d i nOrlando , Florid a cnOctobe r 18 , 1980 . Inthi s study , observation s o f constan t opacit y plumes , designe dt o simulat e steady-stat e sources , wer e take nt o determin e th e amoun t o f time th e opacit y exceede da 2 0 percen t standard . Tes t period s o f unchange dopacit y lastin g si xconsecutiv e minute s wer e containe dineac h12-minut e tes t run . Th e positio no f th e six-minut e "flat " opacit y tes t perio dwithi nth e 12-minut e tes t run , a s wel l a s th e opacit y patter noutsid e th e fla t period , wa s varie d t o avoi drevealin g th e natur e o f th e tes t t o th e observers . Th e observation s wer e take nusing th e "frequency " or "15-second " readin g method , i nwhic ha visua l opacit y

determinatio ni s mad e every 1 5 second s (4 8 reading s durin g th e 12-minut e tes t run). * Using thi s method , eachopacit y readin g greate r tha no r equa l t o 20 % opacit y

i s assume dt o represen t excessiv e emission s fo r th e entir e 15-secondperiod . Thus , eac hexcessiv e readin g i s multiplie db y 1 5 (seconds ) t o determin e th e tota l time o f excessiv e emissions . During thi s study , 2 0 reader s certifie daccordin g t o Referenc e Metho d9 collecte ddat a fo r twent y 12-minut e tes t runs . Eightee no f th e run s sub -P. 7

sequentl y

prove dt o b e valid , providin g 216 0 minute s o f observatio no f con stan t opacit y

plumes . Bot hblac kan dwhit e smok e plume s wer e read , an d
mea nopacit y

value s range dfro

m 9 t o 4 1 percent . Th e observe dtime s o f exces s emission s wer e compare dwit hth e actua l time s measure dfro m a transmissomete r stri pchart . Th e observe dan

dactua l opacitie s wer e use dt o calculat e th e mea nopaci t y value s accordin g t o Referenc e Metho d9 procedure s (4 0 CF R60 , Appendi x A ) andth e aggregat e time o f excessiv e emission s using th e frequenc y method . Sinc e th e opacitie s o f th e plume s wer e hel dconstant , th e actua l time s o f excessiv e emission s (a s measure db y th e transmissometer ) generall y wer e eithe r 0 o r 36 0 seconds , dependin g uponwhethe r th e plume wa s hel dbelow o r abov e 2 0 percen t opacity . Th e dat a analysi s indicate dtha t th e reader s gener all y wer e underestimating th e opacity , particularl y fo r blac ksmoke . Thi s resulte di na

nunderestimatio no f th e mea nopacity , a s wel l a s th e time o f excessiv e emissions . I nonl y thre e o f th e eightee ntest s wa s th e mea nopacit y overestimate db

y th e observers . Error s inestimatin g th e time o f excessiv e emission s wer e distribute dbroadl y fo r bot hsmok e types , wit hblac ksmok e error s havin g a definit e negativ e bias . Th e dat a bas e develope dthroug hthi s fiel dtes t ha s bee nstatisticall y analyze dina separat e study ' ' Thi s repor t discusse s th e study desig nan

d summarize s th e dat a obtained .P. 8

2. 0 INTRODUCTION Th e us e o f direc t visua l observatio nfo r determinin g th e leve l o f ai r contaminan t discharg e ha s bee na cornerston e o f ai r pollutio ncontro l fo r man y years . Consequently , virtuall y al l th e states , a s wel l a s th e federa l government , hav e adopte dregulation s establishin g visibl e emissio nlimitation s an dprocedure s fo r determinin g complianc e wit hthos e regulations . Fo r th e mos t part , reasonabl y

accurat e visua l measurement s o f emission s hav e bee naccom plishe db

y trained , certifie dobservers . Re-certificatio no f a nobserver' s skil l usuall y

i s require dever y

si xmonths . Th e utilit y o f traine dobserv er s t o bot hth e industria l sourc e an dth e enforcemen t agenc y ha s resulte di n thei r continue dus e eve nthoughinstrumenta l method s fo r determinin g opacit y ofte ndemonstrat e greate r accuracy . Tw o form s o f opacit y

regulation s ar e predominan t inthi s countr y — th e federall y

adopte dNew

Sourc e Performanc e Standar dReferenc e Metho d9 whic h require s th e averagin g o f 2 4 consecutiv e discret e readings , an dth e aggregate tim e metho demploye db y many state s whic hrequire s th e aggregatio no f th e time o f excessiv e opacity . Thoug hth e precisio nan daccurac y

o f Metho d9 ha s bee nwel l defined , th e aggregate-time metho dha s no t bee nsimilarl y analyzed . Sinc e th e aggre gate-tim e metho di s include dinmany approve dStat e Implementatio nPlans , EPA ha s undertake nstudie s t o determin e th e applicabilit y o f thi s method . A

prin cipa l goa l o f thes e studie s i s t o determin e th e erro r associate dwit hth e metho dan

dth e factor s tha t affec t th e error . Thi s repor t present s th e result s o f on e suchstudy .P. 9

3. 0 BACKGROUN D T o investigat e th e accurac y an dprecisio no f Referenc e Metho d9 , th e Environmenta l ProtectionAgenc y (EPA ) establishe da dat a bas e o f visua l obser vation s whic hcoul db e compare dt o th e actua l in-stac kmeasurement s obtaine d wit ha transmissometer . Thes e measurement s wer e mad e usin g a fossi l fuel fire dstea

m generator , a

naci dplant , an

da smok e generato r a s sources . Referenc e Metho d9 (include da s Appendi xA ) wa s revise dt o includ e dat a averag - (2 ) ing base donthes e tes t data . Currently , Metho d9 require s th e averagin g o f 2 4 consecutiv e opacit y observation s t o determin e a nopacit y

level . Sinc e observation s ar e mad e ever y 1 5 seconds , thi s result s inth e determinatio no f a six-minut e averag e opacity . I t wa s found , afte r comparin g reade r observation s t o actua l opacit ies , tha t averagin g a serie s o f opacit y reading s greatl y

improve dth e overal l estimat e o f actua l opacity . T o insur e th e accurac y o f opacit y

observations , Metho d9 als o stipulate dth e procedure s an dminimu m standard s fo r observe r training . Specifically , candidat e observer s mus t certif y b y demonstratin g th e abilit y t o "read " opacit y

withi n15 % o f th e tru e valu e fo r 5 0 individua l readings , wit ha

naverag e deviatio no f les s tha n±7.5 % opacit y fo r 2 5 whit e smok e an d2 5 blac ksmok e readings . Th e actua l fiel dstudie s conducte din 197 4 showe dtha t fo r 99 % o f th e tes t set s readb y qualifie dobservers , th e averag e positiv e deviatio no f th e observe dopacit y fro m th e measure dopacit y wa s a t or below

7.5% . Thus , th e overal l erro r inheren t i nMetho d9 i s wel l defined . Prio r t o th e revisio no f Metho d9 , mos t stat e ai r pollutio nregulator y agencie s ha

dadopte dopacit y

regulation s referre dt o a s "time-exemption" ,P.1 0

"time-exception " o r"aggregate-time " regulations
. Atime-exemptio n regulatio n generall yrequire s a sourc e t o compl ywit h a maximu m opacit ylimit , usuall y 20% , bu t als o exempt s th e sourc e fro m tha t limi t fo rshor t periods
. Th e exempte d periods , typicall ytw o o rthre e minute s pe rhour , allo wth e sourc e short-ter m malfunction s o rbatc h emission s withou t triggerin g enforcemen t actions , ye t requir e goo d sourc e performanc e 95 % o fth e time
. Often , a maximu m not-to-be-exceede d (e.g. , 60 % opacity ) opacit ylimi t i s stipulate d also
. Sinc e th e period s o fexces s emission s ar e aggregate d ove ra one-hou r period , complianc e wit h th e time-exemptio n regulatio n generall yha s bee n foun d mor e difficul t tha n wit h th e six-minut e average s o fMetho d 9-base d regula tions^ 3 5 Typically , enforcemen t o ftime-exemptio n regulation s ha s bee n base d upo n uniforml yspace d (usuall y15-secon d intervals ) visua l opacit yreading s (pe rMetho d 9) , wit h eac h nearl yinstantaneou s readin g assume d t o represen t th e averag e opacit ydurin g th e entir e 15-secon d interval
. Thus , eac h opacit y readin g abov e th e standar d cause s a n additiona l 1 5 second s t o b e accumulate d towar d th e exemptio n period
. Unde ra three-minut e exemptio n standard , 1 3 accurat e observation s o fexcessiv e emission s i n a one-hou rperio d woul d b e considere d t o hav e exceede d th e standard
. Thi s metho d i s calle d th e "frequency " o r"15-secon d aggregate-time " method , an d wit h th e exceptio n o f dat a analysis , conform s t o th e procedure s o fReferenc e Metho d 9
. Althoug h th e accurac yo fth e 197 4 versio n o fMetho d 9 wa s wel l documented , th e accurac yo f th e aggregate-tim e method s employe d b yexistin g stat e time-exemptio n opacit y (3 ) regulation s i s no t s o supported
.P.1 1

A s previousl y

mentioned , a notabl e shortcomin g o f Metho d9 i s it s in abilit y t o quantif y

brie f period s o f highopacit y emissions . Fo r example , tw o o r thre e minute' s o f 40 % opacit y emission s ofte nwoul dno t resul t ina violatio no f th e 20 % opacit y standar dwhe naverage dove r a six-minut e period , du e t o th e mitigatin g effec t o f th e othe r thre e o r fou r minute s o f relativel y clea nemissions . Thi s patter ncoul drepea t itsel f continuousl y bu t th e sourc e woul dremai nincomplianc e base do nMetho d9 . Thi s deficienc y di dno t appea r critica l whe nMetho d9 wa s revise di n1974 , an di t wa s t o b e addresse d i nfutur e EPA

metho ddevelopment . Th e limitation s o f Metho d9 indealin g wit hintermitten t source s an d th e lac ko f a supportin g dat a bas e fo r aggregate-time method s wer e high - (4 ) lighte db

y th e cas e o f Donner-Hann a Cok e Corporatio nv . Costle . EPA propose dt o inspec t th e company' s cok e ove nfacilitie s inBuffalo , New Yor k usin g anaggregate-time stopwatc htechniqu e describe da s a modificatio no f Metho d9 . Th e "stopwatch " method , a nalternativ e t o th e "frequency " method , require s a

nobserve r t o measur e wit ha stopwatc hth e accumulate dtime durin g whic hth e opacit y

exceed s th e standard . Th e observe r start s th e stopwatc h whe nth e opacit y

exceed s 20 % (o r som

e othe r standard ) an

dstop s i t whe nth e opacit y drop s below

th e standard . Th e techniqu e wa s designe dt o determin e complianc e wit hNew

York' s existin g time exemptio nrul e a s adopte dinth e Stat e Implementatio nPlan . Th e compan y claime dth e stopwatc htechniqu e an d it s metho do f implementatio nt o b e inappropriat e an drefuse dentr y

t o EPA . Th e cour t foundtha t th e propose dEP A metho dwa s no t promulgate dproperl y an d tha t Metho d9 , EPA' s onl y othe r alternative , wa s inadequat e fo r a ninter mitten t sourc e sucha s th e cok e ove nbattery . Furthermore , cour t investiga -P.1 2

tio nint o th e backgroun do f th e propose dstopwatc htechniqu e showe da dat a bas e inadequat e t o suppor t th e accurac y o f th e method . Afte r th e modifie dMetho d9 faile dt o withstandcour t scrutiny , EPA decide dt o develop , i f feasible , a nalternativ e metho dsuitabl e fo r determin in g th e complianc e statu s o f a nintermitten t source . A s par t o f thi s effort , EPA conducte da serie s o f fiel dstudie s t o collec t observe r dat a usin g aggre gate-tim e techniques . Becaus e initia l dat a indicate dtha t th e rat e o f opac it y chang e affect s th e erro r associate dwit haggregate-time reading s signifi cantly , th e fiel ddat a collectio neffort s wer e designe dt o obtai nobserve r dat a fro m plume s wit ha variet y o f opacit y

chang e rates . Thi s study , conduct edi nOctobe r 1980 , concentrate donplume s wit hperiod s o f invarian t opa city . Othe r dat a collectio nan danalysi s effort s concentrate do nplume s wit h fast , intermediate , an dslow opacit y

chang e rates .P.1 3

4. 0 STUDYDESIGN Previou s opacit y

studie s hav e foundtha t aggregate-time method s ar e a reasonabl y

accurat e wa y

t o measur e rapidl y

changin g plumes . Suc hresult s ar e expected , becaus e change s i ntime ar e smal l fo r larg e change s i nopacit y unde r thes e circumstances . However , question s remai nconcernin g th e accurac y o f usin g aggregate-tim e method s t o measur e slowl y changin g plumes , becaus e smal l
error s i nth e judgmen t o f opacit y canresul t insignifican t error s indetermin ing th e time o f excessiv e emissions . 4. 1 Selectio no f Opacit y Pattern s I norde r t o explor e possibl e limitation s o f aggregate-time methods , emissio npattern s containin g period s o f unchangin g opacit y wer e selected . Withi neac h12-minut e tes t run , observer s wer e show nsi xcontinuou s minute s o f unchangin g opacity . Th e emissio npattern s varie dinthei r opacit y values , opacit y ris e an dfal l rates , an

dth e positio no f th e six-minut e perio dwithi n th e run . Thi s "randomizing " o f opacit y patter nelement s wa s designe dt o preven t prejudgment s b y observers . Figur e 4. 1 i s th e stri pchar t recor dfo r Ru n14 ; thi s ru

ni s typica l o f th e plum e pattern s use dduring th e experiment . Th e transmissomete r tes t log fo r th e 2 0 runs , a s wel l a s th e serie s o f pre determine dplume pattern s t o be followe ddurin g testing,ar e presente di n Appendi xB . 4. 2 Smok e Sourc e Th e EPA' s multi-transmissomete r smok e generato r wa s se t u pwit htwo transmissometer s an

dthre e readouts . Th e uppermos t transmissometer , useda s a backu pan

dfo r qualit y

assuranc e purposes , wa s connecte dt o a standar dsmok e generato r stri pchar t recorder . Th e primary system , i nth e nex t lowe r posi -P. M

End,Ru n 3f

c (1 2 minutes )

Star t ( 0 minutes )

3 0 4 0 5 0 Percen t Opacit yP.1 5

tion , wa s equippe dwit htwo readout s — a digita l system

fo r th e generato r operator , an

da fla t bedrecorde r t o recor dpermanentl y th e actua l opacit y

an d observe r cuein g times . Al l stri pchart s wer e full y documente da s t o runtype , char t speed , star t an dsto ppoints , time , name o f generato r operator , etc . Opacit y value s wer e indicate dt o th e neares t 1 % opacity . 4. 3 Selectio no f Observer s I norde r t o implemen t a nopacit y

readin g technique , sucha s Metho d9
an dth e associate denforcemen t program , a baselin e leve l o f competenc y mus t b e establishe dthroug ha trainin g an dcertificatio nprogram . However , i s shoul d b e remembere dtha t th e requirement s an dprocedure s o f th e program tendt o selec t a particula r skil l whic hma y no t be tha t valuabl e whe nusin g a dif feren t readin g method . Inothe r words , a competen t Metho d9 observe r ma y no t b e optimall y

prepare dfo r makin g observation s using analternativ e method . Fortunately , th e require dobservatio ntechniqu e fo r th e frequenc y metho d i s essentiall y

th e same a s tha t use dinMetho d9 . Th e observer s selecte dfo r thi s fiel dtes t al l wer e certifie da t a Stat e o f Florid a Visibl e Emissio nTrainin g Program conducte da t th e same sit e durin g th e precedin g week . Th e Florid a schoo l mee t th e requirement s o f Metho d9 . 4. 4 Numbe r o f Opacit y Observation s Sinc e informatio nregardin g th e biase s an dstandar ddeviation s o f observer s estimatin g th e aggregat e time o f exces s emission s onsteady-stat e opacit y plume s wa s no t availabl e durin g th e plannin g o f th e experiment , selec tio no f th e appropriat e sampl e siz e wa s somewha t subjective . Base dupo n revie w o f th e statistica l characteristic s o f th e noncontiguou s opacit y read 
### 1 0ing s fro m EPA' s RT I study 17 ' an dplanne dopacit y

patterns , a roughestimat e wa s mad e o f th e require dnumbe r o f samples . 4. 5 Collectio no f Dat a Procedure s fo r dat a collectio nwer e designe dlargel y t o avoi dbiasin g th e result s an

dt o ensur e complianc e wit hMetho d9 observatio nrequirements . T o expedit e dat a collectio nan dlate r use , a standardize dfor m wa s designe d fo r th e observers . A nexampl e o f th e for

m i s provide di nAppendi xB . 4. 6 Reductio no f Dat a Tim e an dopacit y

dat a fro

m th e transmissomete r stri pchar t wer e summarize d
an dpu t i na forma t simila r t o tha t o f th e observe r dat a sheets . Keypunchin g wa s don e directl y

fro m thes e dat a sheets . Th e tim e durin g whic hopacit y exceede d20 % wa s determine dfro m distance s along th e stri pchart . Thes e value s the nwer e compare dt o thos e calculate dfro m th e observer' s 15-secon d readings . Time deviation s wer e analyze dstatisticall y b y Researc hTriangl e Institut e an

dar e discusse di nSectio n6. 0 o f thi s report . 4. 7 Qualit y

Assuranc e Procedure s Analyzin g th e observer' s performance , thereby establishin g th e usefulnes s o f a readin g technique , require s tha t accurat e determination s o f observers ' opacit y readin g an

dtime estimate s be made . Opacit y an dtime readin g devia tion s ar e define das :

D= Observe dValu e - Actua l Valu e an dar e affecte dprimaril y b y observe r error , th e subjec t o f th e study . However , i t mus t be remembere dtha t th e "actual " opacit y an dtim e measure d b y th e transmissomete r als o ar e subjec t t o error . T o minimiz e thi s error , th e transmissomete r wa s calibrate dcarefull y using NBS-traceabl e filter s


### 1 1P.1 7 

# 0, 

# V

o f know ncpacit y

prio r t o conductin g th e runs . Inaddition , zer o an dspa n check s wer e performe dperiodicall y t o ensur e minimu

m instrumen t drift . Thes e instrumen t inspectio nan dcalibratio nprocedure s me t Metho d9 requirements . A stri pchar t wa s use dt o maintai na permanen t writte nrecor dc f smoke generato r outpu t (maintenanc e o f a stri pchar t recor di s neede dt o determin e aggregate-tim e metho derro r accurately) . Subsequen t analysi s o f th e stri p char t wa s full y

checked , wit ha fina l audi t chec kperforme dontranscribe d opacit y data . T o ensur e tha t th e study result s woul destimat e accuratel y th e usefulnes s o f th e "frequency " metho do f visibl e emission s observations , an dtha t th e dat a woul db e o f sufficien t qualit y fo r plannin g an

denforcemen t purposes , th e followin g qualit y contro l an

dassuranc e procedure s wer e implemented : 1 . Smok e reader s wer e selecte drandoml y from reader s recentl y certifie da t a smok e schoo l tha t meet s al l Metho d9 requirements . 2 . Th e generato r utilize di nth e study me t al l Metho d9 specifications . 3 . A secondtransmissomete r wa s utilize dduring th e stud y fo r audi t purposes . 4 . Confidenc e intervals , calculate dfo r smok e generato r operation , wer e compare dwit hsimila r statistic s fro m othe r generators .



### 1 2P.1 8

5. 0 TES T PROCEDUR E 5. 1 Selectio no f Tes t Sit e Th e stud y wa s conducte dat Florid a Technologica l University' s Continuin g Educatio nCenter , 730 0 Lak e Elleno r Driv e i nOrlando , Florid a (Centra l Par k area) . Thi s sit e provide dsuitabl e facilitie s fo r pretes t orientation , smok e generato r powe r hookup , a fiel dtes t are a wit hadequat e backgroun dfo r read ing bot hblac kan

dwhit e smok e throughou t th e day , an dacceptabl e weather . Metho d9 positionin g an dobservatio nprocedure s wer e followe dthroughou t th e day . Figur e 5. 1 i s a schemati c o f th e tes t location . 5. 2 Ambien t Condition s A t th e beginnin g o f th e tes t day th e sk y wa s clear , wit honl y a few scat tere dclouds . However , cloud s buil t u pdurin g th e day

unti l clou dcove r wa s abou t 60% . Heav

y (dark ) cloudbuildupresulte di na highl y variabl e back groun dfo r blac ksmok e inth e lat e afternoon . Wind s wer e cal m i nth e mornin g an dincrease dt o 4 t o 7 knot s inthe afternoon . Wind s wer e from th e southwes t i nth e afternoon , resultin g i na generall y goodsun/plume relationship . Visibilit y

wa s goo dthroughou t th e day an drelativ e humidit y

varie dbetwee n5 0
an d10 0 percent . Meteorologica l informatio nfro m th e Orland o airpor t reportin g statio ni s presente da s Appendi xC . 5. 3 Smok e Generato r Operatio n Th e smok e generato r an dtransmissometer , a s previousl y noted , wer e calibrate daccordin g t o Metho d9 procedure s using NBS-traceable , neutra l densit y filters . Afte r initia l warm-up , th e calibratio nan dzero/spa ncheck s showe dth e transmissomete r uni t t o b e meetin g Metho d9 specifications . Zero /



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spa ncheck s wer e conducte dafte r eac hru na s require db

y Metho d9 . Th e smok e generato r operato r adjuste dth e fue l flow t o reproduc e opacit y pattern s previ ousl y agree duponb

y th e experimen t designers . Tap e recorde dinstruction s directe dobserver s o ncompletin g th e dat a sheet s an

dprovide dcue s a t 15-secondinterval s fo r th e observer s t o rea dan d
recor dth e opacity . Simultaneou s wit heac hcue , th e opacit y trac e wa s marke d
an dth e recordin g numbe r identifie dfo r th e run . 5. 4 Instructio no f Observer s Whil e smok e generato r warm-u pan dcalibratio nactivitie s wer e conducted , instruction s wer e give nt o th e observer s regardin g th e day' s activities . The y wer e instructe dregardin g us e o f th e dat a collectio nforms , th e anti cipate dschedule , an

dMetho d9 procedures . Observer s wer e no t informe do f th e purpos e o f th e dat a collectio no r th e typ e o f plume s t o b e encountered . 5. 5 Collectio no f Dat a Opacit y observation s wer e take naccordin g t o Metho d9 procedure s an d th e dat a entere dinprepare dboundnotebooks . Informatio nregardin g tes t number , background , an dsu npositio nwa s recorde dprio r t o eac htes t an dform s wer e signe db

y th e reader s at th e completio no f eac hrun . Afte r th e test s wer e completed , fiel ddat a notebook s wer e collecte dan dobserver s wer e debriefed . Throughou t th e test , fiel dactivitie s wer e monitore db y th e testin g staf f t o answe r questions , ensur e tha t prope r positionin g wa s maintained , an d discourag e collaborativ e observations .



### 1 5P.2 1

6. 0 FIEL DTES T RESULT S 6. 1 Collecte dDat a Twent y tes t run s wer e conducte ddurin g th e one-day testin g session . Eightee no f thes e run s wer e valid ; difficultie s infollowin g th e prescribe d opacit y profile s fo r tes t run s 7 an d1 6 resulte dineliminatio no f thos e dat a sets . Twenty-on e observer s wer e utilize di neachtest . Twent y o f thi s grou p wer e certifie dreader s an don e wa s inexperienced . Th e result s o f th e inexperi enced , uncertifie dobserve r ar e no t reported . Durin g eac htest , 4 8 observation s wer e take nb y eac hreader . At leas t hal f o f th e reading s wer e o f a plume o f constan t opacity . Onl y th e dat a take n durin g th e six-minut e constan t plume periodwer e statisticall y analyzed . A complet e listin g o f thes e observation s i s include dinAppendi xDo f thi s report . Th e numbe r o f opacit y reading s an

dsix-minut e tes t run s ar e show ni n Tabl e 6.1 .

TABL E 6. 1 Numbe r o f Observation s Complete d

Al l observers , al l tes t run s Certifie dobservers , al l tes t run s Certifie dobservers , Total : vali dtes t run s White : Black : Tota l No . o f

15-second opacit y obs .
20,16 0 19,20 0 17,28 0

—

_ _ No . o f 15 -

sec . opacit y obs . a t con stan t tru e opacit y 10,08 0 9,20 0 8,64 0

- -

_ _ No . o f 6-min .

time estimat e observatio n period s 

### 42 0 400 36 0 18 0 18 0
1 6P.2 2

6. 2 Discussio no f Result s Averag e opacit y

value s ar e displaye di nTable 6. 2 fo r observe d(al l observers ) an

dactua l (transmissometer ) data . Figur e 6. 1 illustrate s th e regressio no f th e observe dvalue s onth e actua l opacit y value s fo r thes e sam e data . Thougha linea r relationshi pi s clea r fo r bot hblac kan dwhit e smokes , th e slop e o f th e regressio nlin e fo r whit e i s close r t o unity . Th e standar ddeviations o f th e observe dMetho d9 average s ar e display edinTable 6. 2 an

dplotte dagains t actua l mea nopacitie s i nFigur e 6.2 . In general , th e standar ddeviation s fo r th e whit e smok e plume s ar e large r tha n thos e fo r blac ksmoke . Bot hgroup s sho w a positiv e correlatio nbetwee nstand arddeviatio nan

dmea nopacity . Th e negativ e bia s o f th e blac ksmok e dat a i s illustrate dfurthe r b y th e frequenc y

distributio no f error s o f mea nopacit y estimate s a s show

ni n Figur e 6.3 . Approximatel y 75 % o f th e error s wer e negative . O nth e othe r hand , th e whit e smok e dat a ar e nearl y equall y distribute dabou t zero . Figure s 6. 4 an

d6. 5 illustrat e th e distributio no f th e error s inestimat in g th e time o f excessiv e emission s b y th e aggregate-time method . Th e blac k smok e observations , a s expected , sho w mostl y negativ e estimatio nerrors . Again , error s ar e mor e equall y distribute dabou t zer o fo r whit e smoke.



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! T h o o oP.2 9

REFERENCE S

1 . Statistica l Analysi s o f Thre e Smok e Generato r Fiel dTests ; Researc h Triangl e Institute , Augus t 198 1 (Draft) . 2 . Evaluatio nan

dCollobrativ e Study

o f Metho dfo r Visua l Determinatio n o f Opacit y

o f Emission s fro

m Stationar y

Sources , EPA

650/4-74-009 , Januar y 1975 . 3 . Telephon e Surve y

o f Stat e an

dLoca l Ai r Contro l Agencie s o nOpacit y Regulatio nan

dEnforcemen t Procedures ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Octobe r 198 0 (Draft) . 4 . Donner-Hann a Cok e Corporatio nv . Costle , Ci v No . 77-232 , D.C . W.D. , N.Y . 5 . Fiel dEvaulatio no f a nOpacit y

Readin g Metho dfo r Intermitten t Plumes ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Septembe r 198 1 (Draft) . 6 . Evaluatio no f Opacit y Frequenc y

Metho do

nSlowl y Changing Plumes ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Decembe r 198 1 (Draft) . 7 . Examinin g th e Propertie s o f Qualifie dObserve r Opacit y Reading s Average d Ove r Interval s o f Les s Tha nSi xMinutes ; Researc hTriangl e Institute , Jul y 1976 .



### 2 4P.3 0

APPENDI XA

Referenc e Metho d9 (wit hPreamble ) 4 0 CFR6 0 —

Appendi xAP.3 1



### Titl e 40—Protectio n o f th e Environmen t CHAPTE R 1—ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO NAGENC Y

** • 

### Subchapte r C—Ai r Program s

(FR L 391-6 ) PAR T 60—STANDARD S O F PERFORMANC E FOR NE W STATIONARY

SOURCE S Opacit yProvision s "On Jun e 29 / 1973 , th e Unite d State s Cour t o f Appeal s fo r th e Distric t o f Columbi a i n 'Portlan d Cemen t Associatio n v . Ruckelshaus, 1 

### 48 6 F.2 d 37 5 (1973 ) remande d t o EP Ath e standar d o f performanc e fo r Portland cemen t plant s (4 0 CF R 60.6 0 e t seq. ) promulgate d b yEPAunde r sectio n 11 1 o f th e Clea n Ai r Act . I n th e remand , th e Cour t directe d EP A t o reconside r among othe r thing s th e us e o f th e opacit y standards . EP Aha s prepare d a respons e t o th e remand . Copie s o f thi s respons e ar e availabl e fro mth e Emissio n Standard s an

d Engineerin g Division , Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , N . C . 27711 , Attn : Mr . Do n R . Goodwin . I n developin g th e response , EP Acollecte d an d evaluate d a substantia l amoun t o f informatio n whic h i s summarize d an

d reference d i n th e response . Copie s o f thi s informatio n ar e availabl e fo r inspectio n durin g norma l offic e hour s a t EPA' s Offic e o f Publi c Affairs , 40 1 M Stree t SW. , Washington , D . C . EP Adetermine d tha t th e Portland cemen t plan t standard s generall ydi d no t requir e revisio n bu t di d no t fin d tha t certai n revision s ar e appropriat e t o th e opacit yprovision s o f th e standards . Th e provision s promulgate d herei n includ e a revisio n o f §60.11 , Complianc e wit h Standard s an

d Maintenanc e Requirements , a revisio n t o th e opacit ystandar d fo r Portland cemen t plants , an d revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 . Th e base s fo r th e revision s ar e discusse d i n detai l i n th e Agency' s respons e t o th e remand . The yar e summarize d below . Th e revision s t o §60.1 1 includ e th e modificatio n o f paragrap h (b ) an

d th e additio n o f paragraph (e) . Paragrap h (b ) ha s bee n revise d t o indicat e tha t whil e Referenc e Metho d 9 remain s th e primaryan d accepte d mean s fo r determinin g complianc e wit h opacit ystandard s i n thi s part , EP Awil l accep t a s probativ e evidenc e i n certai n situation s an d unde r certai n condition s th e result s o f continuou s monitorin g b ytransmissomete r t o determin e whethe r a violatio n ha s i n fac t occurred . Th e revisio n make s clea r tha t eve n i n suc h situation s the result s o f opacit yreading s b yMetho d 9 remai n presumptivel yvali d an d correct .P.3 2



### Th e provision s i n paragraph (e ) provid e a mechanis m fo r a n owne r o r operato r t o petitio n th e Administrato r t o establis h a n opacit ystandard fo r an affecte d facilit y wher e suc h facilit ymeet s al l applicabl e standard s fo r whic h a performanc e tes t i s conducte d unde r §60. 8 bu t fail s t o mee t a n applicabl e opacit ystandard . Thi s provisio n i s intende d primaril yt o appl yt o case s wher e a sourc e install s a verylarg e diamete r stac k whic h cause s th e opacit yo f th e emission s t o b e greate r tha n i f a stac k o f th e diamete r ordinaril yuse d i n th e industrywer e installed . Althoug h thi s situatio n i s considere d t o b e veryunlikel y t o occur , thi s provision s wil l accommodat e suc h a situation . Th e provisio n coul d als o appl yt o othe r situation s wher e fo r an yreaso n a n affecte d facilit ycoul d fai l t o mee t opacit ystandard s whil e meetin g mas s emissio n standards , although n o suc h situation s ar e expecte d t o occur . Arevisio n t o the opacit ystandar d fo r Portland cemen t plant s i s promulgate d herein . Th e revisio n change s th e opacit ylimi t fo r kiln s fro m1 0 percen t t o 2 0 percent . Thi s revisio n i s base d o n EPA' s polic yo n opacit ystandard s an d th e ne wemissio n dat a fro mPortland cemen t plant s evaluate d b

yEPAduring it s reconsideration . Th e preambl e t o th e standard s o f performanc e whic h wer e promulgate d o n Marc h 8 , 197 4 (3 9 F R 9308 ) set s fort h EPA' s polic yo n opacit y standards : (1 ) Opacit ylimit s ar e independen t enforceabl e standards ; (2 ) wher e opacit yan d mass/concentratio n standard s ar e applicabl e t o th e same source , th e mass/concentratio n standard s ar e establishe d a t a leve l whic h wil l resul t i n th e design , installation , an d operatio n o f th e bes t adequatel y demonstrate d systemo f emissio n reductio n (takin g cost s int o account) ; an

d (3 ) the opacit ystandard s ar e establishe d a t a leve l whic h wil l requir e prope r operatio n an d maintenanc e o f suc h contro l systems . Th e ne wdat a indicat e tha t increasin g th e opacit ylimit s fo r kiln s fro m1 0 percen t t o 2 0 percen t i s justified , becaus e such. a standar d wil l stil l requir e th e design , installation , an d operatio n o f th e bes t adequatel y demonstrate d systemo f emissio n reductio n (takin g cost s int o account ) whil e eliminating o r minimizin g th e situation s wher e i t wil l b e necessaryt o promulgat e a ne wopacit ystandar d unde r §60.11(e) . I n evaluating th e accurac yo f result s fromqualifie d observer s following th e procedure s o f Referenc e Metho d 9 , EP A determine d tha t (som e revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 ar e consistentl yabl e t o evaluatio n showe d that , sic ) observer s traine d an

d certifie d i n accordanc e wit h th e procedure s prescribe d unde r Referenc e Metho d 9 ar e consistentl yabl e t o rea d opacit ywit h error s no t exceeding +7. 5 percen t base d upo n singl e set s o f the averag e o f 2 4 readings . Th e revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 includ e th e following :P.3 3



### 1 . An introductorysectio n i s added . Thi s include s a discussio n o f th e concep t o f visibl e emissio n readin g an d describe s th e effec t o f variabl e viewin g conditions . Informatio n i s als o presente d concerning th e accurac yo f th e metho d notin g tha t th e accurac yo f th e metho d mus t b e take n int o accoun t whe n determining possibl e violation s o f applicabl e opacit ystandards . 2 . Provision s ar e adde d whic h specif ytha t th e determinatio n o f opacit yrequire s averaging 2 4 reading s take n a t 15-second intervals . Th e purpos e fo r taking 2 4 reading s i s bot h t o extend th e averaging tim e ove r whic h th e observation s ar e made , an d t o tak e sufficien t reading s t o insur e acceptabl e accuracy . 3 . Mor e specifi c criteri a concerning observe r positio n wit h respec t t o th e sun ar e added . Specifically , th e sun mus t b e withi n a 140 ° secto r t o th e observer' s back . 4 . Criteri a concernin g a n observer' s positio n wit h respec t t o th e plum e ar e added . Specifi c guidanc e i s als o provide d fo r readin g emission s fro mrectangula r emissio n point s wit h larg e lengt h t o widt h ratios , an d fo r readin g emission s fro

mmultipl e stacks . I n eac h o f thes e cases , emission s ar e t o b e rea d acros s the shortes t pat h length . 5 . Provision s ar e adde d t o mak e clea r tha t opacit y o f contaminate d wate r o r stea mplume s i s t o b e rea d a t a poin t wher e wate r doe s no t exis t i n condense d form . Tw o specifi c instruction s ar e provided : On e fo r th e cas e wher e opacit yca n b e observe d prio r t o th e formatio n o f th e condense d wate r plume , an d on e fo r th e cas e wher e opacit y i s t o b e observe d afte r the condense d wate r plum e ha s dissipated . 6 . Specification s ar e adde d fo r th e smok e generato r use d fo r qualificatio n o f observer s s o tha t Stat e o r loca l ai r pollutio n contro l agencie s mayprovid e observe r qualifi

catio n trainin g consisten t wit h EPAtraining . I n developin g thi s regulatio n w e hav e take n int o accoun t th e comment s receive d i n respons e t o th e Septembe r 11 , 197 4 (3 9 F R 35852 ) notic e o f propose d rulemakin g whic h propose d amon g othe r thing s certai n mino r change s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 . Thi s regulatio n represent s th e rule

makin g wit h respec t t o th e revision s t o Metho d 9 . Th e determinatio n o f complianc e wit h applicabl e opacit y standard s wil l b e base d o n a n averag e o f 2 4 consecutiv e opacit yreading s take n a t 1 5 secon d intervals . Thi s approac h i s a satisfactorymean s o f enforcing opacit ystandard s i n case s wher e th e violatio n i s a continuing on e an d tim e exception s ar e no t par t o f th e applicabl e opacit ystandard .P.3 4

However , th e opacit ystandard s fo r stea melectri c generator s i n 4 0 CF R 60.4 2 an d flui d catalyti c crackin g uni t catalys t regenerator s i n 4 0 CF R 60.10 2 an d numerou s opacit ystandard s i n Stat e implementatio n plan s specif yvariou s tim e exceptions . Man yStat e an d loca l ai r pollutio n contro l agencie s us e a differen t approac h i n enforcin g opacit ystandard s tha n th e six-minut e averag e perio d specifie d i n thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 . EP Arecognize s tha t certai n type s o f opacit y violation s tha t ar e intermitten t i n natur e requir e a differen t approac h i n applyin g th e opacit ystandard s tha n thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 . I t i s EPA' s inten t t o propos e a n additiona l revisio n t o Metho d 9 specifyin g a n alternativ e metho d t o enforc e opacit ystandards . I t i s ou r inten t tha t thi s metho d specif ya minimu mnumbe r o f reading s tha t mus t b e taken , suc h a s a minimu mo f te n reading s abov e th e standar d i n an yon e hou r perio d prio r t o citin g a violation . EP Ai s i n th e proces s o f analyzin g availabl e dat a an d determinin g th e erro r involve d i n readin g opacit yi n thi s manne r an d wil l propos e thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 a s soo n a s thi s analysi s i s completed . Th e Agenc ysolicit s comment s an d recommendation s o n th e nee d fo r thi s additiona l revisio n t o Metho d 9 an d woul d welcom e an ysuggestion s particularl yfro mai r pollutio n contro l agencie s o n ho ww e migh t mak e Metho d 9 mor e responsiv e t o th e need s o f thes e agencies . Thes e action s ar e effectiv e o n Novembe r 12 , 1974 . Th e Agenc yfind s goo d caus e exist s fo r no t publishin g thes e action s a s a notic e o f propose d rulemakin g an d fo r makin g the meffectiv e immediatel yupo n publicatio n fo r th e followin g reasons : (1 ) Onl ymino r amendment s ar e bein g mad e t o th e opacit y standard s whic h wer e remanded . (2 ) Th e U . S . Cour t o f Appeal s fo r th e Distric t o f Columbi a instructe d EP At o complet e th e reman d proceedin g wit h respec t t o th e Portlan d cemen t plan t standard s b y Novembe r 5 , 1974 . (3 ) Becaus e opacit ystandard s ar e th e subjec t o f othe r litigation , i t i s necessar yt o reac h a fina l determinatio n wit h respec t t o th e basi c issue s involvin g opacit ya t thi s tim e i n orde r t o properl yrespon d t o thi s issu e wit h respec t t o suc h othe r litigation . Thes e regulation s ar e issue d unde r th e authorit yo f section s 11 1 an d 11 4 o f th e Clea n Ai r Act , a s amende d (4 2 U.S.C . 1857C- 6 an d 9) . Dated : Novembe r 1 , 1974 . Joh n Quarle s Actin g Administrator. "

### METHO D 9 —VISUAL DETERMINATIONO F TH E OPACIT Y O F EMISSION S FROM STATIONARY SOURCE S Th e curren t Metho d 9 , publishe d i n th e Federa l Register , Volum e 39 , No . 21 9 o n Novembe r 12 , 197 4 i s reproduce d below :

llU^m . —±.~ J. A -.— -,*.., --.,,-.-,- - J J __,!

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•

- 

### th e atmosphere ; thes e emission s ar e usuall yi n th e shap e o f a plume . Thi s metho d involve s th e determinatio n o f plum e opacit y b yqualifie d observers . Th e metho d include s procedure s fo r th e trainin g an

d certificatio n o f observers , an d procedure s t o b e use d i n th e fiel d fo r determinatio n o f plum e opacity . Th e appearanc e o f a plum e a s viewe d b ya n observe r depend s upo n a numbe r o f variables , some o f whic h mayb e controllabl e an d som e o f whic h ma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e field . Variable s whic h ca n b e controlle d t o a n exten t t o whic h the yn o longe r exer t a significan t influenc e upo n plume appearanc e include : Angl e o f th e observe r wit h respec t t o th e plume ; angl e o f th e observe r wit h respec t t o th e sun ; poin t o f observatio n o f attache d an

d detache d stea

mplume ; an

d angl e o f th e observe r wit h respec t t o a plum e emitte d fro m a rectangula r stac k wit h a larg e lengt h t o widt h ratio . Th e metho d include s specifi c criteri a applicabl e t o thes e variables . Othe r variable s whic h ma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e fiel d ar e luminescenc e an d colo r contras t betwee n th e plum e an d th e background agains t whic h th e plum e i s viewed . Thes e variable s exer t a n influenc e upo n th e appearanc e o f a plum e a s viewe d b y a n observer , an

d ca n affec t th e abilit yo f th e observe r t o accuratel yassig n opacit yvalue s t o th e observe d plume . Studie s o f th e theoryo f plum e opacit yan d fiel d studie s hav e demonstrate d tha t a plum e i s mos t visibl e an d present s th e greates t apparen t opacit ywhe n viewe d agains t a contrasting background . I t follow s fromthis , an

d i s confirme d b

yfiel d trials , tha t th e opacit yo f a plume , viewe d unde r condition s wher e a contrastin g background i s presen t ca n b e assigne d wit h th e greates t degre e o f accuracy . However , th e potentia l fo r a positiv e erro r i s als o th e greates t whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde r suc h contrasting conditions . Unde r condition s presentin g a les s contrasting background , th e apparen t opacit yo f a plum e i s les s an d approache s zer o a s th e colo r an

d luminescenc e contras t decreas e towar d zero . A s a result , significan t negativ e bia s an d negativ e error s ca n b e mad e whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde r les s contrastin g conditions . Anegativ e bia s decrease s rathe r than increase s th e possibilit y tha t a plan t operato r wil l b e cite d fo r a violatio n o f opacit y standard s du e t o observe r error . Studie s hav e bee n undertake n t o determin e th e magnitud e o f positiv e error s whic h can b e mad e b yqualifie d observer s whil e readin g plume s unde r contrasting condition s an d usin g th e procedure s se t fort h i n thi s method . Th e result s o f thes e studie s (fiel d trails ) whic h involv e a tota l o f 76 9 set s o f 2 5 reading s eac h ar e a s follows :P.3 6

1 ) Fo r blac k plume s (13 3 set s a t a smok e generator) , 10 0 percen t o f th e set s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e error * o f les s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 9 percen t wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 5 percen t opacity . 2 ) Fo r whit e plume s (17 0 set s a t a smok e generator , 16 8 set s a t a coal-fire d powe r plant , 29 8 set s a t a sulfuri c aci d plant) , 9 9 percen t o f th e set s wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 5 percen t wer e rea d wit h a positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 5 percen t opacity . Th e positiv e observationa l erro r associate d wit h a n averag e o f twenty-fiv e reading s i s therefor e established . Th e accurac yo f th e metho d mus t b e take n int o accoun t whe n deter

minin g possibl e violation s o f applicabl e opacit ystandards . 1 . PRINCIPL E AN D APPLICABILIT Y 1. 1 PRINCIPL E Th e opacit yo f emission s fro mstationar ysource s i s determine d visuall yb ya qualifie d observer . 1. 2 APPLICABILIT Y Thi s metho d i s applicabl e fo r .the determinatio n o f th e opacit yo f emission s fro mstationar ysource s pursuan t t o § 60.1 1 (b ) an d fo r qualifyin g observer s fo r visuall ydeter

minin g opacit yo f emissions . 2 . PROCEDURE S Th e observe r qualifie d i n accordanc e wit h paragrap h 3 o f thi s metho d shal l us e th e followin g procedure s fo r visuall y determinin g th e opacit yo f emissions . 2. 1 POSITIO N Th e qualifie d observe r shal l stan d a t a distanc e sufficien t t o provid e a clea r vie wo f th e emission s wit h th e su n oriente d i n th e 140 ° secto r t o hi s back . Consisten t wit h maintainin g th e abov e requirement , th e observe r shall , a s muc h a s possible , mak e
J-Fo r a set , positiv e erro r = averag e opacit ydetermine d b y observers ' 2 5 observation s - averag e opacit ydetermine d fro m transmissometer* s 2 5 recordings .P.3 7



### hi s observation s fro ma positio n suc h tha t hi s lin e o f visio n i s approximatel yperpendicula r t o th e plum e direction , an d whe n observin g opacit yo f emission s fro mrectangula r outlet s (e.g . roo f monitors , ope n baghouses , noncircula r stacks) , approx imatel yperpendicula r t o th e longe r axi s o f th e outlet . Th e observer' s lin e o f sigh t shoul d no t includ e mor e tha n on e plum e a t a tim e whe n multipl e stack s ar e involved , an d i n an ycas e th e observe r shoul d mak e hi s observation s wit h hi s lin e o f sigh t perpendicula r t o th e longe r axi s o f suc h a se t o f multipl e stack s (e.g . stu b stack s o n bag

houses ) . 2. 2 FIEL D RECORD S Th e observe r shal l recor d th e nam e o f th e plant , emissio n location , typ e facility , observer' s nam e an d affiliation , an

d th e dat e o n a fiel d dat a shee t (Figur e 9-1) . Th e time , estimate d distanc e t o th e emissio n location , approximat e wind direction , estimate d wind speed , descriptio n o f th e sk yconditio n (presenc e an d colo r o f clouds) , an d plum e background ar e recorde d o n a fiel d dat a shee t a t th e time opacit yreading s ar e initiate d an

d completed . 2. 3 OBSERVATION S Opacit yobservation s shal l b e mad e a t th e poin t o f greates t opacit yi n tha t portio n o f th e plum e wher e condense d wate r vapo r i s no t present . Th e observe r shal l no t loo k continuousl ya t th e plume , bu t instea d shal l observ e th e plum e momentaril ya t 15-secon d intervals . 2.3. 1 ATTACHE D STEA M PLUME S

- Whe n condense d wate r vapo r i s presen t withi n th e plum e a s i t emerge s fro

mth e emissio n outlet , opacit yobservation s shal l b e mad e beyon d th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic h condense d wate r vapo r i s n o longe r visible . Th e observe r shal l recor d th e approximat e distanc e fro mth e emissio n outle t t o th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic h th e observation s ar e made . 2.3. 2 DETACHE D STEA M PLUM E Whe n wate r vapo r i n th e plum e condense s an d become s visibl e a t a distinc t distanc e fro mth e emissio n outlet ,P.3 8



### th e opacit yo f emission s shoul d b e evaluate d a t th e emissio n outle t prio r t o th e condensatio n o f wate r vapo r an d th e formatio n o f th e stea m plume . 2. 4 RECORDING OBSERVATION S Opacit yobservation s shal l b e recorde d t o th e neares t 5 percen t a t 15-secon d interval s o n a n observationa l recor d sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 2 fo r a n example) . Aminimu mo f 2 4 observation s shal l b e recorded . Eac h momentar yobservatio n recorde d shal l b e deeme d t o represen t th e averag e opacit yo f emission s fo r a 15-secon d period . 2. 5 DATAREDUCTION Opacit yshal l b e determine d a s a n averag e o f 2 4 consecu tiv e observation s recorde d a t 15-secon d intervals . Divid e th e observation s recorde d o n th e recor d shee t int o set s o f 2 4 consecutiv e observations . Ase t i s compose d o f an y2 4 consecu tiv e observations . Set s nee d no t b e consecutiv e i n time an d i n n o cas e shal l tw o set s overlap . Fo r eac h se t o f 2 4 observ

ations , calculat e th e averag e b ysumming th e opacit yo f th e 2 4 observation s an

d dividing thi s su

mb y24 . I f a n applicabl e standar d specifie s a n averaging time requiring mor e tha n 2 4 observations , calculat e th e averag e fo r al l observation s mad e durin g th e specifie d time period . Recor d th e averag e opacit y o n a recor d sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 1 fo r a n example) . 3 . QUALIFICATION S AN D TESTIN

G 3. 1 CERTIFICATIONREQUIREMENT S T o receiv e certificatio n a s a qualifie d observer , a candi

dat e mus t b e teste d an d demonstrat e th e abilit yt o assig n opacit yreading s i n 5 percen t increment s t o 2 5 differen t blac k plume s an

d 2 5 differen t whit e plumes , wit h a n erro r no t t o excee d 1 5 percen t opacit yo n an yon e reading an

d a n averag e erro r no t t o excee d 7. 5 percen t opacit yi n eac h category . Candidate s shal l b e teste d according t o th e procedure s describe d i n paragraph 3.2 . Smok e generator s use d pursuan t t o paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit h a smok e mete r whic h meet s th e requirement s o f paragraph 3.3 . Th e certificatio n shal l b e vali d fo r a perio d o f 6 months , a t whic h time the qualificatio n procedur e mus t b e repeate d b y an yobserve r i n orde r t o retai n certification .P.3 9



### 3. 2 CERTIFICATIONPROCEDUR E Th e certificatio n tes t consist s o f showing th e candidat e a complet e run o f 5 0 plume s - 2 5 blac k plume s an d 2 5 whit e plume s - generate d b ya smok e generator . Plume s withi n eac h se t o f 2 5 blac k an

d 2 5 whit e run s shal l b e presente d i n rando m order . Th e candidat e assign s a n opacit yvalu e t o eac h plum e an d record s hi s observatio n o n a suitabl e form . A t th e completio n o f eac h run o f 5 0 readings , th e scor e o f th e candidat e i s determined . I f a candidat e fail s t o qualify , th e complet e run o f 5 0 reading s mus t b e repeate d i n an y retest . Th e smok e tes t ma yb e administere d a s par t o f a smok e schoo l o r trainin g program , an d mayb e precede d b y training o r familiarizatio n run s o f th e smok e generato r durin g whic h candidate s ar e show n blac k an

d whit e plume s o f known opacity . 3. 3 SMOK E GENERATO R SPECIFICATION S An ysmok e generato r use d fo r th e purpos e o f paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit h a smok e mete r installe d t o measur e opacit yacros s th e diamete r o f th e smok e generato r stack . Th e smok e mete r outpu t shal l displayin-stac k opacit ybase d upo n a pathlengt h equa l t o th e stac k exi t diameter , o n a ful l 0 t o 10 0 percen t char t recorde r scale . Th e smok e mete r optica l desig n an d performanc e shal l mee t th e specification s show n i n Tabl e 9-1 . Th e smok e mete r shal l b e calibrate d a s prescribe d i n paragrap h 3.3. 1 prio r t o th e conduc t o f eac h smok e reading test . A t th e completio n o f eac h test , th e zer o an d spa n drif t shal l b e checke d an

d i f th e drif t exceed s ± 1 percent , opacity , th e conditio n shal l b e correcte d prio r t o conducting an ysub

sequen t tes t runs . Th e smok e mete r shal l b e demonstrate d a t th e time o f installation , t o mee t th e specification s liste d i n Tabl e 9-1 . Thi s demonstratio n shal l b e repeate d following an

ysubsequen t repai r o r replacemen t o f th e photocel l o r associate d electroni c circuitryincludin g th e char t recorde r o r outpu t meter , o r every6 months , whicheve r occur s first .

TABL E 9- 1 —SMOK E METE R DESIG NAN D PERFORMANC E SPECIFICATION S Paramete r Specificatio n a . Ligh t sourc e Incandescen t lam p operate d a t nomina l rate d voltage . b . Spectra l respons e o f Photopi c (dayligh t spectra l photocel l respons e o f the huma n ey e - referenc e 4.3) .P.4 0



### c . Angl e o f vie w d . Angl e o f projectio n e . Calibratio n error f . Zer o an

d span drif t g . Respons e time 15 ° maximu mtota l angle . 15 ° maximu

mtota l angle . + 3 % opacity , maximu m ± 1 % opacity , 3 0 minutes .

___5 seconds . 3.3. 1 CALIBRATION Th e smok e mete r i s calibrate d afte r allowing a minimu mo f 3 0 minute s warmu

p b yalternatel yproducin g simulate d opacit y o f 0 percen t an

d 10 0 percent . Whe n stabl e respons e a t 0 percen t o r 10 0 percen t i s noted , th e smok e mete r i s adjusted

- t o produc e a n outpu t o f 0 percen t o r 10 0 percen t a s appropriate . Thi s calibratio n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t reading s ar e produce d withou t adjustment . Simulate d 0 percen t an

d 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s ma yb e produce d b y alternatel yswitching th e powe r t o the ligh t sourc e o n an d of f whil e th e smok e generato r i s no t producin g smoke . 3.3. 2 SMOK E METE R EVALUATION Th e smok e mete r design an d performanc e ar e t o b e evaluate d a s follows : 3.3.2. 1 LIGH T SOURC E Verif yfro

mmanufacturer' s dat a an d fro mvoltag e measurement s mad e a t th e lamp , a s installed , tha t th e lam p i s operate d withi n ± 5 percen t o f th e nomina l rate d voltage . 3.3.2. 2 SPECTRA

L RESPONS E O F PHOTOCEL L Verif yfro

mmanufacturer' s dat a tha t th e photocel l ha s a photopi c response ; i.e. , th e spectra l sensitivit yo f th e cel l shal l closel yapproximat e th e standar d spectral-luminosit ycurv e fo r photopi c visio n whic h i s reference d i n (b ) o f Tabl e 9-1 . 3.3.2. 3 ANGL E O F VIE W Chec k constructio n geometryt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o f vie wo f th e smok e plume , a s see n b yth e photocell , doe s no tP.4 1



### excee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f vie wmayb e calculate d from : 0 = 2 .tan" 1 

### d/2L , wher e $= tota l angl e o f view ; d = th e su mo f the photocel l diamete r + th e diamete r o f th e limitin g aperture ; an

d L = th e distanc e fro mth e photocel l t o th e limiting aperture . Th e limiting apertur e i s th e poin t i n th e pat h betwee n th e photocel l an d th e smok e plum e wher e th e angl e o f vie wi s mos t restricted . I n smok e generato r smok e meter s thi s i s normall ya n orific e plate . 3.3.2. 4 ANGL E O F PROJECTION Chec k constructio n geometryt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o f projectio n o f th e lam p o n th e smok e plum e doe s no t excee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f projectio n mayb e calculate d from : Q=2 tan - 1 

### d/2L , wher e Q = tota l angl e o f projection ; d = th e su

mo f th e lengt h o f th e lam p filamen t + th e diamete r o f th e limiting aperture ; an d L = th e distanc e fro mth e lam

p t o th e limiting aperture . 3.3.2. 5 CALIBRATIONERRO R Usin g neutral-densit yfilter s o f know n opacity , chec k th e erro r betwee n th e actua l respons e an d th e theoretica l linea r respons e o f th e smok e meter . Thi s chec k i s accomplishe d b

yfirs t calibratin g th e smok e mete r accord

ing t o 3.3. 1 an

d the n inserting a serie s o f thre e neutral

densit yfilter s o f nomina l opacit yo f 20 , 50 , an d 7 5 percen t i n th e smok e mete r pathlength . Filter s calibrate d withi n ± 2 percen t shal l b e used . Car e shoul d b e take n whe n inserting th e filter s t o preven t stra yligh t fro

m affecting th e meter . Mak e a tota l o f fiv e nonconsecutiv e reading s fo r eac h filter . Th e maximu merro r o n an

yon e reading shal l b e 3 percen t opacity . 3.3.2. 6 ZERO AN

D SPA NDRIF T Determin e th e zer o an d span drif t b

ycalibratin g an

d operatin g th e smok e generato r i n a norma l manne r ove r a 1-hour period . Th e drif t i s measure d b ychecking th e zer o an d spa n a t th e en

d o f thi s period . 3.3.2. 7 RESPONS E TIM E Determin e the respons e tim e b yproducin g th e serie s o f fiv e simulate d 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s an d observing th e time require d t o reac h stabl e response .P.4 2



### Opacit yvalue s o f 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t mayb e simulate d b yalternatel yswitching th e powe r t o th e ligh t sourc e of f an d o n whil e th e smok e generato r i s no t operating . 4 . REFERENCE S 4. 1 Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Distric t Rule s an d Regulations , Lo s Angele s Count yAi r Pollutio n Contro l District , Regulatio n IV , Prohibitions , Rul e 50 . 4. 2 Weisburd , Melvi n I. , Fiel d Operation s an d Enforcemen t Manua l fo r Air , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , N . C. , APTD-1100 , Augus t 1972 . pp . 4.1-4.36 . 4. 3 Condon , E.U. , an d Odishaw , H. , Handboo k o f Physics , McGraw-Hil l Co. , N.Y. , N.Y . 1958 , Tabl e 3.1 , p . 6-52. "P.4 3

APPENDI XB

• Sampl e Dat a Form
• Transmissomete r Log
• Predetermine dPlum

e Pattern sP.4 4 

# A METHOD 9 FIELD TES T DAT AFOR M 

# A

TES T TYP E TES T NUMBE R PARTICIPAN T 

# •

READING S 1
9 1 0 5
1 7 1 8 9
2 5 2 6 1 3
3 3 3 4 1 7
4 1 4 2 2 1
4 9 5 0 TIM E 2 3 4 2

1 1 1 2 6
1 9 2 0 1 0
2 7 2 8 1 4
3 5 3 6 1 8
4 3 4 4 2 2
5 1 5 2

5 7 5 8 5 9 5 6

HES T


### 4 0 1 3

2 1 1
2 9 1
3 7 1
4 5 2
5 3 REA D


### 4 1 3
1 4 7
2 2 1
3 0 5
3 8 9


### 4 4 3
5 4 IN G 

# pp

1 5 1 6 8
2 3 2 4 1 2
3 1 3 2 1 6
3 9 4 0 2 0
4 7 4 8 2 4
5 5 5 6

SIGNATUR EP.4 5 

# A METHO D 9 FIEL D STUDY

STRI P CHART DAT

ACODIN G FOR M 

# A 

# • TES T TYP E Whit e Smoke : (1 ) Fla t Trace , (2 ) Varie d wit h Fla t Trace , o r (3 ) Resolutio n Blac k Smoke : (4 ) Fla t Trace , (5 ) Varie d wit h Fla t Trace , o r (6 ) Resolutio n

2 3 4 TES T #

5 6 

# D GENERATO R OPERATOR : (01 ) Willi e Lee , (02 ) Davi d Savage , (03 ) Davi d Brande / (04 ) JudyMaple s
(1 ) Ru n wa s valid . (2 ) Run wa s no t vali d 

# • SK Y CONDITIONS : (1 ) Clear , (2 ) 25 % Cloud Cover , (3 ) 50 % Cloud Cover , (4 ) 75 % Cloud Cover , (5 ) Overcast , (6 ) Rai n

/ TIM E 1 4 8



### 9 1 0 10 3 10 4 Tw o Digi t valu e fo r opacit yi n neares t 5 % fro m00-95 , us e 9 9 as * 10 0 frequenc ydistricutio n metho d validation .

Tota l tim e i n SECOND S a t fla t trace
- opacit yleve l fo r "eac h run-fromplume configuratio n curves . 10 5 10 6 10 7

10 8 10 9 

### HIGHES T OPACIT Y OBSERVE D

LOWES T OPACIT Y OBSERVE D 11 0 11 1 FLA T TRAC E OPACIT " 11 2 11 3

### DATE : 10/18/8 0 

# A METHO D 9 FIEL D STUD Y I I GENERATO R DATAFORM it,* I J

### *-- a

TES T TES T TYP E FLAT

TRAC E OPACIT Y TIM E PERIO D

FLAT TRAC E OPACIT Y GENERATO R

OPERATO R TIM E RECORDE R

CHAR T SPEE D COMMENT S 00 1 1 5 8 min
. 1 5 se c (49 5 sec. ) 

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. (72 0 sec. ) 1 2 min
. (72 0 sec. ) 

# oz. 

# ___n 00 3 3 5 8 min
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## OZ. 

## (01 oc /.itr/ tA\ A 00 4 1 5 9 min.1 3 se c (54 0 sec. ) 

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Tes t # 01 0 -

Tes t # 01 6 • 1

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• 4 0 3 5 2 5 1 5

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Dat a Summar

yP.7 2

t -t

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### * 1 ---- - • — • • - • —- • - —• • - • —

TABL E D- l Tes t Dat a Whit e Smok e
Observe r



### T * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 • 

### 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9

2 0 Tim e 2:20 % Opacity , Sec .



### Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 

### 0 25 5 , - 

### -0 - -0 - 1 5 -0 - 30 28 5 -0 - 4 5 210 240 150 330 36 0 30 30 150 -0 - 27 0 22 5 240 22 5 -0 - 4 5 13 5 90 60 330 90 60 360 25 5 240 360 360 -0 - 120 4 5 -0 - 360 13 5 360 360 -0 - 34 5 360 360 36 0 360 34 5 330 36 0 360 36 0 360 360 36 0 300 28 5 36 0 360 360 -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - 150 -0 - -0 - 7 5 -0 - 150 34 5 360 -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - 30 -0 - 360 360 360 360 36 0 360 360 36 0 360 36 0 36 0 360 36 0 36 0 360 36 0 360 360 360 360 360
"ransmissomete r Averaq e Opacity , 

### Ru n 1 2 3 

### 1 6 20 6 8 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 9 7 1 4 1 8 24 1 7 20 23 1 4 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 9 1 9 2 0 1 9 8 1 3 1 7 1 5 1 5 24 1 5 1 5 32 2 0 1 9 25 24 1 5 1 5 1 3 1 0 22 1 7 3 3 30 1 4 23 3 5 38 22 36 29 2 1 4 1 3 6 4 4 38 4 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 5 3 1 2 5 % * 

# *t*

Percen t
4 5 

### 1 4 8 6 8 10 1 1 1 1 17 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 4 1 7 20 23 10 1 1 9 9 1 5 9 38 3 5 3 0 30 37 39 3 4 37 37 3 5 50 36 46 40 44 2 5 2 5 3 0 44 38 37 

# VTABL E D- l Tes t Dat a Whit e Smok e P.7 3

Observe r



### T * 1 2 3 4 5 6

' 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 Tim

e ^20 % Opacity , Sec .
6 8 

### 36 0 30 0

• -0 - 

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### 36 0 225 360 27 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 360 36 0 27 0 285 36 0 36 0 34 5 90 7 5 36 0 16 5 22 5 150 22 5 360 30 0 240 330 30 0 360 360 36 0 34 5 90 15 0 31 5 360 19 5 Averaq e

6 8 

### 2 3 2 1 1 0 8 1 7 2 0 1 6 23 1 9 1 7 40 1 7 2 7 20 28 20 1 5 2 1 2 6 26 1 7 9 7 1 2 7 1 4 1 0 1 3 1 8 1 4 1 3 1 5 10 1 9 1 6 2 5 1 4 7 9 1 1 1 7 9 Opacity , 

### Ru n 9 2 8 20 29 2 3 4 5 29 26 32 34 27 4 1 2 7 36 35 3 5 22 2 0 2 1 30 3 5 24 Percen t 

### 10 1 9 1 4 24 1 8 1 8 17 18 2 7 2 1 2 0 3 1 2 0 26 23 34 2 0 1 5 1 6 2 1 26 1 8
*Transmissomete rP.7 4

TABL E D- 2 Tes t Dat a Blac kSmok e 

# ° £

4fy

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### T * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 T

1 1 360 360 36 0 10 5 22 5 360 285 36 0 36 0 28 5 28 5 360 180 36 0 36 0 36 0 90 34 5

. 18 0 

### 36 0 330 ime_>20 % Opac i 

### 1 2 360 10 5 90 90 4 5 19 5 19 5 360 360 210 34 5 360 -0 - 360 36 0 360 -0 - 10 5 -0 - 34 5 150 Ru n 1 3 36 0 36 0 36 0 10 5 -0 - 28 5 120 34 5 360 34 5 36 0 360 -0 - 360 360 360 60 240 -0 - 30 0 210 ty , Sec .

1 4 1 5 

### -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - 1 5 -0 - -0 - 60 -0 - -0 - 24 0 -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - 22 5 -0 - -0 - 150 -0 - 180 -0 - 

## -o 330 13 5 90 360 -0 - 45 360 31 5 -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - 30 Averag e
1 1 1 2 

### 4 1 3 1 2 5 1 4 1 9 2 1 2 1 2 1 27 2 1 2 1 5 2 1 8 33 3 1 2 0 1 6 2 1 1 7 2 7 2 2 3 1 1 6 1 6 1 5 1 4 2 0 17 2 1 2 4 1 8 2 1 3 4 1 3 20 28 2 1 1 3 1 6 9 2 1 1 6 Opacity , 

### Ru n 1 3 3 5 2 4 2 2 1 6 1 3 1 9 1 6 2 1 2 4 2 1 28 46 1 5 2 9 27 2 5 1 5 2 0 1 1 1 9 1 9 Percen t
1 4 1 5 

### 1 5 6 6 6 5 9 5 6 1 5 8 9 1 9 5 1 0 2 0 1 2 10 1 6 7 17 1 1 1 4 22 1 6 1 5 3 1 1 2 1 6 1 4 2 5 1 1 • 

### 5 6 2 7 5 1 9 8 1 3 7 1 4 1 3

*T , TransmissometerP.7 5

Observe r



### T * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 TABL E 

### D- 2 Tes t Dat a Blac kSmok e
Tim e >20 % Opacity , Sec . 1 7 1 8 

### 36 0 12 0 -0 - 6 0 -0 - 36 0 6 0 18 0 36 0 19 5 25 5 36 0 12 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 -0 - 30 -0 - 6 0 225 19

5 -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - 120 1 5 -0 - 150 -0 - -0 - 36 0 30 -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - 1 5 Ru n 1 9 2 0 

### 36 0 16 5 30 6 0 -0 - 1 5

. 4 5 

### 285 36 0 210 28 5 31 5 120 120 36 0 36 0 1 5 34 5 -0 - 33 0 30 0 -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - -0 - Averag e

1 7 1 8 

### 2 5 1 7 1 1 1 5 1 0 20 1 6 1 7 2 4 1 7 20 24 1 7 22 2 7 23 1 1 1 4 1 0 1 6 1 8 20 1 1 1 0 7 5 1 0 7 10 1 7 1 2 9 1 7 1 5 1 5 2 1 1 5 7 1 0 5 1 4 1 4 Opacity , 

### Ru n 1 9 25 1 7 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 9 . 

### 26 1 9 20 2 1 1 7 1 7 2 5 2 4 1 5 20 9 2 0 2 1 Percen t 

### 2 0 9 4 5 5 0 4 4 4 7 3 4 4 5 7 7 4 4 5 0 5 5

* Transmissomete rP.7 6

APPENDI X E Participant sPARTICIPANT S • • • *•

Raymon dR . Gree n Michae l A . Down s
Harve y W . Hoo d Lyn nH . Tai t E.J . LeBos s Henr y E . Berto t Loui s Dale y
Mar y L . Eisenbis e Kennet hM . Robert s JohnD . Trout t Jame s Polk , Jr . Jame s D . Harri s Jame s T . Show
Johnny B . Turne r Roge r T . Caldwel l William E . Darlin g E dEdmundso n Patricia r A . Robert s Donal dG . Nive r RalphA . Bur t I I *Kare nVarne y Marti nMariett a Corp . Environmenta l Resourc e Consultants , Inc . (ERC ) ERC ERC ERC Florid a Powe r & Ligh t Co . Florid a Dept . o f Environ menta l Regulatio n(DER ) Sel f employe d Conservatio nConsultan t Inc . Gardinie r Inc . C F . Industries , Inc . Orland o Utilitie s Commissio n Environmenta l Analysi s & Design , Inc . DER DER DER DER Kraft , Inc . Ama xPhosphate , Inc . Universit y

o f Centra l Florid a Studen t

* No t certified ; result s no t reported .