This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn . Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (201 4 ). STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15
- 1683 State of Minnesota, Respondent,

vs. Albert William Brown, Appellant. Filed December 12, 2016 Affirmed Connolly , Judge Hennepin County District Court File No. 27

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Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda M. Freyer, Assistant County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent) Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Michael M. Sawers, Special Assistant Public Defender, Briggs and Morgan, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Connolly , Presiding Judge; Kirk , Judge; and Reilly , Judge

.2 U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N CONNOLLY , Judge In this appeal f

ollowing his conviction after a jury trial, appellant argues that the search warrants for himself and his home were not supported by probable cause because the district court erred in concludi ng that the confidential informant was reliable. Because we conclude that the confidential informant was reliable and the search warrants were supported by probable cause, we affirm. FACTS On May 6, 2014 , a deputy sheriff applied for one search warrant fo r a house loc ated at 3620 Penn Avenue North (3620 Penn) in Minneapolis and another for the person of appellant Albert William Brown (the warrants). 1 In the applications for the warrants, the deputy stated that , in April 2014, he received information from a confidential reliable informant (CRI) that a man named “Mo” was selling narcotics from 3620 Penn; that persons in the residence had at least one handgun; and that another male lived with “Mo” at 3620 Penn and went by the str eet name “Butter.” The application s for the warrants stated that the CRI provided names and addresses of parties known to the CRI to

be involved in the distribution of narcotics to [ the deputy and] . . . provided information to local law enforcement offic ers regarding narcotics traffickers in the twin c ities metro areas in the past [ that] was independently corroborated by [ the deputy ] and other law enforcement officers and found to be true and

1 The application for the search warrant of 3620 Penn and for the search warrant of appellant’s person are substantially similar, detailing nearly identical allegations and supporting circumstances.3 correct. Furthermore, [the] CRI has provided information that has led to the seizure of narcotics and weapons. The deputy was able to identify “Mo” and showed the CRI a photo of him . T he CRI positively identified “Mo” as one of the men living at 3620 Penn that sells cocaine. The deputy did computer checks for 3620 Penn and learned that appellant was associated with the address. The CRI positively identified appellant as the other male, “Butter,” living at 3620 Penn and selling cocaine. The application s for the warrant s also noted that Violent Offender Task Force ( VOTF) officers executed a search warrant at 3620 Penn in the past and recovered a large amount of cocaine. The applications for the warrants also stated that within 72 hours of applying for the
warrants, the deputy met with the CRI, checked him for money and contraband, found none, and “ [ u ] nder the direction and control of [the deputy] and other VOTF officers, the CRI conducted a controlled purchase of crack cocaine from [appellant] from the residence at 3620 Penn.” (Emphasis added). After meeting with a ppellant, the CRI returned to the deputy with crack cocaine. The deputy checked the criminal

- history records for appellant and learned that he had been arrested nume rous times for narcotics crimes; specifically he was found with narcotics and a loaded .22 3 assault rifle in 2010 . Based on “the information received f r o m the [CRI], previous police contact history, [and] the controlled buy of crack cocaine from [3620 Penn, the deputy ] believe[d] that narcotics and firearms [were] located at [3620 Penn].”
On May 6, 2014, t he district court judge issued warrants for the search of 3620 Penn and for appellant’s person. The warrants were executed on May 8 . O n appellant’s person4

the police found: (1) 3.5 grams of crack cocaine; (2) approximately 11 crushed pills of suspected ecstasy; and (3) $2 , 056 in U.S. currency. At 3620 Penn the police found: (1) two digital scales; (2) a soda bottle with 12.03 grams of suspected cocaine; (3) a bag containing 150.82 grams of marijuana; and (4) $2 , 205 in U.S. currency. Duri ng his interview with police , appellant admitted that (1) everything in the house was his; (2) he lived in the basement while “Mo” lived upstairs, and (3) he and “Mo” were the only ones who lived at the house. On May 9, 2014 , a complaint was filed, chargi ng appellant with one count eac h of (1) first

- degree sale of ten grams or more of a controlled substance (cocaine); (2) third

- degree possession of three grams or more of a controlled substance (cocaine); and (3) fifth

- degree sale of a controlled substance (marijuana). On July 9, 2014, appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence arguing that the

warrant s were not supported by probable cause because the CRI was not reliable, the officers failed to independently corroborate the CRI’s tip, and the controll ed purchase did not follow the reliable procedure for conducting controlled purchases . The district court denied the motion, concluding that the judge issuing the warrant s had a substantial basis to conclude that probable cause existed that contraband would be found at 3620 Penn and on appellant’s person. Appellant was subsequently tried by a jury and convicted on all three

counts. D E C I S I O N
An a ppellate court review ing a district court’s probable

- cause determination made upon issuing a search warrant applies a deferential, substantial

- basis standard of review

. State v. Rochefort , 631 N.W.2d 802, 804 n. 1 (Minn. 2001).5 The task of the issuing magistrate is sim ply to make a practical, common - sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraba nd or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. State v. Souto , 5 78 N.W.2d 744, 747 (Minn. 1998) (quotation omitted)

. Appellant argues that the warrants for 3620 Penn and his person were not supported by probable cause because the district court erred in concluding the CRI was reliable. Courts consider six factors to assess the reliability of a confidential, but not anonymous, informant: (1) [ A ] first

- time citizen inform ant is presumably reliable;

(2) an informant who has given reliable inf ormation in the past is likely also currently reliable; (3) an informant’s reliability can be established if the police can c orroborate the information; (4) the informant is presumably more reliable if the informant voluntarily comes forward; (5) in narcot ics cases, “controlled purchase” is a term of art that indicates reliability; and (6) an informant is minimally more reliable if the informant makes a statement against the informant’s interests. State v. Ross , 676 N.W.2d 301, 304 (Minn. App. 2004). The f irst, fourth , and sixth factors are not relevant to this case because this was not a first

- time citizen informant, it is unclear whether or not the informant voluntarily came forward, and it is unclear that the CRI’s statements were against his own interes ts. “The second factor is fulfilled by a simple statement that the informant has been reliable in the past because this language indicates that the informant had provided accurate information to the police in the past and thus gives the magistrate . . . reason to credit the6

informant’s story.” Id. (quotation omitted). In the application for the search warrant, the deputy stated: The CRI has provided names and addresses of parties

known to the CRI to be involved in the distribution of narcotics to [the deputy]. The CRI provided information to local law enforcement officers regarding narcotics traffickers in the twin cities metro areas in the past. This information was independently corroborated by [the deputy] and other local law enforcement officers and found to be true and correct. Furthermore, this CRI has provided information that has led to the seizure of narcotics and weapons. Appellant argues that this statement is inadequate to allow the district court to make an independent and informed decis ion regarding the reliability of the informant. But Ross specifically states that “specific details of the past veracity of the CRI” do not need to be alleged. Id. We conclude that the second factor favors affirming the district court’s denial
of the mo tion to suppress. Appellant also argues that the police did not corroborate any of the facts provided by the CRI to establish reliability . The district court concluded that “officers investigated
and corroborated the identities of ‘Mo’ and ‘Butter’ by co nducting computer checks and obtaining a positive identification for [Mo ] and [appellant] from the CRI prior to applying for a search warrant.” Additionally, the district court found that “the controlled buy adds to the reliability and establishes the CRI ’s basis of knowledge in this case.”
But i n narcotics cases, “controlled purchase” is a term of art and indicates reliability. Id. In this case, the application s for the warrant s clearly state : “[T]he CRI conducted a controlled purchase of crack cocain e from [appellant] from the res idence at 3620 Penn.” (Emphasis added). Because “controlled purchase” is an accepted term of art, we assume7

that when an experienced drug enforcement officer identifies a controlled purchase as such, it is a proper controlled purchase. See State v. Ward , 580 N.W.2d 67, 73 (Minn. App. 1998) (concluding that when “controlled purchase” is not used in an affidavit by an experienced drug enforcement officer, it was not a proper controlled purchas e).
T he controlled purchase supplied corroboration for the informant’s tip . The applications for the warrants state that in April 2014 the CRI told the police that “Mo” was selling narcotics from 3620 Penn and that there was another individual living ther e that goes by the street name “Butter.” The CRI also stated that “Mo” drives a gold

- colored Suburban that is parked behind the residence . The police observed a gold

- colored Suburban parked behind 3620 Penn. Then, after receiving the confidential tip an d with in 72 hours of the issuance of the warrant , at least six days after originally getting the tip from the CRI, the police conducted a controlled purchase from appellant at 3620 Penn. All of this information was included in the four corners of the appl ications for the warrants. Unless the controlled purchase was improper, the controlled purchase corroborated the CRI’s tip that cocaine was being sold out of 3620 Penn by “Mo” and appellant. Appellant allege s that the controlled purc hase was unreliable an d thus cannot be relied upon by the magistrate in issuing the warrant s . Appellant argues that the applications for the warrant s (1) do not indicate whether the deputy “simply asked the informant to turn out his pockets or whether [the deputy] conducted an actual search of the infor mant;” (2) “fail to disclose the amount of money supplied to the informant;” (3) do not indicate whether the CRI had any other drugs or contraband or the prerecorded funds after the buy; and (4) “[did] not indicate whether the po lice completed a post

- buy search of the [CRI] to8

determine whether he actually purchased the crack cocaine from [appellant]. ” Additionally, appellant argues that the controlled purchase is not proper because it was not audio recorded by the police.

“ [ W ] h ere the affidavit refers to a ‘controlled purchase,’ the magistrate may accept this as a term of art and presume that police searched the informant immediately before and after the alleged drug purchase and conducted surveillance of the purchase to the ext ent feasible.” Id. at 71. Thus when “controlled purchase” is used as a term of art, as it was in the applications for the warrants, the police need not detail how they conducted the search of the CRI, how much money was given to the CRI to purchase cocai ne from appell ant, or whether they did a post

- buy search of the CRI. The application s for the warrants indicate that at the end of the controlled purchase, the CRI returned and “produced a quantity of white rock like substance that [appellant] represented as crack cocaine in exchange for cash” which is more than is required

. Additionally, audio recording is not required. The only requirement is that the police “conduct [] surveillance of the purchase to the extent feasible.” Id . Because the police we re not specifically required to do so , the lack of an audio recording does not make the controlled purchase unreliable. The cases cited by appellant are inapposite because they do not involve a “ controlled purchase ” as a term of art to es tablish reliability for probable cause . State v. McIntosh held that the use of evidence of drug transactions on other dates perta ining to separate charged offens es cannot support a finding of three or more separate transactions to justify a sentencing departure. 641 N.W.2d 3, 9 (Minn. 2002). In that case, a CRI conducted five9

controlled purchases but whether the controlled purchases were reliable was not even mentioned or analyzed. Id. at 5. State v. DeShay involved a paid CRI who testified that the defendant had sold him cocaine one time. 645 N.W.2d 185, 188 (Minn. App. 2002) , review granted (Minn. Aug. 20, 2002) . The appellant in DeShay argued that the only direct evidence presented showed that he sold 0 .01 grams of crack cocaine to a CRI during a controlled purchase a nd that was not sufficient to prove that he conspired to sell ten or more grams of cocaine. Id. at 190. The court concluded that circumstantial evidence and rational inferences drawn from the controlled purchase and other testimony elicited at trial supp orted the jury’s finding that a conspiracy to sell ten grams or more of cocaine within a 90

- day period existed. Id. at 191. The court in DeShay did not express any displeasure with the reliability of the cont rolled purchase. Finally, appellant cites to S tate v. Ascheman to support his argument that the controlled purchase was unreliable. Ascheman involved an undercover police officer who wore a “body wire” to record a conversation when she purchased marijuana from the appellant. State v. Ascheman , 589 N .W.2d 486, 488 (Minn. App. 1999). The issue in the case was whether the district court abused its discretion in instructing the jury. Id . at 489. Ascheman was not a controlled purchase with a CRI and the court did not discuss a proper protocol for condu cting a controlled purchase. It was merely a case where an undercover police officer wore a wire. Neither McIntosh , DeShay , nor Ascheman discuss or mention any safeguards required to establish a reliable controlled purchase and are not controlling here

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Because the CRI and the controlled purchase were reliable, the district court did not err in determining that there was a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime would be found at 3620 Penn and on appellant’s person. We conclude that t he district court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress the evidence found when the warrant s

were executed

. Affirmed.