T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on a nd i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

Th e H o n o r a b l e J a me s G . Ca rr , Se n i o rD i s tr i c tJ u d g e f o rth e U . S. ** D i s tr i c tC our tf

orthe N or the rn D i s tr i c tof O hi o, s i tt i ng by de s i gna t i on. NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. CHRI ST I AN HERNAN DEZ, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 11- 50243 D . C . N o. 2: 09 -c r- 00 58 6-O D W -1 ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e C e n tr a l D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia O t i s D . W r i ght , D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d F e brua ry 13, 2013

P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia B ef ore: B E R Z O N and W A T F O R D , C i rc ui tJudg es , and C A R R , S eni or D i stri ct Judg e. ** 1 . H ernand ez chal l enges the di stri ctcourt ’ s i m po si t i on of the tw o-l evel s e nt e nc i ng e nha nc e m e nttha tappl i e s “ [ i ] f the de f e nda ntw a s apa r e nt , r e l a t i ve , or



# FI LED FEB 26 2 013 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

l eg al g u ard i an o f th e m i n o r i n v o l v ed i n th e o ffen se, o r i f th e m i n o r w as o th erw i se in th e c u s to d y , c a r e , o rs u p e r v is o ry c o n tr o l o f th e d e f e n d a n t.” U .S .S .G . § 2 G 2 .1 ( b ) ( 5 ) . T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t ab u s e its d is c r e tio n in ap p ly in g th is e n h a n c e m e n t. T h e S e n te n c in g C o m m is s io n e x p la in s th a t th is e n h a n c e m e n t “is i nt e nde d t o ha ve br oa d appl i c a t i on a nd i nc l ude s of f e ns e s i nvol vi ng a m i nor entrust ed t o the defendant , w hether t em po ra ri l y or perm anent l y. ” I d . § 2 G 2 .1 c m t. n. 3( A ) . A ts e nt e nc i ng, the di s tr i c tc our the a r d e vi de nc e tha tH e rna nde z a nd the v ic tim ’s a u n t liv e d to g e th e r , th a t th e v ic tim o f te n v is ite d th e m , a n d th a t th e v ic tim w as so m et i m es l eftal o n e w i th H ern an d ez w h i l e h er au n tran erran d s. 2 . H e rna nde z r a i s e s num e r ous c ha l l e nge s t o the pr oc e dur a l a nd s ubs t a nt i ve re as on abl enes s of hi s pri son sent ence , no ne of w hi ch have m er i t . T he di stri ctcourt a dhe r e d t o the s e nt e nc i ng pr oc e dur e s tha tw e l a i d outi n U n ite d S ta te s v . C a r ty , 520 F . 3d 984, 991–92 ( 9th C i r . 2008) ( e n ba nc ) . T he c our tf i r s tc or r e c t l y c a l c ul a t e d the appl i cabl e G ui del i nes r ange, gave bo th p art i es a c hance t o argue for the se nt ence the y thoughtappr opr i a t e , c ons i de r e d the 18 U . S . C . § 3553( a ) f a c t or s , a nd ex p lain ed it s r ea so n s f

o r th e s elec ted se n ten ce . C o n trar y to H er n an d ez ’s c ont e nt i ons , the di s tr i c tc our tdi d notr e l y on c l e a r l y e rr one ous f a c t s a ts e nt e nc i ng; d id n o t e x c e s s iv e ly r e ly o n a n y o n e § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f a c to r ; d id n o t ab u s e its d is c r e tio n in denyi ng H ernand ez ’ s r equestfor avo l un t ary di sc l osure dow nw ar d d epar ture und erB e c a u s e w e h o ld th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t c o m m itte d p r o c e d u r a l e rr o rin 1 i m pos i ng C ondi t i on N o. 15, w e do notr e a c h the que s t i on of the s ubs t a nt i ve r e a s ona bl e ne s s of

s uc h a r e s i de nc y r e s tr i c t i on. 3 U . S . S . G . § 5K 2. 16; di d notf a i l t o c ons i de runw a rr a nt e d s e nt e nc i ng di s pa r i t i e s ; a nd di d n otun re as on abl y app l y s ent enci ng enhancem ent s. A s “ w e s ee no thi ng un usual a bout[ H e rna nde z ’ s ] c i r c um s t a nc e s t o c om pe l a l ow e rs e nt e nc e tha n the l ow - e nd of the G ui de l i ne s r a nge , ” H e rna nde z ’ s l ow - e nd G ui de l i ne s s e nt e nc e i s a l s o not s ubs t a nt i ve l y unr e a s onabl e , w he the rornoti ti s the s e nt e nc e w e w oul d ha ve c h o s e n . C a r ty , 520 F . 3d a t996. 3 . H e rna nde z c ont e nds tha tthe r e s i de nc y r e s tr i c t i on i m pos e d a s C ondi t i on N o. 15 of

hi s l i f e t i m e t e r m of

s upe r vi s e d r e l e a s e i s unr e a s ona bl e a nd ove rbr oa d. B ec ause H ernand ez di d n otobj ec tatse nt enci ng t o C on di t i on N o. 15 , w e r evi ew th e c o n d itio n f

o rp la in e rr o r . Se e U

ni t e d Stat e s v . B l i nki ns op , 606 F . 3d 1110, 1118 ( 9th C i r . 2010) . “ A di s tr i c tj udge ne e d nots t a t e a ts e nt e nc i ng the r e a s ons f or i m po si ng ea ch cond i t i on of supervi se d rel ea se , ” buton l y i f tho se re as on s a re

“ apparentfr om the re cord. ” I d . at11 19 (e m ph as i s om i tt ed). H er e, the di stri ctcourt pl a i nl y c om m i tt e d pr oc e dur a l e rr ori n i m pos i ng C ondi t i on N o. 15, a s i tdi d not s t a t e i t s r e a s ons f

ori m pos i ng tha tc ondi t i on, a nd the y a r e notappa r e ntf r om the r e c or d. 14

D is tr ic t c o u r ts m a y im p o s e a s u p e r v is e d r e le a s e c o n d itio n o n ly if it m e e ts tw o c r i t e r i a : F i r s t , the c ondi t i on m us tbe “ r e a s ona bl y r e l a t e d t o the goa l of de t e rr e nc e , pr ot e c t i on of the publ i c , orr e ha bi l i t a t i on of the of f e nde r ” ; a nd s e c ond, i tm us t“ i nvol ve no gr e a t e rde pr i va t i on of l i be r ty tha n i s r e a s ona bl y ne c e s s a ry f or the pu rposes of supervi se d rel ea se . ” U n ite d S ta te s v . D a n ie ls , 541 F . 3d 915, 924 ( 9th C i r . 2008) ( i nt e rna l quot a t i on m a r ks om i tt e d) . H e r e , the pr obl e m a r i s e s a tthe s e c ond c r i t e r i on. I ti s appa r e ntf r om the r e c or d tha tC ondi t i on N o. 15, w hi c h s e e ks to m in im iz e H e rn a n d e z ’s a c c e s s to c h ild r e n , is “r e a s o n a b ly r e la te d to th e g o a l o f . .

. prot ec t i on of the pu bl i c, ” buti ti s notapparentw hy i t“ i nv ol ve[s ] no grea t er d e p r iv a tio n o f

lib e r ty th a n is r e a s o n a b ly n e c e s s a ry ” to a c h ie v e th a t g o a l. I d. I n pa r t i c ul a r , w he n i m pos i ng a r e s i de nc y r e s tr i c t i on s uc h a s thi s one , the di s tr i c tc our tm us te xpl a i n, i f the e xpl a na t i on i s notappa r e ntf r om the r e c or d, “ how the chosen di st ance furthers the pu rpose of [ the defendant ] ’ s s up ervi se d rel ea se ” a nd w hy the c hos e n di s t a nc e , a s oppos e d t o a ny othe rdi s t a nc e , i s s uf f i c i e ntbutno g r e a te rth a n n e c e s s a ry . U ni t e d Stat e s v . R udd , 66 2 F . 3d 12 57 , 12 63 (9th C i r. 20 11 ); s e e al s o U ni t e d Stat e s v . C ol l i ns , 6 8 4 F .3 d 8 7 3 , 8 9 0

– 9 2 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 1 2 ) . T h is ex p lan atio n m u st b e “tail o re d to th e n atu re an d circ u m stan ce s o f [ th e d ef en d an t] ’s offe nse a nd hi s s peci fi c c hara ct erand h i st ory. ” R udd , 662 F . 3d a t1263. I n the abse nce of s uch an exp l anat i on , the choi ce of di st ance “ appears arbi tra ry . ” I d.5

H er e, the di stri ctcourtdi d n otprov i de any e xp l anat i on for the re si dency r e s tr ic tio n , m u c h le s s f

o rth e p a r tic u la rd is ta n c e c h o s e n o f 2 ,0 0 0 f e e t, a n d its r e a s ons f ors e l e c t i ng tha tdi s t a nc e a r e notappa r e ntf r om the r e c or d. T he P r oba t i on O f f i c e r e c om m e nde d the r e s tr i c t i on, butdi d note xpl a i n w hy ; i tof f e r e d onl y the ge ne r i c r a t i ona l e tha t“ s e x of f e nde rc ondi t i ons , i nc l udi ng tr e a tm e nta nd r e s tr i c t i on of ac ce ss t o m i no rs , ar e r ec om m ended g i ven t he i nst antoffe nse i nv ol vi ng se xu al c o n ta c t w ith a c h ild .” T h is r a tio n a le a d d r e s s e s o n ly th e n e e d f o rs o m e r e s tr ic tio n ; it doe s nota ddr e s s w hy the pa r t i c ul a rr e s tr i c t i on i m pos e d i s w a rr a nt e d orw hy i ti s no m o re restri ct i v e th an n ecessary. W e , the r e f

or e , va c a t e C ondi t i on N o. 15 a nd r e m a nd t o the di s tr i c tc our tf or re consi dera t i on af

t erconsi dera t i on of any s ub m i ss i on s by the part i es . If the di stri ct courtre i m po se s the cond i t i on (or am od i fi ed vers i on there of), i tshou l d p rovi de an e xpl a na t i on of

w hy the t e r m s of

the c ondi t i on — i nc l udi ng the di s t a nc e c hos e n, the s pe c i f i e d l i s tof

i ns t i tut i ons , a nd w he the rornotthe P r oba t i on O f f i c e rha s di s c r e t i on t o m odi f y thos e t e r m s — a r e both s uf f i c i e nta nd “ i nvol ve no gr e a t e rde pr i va t i on of li b er ty th an is re as o n ab ly n ec es sa ry ” to p ro tect th e p u b li c in li g h t o f H er n an d ez ’s o f f e n s e , c h a r a c te r , a n d h is to ry . D a n ie ls , 5 4 1 F .3 d a t 9 2 4 ; s e e R udd , 66 2 F . 3d at 1263.6

4 . H e rna nde z c ont e nds tha tthe di s tr i c tc our te rr e d i n c a l c ul a t i ng the a m ount of r e s t i tut i on. H e di d notc ha l l e nge the a m ounta ts e nt e nc i ng, s o w e r e vi e w the r e s titu tio n a m o u n t f

o rp la in e rr o r . Se e U

ni t e d Stat e s v . B r i

ght , 353 F . 3d 1114, 1120 ( 9th C i r . 2004) . I n al e tt e rbr i e f t o thi s c our ta nd a ga i n a tor a l a r gum e nt , the go vernm entconceded thatthe re st i tut i on am ou ntthati tprop osed t o the di stri ct c o u r t, a n d w h ic h th e d is tr ic t c o u r t a d o p te d , w a s c a lc u la te d e rr o n e o u s ly . W e the r e f or e va c a t e H e rna nde z ’ s r e s t i tut i on or de ra nd r e m a nd t o the di s tr i c tc our tf or recal cu l at i o n o f th e rest i tu t i o n am o u n t . O n rem an d , th e d i stri ctco u rtsh o u l d i m p o se rest i tu t i o n i n th e am o u n to f th e v i ct i m ’ s p astco u n sel i n g ex p en ses p l u s o n l y th o se future c ou nsel i ng expenses thati tca n est i m at e “ w i th rea sonabl e c ert ai nty. ” U ni t ed Stat es v. L an ey , 18 9 F . 3d 95 4, 96 6 n . 14 (9th C i r. 19 99 ). AF F I RME D I N P AR T , V AC AT E D I N P AR T , a n d RE MAND E D.