FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 DECEMBER 22, 2011

JOHN LEY

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 11-12026 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 Agency No. A079-473-820

FERNANDO RAUL CHAVEZ-OCAMPO, 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner,

versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllRespondent.

________________________

 Petition for Review of a Decision of the

 Board of Immigration Appeals

 ________________________

(December 22, 2011)

Before HULL, MARCUS and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
FernandoChavez-Ocampo, a native and citizen ofColombia, appeals the Board

of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”)

dismissal of his application for asylum as untimely and denial of withholding of

removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and relief under the

United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). On appeal, Chavez-Ocampo argues that the IJ’s

adverse-credibility finding is not supported in the record. Although the IJ found him

not to be credible because his written asylum application did not mention that

members of the Colombian National Liberation Army (“ELN”) came to his house or

that they asked him to support a political candidate of their choosing,

Chavez-Ocampo highlights that the IJ did not discredit his explanations for the

apparent discrepancies. He also argues that his case should be remanded because the

IJ wrongly used the asylumstandard in evaluating his withholding-of-removal claim.

As an initial matter, because Chavez-Ocampo failed to raise any arguments on

appeal challenging the denial of his untimely asylum claim or CAT relief, he has

abandoned these issues. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th

Cir. 2005) (“When an appellant fails to offer argument on an issue, that issue is

abandoned.”). Moreover, even if Chavez-Ocampo had raised the timeliness issue, we

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would lack jurisdiction to review either the IJ’s or the BIA’s decision as to that issue.

See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3) (precluding our review of the BIA’s determination that an

asylum application is time-barred).

We review the BIA’s decision as the final judgment, unless the BIA expressly

adopted the IJ’s decision. Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1350 (11th

Cir. 2009). When the BIA explicitly agrees with the findings of the IJ, we will review

the decision of both the BIA and the IJ as to those issues. Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

605 F.3d 941, 947-48 (11th Cir. 2010). Because the BIA expressly agreed with the

IJ’s adverse-credibility finding, as well asthe IJ’s determination that Chavez-Ocampo

failed to establish a nexus to a protected ground, we will review the decisions of both

the BIA and the IJ on these issues. See Kazemzadeh, 577 F.3d at 1350.

We review de novo the BIA’s conclusions of law, but review factual findings

under the highly deferential substantial evidence test. Id. at 1350-51. Under the

substantial evidence test, we may reverse a finding of fact “only when the record

compels a reversal; the mere fact that the record may support a contrary conclusion

is not enough to justify a reversal of the administrative findings.” Adefemi v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). 

To qualify for withholding of removal under the INA, an alien must show that

it is more likely than not that, if returned to his country, his life or freedom would be

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threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,

327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). An alien can meet this burden by showing

either: (1) past persecution based on a protected ground, which creates a rebuttable

presumption that his life or freedomwould be threatened if he returned to his country;

or (2) a future threat to his life or freedom on a protected ground in his country. 

Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287. This standard is more stringent than the standard for

asylum. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232. Accordingly, an alien who fails to establish

eligibility for asylum is generally precluded from satisfying the higher burden for

withholding of removal. Id. at 1232-33.

Persecution is an “extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated

incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation.” Id. at 1231 (quotations omitted). To

claim persecution on account of political opinion, the applicant “must establish that

the guerillas persecuted [him] or will seek to persecute [him] because of [his] actual

or imputed political opinion.” Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 438 (11th

Cir. 2004). “It is not enough to show that [he] was or will be persecuted or tortured

due to [his] refusal to cooperate with . . . guerillas.” Id.

The REAL ID Act of 2005 provides that an adverse-credibility determination

may be based on inconsistencies that do not go “to the heart of the applicant’s claim.”

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8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Because Chavez-Ocampo’s application was filed

before May 11, 2005, the effective date of these amendments, these amendments do

not apply to his claims. Shkambi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 584 F.3d 1041, 1049 n.7 (11th

Cir. 2009). Here, as in Shkambi, we need not resolve “whether adverse credibility

determinations in pre-REAL ID Act cases must be based on inconsistencies that go

to the heart of the claim because the inconsistencies identified by the IJ and the BIA

in this case relate directly to [Chavez-Ocampo’s] claims of persecution.” Id. The

inconsistencies between Chavez-Ocampo’s 2004 account in his asylum application

and interview about how and why the ELN were persecuting him and his account of

the events during his 2010 hearing directly relate to his claim of persecution. 

An IJ’s adverse-credibility determinations are also factual findings subject to

the substantial-evidence test, and therefore may not be overturned unless the record

necessitates the result. Alim v. Gonzalez, 446 F.3d 1239, 1254 (11th Cir. 2006). “As

the trier of fact, the IJ must determine credibility, and this court may not substitute its

judgment for that of the IJ with respect to credibility findings.” Id. (quotation and

alteration omitted). “Once the IJ makes an adverse credibility determination, the

burden is on the alien to show that the determination was not supported by specific,

cogent reasons, or was not based on substantial evidence.” Id. at 1254-55 (quotation

omitted).

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An applicant’s testimony, if credible, may be sufficient to sustain his burden

of proof, without corroboration, in establishing his eligibility for relief for removal. 

Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1255 (11th Cir. 2006). “Conversely, an

adverse credibility determination alone may be sufficient to support the denial of an

asylum application.” Id. (quotation omitted). “Indications of reliable testimony

include consistency on direct examination, consistency with the written application,

and the absence of embellishments.” Id. “[A]n adverse credibility determination

does not alleviate the IJ’s duty to consider other evidence produced by an asylum

applicant.” Id. (quotation omitted). If an applicant submits evidence in addition to

his own testimony, “it is not sufficient for the IJ to rely solely on an adverse

credibility determination in those instances.” Id. (quotation omitted).

After thorough review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we deny the

petition. The BIA’s adverse credibility determination was supported by specific,

cogent reasons, including inconsistencies among Chavez-Ocampo’s testimony at his

merits hearing, his statements before the asylum officer, and his asylum application. 

Chavez-Ocampo offered no explanation as to why he made no mention in his

application or asylum interview about the ELN coming to his house, even though he

testified at his hearing that this incident was the central motivation behind his

decision to send his family to the United States. In addition, at his merits hearing,

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Chavez-Ocampo included previously omitted details, such as the ELN demanding

that he support their political candidate, in an apparent attempt to establish the

requisite nexus between his refusal to cooperate with the ELN guerillas and his

political opinion. 

In his asylum application, Chavez-Ocampo noted that he refused to give the

ELN medicines he had access to while working with a medical mobile unit, and also

refused to print ELN subversive materials at his graphics design company. But

neither of these episodes, which amounted to his refusal to cooperate with the

guerillas, established a requisite nexus to persecution on account of ChavezOcampo’s actual or imputed political opinion. Sanchez, 392 F.3d at 438. Moreover,

it was not until his merits hearing in 2010 that Chavez-Ocampo claimed that the ELN

also demanded that he support their political candidate and that they came to his

house. The only explanation he offered for the omissions was that he did not

remember certain details during his application and interview and he did not

understand the procedure for applying for asylum. In addition, the ELN coming to

his house was the most serious episode Chavez-Ocampo experienced with respect to

past persecution, and he never directly addressed the IJ’s observation that thisshould

have stood out in his mind during his initial asylum application, especially given that

Chavez-Ocampo testified that this event triggered his decision to send his family to

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the United States. 

Finally, we are unpersuaded by Chavez-Ocampo’s argument that his case

should be remanded because the IJimproperly used the asylumstandard in evaluating

Chavez-Ocampo’s withholding-of-removal claim. The standard in withholding of

removal cases is more stringent than the standard for asylum. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d

at 1232. Thus, because the IJ concluded that Chavez-Ocampo failed to establish his

eligibility for asylum, Chavez-Ocampo also necessarily failed to satisfy the higher

burden for withholding of removal. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232-33.

PETITION DENIED.

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