P.1 

OAR Box 1814 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

24) ll-B-2 

Docket Number: 

A-88-02 

Printed 11/7/2008 7:22:07AM Sheet 24 of 63 
P.2 

A-88-02 

I - &-z 

MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 

4505 Creedmoor Road 

Raleigh. N C 27812 

Telephone (919) 781-5750 

Date: March 6, 1986 

(Finalized July 18, 1986) 

Subject: Site Visit—OMI International Corp. 

Chromium Electroplating NESHAP 

EPA Contract 68-02-3817; ESED Project 85/02a 

MRI Project 7717-K 

From: Randy Strait^-r 

To: Al Vervaert 

ESED/ISB/SSS (MD-13) 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 

I. Purpose 

The purpose of this visit was to gather background information about 

chemical fume suppressants and trivalent chromium baths and to obtain 

names of plants that may cooperate 1n an EPA test of UDYLITE® fume 

suppressants. 

II. Place and Date 

OMI International Corp. 

21441 Hoover Road 

Warren, Michigan 48089 

(313) 497-9100 

January 7, 1986 

III. Attendees 

OMI International Corp. 

Rebecca Spearot, Environmental Services 

John Peck, Environmental Services 

Thomas Sharpies, Product Manager 

Richard Sard, Vice-President, Technology 

Frank Trinity, Process Chemist - Technical Services Laboratories 

Andrew Serocki, Senior Engineer, Specifications 

Frank Dwyer, Senior Product Engineer 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Al Vervaert, ISB 
P.3 

Midwest Research Institute 

Randy Strait 

IV. Discussion 

We arrived at OMITM at 11:30 a.m. The visit consisted of discussions 

with various company personnel about chemical fume suppressants and 

trivalent chromium baths. 

A. General 

OMITM International Corp. supplies more than 25 percent of the total 

world demand of electroplating and associated^surface finishing 

products. The company is a major supplier of fume suppressants and has 

recently developed and begun marketing a trivalent chromium electroplating 

bath. The fume suppressants and trivalent chromium bath are marketed 

under the trademark UDYLITE® and/or individual product trademarks. The 

company also designs complete chromium electroplating operations including 

air pollution control and wastewater treatment systems. 

r 

B. Trivalent Chromium Electroplating 

The trivalent chromium electroplating bath, TRICROLYTE®, was 

developed in 1978 and put into production in 1980. A product information 

sheet for TRICROLYTE® is presented in the Attachment. OMITM personnel 

believe that the advantages of the trivalent bath over the conventional 

hexavalent chromium bath include an increase in productivity because of a 

reduction in the number of rejected parts caused by whitewashing, burning, 

and poor coverage and because more parts can be plated on a rack; a 

reduction in the amount of sludge generated and waste treatment costs; and 

almost complete elimination of chromic acid mist generated at the surface 

of the bath. The plating bath consists of several components, the 

composition of which are considered proprietary. The bath typically 1s 

operated at room temperature. At a temperature greater than 90°F, the 

appearance of the deposit may be adversely affected. Graphite anodes are 

used. 

Although hexavalent chromium is generated at the surface of the work 

piece during plating, the hexavalent chromium levels in the bath are 

maintained at extremely low levels (less than 10 parts per million) by the 

addition of a reducing agent that immediately reduces any hexavalent 

chromium present to trivalent chromium. The major disadvantage of the 

trivalent bath is that it produces a somewhat darker finish than 

hexavalent chromium baths. OMITM estimates that 50 percent of the plants 

using this bath are job shops and 50 percent are captive shops. 

C. Chemical Fume Suppressants 

Chromium emissions from chromic acid electroplating baths occur 

because of the inefficiency of the plating process; only about 15 to 

20 percent of the current applied is actually used to deposit chromium on 
P.4 

the item being plated (cathode). Thus, 80 to 85 percent of the current 

applied electrolyzes (dissociates) water, which causes hydrogen gas to be 

liberated at the cathode and oxygen gas to be liberated at the anode. 

These liberated gases form bubbles of plating solution that burst into the 

air at the surface of the plating bath and form a fine mist. 

OMITM produces and markets several fume suppressants. These products 

inhibit misting by reducing the surface tension of the plating bath, by 

forming a foam blanket over the plating bath, or by a combination of the 

two. Studies performed by OMITM and other investigators clearly Indicate 

that the quantity of mist formed is directly proportional to the surface 

tension of the plating bath. A typical chromic acid plating bath will 

have a surface tension of about 70 dynes per centimeter. However, when 

the surface tension is lowered to 40 dynes pe'r centimeter or less, a 

substantial reduction in misting is observed. 

Fume suppressants marketed by OMITM include ZERO-MISTTM, ZERO-MISTTM 

HT, ZERO-MISTTM HT-2, and FOAM-LOK® L. Product information sheets for 

these products are also presented in the Attachment. ZERO-MISTTM was 

developed in the 1940's. It contains a fluorcarbon wetting agent that 

reduces the surface tension of decorative plating and anodizing baths to 

decrease chromic acid misting and dragout. Dragout, which may typically 

run at 5 gallons per day per 1,000 square feet of plate, can be reduced by 

50 percent. ZERO-MISTTM HT (high temperature) was developed in the 

1950's. It is also a surface active additive; however, rather than 

reducing surface tension, it forms a 0.5- to 1-inch foam blanket over the 

surface of decorative plating baths to entrap chromic acid mist. ZEROMISTTM HT-2 is a combination of the materials in ZERO-MISTTM and ZEROMISTTM HT. It reduces surface tension and also forms a foam blanket over 

decorative plating baths. Less ZERO-MISTTM HT-2 is required to achieve the 

same level of control as ZERO-MISTTM or ZERO-MISTTM HT because of the 

synergistic effects of the two components. All three products are stable 

and do not decompose in chromic acid baths. None of these products are 

recommended for use in hard chromium plating baths because they tend to 

aggravate pitting caused by basis metal defects. 

FOAM-LOK® L was developed in 1969 specifically for use in both 

decorative and hard chromium plating baths. FOAM-LOK® L forms a foam 

blanket over the plating bath to reduce chromic acid mist. A foam blanket 

of 0.5- to 1-inch thick is sufficient for proper control. However, unlike 

ZERO-MISTTM products, FOAM-LOK® L decomposes in chromic acid and must be 

replenished. Therefore, frequent additions of the product to the plating 

bath are necessary to maintain proper control. Factors that affect the 

life of the foam blanket include the reaction time with chromic add, the 

temperature of the plating bath, the amount of dragout, and the amount of 

current applied per unit of tank surface area. When used in hard chromium 

baths, FOAM-LOK® L does not aggravate pitting caused by basis metal 

defects. Some decorative platers use FOAM-LOK® L with ZERO-MISTTM regular. 

The type and amount of fume suppressants added to the plating bath 

to maintain effective emission control vary with the type of plating 

operation, amount of plating time, and the surface tension and area of the 
P.5 

plating bath. OMITM also manufactures decorative chromium plating 

processes that contain ZERO-MISTTM regular. These solutions include the 

CROMYLITE® K-20, K-30, and K-50 processes. 

D. Emission Capture and Control Systems 

OMITM International designs emission capture systems for chromium 

plating tanks based on the criteria specified 1n the American National 

Standards Institute publication "Practices for Ventilation and Operation 

of Open-Surface Tanks." Single packed-bed scrubbers (manufactured by 

Duall Industries) are typically used in OMITM designed systems to control 

chromium emissions. 

E. Test Data and Candidate Plants 

OMITM does not have any recent test data that document the 

performance of any of its fume suppressants. Data are available 1n one or 

more papers presented by OMITM personnel in the 1950's. Dr. Spearot said 

that she would contact several customers to ask if they would consider 

allowing EPA to test the control efficiencies of UDYLITE® fume 

suppressants. 

F. Cost Data in July 1986 Dollars 

The cost of a TRICROYTE® bath rangs from 3 to 3.5 cents per square 

foot of surface area plated. The cost of the UDYLITE® hexavalent chromium 

bath is 1 cent per square foot of surface area plated excluding the cost 

of waste treatment and 1.5 cents per square foot of surface area plated 

Including the cost of waste treatment. 

The cost of UDYLITE® fume suppressants are as follows: 

1. ZERO-MISTTM = $25.00/1b 

2. ZERO-MISTTM HT = $21.00/lb 

3. ZERO-MISTTM HT-2 = $22.00/lb 

4. FOAM-LOK® L = $13.00/gal 

Attachment 

f 
P.6 

Attachment 1 

Product information sheets for TRICROLYTE®, ZERO-MISTTM, 

ZERO-MISTTM HT, ZERO-MISTTM HT-2, and FOAM-LOK® L 
P.7 

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Information Sheet 

UDYLITE TRICROLYTE ® 

DESCRIPTION: 

TRICROLYTE® is Udylite's trivalent chromium 

plating process that helps to avoid rejects by 

completely eliminating whitewash and burning. 

TRICROLYTE utilizes the industry's latest in trivalent 

chromium plating technology. It brings you 

important advantages over both conventional 

hexavalent chromium processes and competitive 

trivalent processes. 

FEATURES: 

• Increased plating productivity. 

Contains no hexavalent chrome. 

Reduced metal concentration. 

Additives do not contain.strong oxidants. 

BENEFITS: 

• Prevents rejects due to whitewash, burning and 

reduces misplate (poor coverage); eliminates 

"shields" and "robbers." Gives higher production 

efficiency through an increase in the number of 

parts on a rack. 

• Tolerates higher levels of metallic contamination 

than existing trivalent systems. 

• Reduces chemical waste treatment and capital 

costs; eliminates "bleed-out" staining. 

• Produces much less sludge, reduces disposal cost. 

• Avoids dangers of chromic acid spray. Simplifies 

storage, transportation and handling. 

APPLICATIONS: 

1. Where burning and whitewash are significant 

problems (e.g., wire goods, furniture, appliance, 

hardware). 

2. Any facility needing assistance in meeting effluent 

and/or OSHA regulations due to use of hexavalent 

chromium. 

3. Where color-matching problems are an issue. 

4. Where chromium plating is the cause of limited 

production. 

For more facts and figures, 

CALL TOLL-FREE 

1-800-521-426 7 

TRICROLYTE 

SOLUTION COMPOSITION 

Additive 1 

Conductivity Salts 

Complexor Index 

Catalyst 

PROCESS MAINTENANCE 

Additive 1 

Complexor 

Conductivity Salts 

OPERATING CONDITIONS 

pH 

Temperature 

Cathode Current Density 

Anode Current Density 

Tank Voltage 

Agitation 

Specific Gravity 

Anode to Cathode Ratio 

Anodes 

Cooling Coils 

_______^___^__ _ 

14.0% by volume 

210 g/L (28 oz/gal) 

28 

0:1 % by volume 

1 gal/9,000-14,000 AH 

1 gal/8,000-12,000 AH 

As required by drag-out. 

3.2 

20°-32°C (60o-90°F) 

10-21 A/dm' (100-200 A/ft') 

450 A/dm' (50 A/ft') 

0-18 volts 

Air or mechanical 

1.25 

2:1 

Graphite (high purity) 

Teflon, Karbate, 

Thinwall PVC 
P.8 

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TECHNICAL ) BULLETIN 

CRZ 

ZERO-MISTTM 

IN DECORATIVE CHROMIUM PLATING SOLUTIONS 

INTRODUCTION 

ZERO-MIST is a completely stable surface active additive for chromium plating baths. ZERO-MIST 

reduces the mist and spray from chromium plating baths to zero. ZERO-MIST is removed from chromium 

plating baths only by drag-out. ZERO-MIST is not destroyed or broken down by the most concentrated 

boiling chromic acid solutions. It is therefore possible to concentrate the contents of chromic acid drag-out 

rinses by boiling, if desired, without any effect whatsoever on the ZERO-MIST present. ZERO-MIST is not 

affected by the highest anode or cathode current densities usable in chromium plating. Because of its 

extreme stability, ZERO-MIST is very easy to maintain in the bath. Its control is very simple. ZERO-MIST 

saves the chromic acid usually lost as mist and spray. These losses can amount to 40% of the chromic acid 

used in a chromium plating operation. Because ZERO-MIST lowers the surface tension of a chromium 

plating bath to a very low value (28 to 32 dynes/cm), such a chromium solution runs off the work very 

rapidly and only a very thin film is left on the work when it is withdrawn from the chromium plating bath. 

This not only tends to minimize chromium staining but, even more important, dragout losses of chromium 

plating solution are reduced up to 50%. This makes more economical the use of chromium baths containing on the order of 40 to 50 oz/gal (300-375 g/1) of chromic acid, which is preferred by many, and at the 

same time decreases waste disposal problems. 

DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF ZERO-MIST 

The concentration of ZERO-MIST which must be used for the complete suppression of mist and spray 

varies with the temperature of the bath, especially its surface temperature. With lower bath temperatures, 

lower concentrations of ZERO-MIST can be used. It is therefore most economical from the standpoint of 

initial make-up concentration to use chromium plating bath temperatures not higher than about 105 F 

(40C). 

Original Additions 

For complete suppression of mist when operating at 105F (40C), add 3 lbs. of ZERO-MIST tablets 

directly to each 100 gallons of chromium plating solution (3.6 g/1). This initial addition should be made in 

four approximately equal parts with about two hours of operation between each. This is merely to avoid 

excessive foam at the start. Only gentle stirring, if any, is necessary because of the nature of the tablets. 

They will first sink to the bottom, then in a few minutes rise to the surface and gas until completely 

dissolved. After the last addition has been made, a thin foam blanket will form on the surface of the 

chromium plating solution during plating. This thin foam blanket forms very shortly after plating commences. This foam blanket will not become excessively thick, and it will collapse rapidly when plating 

ceases. 

T.M. Trad* Mark of Oxy Metal Finishing Corporation 7 
P.9 

If the chromium bath is to be operated below 105F (40C), considerably less ZERO-MIST is needed. At 

temperatures much above 105F (40C), more than 3 lbs/100 gallons (3.6 g/1) will be needed for complete 

suppression of mist. In such cases the use of ZERO-MIST HT-2 should be considered because of its ability 

to function at higher temperatures. 

Maintenance 

The only requirement for complete suppression of mist and spray is to have present in the chromium 

plating solution a sufficient concentration of ZERO-MIST to maintain a thin foam blanket during plating. 

The two cardinal factors for maintaining this thin foam blanket and the complete suppression of mist are 

(1) the surface tension of the bath, which is a measure of the concentration of ZERO-MIST present, and (2) 

the control of bath temperature. For operation at 105F (40C), the surface tension of the chromium plating 

bath should be maintained between 28 to 32 dynes/cm, as determined by the stalagmometer method. (See 

Udylite Technical Bulletin CRZ-A). Higher bath temperatures require higher concentrations of ZERO-MIST 

and correspondingly lower surface tension values for complete suppression of mist and spray. 

While a thin foam blanket is necessary for complete suppression of mist and spray, a concentration of 

ZERO-MIST somewhat less than that required to form a thin complete foam blanket will tremendously 

reduce the mist and spray, as well as the drag-out. This condition exists at surface tension values from 32 to 

35 dynes/cm. Operation in this range is suggested if for any reason a foam blanket is undersirable or for 

economy of operation at temperatures above 110 to 115F (43—46C). 

It should be noted that a chromium solution when standing idle has an odor similar to that of ozone. 

This odor will not be eliminated by ZERO-MIST but it will not be noticed except in case of blower 

stoppage. This also applies to the odor of hydrofluoric acid from chromium plating baths containing 

fluorides. Similarly, odors caused by impingement of powerful spray rinses on work covered with a thin 

film of chromium plating solution can be mistaken for fumes from the plating tank. 

Since ZERO-MIST is lost only by drag-out, it is economical in hoist and hand operated installations to 

allow reasonable drainage time (10 to 15 seconds) after removing the work from the chromium plating tank 

before transferring it to a rinse tank. Maintenance additions of ZERO-MIST to replace material lost by 

drag-out ordinarily need to be made only two to four times per month, depending only on the rate of 

drag-out. If no drag-out occurs, then the concentration of ZERO-MIST stays constant. When an addition is 

necessary, 1/3 lb. of ZERO-MIST per 100 gallons (0.4 g/1) or approximately 1/10 of the original addition is 

suggested. 

If the drag-out is unavoidably high, it is more economical in the long run to make daily additions of 

ZERO-MIST rather than to permit its concentration to become depleted to a value requiring a large 

addition. For applications involving high drag-out, the use of ZERO-MIST HT-2 may be more economical 

because of the much lower concentration required. 

PRECAUTION • The presence of oil or grease on the surface of a chromium plating bath makes it 

difficult to maintain the desirable thin foam blanket during plating. For complete suppression of mist, a 

thin foam blanket should be maintained during the plating operation. 
P.10 

Hard Chromium 

Sonie surface active additives such as ZERO-MIST, when used in hard chromium plating solutions, tend 

to aggravate pitting caused by basis metal defects. Caution is therefore recommended, especially in connection with deposits more than 0.5 mil thick (12.7 microns). 

In most cases Udylite'sFOAM-LOKTM- HC is recommended for spray and mist supression in hard 

chromium plating solutions. Consult your Udylite or Oxy Metal Finishing representative for additional 

information. 

WARNING: ZERO-MIST COMPOUNDS MAY CAUSE IRRITATION. AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN OR 

EYES. DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY. IN CASE OF CONTACT, FLUSH EXPOSED AREA WITH 

CLEAN COLD WATER. IN CASE OF INJURY, CONSULT A PHYSICIAN. WHEN MAKING ADDITIONS 

OF ZERO-MIST COMPOUNDS, AVOID SPLASHING OF THE CHROMIUM SOLUTION WHICH.CAN 

CAUSE BURNS. 

T.M.—Trada Mark of Oxy Metal Finishing Corporation f 
P.11 

Although the information presented herein is to the best of our knowledge true and accurate, no 

warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made regarding the information or the performance of anv 

product. We assume no liability for incidental, consequential or direct damages of any kind, no matt-er what 

the cause, including negligence. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use a 

product in infringement of any existing patent, and we assume no responsibility or liability for operations 

which do infringe any such patents. The above includes confidential and proprietary information of the 

Udylite Company, and is furnished to you for your use solely un products or processes supplied by. us to 

you. 

This bulletin is a revision of that dated 7/1/70, which 

Bulletin CRZ 2.5M Issued: 6-73 

The

 U U UI llEcompany 

Detroit • J Michigan 4«2S4 

OMI

 ,0N 

OMI INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 

The information herein Is Provided by OM,I """rnatlonai 

Corporation which has no afflnation with Occidental 

Petroleum Corporation or any of Its subsidiaries. 

/£> 
P.12 

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TECHNICAL 

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BULLETIN 

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ZM-A 

ZERO-MIST TM 

IN SULFURIC AND CHROMIC ACID ANODIZING SOLUTIONS 

INTRODUCTION 

ZERO-MIST is a completely stable surface active additive for conventional anodizing baths. ZERO-MIST 

reduces the mist and spray to a level well below that which is achieved by most conventional ventilating 

systems. ZERO-MIST is removed from anodizing baths only by drag-out. ZERO-MIST is not destroyed or 

broken down during electrolysis. ZERO-MIST has no known adverse effect on the physical characteristics 

of the anodic coating. In fact, lowering the surface tension of an anodizing bath has been shown to improve 

the distribution of the anodic coating in deep crevices. ZERO-MIST is not affected by the highest anode or 

cathode current densities usable in either sulfuric or chromic acid anodizing. Because of its extreme 

stability, ZERO-MIST is easy to maintain in the bath. Its control is very simple. ZERO-MIST prevents 

corrosive mist and spray from entering and attacking the ventilating system and improves working conditions. Because ZERO-MIST lowers the surface tension of an anodizing bath, such an anodizing solution 

runs off the work very rapidly and only a very thin film is left on the work when it is transferred to 

subsequent operations. This not only tends to minimize rinsing problems but, even more important, tends 

to reduce harmful variations in the pH of the dyeing and/or sealing solutions caused by drag-in of anodizing 

solution. ZERO-MIST, correctly used in an anodizing solution, minimizes difficulty from drafts or cross 

currents of air blowing acid mist into the atmosphere of the anodizing area, a fault particularly common to 

wide anodizing tanks which are difficult to ventilate properly, as well as tanks of normal width located near 

open windows or doors. 

DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF ZERO-MIST 

The concentration of ZERO-MIST which must be used for optimum suppression of mist and spray varies 

to a limited extent with the surface area and depth of the anodizing tank and the size of the tank load in 

comparison to the volume of the anodizing solution. Experience indicates that an original addition of 1 to 

1-1/2 pounds of ZERO-MIST for each 1,000 gallons (0.12-0.18 g/1) of anodizing solution is sufficient to 

obtain the desired suppressive effect. This initial addition can be made directly to the tank with the air 

agitation on. The ZERO-MIST tablets will first sink to the bottom, and within a few minutes they will rise 

to the surface and gas until completely dissolved. When a load of parts is inserted into the tank, thin 

patches of foam may appear on the solution surface. This foam will have no effect on the surface condition 

of the load either when it is inserted or removed. These patches of foam will not become excessively thick, 

and will collapse when anodizing ceases. 

Maintenance 

Maintenance additions of ZERO-MIST tablets are required only when the fumes rise to a nuisance value, 

and become noticeable to the operator. 

Another Method for determining the need for an addition is to hold a piece of suitable paper (plain 

white paper for chromic acid solutions, or blue litmus paper for sulfuric acid solutions) two or three inches 

(5—7.6 cm) above the surface of the solution. The appearance of an appreciable number of spots on the 

paper indicates the need for an addition. 

T.M. Trad* Mark of Oxy Matai Finishing Corporation 

/ / 
P.13 

If desired, ZERO-MIST may be controlled by measuring the surface tension of the solution with a 

stalagmometer. 

When an addition of ZERO-MIST is indicated, a quantity on the order of one-tenth of the original 

addition usually suffices. 

In anodizing facilities where it is the practice to withdraw and replace portions of the anodizing bath for 

the purpose of keeping the aluminum concentration under control, additional ZERO-MIST will be required 

in proportion to the amount of solution withdrawn. 

WARNING: ZERO-MIST COMPOUNDS MAY CAUSE IRRITATION. AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN OR 

EYES. DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY. IN CASE OF CONTACT, FLUSH EXPOSED AREA WITH 

CLEAN COLD WATER. IN CASE OF INJURY, CONSULT A PHYSICIAN. WHEN MAKING ADDITIONS 

OF ZERO-MIST COMPOUNDS, AVOID SPLASHING OF THE CHROMIUM OR SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION WHICH CAN CAUSE BURNS. 

Although the information presented herein is to the best of our knowledge true and accurate, no 

warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made regarding the information or the performance of any 

product. We assume no liability for incidental, consequential or direct damages of any kind, no matter what 

the cause, including negligence. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use. a 

product in infringement of any existing patent, and we assume no responsibility or liability for operations 

which do infringe any such patents. The above includes confidential and proprietary information of the 

Udylite Company, and is furnished to you for your use solely on products or processes supplied by us to 

you. 

The Udylite 

Detroit mJ Michigan *•: 

Company 

Michigan W234 

This bulletin is a revision of that dated 5/28/70, which u 

Bulletin ZM-A 2.5M Issued: 6-73 

om 

OMI INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 

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TECHNICAL BULLETIN 

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CO UT 

ZERO-MISTTM HT 

FOR CHROMIUM PLATING SOLUTIONS 

INTRODUCTION 

ZERO-MIST HT is a completely stable, powerful surface active additive for chromium plating baths. 

ZERO-MIST HT will produce a foam blanket on an operating chromium plating bath that will reduce the 

mist and spray to zero regardless of the operating temperature of the chromium solution being used. 

ZERO-MIST HT is removed from chromium plating solutions only by drag-out or loss into exhaust ducts.* 

Its low concentration makes its use economical even when drag-out is unavoidably very high. ZERO-MIST 

HT is not destroyed by the most concentrated boiling chromic acid solution, nor is it affected by the 

highest anode or cathode current densities usable in chromium plating. ZERO-MIST HT is very easy to 

maintain in the bath and its control is simple. 

-"NOTE: Appreciable concentrations of alkali metal ions, especially potassium, present in certain types 

of chromium plating baths, tend to reduce the solubility of the surface active compound of ZERO-MIST 

HT, thereby limiting its effectiveness in reducing mist and spray. 

DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF ZERO-MIST HT 

Original Addition 

The amount of ZERO-MIST HT to be used will vary with the surface area of the solution, the current 

applied to the tank and to a small degree the concentration of chromic acid. Generally, the amount to be 

used will vary from 1.0 to 2.0 pounds per THOUSAND GALLONS of chromium plating solution 

(0.12—0.24 g/1). Most installations will require 1-1/2 pounds per 1000 gallons (0.18 g/1). It is most important that enough ZERO-MIST HT be added so that when the tank is in use a foam blanket 1/2" to 1" 

(1.3—2.5 cm) in thickness be formed over the entire surface of the tank. In cases where the surface of the 

solution is unusually large, or only a portion of the tank is being used at relatively low current values, one 

cannot expect a foam blanket to cover the entire surface of the solution if the concentration of ZEROMIST HT recommended above is used. In these cases, the concentration of ZERO-MIST HT must be 

increased to 3 or 4 pounds per 1000 gallons (0.36—0.48 g/1). In fact, in certain cases it is economical to 

operate somewhat above 1-1/2 pounds per 1000 gallons (0.18 g/1) to the extent that the additional foam 

blanket can be tolerated. Under these conditions, the ZERO-MIST HT lasts longer than can be accounted 

for by the actual increase in material added. Too much ZERO-MIST HT can cause over-foaming with 

attendant trapping of hydrogen and oxygen which may explode if sparking occurs. However, because of the 

unusual comparatively dry nature of the foam formed by ZERO-MIST HT, this tendency is much less than 

when ordinary foaming agents are used. 

Generally, it is suggested that 3/4 pounds of ZERO-MIST HT be added per 1000 gallons of chromium 

plating solution (0.09 g/1) and current passed through the tank at what is considered a normal value. No 

foam blanket will form unless the current is turned on and, when the current is turned off, the foam will 

subside. The ZERO-MIST HT tablets should be distributed uniformly over the surface of the solution and 

the bath is ready for operation as soon as the tablets have dissolved. The proper foam blanket, 1/2" to 1" 

(1.3—2.5 cm) thick, should cover the surface of the solution. A tablet liberates gas while dissolving and will 

at first sink to the bottom of the tank. When partially dissolved, the tablet will rise to the surface pf the 

solution and continue gassing until completely dissolved. Entrapment of the tablets in sludge on the tank 

T.M. Trade Mark of Oxy-Matal Finishing Corporation 

/ J 
P.15 

bottom may prevent them from dissolving completely, and occasional stirring (during idle periods) will 

remedy this. If the foam.blanket is less than the desired thickness, additional increments of 1/2 pound of 

ZERO-MIST HT per 1000 gallons (0.06 g/1) should be added until a proper foam blanket is formed. 

If the concentration of chromic acid in the chromium plating solution is unusually high [over 55 oz/gal. 

(412.5 g/1)], it may be necessary to use more than 2.0 pounds of ZERO-MIST HT per 1000 gallons (0.24 g/1) 

of solution to obtain a satisfactory foam blanket. 

Maintenance 

Since ZERO-MIST HT is stable to all conditions in the chromium plating solution, it can be removed 

only by drag-out and loss of foam — that is, loss of foam clinging to the work being processed and foam 

being carried away through the ventilating system in cases where the solution level is too close to the 

ventilation ducts or draft boxes. Like all surface active agents, ZERO-MIST HT is highly concentrated in 

the foam. Therefore, any steps taken to reduce the loss of foam will reduce consumption of ZERO-MIST 

HT. These steps may include raising draft boxes or throttling down the ventilation system to avoid loss of 

foam through draft boxes and use of air jets at exit points on full automatics to sweep foam away from exit 

point. 

Sufficient ZERO-MIST HT should be added to maintain a continuous foam blanket 1/2" to 1" thick 

(1.3—2.5 cm). When the foam blanket appears to be insufficient, an addition of 2 ounces per 1,000 gallons 

(0.02 g/1) is suggested. The frequency of such additions will depend almost entirely on the dragout as 

stated above. Frequent small additions are preferable to larger ones at greater time intervals. Control of the 

foam by observation is relatively simple and a little experience will soon guide the operator regarding 

additions for each installation. 

If ZERO-MIST HT is producing a satisfactory blanket when the tank is shut down, it will not be 

necessary to add more when starting up again, regardless of time interval, since ZERO-MIST HT is completely stable. 

Hard Chromium 

Most surface active agents in hard chromium plating solutions tend to aggravate pitting caused by basis 

metal defects. While ZERO-MIST HT has exhibited this tendency to an appreciably lesser degree than other 

surface active materials, caution is recommended, especially in connection with deposits more than 0.5 mil 

thick (12.7 microns). 

TM 

For most hard chrome plating solutions Udylite's FOAM-LOK HC is preferred for mist and spray 

supression. Consult your Udylite or Oxy Metal Finishing representative for additional information. 

WARNING: ZERO MIST COMPOUNDS MAY CAUSE'IRRITATION. AVOID CONTACT WITH SKIN OR 

EYES. DO NOT TAKE INTERNALLY. IN CASE OF CONTACT FLUSH EXPOSED AREA WITH CLEAN 

COLD WATER. IN CASE OF INJURY CONSULT A PHYSICIAN. WHEN MAKING ADDITION OF 

ZERO-MIST COMPOUNDS AVOID SPLASHING OF THE CHROMIUM SOLUTION WHICH CAN CAUSE 

BURNS. 

Although the information presented herein is to the best of our knowledge true and accurate, no 

warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made regarding the information or the performance of any 

product. We assume no liability for incidental, consequential or direct damages of any kind, no matter what 

the cause, including negligence. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use a 

product in infringement of any existing patent, and we assume no responsibility or liability for operations 

which do infringe any such patents. The above includes confidential and proprietary information of the 

Udylite Company, and is furnished to you for your use solely on products or processes supplied by us to 

you. 

^ e IUdylit lllllllll-e " Company 

Detroit •—i Michigan 4a: 

Detroit •—i Michigan M234 

ntvt-^iON OF 

OMI

 r,0N 

This bulletin is a revision of that dated 7/10/70 whu OMI INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 

The Information herein Is provided by OMI International 

„ „ .. . , , Corporation which has no affiliation with Occidental , , 

Bulletin CR-HT 2.5M Issued: 6-73 Petroleum Corporation or any of Its subsidiaries. /jf 
P.16 

.! 

i i i 

i i 

-i—i—r 

TECHNICAL BULLETIN 

-I -I -

CR-HT-2 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF ZERO-MISTTM HT-2 

IN DECORATIVE CHROMIUM PLATING BATHS 

INTRODUCTION 

ZERO-MIST HT-2 is a combination of the materials found in ZERO-MIST and ZERO-MIST HT. These 

powerful surface active additives are completely stable throughout the full range of operating temperatures 

normally employed in decorative chromium plating. ZERO-MIST HT-2 functions to its fullest extent in 

both reducing the surface tension of the chromium solution as well as producing a dense foam blanket. It in 

no way affects the catalyst relationship in chromium solutions employing sulfate or other types of proprietary catalysts.* 

•Appreciable concentrations of alkali metal ions, especially Potassium, present in certain types of chromium plating baths, tend to reduce the solubility of the surface active components of ZERO-MIST HT-2, 

thereby limiting its effectiveness in reducing mist and spray. 

ZERO-MIST HT-2 is lost from the chromium plating solution only due to drag-out of the foam 

blanket, or loss into exhaust ducts due to solution levels of the bath being too high, or excessive concentrations of ZERO-MIST HT-2 being added to the chromium solution. The low concentration of ZEROMIST HT-2 normally recommended for chromium plating solutions makes its use economical to the plater, 

even when solution drag-out is unavoidably high due to cupping of solution from complex parts, or 

excessively short transfer times sometimes employed in high production plating operations. ZERO-MIST 

HT-2 is not destroyed by the most concentrated boiling chromic acid solution obtained during "boil down" 

operations used for chromic acid reclaim. Also, it is not affected by the highest anode or cathode current 

densities possible in chromium plating. 

ZERO-MIST HT-2 is very easy to maintain in the chromium plating bath, and its control is simple. 

ZERO-MIST HT-2 saves the chromic acid usually lost as mist and spray. Because of the property of 

ZERO-MIST HT-2, to lower and maintain the surface tension of the chromic acid solution, usually at a 

normal operating level of 3540 dynes/cm, the chromium solution runs off the work very rapidly, leaving 

only a very thin film on the work when it is withdrawn from the chromium plating bath. This remaining 

thin film of chromic acid tends to minimize chromium staining while even more important reducing 

chromic acid lost to drag-out. 

When ZERO-MIST HT-2 is used in a chromium plating solution, there is no need for washing the air 

exhausted from the chromium plating operation. Furthermore, there is no difficulty from drafts or cross 

currents of air blowing chromic acid mist into the atmosphere of the plating room or into nearby tanks; a 

fault particularly common to wide chromium plating tanks which are difficult to ventilate properly, as well 

as tanks of normal width located near open windows or doors. 

T.M.—Trademark of Oxy Metal Finishing Corporation 

& 
ZERO-MIST HT-2 is supplied in tablet form in two colors, green and off-white. The ZERO-MIST HT-2 ^-^ 

Make-up ar® the greea tablets with HT-2 stamped on them. The ZERO-MIST HT-2 Maintenance are the (J) 

off-whit® tablets and also have HT-2 stamped on them. 

(DIKFCTOMS F©^ USd ©IF ZEBO-flAISTT HT-2 

©Og0(n)®l Ad)dl5l?D©(rD 

The original addition normally consists of 4 pounds of ZERO-MIST HT-2 Make-up (green) tablets for 

each 1,000 gallons of chromium plating solution*. This initial addition should be made in two approximately equal parts with about two hours of operation between each. This is merely to avoid excessive foam 

at the start. The required amount is distributed uniformly over the surface of the chromium plating 

solution. The tablets will at first sink to the bottom of the tank apd begin to dissolve with the evolution of 

gas. When partially dissolved, th® tablets will rise to the surface of the solution and will continue gassing 

until completely dissolved. 

*If ZERO-MIST is present in the chromium solution in sufficient concentration to lower the surface 

tension to 40 dynes/cm, a full initial addition of ZERO-MIST HT-2 may not be required. 

Especially deep tanks, utilizing very high currents, may require special mixtures of ZERO-MIST HT-2 

and ZERO-MIST for optimum results. Such situations should be referred to the Udylite Customer Service 

Laboratories. 

i$@Oln)tf®[n>©[nKS© 

During operation of the chromium solution, a thin foam will form on its surface which will prevent all y) 

mist and spray from escaping. It is necessary to have only a thin film of foam to prevent mist and spray. 

Heavier layers of foam only increase the drag-out rate of ZERO-MIST HT-2 which naturally increases 

operational cost. The amount of foam produced by a given quantity of ZERO-MIST HT-2 is a function of 

the ratio of depth, tank surface area, and the quantity of current applied. Naturally this will vary somewhat 

in individual operations. The chrome bath should be run using ZERO-MIST HT-2 Make-up (green), which 

produces the desired low surface tension without excessive foam. However, if the surface area of the 

chrome tank is large in proportion to its depth, the chrome bath should be maintained using ZERO-MIST 

HT-2 Maintenance (off-white), which produces a low surface tension and a thicker foam blanket. 

Since ZERO-MIST HT-2 is stable to all conditions in the chromium plating solution, it can be removed 

only by drag-out and loss of foam. As it is necessary to have only a thin film of foam, drag-out will 

constitute the larger loss. In thoss installations equipped with air lances for stirring the solution, a heavier 

blanket of foam will form in the comers of the tank. A loss of this foam, clinging to the work being 

processed or being carried away by the ventilation system, constitutes a large loss of ZERO-MIST HT-2 

since, like all surfaces active additives, ZERO-MIST HT-2 is highly concentrated in the foam. Therefore, any 

steps taken to reduce the loss of foam will reduce the consumption of ZERO-MIST HT-2. These steps may 

include raising draft boxes or throttling down the ventilation system to avoid the loss of foam through draft 

boxes. The uss of an air jet, to sweep the foam away at the exit point on full automatics, will constitute a 

saving of ZERO-MIST HT-2. 

Th® requirement for suppression of mist and spray is to have present in the chromium plating solution 

a sufficient concentration of ZERO-MIST HT-2 to (1) maintain the surface tension below 40 dynes/cm, and 

(2) maintain a thin film of foam during plating. This thin film of foam may be maintained by observation 

of the foam and by adding ZERO-MIST HT-2, either Make-up or Maintenance tablets, as required. If 

desired, the surface tension of the solution, which is an indication of the concentration of ZERO-MIST ^-x 

HT-2 in the solution, may be determined by the simple stalagmometer method. (See Udylite Technical 7_J 

Bulletin CRZ-A.) The surface tension of the chromium plating solution should be maintained between 35 

and 40 dynes/cm. Control of the foam by observation is simple, and a little experience will soon tell the 

operator how many ZERO-MIST HT-2 tablets are needed. Maintenance additions will naturally vary from 

2 
P.18 

installation to installation, depending on drag-out. UntU experience dictates otherwise, a suggested addition 

is 2 to 3 ounces of ZERO-MIST HT-2 Make-up tablets per 1,000 gallons of plating solution. If the surface 

tension decreases below 35. dynes/cm and an adequate foam is not being maintained, ZERO-MIST HT-2 

Maintenance (off-white) should then be used. Frequent small additions are preferable to larger ones at 

greater time intervals. 

PRECAUTION: The presence of oil or grease on the.surface of a chromium plating bath, along with the 

use of other foam suppressors which break down quickly when exposed to chromic acid, makes it difficult 

to maintain the desirable thin foam blanket during plating. For complete suppression of mist, a thin foam 

blanket should be maintained during the plating operation. 

If ZERO-MIST HT-2 is producing a satisfactory thin foam just before the tank is shut down, it will not 

be necessary to add more ZERO-MIST HT-2 when starting up again, regardless of time interval, since 

ZERO-MIST HT-2 is completely stable. 

Hard Chromium 

Surface active additives such as ZERO-MIST HT-2, when used in hard chromium plating solution, tend 

to aggravate pitting caused by basis metal defects. Caution is therefore recommended, especially in connection with deposits more than 0.5 mil thick. 

'7 
P.19 

Although the information presented herein is to the best of our knowledge true and accurate, no 

warranty or guarantee, expressed or implied, is made regarding the information or the performance of any 

product. We assume no liability for incidental, consequential or direct damages of any kind, no matter what 

the cause, including negligence. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use a 

product in infringement of any existing patent, and we assume no responsibility or liability for operations 

which do infringe any such patents. The above includes confidential and proprietary information of the 

Udylite Company, and is furnished to you for your use solely on products or processes supplied by us to 

you. 

The

 U U U111Bcompany 

OMI 'ION 

OMI IMTBBMATIOMAL CO«*0«ATIO»- SWl-e 

Petroleum Corporation or any of Its subsidiaries. 

This bulletin is a revision of that dated 7-1-70 u-*i«.« » now ousoiete and should be destroyed. 

Bulletin No. CR-HT-2 2.5M Issued: 2-73 4 
P.20._ 

t*> •*• * .,-> 

OMI 

UDYLITE PRODUCTS 

OXY METAL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION • ELECTROCHEMICAL GROUP 

TECHNICAL BULLETIN 

N E W IMPROVE D 

FOAM-LOK L 

FOR USE IN DECORATIVE AND HARD CHROMIUM PLATING BATHS 

Introduction 

The new FOAM-LOK L is a powerful surface active additive used to produce 

a foam blanket on decorative or hard chromium plating baths. It is used to 

successfully reduce the chromic acid mist and spray regardless of operating 

temperature or current density. 

When FOAM-LOK L is used in chromium plating solutions, there is a 

reduced need for washing the air exhausted from the chromium plating operation. 

Furthermore, there is less danger from drafts or cross-currents of air blowing 

chromic acid mist into the atmosphere of the plating room or into nearby tanks. 

This is a fault particularly common to wide chromium plating tanks which are 

difficult to ventilate properly, as well as tanks of normal width located near 

open windows or doors . 

FOAM-LOK L may be successfully used in any chromium plating solution 

without affecting the catalyst relationship and in hard chromium baths without 

concern for gross pitting originated by basis metal defects. It can also be 

used in combination with Zero-Mist products where extra spray suppression is 

needed, particularly during periods of heavy tank usage or during periods of 

exceptional ventilation problems. 

DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF FOAM-LOK L 

New FOAM-LOK L is a pink concentrated liquid and should be diluted two 

to one before use. Actually, further dilutions of four to one may be used if 

desired. 

The most recent production figures for make-up and maintenance indicate 

that 20 to 30 cc of undiluted FOAM-LOK L per 30 square feet of tank surface 

area will provide a proper foam blanket for 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 hours at 130 F. The 

life of the foam blanket ( as with all non-permanent types ) is governed by the 

reaction time with the chromic acid and not by the quantity added. Larger 

additions provide thicker foam blankets, but not longer life. Therefore, small, 

frequent additions are more economical than one big addition. Chromium bath 

/? 
P.21 

temperature and concentration, along with foam dragout and the amperes per 

square feet of tank surface area, will determine the functional life and the 

amount of FOAM-LOK L to be used for make-up and maintenance in each shop. 

When the tank is in use, normally a foam blanket of 1/2 to 1 inch thick is 

sufficient for proper control. 

In cases where the surface area of the solution is unusually large in 

proportion to the amount of amperage being used, the foam blanket will not 

cover the entire surface of the solution. Continued operation under these 

conditions may require higher initial additions of FOAM-LOK L. 

No foam blanket will form until the current is turned on, and when the 

current is turned off, the foam will subside. The FOAM-LOK L should be 

distributed uniformly over the surface of the solution and additional increments 

of diluted materials may be added until a satisfactory foam blanket is formed. 

FOAM-LOK L is highly concentrated in the foam, therefore, any steps 

taken to reduce its loss will reduce the consumption rate. These steps may 

include raising draft boxes, throttling down the ventilation systems to avoid 

loss of foam through draft boxes, or small amounts of air to blow away the foam 

at the exit station of full automatics. Excessive additions may cause overfoaming 

leading to possible hydrogen explosions. Control of the foam by observation 

is relatively simple and a little experience will soon indicate the need for 

additions of FOAM-LOK L. 

Although the information presented herein is to the best of our knowledge true and accurate, no warranty or 

guarantee, expressed or implied, is made regarding the information or the performance of any product. We 

assume no liability for incidental, consequential or direct damages of any kind, no matter what the cause, 

including negligence. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use a product in 

infringement of any existing patent, and we assume no responsibility or liability for operations which do infringe 

any such patents. The above includes confidential and proprietary information of Oxy Metal Industries 

Corporation, and isfurnisned to you for your use solely on products or processes supplied by us to you. 

Bulletin FOAM-LOK L; Issued 8/76 

(Replaces Bulletin Issued 8/75) 

C QMI 

OMI INTER INTERNATIONA * L CORPORATION 

o> The Information herein Is provided by OMI International 

p I Corporation which has no affiliation with Occidental P 

**• -• Petroleum Corporation or any of Its subsidiaries. 

214 }9 40 
P.22 

UDYLITE ® TRICROLYTE ® 

DESCRIPTION: 

TRICROLYTE® is Udylite's trivalent chromium 

plating process that helps to avoid rejects by 

completely eliminating whitewash and burning. 

TRICROLYTE utilizes the industry's latest in trivalent 

chromium plating technology. It brings you 

important advantages over both conventional 

hexavalent chromium processes and competitive 

trivalent processes. 

FEATURES: 

• Increased plating productivity. 

• Contains no hexavalent chrome. 

• Reduced metal concentration. 

• Additives do not contain strong oxidants. 

BENEFITS: 

• Prevents rejects due to whitewash, burning and 

reduces misplate (poor coverage); eliminates 

"shields" and "robbers." Gives higher production 

efficiency through an increase in the number of 

parts on a rack. 

• Tolerates higher levels of metallic contamination 

than existing trivalent systems. 

• Reduces chemical waste treatment and capital 

costs; eliminates "bleed-out" staining. 

• Produces much less sludge, reduces disposal cost. 

• Avoids dangers of chromic acid spray. Simplifies 

storage, transportation and handling. 

APPLICATIONS: 

1. Where burning and whitewash are significant 

problems (e.g., wire goods, furniture, appliance, 

hardware). 

2. Any facility needing assistance in meeting effluent 

and/or OSHA regulations due to use of hexavalent 

chromium. 

3. Where color-matching problems are an issue. 

4. Where chromium plating is the cause of limited 

production. 

For more facts and figures, 

CALL TOLL-FREE 

1-800-521-426 7 

TRICROLYTE 

SOLUTION COMPOSITION 

Additive 1 

Conductivity Salts 

Complexor Index 

Catalyst 

PROCESS MAINTENANCE 

Additive 1 

Complexor 

Conductivity Salts 

OPERATING CONDITIONS 

pH 

Temperature 

Cathode Current Density 

Anode Current Density 

Tank Voltage 

Agitation 

Specific Gravity 

Anode to Cathode Ratio 

Anodes 

Cooling Coils 

14.0% by volume 

210 g/L (28 oz/gal) 

28 

0.1% by volume 

1 gal/9,000-14,000 AH 

1 gal/8,000-12,000 AH 

As required by drag-out. 

3.2 

20°-32oC(60o-90°F) 

10-21 A/dm* (100-200 A/ft1) 

450 A/dm* (50 A/ft!) 

0-18 volts 

Air or mechanical 

1.25 

2:1 

Graphite (high purity) 

Teflon, Karbate, 

Thinwall PVC 

^ / 
P.23 

OMI WORLDWIDE -**« -* •••** 

1 > -

' - Ji l '. i 

. tm 

"V i v * ** *¥# 

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Oi ". 

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'"lEfcsil 

•<-}' ,* 

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'4 

• LICENSEE 

O OMI l-»CILITY/JOINT VENTURE 

• DISTRIBUTOR 

Argentina 

Austria 

Australia 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Canada 

Colombia 

Denmark 

Egypt 

Finland 

France 

West Germany 

Greece 

Hong Kong 

Indonesia 

Israel 

Italy 

Japan 

Luxembourg 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

N ew Zealand 

Norwa y 

Peoples Republic of China 

Philippines 

Portugal 

Singapore 

South Africa 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Taiwan 

Turkey 

United Kingdor 

USA 

Venezuela 

Zimbabwe 

UNITED STATES AND CANADA 

REGIONAL AND SALES OFFICES 

DISCLAIMER 

The information presented herein is to the best of our knowledge true ond accurate and all 

recommendations and suggestions appearing in this bulletin covering the use of our 

products are based upon information believed to be reliable. Since the actual use of this 

product by others is beyond our control, no guarantee, expressed or implied, is made bv 

O M I International Corporotion as to the effects of such use or the results to be obtoinea, 

nor is any information to be construed as a recommendation to infringe any patent and 

nothing contained herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use a product in 

infringement of any existing patent, and we assume no responsibility or liability for 

operations which do infringe any such patent. OM I International Corporation assumes no 

liability for incidental, consequential, or direct damages of any kind, no matter what the 

cause, including negligent use or direct misapplication of tnis product or any of its 

components. This "Fact Sheet" is not intended to be a technical bulletin for the operation 

of this process. Individual Technical Bulletins for each product/process must be consulted 

for complete details of operation, safety precautions and waste disposal. 

* Registered Trademark of OM I International Corporotion 

World Headquarters: 

OMI International Corporation 

21441 Hoover Road 

Warren, Michigan 48089 

Tel. (313)497-9100 

Southern Region: 

10935 Crabapple Road 

Suite 202B 

Roswell, Georgia 30075 

Tel. (404) 992-? 170 

Eastern Region: 

75 River Road 

Nutley, New Jersey 07110 

Tel. (201)667-5200 

Central Region: 

11311 Cornell Park Drive, 

Suite 106 

Cincinnati, Ohio 45242 

Tel. (513)489-1703 

Western Region: 

271 West Cerritos Avenue 

Building #8 

Anaheim, California 92805 

Tel. (714)778-0438 

CANADA 

OMI International 

(Canada) Inc. 

58 Adesso Drive 

Vaughan (Toronto) 

Ontario L4K 2Y6 

Tel. (416)736-4955 

UDYLITE 

21441 Hoover Road. Warren, Michigan 48089 

Telephone: (313) 497-9100 Telex: 23-5260 

2MCG485-R-1 OMI INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION. Printed in U.S.A.