[Cite as State v. Green , 2020-Ohio-5206.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO Plaintiff-Appellee

v. TAJRAE MARQUIS GREEN Defendant-Appellant : : : : : : : : : : Appellate Case No. 28614

Trial Court Case No. 2018-CR-4618 (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas Court)

. . . . . . . . . . . O P I N I O N Rendered on the 6th day of November, 2020.

. . . . . . . . . . . MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by HEATHER N. KETTER, Atty. Reg. No. 0084 470, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Mont gomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

LUCAS W. WILDER, Atty. Reg. No. 0074057, P.O. Box 574, Dayton, Ohio 45409 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

. . . . . . . . . . . . . FROELICH, J.-2-

{¶ 1} Tajrae Marquis Green was convicted after a jury trial of aggrav ated burglary, a first-degree felony. The trial court sentenced him to 10 yea rs in prison and ordered him to pay restitution of $50 and court costs. {¶ 2} Green appeals from his conviction, claiming that (1) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress an eyewitness identification, (2 ) his conviction was based on insufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence, (3) the court erred in allowing other acts evidence, (4) the court erred in f ailing to give a jury instruction on alibi, (5) cumulative error deprived him of a fair trial, an d (6) the court failed to consider appropriate statutory factors at sentencing. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed. I. Motion to Suppress {¶ 3} In his first assignment of error, Green claims that the trial c ourt erred in failing to suppress the victim’s pretrial identification of him. {¶ 4} In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court “assumes the role of the trier of fact, and, as such, is in the best position to resolve quest ions of fact and evaluate the credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Retherford , 93 Ohio App.3d 586, 592, 639 N.E.2d 498 (2d Dist.1994); State v. Knisley , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22897, 2010-Ohio-116, ¶ 30. Accordingly, when we review suppression decisions, we mustaccept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible e vidence. Retherford at 592. “Accepting those facts as true, we must independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial court’s conclusion, whether theymeet the applicable legal

standard.” Id

.-3- {¶ 5} Detective Jeffrey Colvin of the Huber Heights Police Department was the sole witness at the suppression hearing. His testimony established the following facts. {¶ 6} On November 17, 2018, Judy Owens was alone in her home when she heard her doorbell ring. Owens went to the door, but she did not rec ognize the individual and did not open the door. She then went to a bedroom window, watc hed the man go to and get into a silver car, and saw him “kind of wrestle around” in the car. Owens went back to her living room, where she was watching the Ohio State footb all game, and the doorbell rang again. Owens was a little slower getting up this time, an d when she walked back to the hallway to go to the bedroom, the man was standing in th e hallway inside her house. Owens asked him how he got in the house. The man raised his fi st up and asked where her purse was. Owens walked to the kitchen and got money out o f her purse, handed it to him, and he told her to go to the back bedroom and to wait t en minutes before coming out. The man left the house after receiving the money. The si lver car was gone when Owens went back to the window to look. Owens immediately calle d the police. {¶ 7} At approximately 12:37 p.m., police officers were dispatched to Owens’s home on a report of an aggravated burglary. Owens relayed to t he officers what had occurred, and she provided a physical description of the perpet rator to the responding

officers. {¶ 8} Detective Colvin followed up with Owens by telephone on Novembe r 19. During their conversation, Owens described the perpetrator. Co lvin recalled the description as “black male, 20-ish” years old, “six-foot, 170 [ pounds, and] short dreadlocks.” Owens did not describe the perpetrator’s clothing , but she indicated that he was neatly dressed. The description was similar to the one provided to the-4- responding officers. Owens did not know the burglar and had ne ver seen him before. Owens also told Colvin that the burglar had a four-door silver sedan. Colvin did not have a suspect at that time. {¶ 9} After the burglary of Owens’s home, a few more daytime burglari es occurred where the perpetrator was described similarly to the man Owens had described and was driving a silver or gray Honda. On November 29, the Huber Heig hts Police Department received information from the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Offic e about a similarlydescribed individual who had acted suspiciously around a home i n Harrison Township on November 26. The resident inside the home had taken a photo of the individual and the individual’s Honda. The Sheriff’s Office forwarded the two pho tos to the Huber Heights Police Department. Detective Colvin spent several days looking at records for early

2000s silver Hondas. {¶ 10} On December 3 (16 days after the burglary of Owens’s home), Det ective Colvin went to Owens’s residence to get a DNA standard from her to exclude her DNA from any evidence the police had obtained. While there, Colvin showed Owens the photographs he received from the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Of fice of the Honda and of the individual. Colvin showed Owens the photo of the car fi rst, and Owens responded that the photo showed the vehicle that had been outside her hom e. (Colvin acknowledged that the vehicle in the photo was a four-door, butOwens testified at the preliminary hearing in this case that the vehicle she saw was a two-door.) When Colvin showed Owens the photo of the man, Owens “became emotional.” C olvin testified: “I think she teared up a little bit, and she [said], I’m 100 perce nt sure that’s the one that was in my house.”-5- {¶ 11} Detective Colvin testified that he did not have a name, birthda te, Social Security number, or any other information about the man in the photo. He stated that, if he had, he would have prepared a photo spread for Owens. {¶ 12} The same day as Owens’s identification, the police department p osted the photos on social media seeking assistance from the public. Sev eral people responded to the department that they had had similar experiences. In ad dition, on December 4, Detective Minnix from the Vandalia Police Department called to say that Green might the person that the Huber Heights Police Department was looking for . Vandalia was also experiencing daytime burglaries, and Minnix had identified Gree n as the person who had sold a particular stolen necklace. {¶ 13} Detective Minnix was conducting surveillance of Green’s apartme nt. Detective Colvin met Minnix there, and they obtained a search w arrant for Green’s apartment and vehicle. {¶ 14} Green moved to suppress Owens’s identification, which purported to identify him as the perpetrator of the aggravated burglary. Gr een claimed that Detective Colvin’s single-photo identification process was improperly sug gestive and created a “substantial risk of irreparable mistaken identification.” {¶ 15} After a hearing, the trial court overruled the motion. The tri al court initially found that the presentation of the photographs was inherently, and thus unnecessarily, suggestive. The court nevertheless concluded that Owens’s iden tification was reliable. The court reasoned, in part: * * * Ms. Owens was able to closely view Green twice on the day of the alleged aggravated burglary: once when he initially rang the do orbell and-6- then left, and then once when he actually entered Ms. Owens’ ho use. Green was in Ms. Owens’ hallway, pointing a gun at her. Ms. Ow ens retrieved her purse and money and gave the money to Green. She also observed him get into a silver car twice. Ms. Owens provided a description of the suspect to responding officers on the day of the offense , and then provided the same description to Det. Colvin two days later. S he described the suspect as a black male in his twenties, who appeared to be about one hundred seventy pounds and who had short dreadlocks. The photo graph

of Green which Det. Colvin showed Ms. Owens was taken twelve da ys after the alleged aggravated burglary offense, and showed a black mal e with

short dreadlocks. State’s Ex. 1 . Ms. Owens was shown this phot ograph on December 3, 2018, sixteen days after the offense was allegedly committed. When Ms. Owens’ observed State’s Ex. 1, she identified the indi vidual as the person who had been in her house with 100% certainty. Thus , based on the totality of the circumstances, the Court finds that Ms. Owens’ pretrial identification was reliable. As such, Green’s constitutional r ights were not violated by this identification. {¶ 16} Green subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that several of the court’s factual findings were not supported by the suppr ession hearing testimony: (1) that Owens answered the door when the burglar first rang th e doorbell, (2) that the burglar had a gun, and (3) that DNA from Green matched DNA obta ined from Ms. Owens’

house. {¶ 17} The trial court overruled the motion to reconsider. It explain ed:-7- While the Court may have mistakenly understood Det. Colvin to t estify that Green was in Ms. Owens’ house with a gun in his hand, the fact that Green had a gun was not determinative in finding Ms. Owens’ pre-trial identification to be reliable. Rather, the Court highlighted that Ms. Owens o bserved Green at her front door when he “initially rang the doorbell an d then left” and then standing in front of her in the hallway of her house. Motion to Suppress Decision, p. 4. These two observations allowed Ms. Ow ens to consistently describe the suspect to both the responding office rs and Det. Colvin as a black male in his twenties who appeared to be appro ximately one hundred seventy pounds and who had short dreadlocks. Id . The consistency of the descriptions, which provided specific detail s, lends to the reliability of Ms. Owens’ pre-tr ial identification. In its Dec ision, the Court

indicated that Ms. Owens “answered her front door.” Id . at p. 1. This was not intended to imply that Ms. Owens opened the front door, butrather that she responded to the doorbell by going to the front door in ord er to observe the person who rang the bell. Further, at no point in its anal ysis did the Court refer to any discovery of Green’s DNA as a factor related to the reliability of Ms. Owens’ identification. Id . at p. 4-5. Rather, the Court emphasized that within sixteen days of the alleged commission o f the offense, Ms. Owens identified with 100% certainty that the indi vidual in the photograph Det. Colvin showed her was the person who had been i n her

house. Id . at p. 5. The Court also noted that the individual in this photograph was a black male with short dreadlocks. Id

.-8- {¶ 18} On appeal, Green claims that the trial court erred in failing t o suppress Owens’s identification for two reasons. First, he argues that the identification procedures employed by Detective Colvin did not comply with R.C. 2933.83. Second, he asserts that the record does not support the trial court’s conclusion t hat Owens’s identification

was reliable. {¶ 19} “Due process requires suppression of pre-trial identification o f a suspect only if the identification procedure was so impermissibly sugge stive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of misidentification.” Neil v. Biggers , 409 U.S. 188, 196-97, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972). {¶ 20} The defendant must first show that the identification procedure was unduly suggestive. We have recognized that a show-up identification p rocedure, which involves showing just one individual to an eyewitness, as opposed to a l ineup of different individuals, is inherently suggestive. E.g ., State v. Henderson , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28241, 2020-Ohio-6, ¶ 20; State v. Martin , 127 Ohio App.3d 272, 277, 712 N.E.2d 795 (2d Dist.1998). “Nevertheless, an individual show-up identific ation procedure may survive constitutional challenge if there is evidence that it i s sufficiently reliable.” Martin

at 277. {¶ 21} When a defendant shows that the pretrial ident ification procedu re was unduly suggestive, the court must then consider whether the ide ntification, viewed under the totality of the circumstances, was reliable despite the sug gestive procedure. See

Williams at ¶ 13. In reviewing the likelihood that the circumstances r esulted in a misidentification, courts have considered the opportunity of th e witness to view the perpetrator at the time of the offense, the witness’s degree of attention, the accuracy of-9- the witness’s prior description of the perpetrator, the level o f certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and the length of time betwee n the crime and the

confrontation. 1 Biggers at 199-200; Manson v. Brathwaite , 432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977); State v. Bates , 110 Ohio St.3d 1230, 2006-Ohio-3667, 850 N.E.2d 1208, ¶ 8. Nevertheless, “[a]gainst these factors is to be wei ghed the corrupting effect of the suggestive identification itself.” Manson . at 114. See, also, State v. Main , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26952, 2016-Ohio-4892, ¶ 7. {¶ 22} Reliability of the pretrial identification is the linchpin in d etermining its admissibility. Manson at 114. “So long as the identification possesses sufficient a spects of reliability, there is no violation of due process.” State v. Sherls , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18599, 2002 WL 254144, *3 (Feb. 22, 2002). {¶ 23} We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress a pret rial

identification for an abuse of discretion. State v. Wilson , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22624, 2009-Ohio-1038, ¶ 19; State v. Dewberry, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27434, 2020-Ohio691, ¶ 75. {¶ 24} Green argues that Detective Colvin failed to comply with R.C. 2 933.83.

1 We have previously noted that some of the factors identified i n Biggers may bear reconsideration in light of the significant advancement of scie ntific understanding of memory. See State v. Frazier , 2016-Ohio-727, 60 N.E.3d 633, ¶ 18, fn. 1 (2d Dist.); State v. Moody , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26926, 2016-Ohio-8366, ¶ 12, fn. 3. For example, Biggers and Manson direct courts to consider the witness’s degree of certainty in the identification, yet studies have repeatedly shown little relati onship between certainty and accuracy. See, e.g., State v. Mabberly , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27729, 2019-Ohio-891, ¶ 41, ¶ 44. Nonetheless, as an intermediate court of appeals, this court must continue to follow the factors articulated in Biggers and Manson , as required by Ohio Supreme Court precedent. See, e.g., State v. Bates , 110 Ohio St.3d 1230, 2006-Ohio-3667, 850 N.E.2d 1208, ¶ 9; State v. Gross , 97 Ohio St.3d 121, 2002-Ohio-5524, 776 N.E.2d 1061, ¶ 19, ¶ 25.-10- That statute, which was enacted in 2010, provides minimum requi rements for live lineup and photo lineup procedures. However, a failure to comply with R.C. 2933.83 does not necessarily require suppression. R.C. 2933.83(C)(1) states tha t evidence of the failure to comply with the required procedures “ shall be considered by trial courts in adjudicating motions to suppress eyewitness identification resulting from or related to the lineup.” (Emphasis added.) See also, e.g., State v. McShann , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27803, 2019-Ohio-4481, ¶ 40 (“even if a violation of R.C. 2933.83 occu rs, violations of that statute are not independent grounds for suppression.”); State v. Harmon , 2017-Ohio-8106, 98 N.E.3d 1238, ¶ 23 (2d Dist.). Accordingly, we focus on whether “the procedure used in administering the photospread in this case, while not in compli ance with R.C. 2933.83, was ‘not so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a subst antial likelihood of

misidentification.’ ” Harmon at ¶ 31, quoting State v. Moon , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25061, 2013-Ohio-395, ¶ 35. {¶ 25} In this case, the trial court found, and we agree, that the sho w-up identification procedure was unduly suggestive. Thus, the ques tion before us is whether Owens’s identification nevertheless was reliable. Although we find this to be a close call,

we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion w hen it determined that

Owens’s identification was reliable. {¶ 26} As an initial matter, Green argues that the record was insuffic ient to demonstrate the reliability of Owens’s identification because O wens did not testify at the suppression hearing. We disagree. Detective Colvin’s testimon y provided ample detail

about Owens’s encounter with Green for the trial court to make a determination about the reliability of Owens’s identification. While the trial court w ould have been aided by-11- additional testimony from Owens, we do not conclude that Detect ive Colvin’s testimony, alone, was insufficient. {¶ 27} We note that there is no suggestion in the record that defense counsel attempted or asked to call Owens and was denied the opportunityto do so. Contrast State v. Dewberry , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27434, 2020-Ohio-691, ¶ 82 (the trial court erred in precluding defendant from calling the victim as a witness at the suppression hearing on victim’s photospread identification of defendant). Owens te stified at trial, but when reviewing suppression rulings, we consider only the evidence be fore the trial court at the suppression hearing; we cannot consider any evidence outside th e record of the suppression hearing. State v. Curley , 2016-Ohio-7624, 73 N.E.3d 1050, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Harris , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26810, 2016-Ohio-7097, ¶ 3. {¶ 28} Detective Colvin’s evidence at the suppression hearing establis hed that a young man came to Owens’s residence during the noon hour on a S aturday. Owens was alone in her home. Upon hearing the doorbell ring, Owens w ent to the door and looked at the individual at her door, but did not recognize him and did not answer the

door. She then went to a bedroom window and observed him as he went to his car, got into it, and “kind of wrestle[d] around” in the car. During th is time, Owens was not under the stress of an ongoing criminal offense. After getting up in response to a second ringing of her doorbell, Owens encountered the man inside her h ouse. She walked to her kitchen with him, got money out of her purse, and handed it to him. {¶ 29} Colvin’s testimony demonstrated that Owens had an opportunity t o witness the perpetrator prior to and during the offense; she was in clo se proximity to him when she viewed him at her door and while in her house. Owens paid more than glancing-12- attention to him, considering that she watched him go to the ca r and “wrestle around” inside it. Owens gave a detailed description – “black male, 20 -ish” years old, “six-foot, 170 [pounds,] short dreadlocks,” and neatly dressed. She provi ded similar descriptions to the responding patrol officers and, two days later, to Detec tive Colvin. Owens was confident in her identification, although that factor perhaps s hould be given less weight. All of these factors support a conclusion that Owens’s identifi cation of Green was reliable despite the suggestiveness of the single photograph. {¶ 30} Owens did not know Green and had not seen him before. In addit ion, 16 days elapsed between the burglary and the show-up identificatio n. While these factors may weigh against the reliability of Owens’s identification, th ey did not require a

conclusion that the identification was unreliable. See State v. Montgomery , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25277, 2013-Ohio-4509, ¶ 35 (photospread identif ication after 11-day delay was reliable); State v. Davis , 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101502, 2 015-Ohio-1144, ¶ 25 (show-up identification approximately one month after robb ery was reliable); State

v. Henderson , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 9229, 1986 WL 2361, *2 (Feb. 21, 1986 ) (victim’s identification of defendant at a preliminary hearing almost thr ee months after the offense was reliable). Under the totality of the circumstances, the tr ial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Green’s motion to suppress Owens’s pretri al identification. {¶ 31} The first assignment of error is overruled. II. Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence {¶ 32} In his second assignment of error, Green claims that his convic tion for aggravated burglary was based on insufficient evidence and agai nst the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, he argues that the evidence did not support the-13- conclusions that he was the perpetrator and/or that the perpetr ator “inflicted, or attempted to inflict, physical harm on Owens.” {¶ 33} “A sufficiency of the evidence argument disputes whether the St ate has presented adequate evidence on each element of the offense to a llow the case to go to the jury or sustain the verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Wilson , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 10, citing State v. Thompkins , 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). The relevant inquiry is whether any rationa l finder of fact, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, co uld have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Dennis , 79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430, 683 N.E.2d 1096 (1997). A guilty verdict will not be disturbed on appeal

unless “reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier-of-fact.”

Id

. {¶ 34} In contrast, when reviewing an argument challenging the weight of the evidence, an appellate court may not substitute its view for th at of the trier of fact, but reviews the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonab le inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses, and determines whether, in resolv ing conflicts in the evidence, the finder of fact clearly lost its way and created such a mani fest miscarriage of justice

that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Thompkins at 387, quoting

State v. Martin , 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). {¶ 35} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial , we must defer to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to c redit the testimony of particular witnesses. State v. Lawson , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL 476684, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997). The fact that the evidence is subj ect to different-14- interpretations does not render the conviction against the mani fest weight of the evidence.

Wilson at ¶ 14. A judgment of conviction should be reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence only in exceptional circumstanc es. Martin at 175. {¶ 36} The State presented five witnesses and several exhibits at tria l; Green did not present any evidence. {¶ 37} Owens was 72 years old when the trial occurred. She testified that, shortly after noon on Saturday, November 17, 2018, she was alone at herthree-bedroom, ranchstyle home in Huber Heights. The house was situated along the circle of a cul-de-sac in

a residential area. {¶ 38} Owens testified that she was a fan of The Ohio State Universityfootball team, and she was watching them play Maryland; she recalled tha t Ohio State was playing poorly and she had muted the television. During the ga me, Owens’s doorbell rang. Owens got up to see who was at the door. She stated tha t she had a long foyer and an opaque door, so she could see out, but people could not see in. From the end of her foyer, Owens saw that a young man was standing at the do or; she stood there watching him for several seconds. Owens described him as nice- looking with short dreadlocks and a goatee. Owens assumed that he was trying to s ell something, and she

decided not to answer the door. {¶ 39} Owens returned to her living room to continue watching the foot ball game. After she had been seated for a few seconds, her doorbell rang four or five times in rapid succession. Owens was not interested in answering the door, bu t she went to her computer room (a bedroom in the front of her home) that looked out toward the street. Owens saw the young man run back to his car, which was parked a cross the street, get-15- inside, and start “throwing clothes around.” Owens testified t hat her view was not obstructed by trees or bushes. Owens thought he was getting re ady to leave, so she went back to sit on her living room couch. {¶ 40} After Owens sat down, her doorbell rang again. Owens went backto the bedroom/computer room to look out. The man’s vehicle was still there, but she did not see him. Owens thought he might have gone to a neighbor’s home . Owens headed back to her living room. {¶ 41} Upon leaving her computer room, she found the young man, later identified as Green, standing right in front of her, about a foot away. O wens asked him, “How the hell did you get into my house?” Green did not answer her, but“held up his fist in [Owens’s] face and asked [her] if [she] had any money.” Owens testified that she interpreted Green’s raised fist as a legitimate threat, and she said she did. Green asked where the money was, and Owens told him it was in her purse, wh ich was in the kitchen. Green told her to get it, and he followed Owens to her kitchen. Owens asked Green not to hurt her. With Green watching, Owens retrieved between $40 and $50 from her wallet. {¶ 42} Owens testified that she did not know Green prior to the burgla ry, she did not give him permission to be in her home, she did not give him permission to take money from her wallet, and she gave him the money because she was afr aid. Owens stated

that she was afraid because he had threatened her with his fist

. {¶ 43} After getting the money, Green told Owens to go into her back b edroom. Green followed Owens to the bedroom, again raising his fist. O wens repeatedly asked Green not to hurt her. Green opened the bedroom door, Owens we nt in, and Green pulled the door closed. Green told her not to come out for ten minutes. Owens-16- immediately locked the door. W hen she heard her front door clo se, she ran to her phone, and when she was calm enough to do so, she called 911. {¶ 44} At 12:38 p.m., officers were dispatched to Owens’s home. Offic er Aaron Harlow, the first to respond, arrived a couple minutes later. Upon arrival, Harlow walked around the exterior of Owens’s home to ensure that the perpetra tor or an accomplice was no longer there; Harlow did not find anyone. He noticed, howev er, that a window along the north side of the home was open and that the blinds were “o ut of whack.” {¶ 45} Officer Stose also responded to Owens’s home, arriving shortly after Officer Harlow. Stose made contact with Owens, who was crying, shaking , and “hysterical.” The two officers went into Owens’s home and obtained a descript ion of the perpetrator

and his vehicle. Officer Harlow testified that Owens described the perpetrator as male, younger, about six feet tall, having three-inch-long dreadlocks , and good-looking. Harlow stated that Owens could not describe the perpetrator’s c lothing, other than the fact that he was wearing a long-sleeved shirt. Owens told the officers that the man made no attempt to wear a mask or cover his face or wear gloves. Ow ens described the vehicle as “either a gray or light bluish, gray-colored four-do or sedan.” {¶ 46} Officer Harlow requested that an evidence technician come to th e residence. Officer Hartman responded. 2 After taking photographs of the scene, he attempted to lift fingerprints from around the bedroom window i dentified as the point of entry; Hartman could not locate any usable latent prints. Offi cer Hartman swabbed for

DNA from the doorknob to the bedroom where Green told Owens to wait. Hartman did not attempt to collect a fingerprint or DNA from the doorbell.

2 Hartman retired from the Huber Heights Police Department prior to trial.-17- {¶ 47} Detective Colvin was assigned to Owens’s case, and he called he r on Monday, November 19, 2018, to follow up. Owens described the e vents and the perpetrator consistently with her prior report. {¶ 48} Detective Colvin testified that he did not have any suspects atthat time. He indicated two daytime burglaries previously had occurred in Huber Heights, and Colvin reached out to other police agencies to see if they had similar crimes being committed. On November 29, Detective Statzer of the Montgomery County Sher iff’s Office, who worked in Harrison Township, provided Colvin’s sergeant with tw o photographs: one of a person who matched Owens’s description of the perpetrator and t he other of a silver Honda Accord. The sergeant forwarded the photos to Colvin. Co lvin still did not know the identity of the individual shown. Colvin spent a couple of days looking through Honda Accord vehicle records trying to match the vehicle with a regis tered owner who looked like the photo. He was unsuccessful. {¶ 49} Colvin testified that he needed to get a DNA sample from Owens so that he

could submit the DNA from the doorknob to the Bureau of Crimina l Investigation crime

lab. He went to Owens’s residence on December 3 to do so. Col vin also took with him copies of the two photographs that he had received; he wanted s ome confirmation that the individual was involved before having the photo posted on t he department’s Facebook page to see if anyone could identify him. {¶ 50} After collecting a DNA sample from Owens, Detective Colvin pres ented her with photocopies of two photographs. Colvin testified that he did not tell Owens about the suspect or how the photos had been obtained. Colvin showed Owens the photo of the car first and then the photo of the individual. He stated that she identified them both-18- as being the perpetrator and his vehicle. Colvin stated that O wens became emotional when she saw Green’s photo. {¶ 51} Owens testified that Colvin “came to my home, and he said he ha d a couple pictures he wanted to show me to see if I recognized the indivi dual that robbed me. And as soon as I saw him, I recognized both the Defendant and the c ar.” Owens denied that the detective asked her to confirm that the photograph showed t he perpetrator. However, Owens stated on cross-examination that she assumed tha t he was going to show her photos of the person “who robbed me.” Owens signed an d dated the printouts. {¶ 52} When show n copies of th e photographs at trial, Owens stated, “T his is the guy that robbed me and that’s his car.” Owens also identified Green at trial, noting that he had gotten a haircut; she said she was 100 percent certain t hat he was the individual who was in her home on November 17, 2018. On cross-examination , Owens acknowledged that she may have previously testified at the prel iminary hearing that the car was a two-door vehicle; the photo showed a four door vehicl e. Owens stated that she was focusing on the person more than the car. {¶ 53} The photograph of Green was placed on the Huber Heights Police Department Facebook page. On December 4, Detective Minnix of t he Vandalia Police Department contacted Colvin and provided Colvin with Green’s na me. Colvin then learned Green’s address, and he went to that location with seve ral other officers. The silver Honda Accord was parked behind the apartment building. {¶ 54} Detective Colvin obtained a search warrant for the Honda Accord , and he learned that the vehicle was owned by Dounisha Barwick-Jones. Barwick-Jones testified-19- that she had known Green since she was 12 years old, and she id entified him as the defendant at trial. She testified that, in November 2018, she owned a 2001 silver Honda Accord, which she allowed Green to drive regularly; a differentvehicle was her primary vehicle. Barwick-Jones stated that the Honda had some damage. {¶ 55} On December 5 or 6, Detective Colvin contacted Barwick-Jones an d met her at her house. Barwick-Jones testified that Colvin explaine d that he had seen her car

at a location and he wanted her to indicate if it was hers. De tective Colvin showed Barwick-Jones copies of the same photos that he had shown Owens . Barwick-Jones testified that one photo was of Green and that other “looked li ke” her Honda Accord; Barwick-Jones acknowledged that she told Colvin that the photo was of her car. {¶ 56} On cross-examination, Barwick-Jones testified that Green had sp ent the night (November 16 to 17) with her and stayed with her until he drove her to work on

November 17. Barwick-Jones stated that she went to work around 1:00 or 2:00 p.m. Barwick-Jones testified that she and Green did not go to Owens’ s address and that the Honda was with her (Barwick-Jones) between 12:30 and 1:00 p.m. on November 17. {¶ 57} On redirect examination, Barwick-Jones stated that she did not “remember days,” and she could not say what happened on November 16, 18, 19, or 20. BarwickJones said that she “had a whole bunch of things going on perso nally with my life.” She said that she remembered November 17, because Green mostly stay ed over at her house (either there or at his older brother’s house). When asked abo ut her work schedule, Barwick-Jones stated that she worked almost every day. {¶ 58} Detective Colvin testified that Barwick-Jones never told him th at she was

with Green on November 17.-20- {¶ 59} Owens testified that she reported to Detective Colvin that afte r the incident with Green, another person, purportedly from Panera Bread, had come to her home unexpectedly. Colvin testified that he followed up on Owens’s report; he learned from a Panera Bread manager that the restaurant had an address listed incorrectly and the order was for a neighbor. The detective stated that the incident wit h the Panera driver was unrelated to the burglary. {¶ 60} The jury found Green guilty of aggravated burglary, in violatio n of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1), a first-degree felony. That statute provides: (A) No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied por tion of an occupied structure, when another person other than an accomplic e of the offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure or in the separately secured or separately occupied portion of the struct ure any criminal offense, if any of the following apply: (1) The offender inflicts, or attempts or threatens to inflict physical harm on another[.] {¶ 61} Green does not dispute that the perpetrator, by force, trespass ed in Owens’s occupied residence while Owens was present. We agree t hat the evidence supports such a conclusion. Green argues that he was not perpe trator and that he did not inflict or attempt to inflict physical harm. {¶ 62} Green is correct that the State did not present evidence that h e harmed or attempted to harm Owens. However, R.C. 2911.11(A)(1) also may be violated by threats of physical harm. In this case, Green raised his fist when he asked Owens if she had-21- money, and he again raised his fist in the kitchen when he told her to go into the bedroom. Owens testified that she interpreted Green’s raised fist as a “ legitimate threat,” that she was afraid, and that she repeatedly asked him not to hurt her. Owens’s testimony supported a reasonable conclusion that Green threatened Owens w ith physical harm. {¶ 63} As for the identity of the perpetrator, Owens identified Green as the burglar, both prior to and at trial. Owens and Detective Colvin both te stified that Colvin had gone to Owens’s home on December 3, 2018, at which time Colvin showe d Owens photographs of an individual and a Honda Accord; the detective noted at trial that the photograph of the man “matched the description of our suspect d own to the height, weight, the body type, the leng th of the dreadlocks, the facial hair.” Owens identified the man in the photograph as the perpetrator and the Honda Accord a s his vehicle. BarwickJones testified that Green was the person depicted in the photo graph. Owens also identified Green as the perpetrator at trial, noting that he ha d gotten a haircut. The State’s evidence, if believed, was sufficient to prove that Gre en was the individual who committed the aggravated burglary. {¶ 64} In reaching its verdict, the jury was free to believe all, part , or none of the testimony of each witness and to draw reasonable inferences fro m the evidence presented. State v. Baker , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25828, 2014-Ohio-3163, ¶ 28. The State’s evidence, particularly Owens’s testimony, supported a c onclusion that Green, by force, entered Owens’s home through a window, threatened her wi th physical harm, and stole money. However, the jury heard that Owens identified Gre en as the perpetrator, 16 days after the offense, based on a single photograph of a su spect and a single photograph of a vehicle. Barwick-Jones testified that Green wa s with her (and not at-22- Owens’s home) on November 17 when the offense occurred. Howeve r, the prosecutor challenged the credibility of that testimony during cross-exami nation. {¶ 65} It was the province of the jury, as the trier of fact, to weigh the evidence and determine whether the State had proven, beyond a reasonable dou bt, that Green had committed aggravated burglary. Upon review of the evidence at trial, we cannot conclude that jury lost its way when it credited Owens’s testim ony and found Green guilty of the aggravated burglary. {¶ 66} Green’s second assignment of error is overruled.

III. Other Acts Evidence {¶ 67} In his third assignment of error, Green claims that he “was den ied a right to a fair trial because the trial court erred in allowing other ac ts evidence to be introduced by Detective Colvin.” {¶ 68} As recently stated by the Ohio Supreme Court: “A hallmark of the American criminal justice system is the prin ciple that proof that the accused committed a crime other than the on e for which he is on trial is not admissible when its sole purpose is to sh ow the accused’s propensity or inclination to commit crime.” That phi losophy is premised on our understanding of human nature: the typical juro r is prone to “much more readily believe that a person is guilty of the cr ime charged if it is proved to his satisfaction that the defendant has committ ed a similar

crime.” This common-law principle is embodied in Evid.R. 404(B). (Citations omitted.) State v. Hartman , Ohio Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-4440, __ N.E.3d-23- __, ¶ 20-21. {¶ 69} Evid.R. 404(B) provides: “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” The Ohio Supreme Court has discussed Evid.R. 404, s tating: [Evid.R. 404] contemplates acts that may or may not be similar to the crime at issue. If the other act is offered for some relevant purpos e other than to show character and propensity to commit crime, such as one of t he purposes in the listing, the other act may be admissible. Anot her consideration permitting the admission of certain other-acts ev idence is whether the other acts “form part of the immediate background o f the alleged act which forms the foundation of the crime charged in the indictment” and are “inextricably related” to the crime. (Citations omitted.) State v. Morris , 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 13. {¶ 70} “The key is that the evidence must prove something other than t he defendant’s disposition to commit certain acts. Thus, while ev idence showing the defendant’s character or propensity to commit crimes or acts is forbidden, evidence of other acts is admissible when the evidence is probative of a se parate, nonpropensitybased issue.” Hartman at ¶ 22. {¶ 71} The Ohio Supreme Court recently clarified the process for deter mining whether to admit other-acts evidence. The first step is to con sider whether the other acts-24- evidence is relevant. “In the Evid.R. 404(B) context, the rele vance examination asks whether the proffered evidence is relevant to the particular pu rpose for which it is offered, as well as whether it is relevant to an issue that is actually in dispute.” State v. Smith , Ohio Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-4441, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 37, citin g Hartman at ¶ 26-27. “Thus, courts should begin by evaluating whether the evidence i s relevant to a noncharacter-based issue that is material to the case.” Id . at ¶ 38. “If the evidence is not premised on improper character inferences and is probative of a n issue in the case, the

court must then consider whether the evidence’s value ‘is subst antially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of m isleading the jury.’ ” Id ., quoting Evid.R. 403(A); Hartman at ¶ 29. {¶ 72} A trial court has broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence , and its exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal abs ent an abuse of discretion.

State v. Norris , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26147, 2015-Ohio-624, ¶ 14. “A trial court

abuses its discretion when it makes a decision that is unreason able, unconscionable, or arbitrary.” State v. Darmond , 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34. {¶ 73} A week before trial, the State filed a motion of intent to use other acts evidence. The State’s motion described the burglary of Owens’s home and provided the following information about other relevant acts: * * * On November 26th, 2018, Kathleen Leonard contacted the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office when she noticed a young Afr icanAmerican male enter her property. The male seemed to tamper wi th the garage door. Ms. Leonard photographed both the suspect, and th e car that he was driving. She provided those photographs to Detective Br yan-25- Statzer of the Sheriff’s Office. Detective Statzer then provid ed the photographs to Huber Heights Police. Those photographs are sho wn to Ms. Owens, who identifies the person in the photographs as the man who broke into her home. Those photographs are then disseminated o n the Huber Heights Police Facebook page. Huber Heights receives a c all from Whitney King in Tipp City who indicates that same person in the photograph had rang [sic] her doorbell a few days prior. John King then c ontacts Detective Colvin and informs him that he also found a grey/silv er sedan parked up the front from when his doorbell was rung. The suspe ct remains unnamed until Detective Minnix of the Vandalia Police Departmen t obtains the name of Tajrae Green (Defendant) after he learns that some jewelry taken in a Vandalia burglary had been pawned by Defendant. Det ective Minnix compared a photograph of Tajrae Green to the photographs taken by Ms. Leonard. Detective Colvin then finds a silver/grey Hond a parked at

Defendant’s residence. {¶ 74} The trial court granted the State’s motion to offer Evid.R. 404 (B) evidence. Using the three-step analysis set forth in State v. Williams , 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012- Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, the trial court concluded that the evidence that Green rang other doorbells was relevant to show his modus operandi, “that the evidence of Green’s acts in relation to arriving at and gaining entrance to residen ces” was being presented for a legitimate purpose under Evid.R. 404(B), and that the probati ve value was not outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to Green. {¶ 75} At trial, the State’s witnesses consisted of Owens, two officer s who-26- responded to her home, Barwick-Jones, and Detective Colvin. Th e State did not call officers from other jurisdictions or victims of other offenses. The State acknowledges in its appellate brief that, although its pretrial motion indicate d an intention to show that Green “had a modus operandi of driving the silver sedan into ne ighborhoods and ringing doorbells, that evidence was not introduced at trial.” {¶ 76} The “other acts” evidence at trial revolved around the suggesti on that Green was involved in other burglaries. During opening statements, t he prosecutor informed the jury, without objection, that Colvin “received some photogr aphs from a detective with the Harrison Township Police Department. And these photographs match the vehicle description given by Ms. Owens, and the suspect description giv en by Ms. Owens.” At that time, the prosecutor did not describe how Colvin came to a ssociate Green’s name with the photographs. {¶ 77} During the State’s case-in-chief, Owens testified that Detectiv e Colvin told her that the photos “had been obtained from another place that had a camera ringtone.” Owens did not mention that the photographs came from another la w enforcement agency or the victim of another crime. Nevertheless, the trial court gave the following limiting

instruction: Ladies and gentlemen, you just heard some evidence that Det. Co lvin

received information about other calls to law enforcement. Suc h evidence has been admitted only for a limited purpose, and was not recei ved, and you may not consider it to prove that the Defendant committed a ny other crimes. The evidence cannot be considered for any other purpos e. (Tr. at 237.)-27- {¶ 78} The “other acts” evidence predominantly came in through Detecti ve Colvin. After Detective Colvin testified that he initially did not have any suspects in the burglary of Owens’s home, the prosecutor asked him what he does to devel op suspects. Colvin responded: Well, I spoke with Ms. Owens. I questioned her about any unusu al incidents that may have happened, any people that may have been in the house or been at the house; that sort of thing. Also, I will reach out to other agencies to see if they have like and similar crimes being comm itted. We had previously, before that case, had at least two daytime burglaries similar -- with no one home, but daytime burglaries. I reached out to other agencies, and was also told that there were other incidents

similar. (Tr. 300-301.) {¶ 79} Colvin later testified that his sergeant received photos from D etective Statzer of the Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office. When the pr osecutor tried to ask about the circumstances surrounding how the photos were taken, defense counsel objected on hearsay grounds. After a sidebar discussion, the o bjection was sustained. The prosecutor then limited her questioning to: Q Det. Colvin, without getting into the specific details of th is other report out of Harrison Township, you obtained these photographs from a detective with Harrison Township? A My sergeant did, yes. Q Okay. And then your sergeant provided –-28- A Transferred – Q -- these photographs – A -- them to me, yes. Q -- to you? (Tr. at 307.) The trial court again gave the jury that same li miting instruction that had been given during Owens’s testimony. {¶ 80} Colvin then testified that, after Owens made the photo identifi cation, the photograph of Green (whose identi ty was still unknown) was plac ed on the Huber Heights Police Department’s Fa cebook page. When Colvin testified that he received a call from Detective Minnix, defense counsel objected. After discussion, the court sustained the objection, stating “As is indicated, what the detective said, w hich I will not permit, so I would sustain the objection stating the detective told him, but we’re not there yet. He can talk about what he did as a result of the call.” (Tr. at 3 14.) {¶ 81} Detective Colvin then provided an answer to the prosecutor’s pr ior question: “Det. Minnix did an investigation, had identified the Defendantand an address where he was staying –.” The court again indicated that it had sustaine d the objection and that the detective was getting into the details of the communication. After a sidebar discussion about how the prosecutor should elicit the information about ho w Colvin received Green’s name, the trial then proceeded as follows: THE COURT: Okay. Detective, I sustained the objection. She’s going to – [The prosecutor’s] going to rephrase the question. So ladies and gentlemen, again, when I sustain an objection, you are not to c onsider the answer for any purpose. Okay. Go ahead.-29- [PROSECUTOR]: Okay. [BY PROSECUTOR] Q And did Det. Minnix of the Vandalia Police, did he provide y ou with the name of Tajrae Green?

A He did. (Tr. at 317-318.) {¶ 82} During cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Detective Colvin about what preliminary instructions, if any, had been provided to Owens before the photographs of Green and his vehicle were shown to her. During that questioning, the following exchange occurred: Q Now you have training in showing photospreads and identifica tion photos to witnesses, correct?

A Yes. Q And I think you testified about instructions that are given to individuals when photos are shown, correct?

A Correct. Q And what are those instructions? A View the photographs; hairstyles, beards, and mustaches may easily be changed. Don’t -- the pictures don’t always depict the true co mplexion of a person; that sort of thing. Q And in fact, you tell the person that the person that is a s uspect or was in your house, may or may not be depicted in the photograph?

A Correct.-30- Q Did you tell Ms. Owens that? A No, I told her that I had some photographs I wanted her to v iew. I may -- I believe I may have even said that that it may or may not b e the person. At that point, the physical description matched. And like you said, there may be a thousand people with the same description out there. Okay? But connected with the vehicle, it was a good possibility that was our suspect who was committing all these daytime burglaries. In order -- [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor , I’m going to object. May counsel approach?

THE COURT: I sustain the objection. The reference to the other daytime burglaries will be stricken and you will disregard that. You will not consider that. (Emphasis added.) (Tr. at 330-331.) {¶ 83} The record clearly shows that the trial court did not allow imp roper other acts evidence. The trial court sustained defense counsel’s obj ections to references that Green may have been associated with other daytime burglaries in the area, and it gave the jury instructions to disregard that testimony. The court a lso gave limiting instructions regarding the evidence that Detective Colvin had received infor mation about other calls

to law enforcement. {¶ 84} The State asserts that Detective Colvin’s admitted testimony pr operly was limited to how the detective obtained the photographs and how h e learned of Green’s identity. The State notes that law enforcement officers may te stify to out-of-court statements for the non-hearsay purpose of explaining the next i nvestigatory step. State-31- v. Beasley , 153 Ohio St.3d 497, 2018-Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d 1028, ¶ 172, ci ting State v.

McKelton , 148 Ohio St.3d 261, 2016-Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 186. Te stimony to explain police conduct is admissible as non-hearsay if it satis fies three criteria: (1) the conduct to be explained is relevant, equivocal, and contemporan eous with the statements, (2) the probative value of the statements is not su bstantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, and (3) the statements do not c onnect the accused with the crime charged. Id .; State v. Ricks , 136 Ohio St.3d 356, 2013-Ohio-3712, 995 N.E.2d 1181, ¶ 27. {¶ 85} We recognize that police officers often are permitted to testif y about how they obtained a lead in their investigations. In this case, we question the relevance of the source of the photographs of Green and of the source of the identity of Green from the photograph (i.e., law enforcement agencies). Moreover, alt hough Detective Colvin’s statements that he received the two photographs from Detective Statzer and that he

learned of Green’s name from Detective Minnix were received for the non-hearsay purpose of explaining steps in Colvin’s investigation, there is a strong argument that the probative value of that information was substantially outweighe d by the danger of unfair prejudice, particularly given that State’s case hinged in large part on jury’s evaluation of

Owens’s identification of Green. {¶ 86} The State further emphasizes, however, that the court gave appropriate instructions regarding the detective’s statements. When eviden ce which is admissible as to one party or for one purpose, but not admissible as to an other party or for another purpose, is admitted, the court, upon request of a party, must give a limiting instruction, restricting the evidence to its proper scope. See Evid.R. 105. Curative instructions are-32- given as a means of remedying errors or irregularities that occ ur during trial. State v.

Artis , 2019-Ohio-2070, 137 N.E.3d 587, ¶ 50 (3d Dist.). {¶ 87} We generally presume that a jury will follow the trial court’s limiting instructions concerning the evidence that may be considered and for what purpose, as

well as curative instructions to disregard testimony. E.g., State v. Ahmed , 103 Ohio St.3d 27, 2004-Ohio-4190, 813 N.E.2d 637, ¶ 93; State v. Herring , 94 Ohio St.3d 246, 254, 762 N.E.2d 940 (2002); State v. Bendolph , 2018-Ohio-1729, 111 N.E.3d 872, ¶ 51 (2d Dist.). “The presumption that curative instructions remedy a mistake * * * can be rebutted by showing that the evidence could not have been ignor ed and that serious prejudice likely occurred.” State v. McMiller, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103962, 2016-Ohio5844, ¶ 48, citing United States v. Gonzales-Vazquez , 219 F.3d 37, 48 (1st Cir.2000). {¶ 88} Here, the court twice provided a limiting instruction during th e presentation of witnesses, telling the jury not to consider Detective Colvin ’s statements to prove that Green committed other crimes. In its jury instructions followi ng closing arguments, the court slightly modified that instruction to read that the jury should not consider the information “to prove that the Defendant committed any crimes.” (Emphasis added.) (The prior instruction had said “any other” crimes.) With the record before us, we presume that the jury followed the trial court’s limiting instr uctions. We note that the Ohio Supreme Court recently advised trial courts, going forward, to “explain, in plain language, the purposes for which the other acts may and may not be consid ered.” Hartman , Ohio Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-4440, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 70. {¶ 89} Of primary concern is Detective Colvin’s testimony that he reac hed out to other law enforcement organizations “to see if they have like a nd similar crimes being-33- committed,” and that given Owens’s physical description of the perpetrator of her burglary plus the vehicle, “it was a good possibility that [the photogra ph of Green] was our suspect who was committing all these daytime burglaries.” The only app arent purpose for this information was to instill in the mind of the jury that Green h ad committed other burglaries, making it more likely that he had burglarized Owens’s home, too

. {¶ 90} The only evidence against Green in this case was Owens’s identi fication. There were no other eyewitnesses, no surveillance videos, no fi ngerprint or DNA evidence, or any other evidence linking Green to the offense. The State presented no evidence that Green had a particular modus operandi and that hi s method of committing the burglary of Owens’s home was consistent with a particular m ethodology. In the absence of any evidence corroborating Owens’s identification, D etective Colvin’s statement that it was likely that Green was the person “committ ing all these daytime burglaries” created a risk that the jury would give additional credence to Owens’s

identification based on Colvin’s comments. {¶ 91} The court instructed the jury to disregard these statements. A s stated above, we generally presume that the jury follows the trial cou rt’s curative instructions. In addition, on the record before us, we cannot conclude that t he presumption regarding

curative instructions has been overcome. The detective’s state ments were not so inflammatory that they could not be ignored. Contrast State v. Sinkfield , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16277, 1998 WL 677413 (Oct. 2, 1998) (detective’ s statement that defendant had previously tried to kill police officers was not cured by curative instruction). {¶ 92} Green’s third assignment of error is overruled.

IV. Alibi Instruction-34- {¶ 93} In his fourth assignment of error, Green claims that the trial court should have given a jury instruction on alibi, sua sponte, even though Green did not file a notice of alibi or request such an instruction. {¶ 94} Crim.R. 12.1 requires a defendant to file a notice of alibi if he or she proposes to offer alibi evidence. It states:

Whenever a defendant in a crimi nal case proposes to offer testi mony to establish an alibi on his behalf, he shall, not less than seven days before trial, file and serve upon the prosecuting attorney a notice in writing of his intention to claim alibi. The notice shall include specific information as to the place at which the defendant claims to have been at the time of the alleged offense. If the defendant fails to file such written notice, th e court may exclude evidence offered by the defendant for the purpose of pr oving such alibi, unless the court determines that in the interest of just ice such evidence

should be admitted. {¶ 95} If a defendant fails to submit a notice of alibi, as required b y Crim.R. 12.1,

the court can exclude the alibi evidence. See State v. Hillman , 2014-Ohio-5760, 26 N.E.3d 1236, ¶ 24 (10th Dist.). “Where a defendant files a tim ely notice of alibi, presents evidence to support the contention, and relies on alibi as the sole defense, the trial court has a statutory duty pursuant to R.C. 2945.11 to charge the jury on alibi, whether or not defendant requests such an instruction.” State v. Gibson , 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98725, 2013-Ohio-4372, ¶ 106, citing State v. Frost , 164 Ohio App.3d 61, 2005-Ohio-5510, 841 N.E.2d 336 (2d Dist.) and State v. McDade , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 14339, 1995 WL 9453, *1 (Jan. 11, 1995).-35- {¶ 96} “Jury instructions are critically important to assist juries in determining the interplay between the facts of the case before it and the appli cable law.” State v. Griffin , 141 Ohio St.3d 392, 2014-Ohio-4767, 24 N.E.3d 1147, ¶ 5. A tri al court is required to “fully and completely give the jury all instructions which are relevant and necessary for the jury to weigh the evidence and discharge its duty as the fa ct finder.” State v. Comen , 50 Ohio St.3d 206, 553 N.E.2d 640 (1990), paragraph two of the syllabus. Requested jury instructions “must be given when they are correct, pertine nt, and timely presented.” State v. Joy , 74 Ohio St.3d 178, 181, 657 N.E.2d 503 (1995), citing Cincinnati v. Epperson , 20 Ohio St.2d 59, 253 N.E.2d 785 (1969), paragraph one of the syllabus. {¶ 97} In this case, Crim.R. 12.1 has no applicability, because there is nothing in the record to suggest that Green intended to raise an alibi defense at trial. The evidence regarding alibi came from Barwick-Jones, a State’s witness, notfrom the defense. {¶ 98} Green did not request an alibi instruction nor did he object to the trial court’s failure to give an instruction on alibi. As a result, Green ha s waived all but plain error regarding the jury instructions. State v. Grant , 2d Dist. Darke No. 2019-CA-13, 2020- Ohio-3055, ¶ 14; see Crim.R. 30(A) (“On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give any instructions unless the partyobjects before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating specifically the matter object ed to and the grounds of the objection.”). In order to constitute plain error, the error mu st be an obvious defect in the trial proceedings, and the error must have affected Green’s sub stantial rights. See State

v. Norris , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26147, 2015-Ohio-624, ¶ 22; Crim.R. 5 2(B). Plain error should be noticed “with the utmost caution, under excepti onal circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long , 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372-36- N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus; State v. Singleton , 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26889, 2016-Ohio-5443, ¶ 45. {¶ 99} We find no plain error in the trial court’s failure to provide, sua sponte, an instruction on alibi. The parties’ arguments focused on Owens’ s identifications of Green and his vehicle. The prosecutor mentioned Barwick-Jones during closing argument only as to Barwick-Jones’s testimony that the photo depicted Green; the State did not mention Barwick-Jones in its rebuttal argument. In defense counsel’s c losing argument, counsel argued that Owens’s identifications of Green and the vehicle we re weak and that the State failed to present corroborating evidence that Green was the per petrator. In a single sentence, counsel stated, “Tajrae [Green] was not there,” but t here was no mention of Barwick-Jones or her alibi-related testimony. The parties’ arg uments reflected that they did not consider alibi to be a central component of the trial. {¶ 100} Moreover, as noted by Eighth District, “[i]t is difficult to pr ove the existence of plain error in the court’s failure to give a jury instructio n on the alibi. An alibi defense constitutes a complete denial of the charged offense, so it sta nds on its own against whatever evidence the state produces. Because ‘[a] jury instru ction on an alibi defense is nothing more than a reminder that the defendant presented ev idence of an alibi,’ a guilty finding means that the jury necessarily would have rejec ted the defense.” State v.

Coleman , 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99369, 2013-Ohio-4792, ¶ 15, quoting State v. Reddy , 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-868, 2010-Ohio-3892, ¶ 23. {¶ 101} The jury heard Barwick-Jones’s testimony that Green was with he r and not at Owens’s residence when the alleged aggravated burglary occur red. The jury also heard Owens’s testimony identifying Green as the perpetrator. On this record, we-37- cannot conclude that the failure to provide an instruction on a libi, sua sponte, resulted in a manifest injustice. {¶ 102} Green’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

V. Cumulative Error {¶ 103} In his fifth assignment of error, Green claims that cumulative errors deprived him of a fair trial. Green argues that the trial court should have suppressed Owens’s pretrial identification and that the detective’s testim ony as to Green’s involvement with other burglaries was prejudicial and deprived him of a fair trial. {¶ 104} The cumulative error doctrine provides that a conviction may be reversed “where the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a de fendant of the constitutional right to a fair trial[,] even though each of numerous instances of trial court error does not individually constitute cause for reversal.” State v. Garner , 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64, 656 N.E.2d 623 (1995); see State v. Moody, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26926, 2016-Ohio8366, ¶ 129. In this case, the trial court did not err in deny ing Green’s motion to suppress the pretrial identification. Although the detective made isola ted statements alluding to Green’s being a suspect in other burglaries, upon review of the record, we cannot

conclude that Green failed to receive a fair trial. {¶ 105} Green’s fifth assignment of error is overruled. VI. Sentencing {¶ 106} In his sixth assignment of error, Green claims that the trial c ourt did not consider the appropriate sentencing factors in imposing a ten-y ear sentence. Green

notes that the trial court did not state that it had considered the purposes and principles of sentencing under R.C. 2929.11, the seriousness and recidivis m factors under R.C.-38- 2929.12, and the objective to use minimum sanctions to accompli sh those purposes. {¶ 107} In reviewing felony sentences, appellate courts must apply the standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), rather than an abuse of discretion standard. See

State v. Marcum , 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 9. Und er R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), an appellate court may increase, reduce, or modify a sentence, or it may vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing, only if it“clearly and convincingly” finds either (1) that the record does not support certain speci fied findings or (2) that the sentence imposed is contrary to law. State v. Huffman , 2d Dist. Miami No. 2016-CA-16, 2017-Ohio-4097, ¶ 6. {¶ 108} “The trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence wit hin the authorized statutory range, and the court is not required to ma ke any findings or give its reasons for imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences.” State v. King , 2013- Ohio-2021, 992 N.E.2d 491, ¶ 45 (2d Dist.). However, in exerci sing its discretion, a trial court must consider the statutory policies that apply to every felony offense, including

those set out in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12. State v. Leopard , 194 Ohio App.3d 500, 2011-Ohio-3864, 957 N.E.2d 55, ¶ 11 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Mathis , 109 Ohio St.3d 54, 2006-Ohio-855, 846 N.E.2d 1, ¶ 38. {¶ 109} R.C. 2929.11 requires trial courts to be guided by the overridi ng purposes of felony sentencing. Those purposes are “to protect the publi c from future crime by the offender and others, to punish the offender, and to promote the effective rehabilitation of the offender using the minimum sanctions that the court determi nes accomplish those purposes without imposing an unnecessary burden on state or loc al government resources.” R.C. 2929.11(A). The court must “consider the need for incapacitating the-39- offender, deterring the offender and others from future crime, rehabilitating the offender, and making restitution to the victim of the offense, the public , or both.” Id . R.C. 2929.11(B) further provides that “[a] sentence imposed for a fe lony shall be reasonably calculated to achieve the three overriding purposes of felony s entencing * * *, commensurate with and not demeaning to the seriousness of the o ffender’s conduct and its impact upon the victim, and consistent with sentences impos ed for similar crimes committed by similar offenders.” {¶ 110} R.C. 2929.12(B) sets forth nine factors indicating that an offe nder’s

conduct is more serious than c onduct normally constituting the offense; R.C. 2929.12(C) sets forth four factors indicating that an offender’s conduct i s less serious than conduct normally constituting the offense. R.C. 2929.12(D) and (E) eac h lists five factors that trial courts are to consider regarding the offender’s likelihoo d of committing future crimes. Finally, R.C. 2929.12(F) requires the sentencing court to consi der the offender’s military service record, if any. {¶ 111} At the beginning of the sentencing hearing, the court indicated that it had reviewed the presentence investigation report, defense counsel’ s and the State’s sentencing memoranda, letters from Green and another individual , and the victim impact statement. The court provided the prosecutor, defense counsel, Green, and Owens an opportunity to speak; all opted to rely on their written statem ents. Although the court’s 10-year sentence was severe, the court’s sentence was within th e statutory sentencing range for a first-degree felony, and there is no indication in the record that the trial court failed to consider the appropriate factors in sentencing. Acco rdingly, we presume that the trial court followed the appropriate guidelines for sentenc ing. See State v. Ashe , 2d-40- Dist. Montgomery No. 26528, 2016-Ohio-136, ¶ 44. {¶ 112} Green’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

VII. Conclusion {¶ 113} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

TUCKER, P.J. and DONOVAN, J., concur.

Copies sent to: Mathias H. Heck, Jr. Heather N. Ketter Lucas W. Wilder Hon. Michael W. Krumholtz