UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

TENTH CIRCUIT 

PAUL GLOVER; GLOVER 

CONSTRUCTION CO., INC., 

 Plaintiffs - Appellees, 

v. 

CARLISLE MABREY, III; JAMES 

DUNEGAN; DAN OVERLAND; JACKIE 

COOPER; LOYD BENSON; BRUCE 

BENBROOK; BRADLEY W. BURGESS; 

GUY BERRY; SKIP NICHOLSON; 

NORMAN N. HILL; GARY RIDLEY; 

GEORGE RAYMOND; GARY EVANS; 

DARREN SALIBA, 

 Defendants - Appellants. 

No. 08-7048 

(E.D. Okla.) 

(D.C. No. 6:07-CV-00112-FHS) 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before LUCERO, O’BRIEN, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.

Glover Construction Company and its owner, Paul Glover (collectively “Glover”) 

filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the Oklahoma Department of Transportation 

 *

 This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th 

Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1. 

It is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion and claim preclusion. 

Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). 

Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical 

notation B (unpublished). Id. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

June 4, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
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(ODOT) Commissioners and six department officials (collectively the ODOT 

defendants).1

 The complaint alleged the ODOT defendants retaliated against Glover in 

violation of its First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The ODOT defendants moved to 

dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and 

asserted the affirmative defenses of absolute and qualified immunity. The district court 

denied the motion to dismiss and rejected ODOT’s affirmative defenses. We affirm in 

part, reverse in part and remand for further proceedings. 

I. BACKGROUND 

By statute, ODOT and its Commissioners are responsible for, among other things, 

the construction and maintenance of Oklahoma highways. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 69, § 304 

(2009). ODOT construction projects are contracted through a competitive bidding 

process governed by Oklahoma’s Competitive Bidding Act of 1974, which authorizes 

ODOT to prequalify contactors to bid on projects. Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 69, § 1101 (2009); 

Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 61, § 118 (2009). According to Glover’s second amended complaint, 

it has contracted with ODOT to perform construction work for almost thirty years and 

was a prequalified bidder. 

On a number of occasions, Glover and ODOT have not seen eye-to-eye on 

 1

 The defendants included the Commission members (Carlisle Mabrey, III, James 

Dunegan, Dan Overland, Jackie Cooper, Loyd Benson, Bruce Benbrook, Bradley 

Burgess, and Guy Berry). Other named ODOT officials were Gary Ridley (chief 

executive of ODOT), George Raymond (executive officer of ODOT), Gary Evans 

(ODOT director), Darren Saliba (ODOT division engineer), Normal Hill (ODOT general 

counsel), and Skip Nicholson (ODOT investigator). All defendants were sued in their 

individual capacity. 
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contract terms or the quality of Glover’s work. Glover has often used administrative and 

judicial channels to challenge ODOT’s contract decisions and the adequacy of its 

payment. A particularly contentious dispute involved construction on Oklahoma 

Highway 64. Glover won the contract and constructed a portion of the highway. The 

construction was subject to major problems which Glover blamed on ODOT’s design and 

ODOT blamed on Glover’s poor workmanship and use of improper materials. The 

dispute was widely publicized in the media. As a result of these disagreements, tensions 

rose between Glover and ODOT. 

Glover obtained a court order enjoining ODOT’s threatened revocation of its 

prequalification status. While the complaint does not set forth any dates, ODOT 

allegedly revoked Glover’s prequalification status despite the court order.2

 Glover then 

filed this action. It has alleged four constitutional violations: Count I, retaliation for the 

exercise of First Amendment rights to petition for the redress of grievances; Count II, 

retaliation for the exercise of Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and a First 

Amendment right to speak on matters of public importance; Count III, violation of 

Glover’s Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection; and Count IV, retaliation for 

Glover’s exercise of First Amendment right to free speech. 

The ODOT defendants filed a motion to dismiss all claims for failure to state a 

claim upon which relief may be granted under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil 

 2

 The Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals reversed the injunction on August 10, 

2007. At oral argument ODOT’s counsel stated he believed the injunction was dissolved 

after ODOT revoked Glover’s prequalification status. 
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Procedure. The motion also asserted all defendants were entitled to qualified immunity 

and Hill (ODOT’s counsel), Nicholson (an ODOT investigator), and the Commission 

members were entitled to absolute immunity. Stating the decision was a “close call,” the 

district court denied the motion to dismiss and found Glover sufficiently alleged facts to 

support its claims. (R. Vol. I at 144.) It determined the ODOT defendants were not 

entitled to qualified immunity because retaliation for exercising First Amendment rights 

is a clearly established constitutional violation. It denied absolute immunity because the 

record was not sufficiently developed to apply the necessary “functional” analysis set 

forth in Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 229 (1988) (the inquiry focuses on “the nature 

of the function performed [by the official], not the identity of the actor who performed 

it”). This interlocutory appeal followed. 

II. DISCUSSION 

A. Jurisdiction

“Under the Supreme Court’s collateral order doctrine, a district court’s denial of a 

claim of qualified immunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable 

‘final decision’ within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 notwithstanding the absence of a 

final judgment.” Weise v. Casper, 507 F.3d 1260, 1263 (10th Cir. 2007) (citations and 

quotations omitted). “[T]he Supreme Court has limited appeals of interlocutory decisions 

denying the defense of qualified immunity to cases presenting neat abstract issues of 

law.” Id. at 1263-64 (quotations omitted). “[P]retrial determinations of evidentiary 

sufficiency in qualified immunity cases are not immediately appealable.” Id. at 1264. 

Glover asserts we lack jurisdiction because the district court found its complaint 
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“states plausible violations of Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights . . . and that those rights 

were clearly established.” (Appellee’s Br. at 3.) It relies on Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 

304, 319-20 (1995), where the Court held it lacked jurisdiction over an appeal by police 

officers because “[t]he [qualified immunity] order in question resolved a fact-related 

dispute about the pretrial record.” Id. at 307 (emphasis added). 

There is one issue that is not properly before us. The district court determined the 

record was insufficient at this stage of the litigation to resolve the absolute immunity 

claims. When determining whether a defendant is entitled to absolute immunity, we 

employ a functional approach. See Perez v. Ellington, 421 F.3d 1128, 1133 (10th Cir. 

2005) (quotations omitted). The district court stated “the functions of the various 

Defendants, and the agency itself, ha[d] not been established by any factual record which 

the Court can evaluate.” (R. Vol. I at 148.) Because this is a factual determination, we 

do not address it on this appeal.3

 See Weise, 507 F.3d at 1264 (“If a district court cannot 

rule on the merits of a qualified immunity defense at the dismissal stage because the 

allegations in the pleadings are insufficient as to some factual matter, the district court’s 

determination is not immediately appealable.”). 

Other than in the absolute immunity context, Glover’s jurisdictional argument has 

no merit. The sufficiency of a complaint is a question of law, as is the existence of a 

 3

 The denial of absolute or qualified immunity on a motion to dismiss does not 

preclude the ODOT defendants from raising the issue in a later motion for summary 

judgment when the record is more fully developed. See Weise, 507 F.3d at 1265 

(recognizing “the denial of qualified immunity at the dismissal stage does not preclude a 

renewal of that defense at summary judgment after further factual development has 

occurred”). 
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clearly established constitutional violation. See Id. at 1267 (“the denial of qualified 

immunity on a motion to dismiss constitutes a legal decision because Rule 12(b)(6) 

requires a court to accept as true all well-pleaded facts in the complaint”). Because the 

remaining issues involve questions of law rather than fact, we have jurisdiction over this 

interlocutory appeal. 

B. Standard of Review

 “The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from liability 

for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or 

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v. 

Callahan, 129 S. Ct. 808, 815 (2009) (quotations omitted). “Because qualified immunity 

is an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability it is effectively lost if a 

case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Id. (quotations omitted). The “plaintiff must 

plead that each Government-official defendant, through his own individual actions, has 

violated the Constitution.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, --- U.S. ---, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1948 (2009). 

The only questions before us are whether Glover’s complaint alleges the defendants 

violated a constitutional right and whether the right was clearly established at the time of 

the defendants’ conduct. See Bryson v. Gonzales, 534 F.3d 1282, 1285 (10th Cir. 2008). 

We review the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo, 

“accepting all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true.” Howard v. 

Waide, 534 F.3d 1227, 1242-43 (10th Cir. 2008). To withstand a motion to dismiss, a 

“complaint must contain enough allegations of fact ‘to state a claim to relief that is 

plausible on its face.’” Robbins v. Okla. ex rel. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 519 F.3d 1242, 1247 
- 7 - 

(10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). 

The purpose of this “plausibility” requirement is “to weed out claims that do not in the 

absence of additional allegations have a reasonable prospect of success [and] inform the 

defendants of the actual grounds of the claim against them.” Id. at 1248 (emphasis 

added). Applied to all civil actions, the Twombly standard “demands more than an 

unadorned the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation” and requires more than 

“naked assertions devoid of factual development . . . more than a sheer possibility that a 

defendant has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (quotations omitted). The 

necessary degree of specificity is highly dependent on the context and type of case. 

Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1247. The complaint “must contain either direct or inferential 

allegations respecting all the material elements necessary to sustain a recovery under 

some viable legal theory.” Bryson, 534 F.3d at 1286 (quotations omitted). 

 The ODOT defendants claim Glover failed to allege a sufficient factual basis to 

establish a constitutional violation. Many allegations in Glover’s complaint are 

conclusory statements providing no concrete way of identifying what actions were taken, 

when, or in some instances by whom. A number of allegations refer generally to 

“ODOT,” “ODOT officials,” and “top executives,” or “an ODOT executive.” (R. Vol. 1 

at 22-25, 28-29, ¶¶ 18-24, 26, 28, 30, 44, 49.) Without more, these allegations provide no 

indication which defendant must defend against the charge. In addition, other allegations 

provide no dates or other information with which one might put the alleged activities in 

some sort of temporal context. We will not consider these general and/or conclusory 

allegations. See Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950 (“a court . . . can . . . begin by identifying 
- 8 - 

pleadings that . . . are not entitled to the assumption of truth”). We consider whether the 

remaining factual allegations are sufficient to “nudge [these] claims across the line from 

conceivable to plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. 

C. Count I - Retaliation for Public Criticism

The First Amendment forbids “abridging the freedom of speech, or . . . the right of 

the people . . . to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” U.S. Const. 

Amend. I. It is well-established “the First Amendment bars retaliation for protected 

speech.” Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 592 (1998); see also Wilkie v. Robbins, 

551 U.S. 537, 555 (2007) (“longstanding recognition that the Government may not 

retaliate for exercising First Amendment speech rights”). Whether particular speech is 

protected depends on the nature of the expression as well as the speaker’s relationship to 

the government. For example, the speech of a private citizen generally enjoys broader 

protections than the speech of public employees or public contractors. See Bd. of 

Comm’rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr, 518 U.S. 668, 673 (1996) (public contractor); 

Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146 (1983) (government employee); and Pickering v. 

Bd. Of Educ. of Twp. High Sch. Dist. 205, Will County, Ill., 391 U.S. 563, 568 (1968) 

(public high school teacher). The Supreme Court has recently reiterated corporate 

entities are entitled to the protections of the First Amendment and should not be “treated 

differently under the First Amendment simply because they are not ‘natural persons.’” 

Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm’n., --- S. Ct. ----, 2010 WL 183856, at *20 (2010). 

In Pickering, the Supreme Court considered whether a teacher’s criticism of its 

employer was protected speech. The Court recognized “the State has interests as an 
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employer in regulating the speech of its employees that differ significantly from those it 

possesses in connection with regulation of the speech of the citizenry in general.” 391 

U.S. at 568. To balance the “interests of the teacher, as a citizen, in commenting upon 

matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the 

efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees,” the Court adopted a 

four-part test. Id. A government employee claiming a violation of his or her First 

Amendment rights must show 1) the speech in question involves a matter of public 

concern; 2) the employee’s interest in the expression outweighs the government 

employer’s interest in regulating the speech; and 3) the speech was a substantial factor 

driving the challenged governmental action. See Kent v. Martin, 252 F.3d 1141, 1143 

(10th Cir. 2001).4

 If the employee establishes these elements, the employer may still 

defeat the claim upon a demonstration that (4) the employer would have taken the same 

employment action in the absence of the protected speech. Id.

 4

 The Supreme Court recently modified the Pickering test as applied to public 

employees. See Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006); see also Brammer-Hoelter v. 

Twin Peaks Charter Acad., 492 F.3d 1192, 1202 (10th Cir. 2007) (describing the 

“‘Garcetti/Pickering’ analysis”). In Garcetti, the Court determined speech pursuant to an 

employee’s official duties is not protected because to so hold “would commit state and 

federal courts to a new, permanent, and intrusive role, mandating judicial oversight of 

communications between and among government employees and their superiors in the 

course of official business.” Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 423. As a result, whether an employer 

has permissibly acted in response to an employee’s speech now contains Pickering’s four 

elements and, in addition, an initial element considering “whether the employee speaks 

pursuant to his official duties.” Brammer-Hoelter, 492 F.3d at 1202 (quotation omitted). 

The first three elements are issues of law to be decided by the court; the last two are 

factual issues to be decided by the factfinder. Id. at 1203. The Supreme Court has yet to 

speak on whether or how this modification may affect the analysis in the context of an 

independent contractor. In the absence of guidance from the Court we decline to 

independently do so. 
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In this case, Glover’s lawsuit was brought in its capacity as a public contractor. A 

public contractor’s retaliation claim based on its criticism of the contracting government 

agency is protected activity if it can pass the “Pickering balancing test, adjusted to weigh 

the government’s interests as contractor rather than as employer . . . .” Umbehr, 518 U.S. 

at 673. Thus, to pass the first hurdle, Glover must allege its speech involved a matter of 

public concern. 

Whether speech involves a matter of public concern depends on “the content, 

form, and context” of the speech. Connick, 461 U.S. at 148. “[P]ublic concern is 

something that is a subject of legitimate news interest; that is, a subject of general interest 

and of value and concern to the public at the time of publication.” City of San Diego v. 

Roe, 543 U.S. 77, 83-84 (2004). Our focus is “on the motive of the speaker and whether 

the speech is calculated to disclose misconduct or merely deals with personal disputes 

and grievances unrelated to the public’s interest.” Lighton v. Univ. of Utah, 209 F.3d 

1213, 1224 (10th Cir. 2000). 

Glover alleges its comments to the media blamed the increased costs of the 

Highway 64 project on ODOT’s faulty design. “[T]he use of public funds and . . . the 

objectives, purposes and mission” of a government agency are “well within the rubric of 

matters of ‘public concern.’” Schrier v. Univ. of Colo., 427 F.3d 1253, 1263 (10th Cir. 

2005) (quotation omitted); see also Gardetto v. Mason, 100 F.3d 803, 814 (10th Cir. 

1996) (“persons able to offer a well-informed perspective on expenditures of public funds 

may be especially valuable to public debate”). It claims the speech concerned “when and 

how a public roadway fail[ed] . . . [and] relate[d] to the expenditure of tax funds by 
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government officials.” (R. Vol. I at 25.) We agree. Glover sufficiently alleged its public 

comments regarding ODOT’s poor design of Highway 64 was protected speech. See

Lancaster v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 5, 149 F.3d 1228, 1234 (10th Cir. 1998) (speech 

calculated to disclose wrongdoing or inefficiency in the conduct of official duties). 

Moving to Pickering’s second step, ODOT has not argued it has an overriding 

interest in limiting Glover’s protected speech. Without more from ODOT, the asserted 

public interest in learning the true cause of substantial public expenditures would 

normally outweigh ODOT’s interest in suppressing these comments. We do not decide 

that no interest can satisfy Pickering’s second step, only that no such interest has yet been 

asserted. 

Having sufficiently alleged a protected activity, we consider Glover’s allegations 

as they relate to specific acts by individual defendants. Glover alleges retaliation in three 

different forms: (1) an investigation by Skip Nicholson; (2) a policy instituted by Darren 

Saliba, an ODOT engineer and (3) the suspension of Glover’s prequalified bidder status. 

1. Skip Nicholson 

Glover claims Nicholson, with help and encouragement from an ODOT attorney, 

Norman Hill, initiated an investigation of Glover in violation of ODOT policy.5

 (R. Vol. 

1 at 26.) Paragraph 37 of the complaint alleges Nicholson encouraged Hill to seek a 

search warrant for Glover’s “home and/or office” knowing there was no probable cause; 

 5

 Allegations of policy violations are irrelevant because Section 1983 “does not 

provide a remedy for abuses that do not violate federal laws.” Collins v. City of Harker 

Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 119 (1992). 
- 12 - 

Nicholson encouraged law enforcement to subpoena records from hotels where Mr. 

Glover stayed on vacation; Nicholson investigated insurance claim allegations unrelated 

to ODOT; Nicholson once called an environmental agency because trash was burned on 

Mr. Glover’s property and; Nicholson and Hill caused Glover to be audited by the IRS. 

(R. Vol. I at 25-26.) 

Other than the IRS audit, Glover does not allege Nicholson’s (or Hill’s) actions 

actually caused a third party to take any action against it. The complaint does not allege 

Nicholson’s “encouragement” led to the issuance of a warrant or subpoena or a response 

from the (unknown) environmental agency. It does not allege Nicholson’s insurance 

investigation involved contact with Glover or resulted in harm. The complaint does not 

claim these activities had any impact on the report recommending Glover’s debarment. 

Merely “encouraging” or engaging in action is not an actionable constitutional violation 

unless it results in some harm to the plaintiff. A claim must assert specific injuries-infact caused by the individual defendants. See Pignanelli v. Pueblo Sch. Dist. No. 60, 540 

F.3d 1213, 1219 (10th Cir. 2008) (injury-in-fact must be fairly traceable to the 

defendants); see also Loving v. Boren, 133 F.3d 771, 772-73 (10th Cir. 1998) (plaintiff 

must show injury-in-fact to have standing in the First Amendment context). 

Similarly, while Glover does say “Nicholson, Hill and other defendants . . . 

unlawfully caused” an IRS audit, the complaint does not say when or how this was done. 

Without deciding the issue, for present purposes we assume the cost and time spent 

complying with an audit could satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement. Even so, the 

complaint does not allege the IRS investigation was without cause – a necessary element 
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of his claim.6

 

The Supreme Court has specifically addressed the parameters of a claim for 

retaliation such as the one Glover alleges here. In Hartman v. Moore, the plaintiff filed a 

claim for civil liability under Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 

(1971)7

 alleging, inter alia, postal inspectors launched a criminal investigation against 

him without cause and they pressured the United States Attorney’s Office to have him 

indicted in retaliation for his lobbying activities and criticism of the postal service. 547 

U.S. 250, 254 (2006). The Court distinguished “ordinary” retaliatory claims from those 

in which the defendant caused another party to act, stating: 

[T]he defendant will be a nonprosecutor, an official, like an inspector here, 

who may have influenced the prosecutorial decision but did not himself 

make it, and the cause of action will not be strictly for retaliatory 

prosecution, but for successful retaliatory inducement to prosecute . . . . 

Thus, the causal connection required here is not merely between the 

retaliatory animus of one person and that person’s own injurious action, but 

between the retaliatory animus of one person and the action of another. 

Id. at 262. In that situation, the Court determined a plaintiff must plead and prove “that 

 6

 To be sure, in some circumstances “[a]n act taken in retaliation for the exercise 

of a constitutionally protected right is actionable under § 1983 even if the act, when taken 

for a different reason, would have been proper.” DeLoach v. Bevers, 922 F.2d 618, 620 

(10th Cir. 1990) (quoting Matzker v. Herr, 748 F.2d 1142, 1150 (7th Cir.1984). In 

DeLoach, we held a police detective could not “hide behind the decisions of others 

involved in DeLoach’s arrest and prosecution if she deliberately conceals and 

mischaracterizes exculpatory evidence.” Id. at 621. We have also held that “[p]rison 

officials may not retaliate against or harass an inmate because of the inmate’s exercise of 

his constitutional rights . . . . [and] [t]his principle applies even where the action taken in 

retaliation would be otherwise permissible.” Peterson v. Shanks, 149 F.3d 1140, 1144 

(10th Cir. 1998) (quotations and citations omitted). But here, Glover’s claim does not 

rely on any direct action by Nicholson, nor does he allege Nicholson misled the IRS. 

7

 “[A] Bivens action is the federal analog to suits brought against state officials 

under Rev. Stat. § 1979, 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” Hartman, 547 U.S. 254, n.2. 
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the nonprosecuting official acted in retaliation, and must also show that he induced the 

prosecutor to bring charges that would not have been initiated without his urging.” Id. In 

other words, “[s]ome sort of allegation . . . is needed both to bridge the gap between the 

nonprosecuting government agent’s motive and the prosecutor’s action, and to address 

the presumption of prosecutorial regularity.” Id. at 263. 

While Hartman addressed only a claim based on a criminal prosecution, we have 

extended its principles to circumstances similar to those presented here. See McBeth v. 

Himes, 598 F.3d 708 (10th Cir. 2010). McBeth, a licensed day care operator claimed, 

Himes, a police investigator, complained to the Department of Human Services (DHS) 

that she was not cooperating with his investigation in retaliation for her consulting an 

attorney. She alleged she was informed by DHS that her license would be suspended 

because of the complaint. “Directly as a result of this ‘coercion,’ . . . she surrendered her 

license.” Id. at 713. Thus, McBeth claimed Himes caused her to lose her license in 

retaliation for exercising her First Amendment rights. 

Himes contended “his alleged complaint to DHS could not have caused DHS to 

seek suspension of McBeth’s daycare license because DHS already possessed the legal 

authority to suspend McBeth’s license and would have done so even in the absence of his 

complaint.” Id. at 717. Although McBeth argued Hartman was limited to claims of 

retaliatory prosecution, we disagreed. We held the retaliation claim against Himes was 

actually a “successful retaliatory inducement” claim. Id. at 719. Thus, “the logic of 

[Hartman’s] rule necessitates its application . . . where ‘multi-layered causation’ 

complicates the court’s inquiry into whether the defendant’s retaliatory animus caused 
- 15 - 

the adverse action that harmed the plaintiff.” Id. at 720. 

The authority of the IRS to – and its decision to in fact - conduct an audit triggers 

the multi-layered causation pleading requirements. Glover must allege (and ultimately 

prove) that the officials who undertook the allegedly adverse action, the IRS, lacked 

cause to do so. The blanket allegation of “unlawfully caus[ing]” does not allege with 

sufficient specificity that the IRS lacked cause to conduct any audit which took place. 

(R. Vol. I at 26.) Because the complaint fails to allege Nicholson’s investigation caused 

harm to Glover, the First Amendment retaliation claim against Nicholson fails to state a 

constitutional violation. 

2. Darren Saliba 

Glover alleged while Saliba supervised its contracts, he “adopted an arbitrary and 

unreasonable policy of never approving any claims by [Glover], no matter how 

reasonable, after [Glover] had been awarded a contract with ODOT.” (R. Vol. I at 27.) 

Glover points to two instances where “Saliba arbitrarily denied the use of [recycled 

asphalt] thereby increasing [Glover]’s costs” causing Glover to file a claim, and “on 

another occasion, . . . Saliba would not approve an additional cost for disposing of . . . 

debris.” (Id.at 27-28) Glover alleged Saliba’s denials were in retaliation for Glover’s 

claim ODOT had poorly designed defective roads and sought redress in court. (See id.) 

While Glover is not required to prove its case in the pleadings, the complaint must 

allege facts which plausibly support the allegation that Saliba’s alleged actions involved a 

retaliatory motive. See Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1952 (a First Amendment complaint alleging 

a policy against post-September-11 detainees “must contain facts plausibly showing that 
- 16 - 

petitioners purposefully adopted a policy . . . because of . . . race, religion, or national 

origin”). Lets examine the allegations as they relate to Saliba’s actions. 

The complaint alleges that each defendant acted “in concert” with each other, 

presumably to link the commissioners’ and other defendants’ retaliatory intent to Saliba. 

(R. Vol. I at 20.) However, there are no factual allegations connecting Saliba to the 

commissioners or any other defendant. For instance, there are no allegations Saliba 

regularly works with the ODOT commissioners, Hill, Ridley or Evans or that he speaks 

with one or more of them with any regularity. It does not allege he has ever worked in 

proximity to them. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 

content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable 

for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949. If it were reasonable to assume 

Saliba worked in concert with these defendants, it would also be reasonable to assume 

any employee from any of the twenty-seven Central Office Divisions (see

http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/hqdiv/indexg.htm) or any of the eight field divisions from 

across the state (see http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/flddiv.htm) also worked in concert 

with them. Such an assumption strains credulity. 

Even assuming the complaint alleges a plausible connection between Saliba and 

these defendants, it fails to allege any level of temporal proximity between Saliba’s 

alleged policy against Glover and Glover’s public speech. While it is safe to assume the 

two contract disputes occurred after the public fight over Highway 64, we have no 

indication of whether Saliba’s actions took place within days, weeks, or even years of 

Glover’s public statements. The complaint provides nothing which actually ties the 
- 17 - 

Highway 64 comments and Saliba’s actions together except the categorical statement that 

Saliba “took [his] course of action in retaliation for [Glover] seeking redress in court and 

because Glover published [derogatory comments on Highway 64].” (R. Vol. I at 28.) In 

sum, as the complaint is worded, it contains no allegation of a connection between 

Saliba’s work and the commissioners or even an explanation of how Saliba’s decisions 

related to Glover’s public comments. The facts – two alleged contract disputes – do not 

rule out the possibility of retaliatory motive, “and thus at some level they are consistent 

with a viable First Amendment claim, but mere possibility is not enough.” Moss v. U.S. 

Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 971-72 (9th Cir. 2009). Glover fails to “nudge[] [his] claims 

across the line from conceivable to plausible. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. 

3. The Commissioners, Hill, Ridley and Evans 

Glover’s complaint asserts ODOT employees Ridley, Evans, and Hill prepared a 

report which recommended Glover be designated an “irresponsible bidder” and 

suspended from obtaining future work with ODOT because of Glover’s comments to the 

media regarding the Highway 64 project. In paragraph 50, Glover alleges “a large 

portion of the report was concerning an investigation of Highway 648

 wherein ODOT 

was being blamed for poor design.” (R. Vol. I at 30.) This allegation, while tenuous, 

 8

 The complaint does not say whether the “investigation of Highway 64” alleged 

in this paragraph is part of Nicholson’s allegedly unlawful investigation referenced in 

other paragraphs. To the contrary, the complaint alleges Nicholson’s “unlawful” 

investigation had “no rational nexus between . . . [Glover] and his relationship with 

ODOT,” was “unrelated to ODOT,” and was “completely unrelated to any ODOT 

endeavor.” (R. Vol. I at 26-27.) Because it is alleged Nicholson’s investigatory activities 

were unrelated to ODOT, we must conclude the investigation referred to in the report is 

not the Nicholson investigation. 
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connects Glover’s statements to the media during the Highway 64 dispute to Ridley’s, 

Evans’ and Hill’s motivation to recommend Glover’s debarment in an official report. 

Paragraph 53 alleges the ODOT Commissioners unanimously adopted this report even 

though “it listed lawfully protected acts” as a basis for suspension. (R. Vol. I at 29.) 

Although we do not know precisely what “lawfully protected acts” were listed, we may 

infer Glover’s public criticism was among them. Thus, the complaint alleges Ridley, 

Evans and Hill authored the report in retaliation for Glover’s speech and the 

Commissioners, knowing the retaliatory basis for the recommendation, approved the 

recommendation and suspended Glover from working for ODOT. These allegations are 

sufficient to state a claim for retaliation in violation of Glover’s First Amendment right to 

freedom of speech. 

D. Count II – Retaliation for Petitions for Redress

Paragraph 47 of the complaint alleges the report specifically referred to Glover’s 

prior judicial and administrative challenges (Glover’s petitions for redress) as “a primary 

factor” for its recommendation Glover be disqualified from bidding. (R. Vol. I at 29.) 

As discussed above, the allegations regarding the report sufficiently state a constitutional 

claim if the speech on which the claim is based is protected. The question is whether 

Glover must allege its judicial and administrative petitions involved a matter of public 

concern in order to state a claim for relief. 

In Van Deelen v. Johnson, we reversed the district court’s dismissal of a private 

citizen’s § 1983 claim alleging county authorities retaliated against him for filing a 

lawsuit and eight tax appeals. 497 F.3d 1151, 1153 (10th Cir. 2007). We rejected the 
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district court’s conclusion that a private citizen’s petitions must involve a matter of public 

concern and stated: 

This is, of course, not to say that the “public concern” test proffered by 

defendants and adopted by the district court has no place in the law of the 

First Amendment. Rather, the test quite properly applies to claims brought 

by government employees -- but its scope reaches no further. 

Id. at 1156. Arguably, this statement absolves Glover from having to plead its petitions 

involved a matter of public concern as it is not a public employee. However, a public 

contractor’s claim based on its right to petition was not at issue in Van Deelen. 

Neither this Circuit nor the Supreme Court has directly addressed whether a public 

contractor’s petitions must involve a matter of public concern in order to qualify as 

protected speech. The two circuits which have published cases on the issue, the Sixth 

and Eighth Circuits, reached opposite conclusions. 

In Gable v. Lewis, a female operator of an automobile towing company brought a 

§ 1983 action against the Ohio Highway Patrol. 201 F.3d 769, 770 (6th Cir. 2000). She 

alleged the Patrol removed her from a towing referral list in retaliation for her lawsuit 

claiming sex-based discrimination in the Patrol’s allocation of towing business. The 

Patrol argued the petition clause was inapplicable because the operator’s discrimination 

complaint was personal, not “a matter of ‘public concern.’” Id. The court disagreed. 

The Sixth Circuit began its analysis by stating, “[t]he petition clause is analytically 

distinct from, although related to, the free speech clause.” Id. at 771. It looked to the 

Supreme Court’s decision in California Motor Transp. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S. 

508, 510-11 (1972), as authority supporting the protection of personal interests under the 
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First Amendment right to petition.9

 The court then examined the justifications for 

limiting public employees’ speech and found “the reason for the ‘public concern’ test . . . 

[did] not apply . . . because the plaintiff was not a governmental employee subject to the 

discipline of a governmental employer.” Id. Rather, “[s]he was simply a citizen offering 

services to a state agency.” Id. It noted “no authority in the Sixth Circuit limit[ed] 

petitioning activity by public employees to matters of ‘public concern’ either generally or 

in the governmental employment context.” Id. at 771-72. Based on this reasoning, the 

court held “there is no basis in our First Amendment jurisprudence for applying [the] 

public concern test to petitioning activity by a private business woman who is simply 

supplying services to a governmental agency as an independent contractor.” Id. at 772. 

In Heritage Constructors, Inc. v. City of Greenwood, Ark., the Eighth Circuit 

applied a different analysis. 545 F.3d 599 (8th Cir. 2008). There, a public contractor 

claimed the City declared it was no longer a “responsible bidder” in retaliation for its 

prior arbitration claim against the city. Id. at 600. The Eighth Circuit did not rely on 

California Motor Transp., but instead looked to Board of County Comm'rs v. Umbehr.

10 

 9

 In California Motor Transp., the Supreme Court reversed the dismissal of a civil 

suit between two trucking companies brought under § 4 of the Clayton Act. The plaintiff 

alleged the defendant had “conspired to monopolize trade and commerce in the 

transportation of goods . . . [by instituting] state and federal proceedings to resist and 

defeat applications by respondents to acquire operating rights or to transfer or register 

those rights.” 404 U.S. at 509. The Court stated “it would be destructive of rights of 

association and of petition” to allow a defendant to prevent a plaintiff’s access to state 

and federal agencies and courts “respecting resolution of their business and economic 

interests.” Id. at 510-11. 

10 The Heritage court acknowledged the “Umbehr opinion discusses only 

independent contractors whose contracts have been terminated. It specifically does not 
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Id. at 601. The court found instructive Umbehr’s companion opinion, O'Hare Truck 

Serv. Inc. v. City of Northlake, 518 U.S. 712, 715 (1996), which applied the Umbehr rule 

to “a regular provider of services.” Id. In O’Hare the contractor claimed he was 

“removed from an official list of contractors authorized to perform public services” 

because he supported the mayor’s opponent. Id. at 714-16. Because the injury in O’Hare

was identical to Heritage’s claim - removal from a list of authorized construction 

contractors - the court concluded, “[o]n these facts, Heritage cannot be distinguished 

from the service provider in O’Hare.” Heritage, 545 F.3d at 602. 

The Eighth Circuit, unlike the Sixth Circuit, has held, “a public employee’s rightto-petition claim must involve a matter of public concern, just as a freedom-of-speech 

claim must.” Id. The court concluded “[t]he Umbehr and O’Hare cases hold . . . the 

same framework and analysis apply to government contractors as to government 

employees.” Id. at 602. Because Heritage did not allege its petition was a matter of 

public concern, the court affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the 

defendants. Id. at 603. 

We find the Eighth Circuit’s analysis compatible with our precedent. In this 

Circuit, a public employee’s right to petition for redress of grievances is analyzed no 

different than a public employee’s right to free speech. See Schalk v. Gallemore, 906 

F.2d 491, 498 (10th Cir. 1990) (“In the instant case, [the public employee’s] right to 

 

address ‘bidders or applicants for new government contracts who cannot rely on such a 

[pre-existing commercial] relationship [with the government].’” 545 F.3d at 601 

(quoting Umbehr, 518 U.S. at 685). 
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petition is inseparable from her right to speak. As such, we see no reason to subject this 

claim to a different sort of analysis.”). A public employee’s claim for retaliation based 

on his right to petition must state the petition involved a matter of public concern. 

Martin v. City of Del City, 179 F.3d 882, 887-89 (10th Cir. 1999) (involving the alleged 

retaliation for a municipal grievance appeal). We have determined “that a public 

employee plaintiff who has ‘petitioned’ is in no better position than one who has merely 

exercised free speech.” Id. at 889 (quotations omitted). Given this precedent and 

Umbehr’s counsel that we apply the public concern requirement to a public contractor’s 

speech, 518 U.S. at 674, we hold the public concern requirement applies equally to a 

public contractor’s retaliation claim based on the right to petition. Glover alleges only 

private contract disputes with ODOT based on the terms of its contracts. Because it 

alleges nothing which may elevate the issues to a matter of public concern it has failed to 

state a claim on which relief may be granted. 

E. Count III – Retaliation for Exercising Due Process

The Fourteenth Amendment provides: “No State shall . . . deprive any person of 

life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. Amend. XIV, § 2. 

Glover does not allege it did not receive due process. Rather, it alleges ODOT removed 

its prequalified bidder status in retaliation for the exercise of its due process rights. 

[Appellee’s Br. at 28.]

Glover argues it need not plead a property or liberty interest because its due 

process claim is similar to its First Amendment claim which does not require such 

interest. We disagree. To the extent Glover argues retaliation for his past petitions for 
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redress, this is simply an attempt to dress First Amendment claims in Fourteenth 

Amendment garb. We have already addressed the First Amendment claim in its proper 

context and will not accept the invitation to do the same again in the proposed context. 

To the extent he is claiming a due process violation in the debarment proceedings, our 

case law makes clear “[i]n order to make out a claim for a violation of due process, a 

claimant must have a liberty or property interest in the outcome of the proceedings.” 

Arumbala-Medina v. Holder, 572 F.3d 824, 828 (10th Cir. 2009). 

There is no protected property or liberty interest when the outcome of the process 

is within the government official’s complete discretion. See Nichols v. Bd. Of County 

Comm’rs of the Cty. of La Plata, Colo., 506 F.3d 962, 970 (10th Cir. 2007) (property 

interest); Cardoso v. Calbone, 490 F.3d 1194, 1198 (10th Cir. 2007) (liberty interest). 

Oklahoma law clearly states the prequalified bidder determination is subject to the 

Commission’s sole discretion. See OKLA. STAT. ANN. tit. 61, § 118 (“The Commission . . 

. shall be the sole judge of the qualifications of prospective bidders and shall ascertain, to 

their exclusive satisfaction, the qualifications of each prequalified bidder.”). 

Glover states, “[i]f there must be a property interest, then Defendants’ contention 

that Glover did not have a property interest is just incorrect . . . . [T]he Oklahoma 

Supreme Court has determined that a contractor who has or should have been accepted as 

the lowest responsible bidder has a property interest.” (Appellee’s Brief at 29 (citing 

Rollings Constr., Inc. v. Tulsa Metro. Water Auth., 745 P.2d 1176, 1179 (Okla. 1987).) 

Rollings is inapposite. 

In Rollings, a contractor filed suit because the second lowest bidder was awarded a 
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contract. In fact, the Oklahoma Supreme Court held “Rollings had no property rights in 

Contract 5 until such time as it was or should have been determined to have been the 

lowest responsible bidder by the Board of Trustees of the Water Authority, and that event 

did not occur.” Id. We are not considering ODOT’s activities under its contracts or an 

award of a contract to a higher bidder. Glover’s claims concern the removal of the 

prequalified status. While the revocation or removal of a license or certificate “essential 

in the pursuit of a livelihood requires procedural due process under the Fourteenth 

Amendment, Stidham v. Peace Officer Standards & Training, 265 F.3d 1144, 1150 (10th 

Cir. 2001) (quotations omitted), Oklahoma law clearly states prequalification to bid on 

contracts “does not constitute a license.” Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 61, § 118. Consequently, 

Glover fails to allege a viable due process claim. 

F. Count IV - Equal Protection 

The Fourteenth Amendment also states “No State shall . . . deny to any person 

within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Const. Amend. XIV, § 2. 

The complaint alleges the “defendants singled out [Glover] for disparate treatment from 

others similarly situated for no rational reason . . . [other than] their personal animosity 

against [Glover]” in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guaranty of equal 

protection. (R. Vol. I at 32.) Glover brings this claim under a class-of-one theory. 

“[E]qual protection jurisprudence has typically been concerned with governmental 

classifications that affect some groups of citizens differently than others.” Engquist v. 

Oregon Dept. of Agric., 128 S. Ct. 2146, 2152 (2008) (quotations omitted). However, the 

Supreme Court has recognized “an equal protection claim can in some circumstances be 
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sustained even if the plaintiff has not alleged class-based discrimination, but instead 

claims that she has been irrationally singled out as a so-called “class of one.” Id. Glover 

relies on Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, where a private citizen claimed the village 

retaliated against her for bringing an earlier lawsuit by conditioning the connection of her 

water supply on an easement more than double what it required of her neighbors. 528 

U.S. 562, 563 (2000). The Court held her complaint stated a valid claim under the Equal 

Protection Clause because it alleged she had “been intentionally treated differently from 

others similarly situated and that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” 

Id. at 564. 

Recently the Supreme Court refused to recognize a “class of one” equal protection 

claim in the public employee context. In Engquist, a public employee brought a “‘classof-one’ equal protection claim alleging she was fired, not because she was a member of 

an identified class (unlike her race, sex, and national origin claims), but simply for 

‘arbitrary, vindictive, and malicious reasons.’” 128 S. Ct. at 1249. The Court reasoned 

the Pickering analysis, as well as other Supreme Court cases distinguishing the scope of a 

public employee’s right to bring a claim against a government employer, applied equally 

to Engquist’s claim. Id. at 2151-52. It found the “significant” circumstance” in Olech

was the existence of a clear standard against which departures, even for a single plaintiff, 

could be readily assessed.” Id. at 2153. Unlike Olech, however, the government’s role as 

employer “involve[s] discretionary decisionmaking based on a vast array of subjective, 

individualized assessments.” Id. at 1254. Because “an allegation of arbitrary differential 

treatment” could likely be made in every instance of a personnel decision by the 
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government, the Court concluded “the class-of-one theory of equal protection has no 

application in the public employment context.” Id. at 2156. 

We have applied Engquist to public employees’ equal protection claims. See 

Pignanelli, 540 F.3d at 1220; see also Kelley v. City of Albuquerque, 542 F.3d 802, 822 

(10th Cir. 2008). While we have not considered Enquist in the public contractor context, 

at least one court has applied Engquist to reject such a claim. See Douglas Asphalt Co. v. 

Qore, Inc., 541 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2008). We need not decide this issue today. 

Glover’s class-of-one claim fails for an independent reason. 

Glover has failed to allege, as it must, the identity or characteristics of other 

similarly situated contractors and how those similarly situated contractors were treated 

differently. See Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1253 (allegations give “no explanation of the 

characteristics of [those] similarly situated and how they were allegedly treated 

differently”). Unlike the plaintiff in Olech, who alleged specific property owners 

received more favorable treatment, Glover does not identify any contractor who was 

treated differently. The complaint contains no instance where Saliba granted similar 

requests made by other contractors, no similar circumstances where another contractor 

was not investigated, and no specific action taken by top executives that would not have 

been taken by supervisors. Nor does it identify a single similarly-situated contractor 

which did not lose its prequalification status after numerous legal challenges or 

statements to the media. Without additional information, Glover’s class-of-one equal 

protection claim fails to state a claim. 
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G. Qualified Immunity

The Supreme Court has clearly stated that the speech of “independent contractors 

[is] protected, and the Pickering balancing test, adjusted to weigh the government’s 

interests as contractor rather than as employer, determines the extent of [the] protection.” 

Umbehr, 518 U.S. at 673; see also Worrell v. Henry, 219 F.3d 1197, 1205 (10th Cir. 

2000) (“the government may not deny a benefit to a person on a basis that infringes his 

constitutionally protected freedom of speech even if he has no entitlement to that benefit” 

(quoting Umbehr)). Glover alleged the report, the recommendation and the Board’s 

adoption of the recommendation were in retaliation for its protected speech. As the cases 

above indicate, freedom from retaliation for protected activity was clearly established 

when the defendants acted and they are not entitled to qualified immunity. 

III. CONCLUSION 

Count I sufficiently alleges the individual ODOT Commissioners, and ODOT 

employees Hill, Ridley and Evans wrote or adopted a recommendation that Glover be 

denied its prequalified bidder status in retaliation for its public criticisms of the Highway 

64 design in violation of the First Amendment. Glover’s constitutional protection was 

clearly established at the time these individual defendants engaged in the alleged 

retaliation. The district court’s denial of these defendants’ motion to dismiss and claim 

of qualified immunity is AFFIRMED. The remaining allegations in the Glover’s 

complaint fail to state a claim for which relief may be granted. The district court’s denial 

of all the ODOT defendants’ motion to dismiss as to Count II, Count III and Count IV is 
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REVERSED. We REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this order. 

Entered by the Court: 

Terrence L. O’Brien 

United States Circuit Judge