For reasons of economy, this document is pr inted in a limited number. Delegates are kindly asked to bring their copies to mee tings and not to request additional copies.

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

IMO 

# E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

COMMITTEE

60th session Agenda item 2 MEPC 60/2/4 19 August 2009 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANI SMS IN BALLAST WATER

Application for Basic Approval of the DESMI Ocean Guard Ballast Water Management System

Submitted by Denmark

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains non-confidential information for Basic Approval

of the DESMI Ocean Guard Ballast Water Management System in

accordance with the “Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)” adopted by resolution MEPC.169( 57). All relevant documents and the complete application dossier will be provided to

the Marine Environment Division of the Organization for review by the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group.

Strategic direction: 7.1

High-level action: 7.1.2

Planned output: 7.1.2.4

Action to be taken: Paragraph 6

Related documents: BWM.2/Circ.13; BWM.2/Circ.18 and MEPC 56/2/3

Introduction

1 Regulation D-3.2 of the International C onvention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems which make use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by the Organization, based on a proced ure developed by the Organization.

2 The “Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)” was adopted by reso lution MEPC.169(57). Procedure (G9) defines the principal aspects to be document ed by data or testing (MEPC 57 /21, annex 1, paragraph 4.2.1) and some basic principles for risk evaluation (M EPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 5.3). According to section 6 of Procedure (G9), th e Organization should evaluate th e information provided in the application.MEPC 60/2/4 - 2 -

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 3 According to BWM.2/Circ.13 and BWM.2/Ci rc.18, proposals for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances need to be submitted to

the Marine Environment Divisi on of the Organization to be reviewed by the GESAMP-BWWG.

4 The competent authority in Denmark has ve rified the application dossier prepared by DESMI Ocean Guard A/S and believes th at it satisfies the data requirements of Procedure (G9) adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57).

5 Denmark therefore submits the non-confidential part of the applicant’s dossier in the annex to this document for evaluation according to Procedure (G9). The complete dossier will be made available to the expe rts of the GESAMP-BWWG.

Action requested of the Committee

6 The Committee is invited to c onsider the proposal for approval and decide as appropriate.

***MEPC 60/2/4

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc ANNEX

NON-CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATIO N ON THE DESMI OCEAN GUARD

BALLAST WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 3

2 INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................. 4

2.1 Ultraviolet treatment (UV).............................................................................................. 4

2.2 Ozone ...................................................................................................................... ........ 5

2.3 Filters .................................................................................................................... .......... 6

2.4 Overview of the system .................................................................................................. 6

2.4.1 System sizing ............................................................................................................ .. 8 2.4.2 Brief description of the system ................................................................................... 8

2.5 Detailed description of the system.................................................................................. 9

2.5.1 Operational overview and process description ........................................................... 9 2.5.2 Major components .................................................................................................... 12 2.5.3 System requirements, monitoring an d control, crew interaction .............................. 14 2.5.4 System locations ....................................................................................................... 16

2.6 Operational safety features and alarms......................................................................... 16

2.7 Procedures and management measures......................................................................... 16

2.8 Evaluation of management measures............................................................................ 17

2.9 Performance test........................................................................................................... . 17

2.10 System advantages........................................................................................................ 1 8

3 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBST ANCES AND PREPARATIONS ............................ 18

3.1 Chemical identification................................................................................................. 18

3.2 Background to characterize reactive physical pr ocesses, relevant and other chemicals19

3.2.1 Reactive physical processes...................................................................................... 19

3.3 Advantages and considerations when using the O 3 /UV system ................................... 25MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 4 RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 25

4.1 Chemical characterization of treated ballast water ....................................................... 26

4.2 Whole effluent ecotoxicity test ..................................................................................... 28

4.3 Theoretical evaluation of fate and effect properties of Active Subs tances and potential by-products ................................................................................................................... 2 9

4.3.1 Fate properties.......................................................................................................... . 29 4.3.2 Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT)................................................... 31 4.3.3 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC) .................................................................. 31

4.4 Ecotoxicity ................................................................................................................ .... 31

4.5 Prediction of discharge and environmenta l substance concentra tions: MAM-PEC.... 32

4.6 Prediction of whole effluent discharge and e nvironmental whole effluent concentration:

MAM-PEC.................................................................................................................... 34

4.7 Environmental risk assessment..................................................................................... 35

4.7.1 Assessment of discharged substances....................................................................... 35

4.7.2 Assessment of whole effluent ................................................................................... 36

4.8 Overall conclusion on the envi ronmental risk assessment ........................................... 37

4.9 Risk to safety of ship..................................................................................................... 37

4.9.1 Increased corrosion ................................................................................................... 37 4.9.2 Fire and explosion..................................................................................................... 37 4.9.3 Storage and handling of the substances .................................................................... 38 4.9.4 Contact with, or inhalation of, process products....................................................... 38 4.9.5 Counter measures for Ozone leakage ....................................................................... 38

4.9.6 Noise .................................................................................................................... ..... 38

4.10 Human exposure scenario and risk assessment for crew and public ............................ 39

4.10.1 Occupational exposure.......................................................................................... 39 4.10.2 Exposure via the environment .............................................................................. 41

4.10.3 Overall conclusion on the hum an exposure assessment ....................................... 41

5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 44

5.1 Test report data quality ................................................................................................. 44

5.1.1 DHI ...................................................................................................................... ..... 44

6 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 45MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 1 SUMMARY

DESMI Ocean Guard A/S is applying for the Ba sic Approval of the DESM I Ocean Guard ballast water management system (BWMS) with the Internati onal Maritime Organization.

The application of DESMI Ocean Guard for the Ba sic Approval of its ballast water management system DESMI Ocean Guard is based on the t echnologically safe and environmentally sound approach to abstain from any chemical preparatio ns and avoidance of reactive intermediates with the potential to pose a risk to the environment and/or to human health. The DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS is designed to avoid react ive oxidants in ballast tanks or harbour areas by using UV-light and ozone in an advanced oxidation process.

Based on definitions contained in the Methodolo gy for information gathering and the conduct of work of the GESAMP (MEPC 58/2/7, annex 4), th ere are no Preparations used, but there is an Active Substance (ozone) and photons generated in situ by the treatment process of the DESMI Ocean Guard system. Relevant Chemicals are OH ▪ radicals and a range of possible by-products are considered other substances.

To evaluate the impact of ballast water trea tment on the production of other substances, water samples were analysed chemically before a nd after the treatment process. For detailed information about the analysis, please re fer to section 4 in this application.

Under independent scientific examination, the ri sk characterization and risk assessment were conducted regarding risks to the safe ty of ship, to human health a nd to the aquatic environment.

Analysis of the risk assessment demonstrates that no risks associated to the ship and its personnel neither to human health in general could be identified. Additionally, it can be concluded that from this treatment process, the magnitude of the hazard and the probability of risk exposure to the aquatic environment is of no concern.MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2 INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY

DESMI Ocean Guard A/S is applying for Basic Approval of the DESMI Ocean Guard Ballast Water Management System (BWMS) with the Internati onal Maritime Organization.

The DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS is composed of pr e- and after-treatment modules to disinfect aquatic species in the ballast water. The treatmen t comprises mechanical filtration in combination with a photo-catalysis based on advanced oxidation proce ss (AOP) based on ozone and ultraviolet radiation (UV).

Generated ozone is injected in the water flow; re action takes place in an enhanced ozone reactor. Residual gaseous ozone is decomposed in an excess exhaust system from the enhanced ozone reactor. Soluted ozone remaining after the reactor is decomposed completely in the UV step, in an advanced oxidation process, leavin g no residual ozone or other oxidants from the ballast water treatment process.

Due to the highly efficient combination of lo w concentration ozone and UV radiation in an advanced oxidation process (AOP) ensuring oxidant -free treated water, the DESMI Ocean Guard technology can be viewed as a “stand-alone un it” without effect on ballast tank or the environment. Because the UV-C technology is very intense compared to the low ozone concentration in our system, even in water with out oxidation potential resi dual oxidant levels are very low.

2.1 Ultraviolet treatment (UV)

Ultraviolet technology is proving more and more successful and is used as an acknowledged, cost-effective and reliable process. UV-C radia tion as disinfection means is well known for almost a hundred years and is us ed widely in the disinfection of portable water, aquaculture waters, cooling water, hot water systems, ultra pure water, foodstuff industry, medicine, bottling of drinks, etc. It is used primarily wherever the microbiological requirem ents are particularly high, or where chemical disinfectants are unacce ptable for quality or environmental reasons. It was found that especially a narrow band of wavelengths around 260 nanometer (nm) has a strong performance for disinfection, and are sim ilar to the absorption curve of the DNA. The monochromatic low-pressure mercury germicidal lamps, which are used for UV-disinfection, have their maximum performance at a wavelength of 254 nm exactly in the optimal narrow band.

The use of UV radiation as disinf ection energy results in no change of the chemical compositions pH-value, temperature, salinity, ta ste, odour and colour of the solu tion being treated, and safety issues related to the handling and storage of Acti ve Substances or other chemicals are eliminated.

Ultraviolet disinfection require s a minimum dosage to be effective. The applied dosage is a function of the lamp intensity and the exposure time. These parameters ar e directly affected by equipment configuration, flow path of the wate r along the bank of lamps and the turbidity of the water to be disinfected. Compared to mid- or high-pressure lamp s, low-pressure lamps can only operate with lower power intensity, but they have a much better efficiency of about 40%. Using high- or mid-pressure UV lamps, the operating co sts will be higher but the number of needed lamps lower.MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc It is a scientifically well-known fact that resistance of organisms like bacteria, viruses, moulds or fungal spores to ultraviolet radi ation is not developed. Most pa thogenic germs are especially sensitive to UV-radiation. An impor tant advantage of physical disinf ection is that the sensitivity to UV still functions even when germs have already built up resistance to conventional disinfection measures such as alcohol, an tibiotics, chlorinated chemicals, etc.

To address all the mentioned needs, UV-radiat ion technology provides a powerful barrier to chemical contaminants while simultaneously disi nfecting to avoid the di spersal of invasive aquatic species by ballast water from ships.

The primary effect on organisms through short-wa ve and energetic UV-C ra diation at 254 nm is based on a photo-chemical alterati on of the DNA. The UV-C radiation is absorbed by pyrimidins, which form the basic elements of the organi c bases of the DNA string. Through covalent bindings of two neighbouring ba ses like thymin, pyrimidin dimers are generated. These pyrimidin dimers prevent replic ation of DNA helix strings and cause mutations, which result from unsuccessful DNA string repair mechanisms . Dimers are called “bulky lesions”: they disturb the helical configuration of DNA by mean s of partial decartelizati on resulting in reduced base matching ability. In addition, the UV radiati on may result in direct alterations of the DNA morphology, for example, singular or double string fractures. Double string fracture can not be repaired and lead to cell mortality. In general, UV radiation results in defects of DNA repair

abilities.

Part of the content for this explanatory section on UV was taken from the published and approved application “ Harmful Aquatic Organisms In Ballast Water ” from Germany [9].

2.2 Ozone

Ozone is a molecule that consists of three ne gatively charged oxygen atoms. The ozone molecule is very unstable and has a short half-life, causing it to fall back into its original form after a while, according to the following reaction mechanism:

2O 3 -> 3O 2

Principally, an ozone molecule is nothing but an oxygen molecule that has received an extra oxygen atom by electric high voltage or UV light. Ozone is naturally produced through certain types of chemical reactions. The most commonly known example is the ozone layer, in which ozone is produced by sun’s ultraviolet rays (UV) . Ozone is also formed during thunderstorms. In thunderstorms, ozone forms as a result of the high voltages that are involved.

Ozone generators can create ozone artificially by means of extremely high voltages or by means of UV light. Both methods involve the decomposition of the oxygen molecule. This causes oxygen radical formation. These oxygen radicals can bind to oxygen molecules, forming ozone (O 3 ).

Ozone is one of the strongest known oxidants. It can be used to technically burn dissolved compounds (oxidation). The extra oxygen radical in an ozone molecule quickly binds to each component that comes in contact with ozone molecules. This is because of the instability of ozone and its inclination to return to its original form (O 2 ). Both organic and inorganic substances may be oxidized by ozone, but also micr o-organisms such as algae, viruses, bacteria and fungi. This causes the extra oxygen radical to be released from the ozone molecule and to bind to other materials, so that on ly pure and stable oxygen molecules (O 2 ) are left.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 6

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc As a result of the above-mentioned reaction mechanisms, ozone can be used for a large variety of purposes. Ozone is mainly applied in wast e water and drinking water purification.

2.3 Filters

Prior to the actual DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS, th ere will normally be a mechanical filter in place at the Sea Chest. The purpose of the filter is to remove larger organisms and general debris.

Two different particle filter systems can be applied at the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS. The base configuration is an open pressureless filte r. This filter will use screens with pore sizes of 20 microns. In an alternative configur ation a standard pressurized filter with

screens of 40 microns will be used instead. Th e ballast pump will then be installed upstream.

The pressureless micro screen filter will provide significant filtration, which results in a much lower power consumption of the subsequent disi nfection and also reduced accumulation of silt in

the ballast tanks. In addition free flow filters ha ve the advantage that the water is not forced through the filter as is the case with pressurized filters. This means that no soft organisms are pushed through the filter. This is know n to occur in pressurized filters.

Both filters remove particles so that the efficien cy of the succeeding disinfection step is secured. It is only the incoming ballast water, which will pass the particle filters. When deballasting, the water bypass the particle filter and is pumped directly to the following disinfection units.

2.4 Overview of the system

DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS has developed a balla st water system comprising individually optimized modules combined in a unique combin ation of added treatment power and value. The exact combination of technologies and system de sign means that the combination is much more powerful than the individual technologies.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Figure 1 : Simplified flow diagramMEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2.4.1 System sizing

It is expected that two system sizes will be designed: 300 m3/h and 1,500 m3/h. This will allow for combinations hereof for having modul ated systems for various flow sizes.

2.4.2 Brief description of the system

The system consists of the following parts:

- Filter - Venturi-injector system for injection of generated ozone into th e ballast water flow - Closed reactor for having the oz one reacting with the ballast water - UV lamps

As mentioned earlier, the DESMI Ocean Guard c oncept can be used in a configuration with a pressureless filter or a pressurized filter.

The base configuration, where space is not a lim iting factor, an open pressureless filter will be used. This filter will use screens with pore sizes of 20 microns. It will t ypically be installed so that water will flow by gravity through the filter to a combined filter housing/buffer tank from which the ballast pump will pump the water. This configuration is typically for the newbuilding

market. The tests results shown here we re obtained with th is configuration.

In an alternative configuration (targeting retrofits on existing ve ssels), a standard pressurized filter with screens of 40 microns will be used instead. The ballast pump will then be installed

upstream.

2.4.2.1 Ballast operation of pressureless filter mode

When a ballasting process takes place the officer turns on the ballast pump and chooses the tank

to be filled. Before the ba llast pump starts the UV lamps are engaged and given approximately 45 seconds to warm up. The ball ast pump is started and the water is pumped through the filter.

The filter is self-cleaning and the material from the ballast water trapped in the filter will be pumped back to the sea/harbour. The cleaning process takes place during operation, meaning that

the ballast water flow is continuous.

From the filter the water is flowing into the clos ed reactor. Before entering the closed reactor the generated ozone has been injected through an in jector. The mixture of water and ozone will be given a reaction period of approximately 0.5 minutes.

The UV system is based on low pressure UV lamps. The UV lamps are prepared for the marine environment by having completely sealed steel end caps to avoid corrosive aerosols to reach electric circuits. The lamps can ope rate in pressure up to 4 bars.

These lamps have an efficiency of approximately 40% in converting energy to useful UVC light. This is in contrast to the other dominant lamp types on the market – medium pressure lamps – which have an efficiency of approximately 15%.MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc The ozone pipe is under vacuum and leakage in the piping system will cause air to enter the ozone system and not ozone escaping. In case th e vacuum will disappear, the pressure gauge will close the UV lamps causing the ozone production to stop. Further, the ozone meter will detect the

lack of ozone concentration in case the level of air is increasing.

2.4.2.2 Deballasting operation for pressureless filter mode

When deballasting the ballast water from the ball ast tanks will not pass the filter. Even though DESMI Ocean Guard system is removing literally all living organisms from the ballast water, a potential regrowth of living organisms cannot be ignored. Mean ing that the ballast water is passing the ozone and UV step on its way out . The procedure is as described above.

2.4.2.3 Deballasting operation for pressurized filter mode

The pressurized concept is a more conventional concept already used in other BWMS and also for many other marine applications. The ballast pumps are fed from the sea crest and pumping the ballast water through the pressu rized filter. Since a pressurized filter cannot be as fine in mesh as a pressureless filter, the system will require more UV radiation compared to the pressureless mode.

When using the pressurized filter concept with a 40 μm mesh size, it will normally require a higher UV irradiation dose compared with th e 20 μm open filter solution. Exactly how much the UV irradiation dose is going to be increased has to be investigated more carefully. The main parameter will be the amount of organisms havi ng a size between 20 and 40 μm. It is expected

that the UV irradiation dose should be increased 25%-40% compared to the open filter solution, i.e. having a UV irradiat ion dose of 210-280 mW s/m 2

.

The ballast water is pumped through the filter. Ag ain, the pressurized filter is self-cleaning and does not require a stop of the ballast process during cleaning. The remove d material from the ballast water is pumped b ack to the sea/harbour.

The actual treatment process (ozone and UV) is exactly as described above for the pressureless

mode.

2.5 Detailed description of the system

2.5.1 Operational overview and process description

2.5.1.1 Brief description of the system flow:

Two-particle filter systems w ill be used. If space is not a limiting factor, an open pressureless

filter will be used. This filter will use screens wi th pore sizes of 20 microns. It will typically be installed so that water will flow by gravity thro ugh the filter to a combined filter housing/buffer tank from which the ballast pump will pump the water. When using a pressurized filter, screens of 40 microns will be used. The ballast pump will then be installed upstream. Using 20 microns screens is advantageous since energy consump tion will be lower in the following disinfection

steps.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 10

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Both filters remove particles so that the efficien cy of the succeeding disinfection step is secured. It is only the incoming ballast water which will pa ss the particle filters, so that deballasted water is pumped directly to the following filter units. As a first step the water passes a venturi-injector. When water is pumped through this unit it both sucks in ozone containing air and performs complete mixing of air and water. The water and air mixture then enters the enhanced mass transfer and gas liquid separato r reactor. A residence time of a pproximately 30 seconds allows the gaseous ozone to diffuse into the water phase and react with the remaining living organisms, while water and gas are simultaneously separated efficiently in the reactor. Due to the high solubility of ozone, the gas will have zero or a very low-ozone concentration. However, for safety reasons the off-gas will pass an ozone destructor before exhaust to the atmosphere. Ultimately, water flows to the comb ined UV-sterilizer/ozone genera tor as the last step in the treatment process. A high dose of UV radiatio n from undoped low pressure UV lamps is used for three purposes:

.1 killing of living organisms;

.2 radical formation, by residual dissolved ozone photolys; and

.3 generation of gaseous ozone by radiation of atmospheric air.

The vacuum created by the venture-injector suck s atmospheric air through the ozone generating components via a pipeline to the injector for mixing with the water. Finall y, purified water is directed to the ballast tanks or during deballasting to the recipient water.MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2.5.1.2 General flow diagram

Figure 2 : System flow diagramMEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2.5.2 Major components

2.5.2.1 Pressureless filt er (Disc filter)

Instead of the typical 50 microns pre-filter , the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS filters down

to 20 microns. This is realized with large area open filter technology (Disc filter). The capacity of the Disc filter can be upscaled by adding identical filter segments making the filter longer and/or wider. By means of gravity backflush, water leav es the filter and is pu mped to disposal via separate piping.

The Disc filter is a mechanical and self-cleani ng filter that offers a large filter area with a relatively small footprint, especially compared with the fineness of the filter. The filter design is superior in removal of solids and organism s due to the very low mesh size compared to conventional pressurized filters.

The water to be treated flows by gravity into the filter segments from the centre drum. Solids

catch on the inside of the filter panels mounted on the two sides of the disc segments. As the

solids catch on the inside of th e filter media impeding the flow of water through the disc, the water level inside the discs begin to rise, triggering a level sensor to start the disc to rotate and a backwash cycle begins.

High-pressure rinse water backs the solids off th e filter media and into the solids collection trough. Typically the backwash requires 0.05%-3% of the total flow. Filtered water is used for

backwash.

2.5.2.2 Pressurized filter

The pressurized filter is a mechanical self-cleani ng mesh filter. The filter segments are built up in a cylindrical form with separate filter mesh rods.

The filter is self-cleaning and operated by either pressure measurement or time. The filter rods are cleaned successively and allowing the filt er to be in operation during cleaning mode.

Pressurized water is backflushing the filter mesh and the contaminated cleaning water is guided

to the sea/harbour.

In filtration mode the ballast water is pumped to the filter elements. All particles larger

than 40 microns are removed and retained on the external surface of the screens. The filtered

water leaves via the outlet connection. When the di fferential pressure between the dirty and clean sides of the filter increases to approximately 0.5 bar, this will be registered by a differential pressure transmitter and the control unit will st art a backflushing cycle. Compressed air drives a small volume of clean liquid th rough the filter element in reve rse direction and blasts the

entrained contaminants from the surface of the filte r elements and out of the filter chamber. The backflushing process is performed sequentially on each filter element, so that the flow of filtered ballast water is not significantly interrupted.

2.5.2.3 Venturi-injector

When a pressurized operating (motive) fluid enters the injector inlet, it is constricted towards the injection chamber and changes into a high-velocity jet stream. The increase in velocity through the injection chamber results in a decrease in pr essure, thereby enabling an additive material toMEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 13

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc be drawn through the suction port and entrained into the water. As the jet stream is diffused toward the injector outlet, its velo city is reduced and it is reconvert ed into pressure energy (but at a pressure lower than injector inlet pressure). Th e selected injector design is extremely efficient. It operates over a wide range of pressures an d requires only a minimal pressure differential

between inlet and outlet sides to initiate a vacuum at the suction for the ozone containing gas. The air to water ratio in this application is approximately 5% on a volumetric basis.

A side-effect of the extreme changes in the hydr aulic conditions through the injector is that especially organic particles will be broken down into smaller particles which are more sensitive

to both UV radiation and ozonation.

2.5.2.4 Ozone reactor and air/water separator

The integration of the following two important elements of an ozone system is ideal: Reactor volume giving the ozone time to react with the cons tituents of the water and efficient separation of gas and water. The general design principle is counter flow where air bubbles rise to the top and evacuate through an air vent and water flows in a circular movement to the bottom and out. Residence time is 30-120 s. The reactor is hydrau lically optimized using CFD-modeling in order to obtain even retention times and effective gas/ water separation. Performa nce of the reactor is continuously controlled using i nputs from level meters, water and gas flow meters.

2.5.2.5 Ozone gas destructor

The ozone destructor is placed at the ozone reac tor – air/water separator for avoiding ozone being released into the atmosphere. The ozone destructor is filled with a catalytic destruction material. It will convert the ozone into harmless oxygen in milliseconds. The filling material acts catalytically and there are no toxic gases emitte d such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The exhaust air will exit through a piping system. An ozone gas sensor will check the efficiency

of the destructor.

2.5.2.6 UV lamps, UV sterilizer – Gaseous ozone generator

The UV system is based on low pressure UV lamps. The UV lamps are prepared for the marine environment by having completely sealed steel e ndcaps to avoid corrosive aerosols to reach electric circuits. The lamps can ope rate in pressure up to 4 bars.

The system is delivered with a visual lamps failure alarm for each lamp, ensuring continued operation even if a lamp needs to be excluded due to failure. Further, each lamp has an elapsed time meter making traceability of lamp operation simp le. Cabinet material will be Stainless Steel AISI 316, seawater resistant.

During operation quartz sleeves are continuously wash wiped physically to ensure optimum transparency between lamp and ballast water to be treated.

UV reactor temperature is constantly monitored to ensure shutdown of reac tor in case of water flow failure or air present in the reactor. The te mperature surveillance is la st safety barrier, and will disable the ballast system until serviced.

These lamps have an efficiency of approximately 40% in converting energy to useful UVC light. This is in contrast to the other dominant lamp types on the market – medium pressure lamps – which have an efficiency of approximately 15%.MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2.5.2.7 TRO sensor

When ozone reacts with the ballast water, oxid izing agents are produced. Persistent oxidants produced during ozonation are collectively referre d to as the total residual oxidants (TRO). Typical persistent oxidants include bromine (Br - ), bromite (OBr - ), bromate (BrO 3 - ), and hypobromous acid (HOBr). These oxidizing agents are essential for the treatment process. TRO sensors will continuously provide real- time control of the ozonation process and confirmation that discharge levels are not exceeded.

2.5.2.8 Ambient Ozone Gas Sensor

The ambient ozone detection system consists of individual modules that will be located in all relevant areas. The selected sensor transmitters are constructed with automatic sensor testing systems, which will reduce the operators tes ting requirements. Receiver modules contain

electronics for the detec tion and alarm systems. Each module includes a digital display of gas concentration, and a 4-20 mA signal to central PL C. The sensor and module will, in addition to the ships power supply, also be powered by a battery power s upply. The power supply provides a power failure relay and charging for the battery back-up unit. The recei ver modules will be linked directly to visual alarms and audible horns, also powere d by both battery and shipboard power supply.

2.5.2.9 Programmable logic controller (PLC) panel

The treatment system is fully automated and co mpletely self-contained with PLC control and with informative touch panels. The monitoring and control include flow meters, pressure transmitters, water quality and ozone gas sensors, automatic valves, etc.

All relevant process parameters, events and alarms will be logged and can be read directly on the panel or transferred using USB ports or net. Depending on the grade of automation of the existing ballast water system, typically the treatme nt system will require no additional actions by

the crew or alterations of current ballast wate r procedures. The system is equipped with all necessary emergency shut-off devices.

2.5.3 System requirements, monitoring and control, crew interaction

2.5.3.1 Requirements

The treatment system is designed as a modular sy stem. In order to reduce space requirements, all units can be installed independently.

Space requirement is as follows:

2 * 300 m 3 /h ballast water flow: 7/15 m 2 (40 microns filter/20 micros filter)

1500 m 3 /h ballast water flow: 12/35 m 2 (40 microns filter/20 microns filter)MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Power requirement is as follows:

2 * 300 m 3 /h ballast water flow: 40/25 kWh (40 microns filter/20 microns filter)

1500 m 3 /h ballast water flow: 135/85 kWh ( 40 microns filter/20 microns filter)

Waste water flow from filter flushing is typica lly less than 2% of the ballast water flow. The

waste contains no added substances and will be returned to the sea.

2.5.3.2 Personnel requirements

The ballast water treatment syst em will only need a minimum of input from the crew. The crew members perform ballasting a nd deballasting as normal.

Maintenance and control operations are very easy and the necessary instructions will be provided.

2.5.3.3 Maintenance requirements

The UV-lamps need to be replaced for every 12,000 H operating hours. Some control components (e.g., pH and ozone sens ors) also need to be cha nged regularly. The PLC control system will inform about the necessary mainte nance operations. Confirmation from the operator of performed maintenance work is required by the PLC.

A maintenance and test sc hedule will be provided.

2.5.3.4 Handling of waste and repla ced parts of the system

During the treatment process, no liquids or so lid wastes are produced. Replaced lamps should be handed in to DESMI Ocean Guard for recycling. In case of damaged UV lamp s, it is important to note that the lamp mercury is contained in the small (<1 cm 2 ) amalgam spot on the inner glass tube. Broken lamp glass should ther efore be disposed of according to local regulations or sent to

DESMI Ocean Guard.

2.5.3.5 Handling, use, storage and transport of the chemicals

As ozone, the Active Substance is produced by th e Ozone Generator Module installed on board a vessel, there is no need to transport, load and st ore either the Active Substance or other chemicals

on board.

2.5.3.6 Cleaning requirements

LPUV lamps have a low surface temperature and the normal cleaning practice is to use a wiper for cleaning the lamps, i.e. a mechanical clean ing contrary to the chemical cleaning normally required with MPUV.

With regard to the organisms being able to su rvive in the BWMS piping between the operations of the system it is the intention to carry out a flushing procedure wher e organisms potentially surviving in the piping system will be flushed into a ballast tank and pass the ozone/UV treatment step before being discharged.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 16

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2.5.4 System locations

The DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS can be located in any suitable a nd convenient location depending on the ship’s design. The nava l architects and marine engineers of

DESMI Ocean Guard will consider and discuss w ith the client to keep engineering for the integration of the BWMS at a low level, to not interfere with normal cargo operations and required crew activities, and to look for placement opportunities next to the ballast water pumps to minimize the piping length.

2.6 Operational safety features and alarms

All system components will be of maritime standa rd type and will have the appropriate approval of the classification society and/ or relevant regul atory authority.

Water pressure will not exceed 1 bar unless fo r very small flows during flushing of filters.

It will not be possible to access moving part s or UV lamps during operation. The system will automatically shut off if protec tive housings, etc., are opened.

The ozone containing air is driven by a vacuum generated by the venture-injector. Leaks in the gas pipeline will therefore result in atmospheric air intrusions into the pipeline and not ozone leaks to the surroundings. Leaks in the ozone pipe line will be registered by either the vacuum transmitter or by the dissolved ozone sensor.

Using a vacuum transmitter, the system will only allow air flow to the ozone generating compartments when the vacuum is registered.

Off gas from the ozone reactor may contain small concentrations of ozone. The off gas will go directly to the ozone gas destru ctor. An ozone sensor will continuously check the effectiveness of the destructor. The de-ozonated off gas will be vented to the outside via a pipeline. In the unlikely event that ozone escapes to the ambient surroundings, ozone sensor receivers will start an alarm procedure.

Emergency shut-off devices will be installed at the water treatment units and at the engine

control room.

2.7 Procedures and management measures

The operation of the DESMI Ocean Guard ballast wa ter treatment system will be integrated into the Ship Safety Manual (SMS) as an in tegral part of the ISM2 documentation.

Therefore, procedures have to be made based on the service and maintena nce routines described in the system documentation.

Proper engineering during insta llation, thorough testing, training of the personnel and adequate maintenance will prevent emergency situations and secure safe operation of the ballast water

management system.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 17

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2.8 Evaluation of management measures

Preventing exposures and emergency situations star ts with proper engineering and installation of the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS on board the ship. The management measures discussed above consider location, training and handling of the pl ant. In connection with the risk assessment, these measures are considered to be adequate to avoid uncontrolled or em ergency situations and to operate the ballast water management system in a safe manner.

2.9 Performance test

DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS has undergone a pilot- scale performance test at Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), Denmark, in April 2009. The full repor t is enclosed in conf idential material of this application.

Viable organisms > 50 μm were enumerated an d determined for viability by microscopy after

reverse filtration with a 50 μ m filter. Only organisms above 175 μ m were counted. Organisms

between 50 μ m and 175 μ m were not quantified. These organisms were mainly ciliates. They appeared, by visual judgment, to be reduced to the same ex tent as those larger than 175 μ m. Viable organisms below 50 μ m were determined as alg ae by three methods: Fluorescence microscopy (determines number of algae with ch lorophyll), Chlorophyll (an estimate of the algae biomass) was determined by chemical analysis (HPLC), and primary production (determines the activity, i.e. the living al gae). Heterotrophic bacteria (a general measurement of the number of bacteria) were determined as plat e count on yeast ex tract after ISO 6222.

The samples on day 0 were stored at 15°C and analysed approximately 12 hours after sampling. Separate samples for the determination of hete rotrophic plate count were stored at 4°C and analysed approximately 12 hours after sampling.

The overall conclusion of the performance test was:

- The results of the investigations show that the BWMS removes the living algae to 1% at day 0 and less that 0.01% at day 5, which is in compliance with the requirements of the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention. The filter allows some of the algae to pass the treatment but they are not in a viable state.

The reduction of the heterotroph ic plate count shows a reduc tion to between 0.03% and 2%,

which is believed to be sufficient to remove a ny bacterial contamination to a level that complies with the IMO requirements.

Cells above 50 μ m are removed to 0.1% which is a factor of 10 above the IMO requirement. The cause of this was detected to be a sub-optimum construction of the filter. During backflushing of the filter, it was possible for smaller parts of th e water containing parts fro m the dirty side of the filter to get in contact with the filtered water. This observation was discussed with the filter experts and it is believed that an optimization of the filtration unit is possible. The filters used for larger-scale tests will not have this possibility fo r mixing filtered water with contaminated water.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 18

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 2.10 System advantages:

- Filtration down to 20 microns drastically lower sludge problems in ballast tanks.

- Filtration down to 20 microns lower needed power consumption in disinfection step.

- Filtration down to 20 microns means that a major part of micro life, including the main algae biomass, is filtered out before the disinfection steps.

- The double disinfection strategy with bot h ozone and UV ensures best possible quality of ballast water no matter how coloured or how high turbidity is in the feed

water.

- The application of low-pressure radiation and ozone in an advanced oxidation process generates short-lived radicals boosting disi nfection power. The exactly dimensioned low-pressure UV step ensures that no ozone or radicals of ozone are left after the treatment process ensuring sa fe deballasting and protecti on of ballast tank coating.

- The analysis of treated water indicated th at the application of low-pressure UV and ozone has not generated harmful chem icals during the treatment process.

3 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND PREPARATIONS

3.1 Chemical identification

Based on the definitions of “Preparations”, “Active Substances”, “Relevant Chemicals” and “Other components”, as outlined in the revise d Methodology for information gathering and the conduct of work of the GESAMP-BWWG (MEP C 58/2/7, annex 4), s ubstances used or generated by the DESMI Ocean guard BWMS are classified as follows:

Preparation means any commercial formulati on containing one or more Active Substances including any additives.

The DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS does not use any commercial Preparations.

Active Substance means a substance or organism, incl uding a virus or a fungus that has a general or specific action on or against ha rmful aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens.

The DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS produces ozone generated on site.

The photon is responsible for the inactivati on of harmful aquatic micro-organisms and pathogens present in ballast water together w ith ozone and ozone radicals formed during decomposition of ozone in the AOP process. The main radical is short-lived hydroxyl

ions with half-lives in the order of microseconds to milliseconds. As a result, chemicals are not required stored on boa rd but generated on demand.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 19

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Relevant Chemicals means transformation or reaction products that are produced during and after employment of the ballast water mana gement system in the ballast water or in the receiving environment and that may be of concern to the ship’s safety, aquatic

environment and/or human health.

Relevant Chemicals are OH ▪ radicals and a range of possi ble by-products are considered

other substances.

3.2 Background to characterize reactive physical processes, relevant and

other chemicals

3.2.1 Reactive physical processes

3.2.1.1 The photon

According to the wave/particle-duality light can be considered as energy propagating as a wave and as a stream of photons with the constant sp eed of light. A photon is defined as a quantum of electromagnetic energy at a gi ven frequency. Consequently, a photon possesses the more energy the shorter the wavelength. The energy characteri stic for a photon at a sp ecific wavelength is

determined as:

E = hc / λ

Where E is energy in Joule, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light and λ is the wavelength in meters.

Ultraviolet light (UV) is part of natural sun light. Electromagnetic wa velength spectrum of UV (UV spectrum) is 100-400 nm bordered by x -ray radiation (<100 nm) and visible light (400-700 nm). According to the draft of ISO standard on determining solar irradiances (ISO-DIS-21348), the UV spectrum is subdivide d into UV-A (long wave, 315-400 nm), UV-B (medium wave, 280-315 nm), UV-C (100-280 nm) and vacuum UV (10-200 nm).

UV-C can be used as a disinfectant against micr o-organisms and pathogen s including bacteria, viruses and phages (Hijnen et al. 2006). Therefore, UV-C is also re ferred to as germicidal light. Germicidal light is successfully applied in portable and waste wate r management and the disinfection of water in aquaculture (Oppenl änder 2003). The appli cability of UV in the treatment of ballast water of ships has been tested successfully in the laboratory and on the large scale (Welschmeyer et al. 2004).

The basic process of disinfection with UV light is photolysis. Photolysis is the decomposition of a molecule by light. The strength of the chemic al bond determines the photonic energy necessary for cleavage. Photonic energy of UV-C range s from 4.43 to 12.40 eV. A photon of UV254 nm contains 4.89 eV photonic energy.

For water disinfection two different UV tec hniques are widely used differing in their UV emission spectra. Middle Pre ssure UV (MPUV) lamps emit light over a broad range of UV and visible light. Low-pr essure UV (LPUV) lamps emit monoc hromatic light at the specific wavelength of 254 nm (UV254nm) to specifically take advantage of the DNA damaging effect,

and reduce the formation of potential by-products.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 20

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Absorption time for a photon by a molecule is in the range of nano- to picoseconds. It is generally accepted that photons leav e no residuals in water. Accord ingly, the use of UV for water disinfection and treatment (including ballast wa ter treatment) is consid ered a purely physical process producing negligible amounts of by-products (DVGW 2001, USEPA 2006, Umweltbundesamt 2008).

Parts of the content for this explanatory sec tion were taken from the published and approved application “ Harmful Aquatic Organisms In Ballast Water ” from Germany [9].

3.2.1.2 Ozone

When ozone is produced, it will decay rapidly, because ozone is an unstable compound with a relatively short half-life. The half-life of ozone in water is a lot shorter than in air (see Table 1). Ozone decays in water under drinking water c onditions (pH: 6-8.5), partly in reactive OH-radicals. Therefore, the asse ssment of an ozone process al ways involves the reactions of two species: ozone and OH-radicals. When these OH-radicals dominate in the solution, it is called an advanced oxidation process (AOP). Th e decay of ozone in OH-radicals in natural waters is characterized by a fa st initial decrease of ozone, fo llowed by a second phase in which ozone decreases by first order kinetics [19]. Dependent on the quality of the water, the half-life of ozone is in the range of seconds to hours. Fa ctors influencing the decomposition of ozone in water are temperature, pH, environment, con centrations of dissolved matter and UV light. The main factors for ozone decomposition are:

• temperature

• ultraviolet light

• pH

• dissolved solids

• carbonate and bicarbonate

• natural organic matter

Temperature : Temperature has an important influence on the half-life of ozone. Table 1 shows

the half-life of ozone in air and water. In water, the half-life of ozone is much s horter than in air, in other words ozone decompos es faster in water [19].

The solubility of ozone decreases at higher temper atures and is less stable. On the other hand, the reaction speed increases with a factor 2 or 3 pe r 10°C [19]. Principally, ozone dissolved in water cannot be applied when temperatures are above 40°C , because at this temperature the half-life of ozone is very short.

For the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS the half-life issue is not so relevant. First of all the sea water temperature can never exceed 34°C. Sec ondly, the reactor chamber used for ensuring the generated ozone to come in proper contact with the ballast water has a size allowing the ozone to react within a period of 30-120 seconds.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 21

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Dissolved in water (pH 7)

Table 1 : Half-life of ozone in gas and water at different temperatures

Temp (°C) Half-life

15 30 min

20 20 min

25 15 min

30 12 min

35 8 min

Using UV to remove ozone has an advantage b ecause UV does not require additives that may leave behind residuals. In addition, dissociation of ozone with UV also helps to oxidize Total Organic Compounds (TOCs) and disinfect.

Germicidal ultraviolet light destroys ozone in water very quickl y. The 254 nm wavelength produced by low-pressure germicidal UV lamps is quite effective. The mechanism for removing ozone is dissociation, which occurs when 254 nm UV energy “breaks” one of the oxygen bonds

in an ozone molecule. As a result of this re action, each ozone molecule is converted into one oxygen atom and one oxygen molecule. Free oxygen atoms will combine with each other to form oxygen molecules.

Although ozone is readily destroyed by UV, it requires more UV energy than inactivation of micro-organisms (approximately 90 mJ/cm 2 versus 30 mJ/cm 2 ). Therefore, in order to ensure effective ozone destruction, UV systems are often sized using a “flow-rate adjustment” of 40% the flow-rate of a disinfection system.

Research by Summerfelt from 2003 [ 10] gives a more detailed view of destruction from practical experiments. Recirculated aquaculture water flow was adjusted to 85, 170, 255, and 330 L/min (i.e. approximately so as to produce a range of different water retention times within the UV irradiation unit (i.e. 6.7, 3.3, 2.2, and 1.7 s, re spectively) and thus produced UV irradiation

doses of 153.3 ± 2.1 mW s/cm 2 , 80.4 ± 2.6 mW s/ cm 2 , 49.3 ± 0.6 mW s/cm 2

, and 35.6 ± 0.3 mW s/cm 2 , respectively. The results show that dissolved Ozone Molecule (O 3 )

removal across the UV irradiation unit could be modeled using first or der kinetics and was dependent upon the inlet O 3 concentration and the retention time within the irradiation chamber. At a temperature of 13-15°C, UV i rradiation doses of 80.4 ± 2.6 mW s/cm 2 and 153.3 ± 2.1

mW s/cm 2 consistently removed 100% of the dissolved O 3 when the inlet O 3 concentration was <0.30 mg/L. Note that the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS delivers 150-200 mJ/cm 2 and the ozone concentration is <0.3 mg/L. A UV irradiation dose of 49.3 ± 0.6 mW s/cm 2 consistentlyMEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 22

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc removed 100% of the dissolved O 3 when the inlet O 3 concentration was <0.10 mg/L. The DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS is intended to ope rate within a UV irradiation dose

of 150-200 mW s/cm 2 and 0.25 mg/L ozone concentration mean ing that even in waters of high turbidity and low organic content no ozone should pass the UV radiation step. However, the risk of ozone passing into the ballast tanks and potenti ally leading to exposure of humans through the ventilation system is going to be checked during the full-scale tests.

Ozone decomposes partly into OH-radicals. When the pH va lue increases, the formation

of OH-radicals increases. In a solution with a high pH value, there are more hydroxide ions present, see formulas below. These hydroxide ions act as an initiator for the decay of ozone:

1 O 3 + OH - → HO 2 - + O 2 2 O 3 + HO 2 - → • OH + O 2 •- + O2

The radicals that are produced during reactio n 2 can introduce other reactions with ozone, causing more OH-radicals to be formed. In additi on, the pH influences acid/base equilibriums of some compounds and also the reaction speed of oz one. This applies also to the reaction with scavenger CO 3 2- , which is also pH dependent (Pka HCO 3 2- /CO 3 2- = 10.3).

Dissolved ozone can react with a variety of matte r, such as organic comp ounds, viruses, bacteria, etc. As a result, ozone decomposes to other matter . For example, the half-lif e of ozone in distilled water is much shorter compared to tap water. Ozone decomposes in water in OH-radicals. Dependent on the nature of the di ssolved matter, these can accelera te (chain reac tion) or slow down the decay of ozone. Substances that accelerate this reaction are called promoters. Inhibitors

are substances that slow down the reaction. When water is ozonized, one often uses the term “scavenging capacity”. Scavengers are entities that react with OH-radicals and slow down the chain-reaction. The scavenging capacity can be defined as follows:

k OH-DOC [DOC] + k OH-HCO3 - [HCO 3 - ] + k OH-CO32 - [CO 3 2- ]

[19]

Scavengers slow down the chain- reaction. This is because afte r the reaction of scavengers with OH-radicals, the reaction products do not react with ozone any further. Carbonate is a scavenger with a strong eff ect. The addition of carbonate (CO 3 2- ) can increase the half-life of ozone [19]. The effect on the reaction speed is highest at lo w concentrations. Above 2 mmol -1 for

ozonization and 3 mmol l -1 for advanced oxidation process (AOP ), the decrease in the reaction speed is negligible [19] . When a solution mainly undergoes indi rect reactions (with OH-radicals), for instance in a solution with a high pH value or an AOP-process, the presence of scavengers is undesired. The scavengers reac t very fast with OH-radicals and lower the oxidation capacity. For this kind of pr ocesses a low scavenging cap acity is required. Carbonate (CO 3 2- ) ions are much stronger scav engers than bicarbonate (HCO 3 2- ) ions (reaction speed CO 3 2- : k = 4,2 * 10 8 M -1 s -1 and reaction speed HCO 3 - : k = 1.5 * 10 7 M -1 s -1 ). That is why in an ozone proce ss under drinking water conditions the bicarbona te concentration is less important [19].MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 23

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Natural organic matter : Natural organic material (NOM) exists in every kind of natural water

and is often measured as dissolv ed organic carbon (DOC). NOM re duces the quality of the water with regard to colour and odour. Ozone can be used in water treatment, fo r the reduction of the

concentration of NOM. The concentration of NOM in natural waters can vary from 0.2-10 mg l -1 [19]. The influence of NOM on ozone is twofold. Depending on the type of NOM, it can be oxidized directly by ozone. This is the case for compounds which easily react with ozone, such as double bonds, activated ar omatic compounds, de-protonated amines and sulphide [19]. On the other hand, OH-radicals can react with NOM (indirect reaction) and act as a promoter or as a scavenger. In natural waters, it is difficult to determine the stability of ozone

as a result of the indefinite effect of NOM. That means it is not possible to estimate the fraction

that accelerates or slow s down the reaction [19].

3.2.1.3 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)

Oxidation is defined as the transfer of one or more electrons from an electron donor (reductant) to an electron acceptor (oxidant), which has a higher affinity for electrons. These electron

transfers result in the chemical transformation of both the oxidant and the reductant, in some cases producing chemical species with an od d number of valence electrons. These species, known as radicals, tend to be hi ghly unstable and, therefore, highly reactive because one of their electrons is unpaired. Oxidation reactions that produce radicals tend to be followed by additional

oxidation reactions between the radical oxidants a nd other reactants (both organic and inorganic) until thermodynamically stable oxidation products are formed. The ability of an oxidant to

initiate chemical reactions is measured in te rms of its oxidation potential. The most powerful oxidants are fluorine, hydroxyl radicals (•OH), ozone and chlorine with oxidation potentials of 2.85, 2.70, 2.07 and 1.49 electron volts, respectively [1].

AOPs involve the two stages of oxidation discusse d above: 1) the formation of strong oxidants (e.g., hydroxyl radicals); and 2) the reaction of these oxidants with organic contaminants in water. However, the term “advanced oxidation processes” refers specifically to processes in which oxidation of organic contaminants occurs primarily through reactions with hydroxyl radicals [2]

.

In water treatment applications, AOPs usually re fer to a specific subset of processes that

involve O 3 , H 2 O 2 , and/or UV light. These processes can produce hydroxyl radicals, which can react with and destroy a wide range of organic contaminants, including mari ne organic microlife. In general, the effectiveness of an AOP is proporti onal to its ability to gene rate hydroxyl radicals.

As with the other treatment technologies, the design of an AOP is governed by the influent contaminant concentration, target effluent cont aminant concentration, desired flow rate and background water quality parameters such as pH , bromide concentration and alkalinity. The key design parameters for AOPs include: chemical dos ages and ratios with other chemicals, reactor contact time and reactor configuration. The optimum dosages, ratios and contact time are water-specific and treatment scenario-specific. As can be expected, higher chemical dosages and contact times are typically expected to result in higher removal rates.

There are many water quality parameters that ma y impact the disinfection effectiveness of any particular AOP. For example, nearly all dissolved organic compounds present in the source water will serve to reduce the disinfection efficiency by consuming •OH. Below is a brief discussion of the importance of these water quality parameters and the mitigation measures that can be taken to limit the detrimental impact of these parameters on AOP disinfection effectiveness.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 24

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Alkalinity

. The detrimental impact of alkalinity on the effectiveness of AOPs has been extensively studied [14]. As me ntioned previously, the hydroxyl radical is non-selective and, thus, can be exhausted by the presence of or ganic or inorganic co mpounds other than the organisms of concern. Both carbonat e and bicarbonate will scavenge hydroxyl radicals to create carbonate radicals which, in turn, react with othe r organic or inorganic compounds present, albeit at a much slower rate, [3], [14]. The reactio n for the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals by bicarbonate ions is shown below [4]:

•OH + HCO 3 - Æ CO 3 • + H 2 O

The rate constants, k, for the reactions of th e hydroxyl radical with carbonate and bicarbonate

are 3.8 x 10 8 and 8.5 x 10 6 M -1 s -1 , respectively [17].

However, for these second order reactions, the actual reaction rate, r, is a function of both the rate

constant and the concentration of the reactant, C: r = k [C].

TOC and NOM

. TOC measurement incorporates all orga nic compounds present in the water, both dissolved organic carbon (DOC ) and particulate organic car bon (POC). Particulate organic carbon can be both living and dead organisms. NOM , a subset of TOC, is commonly used to describe large macromolecular organic compounds present in water. These macromolecules can include humic substances, proteins, lipids, carbohydr ates, fecal pellets, or bi ological debris [5], and, while not highly reactive, often c ontain reactive functional groups [6]

.

The rate constants reported in the literature fo r hydroxyl radical reactions with NOM range from

1.9 x 10 4 to 1.3 x 10 5 (mg/L)
-1 s -1 , [14].

Turbidity

. Systems relying on UV irradiatio n for the dissociation of O 3 exhibit a decrease in efficiency as turbidity increases. Turbidity lowers the transm ittance of the source water and, thus, lowers the penetration of the UV radiation into the source water.

3.2.1.4 Bromate Formation

In addition to organic oxidati on by-products, inorganic by-products can also be formed. Bromide concentrations can range from non-detect to several hundred μg/L in raw drinking water and reach several mg/L in brackish water, [6]. Du ring the use of AOPs that employ ozone, bromate can be formed when bromide is present in the source water ([ 11], [16], [12]). The conversion of bromide to bromated can proceed as follows ([11], [12]):

Br- → BrO- → BrO 2 - → BrO 3 -Br- → Br• → BrO• → BrO 2 - → BrO 2 • → BrO 3 -

Due to the low-ozone concentration in the system bromated formation is not expected to be of

concern but this will be inve stigated and documented in the process towards Final Approval.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 25

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 3.3 Advantages and considerations when using the O 3 /UV system

The benefits of using the O 3 /UV system are:

• The removal efficiency of the combined O 3 /UV process is typically higher than the

additive removal efficiencies of ozone and UV alone, [7]. The magnitude of this synergistic effect varies depending on the contaminant of interest, [7].

• Ozone can be completely decomposed in the process ensuring treated water without oxidation potential or content of harmful ozone.

The considerations to be ta ken into account of the O 3 /UV system are:

• The use of ozone for source waters with hi gh bromide concentra tions (>0.1 mg/L) can

result in the formation of bromate.

• The O 3 /UV process typically requires an o ff-gas treatment system for ozone

destruction.

• Gaseous O 3 must be diffused into the source wate r, resulting in potential mass transfer limitations [13]

.

• UV light penetration into the source water – and, thus, process e fficiency – can be adversely affected by turbidity [7].

• There are many interference compounds that absorb UV light (e.g., nitrate and iron) and, thus, reduce process efficiency.

4 RISK ASSESSMENT

The section below is an extract from the executive summary of “Preliminary chemical characterization, whole effluent t oxicity and risk evaluation of treated ballast water for basic approval application” from DHI. Th e full report is enclosed in confidential material of this application.

The overall aim of the evaluation wa s to establish a prelim inary overview of the fate and effect of Active Substances and formed by-products in the environment as well as performing a preliminary risk assessment in relation to bot h human health and environment. The evaluation

is to be used in relation w ith a Basic Approval application.

The following main topics are evaluated:

.1 Chemical characterization of treated ballast water.

.2 Whole effluent aquatic eco-toxicity test.

.3 Theoretical fate a nd effect evaluation.

.4 Estimation of discharged and environmen tal concentrations of Active Substances and potential by-products (PEC) by use of MAM-PEC modelling.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 26

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc .5 An environmental risk assessment.

.6 A human exposure scenario and ri sk assessment for crew and public.

4.1 Chemical characterization of treated ballast water

The water samples were collected by personnel from DESMI Ocean Guard A/S in acid-rinsed heat-treated glass bottl es delivered by Teknologisk Institut , Århus, Denmark. The samples were
collected on 2 July 2009 from a lake at Aa lborg University (freshwater) and Aalborg harbour (marine water), respectively. Samp ling locations were chosen by personnel

from Ocean Guard A/S.

Immediately before sampling, th e water was treated by DESMI Ocean Guard A/S ballast water treatment facility. On 2 July 2009, the samples were forwarded to Teknologisk Institut, Århus by
courier. The samples were characterized by the following parameters:

Table 2 : Chemical characterization of treated and untreated fresh and marine water at sampling

Freshwater Marine water

Parameter Untreated Treated Untreated Treated Oxygen (%) 98 100 107 112 pH 7.8 7.7 8.0 7.9 Temperature ( ° C) 22.1 21.6 23.9 23.1 Conductivity ( μ S/cm) 636 635 37200 37000 Salinity (‰) 0.1 0.1 23.6 23.6 Ozone (mg/L)* 0 0 0 0

* Detection limit 0.01 mg/L

The detection limits for the respective anal ysis are shown as < value in Table 2.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 27

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc The results of the chemical anal yses are depicted in Table 3.

Table 3 : Chemical characterization of treated and untreated fresh

and marine water

CAS No. Parameter Freshwater

before

treatment Freshwater

after

treatment Marine water

before

treatment Marine water

after

treatment
Sum parameters and nitrite (mg/L) 7632-00-0 Nitrite (NO 2 ), mg/L 0.28 0.33 <0.005 <0.005 NA AOX, mg/L 0.05 0.04 0.17 <0.01 NA EOX, mg/L < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 NA Oxidizing substances (e.g. Cl2,H2O2,O3), mg Cl2/l < 0.04 < 0.04 0.35 < 0.04 NA VOC, mg/L 0.09 0.1 0.04 0.03 NA NVOC, mg/L 15 15 3.3 3.3 NA Suspended matter, mg/L 5.2 3.1 4.8 3.3

Trihalomethanes (THM)

67-66-3 Trichloromethane Cl3CH (chloroform) < 0.05 < 0.06 < 0.07 < 0.08

75-25-2 Tribromomethane Br 3 CH (bromoform) < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

124-48-1 Dibromochloromethane

CHClBr 2 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

75-27-4 Dichlorobromomethane

CHBrCl 2 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 Highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (LHKW) 106-93-4 1,2-dibromoethane < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 96-18-4 1,2,3-trichloropropane < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

95-49-8 2-chlorotoluene < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

106-43-4 4-chlorotoluene < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

96-12-8 1,2-dibromo-3- chloropropane < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 608-21-9 1,2,3-tribromobenzene < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 71-55-6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

56-23-5 Carbon tetrachloride < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

79-34-5 Tetrachlorethene < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 Haloacetic Acids (HAA) (μg/L)

79-11-8 Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

79-43-6 Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

76-03-9 Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 28

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc CAS No. Parameter Freshwater

before

treatment Freshwater

after

treatment Marine water

before

treatment Marine water

after

treatment

79-08-3 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

631-64-1 Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

75-96-7 Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

5589-96-8 Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

5278-95-5 Dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

71133-14-7 Dichlorobromoacetic acid (DCBAA) < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 Bromophenols (μg/L) 615-58-7 2,4-dibromophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 608-33-3 2,6-dibromophenol <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 118-79-6 2,4,6-tribromophenol <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 Acetonitrils (μg/L)

3252-43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

83463-62-2 Bromochloroacetonitrile < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0

The detection limit for the haloacetic acids is high compared to the PNEC (M), which in some

cases are as low as 0.02 μ g/L. This, however, does not give ri se to critical PEC/PNEC ratios.

4.2 Whole effluent ecotoxicity test

The water samples were collected by personnel from DESMI Ocean Guard A/S in acid-rinsed heat-treated glass bottles delivered by DHI. The test waters were co llected on 2 July 2009 from a lake at Aalborg University (freshwater) and Aalborg harbour (marine water) , respectively. These locations were chosen by personnel from O cean Guard A/S. The waters were treated by

DESMI Ocean Guard A/S ballast water treatmen t facility. On 2 July 2009, immediately after treatment, samples of treated and untreated fresh water and marine water were forwarded to DHI by courier and received at DHI at 15:15, less th an 6 hours from sampling. Testing was initiated immediately after arrival at DHI. All acute t oxicity tests were performed by experienced personnel at DHI in a laboratory which is authori zed to carry out studies in compliance with the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 29

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc The following acute toxicity tests were performe d on the treated freshwater and marine water samples, respectively:

• Growth inhibition test with the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

• Growth inhibition test w ith the marine microalga Skeletonema costatum

• Acute toxicity test with freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna

• Acute toxicity test with the marine crustacean Acartia tonsa

• Acute toxicity test with zebra fish ( Danio rerio ) – freshwater

A summary of the obtained resu lts are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 : Results from the acute test with treated water samples

Test organism Sample NOEC (mL/L) LOEC (mL/L) L(E)C 10 (mL/L) L(E)C 50 (mL/L) Freshwater samples

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Treated freshwater ≥ 800 >800 >800 >800

Daphnia magna Treated freshwater >1,000 >1,000

Zera fish (Danio rerio) Treated freshwater >1,000 >1,000 Marine water samples

Skeletonema costatum Treated marine

water ≥ 800 >800 >800 >800

Acartia tonsa Treated marine

water >1,000 >1,000

No acute toxicity of neither DESMI Ocean Guard treated freshwater nor DESMI Ocean Guard

treated marine was detected. All NOECs and LO ECs were higher than 800 mL/L or 1000 mL/L.

4.3 Theoretical evaluation of fate and e ffect properties of Ac tive Substances and potential by-product

4.3.1 Fate properties

The fate properties are used in the MAM-PEC calculations, from which the Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PEC) ar e derived. The respective fate properties of the chemicals in question ar e depicted in Table 5.MEPC 60/2/4ANNEXPage 30I:\MEPC\60\2-4.docTable 5 : Fate propertiesCAS No. Substance Mwg/moleMPoCBPoClog KOWlogKOCSwmg/LPsatPaHPa m3/moleRed.potentialmVRBAbioticdegradationOverall half-life (d) BCF7722-84-1 Hydrogen peroxide34 -0.43 152 -1.57 1.2 1,000,000 263 1.7·10-2NoReduction7.8 hr (F)15.6 hr (M)<10010028-15-6 Ozone48 -193 -112 -0.87 1.4 85,201 2.5·10-37.9·103(F)1.8·104(M)NoReduction27.5 hr (F)** (M)<1007632-00-0Nitrite*68 - - -3.7 1.4 82,000 - 0 NoOxidation0.5 hr<1007681-52-9 Sodium hypochlorite 74310 708 -3.42 1.16 1,000,000 1.4·10-111.0·10-15No Reduction 0.5 hr <10013824-96-9 Sodium hypobromite 119 319 728 -3.33 1.16 1,000,000 1.9·10-152.3·10-19No Reduction 0.5 hr <10067-66-3 Trichloromethane 119 -64 61 1.97 1.55 8,000 2.1·1043.1·102-2.754 No Photolysis 19 <10075-27-4 Dichlorobromomethane 164 -56 118 2 1.55 1,287 7.7·1039.7·102-2.632 No Photolysis 19 <100124-48-1 Dibromochloromethane208 -34 143 2.16 1.55 567 2.1·1037.6·102-2.51 No Photolysis 19 <10075-25-2 Tribromomethane 253 -12 167 2.4 1.55 204 7.1·10254 -2.4 No Photolysis 19 <10079-11-8 Monochloroacetic acid 9563 189 0.22 0.08 3,1700,00 8.7 2.6·10-4-3.081 Yes - 15 <10079-43-6 Dichloroacetic acid 129 24 201 0.92 0.28 37,760 8.9·10-13.0·10-3-3.42 No - 15 <10076-03-9 Trichloroacetic acid163 56 197 1.33 0.44 1,300,000 2.5·1013.2·10-3-3.485 No -147 <10079-08-3 Monobromoacetic acid 139 29 193 0.41 0.08 93,790 1.7·1012.6·10-2-2.903 Yes - 15 <100631-64-1 Dibromoacetic acid 218 54 243 0.7 0.28 22,140 3.1 3.0·10-2-2.926 No - 29 <1005589-96-8 Bromochloroacetic acid 173 36 223 0.61 0.28 44,270 1.8·1017.2·10-2-3.215 No - 29 <10071133-14-7 Dichlorobromoacetic acid 208 48 235 1.53 0.44 4,869 4.8 2.0·10-1-3.368 No -147 <1005278-95-5 Dibromochloroacetic252 68 264 1.62 0.44 2,353 6.9·10-17.4·10-2-3.329 No -147 <10075-96-7 Tribromoacetic acid 297 87 290 1.71 0.44 1,102 3.7·10-21.0·10-2-3.342 No - 29 <1003252-43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile 199 7 204 0.47 1.11 9,600 4.0·1018.3·10-1-2.842 No -147 <10083463-62-1 Bromochloroacetonitrile 154 -15 181 0.38 1.11 18,720 1.2·1020.0 -2.82 No -147 <100615-58-7 2,4-dibromophenol 252 71 270 3.22 2.86 156 2.1 3.5 -2.732 No -147 <100608-33-3 2,6-dibromophenol 252 71 270 3.36 2.87 119 5.7·10-11.2 -2.401 No -147 <100118-79-6 2,4,6-tribromophenol 331 94 244 4.13 3.07 50 4.2·10-22.8·10-1-1.772 No - 15 513106-93-4 1,2-dibromoethane 188 9-10 131 1.96 1.64 4,040 2.1·1049.6·102-2.017 No Hydrolysis 29 <10096-12-8 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 236 -7 197 2.96 2.12 83 5.9·1011.7·102-1.66 No Hydrolysis146 <10096-18-4 1,2,3-trichloropropane147 -47 162 2.27 2.12 897 3.6·1023.0·101-1.583 No -147 <10095-49-8 2-chlorotoluene 127 -27 159 3.42 2.65 114 3.6·1023.9·102-3.577 No -147 <100106-43-4 4-chlorotoluene 127 -27 162 3.33 2.64 136 3.0·1022.8·102-3.61 No -147 <100608-21-9 1,2,3-tribromobenzene 315 65 264 4.66 2.87 1 4.4·10-11.3·102-2.788 No -295 <100* Sodium nitrite used asmodel substance for Nitrite** In marine water ozone is assumed to immediately be transformed 100% into hypobromiteShaded cells indicate when the PBT criteria for persistence are exceededMEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 31

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 4.3.2 Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity (PBT)

The criteria for a substance to be characterized as a PBT is described in Procedure (G9),

Table 1.

Persistence

The substances exceeding the criteria for pers istence are shown as shaded cells in Table 5

above. None of these substances were measur ed in concentrations above the detection limit for the respective chemical analysis.

Bioaccumulation

As shown in Table 5 all substances ha ve a BCF < 100, except 2,4,6-tribromophenol, which has a BCF of 513. Therefore, none of the substances are fulfilling the criteria on

bioaccumulation stated in Proce dure (G9), Table 1 (BCF > 2,000).

Toxicity

In general, few studies of chronic toxicity are considered to be reliable, and often the documentation of experimental set-ups is poo r. Information on acute toxicity is more

abundant. With the data available none of the evaluated substances were having NOEC

values below the criteria fo r toxicity (NOEC < 0.01 mg/L).

4.3.3 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)

None of the substances evaluated are on the EU prioritization list for endocrine disrupting

substances.

4.4 Ecotoxicity

Acute and chronic ecotoxicity data has been co llected for deriving the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) which corresponds to the c oncentrations at which the substances do not exhibit a risk to water-living organisms. The pr inciples described in the IMO guidance document

on risk assessment of chemical substances were applied for the derivation of the PNEC values.

The respective PNEC values are depicted in Table 6 . Shaded cells indicate when the PNEC value is below the detection limit of the chemical analysis of the respective substance.

Nitrite was the only compound detected in concentrations above the detection limit (see Table 6). Compared to the initial concentra tion (concentration in untreated freshwater) the concentration was increased by 0.05 mg/L. Generally, the toxicity of Nitrite to fish even occurs at natural concentrations. The toxicity of Nitrite depends on a large number of factors, the most important being water chemistry and especially chloride concentration. According to data found in PAN Database the acute toxicity towards algae, crustaceans and fish varies between 27 and 226 mg nitrite/L. A recent study performed by Kroupova et al. 2008 showed an acute toxicity towards Ocorhynchus mykiss of 11.2 mg Nitrite/L. This value is used in the following risk assessment.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 32

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Table 6 : Derived PNEC values (μg/L). Shaded cells indicate when the

PNEC value is below the detection limit of the chemical analysis.

Bold values indicate when the measured concentration in

treated water is above the PNEC value

CAS No. Substance PNEC ( μ g/l)

(F) PNEC ( μ g/l) (M) Safety

factor

(F) Safety

factor (M)

7722-84-1 Hydrogen peroxide 2.3 1.2 1000 1000

10028-15-6 Ozone 0.07 0.007 1000 10000

7632-00-0 Nitrite 11 1.1 1000 10000

7681-52-9 Sodium hypochlorite 0.04* 0.04*

- - 13824-96-9 Sodium hypobromite 0.04* 0.04*

- - 67-66-3 Trichloromethane 146 15 1000 10000

75-27-4 Dichlorobromomethane 640 64 10 100

124-48-1 Dibromochloromethane 6. 0.6 10 100

75-25-2 Tribromomethane 339 34 10 100

79-11-8 Monochloroacetic acid 0.58 0.058 1000 10000

79-43-6 Dichloroacetic acid 106 11 1000 10000

76-03-9 Trichloroacetic acid 0.2 0.02 1000 10000

79-08-3 Monobromoacetic acid 0.2 0.02 1000 10000

631-64-1 Dibromoacetic acid 62 6 1000 10000

5589-96-8 Bromochloroacetic acid 179** 19** 1000 10000

71133-14-7 Dichlorobromoacetic acid 0.25** 0.03** 1000 10000

5278-95-5 Dibromochloroacetic acid 0.31** 0.03** 1000 10000

75-96-7 Tribromoacetic acid 279 28 1000 10000

3252-43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile 0.55 0.055 1000 10000

83463-62-1 Bromochloroacetonitrile 0.43 0.04 1000 10000

615-58-7 2,4-dibromophenol 2.78 0.28 1000 10000

608-33-3 2,6-dibromophenol 3.15 0.315 1000 10000

118-79-6 2,4,6-tribromophenol 0.22 0.022 1000 10000

96-12-8 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 19 1.9 1000 10000

96-18-4 1,2,3-trichloropropane 4.1 0.41 1000 10000

95-49-8 2-chlorotoluene 0.7 0.07 1000 10000

106-43-4 4-chlorotoluene 32 3.2 10 100

*) Value given as TRC. Value equivalent to 0.04 FAC

** ) Calculated assuming same molar ecotoxicity of chlorine and bromine compound.

4.5 Prediction of discharge and environmen tal substance concentrations: MAM-PEC

MAM-PEC calculations were perfor med for the substances where the PNEC value is below the detection limit of the chemical analysis. In ad dition, the MAM-PEC calcula tions were performed

for whole effluent.

The start concentrations used for th e MAM-PEC modelling are depicted in Table 7 . All concentrations used are below the detection limits with nitrite in freshwater as the only exception. In this case, the nitrite was present in the test water.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 33

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Table 7 : Start concentrations of the substances released after

DESMI Ocean Guard A/S treatment

CAS No. Substance Marine water Fresh water Unit

7632-00-0 Nitrite (NO 2 ) 0.33 0.005* mg/L 7722-84-1 Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) 0.04* 0.04* mg/L 10028-15-6 Ozone 0.01** 0.01** mg/L 7681-52-9 HOCl/OCl- 0.04* 0.04* mg/L

13824-96-9 HOBr/OBr- 0.04* 0.04* mg/L

79-11-8 Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) 1.0* 1.0* μ g/L

76-03-9 Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) 1.0* 1.0* μ g/L

79-08-3 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) 1.0* 1.0* μ g/L

5278-95-5 Dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA) 1.0* 1.0* μ g/L

71133-14-7 Dichlorobromoacetic acid (DCBAA) 1.0* 1.0* μ g/L

3252-43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile 1.0* 1.0* μ g/L

83463-62-2 Bromochloroacetonitrile 1.0* 1.0* μ g/L

*) Detection limit for chemical analysis provided by Teknologisk Institut. **) Detection limit provided by DESMI.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 34

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc The overall outcome of the MAM-PEC modell ing is estimated PECs for the different compounds, potentially occurring in the DESMI-treated ballast wa ter. The calculations were performed for an OECD-EU Commercial Harbour scenario. Selected PEC values (maximum total concentration) for freshwater and saline water are given in Table 8.

Table 8 : MAM-PEC estimated PEC value s for in OECD-EU Commercial Harbour saline water (SW) and freshwater (FW) scenarios

CAS No. Substance PEC-SW PEC-FW Unit 7632-00-0 Nitrite (NO 2 ) 0.038 0.001 μ g/L

7722-84-1 Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) 0.042 0.027 μ g/L

10028-15-6 Ozone 0.025 0.025 μ g/L

7681-52-9 HOCl/OCl- 0.004 0.004 μ g/L

13824-96-9 HOBr/OBr- 0.004 0.004 μ g/L

79-11-8 Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) 0.006 0.006 μ g/L

76-03-9 Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) 0.007 0.007 μ g/L

79-08-3 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) 0.006 0.006 μ g/L

5278-95-5 Dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA) 0.007 0.007 μ g/L

71133-14-7 Dichlorobromoacetic acid (DCBAA) 0.007 0.007 μ g/L

3252-43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile 0.007 0.007 μ g/L

83463-62-2 Bromochloroacetonitrile 0.007 0.007 μ g/L

4.6 Prediction of whole effluent discha rge and environmental whole effluent

concentration: MAM-PEC

The MAM-PEC modelling on whole effluent was provided showing a daily release of 79096 m 3

ballast water to the OECD-EU Commercial Harbour . This results in a maximum ballast water

concentration of 6.55 mL/L.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 35

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 4.7 Environmental risk assessment

4.7.1 Assessment of discharged substances

Table 9 gives calculated risk quotients for saline wa ter for the various identified substances and

Table 10 shows the calculated risk quotients for fresh water.

Table 9 : Estimated risk quotients calculated for saline water based on

MAM-PEC calculations. Where th e PEC/PNEC ratio exceeds 1, this is indicated by shaded cells

CAS No. Substance Concentrations in treated SW (μg/L) PEC-SW (μg/L) PNEC-SW (μg/L) PEC/PNEC-SW

7722-84-1 Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) 40 0.04 1.2 0.03

10028-15-6 Ozone 10 0.025 0.007 3.6

7681-52-9 HOCl/OCl- 40 0.004 0.04 0.11

13824-96-9 HOBr/OBr- 40 0.004 0.04 0.11

79-11-8 Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) 1 0.006 0.058 0.11

76-03-9 Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) 1 0.007 0.02 0.36

79-08-3 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) 1 0.006 0.02 0.31

5278-95-5 Dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA) 1 0.007 0.03 0.24

71133-14-7 Dichlorobromoacetic acid (DCBAA) 1 0.007 0.03 0.24

3252-43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile 1 0.007 0.055 0.13

83463-62-2 Bromochloroacetonitrile 1 0.007 0.04 0.17MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 36

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc Table 10 : Estimated risk quotients calculated for fresh

water based on MAM-PEC calculations

CAS No. Substance Concentrations

in treated

FW (μg/L) PEC-FW (μg/L) PNEC-FW (μg/L) PEC/PNEC-FW 7722-84-1 Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) 40 0.027 1.2 0.02

10028-15-6 Ozone 10 0.025 0.07 0.36

7681-52-9 HOCl/OCl- 40 0.004 0.04 0.1

13824-96-9 HOBr/OBr- 40 0.004 0.04 0.1

79-11-8 Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) 1 0.006 0.58 0.01 76-03-9 Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) 1 0.007 0.2 0.04

79-08-3 Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) 1 0.006 0.2 0.03

5278-95-5 Dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA) 1 0.007 0.25 0.03

71133-14-7 Dichlorobromoacetic acid (DCBAA) 1 0.007 0.31 0.02

3252-43-5 Dibromoacetonitrile 1 0.007 0.55 0.01

83463-62-2 Bromochloroacetonitrile 1 0.007 0.43 0.02

Like most sum parameters, AOX and EOX include a large number of different compounds, including some of the substan ces mentioned in Table 9 and Ta ble 10. Therefore, there is no specific PNEC value available for use in a risk assessment.

AOX is a parameter, which is regulated by, e. g., HELCOM. For plants discharging into water bodies or connected to municipal sewerage syst em, HELCOM recommend that the concentration of AOX should not exceed 1,000 μ g/L (HELCOM 1995).

As seen from Table 9, the supply of AOX amounts to max 40 μ g/L. AOX was 0.05 mg/L in treated marine water and 0.04 mg/L in fresh wa ter, thus far below the amount which is recommended as a cut-off limit by HELCOM.

4.7.2 Assessment of whole effluent

The whole effluent concentration was calculate d to 6.55 mL/L, which is more than a factor

of 100 below the NOECs found in the acute tests.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 37

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 4.8 Overall conclusion on the environmental risk assessment

The risk assessment shown above is performed as a conservative estimation using the estimated maximum concentrations of potentially released Active Substances and by-products inside the harbour. Typically, the mean concentrations ar e a factor of 2-3 lower than the maximum

concentrations while the con centrations in surrounding waters (water outside the harbour)

are 10-30 times lower than the concentratio n in the harbour. Base d on these conservative estimations, the following conclusions are drawn:

• The concentration of whole effluent in the OECD commercial harbour

amounts to 6.55 ml/L.

• Acute ecotoxicity tests performed on algae, crustaceans and fish indicate no toxic effects up to 1,000 ml/L (100% und iluted treated ballast water).

• Based on PEC/PNEC evaluation, only ozone in marine water poses a potential risk to

the environment.

• The calculations on ozone are very conservative and based on the detection limit for the chemical analysis of 0.01 mg/L. For Fi nal Approval of the DESMI ballast water treatment system, a lower detection li mit should, if possible, be applied.

• None of the other evaluated substanc es shows a PEC/PNEC ratio above 1.

• The release of AOX /EOX did not ex ceed the HELCOM cut-off limit of 1,000 μ g/L in discharged water.

• Based on the evaluated fate of the substances , none of the substan ces is expected to

accumulate in sediments.

4.9 Risk to safety of ship

4.9.1 Increased corrosion

The DESMI Ocean Guard technology is character ized by the absence of any oxidation residual after treatment. Therefore, no corrosion supporting or corrosion stimulating effects are connected to the technology.

4.9.2 Fire and explosion

Generally speaking, the major risks with ships are fire and flood. Regard ing fire, safety is enhanced by implementing the following measures:

- in case of fire occurring in the engine-room or in another room where the DESMI Ocean Guard system is installed, the syst em can be stopped from outside the room;

and

- in case of a fire alarm, the electric po wer supply to the system will be shut down.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 38

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc The electrical and electronic parts of the DE SMI Ocean Guard BWMS are intrinsically safe. There is no risk of fire or expl osion associated with the system.

4.9.3 Storage and handling of the substances

Low concentration ozone gas is produced cont inuously during operation of the ballast water management system. It is injected inst antaneously into the ballast water.

No storage or handling of any chemical is n eeded apart from common detergents used for cleaning, etc.

4.9.4 Contact with, or inhalation of, process products

Ozone as Active Substance and the Relevant Chem icals may cause the following potential risk to shipboard personnel when this system operates:

- hazard to respiratory organ by inhalation of ozone; and

- hazard to eye and dermis by contact w ith ozone and Relevant Chemicals.

4.9.5 Countermeasures for Ozone leakage

This system is equipped with ozone gas sensors located at the ozone gene rating UV-unit, near the ozone injector and near the waste ozone destruct ion (reactor unit) unit so that ozone leakage can always be under surveillan ce. If leakage should be detected, a visible and a udible alarm is raised, the UV lamps are automatically shut off and, c onsequently, the ozone production is stopped and the evacuation of shipboard personnel is urged. Portable ozone leak sensors are installed on board

so that the ozone concentration can be measured by shipboard personnel at appropriate locations and inhalation of air containing ozone can be prevented.

Goggles and protective masks are also provided on board. Caution plates are located near the ozone containing units to draw attention to the hazard.

As ozone is a strong oxidizing substance, appropri ate materials are used where ozone is present so that the integrity of the system is maintained and ozone leakage is prevented.

4.9.6 Noise

As the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS technology in cludes only one water pump for operating the ozone injection system as a noi se-generating component (besides the already existing ballast water pumps) the noise level generated by DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS will be below the permissible average noise at th e work place of 85 dB(A), according to EC guidelines 2002/44/EG and 2003/10/EG (B GBI 2007). The pump used for the injection system is a conventional centrifugal pump. The noise level for the large scale BWMS will be measured in accordance with EC guidelines.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 39

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 4.10 Human exposure scenario and risk assessment for crew and public

The section below is an extract from the executive summary of “Preliminary chemical characterization, whole effluent toxicity an d risk evaluation of treated ballast water for Basic Approval application” from DHI. The full re port is enclosed in confidential material of this application.

4.10.1 Occupational exposure

Occupational exposure to Active Su bstances and their degradatio n products may occur in the following two situations:

• Sampling from the system. However, sampling is expected only to be carried out by external technicians, and thus no exposure to the crew on the ship due to sampling is expected.

• On the loading of the ballast tanks with wa ter – The excessive air of the ballast tanks arising as air is replaced with water in the ballast tanks, and w ill be exhausted on board and humans on board may inhale some of this air.

If the substance was not detected, the concentr ation in the water was assumed equal to the detection limit. The predicted concentrations in air were then compared with the OEL values

found for the various substances fo r various countries, and the requi red dilution in order to have

concentrations in the air below the OEL is calcu lated. The results of these calculations are shown in Table 12. The predicted concentration in th e air at equilibrium is well below the various OEL values – except for dibromoethane, for wh ich the predicted concentration in the air at equilibrium is slightly above the Dutch OEL value (indicated by shading in Table 111 below), but below all other OEL values, and for ozon e where the concentration is above all known OEL values for ozone. This is mainly due to a very conservative estimate based on the detection limit for ozone, as no ozone was measured either in the treated fresh water or in the marine

waters.MEPC 60/2/4ANNEXPage 40I:\MEPC\60\2-4.docTable 111 : Predicted concentrations inair compared with the OEL-values foundfor the various substances for various countriesSubstanceCi(M)μg/LCi(F)μg/LCair (M)mg/m3Cair (F)mg/m3 AT BE CZ CH DE DK EE ES EU FI FR GB GR HU IE IS LT LU LV NL NO PL PT RU SE SI SK USReq. dilutionHydrogen peroxide40 40 3.E-04 3.E-041.4 1.4 0.71 0.71 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4-Ozone10108.E+013.E+010.20.20.10.20.20.120.150.2770Nitrite5 330-Sodium hypochlorite40 40 2.E-17 2.E-17-Sodium hypobromite40 40 4.E-21 4.E-21-Trichloromethane0.05 0.05 7.E-03 7.E-0310 10 10 2.5 10 10 10 10 10 10 9.9 50 10 9.8 10 10 10 10 5 10 8 5 10 10 10-Dichlorobromomethane0.02 0.02 8.E-03 8.E-03-Dibromochloromethane0.02 0.02 6.E-03 6.E-03-Tribromomethane0.02 0.02 5.E-04 5.E-045 5.3 5 5 5.3 5.2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5-Monochloroacetic acid1 1 1.E-07 1.E-074 4 4 1.2 1 4 1 2 4 4-Dichloroacetic acid1 1 1.E-06 1.E-062.7 4 4-Trichloroacetic acid1 1 1.E-06 1.E-065 6.8 1 6.8 5 5 1 5 5-Monobromoacetic acid1 1 1.E-05 1.E-05-Dibromoacetic acid1 1 1.E-05 1.E-05-Bromochloroacetic acid1 1 3.E-05 3.E-05-Dichlorobromoacetic acid1 1 9.E-05 9.E-05-Dibromochloroacetic1 1 3.E-05 3.E-05-Tribromoacetic acid1 1 4.E-06 4.E-06-Dibromoacetonitrile1 1 4.E-04 4.E-04-Bromochloroacetonitrile1 1 0.E+00-2,4-dibromophenol0.01 0.01 1.E-05 1.E-05-2,6-dibromophenol0.02 0.02 1.E-05 1.E-05-2,4,6-tribromophenol0.04 0.04 5.E-06 5.E-06-1,2-dibromoethane0.02 0.02 8.E-03 8.E-030.8 1 1 3.9 0.78 3.9 4 4 10.002 1 0.5 0.84.11,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane0.02 0.02 1.E-03 1.E-030.01 0.01-1,2,3-trichloropropane0.02 0.02 3.E-04 3.E-04300 61 0.6 300 18 300 300 60 2 2 0.108 60 7-2-Chlorotoluene0.02 0.02 3.E-03 3.E-03250 263 285 250 264 250 250 250 285 10 125 100-4-Chlorotoluene0.02 0.02 2.E-03 2.E-0310-1,2,3-tribromobenzene0.05 0.05 3.E-03 3.E-03-MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc The minimum dilution required for reaching a leve l below the OEL values for all considered substances was calculated to be 770 times. On the largest vessel (the worst case scenario) the estimated dilution achieved is 96 times (Table 12) , thus approximately 8 times less than required

on these initial calculations.

Table 122 : Estimated dilution factors (F)

DWT (Tons) BW (m 3 ) LENGTH (m) WIDTH (m) Q air (m 3 /hr) Q ballast (m 3 /hr) Dilution (F)

6,615 1,832 100 15 270,000 153 1770

14,215 4,857 150 22.5 405,000 405 1002

30,547 11,359 200 30 540,000 947 571

65,646 25,332 250 37.5 675,000 2,111 321

141,074 55,360 300 45 810,000 4,613 177

303,166 119,889 350 52.5 945,000 9,991 96

4.10.2 Exposure via the environment

Human exposure to substances in the ballast water may occur as:

• Oral intake due to bioaccumulation of the substances in bivalves and fish

• Oral, inhalative and dermal exposure during bathing in area s close to the ballast water

outlet

Table 13 shows the calculated total uptake of each s ubstance, the applied Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) values and the estimated risk quotients, which is the ratio between the calculated daily uptake and

the TDI value. It is seen that the estimated to tal daily uptake from eating fish and swimming in the harbour is well below the TDI values excep t for 1,2-dibromoethane for a child who swims twice a day and inhaling air from the area.

4.10.3 Overall conclusion on the human exposure assessment

Exposure to humans from the treate d ballast water may occur due to:

• Inhalation from exhaust air emitted from the ballast tanks (occupational). The predicted concentration in the air for inhalation is far below existing OEL values except for ozone. The calculations on ozone are very conservative and based on a relatively high detection limit of 0.01 mg/L. For Final Approval of the DESMI ballast water treatment system a lower detection lim it should be applied. If a conservative estimate using a lower detection limit for oz one still shows a potential risk, this risk has to be prevented by usi ng, e.g., a respirator, avoiding contact with vent channels from the tanks or using lo cal exhaust ventilation.

• Exposure via the environment due to eating the fish from the harbour area and due to swimming in the harbour area is consider ed low as the predicted daily uptake considering all uptake routes simultaneously is far below existing TDI values, no risk to the public from the treated ballast wate r is expected besides for 1,2-dibromoethane for children swimming in the harbour and inhaling air.MEPC 60/2/4ANNEXPage 42I:\MEPC\60\2-4.docTable 13 : Calculated total dailyuptake, TDI and risk quotientsMarine FreshExposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)RQ(-)RQ(-)RQ(-)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)RQ(-)RQ(-)RQ(-)SubstanceTDI(μg/kgbodyweight/day)Man Female Child Man Female ChildMan Female Child Man Female ChildHydrogen peroxide-3.6E-04 4.0E-04 1.0E-03 - - -2.3E-04 2.6E-04 6.6E-04 - - -Ozone-3.7E+01 3.5E+01 1.8E+02 - - -1.6E+01 1.5E+01 7.7E+01 - - -Nitrite 46 3.2E-04 3.6E-04 8.7E-04 6.9E-06 7.7E-06 1.9E-05 5.8E-06 6.5E-06 1.6E-05 1.3E-07 1.4E-07 3.4E-07Sodium hypochlorite 324 3.7E-05 4.2E-05 1.0E-04 1.2E-07 1.3E-07 3.1E-07 3.7E-05 4.2E-05 1.0E-04 1.2E-07 1.3E-07 3.1E-07Sodium hypobromite 517 3.7E-05 4.2E-05 1.0E-04 7.2E-08 8.0E-08 2.0E-07 3.7E-05 4.2E-05 1.0E-04 7.2E-08 8.0E-08 2.0E-07Trichloromethane Cl3CH 10 3.6E-05 3.4E-051.7E-04 3.6E-06 3.4E-06 1.7E-05 3.6E-05 3.4E-05 1.7E-04 3.6E-06 3.4E-06 1.7E-05Dichlorobromomethane CHBrCl2 2.1 4.4E-05 4.2E-05 2.1E-04 2.1E-05 2.0E-05 9.9E-05 4.4E-05 4.2E-05 2.1E-04 2.1E-05 2.0E-05 9.9E-05Dibromochloromethane CHClBr2 303.5E-05 3.3E-05 1.6E-04 1.2E-061.1E-06 5.5E-06 3.5E-05 3.3E-051.6E-04 1.2E-06 1.1E-06 5.5E-06Tribromomethane Br3CH 25 2.5E-06 2.4E-061.2E-05 1.0E-07 9.7E-08 4.7E-07 2.5E-06 2.4E-06 1.2E-05 1.0E-07 9.7E-08 4.7E-07Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) 3.5 5.1E-05 5.7E-05 1.4E-04 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 4.0E-05 5.1E-05 5.7E-05 1.4E-04 1.5E-05 1.6E-05 4.0E-05Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) 40 5.1E-05 5.7E-05 1.4E-04 1.3E-06 1.4E-063.5E-06 5.1E-05 5.7E-05 1.4E-04 1.3E-06 1.4E-06 3.5E-06Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) 40 4.6E-05 5.1E-05 1.3E-04 1.2E-06 1.3E-063.3E-06 4.6E-05 5.1E-05 1.3E-04 1.2E-06 1.3E-06 3.3E-06Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) - 5.4E-05 6.0E-051.5E-04 - - - 5.4E-05 6.0E-05 1.5E-04 - - -Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) 20 5.5E-05 6.0E-05 1.6E-04 2.7E-06 3.0E-067.8E-06 5.5E-05 6.0E-05 1.6E-04 2.7E-06 3.0E-06 7.8E-06Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) - 6.0E-05 6.5E-05 1.8E-04 - - - 6.0E-05 6.5E-05 1.8E-04 - - -Dichlorobromoacetic acid (DCBAA)- 8.8E-05 9.4E-05 3.0E-04 - -- 8.8E-05 9.4E-05 3.0E-04 - - -Dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA) - 6.9E-05 7.6E-05 2.1E-04 - - - 6.9E-05 7.6E-05 2.1E-04 - - -Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA) - 6.0E-05 6.7E-051.7E-04 - - - 6.0E-05 6.7E-05 1.7E-04 - - -Dibromoacetonitrile 23 1.7E-04 1.7E-04 7.1E-04 7.6E-06 7.6E-06 3.1E-05 1.7E-04 1.7E-04 7.1E-04 7.6E-06 7.6E-06 3.1E-05MEPC 60/2/4ANNEXPage 43I:\MEPC\60\2-4.docMarine FreshExposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)RQ(-)RQ(-)RQ(-)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)Exposure(μg/kgbw/day)RQ(-)RQ(-)RQ(-)SubstanceTDI(μg/kgbodyweight/day)Man Female Child Man Female ChildMan Female Child Man Female ChildBromochloroacetonitrile 0.06 5.7E-05 6.4E-05 1.6E-04 1.0E-03 1.1E-03 2.7E-03 5.7E-05 6.4E-05 1.6E-04 1.0E-03 1.1E-03 2.7E-032,4-dibromophenol - 8.1E-068.3E-06 3.1E-05 - - - 8.1E-06 8.3E-06 3.1E-05 - - -2,6-dibromophenol - 1.1E-051.2E-05 3.4E-05 - - - 1.1E-05 1.2E-05 3.4E-05 - - -2,4,6-tribromophenol - 2.3E-04 2.7E-04 5.5E-04 - - - 2.3E-04 2.7E-04 5.5E-04 - - -1,2-Dibromoethane 0.01 2.7E-03 2.5E-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-01 2.2E-011.1E+00 2.7E-03 2.5E-031.3E-02 2.4E-01 2.2E-011.1E+001,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 0.03 4.7E-04 4.4E-04 2.2E-03 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 7.7E-02 4.7E-04 4.4E-04 2.2E-03 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 7.7E-021,2,3-trichloropropane - 8.7E-05 8.3E-05 4.0E-04 - - - 8.7E-05 8.3E-05 4.0E-04 - - -2-chlorotoluene - 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 5.2E-03 - - - 1.1E-03 1.1E-03 5.2E-03 - - -4-chlorotoluene - 7.9E-04 7.5E-04 3.7E-03 - - - 7.9E-04 7.5E-04 3.7E-03 - - -1,2,3-tribromobenzene - 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 5.3E-03 - - - 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 5.3E-03 - - -Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) - 4.6E-05 5.1E-05 1.3E-04 - - - 2.3E-04 2.6E-04 6.6E-04 - - -MEPC 60/2/4

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I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc 5 CONCLUSION

During the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS process, aquatic organisms will be affected by UV (photons) and ozone. Both Active Substances are short-lived and their pr esence is restricted to the duration of the UV application, locally to the treatment reactor.

Exposure to the aquatic environment from subs tances termed Relevant Chemicals and other substances, which can be produced indirectly through photons and radicals, could occur after discharge of the treat ed ballast water.

As shown by chemical analysis of water sample s before and after ballast water treatment,

concentrations of all observed substances we re below the LoQ. Ther efore, no indication of release of harmful substances, resulting in an in crease of environmental concentrations could be

observed.

As there is no indication for the release of harmful substances, the actual potential for bioaccumulation is considered to be very low. Ne ither sediment toxicity, nor bioconcentration or magnification effects, including secondary poiso ning are considered to be of concern.

With regard to the predicted ozone concentration in air compared with OEL values (Table 11) no ozone has been measured at all. However, DESM I Ocean Guard is aware that when going to the large-scale test, the used apparatus for measuri ng potential ozone has to be with very fine

detection values.

From the Risk Assessment we have not identified unmanageable risks associ ated to the ship, its personnel or other persons and/or parties concer ned, which are originated by the installation and operation of the DESMI Ocean Guard ballast water treatment system.

On the basis of the results of analysis of se veral theoretical possible by-products and the risk assessment, it can be concluded that there is no indication for a risk to the aquatic environment and/or humans based on the treatment process of the DESMI Ocean Guard BWMS.

5.1 Test report data quality

5.1.1 DHI

DHI is an independent research and consul tancy organization, formed by merging Danish Hydraulic Institute, VKI – Institute for the Wate r Environment and Danish Toxicology Centre.

DHI’s objectives are to build competence and promote technological development in areas relevant to water, environment and health in the fields of ecology and environmental chemistry, water resources, hydraulic engineering and hydro dynamics as well as other related fields.

The Institute has a total staff of approximately 800, the majority of whom are professional engineers and scientists with pos t-graduate qualifications – 35% have a Ph.D. – and several years of consultancy and R&D experience.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 45

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc DHI’s main office is located in Hørsholm, De nmark, and offices are located in Australia, Bulgaria, China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, the United Arab Emirates and the United States. DHI has represen tative offices in Brazil, Japan, Thailand and Vietnam and also an extensive agents network.

DHI has been authorized as an Approved Technol ogical Service Institute by the Danish Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation.

5.1.1.1 Quality, Safety and Environment

All DHI’s activities are performed in accordance with its quality management system, which is based on the Institute’s objectives and policies and its commitment to quality, as stated in the Quality Manual and associated quality system documentation developed according to ISO 9001, ISO 17025 and ISO 14001. The Environmental laboratories perform testing accredited by DANAK (Danish Accreditation Scheme) and according to OECD’s principles for good laboratory practice (GLP).

6 REFERENCES

.1 Dorfman, L.M. and Adams: Reactivit y of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solutions, National Standard Refere nce System. Monograph NSRDS-NBS 46. National Bureau of Standards, 1973.

.2 Glaze, William H. et al. : The Chemistry of Water Tr eatment Processes Involving Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultrav iolet Radiation. Ozone: Science & Engineering, vol.9:335-352, 87.

.3 Hoigne J. and Bader H.: The role of hydroxyl radical reactions in ozonation processes in aqueous solutions. Water Research 10, p.377-386, 1976.

.4 Morel, F.M.M. and J.G. Hering: Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry ( 2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993.

.5 Stumm, W. and Morgan: Aquatic Chemistry, Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters. 3rd ed., A Wiley Inters cience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.

.6 Hoigne, J.: Chemistry of aqueous oz one and transformation of pollutants by ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , Vol. 5 Part C, Quality and Treatment of Drinking Water (edited by J. Hrubec) Springver-Verlag, Berlin, 1998.

.7 Prado, J and S Esplugas: Co mparison of Different Adva nced Oxidation Processes Involving Ozone to Eliminat e Atrazine. Ozone: Science & Engineering, vol. 21, No. 1, p. 39-52, 1999.

.8 Japan: HARMFUL AQUATIC OR GANISMS IN BALLAST WATER Application for Final Approval of the Special Pipe Hybrid, Ballast Water Management System (combined with Ozone treatment). MEPC 59/2/1, 2008.MEPC 60/2/4

ANNEX Page 46

I:\MEPC\60\2-4.doc .9 Germany: HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER, Application for Basic Approval of the AquaTriComb Ballast Water Treatment System. MEPC 59/2/8, 2008.

.10 Summerfelt, Steven T. et al . Aquacultural Engineerin g volume 32, Issue 1, Journal: 2003 Aquacultural Engineering Society Issues Forum, Dec. 2004, p. 209-223.

.11 Krasner, S. T. et al .: Formation and Control of Bromate During Ozonation of Waters Containing Bromide . Journal of AWWA, 85:1:73, Jan. 1993.

.12 Siddiqui, M. S. et al .: Alternative Strategies for Removing Bromate . Journal of AWWA, vol. 86 (10), 1994, p. 81-95.

.13 Wagler, J. L. and J. P. Jr Malley: The Removal of MTBE from a Model Groundwater using UV/Peroxide Oxidation . Journal of New England Water Works Association, 1994, p. 236-243.

.14 Peyton, G. R. et al .: Effect of Bicarbonate Alkalinity on Performance of Advanced

Oxidation Processes . AWWARF, 1998.

.15 Liang, S. et al .: Oxidation of MTBE by Ozone and Peroxone . Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 91 (6), 1999, p. 104-114.

.16 Von Gunten, U. and J. Hoigne: Bromate Formation during Ozonation of Bromide-Containing Waters: Interac tion of Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical

Reactions . Environmental Science and Technology, v. 28, 1994, p. 1234-1242.

.17 Buxton, G.V. et al.: Critical Review of Rate Cons tants for Hydrated Electrons, Hydrogen Atoms and Hydroxyl Radicals (OH/O-) in Aqueous Solution . Journal Physical and Chemical Refere nce Data, vol. 17, No. 2, 1988, p. 13.

.18 Ozone introduction. Published by Lenntech Water treatment & air purification Holding B.V. Internet address: http://www.lenntech.com/ozone/ozone-introduction.htm.

.19 Ozone decomposition. P ublished by Lenntec h Water treatment & air purification Holding B.V. Internet address: http://www.lenntech.com/ozone /ozone-decomposition.htm.

.20 Kroupova H, Machova J, Piackova V, Blahova J, Dobsikova R, Novotny L, Svobodova Z (2008): Effects of subchroni c nitrite exposure on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotoxicology a nd Environmental Safety 71:813-820.

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