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METHOD 9015 

METAL CYANIDE COMPLEXES IN WATERS AND WASTE EXTRACTS USING

 ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY AND UV DETECTION

 SW-846 is not intended to be an analytical training manual. Therefore, method 

procedures are written based on the assumption that they will be performed by analysts who are 

formally trained in at least the basic principles of chemical analysis and in the use of the subject 

technology. 

 In addition, SW-846 methods, with the exception of required method use for the analysis 

of method-defined parameters, are intended to be guidance methods which contain general 

information on how to perform an analytical procedure or technique which a laboratory can use 

as a basic starting point for generating its own detailed standard operating procedure (SOP), 

either for its own general use or for a specific project application. The performance data 

included in this method are for guidance purposes only, and are not intended to be and must not 

be used as absolute QC acceptance criteria for purposes of laboratory accreditation.

1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 

 1.1 This method covers the determination of metal cyanide complexes in waters 

and extracts of solid wastes using anion exchange chromatography and UV detection (Refs. 1, 

2). The following analytes have been determined by this method: 

Analyte Common Name 

[Ag(CN)2]

- Dicyanoargentate(I) 

[Au(CN)2]

- Dicyanoaurate(I) 

[Co(CN)6]

3- Hexacyanocolbaltate(III) 

[Cu(CN)3]

2- Tricyanocuprate(I) 

[Fe(CN)6]

3- Hexacyanoferrate(III)a

[Fe(CN)6]

4- Hexacyanoferrate(II)b

[Ni(CN)4]

2- Tetracyanonickelate(II) 

 

a

Also referred to as ferricyanide 

 

b

Also referred to as ferrocyanide 

 1.2 The use of alkaline sample preservation conditions for aqueous samples 

ensures that all metal cyanide species are solubilized and recovered in the analysis (Refs. 3-6). 

 1.3 Prior to the analysis of solid waste samples, the Method 9013 alkaline 

extraction procedure is necessary (Ref. 7). For the extract solutions to be analyzed by this 

method, the procedure in Sec. 11.2 needs to be performed after the Method 9013 extraction 

process. 

 1.4 This method may be applied to water and Method 9013 extract samples 

containing metal cyanide complexes with concentrations ranging from 0.2-200 mg/L (measured 

as [M(CN)b]

x-, where M is the metal cation, b is the number of cyanide ions, and x is the overall 
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charge of the metal cyanide complex anion). This range will differ depending on the specific 

metal cyanide analyte, with some exhibiting greater or lesser detection sensitivity than others. 

Approximate calibration ranges are provided in Table 1. Concentrations greater than the 

specific analyte range may be determined after appropriate dilution. 

 1.5 Metal cyanide concentrations less than 0.2 mg/L may be determined through 

the use of on-line sample preconcentration coupled with anion exchange chromatography. 

Specific instructions for performing anion exchange chromatography analysis using sample 

preconcentration are given in Sec. 11.4. The concentration range for detection will vary 

depending on the specific metal cyanide analyte, with some exhibiting greater or lesser 

detection sensitivity than others. Approximate calibration ranges are provided in Table 2. The 

preconcentration method is not applicable for silver and copper cyanide complexes in matrices 

with total dissolved solids (TDS) greater than 1000 mg/L. 

 1.6 This test method is capable of resolving the metal cyanide complexes of iron, 

cobalt, silver, gold, copper, and nickel. The test method may also be applied to the 

determination of additional metal cyanide complexes, such as those of palladium and platinum. 

However, it is the responsibility of the user of this method to establish the validity of the test 

method for the determination of cyanide complexes of other metals. 

 1.7 This method cannot determine some weak metal cyanide complexes, such as 

zinc- and cadmium-cyanide complexes. These complexes elute very quickly and therefore 

cannot be differentiated from the solvent peak in the chromatogram. 

 1.8 This test method is not applicable for matrices with high ionic strength 

(conductivity greater than 70,000 μmhos/cm) or high TDS (greater than 30,000 mg/L). 

 1.9 The reactive cyanide content of a waste is not determined by this method and 

this method is not required by the RCRA regulations for the determination of the hazardous 

waste characteristic of reactivity. See 40 CFR 261.23 for information on the characteristic of 

reactivity. 

 1.10 This method is useful for the direct determination of metal cyanide complexes. 

The method is important from an environmental perspective in that it can differentiate between 

the cyanide species of limited toxicity and the highly toxic free cyanide (HCN and CN-

) that 

together make up total cyanide (Ref. 3). The toxicity of metal cyanide complexes is generally 

related to their ability to dissociate in the environment and release free cyanide (Ref. 8). 

Table 3 presents the log K stability constants for selected metal complex cyanides which may 

be used to provide an estimate of their relative environmental toxicity. Previous determinations 

of metal cyanide complexes have been made based on the assumption that the concentration is 

equivalent to the difference between total cyanide and free cyanide. This approach is subject to 

error because different methods used to determine free cyanide, such as the cyanides 

amenable to chlorination method (Ref. 9-11) or the weak-acid dissociable cyanide method 

(Refs. 10, 11) often provide widely varying results, thus impacting the metal cyanide complex 

concentration that is determined by difference. Direct analysis using anion exchange 

chromatography avoids these method biases and provides a more accurate and precise 

determination of metal cyanide complexes. 

 1.11 Prior to employing this method, analysts should consult the disclaimer 

statement at the front of the manual and the information in Chapter Two for guidance on the 

intended flexibility in the choice of methods, apparatus, materials, reagents, and supplies, and 
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on the responsibilities of the analyst for demonstrating that the techniques employed are 

appropriate for the analytes of interest, in the matrix of interest, and at the levels of concern. 

 In addition, analysts and data users are advised that, except where explicitly required in 

a regulation, the use of SW-846 methods is not mandatory in response to Federal testing 

requirements. The information contained in this method is provided by EPA as guidance to be 

used by the analyst and the regulated community in making judgments necessary to generate 

results that meet the data quality objectives for the intended application. 

 1.12 This method is restricted to use by, or under supervision of, properly 

experienced and trained personnel knowledgeable of anion exchange chromatography and UV 

detection. Each analyst must demonstrate the ability to generate acceptable results with this 

method. 

2.0 SUMMARY OF METHOD 

 2.1 For aqueous samples containing 0.2 - 200 mg/L metal cyanide complexes, 

dissolved metal cyanide complexes are separated and quantified using anion exchange 

chromatography coupled with UV detection. For solid waste samples, the alkaline extraction 

procedure described in Method 9013 is necessary prior to chromatographic analysis of the 

resulting extract. A sample volume is injected into the chromatograph and onto an anion 

exchange column where the metal cyanide analytes are separated from the sample matrix by 

temporary retention on the column. The metal cyanide complexes are eluted from the column 

by the eluent gradient and detected as signal peaks using UV absorbance at 215 nm. Their 

concentrations in the sample are determined by comparison of the analyte peak area with a 

standard calibration plot. The concentration range will differ depending on the specific metal 

cyanide complex, with some complexes exhibiting greater or lesser detection sensitivity than 

others based on their molar absorptivity. Under the alkaline conditions of the analysis, 

ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]

3-) is reduced to ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]4-) co-eluting as a single analyte 

peak, with any unreduced ferricyanide exhibited as tailing on the ferrocyanide peak. 

 2.2 For aqueous samples containing 0.5 - 200 μg/L metal cyanide complexes, 

dissolved metal cyanide complexes are determined using anion exchange chromatography 

coupled with on-line sample preconcentration (Ref. 12). For solid waste samples, the alkaline 

extraction procedure described in Method 9013 is necessary prior to chromatographic analysis 

of the resulting extract. A sample volume is passed through an anion exchange concentrator 

column. As the sample passes through the column, the metal cyanide complexes are retained 

and concentrated on the column while the remainder of the sample matrix is directed to waste. 

Following concentration, the metal cyanide analytes are eluted from the concentrator column 

through gradient elution onto an anion exchange column where the remainder of the analysis is 

completed as described in Sec. 2.1. The calibration range using sample preconcentration is 

nominally 0.5-200 μg/L metal cyanide complexes. This range will differ depending on the 

specific metal cyanide analyte, with some species exhibiting greater or lesser detection 

sensitivity than others based on their molar absorptivity. 

 2.3 Samples containing 200 μg/L - 0.5 mg/L metal cyanide complexes may either 

be analyzed using the preconcentration chromatography method after appropriate dilution or as 

described in Sec. 2.1, using a larger injection volume. 
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3.0 DEFINITIONS 

 Refer to Chapter One, Chapter Three, and the manufacturer’s instructions for definitions 

that may be relevant to this procedure. 

4.0 INTERFERENCES 

 4.1 Solvents, reagents, glassware, and other sample processing hardware may 

yield artifacts and/or interferences to sample analysis. Although common anions will not 

interfere with the analysis, all materials that come into contact with samples must be 

demonstrated to be free from contaminants under the conditions of the analysis by analyzing 

method blanks. Specific selection of reagents and purification of solvents by distillation in allglass systems may be necessary. Refer to each method to be used for specific guidance on 

quality control procedures and to Chapter Three for general guidance on the cleaning of 

glassware. 

 4.2 Photodecomposition of some metal cyanide complexes such as those of iron 

can reduce their concentration (Refs. 13, 14). Collect samples so as to prevent exposure to 

light (see Sec. 8.1.). Store samples in amber, plastic/glass bottles before analysis and protect 

the samples from light whenever possible. 

 4.3 Carbonate is not a method interferent, but it can accumulate by adherence to 

the anion exchange resin of the analytical column. This may eventually lead to unstable 

baselines and a reduction in column capacity and analyte retention. Take care to avoid 

carbonate contamination when preparing and using sodium hydroxide eluents. 

CAUTION: Carbonate is formed in sodium hydroxide solutions by reaction with atmospheric 

carbon dioxide. Prepare all eluents using reagent water degassed with helium to prevent 

carbonate contamination as well as eluent outgassing during the analysis. Guidelines are 

provided in this test method for preparing low-carbonate sodium hydroxide eluent and reagent 

solutions. 

 4.4 Commercial grade sodium cyanide used in the preparation of Eluent 1 (Sec. 

7.4) often contains complexed-metal cyanide impurities. These impurities can cause noisy, 

unstable baselines during the gradient elution profile. The installation of an anion trap column 

between Eluent 1 and the gradient pump removes the impurities from the eluent stream and 

results in improved chromatographic baselines. Guidelines for installing the anion trap column 

are provided in Sec. 11.6. 

 4.5 The Dionex IonPac AG5, AG11, AS5, and AS11 chromatography columns 

referenced in this test method (Secs. 6.1.7, 6.1.8, and 6.2.4) are polymeric and accordingly will 

concentrate neutral organics and polyvalent organic anions at the head of the column. Organic 

species containing a carbonate functional group will absorb at 215 nm. These species can 

potentially cause "ghost" peaks when eluted during the analysis. This effect is a function of the 

quality of the water used in the preparation of the eluent solutions and of the column 

equilibration time. Sample preconcentration will enhance this effect. High purity reagent water 

free of organic contaminants should be used in the preparation of reagents. 
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 4.6 Free-metal cations present in either the sample matrix or as impurities in the 

combined eluent stream can combine with the free cyanide present in Eluent 1 (Sec. 7.4) to 

form extraneous metal cyanide complexes. Metal-free trap columns should be installed to 

prevent positive interference by extraneous metal cyanide complexes when performing sample 

preconcentration (Sec. 6.2.5). 

 4.7 The method calibration for iron cyanide is based on its reduced form, 

ferrocyanide. Although the alkaline conditions of the analysis favor the reduction of ferricyanide 

to ferrocyanide, any unreduced species could potentially contribute to a bias in the analytical 

results. 

 4.8 Matrices with relatively high ionic strength (conductivity greater than 70,000 

μmhos/cm) or total dissolved solids (TDS greater than 30,000 mg/L) will affect the performance 

of the analytical columns, resulting in poor separation and recovery of the metal cyanide 

complexes. Such samples, if encountered, cannot be analyzed by this method. However, this 

does not apply to most environmental samples, where the ionic strength and TDS are generally 

well below these levels. 

 4.9 When performing anion exchange chromatography coupled with on-line sample 

preconcentration, the silver and copper cyanide complexes exhibit reduced precision and 

increased bias, especially in high ionic strength matrices. For the silver cyanide complex, large 

front-end tailing in samples containing high total dissolved solids affects peak resolution. For 

the copper and silver cyanide complexes, possible dissociation during the analysis might also 

affect quantitation in samples containing high total dissolved solids. Any matrix with high ionic 

strength and total dissolved solids (e.g., TDS greater than 1000 mg/L) could affect the 

performance of the analytical columns when performing sample preconcentration, which may 

result in poor separation and recovery of metal cyanide complexes. Typically, only industrial 

process wastewaters have TDS levels exceeding 1000 mg/L. For such matrices, sample 

dilution using pH 12 reagent water (Sec. 7.8) can be used to lower the TDS level provided that 

the concentrations of the metal cyanide complexes of interest are not diluted below the lower 

limits of detection. 

5.0 SAFETY 

 5.1 This method does not address all safety issues associated with its use. The 

laboratory is responsible for maintaining a safe work environment and a current awareness file 

of OSHA regulations regarding the safe handling of the chemicals listed in this method. A 

reference file of material safety data sheets (MSDSs) should be available to all personnel 

involved in these analyses. 

WARNING: KCN and NaCN are highly toxic. Avoid skin and eye contact and inhalation. 

 5.2 Because of the toxicity of cyanide, exercise great care in its handling. 

Acidification of cyanide solutions produces lethal, toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas. Prepare 

all cyanide-containing solutions within a ventilation hood. Wear hand and eye protection at all 

times when working with cyanide. 

 5.3 Some of the reagents and solutions used in this method contain cyanide. 

Dispose of these materials properly. The effluent from the chromatograph will contain cyanide. 

After analysis, collect the effluent and immediately adjust it to a pH of 12 or greater. Dispose of 

the effluent in an appropriate manner. 
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 5.4 The toxicity or carcinogenicity of each reagent used in this method has not 

been fully established. Each chemical should be regarded as a potential health hazard and 

exposure should be as low as reasonably achievable. Warnings are included for known 

extremely hazardous materials or procedures. 

6.0 EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES 

 The mention of trade names or commercial products in this manual is for illustrative 

purposes only, and does not constitute an EPA endorsement or exclusive recommendation for 

use. The products and instrument settings cited in SW-846 methods represent those products 

and settings used during method development or subsequently evaluated by the Agency. 

Glassware, reagents, supplies, equipment, and settings other than those listed in this manual 

may be employed provided that method performance appropriate for the intended application 

has been demonstrated and documented. 

 This section does not list all common laboratory glassware (e.g., beakers and flasks) 

that might be used.

 6.1 Anion exchange chromatography apparatus equipment 

 6.1.1 Pressurized eluent reservoir - Accessories must include a gas 

regulator capable of maintaining a 2-10 psi head pressure on the eluent solutions using 

helium gas. 

 6.1.2 Pressurizable eluent bottles - Bottles must be capable of withstanding 

an internal pressure of 7-10 psi. The bottles must be made of a chemically inert plastic 

such as polypropylene, suitable for use with sodium hydroxide-based eluents. 

 6.1.3 Tubing - To be used with the eluent reservoir and made of a material 

that is compatible with the eluent solutions. 

 6.1.4 Gradient pump - High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or 

ion chromatography (IC) pump capable of delivering a constant flow in the range of 1-5 

mL/min at a pressure of 200-2000 psi. 

 6.1.5 Chromatography tubing - The tubing must be pressure resistant 

(approximately 3000 psi) and made of a material that is compatible with the eluent 

solutions. Examples of suitable materials are PEEK and 316 stainless steel. 

 6.1.6 Anion trap column (ATC) - The ATC is a low pressure column that is 

placed between the Eluent 1 reservoir and the gradient pump inlet to trap and remove 

metal cyanide impurities. The column is packed with a high-capacity anion exchange 

resin. An example of a suitable column is the Dionex IonPac ATC-3 4-mm (9 x 24 

mm) (Ref. 15) or equivalent. The column must be composed of a material appropriate 

for use with sodium hydroxide eluents. 

 6.1.7 Analytical column - Low-capacity anion exchange chromatography 

column. The selected column must provide for adequate selectivity of high valent metal 

cyanide complexes. Examples include the Dionex IonPac AS5 (4-mm) (Ref. 16) and 

the Dionex IonPac AS11 (4-mm or 2-mm) (Ref. 17) columns, or equivalent. These 
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columns differ somewhat in selectivity. The AS5 column provides greater selectivity for 

the early eluting silver, copper and gold cyanide complexes while the AS11 column 

provides greater selectivity for the iron cyanide complex. The 2-mm column requires 1⁄4 

the sample volume and operates at 1⁄4 the flow rate of a 4-mm column. Due to the 

decreased flow rate, the 2-mm column consumes only 1⁄4 the eluent required by a 4-mm 

column. 

 6.1.8 Guard column - Optional low-capacity anion exchange 

chromatography guard column. This column may be used before the analytical column 

to remove sample impurities and prevent them from passing onto the analytical column. 

The selected column must provide for adequate selectivity of highly valent metal cyanide 

species. Examples include the Dionex IonPac AG5 (Ref. 16) and AG11 (Ref. 17) 

columns or equivalent. 

 6.1.9 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopic (UV/Vis) detector - Liquid 

chromatography UV/Vis detector, capable of low wavelength detection at 215 nm. 

 6.1.10 Instrument control and data collection system - Standard equipment 

such as electronic control devices and computer and software and/or integrators for 

providing automatic control of the chromatography system, instrument calibration and 

data analysis 

 6.2 On-line sample preconcentration accessories - Additional electrical contact 

closures are required for establishing automatic control of the preconcentration hardware 

accessories. 

 6.2.1 Injection valve - 2-way switching valve capable of injecting volumes 

ranging from 0.1 μL-1 mL. 

 6.2.2 Autosampler - Capable of handling 40-mL sample vials for use in 

performing sample preconcentration. 

 6.2.3 Large sample vials - 40-mL amber glass vials. The use of self-sealing 

vials is recommended to prohibit exposure of the sample to light during and after sample 

injection so as to prevent photodecomposition of some metal cyanide complexes. 

 6.2.4 Concentrator column - Low-capacity anion exchange chromatography 

concentrator column. The selected column must provide for adequate selectivity of 

highly valent transition metal cyanide species. Examples are the Dionex IonPac AG5 

(Ref. 16) and AG11 (Ref. 17) columns or equivalent.

 6.2.5 Metal free trap column (MFC) - Specially designed column for the online cleanup of eluent ionic transition metal impurities. Two such columns should be 

installed; one between the gradient pump outlet and the injection valve and the other 

between the sample concentrator pump outlet and the injection valve (See Sec. 11.4.2.). 

An example is the Dionex IonPac MFC-1 (Ref. 18) or equivalent. Refer to the 

manufacturer’s instructions for column preparation and clean-up. 

 6.2.6 Sample concentrator pump - Liquid chromatography or otherwise 

equivalent pump capable of interfacing with the instrument control and data collection 

system. The selected sample pump must deliver a constant flow in the range of 1-5 

mL/min at a pressure of 200 - 2000 psi. 
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 6.3 Amber reagent bottles - 100 mL and 1000 mL 

 6.4 Membrane syringe filters - 25 mm diameter, 0.2 - 0.45 mm pore size, having 

low background extractables, used to filter and remove sample particulates 

 6.5 Plastic syringes - 5 and 10 mL volumes 

 6.6 pH electrode, meter and calibration buffers or pH papers or test strips 

7.0 REAGENTS AND STANDARDS 

 7.1 Reagent-grade chemicals must be used in all tests. Whenever available, HPLC 

grade must be used in place of reagent grade. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all 

reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American 

Chemical Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, 

provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use 

without lessening the accuracy of the determination. Reagents should be stored in glass to 

prevent the leaching of contaminants from plastic containers. Note, however, that sodium 

hydroxide solutions of relatively moderate strength (i.e., 4.1 g/L and greater), should be stored 

in HDPE plastic containers whenever possible. 

 7.2 Reagent water - ASTM Type I or deionized water, free of the analyte of interest. 

The reagent water should contain particles no larger than 0.20 μm. It is recommended that 

special precautions such as routine contaminant monitoring and/or frequent replacement of 

polishing cartridges be taken to ensure that the total organic carbon content of the water is #

100 μg/L. This practice will limit the elution of organic species and subsequent appearance of 

"ghost" peaks in the chromatograms. Figures 1 and 2 provide examples of method blank 

chromatograms. All references to water in this method refer to reagent water as defined in 

Chapter One unless otherwise specified. 

 7.3 Degassed reagent water - Sparge reagent water with helium gas for 

approximately 20 min to remove dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide. 

 7.4 Eluent 1 (20 mM NaOH, 150 mM NaCN) - Place 1.6 g of sodium hydroxide 

solution (50% w/w) and 7.35 g of sodium cyanide into a 1-L volumetric flask. Add approximately 

300 mL of degassed reagent water and swirl to dissolve. Dilute to volume with degassed 

reagent water and mix thoroughly. The sodium cyanide is used to maintain the integrity of the 

metal cyanide complex throughout the analysis. 

WARNING: NaCN is extremely toxic. Avoid inhalation and skin and eye contact 

(See Sec. 5.0.). 

 7.5 Eluent 2 (20 mM NaOH, 300 mM NaClO4•H2O) - Place 1.6 g of sodium 

hydroxide solution (50% w/w) and 42.1 g of sodium perchlorate monohydrate into a 1-L 

volumetric flask. Add approximately 300 mL of degassed reagent water and swirl to dissolve. 

Dilute to volume with degassed reagent water and mix thoroughly. The sodium perchlorate is 

used to elute the metal cyanide complexes from the analytical column during the gradient 

elution. 
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 7.6 Eluent 3 (20 mM NaOH) - Place 1.6 g of sodium hydroxide solution (50% w/w) 

into a 1-L volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with degassed reagent water and mix thoroughly. 

 7.7 Sodium Hydroxide Solution I (50% w/w, 19.3 M) - It is recommended that the 

solution be purchased from a vendor so as to have the lowest possible carbonate 

contamination. Attempts to prepare the solution manually within the laboratory may result in 

carbonate contamination. This solution is used for the preparation of the eluents (Secs. 7.4 

through 7.6) and Sodium Hydroxide Solution II (Sec. 7.8). 

 7.8 Sodium Hydroxide Solution II (10 mM, pH = 12) - Place 0.8 g of Sodium 

Hydroxide Solution I into a 1-L volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with degassed reagent water 

and mix thoroughly. Check to ensure that the pH is equal to 12 or greater using a pH paper/test 

strip or a calibrated pH electrode. Add additional Sodium Hydroxide Solution I, if needed, to 

bring the pH to 12. 

NOTE: This solution is used in the preparation of all standards in order to match the matrix of 

the standards to that of the alkaline preserved samples or solid waste extracts. In addition, the 

high pH acts as a safety measure to prevent formation of gaseous HCN in the event of 

decomposition of the metal cyanide complex standards. 

 7.9 Method blank - Use Sodium Hydroxide Solution II (Sec. 7.8). 

 7.10 Cobalt Cyanide Stock Solution (1000 mg/L [Co(CN)6]

3-) - Dissolve exactly 

0.1182 g of potassium cobalt cyanide, K3[Co(CN)6], with approximately 50 mL of Sodium 

Hydroxide Solution II in a 100-mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with Sodium Hydroxide 

Solution II and store at ≤6 oC in an amber reagent bottle. The solution is relatively stable and 

may be stored for up to one month. Bring to room temperature prior to use.

 7.11 Cobalt Cyanide Standard Solution I (100 mg/L [Co(CN)6]

3-) - Dilute exactly 10 

mL of [Co(CN)6]

3- Stock Solution (Sec. 7.10) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.12 Cobalt Cyanide Standard Solution II (10 mg/L [Co(CN)6]

3-) - Dilute exactly 10 

mL of [Co(CN)6]

3- Standard Solution I (Sec 7.11) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.13 Cobalt Cyanide Standard Solution III (100 μg/L [Co(CN)6]

3-) - Dilute exactly 1 

mL of [Co(CN)6]

3- Standard Solution II (Sec 7.12) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.14 Copper Cyanide Stock Solution (1000 mg/L [Cu(CN)3]

2-) - Combine exactly 

0.0632 g of copper cyanide, CuCN, with approximately 90 mL of Sodium Hydroxide Solution II 

in a 100-mL volumetric flask. Add exactly 0.0692 g of sodium cyanide, NaCN, and stir to 

dissolve both the copper cyanide and sodium cyanide. Dilute to volume with Sodium Hydroxide 

Solution II and store at ≤6 oC in an amber reagent bottle. The solution may be stored for up to 

two weeks. Bring to room temperature prior to use.

NOTE: The copper cyanide will dissolve upon addition of sodium cyanide to form the 

tricyanocuprate(I) complex, [Cu(CN)3]

2- that is the analyte of interest. 

WARNING: NaCN is extremely toxic. Avoid inhalation and skin and eye contact (See Sec. 

5.0.). 
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 7.15 Copper Cyanide Standard Solution I (100 mg/L [Cu(CN)3]

2-) - Dilute exactly 10 

mL of [Cu(CN)3]

2- Stock Solution (Sec. 7.14) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.16 Copper Cyanide Standard Solution II (10 mg/L [Cu(CN)3]

2-) - Dilute exactly 10 

mL of [Cu(CN)3]

2- Standard Solution I (Sec. 7.15) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.17 Copper Cyanide Standard Solution III (100 μg/L [Cu(CN)3]

2-) - Dilute exactly 1 

mL of [Cu(CN)3]

2- Standard Solution II (Sec. 7.16) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.18 Gold Cyanide Solution Stock Solution (1000 mg/L [Au(CN)2]

-

) - Dissolve exactly 

0.1157 g of potassium gold cyanide, K[Au(CN)2], with approximately 50 mL of Sodium 

Hydroxide Solution II in a 100-mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with Sodium Hydroxide 

Solution II and store at ≤6 oC in an amber reagent bottle. The solution is relatively stable and 

may be stored for up to one month. Bring to room temperature prior to use. 

 7.19 Gold Cyanide Standard Solution I (100 mg/L [Au(CN)2]

-

) - Dilute exactly 10 mL 

of [Au(CN)2]

-

 Stock Solution (Sec. 7.18) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. Store the 

solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.20 Gold Cyanide Standard Solution II (10 mg/L [Au(CN)2]

-

) - Dilute exactly 10 mL 

of [Au(CN)2]

-

 Standard Solution I (Sec. 7.19) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.21 Gold Cyanide Standard Solution III (100 μg/L [Au(CN)2]

-

) - Dilute exactly 1 mL 

of [Au(CN)2]

-

 Standard Solution II (Sec. 7.20) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.22 Iron Cyanide Solution Stock Solution (1000 mg/L [Fe(CN)6]

4-) - Dissolve exactly 

0.1993 g of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate, K4[Fe(CN)6]•3H2O, with approximately 50 mL of 

Sodium Hydroxide Solution II in a 100-mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with Sodium 

Hydroxide Solution II and store at ≤6 oC in an amber reagent bottle. The solution is relatively 

stable and may be stored for up to one month. Bring to room temperature prior to use. 

 7.23 Iron Cyanide Standard Solution I (100 mg/L [Fe(CN)6]

4-) - Dilute exactly 10 mL 

of Fe(CN)6

4- Stock Solution (Sec. 7.22) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. Store the 

solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.24 Iron Cyanide Standard Solution II (10 mg/L [Fe(CN)6]

4-) - Dilute exactly 10 mL of 

Fe(CN)6

4- Standard Solution I (Sec. 7.23) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. Store 

the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.25 Iron Cyanide Standard Solution III (100 μg/L [Fe(CN)6]

4-) - Dilute exactly 1 mL of 

Fe(CN)6

4- Standard Solution II (Sec. 7.24) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. Store 

the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.26 Nickel Cyanide Stock Solution (1000 mg/L [Ni(CN)4]

2-) - Dissolve exactly 0.1481 

+ (0.0111 x n) g of potassium nickel cyanide mono- or polyhydrate, K2[Ni(CN)4]•nH2O (where n

= number of water molecules of hydration), with approximately 50 mL of Sodium Hydroxide 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 11 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

Solution II in a 100-mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II and 

store at ≤6 oC in an amber reagent bottle. The solution may be stored for up to two weeks. 

Bring to room temperature prior to use. 

 7.27 Nickel Cyanide Standard Solution I (100 mg/L [Ni(CN)4]

2-) - Dilute exactly 10 mL 

of [Ni(CN)4]

2- Stock Solution (Sec. 7.26) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. Store the 

solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.28 Nickel Cyanide Standard Solution II (10 mg/L [Ni(CN)4]

2-) - Dilute exactly 10 mL 

of [Ni(CN)4]

2- Standard Solution I (Sec. 7.27) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.29 Nickel Cyanide Standard Solution III (100 μg/L [Ni(CN)4]

2-) - Dilute exactly 1 mL 

of [Ni(CN)4]

2- Standard Solution II (Sec. 7.28) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.30 Silver Cyanide Stock Solution(1000 mg/L [Ag(CN)2]

-

) - Dissolve exactly 0.1244 

g of potassium silver cyanide, K[Ag(CN)2], with approximately 50 mL of Sodium Hydroxide 

Solution II in a 100-mL volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II and 

store at ≤6 oC in an amber reagent bottle. The solution may be stored for up to two weeks. 

Bring to room temperature prior to use. 

 7.31 Silver Cyanide Standard Solution I (100 mg/L [Ag(CN)2]

-

) - Dilute exactly 10 mL 

of [Ag(CN)2]

-

 Stock Solution (Sec. 7.30) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. Store the 

solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.32 Silver Cyanide Standard Solution II (10 mg/L [Ag(CN)2]

-

) - Dilute exactly 10 mL 

of [Ag(CN)2]

-

 Standard Solution I (Sec. 7.31) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis. 

 7.33 Silver Cyanide Standard Solution III (100 μg/L [Ag(CN)2]

-

) - Dilute exactly 1 mL 

of [Ag(CN)2]

-

 Standard Solution II (Sec. 7.32) to 100 mL with Sodium Hydroxide Solution II. 

Store the solution in an amber reagent bottle. Prepare daily with analysis.

 7.34 Calibration blank - Use Sodium Hydroxide Solution II (Sec. 7.8). 

 7.35 Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II), Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 - Certified ACS grade or equivalent 

 7.36 Helium gas - Ultra high purity 

8.0 SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE 

 Sample collection, preservation and storage requirements may vary by EPA program 

and may be specified in a regulation or project planning document that requires compliance 

monitoring for a given contaminant. Where such requirements are specified in the regulation, 

follow those requirements. In the absence of specific regulatory requirements, use the following 

information as guidance in determining the sample collection, preservation and storage 

requirements. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 12 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

 8.1 Samples should be collected in polyethylene containers covered in aluminum 

foil or otherwise equivalent containers such as those composed of amber plastic so as to filter 

UV light ≤ 300 nm in order to prevent photodecomposition of metal cyanide complexes. 

 8.2 Aqueous samples for complexed-metal cyanide analysis should be preserved 

under alkaline conditions by adjusting the pH to 12 or greater using sodium hydroxide. Solid 

waste samples should be stored at ≤6 oC after collection and prior to extraction. 

 8.3 Store all sample matrices at ≤6 oC for no longer than 14 days. Solid phase 

samples must be extracted within 14 days of sample collection. Bring the samples to room 

temperature prior to analysis. Analysis of aqueous samples and solid phase extract solutions 

must be performed within 14 days of sample collection or extract generation. 

9.0 QUALITY CONTROL 

 9.1 Refer to Chapter One for guidance on quality assurance (QA) and quality 

control (QC) protocols. When inconsistencies exist between QC guidelines, method-specific 

QC criteria take precedence over both technique-specific criteria and those criteria given in 

Chapter One, and technique-specific QC criteria take precedence over the criteria in Chapter 

One. Any effort involving the collection of analytical data should include development of a 

structured and systematic planning document, such as a Quality Assurance Project Plan 

(QAPP) or a Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP), which translates project objectives and 

specifications into directions for those that will implement the project and assess the results. 

Each laboratory should maintain a formal quality assurance program. The laboratory should 

also maintain records to document the quality of the data generated. All data sheets and quality 

control data should be maintained for reference or inspection. 

 9.2 Initial demonstration of proficiency Prior to the analysis of samples an initial 

demonstration of method proficiency is accomplished through the successful calibration of 

method-specific instruments according to project requirements and criteria set forth in the 

applicable analytical methodology. This initial demonstration should be performed prior to 

independently running an analytical method, and should be repeated if other changes occur 

(e.g., instrument repair, significant change in procedure). Documentation of IDP should be 

maintained by the Quality Assurance Manager. 

 An analytical instrument is said to be calibrated when an instrumental response can be 

related to the concentration of an analyte. This relationship may be depicted graphically, and 

referred to as a “calibration curve.” Initial calibration curves must be established based upon 

the requisite number of standards identified within the method for each target analyte (and 

surrogate for organic compounds). All reported concentrations for target analytes should be 

within the high and low initial calibration standards. Data generated above the high standard 

should be diluted into the calibration range and reanalyzed. The frequency requirements for the 

initial calibration vary among the individual methods. 

 Most analytical methods require multipoint (three or more) calibration that may include 

calibration blanks and higher levels so that unknowns fall within the calibration range and are 

bracketed by calibration points. The number of calibration points, the calibration range, and the 

frequency requirements should be specified in the QAPP. 

 If an autosampler is used to perform sample dilutions, before using the autosampler to 

dilute samples, the laboratory should satisfy itself that those dilutions are of equivalent or better 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 13 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

accuracy than is achieved by an experienced analyst performing manual dilutions. The 

laboratory must also repeat the demonstration of proficiency whenever new staff members are 

trained or significant changes in instrumentation are made. See Method 8000D, Section 9.3 for 

information on how to accomplish a demonstration of proficiency. 

 9.3 Initially, before processing any samples, the analyst should demonstrate that all 

parts of the equipment in contact with the sample and reagents are free from contaminants and 

interferences. This is accomplished through the analysis of a method blank (See Sec. 7.9 and 

9.4.1). As a continuing check, each time samples are extracted, cleaned up, and analyzed, and 

when there is a change in reagents, a method blank should be prepared and analyzed for the 

compounds of interest as a safeguard against chronic laboratory contamination. If a peak is 

observed within the retention time window of any analyte that would prevent the determination 

of that analyte, determine the source of the contamination or interference and eliminate it, if 

possible, before processing the samples. The method blanks should be carried through all 

stages of sample preparation and analysis. 

The laboratory should not subtract the results of the method blank from those of any 

associated samples. Such "blank subtraction" may lead to negative sample results. If the 

method blank results do not meet the project-specific acceptance criteria and reanalysis is not 

practical, then the data user should be provided with the sample results, the method blank 

results, and a discussion of the corrective actions undertaken by the laboratory. 

 9.4 Sample quality control for preparation and analysis 

 The laboratory must also have procedures for documenting the effect of the matrix on 

method performance (precision, accuracy, method sensitivity). At a minimum, this should 

include the analysis of QC samples including a method blank, a matrix spike, a duplicate, and a 

laboratory control sample in each analytical batch. Any method blanks, matrix spike samples, 

and replicate samples must be subjected to the same analytical procedures (Sec. 11.0) as 

those used on actual samples. 

 The following should be included within each analytical batch: 

 9.4.1 Method blank - For each batch of solid phase samples extracted using 

Method 9013 (maximum 20), at least one extraction method blank should also be carried 

through the entire sample extraction, preparation and analytical process. An extraction 

method blank is prepared by using a specified volume or weight of the Method 9013 

extraction solution and then carrying it through the appropriate steps of the extraction 

and analytical process. These steps may include, but are not limited to, prefiltering, 

extraction, dilution, filtering, and analysis. If the method blank does not contain target 

analytes at a level that exceeds the project-specific criteria requirements, then the 

method blank would be considered acceptable. In the absence of project-specific 

criteria, if the blank is less than the lower limit of detection, less than 10% of the 

regulatory limit, or less than 10% of the lowest sample concentration, whichever is 

greater, then the method blank is considered acceptable. If the method blank cannot be 

considered acceptable, the method blank should be re-run once, and if still 

unacceptable, then all samples after the last acceptable method blank must be prepared 

again and reanalyzed along with the other appropriate batch QC samples. These blanks 

will be useful in determining if samples are being contaminated. If the method blank 

exceeds the criteria, but the samples are all either below the reporting level or below the 

applicable action level or other criteria, then the data should not be rejected based on 

this analysis. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 14 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

 9.4.2 MS/MSD - For each batch of waters processed (maximum 20), at least 

one analytical MS/MSD sample must be carried through the entire sample preparation 

and analytical process. MS/MSDs are intra-laboratory split samples spiked with identical 

concentrations of each analyte of interest. An MS/MSD is used to document the bias 

and precision of a method in a given sample matrix. MS/MSD samples should be spiked 

at the same level, with the same spiking material, as that used to prepare the calibration 

standards and at the project-specific action level or, when lacking project-specific action 

levels, between the low- and mid-level standards. Acceptance criteria should be set at a 

laboratory-derived limit developed through the use of historical analyses per matrix type 

analyzed. In the absence of historical data this limit should be set at ±25% of the spiked 

concentration for accuracy and 25 relative percent difference (RPD) for precision. After 

the generation of historical data, 25% must still be the limit of maximum deviation for 

RPD to express precision and ±25% of the spiked concentration for accuracy. A 

separate spiked sample and a separate duplicate unspiked sample may be analyzed in 

lieu of MS/MSD analyses. If the bias and precision indicators are outside the laboratory 

control limits, or if the percent recovery is less than 75% or greater than 125%, or if the 

relative percent difference is greater than 25%, the interference test as discussed in 

Method 8000 should be conducted. 

 9.4.3 MS/MSD - For each batch of solid phase samples extracted using 

Method 9013 (maximum 20), at least one extraction MS/MSD sample should be carried 

through the entire sample extraction, preparation and analytical process. Spiking is 

performed directly on the solid sample matrix prior to extraction in order to assess the 

efficiency of the extraction procedure. The spiking source material should consist of a 

solid phase metal cyanide compound that sufficiently challenges the extraction 

procedure. An example of such a compound is iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II), 

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (also known as Prussian Blue). Although insoluble under neutral and low 

pH conditions, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 will dissolve under the alkaline extraction conditions of 

Method 9013 and quantitatively yield [Fe(CN)6]

4- in the extraction solution, which can 

subsequently be analyzed in order to verify extraction efficiency. Other metal cyanide 

compounds may be used for spiking the solid sample matrix, depending on which 

aqueous metal cyanide complexes are of greatest interest in the analysis. Refer to the 

guidance given Sec. 9.5.3 for accuracy and precision acceptance criteria for the 

extraction MS/MSD. 

 9.4.5 LCS - For each batch of samples processed (maximum 20), at least 

one LCS must be carried through the entire sample preparation and analytical process, 

as described in Chapter One. The LCS is a reagent water solution fortified with method 

analytes at known concentrations, prepared from a different source than that used to 

prepare the calibration standards. The LCS should be spiked with each analyte of 

interest at the project-specific action level or when lacking project-specific action levels, 

between the low- and mid-level standards. Acceptance criteria should be set at a 

laboratory-derived limit developed through the use of historical analyses. In the absence 

of historical data this limit should be set at ±20% of the spiked concentration. After the 

generation of historical data, ±20% must still be the acceptable limit of maximum 

deviation. If the LCS recovery is not acceptable, the LCS should be re-run once and, if 

still unacceptable, all samples after the last acceptable LCS must be prepared again and 

reanalyzed. Concurrent analyses of standard reference materials (SRMs) containing 

known values of analytes in the media of interest are recommended and may be used as 

an LCS. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 15 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

 9.4.6 Also see Method 8000 for the details on carrying out sample quality 

control procedures for preparation and analysis. In-house method performance criteria 

for evaluating method performance should be developed using the guidance found in 

Method 8000. 

 9.5 Initial Calibration Verification (ICV) 

 Immediately after the calibration standards have been analyzed, the accuracy of the 

calibration must be verified by the analysis of an ICV standard. The ICV is prepared in the 

same manner as a calibration standard at a concentration level within the calibration range of 

the method and using a second source standard (prepared using standards different from the 

calibration standards) spiked into Sodium Hydroxide Solution II (see Sec. 7.8). The control limit 

for the ICV is ±15% of the true value. When the ICV exceeds the control limits, the analysis 

should be terminated, the problem corrected, the instrument recalibrated, and the calibration reverified. 

 9.6 Continuing Calibration Verification (CCV) 

 Once the calibration curve has been established, the continuing accuracy must be 

verified by analysis of a CCV after every tenth field sample, and at the end of the analysis 

sequence. The CCV is equivalent to or prepared in the same manner as a calibration standard 

at a concentration level within the calibration range of the method and using the same source 

standard (prepared using the same source standards as those used to prepare the calibration 

standards) spiked into Sodium Hydroxide Solution II (see Sec. 7.8). CCV concentrations 

alternating between the low- and mid-range calibration standard concentrations are 

recommended. The control limit for the low-range CCV is ± 50% and for the mid-range CCV is 

± 15% of the true value. When the CCV exceeds the control limits, the analysis should be 

terminated, the problem corrected, the instrument recalibrated, and the calibration re-verified 

using an ICV analysis. Samples that are not bracketed by acceptable CCV runs must be 

reanalyzed. 

 9.7 Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLOQ) check standard 

 The laboratory should establish the LLOQ as the lowest point of quantitation which, in 

most cases, is the lowest concentration in the calibration curve. The LLOQ verification is 

recommended for each project application to validate quantitation capability at low analyte 

concentration levels. This verification may be accomplished either with clean control material 

(e.g., reagent water, method blank, Ottawa sand, diatomaceous earth, etc.) or a representative 

sample matrix (free of target compounds). Optimally, the LLOQ should be less than or equal to 

the desired regulatory action levels based on the stated project-specific requirements. The 

LLOQ should be verified by the analysis of at least 7 replicate samples, spiked at the LLOQ and 

processed through all preparation and analysis steps of the method. The mean recovery and 

relative standard deviation of these samples provide an initial statement of precision and 

accuracy at the LLOQ. In most cases the mean recovery should be +/- 35% of the true value 

and RSD should be < 20%. In-house limits may be calculated when sufficient data points exist. 

 9.7.1 The determination of LLOQs using spiked clean control material 

represents a best-case scenario, and does not evaluate the potential matrix effects of realworld samples. For the application of LLOQs on a project-specific basis, with established 

DQOs, a representative matrix-specific LLOQ verification may provide a more reliable 

estimate of the lower quantitation limit capabilities. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 16 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

 9.7.1.1 A matrix-free LLOQ check standard is prepared by spiking a 

clean control material with the analyte(s) of interest at the predicted LLOQ 

concentration level(s). This LLOQ check is carried through the same preparation 

procedures as the environmental samples and other QC. Recovery should be 

±50% (or other such project-required acceptance limits for accuracy and precision) 

of the true value to verify the data reporting limits(s). The low-range CCV standard 

(Sec. 9.6), if prepared at the appropriate concentration, may also serve as the 

LLOQ verification for confirming method sensitivity. 

 9.7.1.2 Alternatively, a representative sample matrix may be spiked 

with the analytes of interest at the predicted LLOQ concentration levels. This 

LLOQ check is carried through the same preparation procedures as the 

environmental samples and other QC. Individual LLOQs are verified when each 

respective analyte is recovered at ±50% of the predicted LLOQ concentration or 

established DQO criteria. This check may also be applied towards establishing the 

individual analyte reporting limit(s). 

 9.7.2 In-house limits may be calculated when sufficient data points exist. 

10.0 CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION 

 10.1 Calibration standards - Prepare calibration standards so as to bracket the 

ranges of each metal cyanide complex of interest by adding measured volumes of metal 

cyanide standards (Sec. 7.0) to volumetric flasks and diluting to volume. Approximate 

calibration ranges for each metal cyanide complex are provided in Tables 1 and 2. Dilute the 

standards to their respective final volumes using Sodium Hydroxide Solution II (Sec. 7.8). 

Prepare at least three standards or as otherwise required for data reporting. Store the 

standards in amber bottles. 

 10.2 To establish the calibration curve, analyze the calibration blank (Sec. 7.34) and 

calibration standards in accordance with the procedure in Sec. 11.0. Plot calibration curves of 

peak area response verses analyte concentration for each metal cyanide using the method 

blank peak area integration for the zero point. Perform linear regressions of the plots. A 

second order regression plot may be used if needed. The correlation coefficient of each 

regression should be 0.995 or greater for accurate results. Once the calibration curve has been 

established, verification must be performed on each analysis day, whenever fresh eluent is 

prepared, and once per analysis batch as outlined in Sec. 9.0. 

NOTE: Since all iron cyanide species are detected as ferrocyanide, that form of iron cyanide is 

used in the preparation of the calibration standards. The calibration and subsequent analysis 

results for iron cyanide should be presented as either [Fe(CN)6]

x- or 

[Fe(CN)6]

3-/4- so as to represent the total sum of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide. 

11.0 PROCEDURE 

 11.1 For aqueous samples, proceed to Sec. 11.3 or 11.4. 

 11.2 For solid waste extract solutions to be analyzed by this method, the following 

steps need to be performed after the Method 9013 extraction process: 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 17 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

 11.2.1 Following the 16 hour extraction, check the pH of the extraction 

solution. Adjust the pH between 11 and 12, using 50% H2SO4. Recap the extraction 

flask and mix the solution. Repeat the procedure until the pH is in the desired range. 

 11.2.2 Prepare a Buchner funnel apparatus with a 0.45-μm membrane filter. 

 11.2.3 Decant the extract to the Buchner funnel. Full recovery of the extract 

is not necessary. 

 11.2.4 If not analyzed immediately, transfer the extract into a dark 

plastic/glass bottle with no headspace and store it at ≤6 oC. Analyze the extract within 

14 days. 

 11.3 Anion exchange chromatography analysis - Analyze samples containing 0.2-

200 mg/L metal cyanide complexes by direct injection of sample or extract. Higher sample 

concentrations may be analyzed after an appropriate dilution. 

 Set up the chromatography hardware in an appropriate manner for analysis. An 

example of a suitable hardware configuration using this method is displayed in Figure 3. 

 11.4 Anion exchange chromatography analysis using on-line sample 

preconcentration - Analyze samples containing 0.5 - 200 μg/L metal cyanide complexes using 

on-line sample preconcentration prior to anion exchange chromatography analysis. 

 11.4.1 Set up the chromatography hardware for performing analysis with 

initial on-line sample preconcentration. An example of a suitable hardware configuration 

using the method is displayed in Figures 4 and 5. 

 11.4.2 Condition the MFCs according to the manufacturer’s instructions and 

install as shown in Figure 4. 

 11.4.3 Set the sample concentrator pump to achieve a flow rate of 2 mL/min. 

 11.4.4 Prime the sample concentrator pump to remove trapped air. 

Disconnect the tubing from the pump head and withdraw eluent using a plastic syringe 

until no air bubbles are observed. Reconnect the tubing when finished. 

WARNING: The effluent from the chromatograph will contain cyanide and should be 

handled and disposed in a safe manner (see Sec. 5.0.). 

 11.5 Set up the method by programming the instrument control and data collection 

system or the gradient pump directly to perform gradient elution anion chromatography analysis 

of metal cyanide complexes as specified in Tables 4 and 5. Portions of the analysis program 

may be modified as appropriate provided the analytical results fall within the precision and bias 

established for the method (see Sec. 13.0.). 

 11.6 Install the ATC. 

 11.6.1 Condition the ATC according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 

 11.6.2 Set the gradient pump to 100% Eluent 1 and prime the gradient pump 

line to remove trapped air. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 18 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

 11.6.3 After priming, connect the conditioned ATC directly to the outlet of the 

gradient pump and plumb the ATC outlet line to an appropriate waste container. Pump 

Eluent 1 through the column at 1 mL/min for 60 min to convert the resin from the 

hydroxide to the cyanide form. At the end of the time period, stop the gradient pump and 

disconnect the ATC from the outlet of the gradient pump. Dispose of the contents of the 

waste container as hazardous waste. 

 11.6.4 Place the prepared ATC between the Eluent 1 reservoir and the 

gradient pump inlet as shown in Figures 3 and 4 and reconnect the gradient pump outlet 

line to the injection valve. 

NOTE: The ATC is capable of treating only a limited amount of Eluent 1. For optimum 

performance, the column must be replaced or reconditioned following treatment of each 

2-3 L of Eluent 1. 

 11.7 Prime the gradient pump lines for Eluents 1, 2 and 3 separately to remove 

trapped air within each line. To do this, select one eluent, set to 100%, and begin priming. 

Repeat this step for the remaining eluents. 

 11.8 Prime the gradient pump once more using the initial method settings. 

 11.9 Connect the guard and analytical columns in between the injection valve and 

the inlet of the UV/Vis detector. Ensure that the columns are oriented in the appropriate 

direction for eluent flow. 

 11.10 Allow the instrument to equilibrate prior to the analysis by pumping eluent 

through the concentrator column (if present), guard and analytical columns at a flow rate of 1 

mL/min using the initial eluent settings. 

 11.11 Set the UV/Vis detector to 215 nm and offset the absorbance to zero. 

 NOTE: Eluent is pumped through the concentrator column by placing the injection valve 

in the "Inject" mode (See Figure 5.). 

 11.12 Check the sample pH and adjust, if needed, to pH 11-12 using 50% H2SO4. 

 11.13 Filter an appropriate volume of aqueous sample using a plastic syringe fitted 

with a 0.45-μm syringe filter. Alternatively, use a portion of filtered extract obtained from the 

alkaline extraction procedure (e.g., Method 9013). 

 11.14 Transfer the filtered sample to an amber sample vial. Repeat this procedure for 

the remaining samples. 

 11.15 Transfer the method blank, calibration blank, calibration standards and QA/QC 

samples (see Sec. 9.0.) and standards to amber sample vials. 

 11.16 Place all of the vials in the autosampler. 

 11.17 Start the autosampler, and instrument control and data collection system, and 

begin analyzing the samples. A water blank should be analyzed first to equilibrate the columns 

followed by the method blank, calibration standards (Sec. 10.1) and samples, including QC 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 19 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

samples (Sec. 9.0). Use an injection volume of approximately 0.1 mL for samples containing 

0.2 - 200 mg/L metal cyanide complexes and an injection volume of approximately 5 - 20 mL 

when using sample preconcentration for samples containing 0.5-200 μg/L metal cyanide 

complexes. Periodically and after the analysis of no more than 20 samples, analyze a 

continuing calibration verification standard to assess instrument drift throughout the run (See 

Sec. 9.6). Examples of method chromatograms are provided in Figures 6 through 11. 

 11.18 Confirmation 

 Tentative identification of the analyte occurs when a peak from the sample falls within 

the retention time window established by the calibration standards. Confirmation is 

recommended when the sample composition is not well characterized. Confirmatory techniques 

such as anion exchange chromatography with a dissimilar column or anion exchange 

chromatography with a dissimilar detection method such as inductively coupled plasma-mass 

spectrometry (ICP-MS) can be used. 

 When analyte identification is successfully confirmed using two dissimilar columns or two 

dissimilar detectors, the disparity between the quantitative results should be formally evaluated 

by determining the RPD. The RPD acceptance criteria and data reporting requirements should 

be established based on the intended application of the data. See Method 8000, Sec. 11 (Ref. 

19) for additional guidance. 

12.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS 

 12.1 Derive the concentration of each respective metal cyanide analyte in either 

mg/L or μg/L in the samples using the regression plot as described in Sec. 10.2. Results must 

be reported in units commensurate with their intended use and all dilutions must be taken into 

account when computing final results. 

 12.2 Use the following calculation to convert sample concentrations expressed as 

mg/L to mg/kg for a solid waste matrix: 

[ ] ( ) [ ] ( )

kg

1000 g

g sample

L extraction volume M CN

L

mg M CN

kg

mg x

b

x

b = × ×

− −

 12.3 Convert the metal cyanide results to cyanide when reporting the results "as 

cyanide" based on the following calculation: 

[ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) −

− −

× ×

μ

=

μ

x

b

x

b

x

b

Formula Wt. of M CN

Formula Wt. of CN M CN b

L

g or mg M CN as CN

L

g or mg

The formula weights for cyanide as well as those for each of the metal cyanide complexes are 

provided in Table 6. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 20 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

13.0 METHOD PERFORMANCE 

 13.1 Performance data and related information are provided in SW-846 methods 

only as examples and guidance. The data do not represent required performance goals for 

users of the methods. Instead, performance goals should be developed on a project-specific 

basis, and the laboratory should establish in-house QC performance criteria for the application 

of this method. These performance data are not intended to be and must not be used as 

absolute QC acceptance criteria for purposes of laboratory accreditation.

 13.2 Tables 7 through 12 present precision and bias data from multiple laboratories 

for a spiked reagent water, groundwater and soil extract using anion exchange chromatography. 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

 13.3 Tables 13 through 18 present precision and bias data from multiple laboratories 

for a spiked reagent water, groundwater and soil extract using anion exchange chromatography 

equipped with on-line sample preconcentration. These data are provided for guidance purposes 

only. 

 13.4 Table 19 presents total cyanide extraction recoveries for spiked solid waste 

samples prepared using Method 9013. These data are provided for guidance purposes only. 

 13.5 A lack of significant analytical bias has been confirmed by comparing the 

results of the test method to those obtained using anion exchange chromatography coupled with 

ICP-MS detection for a variety of environmental matrices. (See Ref. 1.) 

14.0 POLLUTION PREVENTION 

 14.1 Pollution prevention encompasses any technique that reduces or eliminates the 

quantity and/or toxicity of waste at the point of generation. Numerous opportunities for pollution 

prevention exist in laboratory operation. The EPA has established a preferred hierarchy of 

environmental management techniques that places pollution prevention as the management 

option of first choice. Whenever feasible, laboratory personnel should use pollution prevention 

techniques to address their waste generation. When wastes cannot be feasibly reduced at the 

source, the Agency recommends recycling as the next best option. 

 14.2 For information about pollution prevention that may be applicable to 

laboratories and research institutions, consult Less is Better: Laboratory Chemical Management 

for Waste Reduction, a free publication available from the American Chemical Society (ACS), 

Committee on Chemical Safety. 

http://portal.acs.org/portal/fileFetch/C/WPCP_012290/pdf/WPCP_012290.pdf

15.0 WASTE MANAGEMENT 

 15.1 The Environmental Protection Agency requires that laboratory waste 

management practices be conducted consistent with all applicable rules and regulations. The 

Agency urges laboratories to protect the air, water, and land by minimizing and controlling all 

releases from hoods and bench operations, complying with the letter and spirit of any sewer 

discharge permits and regulations, and by complying with all solid and hazardous waste 

regulations, particularly the hazardous waste identification rules and land disposal restrictions. 

For further information on waste management, consult the ACS publication listed in Sec. 14.2. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 21 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

 15.2 Some of the reagents and solutions used in this method as well as the effluent 

from the chromatograph contain cyanide and should be handled and disposed of in an approved 

manner. 

16.0 REFERENCES 

1. American Society for Testing and Materials, "Standard Test Method for Determination of 

Metal Cyanide Complexes in Wastewater, Surface Water, Groundwater and Drinking 

Water using Anion Exchange Chromatography with UV Detection," D 6994, ASTM 

International, 2004. This reference can be purchased on line at ASTM’s web site: 

http://www.astm.org

2. Dionex Corporation, "Determination of Metal Cyanides," Dionex Application Note No. 55, 

November, 1989. 

3. American Society for Testing and Materials, "Standard Guide for Understanding Cyanide 

Species," D 6696, ASTM International, 2004. This reference can be purchased on line 

at ASTM’s web site: http://www.astm.org

4. R. S. Ghosh, D. A. Dzombak, R. G. Luthy, "Equilibrium Precipitation and Dissolution of 

Iron Cyanide Solids in Water," Environ. Eng. Sci., Vol. 16, 293-313, 1999. 

5. J. C. L. Meeussen, W. H. Keizer, F. A. M. de Haan, "Chemical Stability and 

Decomposition Rate of Iron Cyanide Complexes in Soil Solutions," Environ. Sci. 

Technol., Vol. 26, 511-516, 1992. 

6. J. C. L. Meeussen, M. G. Keizer, W. H. van Riemsdijk, F. A. M. de Haan "Dissolution 

Behavior of Iron Cyanide (Prussian Blue) in Contaminated Soils," Environ. Sci. Technol., 

Vol. 26, 1832-1838, 1992. 

7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Cyanide Extraction Procedure for Solids and 

Oils, Method 9013" U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Manual. 

8. P. Doudoroff, "Toxicity to Fish of Cyanides and Related Compounds: A Review," EPA 

Report No. 600/3-76-038, 1976. 

9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Total and Amenable Cyanide: Distillation, 

Method 9010" U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Manual. 

10. American Society for Testing and Materials, "Standard Test Methods for Cyanides in 

Water," D 2036, ASTM International, 2004. This reference can be purchased on line at 

ASTM’s web site: http://www.astm.org

11. American Public Health Association, "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water 

and Wastewater," 20th Edition, 1998. 

12. R. A. Wetzel, C. L. Anderson, H. Schleicher, G. D. Crook, "Determination of Trace Level 

Ions by Ion Chromatography with Concentrator Columns," Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 15, 

No. 9, 1532-1535, 1979. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 22 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

13. W. S. Rader, L. Solujic, E. B. Milosavljevic, J. L. Hendrix, "Sunlight-Induced 

Photochemistry of Aqueous Solutions of Hexacyanoferrate(II) and –(III) Ions," Environ. 

Sci. Technol., Volume 27, 1875-1879, 1993. 

14. L. Moggi, F. Bolletta, V. Balzani, F. Scandola, "Photochemistry of Co-ordination 

Compounds_XV," J. inorg. Nucl. Chem., Vol. 28, 2589-2597, 1966. 

15. Dionex Corporation, "Product Manual IonPac ATC-3 2-mm Anion Trap Column IonPac 

ATC-3 4-mm Anion Trap Column IonPac ATC-HC Anion Trap Column," Document No. 

032697, Revision 08, July 12, 2002. 

16. Dionex Corporation, "Product Manual IonPac AG2 Guard Column IonPac AG3 

Guard Column IonPac AG4 Guard Column IonPac AG5 Guard Column IonPac

CG2 Guard Column IonPac AS2 Analytical Column IonPac AS3 Analytical Column 

IonPac AS4 Analytical Column IonPac AS5 Analytical Column IonPac CS2 

Analytical Column," Document No. 032226, Revision 14, May 12, 2002. 

17. Dionex Corporation, "Product Manual IonPac AG11 Guard Column IonPac AS11 

Analytical Column," Document No. 034791, Revision 08, May 14, 2003. 

18. Dionex Corporation, "Dionex Installation and Troubleshooting Guide for the IonPac

MFC-1 Metal-Free Trap Column," Document No. 034990, Revision 02, June 26, 1998. 

19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Determinative Chromatographic Separations, 

Method 8000" U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Manual. 

20. R. M. Smith, A. E. Martell, "NIST Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal 

Complexes Database, Version 5.0 Database Software" NIST Standard Reference 

Database 46, U.S. Department of Commerce, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1998. 

21. D. D. Wagman, W. H. Evans, V. B. Parker, R. H. Shumm, I. Halow, S. M. Bailey, K. L. 

Churney, R. L. Nuttal, "The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, 

Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 and C2 Organic Substances in SI Units," Journal of 

Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 11, Supplement 2, 1-392, 1982. 

22. The RETEC Group, Inc., "Metal Cyanide Complexes by Anion Exchange 

Chromatography and UV Detection Method Validation Summary Report," March, 2004.

23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Total and Amenable Cyanide (Automated 

Colorimetric, with Off-Line Distillation), Method 9012" U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste 

SW-846 Manual. 

17.0 TABLES, DIAGRAMS, FLOW CHARTS, AND VALIDATION DATA 

 The pages to follow contain the tables and figures referenced by this method. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 23 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 1 

 

APPROXIMATE CALIBRATION RANGES FOR METAL CYANIDE COMPLEXES 

DETERMINED BY ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Cyanide Species Calibration Range (mg/L) 

[Ag(CN)2]

-

0.5-100 

[Au(CN)2]

-

0.2-50 

[Co(CN)6]

3-

0.5-100 

[Cu(CN)3]

2-

0.2-20 

[Fe(CN)6]

4-

0.10-20 

[Ni(CN)4]

2-

1.0-200 

Data taken from Reference 1.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 24 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 2 

 

APPROXIMATE CALIBRATION RANGES FOR METAL CYANIDE 

 COMPLEXES DETERMINED BY ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

 USING ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Cyanide Species Calibration Range (μg/L) 

[Ag(CN)2]

- 10-120 

[Au(CN)2]

- 5.0-100 

[Co(CN)6]

3- 1.0-200 

[Cu(CN)3]

2- 1.0–5.0 

[Fe(CN)6]

4- 0.5-20 

[Ni(CN)4]

2- 50-100 

Data taken from Reference 1.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 25 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 3 

 

STABILITY CONSTANTS OF METAL CYANIDE COMPLEXES 

Metal Cyanide Complex Stability Constant 

(log K at 25oC, Ia = 0.0) 

[Ag(CN)2]

- 20.5 

[Co(CN)6]

3- 64.0b

[Ni(CN)4]

2- 30.2 

[Cu(CN)4]

3- 30.3 

[Fe(CN)6]

4- 35.4 

[Au(CN)2]

-

126c

 aI = Ionic Strength 

 bThe stability constant is considered to be an estimate 

 cFor the reaction: [AuO3]3- + 2CN-

 + 6H+ +2e- → [Au(CN)2]

-

 + 3H2O 

Data taken from References 20 and 21. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 26 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 4 

 

METHOD SETTINGS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF METAL CYANIDE COMPLEXES 

 USING GRADIENT ELUTION 

 

 Gradient Pump Absorbance Detector Comments 

and 

Time Flow Rate Function 

Eluent 

1 

Eluent 

2 

Eluent 

3 Wavelength Data Collection 

(min) (mL/min) (%) (%) (%) (nm) (Absorbance Units) 

Init. 1.00 10 10 80 215 Initial Conditions

0.0 1.00 10 10 80 215 Offset baseline Analysis

gradient 

 18.0 1.00 10 45 45 215 Begin

 22.0 1.00 10 45 45 215 End

 25.0a 1.00 10 10 80 215 Equilibration

 35.0 1.00 10 10 80 215

a

The eluents are reset to their initial concentrations and allowed to pump for 10 min at the end of the analysis run to 

equilibrate the columns prior to the next sample injection. 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 27 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 5 

METHOD SETTINGS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF METAL CYANIDE COMPLEXES 

USING GRADIENT ELUTION AND ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION

Two-way 

Switching 

Valve 

Gradient 

Pump 

Absorbance 

Detector 

Sample

Concentrator 

Pump 

Comments 

and 

Function 

Position 

Flow Eluent Eluent Pump Data 

Time Rate 1 2 3 Wavelength Collection

(min) (mL/min) (%) (%) (%) (nm) (Absorbance Units) (2 mL/min)

Init. Load 1.00 10 10 80 215 Initial Conditions

0.0 Load 1.00 10 10 80 215

1.0a Load 1.00 10 10 80 215 On Equilibration

11.0 Inject 1.00 10 10 80 215 Off Sample 

Injection

11.1 Inject 1.00 10 10 80 215 Offset baseline Analysis

Gradient 11.2 Inject 1.00 10 10 80 215 Begin

29.2 Inject 1.00 10 45 45 215

33.2 Load 1.00 10 45 45 215 End

a

The eluents are pumped through the guard and analytical columns at their initial concentrations for 10 min at the 

beginning of the analysis run to equilibrate the columns between sample injections. During this time, the sample 

concentrator pump is turned on and 20 mL of sample is pumped to the concentrator column.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 28 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 6 

CYANIDE SPECIES FORMULA WEIGHTS

Cyanide Species Formula Weight 

(mg/mmol) 

CN- 26.0177 

[Ag(CN)2]

- 159.903 

[Au(CN)2]

- 249.002 

[Co(CN)6]

3- 215.039 

[Cu(CN)3]

2- 141.599 

[Fe(CN)6]

4- 211.953 

[Ni(CN)4]

2- 162.771 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 29 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 7 

EXAMPLE [Fe(CN)6]

4- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS 

 USING ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (mg/L) (mg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (mg/L) (mg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 1.0 1.08 7 0.06 8.4% 

 1.2 1.30 6 6 0.03 0.03 8.2% 

 9.0 9.48 6 0.10 5.3% 

 10.0 10.49 7 6 0.14 0.31 4.9% 

 17.5 18.45 6 0.28 5.4% 

 18.5 19.30 7 6 0.24 0.57 4.3% 

Groundwater 1.0 1.05 7 0.02 4.7% 

 1.2 1.28 7 7 0.02 0.04 6.4% 

 9.0 9.42 6 0.09 4.6% 

 10.0 10.51 7 6 0.07 0.24 5.1% 

 17.5 18.29 7 0.42 4.5% 

 18.5 19.28 7 7 0.07 0.36 4.2% 

Soil Extract 1.0 1.09 3 0.08 8.7% 

 1.2 1.25 3 3 0.03 0.04 4.3% 

 9.0 9.36 3 0.14 4.0% 

 10.0 10.32 3 3 0.05 0.08 3.2% 

 17.5 18.06 3 0.16 3.2% 

 18.5 19.22 3 3 0.10 0.13 3.9% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 30 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 8 

EXAMPLE [Cu(CN)3]

2- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS 

 USING ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (mg/L) (mg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (mg/L) (mg/L) Bias 

Reagent 

Water 

0.20 0.22 7 0.02 10.0% 

 0.24 0.30 6 6 0.01 0.01 23.9% 

 0.90 0.97 6 0.06 7.3% 

 1.0 1.08 7 6 0.03 0.12 8.2% 

 1.6 1.81 7 0.15 13.0% 

 1.7 1.94 6 6 0.03 0.11 14.2% 

Groundwater 0.20 0.22 7 0.01 7.9% 

 0.24 0.30 7 7 0.01 0.02 22.7% 

 0.90 0.96 6 0.04 6.9% 

 1.0 1.04 7 6 0.02 0.04 4.4% 

 1.6 1.74 7 0.11 8.7% 

 1.7 1.83 7 7 0.01 0.13 7.6% 

Soil Extract 0.20 0.23 3 0.02 16.2% 

 0.24 0.26 3 3 0.01 0.01 7.2% 

 0.85 0.94 3 0.04 10.9% 

 0.95 1.00 3 3 0.01 0.03 5.1% 

 1.6 1.70 3 0.07 6.3% 

 1.7 1.80 3 3 0.01 0.09 6.1% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 31 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 9 

EXAMPLE [Ag(CN)2]

-

 ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS 

 USING ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (mg/L) (mg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (mg/L) (mg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 21.0 22.94 7 1.22 9.2% 

 23.0 25.31 7 7 0.59 1.09 10.1% 

 46.0 50.13 6 1.80 9.0% 

 51.0 55.46 7 6 0.49 1.56 8.7% 

 85.0 88.36 7 1.61 3.9% 

 90.0 94.00 7 7 1.42 1.82 4.4% 

Groundwater 21.0 23.68 7 0.54 12.8% 

 23.0 25.90 7 7 0.84 0.92 12.6% 

 46.0 50.86 7 1.47 10.6% 

 51.0 55.86 7 7 0.47 1.11 9.5% 

 85.0 90.37 7 2.20 6.3% 

 90.0 94.77 7 7 0.45 2.08 5.3% 

Soil Extract 21.0 22.47 3 0.37 7.0% 

 23.0 24.17 3 3 0.17 0.34 5.1% 

 46.0 48.45 3 0.77 5.3% 

 51.0 53.06 3 3 0.22 0.50 4.0% 

 85.0 88.58 3 0.46 4.2% 

 90.0 92.38 3 3 1.58 1.85 2.6% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 32 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 10 

EXAMPLE [Au(CN)2]

-

 ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS 

 USING ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (mg/L) (mg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (mg/L) (mg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 10.0 10.98 7 0.64 9.8% 

 12.0 12.59 6 6 0.40 0.26 4.9% 

 20.0 22.00 7 1.97 10.0% 

 22.0 23.09 6 6 1.34 0.58 5.0% 

 40.0 41.57 6 0.86 3.9% 

 42.0 43.29 6 6 0.47 0.93 3.1% 

Groundwater 10.0 10.53 6 0.41 5.3% 

 12.0 12.38 7 6 0.43 0.69 3.1% 

 20.0 21.56 7 1.13 7.8% 

 22.0 22.73 7 7 1.43 1.26 3.3% 

 40.0 42.27 6 0.83 5.7% 

 42.0 44.00 6 6 0.55 0.81 4.8% 

Soil Extract 10.0 10.35 3 0.37 3.5% 

 12.0 11.75 3 3 0.61 1.04 -2.1% 

 20.0 20.44 3 0.68 2.2% 

 22.0 22.62 3 3 0.16 0.65 2.8% 

 40.0 41.82 3 0.61 4.6% 

 42.0 44.12 3 3 0.60 1.12 5.1% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 33 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 11 

EXAMPLE [Co(CN)6]

3- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS 

 USING ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (mg/L) (mg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (mg/L) (mg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 15.0 15.63 7 0.39 15.0 

 18.0 18.67 7 7 0.23 0.40 18.0 

 46.0 47.78 6 0.40 46.0 

 50.0 51.42 6 6 0.25 0.14 50.0 

 85.0 86.17 7 0.66 85.0 

 90.0 91.01 7 7 0.68 1.52 90.0 

Groundwater 15.0 15.71 7 0.48 4.7% 

 18.0 18.83 7 7 0.18 0.32 4.6% 

 46.0 47.87 7 0.91 4.1% 

 50.0 51.31 7 7 0.27 1.12 2.6% 

 85.0 86.48 7 1.75 1.7% 

 90.0 91.35 7 7 0.21 1.93 1.5% 

Soil Extract 15.0 15.64 3 0.43 4.2% 

 18.0 18.53 3 3 0.07 0.51 3.0% 

 46.0 47.43 3 1.24 3.1% 

 50.0 50.96 3 3 0.34 1.08 1.9% 

 85.0 86.16 3 2.41 1.4% 

 90.0 91.55 3 3 0.25 2.18 1.7% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 34 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 12 

EXAMPLE [Ni(CN)4]

2- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS 

 USING ANION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (mg/L) (mg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (mg/L) (mg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 20.0 21.93 7 0.98 9.6% 

 24.0 25.91 7 7 0.48 1.18 7.9% 

 85.0 91.15 7 2.10 7.2% 

 95.0 101.6 7 7 0.72 2.40 6.9% 

 175 185.9 7 9.64 6.2% 

 185 193.5 7 7 2.33 8.65 4.6% 

Groundwater 20.0 21.62 7 1.67 8.1% 

 24.0 25.47 7 7 0.43 1.74 6.1% 

 85.0 90.49 6 1.05 6.5% 

 95.0 99.72 7 6 0.75 3.32 5.0% 

 175 181.53 7 4.22 3.7% 

 185 190.73 7 7 1.58 2.99 3.1% 

Soil Extract 20.0 21.29 3 0.27 8.4% 

 24.0 26.00 3 3 0.07 2.27 4.7% 

 85.0 89.02 3 1.97 5.6% 

 95.0 100.35 3 3 0.53 5.10 2.6% 

 175 179.47 3 6.31 3.1% 

 185 190.82 3 3 1.54 0.00 0.0% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 35 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 13 

EXAMPLE [Fe(CN)6]

4- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS USING ANION EXCHANGE 

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (μg/L) (μg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (μg/L) (μg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 1.6 1.68 6 0.08 5.1% 

 1.8 1.87 5 5 0.06 0.02 3.9% 

 9.5 9.08 6 0.86 -4.4% 

 11.0 10.90 6 6 0.38 0.41 -1.0% 

 17.0 16.53 6 1.16 -2.8% 

 18.0 17.49 6 6 1.06 0.88 -2.9% 

Groundwater 1.6 2.17 6 0.49 35.4% 

 1.8 2.22 5 5 0.28 0.16 23.5% 

 9.5 9.72 6 1.60 2.3% 

 11.0 10.94 5 5 0.30 0.50 -0.5% 

 17.0 17.53 5 0.98 3.1% 

 18.0 18.08 5 5 0.92 0.46 0.4% 

Soil Extract 1.6 1.75 1 9.5% 

 1.8 1.98 1 1 NA NA 10.1% 

 9.5 9.72 1 2.3% 

 11.0 11.21 1 1 NA NA 2.0% 

 17.0 17.66 1 3.9% 

 18.0 18.57 1 1 NA NA 3.2% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 NA = Not Applicable, single laboratory study 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 36 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 14 

EXAMPLE [Cu(CN)3]

2- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS USING ANION EXCHANGE 

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (μg/L) (μg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (μg/L) (μg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 1.1 1.47 6 0.62 34.0% 

 1.3 1.05 5 5 0.45 0.30 -19.5% 

 2.3 2.25 6 0.20 -2.0% 

 2.5 3.22 6 6 0.25 0.35 28.8% 

 4.4 4.38 6 0.32 -0.5% 

 4.6 4.81 6 6 0.26 0.35 4.6% 

Groundwater 1.1 0.89 4 0.74 -19.1% 

 1.3 0.73 5 4 0.25 0.92 -44.2% 

 2.3 0.87 5 0.62 -62.0% 

 2.5 0.89 5 5 0.09 0.71 -64.3% 

 4.4 1.30 5 0.77 -70.3% 

 4.6 1.27 5 5 0.21 0.99 -72.4% 

Soil Extract 1.1 0.32 1 -71.0% 

 1.3 0.32 1 1 NA NA -75.5% 

 2.3 0.51 1 -78.0% 

 2.5 0.84 1 1 NA NA -66.3% 

 4.4 1.00 1 -77.3% 

 4.6 1.06 1 1 NA NA -76.9% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 NA = Not Applicable, single laboratory study 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 37 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 15 

EXAMPLE [Ag(CN)2]

-

 ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS USING ANION EXCHANGE 

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (μg/L) (μg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (μg/L) (μg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 20.0 25.05 6 8.62 25.2% 

 24.0 28.64 6 6 1.57 8.12 19.3% 

 50.0 49.57 6 10.15 -0.9% 

 54.0 60.33 6 6 6.69 15.66 11.7% 

 110 97.02 6 15.20 -11.8% 

 115 103.13 6 6 3.57 18.88 -10.3% 

Groundwater 20.0 10.19 5 1.77 -49.1% 

 24.0 15.45 6 5 1.12 4.38 -35.6% 

 50.0 29.11 6 5.94 -41.8% 

 54.0 31.26 6 6 1.61 5.22 -42.1% 

 110 62.93 6 9.50 -42.8% 

 115 65.63 6 6 1.70 10.35 -42.9% 

Soil Extract 20.0 15.27 1 -23.6% 

 24.0 18.11 1 1 NA NA -24.6% 

 50.0 52.56 1 5.1% 

 54.0 57.99 1 1 NA NA 7.4% 

 110.0 117.32 1 6.7% 

 115.0 122.13 1 1 NA NA 6.2% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 NA = Not Applicable, single laboratory study 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 38 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 16 

EXAMPLE [Au(CN)2]

-

 ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS USING ANION EXCHANGE 

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (μg/L) (μg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (μg/L) (μg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 15.0 16.47 6 1.14 9.8% 

 18.0 18.46 6 6 0.98 1.37 2.5% 

 57.0 58.49 6 3.91 2.6% 

 60.0 64.07 6 6 3.00 4.11 6.8% 

 85.0 87.04 5 0.63 2.4% 

 90.0 90.10 6 5 1.58 4.81 0.1% 

Groundwater 15.0 14.25 6 1.49 -5.0% 

 18.0 17.14 5 5 0.77 2.28 -4.8% 

 57.0 53.66 6 5.58 -5.9% 

 60.0 56.16 6 6 4.12 6.63 -6.4% 

 85.0 82.05 6 4.72 -3.5% 

 90.0 84.58 6 6 2.75 8.31 -6.0% 

Soil Extract 15.0 15.95 1 6.3% 

 18.0 18.10 1 1 NA NA 0.5% 

 57.0 60.63 1 6.4% 

 60.0 62.64 1 1 NA NA 4.4% 

 85.0 87.57 1 3.0% 

 90.0 95.84 1 1 NA NA 6.5% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 NA = Not Applicable, single laboratory study 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 39 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 17 

EXAMPLE [Co(CN)6]

3- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS USING ANION EXCHANGE 

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (μg/L) (μg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (μg/L) (μg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 12.0 12.46 7 0.88 3.9% 

 14.0 14.05 7 7 0.45 1.44 0.3% 

 95.0 90.48 7 7.06 -4.8% 

 105 102.92 7 7 3.74 3.47 -2.0% 

 180 173.95 7 12.40 -3.4% 

 190 182.39 7 7 9.87 7.99 -4.0% 

Groundwater 12.0 12.96 6 1.49 8.0% 

 14.0 14.67 5 5 0.34 1.61 4.8% 

 95.0 93.61 6 5.42 -1.5% 

 105 104.31 6 6 1.81 3.30 -0.7% 

 180 176.25 6 7.52 -2.1% 

 190 189.16 6 6 2.70 4.52 -0.4% 

Soil Extract 12.0 11.38 1 -5.1% 

 14.0 13.47 1 1 NA NA -3.8% 

 95.0 100.30 1 5.6% 

 105.0 109.09 1 1 NA NA 3.9% 

 180.0 188.41 1 4.7% 

 190.0 198.35 1 1 NA NA 4.4% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 NA = Not Applicable, single laboratory study 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 40 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 18 

EXAMPLE [Ni(CN)4]

2- ANALYSIS PRECISION AND BIAS USING ANION EXCHANGE 

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Amount 

Added 

Amount 

Found 

Number 

of 

Retained 

Number of 

Retained SO ST 

Matrix (μg/L) (μg/L) Samples Youden Pairs (μg/L) (μg/L) Bias 

Reagent Water 55.0 53.52 5 1.21 -2.7% 

 60.0 59.31 6 5 2.53 3.98 -1.1% 

 75.0 73.54 6 5.56 -2.0% 

 80.0 78.47 5 5 3.25 1.32 -1.9% 

 90.0 90.75 6 5.79 0.8% 

 95.0 95.72 6 6 5.50 6.86 0.8% 

Groundwater 55.0 43.32 6 9.97 -21.2% 

 60.0 39.20 6 6 15.25 19.34 -34.7% 

 75.0 55.89 6 8.81 -25.5% 

 80.0 59.92 6 6 2.93 6.57 -25.1% 

 90.0 71.95 6 10.24 -20.1% 

 95.0 79.89 6 6 9.42 12.41 -15.9% 

Soil Extract 55.0 50.58 1 -8.0% 

 60.0 55.17 1 1 NA NA -8.1% 

 75.0 72.77 1 -3.0% 

 80.0 76.02 1 1 NA NA -5.0% 

 90.0 87.76 1 -2.5% 

 95.0 91.23 1 1 NA NA -4.0% 

ST = Overall standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 SO = Single operator standard deviation across multiple laboratories 

 NA = Not Applicable, single laboratory study 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from References 1 and 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 41 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

TABLE 19 

TOTAL CYANIDE RECOVERIES IN SPIKED SOILS PREPARED USING 

METHOD 9013 EXTRACTION 

Sample 

Background Total 

Cyanide 

Concentrationa

(μg/g Cyanide) 

Spiking 

Concentrationb 

(μg/g Cyanide) 

Average Total 

Cyanide 

Recoveryb

Standard 

Deviationc

Soil 1 0.44 500 95% 1.8% (n = 2) 

Soil 2 0.17 500 78% 0.1% (n = 2) 

Soil 3 ND 500 86% 6.4% (n = 4) 

a

 Total cyanide was determined in the soil extraction solutions using EPA SW-846 Methods 9010 and 9012 (Ref. 23). 

 b Soils were spiked using solid Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 prior to extraction. 

c

 n = Number of replicate analyses 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Data taken from Reference 22.
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 42 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 1 

EXAMPLE BLANK REAGENT WATER CHROMATOGRAM 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 1. 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

Column: IonPac® AS11 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Reagent Water

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

Column: IonPac® AS11 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Reagent Water
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 43 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 2 

EXAMPLE BLANK REAGENT CHROMATOGRAM WATER USING 

 ON-LINE SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 1. 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

Column: IonPac® AS11 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4

gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Reagent Water

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

Column: IonPac® AS11 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4

gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Reagent Water
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 44 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 3 

CHROMATOGRAPH CONFIGURATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF 

 METAL CYANIDE COMPLEXES 

 

Figure taken from Reference 1. 

Anion trap 

column Gradient 

pump

Autosampler

Data analysis UV-Vis detector

Guard 

column

Separator 

column

Eluents

Anion trap 

column Gradient 

pump

Autosampler

Data analysis UV-Vis detector

Guard 

column

Separator 

column

Eluents
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 45 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 4 

CHROMATOGRAPH CONFIGURATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF METAL CYANIDE 

COMPLEXES USING SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Figure taken from Reference 1. 

Metal free

trap columns

Data analysis UV-Vis detector

Guard 

column

Separator 

column

Large volume 

autosampler

To

waste

Sample 

concentrator

pump

Concentrator 

column

Gradient 

pump

Anion trap 

column

Eluents

Metal free

trap columns

Data analysis UV-Vis detector

Guard 

column

Separator 

column

Large volume 

autosampler

To

waste

Sample 

concentrator

pump

Concentrator 

column

Gradient 

pump

Anion trap 

column

Eluents
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 46 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 5 

INJECTION VALVE CONFIGURATION FOR SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

Figure taken from Reference 1. 

 

Guard and separator

columns

To

waste

Concentrator 

column

Gradient Pump

Sample 

concentrator 

pump

Load

Inject

Guard and separator

columns

To

waste

Concentrator 

column

Gradient Pump

Sample 

concentrator 

pump

Load

Inject
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 47 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 6 

EXAMPLE SPIKED REAGENT WATER CHROMATOGRAM 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 22. 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Reagent Water

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 22 mg/L

2. [Au(CN)2]

- 11 

3. [Cu(CN)3

]

2- 0.25 

4. [Ni(CN)4

]

2- 22

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 1.1 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 17

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Reagent Water

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 22 mg/L

2. [Au(CN)2]

- 11 

3. [Cu(CN)3

]

2- 0.25 

4. [Ni(CN)4

]

2- 22

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 1.1 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 17
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 48 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 7 

EXAMPLE SPIKED GROUNDWATER CHROMATOGRAM 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 1. 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Groundwater

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 22 mg/L

2. [Au(CN)2]

- 11 

3. [Cu(CN)3]

2- 0.25 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 22

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 1.1 

6. [Co(CN)6

]

3- 17

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Groundwater

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 22 mg/L

2. [Au(CN)2]

- 11 

3. [Cu(CN)3]

2- 0.25 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 22

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 1.1 

6. [Co(CN)6

]

3- 17
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 49 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 8 

EXAMPLE SPIKED SOIL EXTRACT CHROMATOGRAM 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 22. 

Column: IonPac® AS11 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4

gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: 35 °C

Sample: Spiked Soil Extract

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2

]

- 75 mg/L

2. [Cu(CN)3

]

2- 0.5 

3. [Au(CN)2]

- 25 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 150 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 15 

6. [Co(CN)6

]

3- 75

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20

Column: IonPac® AS11 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4

gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 100 μL

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: 35 °C

Sample: Spiked Soil Extract

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2

]

- 75 mg/L

2. [Cu(CN)3

]

2- 0.5 

3. [Au(CN)2]

- 25 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 150 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 15 

6. [Co(CN)6

]

3- 75

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 50 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 9 

EXAMPLE SPIKED REAGENT WATER CHROMATOGRAM USING 

SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 22. 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 20 mL concentrated on AG5

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Reagent Water

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 100 μg/L

2. [Au(CN)2]

- 75 

3. [Cu(CN)3]

2- 4 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 75 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 10 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 100 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 20 mL concentrated on AG5

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Reagent Water

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 100 μg/L

2. [Au(CN)2]

- 75 

3. [Cu(CN)3]

2- 4 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 75 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 10 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 100 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 51 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 10 

EXAMPLE SPIKED GROUNDWATER CHROMATOGRAM USING 

SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 22. 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 20 mL concentrated on AG5

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Groundwater

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 100 μg/L

2. [Au(CN)2

]

- 75 

3. [Cu(CN)3

]

2- 4 

4. [Ni(CN)4

]

2- 75 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 10 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 100 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

0 10 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

Column: IonPac® AS5 (4-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 1 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 20 mL concentrated on AG5

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Groundwater

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2]

- 100 μg/L

2. [Au(CN)2

]

- 75 

3. [Cu(CN)3

]

2- 4 

4. [Ni(CN)4

]

2- 75 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 10 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 100 
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 52 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

FIGURE 11 

EXAMPLE SPIKED SOIL EXTRACT CHROMATOGRAM USING 

SAMPLE PRECONCENTRATION 

These data are provided for guidance purposes only.

Figure taken from Reference 22. 

Column: IonPac® AS11 (2-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 0.25 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 5 mL concentrated on AG11

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Soil Extract

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2

]

- 100 μg/L

2. [Cu(CN)3]

2- 4 

3. [Au(CN)2]

- 75 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 75 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 10 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 100 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

1

2

3

4 5

6

0 10 20

Column: IonPac® AS11 (2-mm)

Eluent: NaClO4gradient in

20 mM NaOH/15 mM NaCN

Flow Rate: 0.25 mL/min

Inj. Volume: 5 mL concentrated on AG11

Detection: Absorbance at 215 nm

Temperature: ambient

Sample: Spiked Soil Extract

Peaks: 1. [Ag(CN)2

]

- 100 μg/L

2. [Cu(CN)3]

2- 4 

3. [Au(CN)2]

- 75 

4. [Ni(CN)4]

2- 75 

5. [Fe(CN)6]

4- 10 

6. [Co(CN)6]

3- 100 

-0.1

0.9

Absorbance [AU]

Retention Time [min]

1

2

3

4 5

6

0 10 20
SW-846 Update V 9015 - 53 Revision 1 

 July 2014 

Appendix A 

Summary of Revisions to Method 9015 (from Revision 1, November 2004) 

1. The entire document was formatted in Microsoft Word .docx format from the original 

.WPD and .PDF files. The revision number was changed to one and the date published 

to July 2014. 

2. Minor editorial and grammatical changes were made throughout the document as 

needed. 

3. Text regarding the IDP (Sec. 9.2) and LLOQ (9.7) consistent with SW-846 Chapter One 

was added. 

4. Graphics in the Figures Section were modified from Corel Drawing Objects V.10 to .jpg 

graphical images (where needed) to remove artifacts from the conversion process. The 

text titles of each figure was centered and formatted. 

5. This Appendix was added to document changes made during the editorial process. 

6. Updated and expanded the “QUALITY CONTROL” section for better adherence to 

current SW-846 method guidelines and for improved alignment with current universal 

practices for published analytical methods.