[Cite as Westerfield v. Three Rivers Nursing & Rehab. Ctr., L.L.C., 2013-Ohio-512.]

 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO 

MICHELLE WESTERFIELD, EXECUTOR : 

Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 25347 

v. : T.C. NO. 11CV6557 

THREE RIVERS NURSING : (Civil appeal from 

& REHABILITATION CENTER, LLC Common Pleas Court) 

et al. : 

Defendants-Appellants : 

 : 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

O P I N I O N

Rendered on the 15th day of February , 2013. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

NANCY C. ILER, Atty. Reg. No. 0039855, 101 West Prospect Avenue, Suite 1650, 

Cleveland, Ohio 44115 

Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

WAYNE E. WAITE, Atty. Reg. No. 0008352 and KELLY M. SCHROEDER, Atty. Reg. 

No. 0080637, Fifth Third Center, 1 South Main Street, Suite 1800, Dayton, Ohio 45402 

Attorneys for Defendants-Appellants 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

FROELICH, J. 
[Cite as Westerfield v. Three Rivers Nursing & Rehab. Ctr., L.L.C., 2013-Ohio-512.]

{¶ 1} Three Rivers Nursing and Rehabilitation Center and others appeal 

from a judgment of the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas, which denied their 

motion to dismiss, to compel arbitration as to all defendants and, in the alternative, to stay 

proceedings against all defendants pending arbitration. Although for a different reason than 

that expressed by the trial court, the judgment will be affirmed. 

I. 

{¶ 2} The evidence at the hearing on Three Rivers’ motion revealed the 

following facts: 

{¶ 3} On March 18, 2010, John J. Desmond, Jr., was admitted to Three Rivers 

Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, following a four-day hospitalization at Christ Hospital in 

Cincinnati. Desmond decided to go to Three Rivers for rehabilitation so that he could be 

near his wife, who was a resident in Three Rivers’ Alzheimer’s unit. 

{¶ 4} The following day, March 19, one of Three Rivers’ employees, Ms. 

Wolford, asked Michelle Westerfield, Desmond’s daughter, to come to the admission office 

and sign paperwork to formally admit Desmond. Westerfield was asked to sign 18 different 

documents, which addressed such things as Desmond’s admission, the various optional 

amenities at the facility, treatment options, and legal notices. Westerfield testified that the 

documents were presented as “one package.”1

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At oral argument, Westerfield suggested that all of the admission documents, collectively, created a single agreement 

with Three Rivers. The trial court did not make a factual finding about whether the admission packet was one agreement or a 

series of agreements. Three Rivers treats the Licensed Nursing Admission Agreement and the Agreement to Resolve Disputes by 

Binding Arbitration as separate agreements, and for purposes of this appeal, we will do likewise. 

{¶ 5} Westerfield was first presented with a five-page Licensed Nursing 

Admission Agreement (“Admission Agreement”). On page 4 in the “Resolution of 
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Disputes” section, the agreement provided: 

A. Nonpayment of Charges: Any controversy, dispute, disagreement or 

claim of any kind arising between the parties after the execution of this 

Agreement regarding nonpayment by Resident or Responsible Party for 

payments due to Facility shall be adjudicated in a court of law, or arbitrated if 

mutually agreed to by the parties. 

B. Resident’s Rights: Any controversy, dispute, disagreement or claim of 

any kind arising between the parties after the execution of this Agreement in 

which Resident or person on his/her behalf alleges a violation of any right 

granted Resident in a State or Federal statute shall be settled exclusively by 

binding arbitration. 

The last paragraph of the agreement stated, in bold and capital letters, that the 

“UNDERSIGNED, HAVING READ THE FOREGOING TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, * * * AGREE TO 

THE TERMS HEREIN IN CONSIDERATION OF THE FACILITY’S ACCEPTANCE OF AND RENDERING OF 

SERVICES TO THE RESIDENT.” 

{¶ 6} Westerfield testified that Wolford “gave me a brief summary quickly on 

pretty much all of [the document],” but did not direct Westerfield’s attention to the dispute 

resolution provision or any other provision in the Admission Agreement. Westerfield 

signed the Admission Agreement as the “Responsible Party” without reading it. 

{¶ 7} Westerfield was next presented with the Liberty Nursing Center of Three 

Rivers, Inc. Agreement to Resolve Disputes by Binding Arbitration (“Arbitration 

Agreement”). The “Disputes to Be Arbitrated” provision reiterated the terms on the page 4 
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of the admission document, and the agreement set forth the terms of binding arbitration 

between the parties. Wolford briefly explained the document and asked Westerfield to sign 

it; Wolford did not mention anything about the previously-signed Admission Agreement 

which, at page four, contained a binding arbitration privision. Westerfield refused to sign 

the Arbitration Agreement and she took the document home with her. 

{¶ 8} Westerfield then reviewed the rest of the documents. She declined some 

services for her father, such as telephone service, and accepted others. The entire 

admissions process lasted 20 minutes. 

{¶ 9} Westerfield testified that her father lived independently and had never been 

declared incompetent or mentally incapable by any physician or court of law prior to his 

hospitalization and rehabilitation. Desmond, however, had not been asked to sign the 

admission paperwork. Westerfield acknowledged that her father had previously executed a 

Durable Power of Attorney document, which appointed Westerfield his attorney in fact. 

{¶ 10} According to Westerfield’s complaint, Desmond began experiencing severe 

diarrhea within a few days of his admission. On March 29, 2010, he was transferred to 

Christ Hospital, where he was diagnosed with hypovolemic shock and sepsis. Desmond 

died at the hospital on April 1, 2010. 

{¶ 11} Westerfield, individually and as executor of Desmond’s estate, subsequently 

brought suit against Three Rivers, numerous Three Rivers employees, and others 

(collectively, “Three Rivers”) raising claims arising from Desmond’s death. In February 

2012, Three Rivers moved to dismiss, to compel arbitration and, alternatively, to stay 

pending arbitration, arguing that Westerfield had agreed to binding arbitration when she 
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signed the Admission Agreement. On March 8, 2012, Westerfield’s attorney wrote to Three 

Rivers’ attorney, indicating that she was disputing the application of the arbitration clause in 

the Admission Agreement and that she was terminating the Admission Agreement pursuant 

to the termination provision in that document. 

{¶ 12} After a hearing on Three Rivers’ motion, the trial court denied the motion. 

The court found that (1) Desmond’s competency at the time of his admission was irrelevant 

because Westerfield was his attorney in fact, (2) Westerfield did not validly cancel the 

Admission Agreement through her March 2012 letter, (3) the arbitration provision in the 

Admission Agreement was unenforceable because there was no meeting of the minds on 

arbitration, and (4) the arbitration clause in the Admission Agreement was procedurally and 

substantively unconscionable. 

{¶ 13} Three Rivers appeals from the trial court’s ruling, claiming the trial court 

erred by refusing to enforce the parties’ agreement to resolve any dispute through binding 

arbitration. 

II. 

{¶ 14} Three Rivers raises several issues to support its contention that Westerfield 

validly consented to resolve her claims by binding arbitration. First, it emphasizes that the 

Federal Arbitration Act preempts state laws that bar arbitration of particular disputes and 

that arbitration is favored in Ohio as a matter of public policy. Second, it argues that 

Westerfield agreed to arbitration when she signed the Admission Agreement and that her 

failure to read the terms of that document (or the failure of Three Rivers employee to explain 

the arbitration provision) does not relieve her from her acceptance of the provision. Three 
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Rivers states that the trial court should not have looked beyond the Admission Agreement to 

determine the intent of the parties. Third, Three Rivers argues that the arbitration provision 

was neither procedurally nor substantively unconscionable. 

{¶ 15} In her responsive brief, Westerfield raises two “cross-assignments of error” 

challenging the trial court’s findings that Westerfield had the authority to sign the Admission 

Agreement as Desmond’s attorney in fact and that her attempted March 2012 termination of 

the Admission Agreement was not valid. Westerfield claims that the trial court erred in 

rejecting those bases for finding the arbitration agreement unenforceable. Because 

Westerfield is simply raising alternative reasons for affirming the trial court’s judgment, she 

was not required to file a notice of cross-appeal and raise cross-assignments of error. 

Regardless, because we conclude, for different reasons, that the Arbitration Agreement is not 

enforceable, we need not address Westerfield’s “cross-assignments of error.” 

{¶ 16} “Ohio has long had a strong public policy favoring arbitration.” Haight v. 

Cheap Escape Co., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25345, 2013-Ohio-182, ¶ 10, citing Schaeffer 

v. All State Ins. Co., 63 Ohio St.3d 708, 711, 590 N.E.2d 1242, 1245 (1992). Arbitration is 

favored because it allows parties to bypass expensive and time-consuming litigation and 

“provides the parties thereto with a relatively expeditious and economical means of 

resolving a dispute.” Id., quoting Schaeffer at 712. 

{¶ 17} Ohio’s public policy favoring arbitration is codified at R.C. Chapter 2711. 

Under R.C. 2711.02(A), a written arbitration clause “shall be valid, irrevocable, and 

enforceable, except upon grounds that exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any 

contract.” This language tracks Section 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act, which provides: 
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“[A] contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a 

controversy thereafter arising out of such contract * * * shall be valid, irrevocable, and 

enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any 

contract.” Taylor v. Ernst & Young, L.L.P, 130 Ohio St.3d 411, 2011-Ohio-5262, 958 

N.E.2d 1203, ¶ 18. 

{¶ 18} If a party moves to stay proceedings pending arbitration, pursuant to “an 

agreement in writing for arbitration,” the court must first satisfy itself “that the issue 

involved in the action is referable to arbitration” under the parties’ agreement. R.C. 

2711.02(B); Haight at ¶ 12. “R.C. 2711.01, like its federal counterpart, ‘acknowledges 

that an arbitration clause is, in effect, a contract within a contract, subject to revocation on its 

own merits.’” Taylor Blg. Corp. of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 

884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 41, quoting ABM Farms, Inc. v. Woods, 81 Ohio St.3d 498, 501-502, 692 

N.E.2d 574 (1998). Therefore, the enforceability of an arbitration clause is considered 

separately from the contract within which it is contained. Id.; Brownell v. Van Wyk, 2d 

Dist. Montgomery No. 24042, 2010-Ohio-6338, ¶ 24. 

{¶ 19} The arbitrability of a claim is a question of law, which we review de novo. 

Haight at ¶ 12; McManus v. Eicher, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2003-CA-30, 2003-Ohio-6669; see 

also St. Mary’s v. Auglaize Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 115 Ohio St.3d 387, 2007-Ohio-5026, 875 

N.E.2d 561, ¶ 38 (“Contract interpretation is a matter of law, and questions of law are 

subject to de novo review on appeal.”). 

{¶ 20} Whether the parties have executed a valid written arbitration agreement is a 

matter of state contract law. “A contract is generally defined as a promise, or a set of 
8

promises, actionable upon breach. Essential elements of a contract include an offer, 

acceptance, contractual capacity, consideration (the bargained for legal benefit and/or 

detriment), a manifestation of mutual assent and legality of object and of consideration.” 

Minster Farmers Coop. Exchange Co., Inc. v. Meyer, 117 Ohio St.3d 459, 2008-Ohio-1259, 

884 N.E.2d 1056, ¶ 28, quoting Perlmuter Printing Co. v. Strome, Inc., 436 F.Supp. 409, 

414 (N.D.Ohio 1976); Kostelnik v. Helper, 96 Ohio St.3d 1, 2002-Ohio-2985, 770 N.E.2d 

58, ¶ 16. The parties must have a “meeting of the minds” as to the essential terms of the 

contract in order to enforce the contract. Episcopal Retirement Homes, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of 

Indus. Relations, 61 Ohio St.3d 366, 369, 575 N.E.2d 134 (1991). 

{¶ 21} When reviewing a contract, the court’s primary role is to ascertain and give 

effect to the intent of the parties. Hamilton Ins. Serv., Inc. v. Nationwide Ins. Cos., 86 Ohio 

St.3d 270, 273, 714 N.E.2d 898 (1999). A contract that is, by its terms, clear and 

unambiguous requires no real interpretation or construction and will be given the effect 

called for by the plain language of the contract. Aultman Hosp. Assn. v. Community Mut. 

Ins. Co., 46 Ohio St.3d 51, 55, 544 N.E.2d 920 (1989). 

{¶ 22} A contract is ambiguous if its provisions are susceptible to two or more 

reasonable interpretations. Johnson v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2010 CA 2, 

2011-Ohio-500, ¶ 11. “If an ambiguity exists in a contract, then it is proper for a court to 

consider ‘extrinsic evidence,’ i.e., evidence outside the four corners of the contract, in 

determining the parties’ intent. Blosser v. Carter, 67 Ohio App.3d 215, 219, 586 N.E.2d 

253 (1990). Such extrinsic evidence may include (1) the circumstances surrounding the 

parties at the time the contract was made, (2) the objectives the parties intended to 
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accomplish by entering into the contract, and (3) any acts by the parties that demonstrate the 

construction they gave to their agreement. Id.” U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. St. Elizabeth 

Med. Ctr., 129 Ohio App.3d 45, 55-56, 716 N.E.2d 1201 (2d Dist.1998); GZK, Inc. v. 

Schumaker Ltd. Partnership, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19764, 2003-Ohio-5842, ¶ 20. 

{¶ 23} Upon review of the evidence, we agree with Three Rivers that Westerfield 

originally agreed to arbitration when she signed the Admission Agreement. During her 

meeting with Three Rivers regarding the admission papers for her father, Westerfield was 

first presented with the Admission Agreement. Section VI of that agreement concerned the 

resolution of disputes. The two paragraphs comprising that section provided that issues of 

nonpayment would be resolved in court whereas certain claims by Desmond that arose 

between the parties after the execution of the Admission Agreement would be resolved by 

binding arbitration. Westerfield signed the agreement (albeit without reading it), which 

expressed her assent to binding arbitration. 

{¶ 24} Westerfield testified that Wolford did not specifically discuss the arbitration 

provision of the Admission Agreement with her, a fact that the trial court noted in its 

decision. However, this fact has no bearing on the enforceability of the arbitration 

provision in the Admission Agreement. As we have stated in the context of a fraudulent 

inducement claim: 

[Plaintiff Swayze] was not misled because he could have read the contract. 

Swayze contends that he was never told about arbitration and that he was not 

given a copy of the agreement. The evidence from Huntington’s employee 

indicates that Swayze did receive a copy of the arbitration agreement. 
10

However, this dispute is not material. The fact is that Swayze signed a form 

indicating that he had read the terms and conditions of the agreement. He 

also agreed to be bound by the conditions, which included pre-dispute 

arbitration. An individual who fails to read what he signs cannot argue that 

he has been misled; willing ignorance is the very antithesis of being fooled by 

another. 

Swayze v. The Huntington Inv. Co., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20630, 2005-Ohio-2519, ¶ 24. 

{¶ 25} We nevertheless agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the arbitration 

provision in the Admission Agreement is not enforceable. Immediately after reviewing the 

Admission Agreement, Wolford reviewed the Arbitration Agreement with Westerfield. 

Westerfield testified that she refused to sign the document and asked to take it home with 

her; Ms. Wolford was “fine with it.” The trial court found that, “within seconds of signing 

the Admission Agreement, [Westerfield] made it quite clear to the Facility’s representative, 

Ms. Wolford, that [she] had not agreed to arbitrate claims relating to her father’s care, 

notwithstanding the Admission Agreement’s clause. * * * [Westerfield] testified quite 

credibly that she understood and believed she had unequivocally rejected arbitration as the 

vehicle for resolving disputes regarding her father’s care at the Facility.” (Emphasis in 

original.) 

{¶ 26} Based on the testimony, which the trial court credited, it is clear that, 

immediately after Westerfield’s initial assent to arbitration in the Admission Agreement, 

Westerfield indicated that she would not agree to binding arbitration; at that time, Three 

Rivers agreed to accept Desmond as a resident without an agreement to arbitrate. We need 
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not decide whether this agreement is best construed as the result of estoppel by silence, an 

express modification of the original agreement, or as a termination of the original agreement 

and a new agreement without arbitration. (The Admission Agreement allowed Westerfield 

to terminate the Admission Agreement “at any time.”) Regardless, Westerfield and 

Wolford both understood following their discussion of the Arbitration Agreement that 

Westerfield did not agree to binding arbitration, and the admission process continued with 

that understanding. Three Rivers cannot now enforce Westerfield’s initial agreement to 

binding arbitration. 

{¶ 27} In light of our determination, we need not address the scope of federal 

preemption of Ohio’s arbitration statute, or whether the arbitration provision in the 

Admission Agreement is procedurally or substantively unconscionable. 

{¶ 28} Parenthetically, we note that the parties’ arguments before the trial court 

revolved around whether there was an enforceable agreement to arbitrate, not the reach of 

any such agreement. For example, the parties did not discuss whether the arbitration 

provision in the Admission Agreement applied to all of Westerfield’s claims. The 

arbitration provision in the Admission Agreement required arbitration of claims “alleg[ing] a 

violation of any right granted Resident in a State or Federal statute.” (Emphasis added.) 

Perhaps this is a reference to R.C. Chapter 3721 (concerning rest homes and nursing homes), 

but Westerfield alleged common law wrongful death and survivorship claims in addition to a 

Nursing Bill of Rights claim. 

{¶ 29} In addition, the parties did not address below whether the arbitration 

agreement applied to all of the defendants in this case. The Admission Agreement states that 
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it is among only Three Rivers, Desmond, and Westerfield, whereas the Arbitration 

Agreement, which Westerfield expressly rejected, would have required binding arbitration 

for certain claims against “[Three Rivers], its owners, affiliates, employees or agents.” 

Westerfield sued various entities and individuals in addition to Three Rivers. 

{¶ 30} Regardless, in light of our conclusion that there is no enforceable 

arbitration agreement, we need not address these issues or whether these questions would 

have resulted in ambiguity. 

{¶ 31} Three Rivers’ assignment of error is overruled. 

IV. 

{¶ 32} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

FAIN, P.J. and HALL, J., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

Nancy C. Iler 

Wayne E. Waite 

Kelly M. Schroeder 

Hon. Steven K. Dankof