PECHAN

5528-B Hempstead Way

Springfield, VA 22151

703-813-6700 telephone

703-813-6729 facsimile

3622 Lyckan Parkway

Suite 2002

Durham, NC 27707

919-493-3144 telephone

919-493-3182 facsimile

P.O. Box 1575

Shingle Springs, CA 95682

530-672-0441 telephone

530-672-0504 facsimile

PENNSYLVANIA 2002

AREA SOURCE CRITERIA 

AIR POLLUTANT 

EMISSION ESTIMATION 

METHODS

Prepared for:

Pennsylvania Department of

Environmental Protection

Bureau of Air Quality

P.O. Box 2357

Harrisburg, PA 17105-2357

Prepared by:

E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.

3622 Lyckan Parkway

Suite 2002

Durham, NC 27707

Contract No. SP3580003990

Work Order 9

February 2004

Pechan Rpt. No. 04.02.006/9420.109
iii

CONTENTS

Page

AREA SOURCE DEFINITION ....................................................................................................................................1

METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS ..................................................1

Control Efficiency (CE) ...........................................................................................................................................3

Rule Penetration (RP)...............................................................................................................................................3

Rule Effectiveness (RE) ...........................................................................................................................................3

Seasonal Emission Calculations...............................................................................................................................3

Point Source Subtractions ........................................................................................................................................5

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ................................................................................9

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – CROPS (Fertilizer Application) (14 SCCs)......................................................9

ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING (SCC 2401001000) ................................................................................9

ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs)....................................................................................................................................10

AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000).................................................................................................12

BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000)..................................................................................................................................13

BREWERIES (SCC 2302070001) ..............................................................................................................................14

COAL COMBUSTION (6 SCCs) ...............................................................................................................................16

COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER SOLVENT USE (SCC 2465000000)..............................................................20

COMMERCIAL COOKING (5 SCCs) .......................................................................................................................21

COMPOSTING (3 SCCs)............................................................................................................................................22

DEGREASING (4 SCCs)............................................................................................................................................23

DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000370) .......................................................................................................................24

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000)....................................................................................................25

ELECTRICAL INSULATION (SCC 2401065000)....................................................................................................26

FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000)..................................................................................................27

FOREST FIRES (SCC 2810001000) ..........................................................................................................................27

FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (3 SCCs).........................................................................................................................28

GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs).........................................................................................................................32

GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000) ........................................................................................................................36

HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE SOLVENT (SCC 2401100000)...................................36

KEROSENE (2 SCCs).................................................................................................................................................37

LANDFILLS (SCC 2620030000) ...............................................................................................................................40

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000) ...........................................................................................41

MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000) ..................................................................................................................42

METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000)............................................................................................................................42

METAL FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC 2401025000)...................................................................................43

MISCELLANEOUS FINISHED METAL (SCC 2401050000) ..................................................................................44

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401090000) ................................................................................45

NATURAL GAS AND LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) (4 SCCs)...............................................................45

OPEN BURNING (5 SCCs)........................................................................................................................................51

OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATING (SCC 2401200000) .................................................................................54

OTHER TRANSPORTATION (SCC 2401085000)...................................................................................................55

PESTICIDE APPLICATION (SCC 2461800000)......................................................................................................56

PORTABLE GASOLINE CONTAINERS (SCC 2501060300)..................................................................................56

REFRIGERANT LOSSES (SCC 2399010000) ..........................................................................................................58

PUBLIC OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (3 SCCs)...............................................................................................58

RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION (7 SCCs)...................................................................................................60

SOLID WASTE INCINERATION (2 SCCs)..............................................................................................................61

STRUCTURE FIRES (SCC 2810030000)..................................................................................................................63

TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000).......................................................................................................64

WINERIES (SCC 2302070005)..................................................................................................................................65

WOOD FURNITURE MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401020000)..............................................................................66

APPENDIX A: REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................1
iv

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1

AREA SOURCE DEFINITION

For emission inventory development purposes, the term “area sources” traditionally refers to 

stationary air pollutant emission sources that are not inventoried at the facility-level. While point 

sources are inventoried individually, area sources are typically inventoried at the county level 

(Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development Volume III: Chapter 1).1 

Gasoline stations and dry cleaning establishments are often treated as both point and area 

sources. The main reason they are not exclusively treated as point sources is that the effort 

required to gather data and estimate emissions for each individual facility is very great, while 

emissions per facility are generally small. For these sources, a cut-off point, typically based on 

annual emissions, usually defines the distinction between point and area. The Consolidated 

Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) specifies reporting criteria air pollutant (CAP) thresholds for 

point and area sources, which vary depending on the pollutant and the attainment status of a 

county (see http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cerr/index.html).

Individual emissions sources are grouped with other like sources into source categories. These 

source categories are grouped in such a way that they can be estimated collectively using one 

methodology. Most area source categories do not have an analogue in the point source inventory. 

Pesticide use and commercial/consumer product use are such examples. The boundaries of the 

individual activities associated with these sources are often hard to determine or are, at best, 

arbitrary. Even within a point source facility, some activities occur that are more easily treated as 

area source emissions. Some emissions associated with surface coating operations such as 

equipment cleaning, for example, can be more practically estimated using area source methods 

even though other surface coating operations may be reported as part of the point source 

inventory.

METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS

Area source emissions are generally estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some known 

indicator or collective activity for each area source category at the county level. Several 

methodologies are available for estimating area source activity levels and emissions. For this 

2002 area source inventory, estimates were derived by (1) treating area sources as point sources, 

(2) obtaining county-level activity data, (3) apportioning national or statewide activity data to 

counties, (4) use of per capita emission factors, and (5) use of per employee emission factors. 

Each approach has distinct advantages and disadvantages as discussed below.

Small sources that would normally be treated as area sources may be handled as point sources for 

several reasons. First, county level activity data may not be readily determinable for certain 

source categories. Municipal landfills provide an example of this situation.

For some source categories, county activity estimates were available. For example, monthly

wine production data for 2002 were available by county from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control 

Board. If county activity data were not available, Commonwealth totals were apportioned to 

counties using data for a surrogate of the emissions activity. For example, the quantity of 
2

highway gasoline consumed in the Commonwealth was apportioned to the county level on the 

basis of vehicle miles traveled per county. Residential, commercial, and industrial fuel 

combustion were other categories that were handled in this manner. The major drawbacks of this 

approach are that additional data and resources are needed to apportion activity levels to the local 

level, and accuracy is lost in the process. If Commonwealth level data were not available, then 

national data were used in a similar manner.

Sources in certain area source categories were not only numerous and diffuse, but were too 

difficult to inventory by any of the above procedures. As an example, solvent evaporation from 

consumer and commercial products such as waxes, aerosol products and window cleaners cannot 

be routinely determined by DEP. In addition, it would be resource-intensive to develop and 

implement a survey that would yield such information. Per capita or per employee emission 

factors are used to estimate emissions for these source categories. The use of per capita emission 

factors is based on the assumption that, for a given source category, emission activity can be 

reasonably associated with population. This assumption is valid over broad areas for certain 

categories such as Architectural Surface Coating and solvent evaporation from Consumer and 

Commercial Products.

For categories that rely on a per capita emission factor, county population estimates for 2002 

were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. When emissions are calculated from per 

employee emission factors, county-level employment data for 2002 were estimated from a 

combination of two sources. Because county employment data for 2002 will not be available 

from the Bureau of the Census’ County Business Patterns (CBP) until April 2004, 2001 data for 

the appropriate North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes were obtained 

from the 2001 CBP2and projected to 2002 using the Commonwealth-level 2001 to 2002 

employment change for the appropriate NAICS codes. The Commonwealth-level employment 

data were obtained at the NAICS code level from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.3

In some cases, the Census does not report the employment value for a particular NAICS 

code/county combination because of confidentiality concerns. In these cases, the Census 

provides employment data as a range (e.g., between 20 and 99 employees). When a precise 

number of employees was not available from CBP, an initial estimate was developed based on 

the mid-point of the reported range (e.g., 60 employees was used for the 20 to 99 employment 

range). For a given NAICS code, the mid-point estimates were then adjusted up or down to yield 

the Commonwealth-level employment for that NAICS code as reported in the CBP. The 

adjustments were computed by first calculating the difference between the Commonwealth-level 

CBP employment and the total of the employment values for counties for which actual 

employment values were reported in the CBP. The resulting value represents employment for the

counties for which the CBP reports an employment range value. This value was then divided by

the sum of the mid-point employment estimates for the counties for which employment was 

reported as a range. The resulting ratio was multiplied by the mid-point estimates to yield the 

final county employment estimates. The calculation spreadsheets provide each of the steps used 

in this estimation procedure.
3

Control Efficiency (CE)

Control efficiency is the emission reduction percentage associated with a control device, process 

change or reformulation. Control efficiencies can vary widely by source within an area source 

category. Area source control efficiency values represent the weighted average control for the 

category.

Rule Penetration (RP)

Because lower-emitting sources within a source category may not be covered by a regulation, it is 

important to reflect the extent to which total source category emissions are affected. Rule 

penetration represents the percentage of total source category emissions that are affected by a 

regulation.

Rule Effectiveness (RE)

Rule effectiveness is a factor used to adjust the control efficiency to account for failures and 

uncertainties that affect the actual performance of the control. For example, control equipment 

performance may be adversely affected by age of the equipment, lack of maintenance, or 

improper use. With the exception of Federal regulations, a default RE value of 80 percent was 

applied when information was not available to substantiate the true RE value.1 An RE of 100 

percent was applied to all Federal regulations that require national compliance.

The RE factor is applied to the estimated control efficiency in the calculation of emissions from a 

source. The formula for the application of CE, RP, and RE is displayed below:

Uncontrolled Emissions = 50 pounds per day

Control Efficiency = 90 percent

Rule Penetration = 60 percent

Rule Effectiveness = 80 percent

Controlled Emissions = Uncontrolled Emissions × (1 – CE/100 × RP/100 × RE/100)

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.6 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 – 0.432) = 28.4 pounds per day

An RE and/or RP value can substantially increase emission estimates when high control 

efficiencies are involved. For example, if RP was not applied in the above example (equivalent 

to a 100 percent RP assumption), then estimated emissions are:

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 – 0.72) = 14 pounds per day.

Seasonal Emission Calculations

Area source emissions are typically prepared first on an annual basis because activity data are 

generally only available on an annual basis. The recently promulgated Consolidated Emissions 
4

Reporting Rule (CERR) requires States to submit county-level area source CAP emission 

inventories to EPA for three temporal periods: annual, summer season work weekday, and 

winter season work weekday (the latter for carbon monoxide and particulate matter emissions 

only). Summer season work weekday emission inventories are needed to support planning for 

ozone NAAQS attainment. The summer season refers to the peak ozone season months of June, 

July, and August. Winter season work weekday emission inventories are used to support carbon 

monoxide (CO) NAAQS attainment planning. The winter season refers to January, February, 

and December of the same year (e.g., 2002).

Seasonal emission estimates are calculated by adjusting the annual inventory to reflect activity

during the summer and winter season. Summer work weekday and winter work weekday

emissions are calculated by multiplying annual emissions by the appropriate allocation factor. 

For most source categories, summer and winter work weekday allocation factors were developed 

from default monthly and weekly profiles available from EPA’s Emissions Modeling 

ClearingHouse (EMCH).4 

The EMCH provides 807 different monthly profiles and 45 different weekly profiles. The first 

step in developing summer allocation factors was to compute summer monthly ratios by dividing 

the sum of the June, July, and August monthly profile values by the total of the twelve monthly

profile values. Winter monthly ratios were calculated in a similar manner, except monthly

profile values for January, February, and December were incorporated into the calculation. 

Weekday profile values were computed by dividing the sum of the Monday through Friday

weekly profile values by the total profile value for the entire week.

Summer work weekday allocation factors were calculated by multiplying the summer monthly

ratios by the appropriate weekday ratio and then dividing the result by 65 (the number of work 

weekdays in the summer of 2002). In a like manner, winter work weekday allocation factors 

were computed by multiplying winter monthly ratios by the appropriate weekday ratio and 

dividing by 65 (the number of work weekdays in the winter of 2002).

These allocation factors were then matched to area source classification codes (SCCs) via a 

crosswalk between SCCs and temporal profiles available from EPA’s EMCH. Annual emissions 

for each SCC/county/pollutant combination were then multiplied by the appropriate summer 

work weekday allocation factor to yield summer work weekday emissions. Winter work 

weekday emissions were calculated for categories emitting CO and/or PM. Similar to the 

summer calculations, annual CO and PM emissions were multiplied by the appropriate winter 

work weekday allocation factor to yield winter work weekday emissions.

For source categories for which actual monthly/seasonal activity data were available (e.g., 

Residential Natural Gas Combustion, Structure Fires, and Wineries), summer and winter season 

allocation factors were calculated from the available activity data. The following presents 

sample calculations performed to develop the summer work weekday allocation factor for 

Bakeries. The individual source category methodology sections present the calculations 

performed to compute each category’s seasonal emission estimates.
5

SAMPLE CALCULATION OF SUMMER SEASON WORK WEEKDAY ALLOCATION FACTOR:

Bakeries (SCC 2302050000)

0.25

996

83 83 83

Total of Monthly Profile Values

(June Profile Value July Profile Value August Profile Value)



 



 

Summer Season Ratio 

0.715

1000

143 143 143 143 143



   





Sum of Weekly Values

Sum of Monday through Friday Profile Values Weekday Ratio

Summer Work Weekday Allocation Factor = 0.25 × 0.715  65 = 0.00275

For source categories for which actual seasonal emissions activity data were available (e.g., 

Residential Natural Gas Combustion, Structure Fires, and Wineries), the summer and winter 

season allocation factors were developed from these activity data.

Point Source Subtractions

Source categories can appear in both the area source and point source inventory. For example, 

emissions from large dry cleaning establishments may be included in the point source inventory, 

while emissions from smaller dry cleaners (below some specified cutoff) are included in the area 

source inventory. When a point source inventory and an area source inventory include emissions 

from the same process, the area source emission estimates are adjusted to avoid double-counting. 

Although many area source categories (e.g., Architectural Surface Coating) do not have 

companion point source categories, there are many source categories in the area source inventory

for which emissions are reported in the Pennsylvania point source inventory (see Table 1). For 

these source categories, point source emissions are subtracted from total emission estimates to 

yield area source emissions. Ideally, this adjustment would occur in the area source emission 

calculation by subtracting point source emission activity (throughput) from total emission 

activity as shown below.

Area Source Activity  Total Activity   Point Source Activity 

However, the Pennsylvania point source inventory does not report throughput for most sources. 

Therefore, it was necessary to calculate the point source subtractions using total and point source 

emission estimates as identified below.
6

Area Emissions p  Total Emissions p   Point Source Emissions p 

where:

p = pollutant

Separate point source inventories were developed for Allegheny and Philadelphia counties and 

for all other counties. Except for ammonia and lead, the Allegheny inventory reports annual

emissions for all pollutants included in the area source inventory. These pollutants are also 

missing from the Philadelphia County annual inventory. Unlike the Allegheny inventory, the 

Philadelphia County inventory does not report PM emissions on a filterable and condensable 

basis, but rather on a primary basis. The inventory for the remaining counties reports annual 

emissions for the same pollutants as the Philadelphia County inventory, with the exception of 

primary PM2.5 (PM25-PRI), which is not reported for the remaining counties. Given the different 

ways in which PM emissions are reported in the 2002 Pennsylvania point source inventory, it 

was necessary to develop PM emissions on a consistent basis to facilitate the point source 

subtractions. Therefore, for Allegheny County, Pechan summed the condensable and the 

filterable PM emissions to obtain PM10-PRI and PM25-PRI emission values for use in the point 

source subtractions.

Although the point source inventories also report winter and summer day emissions, these 

estimates were not used in the point source subtractions. The annual emission estimates were 

used in the subtractions because it is not clear if every point source facility that would have 

emissions during the summer/winter have these emissions reported in the inventory. For 

example, there are only 14 records with winter day NOx emissions in the point source inventory, 

while there are over 4,000 records with annual NOx emissions reported in the inventory.

To facilitate the point source subtractions, the annual emission records for all point SCCs 

associated with an area source category were summed to the county level. Because PA DEP 

indicated that point source subtractions should be applied to the Machinery and Equipment 

Solvent Coating area source category by subtracting point source emission records associated 

with the combination of point SCCs 40202501, 40202502, and 40202599 and SIC code 3531, it 

was also necessary to compile county level annual emissions for these records. In addition, 

because these point SCCs are also associated with the Miscellaneous Finished Metals Surface 

Coating area source category, it was necessary to compile county-level annual emissions for all 

point source records with these SCCs that are not associated with SIC code 3531.

The county-level point source annual emissions were then subtracted from the area source 

category annual emissions using an area source category-to-point source category crosswalk 

developed for this project. Note that in keeping with EIIP guidance, when the resulting area 

source emission estimate was negative, the area source emission value was set to zero. In 

addition, when the PM10-PRI emission estimate resulted in a zero value, then the companion 

PM25-PRI emission estimate was set to zero for consistency. In addition to setting PM25-PRI

emissions to zero when PM10-PRI emissions were zero, we also set PM25-PRI emissions to 

PM10-PRI emissions when PM25-PRI emissions were greater than PM10-PRI emissions, after 

the point source subtractions were performed. Finally, the summer and winter season work 
7

weekday emission estimates were updated by multiplying the revised annual emission estimate 

by the appropriate winter season and/or summer season work weekday allocation factors. The 

following presents sample point source NOx emission subtraction calculations for the 

Commercial/Institutional Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal Combustion category (SCC 

2103002000).

   

   

tons

AreaSourceNOxEmissionsfor SCC tons tons

Po SourceNOxEmissions AlleghenyCnty . tons (SCC ) . tons (SCC )

Total NOx Emissions for SCC AlleghenyCnty tons per year

AreaSourceNOxEmissionsfor SCC TotalNOxEmissions Po NOxEmissions

895.9997

2103002000 1,054.3025 158.3028

int ( ) 1520751 10300207 6 2277 10300208

2103002000( ) 1,054.3025

2103002000 int



 

 



 

The following individual sections describe the annual and seasonal emission estimation 

methodology for each area source category. Each section contains a brief description of the 

source category, identifies whether the category’s emission estimates were subject to point source 

emission subtractions, and presents sample emission calculations (point source subtractions are 

not included in these sample calculations). All referenced sources are displayed in Appendix A.
8

Table 1. Area Source Inventory Categories with Point Source Emission Subtractions

SCC SCC1DESC SCC3DESC SCC6DESC SCC8DESC

2102001000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Anthracite Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2102002000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2103001000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Anthracite Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2103002000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2103005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil Total: All Boiler Types

2103006000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types

2302050000 Industrial Processes Food and Kindred Products: SIC 20 Bakery Products Total

2302070001 Industrial Processes Food and Kindred Products: SIC 20 Fermentation/Beverages Breweries

2401015000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Factory Finished Wood: SIC 2426 thru 242 Total: All Solvent Types

2401020000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Wood Furniture: SIC 25 Total: All Solvent Types

2401025000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Metal Furniture: SIC 25 Total: All Solvent Types

2401040000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Metal Cans: SIC 341 Total: All Solvent Types

2401050000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating

Miscellaneous Finished Metals: SIC 34 - (341 + 

3498) Total: All Solvent Types

2401055000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Machinery and Equipment: SIC 35 Total: All Solvent Types

2401060000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Large Appliances: SIC 363 Total: All Solvent Types

2401070000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Motor Vehicles: SIC 371 Total: All Solvent Types

2401080000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Marine: SIC 373 Total: All Solvent Types

2401085000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Railroad: SIC 374 Total: All Solvent Types

2401090000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Miscellaneous Manufacturing Total: All Solvent Types

2415200000 Solvent Utilization Degreasing All Industries: Conveyerized Degreasing Total: All Solvent Types

2415300000 Solvent Utilization Degreasing All Industries: Cold Cleaning Total: All Solvent Types

2420000370 Solvent Utilization Dry Cleaning All Processes Special Naphthas

2425000000 Solvent Utilization Graphic Arts All Processes Total: All Solvent Types

2501060053 Storage and Transport

Petroleum and Petroleum Product 

Storage Gasoline Service Stations Stage 1: Balanced Submerged Filling

2501060101 Storage and Transport

Petroleum and Petroleum Product 

Storage Gasoline Service Stations Stage 2: Displacement Loss/Uncontrolled

2501060102 Storage and Transport

Petroleum and Petroleum Product 

Storage Gasoline Service Stations Stage 2: Displacement Loss/Controlled

2601010000

Waste Disposal, Treatment, and 

Recovery On-site Incineration Industrial Total

2601020000

Waste Disposal, Treatment, and 

Recovery On-site Incineration Commercial/Institutional Total

2620030000

Waste Disposal, Treatment, and 

Recovery Landfills Municipal Total

2630020010

Waste Disposal, Treatment, and 

Recovery Landfills Wastewater Treatment Processes Total
9

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Emissions from livestock production come from such activities as confinement, manure handling 

and storage, and land application of manure. Biogenic emission source calculations were derived 

from EPA’s BEIS inventory system.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – CROPS (Fertilizer Application) (14 SCCs)

(Anhydrous Ammonia SCC 2801700001, Aqueous Ammonia SCC 2801700002, Nitrogen 

Solutions SCC 2801700003, Urea SCC 2801700004, Ammonium Nitrate SCC 2801700005, 

Ammonium Sulfate SCC 2801700006, Ammonium Thiosulfate SCC 2801700007, N-P-K 

(multi-grade nutrient fertilizers) SCC 2801700010, Calcium Ammonium Nitrate SCC 

2801700011, Potassium Nitrate SCC 2801700012, Diammonium Phosphate SCC 2801700013, 

Monoammonium Phosphate SCC 2801700014, Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate SCC 

2801700015, Misc. Fertilizers SCC 2801700099)

Emissions from crops are primarily due to spreading of various fertilizers. Fertilizers spread on 

fields that contribute to ammonia emissions include anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia, 

nitrogen solutions, urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonia, and ammonium sulfate. Biogenic 

emission source calculations were derived from EPA’s BEIS inventory system.

ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING (SCC 2401001000)

Architectural surface coatings are used by homeowners and painting contractors to coat the 

interior and exterior of buildings and other structures. The coatings are applied by spray, brush, 

or roller and dry or cure at ambient conditions. The VOC emissions from this source category

result from the evaporation of the paint and cleanup solvents. Each county’s emissions are 

calculated using a per capita emission factor and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2002 population 

data. The Federal architectural surface coating regulations call for a 20 percent reduction in the 

solvent content of architectural surface coatings manufactured after September 1999.5 Therefore, 

a 20 percent CE is applied in the 2002 inventory.

The emission factor that is used in this effort differs from that used for the 1999 area source 

inventory. The new per capita emission factor was calculated using the Emission Inventory

Improvement Program (EIIP) methods for this category. National solvent- and water-based 

coating per capita use factors were first calculated from 2002 national paint shipments6and 2002 

national population data.7 These factors were then combined with information on the average 

volatile organic compound (VOC) content of these coatings to calculate per capita emission 

factors as follows: 

Water-Based = 0.74 pounds VOC/gallon8× 589,527,000 gallons6/288,368,698 people7

= 1.5128 pounds VOC/person/year

Solvent-Based = 3.87 pounds VOC/gallon8× 119,914,000 gallons6/288,368,698 people7

= 1.6093 pounds VOC/person/year 
10

Final composite emission factor = 1.5128 + 1.6093 = 3.1221 pounds VOC/person/year

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions EmissionFactor Population

where:

Emission Factor = 3.1221 lbs VOC/person/year

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%5

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOCEmissions pounds per year

people

year

person

lbsVOC

Annual VOCEmissions

1585.9069

2000

1

3,171,813.823

100

100

100

100

100

20 1,269,904 1

3.1221

















 













  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 9

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1585.9069  0.00356 = 5.6484 tons VOC per day

ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs)

There are two types of asphalt used for road paving and repair: cutback asphalt and emulsified 

asphalt. VOC emissions result primarily from the curing of the applied material. The following 

sections describe the two types of asphalt and identify the methods used to estimate emissions for 

each type.

Cutback Asphalt (SCC 2461021000)

Cutback asphalt is used as a pavement sealant, a tack coat, and a bonding agent between layers of 

paving material. Cutback asphalt is prepared by blending or “cutting back” asphalt cement with 

various blends of petroleum distillates. Emissions from cutback asphalt paving occur during the 

curing of the road surface when petroleum distillates evaporate.

Annual VOC emissions from cutback asphalt paving were computed from information obtained 

from the Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt Material Applicators (PAMA) on the amount of 
11

cutback asphalt applied in 2002 and the VOC content and density of the asphalt.10 In addition, it 

was assumed that 100 percent of cutback asphalt contained diluent and that 70 percent of the 

diluent evaporates.11 County emissions were estimated by multiplying State emissions by the ratio 

of the each county’s bituminous paved lane mileage by the State’s bituminous paved lane 

mileage.12 Based on the State regulation prohibiting use of cutback asphalt during summer 

months, there are no summer season work weekday emissions estimated for cutback asphalt.13

Emulsified Asphalt (SCC 2461022000)

Emulsified asphalt is a type of liquefied road surfacing material that is used in some of the same 

applications as cutback asphalt. However, instead of blending asphalt cement with petroleum 

distillates, emulsified asphalt uses a blend of water with an emulsifier.

Annual VOC emissions from emulsified asphalt paving were computed from information obtained 

from the Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt Material Applicators on the amount of emulsified 

asphalt applied in 2002, the VOC content and density of the asphalt, and the percentage of 

emulsified asphalt containing diluent.10 In addition, it was assumed that 100 percent of the 

emulsified asphalt diluent evaporates.11 County emissions were estimated by multiplying State 

emissions by the ratio of the each county’s bituminous paved lane mileage by the State’s 

bituminous paved lane mileage.14 Annual emissions were allocated to the summer season work 

weekday based on information from PAMA that emulsified asphalt is only applied from March 1 

through October 31.15 In addition, it was assumed that asphalt use is evenly distributed during 

this period and that paving is only performed on weekdays.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

  

   

State Bituminous Paved Lane Miles

County Bituminous Paved Lane Miles County Annual VOCEmissions Statewide VOC emissions x

Statewide Annual Emissions Emission Factor State Asphalt Use of Diluent Evaporating

Emission Factor VOC Content VOC Density







2002 %

where:

Cutback Asphalt VOC Content = 35%10

Emulsified Asphalt VOC Content = 8%10

Cutback Asphalt VOC Density = 7.1 lbs/gallon10

Emulsified Asphalt VOC Density = 6.25 lbs/gallon10

2002 PA Cutback Asphalt Use = 5,000,000 gallons10

2002 PA Emulsified Asphalt Use = 15,000,000 gallons10

Bituminous Paved County Lane Miles = 2,538 miles (Allegheny)14

Bituminous Paved State Lane Miles = 83,227 miles14

% of Cutback Asphalt Diluent that Evaporates = 70%11

% of Emulsified Asphalt Containing Diluent = 50%10

% of Emulsified Asphalt Diluent that Evaporates = 100%11
12

Cutback Asphalt VOC Emissions Calculation:

Annual VOC Emissions tons VOC per year

miles

miles million gallons cutback asphalt

year

gallon

tons VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

tons VOC per gallon per year

lbs

ton

year

gallon

lbs VOC

Emission Factor

132.6147

83,227

2,538 5 0.7

0.0012425

0.0012425

2000

1

7.1

0.35



   

   

(Summer work weekday emissions are estimated as zero due to State prohibition on use during this 

period)13

Emulsified Asphalt VOC Emissions Calculation:

Annual VOC Emissions tons VOC per year

miles

miles million gallons emulsified asphalt

year

gallon

tons VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

tons VOC per gallon per year

lbs

ton

year

gallon

lbs VOC

Emission Factor

57.1780

83,227

2,538 15 0.5

0.00025

0.00025

2000

1

6.25

0.08



   

   

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 3/8 (fraction of paving performed in the summer months)  5/7 

(fraction of paving performed on weekdays)  65 (number of weekdays in the summer) = 0.00412515

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 57.1780  0.004125 = 0.2359 tons VOC per day

AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000)

Automotive refinishing is the painting of worn or damaged automobiles, light trucks, and other 

vehicles. The coating of new cars, however, is considered in the point source inventory, and 

therefore not included in this inventory. The automotive refinishing VOC emission factor of 

2.30 lb/person is based on EPA guidance.16 A control efficiency of 60.94 percent for 2002 was 

computed by applying an incremental reduction of 38 percent17 to 1999’s 37 percent18 control 

efficiency based on the following calculation:

Control Efficiency Control Efficiency

Incremental Control Efficiency Control Efficiency Control Efficiency

100 60.94%

100

37 1

100

38 2002 1 1

100

100

1999 1

100

2002 2002 1 1

  

























 











  































 











  

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:
13

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE AnnualVOC Emissions Emission Factor Population 

where:

Emission Factor =2.30 lbs VOC/person/year16

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

Control Efficiency = 60.94%17 18

Rule Penetration = 100%

Rule Effectiveness = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds per year

people

year

person

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

570.4282

2000

1

1,140,856

100

100

100

100

100

60.94 1,269,904 1

2.30

  













  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00385 9

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 570.4282  0.00385 = 2.1940 tons VOC per day

BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000)

Bakery emissions, primarily ethanol, result from yeast fermentation during the baking process of 

bread and bakery products. Ethanol is emitted through a vent with any combustion product gases. 

Relevant NAICS codes for bakeries are 311811 and 311812.

County-level VOC emissions were calculated using an employment-based emission factor and 

the number of NAICS code 311811 and 311812 employees in each county. The number of 

employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns2and grown to 

2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth 

employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).3 The Bakeries emission factor is 

0.11 tons VOC/employee/year.

19

 Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from 

these emission estimates.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)

where: 

Emission Factor = 0.11 tons VOC /employee/year19

Employees = 1024 2 3(Allegheny County)
14

(1024 )

0.11

employees

year

employee

tons VOC

Annual VOC Emissions





















 = 112.64 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 112.640.00275 = 0.3098 tons VOC per day

BREWERIES (SCC 2302070001)

Emissions of VOCs from breweries result from compounds such as ethanol, myrcene, ethyl 

acetate and higher alcohols resulting from the brewing process. There are two brewery emission 

factors, which differ based on facility production size (i.e., a smaller emission factor is used for 

facilities with more than 60,000 barrels production, and a larger factor for facilities producing 

60,000 barrels or less).

Because facility-level brewery production data were not available, it was necessary to estimate 

the amount of production in each county associated with small and large facilities. First, countylevel beer production was estimated by apportioning State-level production to counties based on 

county-level brewery employment. Total Pennsylvania beer production was obtained from the 

Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau.20 The number of brewery (NAICS code 

31212) employees in 2002 was estimated by projecting 2001 county employment, obtained from 

the 2001 County Business Patterns,2to 2002 based on the 2002 to 2001 State-level brewery

employment ratio, obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.3

Based on the average Pennsylvania brewery production per employee (2,122 barrels) calculated 

from the data described above, it was assumed that all facilities in a county reporting fewer than 

29 employees would contain only small breweries. The cutoff of 29 employees was chosen 

based on the observation that, assuming a constant per employee production rate, a brewery with 

29 employees would produce approximately 61,500 barrels of beer. It was also assumed that a 

county with more than 29 brewery employees would have production by both small and large 

facilities. In lieu of actual data, it was assumed that 1 percent of these counties’ production is 

from small breweries, and 99 percent is from large breweries. Therefore, the small brewery

emission factor was applied to 1 percent of the county’s beer production, while the large brewery

emission factor was applied to 99 percent of the county’s production. This 1 percent assumption 

appears reasonable given that this value results in statewide brewery emissions similar to those 

estimated for 1996.

Since Pennsylvania’s brewery production data were available on a monthly basis, the statewide 

summer month allocation factor was calculated using the ratio of summer beer production to the 

annual beer production. This was then converted to the summer work weekday allocation factor 

using weekday temporal allocation data from EPA’s Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse 

(EMCH).4 20
15

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

  



















State Employees

County Employees Annual VOC Emissions EmissionFactor Statewide Production

where: 

Small Brewery Emission Factor = 56.743 pounds of VOC/1000 barrels21

Large Brewery Emission Factor = 4.16791 pounds of VOC/1000 barrels22

Adams County Employees = 72 3

Allegheny County Employees = 2612 3

2002 PA Beer Production = 3,089,646 barrels20

Adams County (Small Breweries Only Assumption) Annual VOC Emissions:

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbs VOC per year

State Employees

County Employees barrels

barrels

lbs VOC Annual VOC Emissions

0.4214

2000

1

842.8634

1,456

7

3,089,646

1000

56.743

  

  

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month beer production/annual beer production 

weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 856,549/3,089,646  0.715/65 = 0.003054 20

Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00305

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.4214  0.00305 = 0.001285 tons VOC per day

Allegheny County (Small and Large Breweries Assumption) Annual VOC Emissions:

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbs VOC per year

State Employees

County Employees barrels

barrels

lbs VOC

State Employees

County Employees barrels

barrels

lbs VOC Annual VOC Emissions

1.2998

2000

1

2599.5583

1,456

261 3,089,646

1000

4.168 0.99

1,456

261 3,089,646

1000

56.743 0.01

  

















  

















   

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month beer production/annual beer production 

weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 856,549/3,089,646  0.715/65 = 0.003054 20

Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00305

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.2998  0.00305 = 0.00396 tons VOC per day
16

COAL COMBUSTION (6 SCCs)

(Residential Anthracite SCC 2104001000, Residential Bituminous SCC 2104002000, 

Commercial/Institutional Anthracite SCC 2103001000, Commercial/Institutional Bituminous 

SCC 2103002000, Industrial Anthracite SCC 2102001000, Industrial Bituminous SCC 

2102002000)

This category covers emissions from the burning of coal by residential, and small commercial and 

industrial users. Coal combustion emissions were estimated for VOC, NOx, CO, Pb, PM, and 

SO2.

Residential coal consumption, in tons per dwelling unit, was estimated using the following 

equation:

Coal consumption per dwelling unit = 0.003874 e(7.6414-(1000/heating degree days))

Heating Degree Day (HDD) data were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration.23 The HDD of each county was assigned according to the town or city in the 

county or the nearest town or city of similar latitude for which data were available.

After estimating county-level residential coal consumption per unit, emissions were calculated by

multiplying these values by the number of coal-burning dwelling units in each county24 and the 

emission factor for each pollutant.

Year 2002 Commonwealth-level commercial sector coal consumption (computed from the 

Energy Information Administration’s State Energy Data 200025 and Annual Coal Report 200226) 

was allocated to individual counties using the number of commercial sector facilities in each 

county.

2

 County-level emissions were then calculated by multiplying county coal consumption 

by the emission factor for the applicable CAP.

Industrial coal-burning emissions were computed in a similar way to commercial/institutional 

emissions. However, county-level industrial employment data (from County Business Patterns 

and Current Employment Statistics) were used to allocate coal consumption to individual 

counties.

In some cases, CAP emission factors differ between anthracite and bituminous coal. Because 

anthracite is mined in the eastern half of the Commonwealth, while bituminous is mined in the 

western half, the emission calculations assume that eastern counties burn anthracite coal while 

western counties burn bituminous coal.

For Commercial and Industrial sector categories, point source emissions, where present, were 

subtracted from these initial emission estimates.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
17

Residential Coal Combustion:

  

 

 













 



Coal - Burning DwellingUnits Burning DwellingUnits e Number of Coal -

Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor Percent AshContent if applicable

HDD 0.003874

,

1000 7.6414

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 10 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year27; 10 lbs/ton 

bituminous coal/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year27; 9.1 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39

CO Emission Factor = 275 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year27; 275 lbs/ton 

bituminous coal/year39

Pb Emission Factor = 0.013182 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year39

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 10 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year27; 6.2 lbs/ton 

bituminous coal/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year27 13.38% ash 

content =8.028 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 3.8 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year27 13.38% ash 

content =1.0704 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 1.04 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 39 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year

27 0.89% sulfur content 

=34.71 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 31 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year39

2.42% sulfur content = 75.02 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year

Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89% sulfur27

Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42% sulfur27

Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash27

Number of Coal-Burning Dwelling Units (Allegheny County) = 18324

e = natural base

HDD = Heating Degree Days (Allegheny County) = 5,49423

VOC Emissions:

 

 

tons VOCper year

pounds

ton AnnualVOC Emissions poundsVOCper year

dwelling unit

e tons coal dwelling units

year

toncoal

lbs VOC

AnnualVOC Emissions

6.1539

2000

1

12,307.7791

0.003874 183

10

5494

1000 7.6414

  













































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000110 4 23

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.1539  0.000110 = 0.000675 tons VOC per day
18

CO Emissions:

 

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual COEmissions pounds CO per year

dwellingunit

tons coal e dwellingunits

year

tons coal

lbsCO

Annual COEmissions

169.2320

2000

1

338,463.9245

0.003874 183

275

5494

1000 7.6414

  









































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0001104 23

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 169.2320  0.000110 = 0.01856 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor=0.005554 23

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 169.2320  0.00555 = 0.9389 tons CO per day

Commercial/Institutional Coal Combustion:

  



















Numberof StateFacilities

Numberof CountyFacilities Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor CoalConsumption

where: 

VOC Emission Factor = 0.07 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year28; 1.3 lbs/ton 

bituminous coal/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 18 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year39; 33 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39

CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year39; 11 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39

Pb Emission Factor = 0.0089 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year39; 0.013182 lbs/ton 

bituminous coal/year39

SO2 Emission Factor =39 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year39 0.89% sulfur content 

= 34.71 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 38 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year39 

2.42% sulfur content = 91.96 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 2.3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year39  13.38% ash 

content = 30.774 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 13.2 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year39  13.38% ash 

content = 8.028 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 4.6 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year39  13.38% ash 

content = 1.0704 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 1.04 lbs/ton bituminous 

coal/year39
19

Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89%27

Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42%27

Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash27

Pennsylvania Coal Consumption = 512,636 tons25 26

Number of County Facilities (Allegheny County) = 24,6542

Number of Pennsylvania Facilities = 197,7952

Commercial/Institutional Coal Consumption:

25 26

tons

tons

tons

tons

State Coal Consumption Commercial Consumption

512,636

742,000

587,000 648,000

2000 Commercial and ResidentialConsumption

2002 Commercial and ResidentialConsumption

2000

  

 

VOC Emissions:

tonsVOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOCEmissions pounds VOC per year

state facilities

county facilities

tons

year

ton bituminous coal

lbsVOC

Annual VOCEmissions

41.5331

2000

1

83,066.2561

197,795

24,654 512,636

1.3

  

  

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.001704

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 41.5331  0.00170 = 0.0705 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

tonsCOper year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions poundsCO per year

state facilities

county facilities

tons

year

ton bituminous coal

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

351.4342

2000

1

702,868.321

197,795

24,654 512,636

11

  

  

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.001704

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 351.4342  0.00170 = 0.5967 tons CO per day 

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.003974

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 351.4342  0.00397 = 1.3962 tons CO per day

Industrial Coal Combustion:
20

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor CoalConsumption

The Industrial Coal Combustion emissions were calculated using the same emission factors as 

Commercial/Institutional Coal (see above).

where: 

Number of Allegheny County Employees =48,5442 3

Number of Pennsylvania Employees = 721,9022 3

Pennsylvania Coal Consumption = 42,900,812.75 tons25 26

Industrial Coal Consumption:

25 26

tons

tons

tons

tons

OtherIndustrialConsumption AnnualCoal Report)

OtherIndustrialConsumption(AnnualCoal Report) Industrial Consumption from StateEnergyData

State Coal Consumption

42,900,812.75

3,498,000

3,121,000 48,083,000

2000 (

2002 2000

  





CO Emissions:

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions poundsCO per year

employees in state

employees in county

tons

year

ton bituminous coal

lbs CO

Annual CO Emissions

15,866.6603

2000

1

31,733,320.58

721,902

48,544 42,900,812.75

11

  

  

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002834

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 15,866.6603  0.00283 = 44.8538 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002834

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 15,866.6603  0.00283 = 44.8538 tons CO per day

COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER SOLVENT USE (SCC 2465000000)

This source category covers household products such as special naphthas, alcohols, carbonyls, 

and other organics that contain VOCs. There are no point sources associated with this category. 

County-level emissions were calculated using a composite per capita emission factor (see table 

below) and U.S. Bureau of the Census population data. The emission factor represents precontrol emission rates. A CE of 20 percent29 and an RP of 48.6 percent9 were applied to reflect 

the Federal Rule for consumer products. This yields a post-control VOC emission factor of 
21

7.078 lbs per capita which was used in all emission calculations. Each county’s emissions are 

estimated per the sample calculations listed below.

SUBCATEGORY EMISSION FACTOR

Household Products 0.79 lbs/person/year

Personal Care Products 2.32 lbs/person/year

Automotive Aftermarket Products 1.36 lbs/person/year

Adhesives and Sealants 0.57 lbs/person/year

FIFRA-Regulated Products 1.78 lbs/person/year

Coatings and Related Products 0.95 lbs/person/year

Miscellaneous Products 0.07 lbs/person/year

Total (Pre-Control) 7.84 lbs/person/year

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor Population

where:

Emission Factor =7.84 lbs VOC/person/year30

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%29

RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6% 9

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

people

year

person

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

4494.1598

2000

1

8,988,319.557

100

100

100

48.6

100

20 1,269,904 1

7.84

  













  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00274 9

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 4494.1598 0.00274 = 12.3128 tons VOC per day

COMMERCIAL COOKING (5 SCCs)

Chain-Driven (Conveyorized) Charbroilers SCC 2302002100; Under-Fired Charbroilers SCC 

2302002200; Flat Griddles SCC 2302002300; Clamshell Griddles SCC 2302002400; and DeepFat Fryers SCC 2302002500

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with commercial cooking were compiled from the 

2002 nonpoint source National Emissions Inventory (NEI).31 The 2002 NEI reports commercial 

cooking emissions in five SCCs, each of which represents a specific equipment type. Source 
22

categories comprise emissions from all meat types for a particular piece of equipment. The 

following types of meat are included: hamburger, steak, fish, pork, and chicken. Emissions for 

deep-fat frying of french fries were also estimated. With the exception of deep-fat frying of 

french fries, commercial cooking activity was developed from survey data obtained from a Public 

Research Institute (PRI) report on charbroiling activity estimation in the State of California.32 

Further details on the annual emission estimation methodology are available in the forthcoming 

2002 nonpoint source NEI documentation.31

The NEI reports emissions for the following criteria pollutants: VOC, CO, PM10-PRI, and 

PM25-PRI (note, however, that each pollutant is not reported for each equipment type). The 

sources of the commercial cooking criteria pollutant emission factors are documented in a report 

prepared for EPA.33

Because temporal allocation data were not developed for this category in the 2002 NEI, the 

default temporal data reported in the EMCH for SCC 2302002000 (Commercial Charbroiling) 

were applied to each commercial cooking SCC.4 These data were used to estimate both summer 

season and winter season work weekday emission estimates.

SAMPLE SEASONAL CALCULATIONS (CHAIN-DRIVEN CHARBROILERS):

Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 10.7792 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday 

allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 10.7792  0.00275 = 0.0296 tons VOC per day

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 43.0837 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions winter work 

weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 43.0837  0.00275 = 0.1185 tons VOC per day

COMPOSTING (3 SCCs) 

(Biosolids SCC 2680001000, Mixed Waste 2680002000, Green Waste 2680030000)

Composting refers to the use of both aerobic and anaerobic microbial processes to degrade waste 

materials for beneficial refuse. Compostable wastes include biosolids (sewage sludge), manure, 

green waste ( e.g., landscape trimmings, grass clippings), and other biodegradable materials such 

as food waste. Composting produces emissions of NH3, VOC, and methane. Emissions for each 

county were estimated using a biosolids-generation-based emission factor65. Figures on material 

composted were obtained from BioCycle’s nationwide survey34

Each county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below.

SAMPLE NH3 EMISSION CALCULATION:
23

Annual NH3 Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Tons material composted)

Where:

Emissions Factor = 3.28 lbs NH3/ton Biosolids 

2.81 lbs NH3/ton Mixed Waste 

0.82 lbs NH3/ton Green Waste

Tons Biosolids = 3,321.65 (Allegheny County) 

 tons Biosolids

year

lbs NH ton Biosolids Annual NH Emissions 3,321.65 3.28 3/

3 













Annual NH3 Emissions = 10895.012 * 

lbs

ton

2000

1

= 5.45 tons NH3/ year

DEGREASING (4 SCCs)

(Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) SCC 2415360000, Manufacturing (Cold Cleaning) SCC 

2415300000, Electronics (Vapor/In-Line) SCC 2415230000, Other (Vapor/In-Line) SCC 

2415200000)

Surface cleaning, also known as “degreasing”, includes the solvent cleaning or conditioning of 

metal surfaces and parts, fabricated plastics, electronic and electrical components and other 

nonporous substrates. These cleaning processes are designed to remove foreign material, such as 

oils, grease, waxes and moisture, usually in the preparation for further treatment, such as painting, 

electroplating, galvanizing, anodizing or applying conversion coatings. Three basic types of 

surface cleaning operations are currently used: cold cleaning, vapor cleaning, and in-line or 

conveyorized cleaning, which can be either a cold or vapor cleaning process. VOC emission results

from the evaporation of solvents used in these processes.

Cold cleaning is a batch process in which solvents are applied at room temperature or slightly

heated. Parts are immersed in a solvent, usually mineral spirits. Parts too large for immersion may

be sprayed or wiped with a solvent. The primary cold cleaning application is cleaning of tools or 

metal parts at service and automotive repair stations and manufacturing facilities. Cold cleaning 

may incorporate covers or freeboards to limit the evaporative loss of solvents.

In-line cleaners use automated load systems (typically conveyors) to maintain a continuous feed to 

the cleaning unit. These units use both cold and vapor-cleaning methods as described above, with 

the majority being halogenated solvent cleaning systems. These units are used for large-scale 

operations and are usually enclosed except to the conveyor inlet or exit. A common application of 

in-line cleaners is cleaning printed circuit boards for the electronic and electrical component 

industries.

The Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) developed the following population-based 

methods for estimating degreasing emissions. Point source emissions, where present, were 

subtracted from these emission estimates. 
24

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor Population

where:

Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 2.5 lbs VOC/person/year35

Manufacturing (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 1.1 lbs 

VOC/person/year35

Electronics (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.21 lbs VOC/person/year35

Other (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.49 lbs VOC/person/year35

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

Auto Repair Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%36

Manufacturing Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%36

Electronics Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%36 37

Other Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%36 37

All Categories RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%

All Categories RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%

Allegheny County Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emissions Calculation:

 

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

people

year

person

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

749.2434

2000

1

1,498,486.72

100

80

100

100

100

66 1,269,904 1

2.5

  













  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions calculation for Allegheny County Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning):

Degreasing (all categories) summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00385 9

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 749.2434  0.00385 = 2.8817 tons VOC per day

DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000370)

Three types of dry cleaning operations are used: coin-operated facilities using perchloroethylene 

(perc); commercial/industrial facilities using perc; and commercial/industrial facilities using 

VOC solvents. As perc is no longer considered a VOC, only commercial/industrial facilities 

using VOC solvents are considered for the area source inventory. The first two categories are not 

included in the baseline inventory. They are, however, retained for use in the modeling inventory

as required by EPA guidance. 
25

Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates. Each 

county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below using a per capita emission 

factor and US Census Bureau population data. The emission factor was determined by the 

Department using 1990 survey data supplied by the industry (contacts with the Pennsylvania and 

Delaware Cleaners Association indicate that more recent data are not available).38

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)

where:

Emission Factor = 0.15 lbs VOC/person/year38

Population = 1,269,904 (2002 Allegheny County)7

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

people

year

person

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

95.2428

2000

1

190,485.6

1,269,904

0.15

  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 95.2428 0.0028=0.2674 tons VOC per day

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in 

the coating process in the manufacture of electrical appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, 

laundry equipment, and electric housewares. Emissions for each county were estimated per the 

sample calculations below using an employment-based emission factor and the number of 

employees in the NAICS codes, 333414, 335211, 335212, 335221, and 335228. The number of 

employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns2and grown to 

2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth 

employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

3

 Point source emissions, where 

present, were subtracted from these emission estimates. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 463 lbs VOC/employee/year16

Employees = 150 (Allegheny County) 2 3
26

 

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOCEmissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbsVOC

Annual VOCEmissions

34.725

2000

1

69,450

150

463

  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275 4

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 34.725 x 0.00275=0.0955 tons VOC per day

ELECTRICAL INSULATION (SCC 2401065000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in 

the insulation coatings applied to wire and cable. The emissions for each county were calculated 

using an employment-based emission factor and the number of employees in NAICS codes 

331422, 331491, 335311, 335921 and 335929. The number of employees in each county for 

2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 

total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained from the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

3

 Each county’s emissions were estimated per the sample 

calculations below.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 290 lbs VOC/employee/year16

Employees = 58 (Allegheny County)

2 3

 

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOCEmissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbsVOC

Annual VOCEmissions

8.41

2000

1

16820

58

290

  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002774

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 8.41 0.00277=0.0233 tons VOC per day
27

FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in 

the gluing and coating process. The emissions for each county were calculated using an 

employment-based emission factor and the number of employees in NAICS codes 32192, 33711, 

321211, 321212, 321213, 321911, 321918, 321992, and 321999. The number of employees in 

each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the 

ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained 

from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

3

 Point source emissions, where present, were 

subtracted from these emission estimates.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 131 lbs VOC/employee/year16

Employees =615 (Allegheny County)2 3

 

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOCEmissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbsVOC

Annual VOCEmissions

40.2825

2000

1

80565

615

131

  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 40.2825 x 0.0028=0.1141 tons VOC per day

FOREST FIRES (SCC 2810001000)

Forest fires in certain rural areas can produce very large, short-term emissions of VOC, NOx, and 

CO, SO2, and particulates. The emissions for each county were calculated using an emission 

factor from AP-4239 or the 1999 National Emissions Inventory40 and a loading factor from AP4239

. The number of acres burned was obtained from the Department of Conservation and 

Natural Resources.41 Each county’s emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below. 

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Acres Burned)

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 24 lbs VOC/ton of flora/year

39
28

NOx Emission Factor = 4 lbs NOx/ton of flora/year39

CO Emission Factor = 140 lbs CO/ton of flora/year39

Loading Factor = 11 tons of flora/acre39

Acres Burned = 3.85 acres (Westmoreland County)41

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions poundsVOC per year

acres burned

acre

tons of flora

year

ton of flora

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

0.5082

2000

1

1016.4

3.85 11

24

  



































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00554

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.5082 0.0055=0.002795 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

acres burned

acre

tons of flora

year

ton of flora

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

2.9645

2000

1

5929

3.85 11

140

  







































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00554

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 2.9645 0.0055=0.0163 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.000564

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 2.9645 0.00056=0.0017 tons CO per day

FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (3 SCCs)

(Residential Distillate Fuel Oil SCC 2104004000, Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil 

SCC 2103004000, Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil SCC 2103005000)

Distillate and residual oil combustion sources, which emit VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, Pb, and PM are 

grouped into three categories: Commercial/Institutional, Residential, and Industrial. Industrial 

source emissions are captured in the point source inventory. For Commercial sector categories, 

point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding 
29

county. Fuel oil emissions were calculated for each county using fuel use estimates derived by

allocating Commonwealth consumption estimates from the Energy Information Administration 

to individual counties. The county allocations were performed using data obtained from the 

County Business Patterns and the U.S. Census Bureau. 

 

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Residential Distillate Fuel Oil:

Residential fuel oil usage was determined by allocating the total residential fuel oil use to each 

county. The residential fuel oil consumption was allocated by the ratio of dwelling units (DU) 

using distillate fuel oil in a county to the number of dwelling units burning distillate fuel oil in 

the Commonwealth. The following is the general equation for the calculation of usage for 

residential sources of fuel oil combustion. 

 



















State Fuel -Oil - Burning DU

County Fuel -Oil - Burning DU Annual Fuel Oil Usage PA Residential Distillate Fuel Oil Usage

where:

PA Residential Distillate Fuel Use = 829,470 thousands of gallons42

2000 County Fuel-Oil-Burning DUs = 8123 Dwelling Units (Allegheny 

County)7

2000 State Fuel-Oil-Burning DUs = 1,217,155 Dwelling Units7

VOC Emissions:

tons VOCper year

pounds

ton AnnualVOCEmissions poundsVOC per year

DwellingUnits

DwellingUnits thousandsof gallons

gallons

lbsVOC AnnualVOCEmissions

1.9375

2000

1

3874.9784

1,217,155

8123 829,470

1000

0.7

  

  

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0001654

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.9375 0.000165=0.000319 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

tons COper year

pounds

ton AnnualCOEmissions poundsCO per year

DwellingUnits

DwellingUnits thousandsof gallons

gallons

lbsVOC AnnualCOEmissions

13.8392

2000

1

27,678.4173

1,217,155

8123 829,470

1000

5

  

  

Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0001654

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 13.8392 0.000165=0.00228 tons CO per day
30

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0006264

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 13.8392 0.00626=0.0866 tons CO per day

Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil:

The total amount of distillate fuel oil was apportioned to each county according to the number of 

commercial sector (i.e., SIC code 50-89) facilities. The number of commercial facilities in 2001 

was used for this allocation because 2001 data were the last year available.2 Total 

Commonwealth use was obtained from the Energy Information Administration.

42

 Each county’s 

emissions for commercial/institutional fuel oil combustion were estimated per the following 

sample calculations. 

  



















Numberof StateFacilities

Numberof County Facilities AnnualEmissions Emission Factor PACommercial/ Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil Use

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 20 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/year39  0.3% sulfur content = 

42.6 lbs/1000 gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

Lead Emission Factor = 0.001268 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError! Bookmark not 

defined.Error! Bookmark not defined.

Distillate Fuel Sulfur Content = 0.3%27

County Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)2

Commonwealth Facilities = 197,7952

PA Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil Use = 301,554,000 gallons42

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOCper year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

Facilities

Facilities 301,554 thousands of gallons

year

gallons

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

6.3898

2000

1

12,779.5656

197,795

1000 24,654

0.34

  







































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.001704

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.3898  0.00170=0.0108 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:
31

 

tonsCO per year

lbs

ton AnnualCO Emissions poundsCO per year

Facilities

Facilities 301,554 thousands of gallons

year

gallons

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

93.9674

2000

1

187,934.7889

197,795

1000 24,654

5

  







































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.001704

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 93.9674  0.00170=0.1595 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00404

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 93.9674  0.0040=0.3733 tons CO per day

Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil:

The total amount of residual fuel oil was apportioned to each county according to the number of 

commercial facilities, which was obtained from County Business Patterns.

2

 The total 

Commonwealth use was obtained from the Energy Information Administration.

42

 Each county’s 

emissions for commercial/institutional fuel oil combustion were estimated per the following 

sample calculations. 

  



















Number of State Facilities

Number of County Facilities Annual Emissions Emission Factor PA Commercial Residual Fuel Oil Use

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 1.13 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 55 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 157 lbs/1000 gallons/year39  1.05% sulfur content = 

164.85 lbs/1000 gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 5.17 lbs/1000 gallons/year  0.19% ash content 

= 0.9823 lbs/1000 gallons/year

39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 1.92 lbs/1000 gallons/year  0.19% ash content 

= 0.3648 lbs/1000 gallons/year

39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.5 lbs/1000 gallons/year

39

Lead Emission Factor = 0.00155 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError! Bookmark not 

defined.Error! Bookmark not defined.

Residual Fuel Sulfur Content = 1.05% 43

County Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)2

Commonwealth Facilities = 197,7952

PA Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil Use = 16,597,000 gallons42
32

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOCper year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

Facilities

Facilities 16,597 thousands of gallons

year

gallons

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

1.1688

2000

1

2337.6534

197,795

1000 24,654

1.13

  











































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.001704

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.1688  0.00170= 0.00198 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

tonsCO per year

lbs

ton AnnualCO Emissions poundsCO per year

Facilities

Facilities 16,597 thousands of gallons

year

gallons

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

5.1718

2000

1

10,343.5991

197,795

1000 24,654

5

  







































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170 4

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 5.1718  0.00170=0.00878 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0040 4

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 5.1718  0.0040 = 0.0205 tons CO per day

GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs)

(Stage I SCC 2501060053, Stage II Uncontrolled SCC 2501060101, Stage II Controlled SCC 

2501060102, Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying SCC 2501060201, Truck 

Transit SCC 2505030120)

Gasoline marketing involves the operations typically associated with transporting gasoline from 

refineries to final consumption in gasoline-powered vehicles. Evaporative emissions of VOCs 

occur at all points in the distribution process. The operations that were inventoried as area 

sources are gasoline dispensing outlets and gasoline tank trucks in transit. Bulk terminals and 

outlets are inventoried as point sources. VOC emissions result from the following sources: 1) 
33

Stage I (tank truck unloading into underground storage tanks), 2) Stage II (vehicle fueling), 3) 

Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying, and 4) Truck Transit. 

Each category’s AP-42 emission factor is based on the average daily throughput that was 

calculated from monthly data obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue Bureau of 

Motor Fuel Taxes. The vehicle miles traveled (VMT), which were obtained from Dan Szekeres 

of the Baker Corporation44, was used to apportion the gasoline throughput to each county. 

Control efficiency (CE), rule penetration (RP), and rule effectiveness (RE) factors were applied 

to Stage I for each county to reflect the application of vapor balance systems. A RE factor was 

applied to Stage II to each regulated county. CE, RP, and RE factors were applied to 

Underground Storage Tank Breathing to reflect the application of pressure relief valves. There 

were no point sources for this source category. Each county’s emissions were estimated per the 

following sample calculations.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Stage I:

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State Annual VMT

County Annual VMT Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor State Annual Gasoline Sales

where: 

Emission Factor = 1.92 lbs VOC/1000 gallons39

State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/year45

County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County) 44

State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles44

Control Efficiency (CE) = 96%46 47

Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%46 47

Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

miles

miles

day

gallons

gallons

lbs VOC Annual VOC Emissions

120.3185

2000

1

240,637.0855

100

80

100

96

100

96 1

97,021,666,321

5,238,145,337 8,836,074,725

1000

1.92

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline sales/annual gasoline sales 

weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337 0.8333/65 = 0.00335 4 45

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 120.3185  0.00335 = 0.4035 tons VOC per day

Stage II:

Vehicle refueling VOC emissions are estimated using MOBILE6.2-based emission factors;48

monthly gasoline sales estimates;45 and county-level, annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) 

data.44 MOBILE6.2 provided monthly, emission factors for each county in Pennsylvania. 
34

MOBILE6.2 input files were set up to model refueling emission factors in a manner similar to 

that used for calculating onroad mobile source emissions for 2002. For each county, twelve 

monthly scenarios were modeled, along with an ozone season scenario and a winter scenario. 

These scenarios used the same 2002 monthly temperature and fuel inputs that were used in 

preparing onroad mobile source emissions. Each input file also called upon the external countyspecific age distribution file developed for 2002. No speed information or I/M program 

information was modeled, as these are not needed in the refueling calculations.

Stage II control program information was included for the counties with controls based on 

program information regarding control efficiency from Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania counties 

with Stage II controls are Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bucks, Butler, Chester, Delaware, 

Fayette, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Washington, and Westmoreland.49 Vehicle-specific 

emission factors were then obtained in the database output format of MOBILE6.2. Using the 

fuel economy data and VMT fraction data contained in the MOBILE6.2 output files, the gram per 

mile emission factors were first converted to gram per gallon emission factors. These gram per 

gallon emission factors were then weighted according to the VMT fraction of each gasoline 

vehicle type to obtain monthly, county-specific gram per gallon emission factors weighted for all 

gasoline vehicle types. 

VMT data were used to allocate monthly Pennsylvania gasoline sales to each county. These are 

the same gasoline sales figures that are used to estimate Stage I emissions. The MOBILE6.2 

emission factors were then multiplied by the corresponding gasoline sales data to estimate 

refueling emissions. The VOC emissions calculations provide emissions at the county level for 

each month of 2002.

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State VMT

County VMT Allegheny June VOC Emissions VOC Emission Factor Monthly State Gasoline Sales

where:

Allegheny County June Emission Factor = 1.027 grams/gallon48

PA June Gasoline Consumption =443,778,938 gallons45

Allegheny County 2002 VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles44

PA 2002 VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles44

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Annual Allegheny County VOC Emissions Monthly Allegheny County Emissions tons VOC

tons VOC

lb

ton

g

lb Allegheny June VOC Emissions g VOC

miles

miles gallons

gallon

g VOC Allegheny June VOC Emissions

573.8276

45.7546

2000

1

453.59

1

41,507,615.1

97,021,666,321

8,836,074,725 443,778,938 1.027

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline sales/annual gasoline sales 

weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer
35

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337 0.715/65 = 0.00288 4 45

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 573.8276  0.00288 = 1.6510 tons VOC per day

 

Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying:

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State Annual VMT

County Annual VMT Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor State Annual Gasoline Sales

where: 

Emission Factor = 1.0 lbs VOC/1000 gallons39

State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/year45

County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County) 44

State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles44

Control Efficiency (CE) = 90% 46 50

Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%46 50

Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

miles

miles

day

gallons

gallons

lbs VOC Annual VOC Emissions

73.6572

2000

1

147,314.4698

100

80

100

96

100

90 1

97,021,666,321

5,238,145,337 8,836,074,725

1000

1.0

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline sales/annual gasoline sales 

weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337 0.715/65 = 0.00288 4 45

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 73.6572  0.00288 = 0.2119 tons VOC per day

Truck Transit:

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State Annual VMT

County Annual VMT Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor State Annual Gasoline Sales

where: 

Emission Factor = 0.06 lbs VOC/1000 gallons39

State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/year45

County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County) 44

State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 miles44

(The emission factor is based on the assumption that gasoline delivery is via single trips and 

accounts for both full and empty truck travel.)
36

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

miles

miles

day

gallons

gallons

lbs VOC Annual VOC Emissions

14.3116

2000

1

28,623.2831

97,021,666,321

5,238,145,337 8,836,074,725

1000

0.06

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline sales/annual gasoline sales 

weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337 0.8333/65 = 0.00335 4 45

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 14.3116  0.00335 = 0.04799 tons VOC per day

GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000)

Graphic arts include operations that are involved in the printing of newspapers, magazines, 

books, and other printed material. Emissions of VOCs result from evaporation of solvents used 

in inks and cleaning. The emissions for each county were calculated using a per capita emission 

factor and U.S. Census Bureau population data. Point source emissions, where present, were 

subtracted from these emission estimates. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)

where:

Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs VOC/person/year16

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

825.4376 tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions ,650,875.2 pounds VOC per year

people

year

person

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

  

 

2000

1

1

1,269,904

1.3

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 825.4376  0.0028=2.2904 tons VOC per day

HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE SOLVENT (SCC 2401100000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of solvents from 

surface coating of objects and materials that may exist in extreme conditions. There were no 

point sources. The emissions for each county were calculated using a per capita emission factor 
37

and U.S. Census Bureau population data. Each county’s emissions were estimated per the 

following sample calculations.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

   

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   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor Population

where:

Emission Factor = 0.8 lbs VOC/person/year16

Population = 1,269,904 people (Allegheny County)7

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20% 5

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton AnnualVOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

people

year

person

lbsVOC

AnnualVOC Emissions

406.3693

2000

1

812,738.56

1,269,904 1

0.8

100

100

100

100

100

20

  

     

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 9

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 406.3693  0.00356=1.4473 tons VOC per day

KEROSENE (2 SCCs)

(Residential Kerosene SCC 2104011000, Commercial/Institutional Kerosene SCC 2103011000)

Kerosene combustion sources, which emit VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, and PM are grouped into two 

area source categories: Commercial/Institutional and Residential (all Industrial sector kerosene 

emissions are assumed to be included in the point source inventory). Emissions were calculated 

for each county using emission factors and Energy Information Administration fuel use 

information. The EIA kerosene consumption data are reported for each State. Commonwealth 

consumption was allocated to counties using data obtained from the County Business Patterns

and the U.S. Census Bureau.

 

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Residential Kerosene:

The emissions for residential kerosene combustion were determined by allocating total 

residential kerosene consumption in the Commonwealth to each county. This allocation was 

performed using the ratio of dwelling units (DU) heating with kerosene in a county to the number 

of dwelling units heating with kerosene in the Commonwealth. The following is the general 

equation used to calculate emissions from residential kerosene combustion. 
38

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State Kerosene Burning DU

County Kerosene Burning DU Annual Emissions Emission Factor PAResidential Kerosene Fuel Oil Usage

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 0.7 lbs/1000 gallons/year27

NOx Emission Factor = 17.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year27

CO Emission Factor = 4.8 lbs/1000 gallons/year27

SO2 Emission Factor = 41.1 lbs/1000 gallons/year27

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PA Residential Kerosene Fuel Use = 83,366 thousands of gallons42

2000 County Kerosene-Burning DUs = 8123 Dwelling Units (Allegheny 

County)7

2000 State Kerosene-Burning DUs = 1,217,155 Dwelling Units7

VOC Emissions:

tons VOCper year

pounds

ton AnnualVOCEmissions poundsVOC per year

DwellingUnits

DwellingUnits thousandsof gallons

gallons

lbsVOC AnnualVOCEmissions

0.1947

2000

1

389.4553

1,217,155

8123 83,366

1000

0.7

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  

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions =0.1947  0.00275=0.000536 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

tons COper year

pounds

ton AnnualCO Emissions pounds CO per year

DwellingUnits

DwellingUnits thousands of gallons

gallons

lbsVOC AnnualCO Emissions

1.3353

2000

1

2670.5503

1,217,155

8123 83,366

1000

4.8

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Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 1.3353  0.00275=0.00367 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 1.3353  0.00275=0.00367 tons CO per day

Commercial/Institutional Kerosene:
39

The total amount of fuel oil was apportioned to each county according to the number of 

commercial facilities, which was obtained from County Business Patterns.

2

 The total 

Commercial/Institutional kerosene consumption in the Commonwealth was obtained from the 

Energy Information Administration.42 The emission factors used for Commercial/Institutional 

Kerosene were the same as those used for Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil as per 

EIIP guidance. Each county’s emissions for commercial/institutional fuel oil combustion were 

estimated per the following sample calculations. 

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Numberof StateFacilities

Numberof CountyFacilities AnnualEmissions Emission Factor PACommercialKeroseneUse

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 20 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/year39  0.3% sulfur content = 

42.6 lbs/1000 gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

Kerosene Sulfur Content = 0.3%27

County Commercial Sector Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)2

Commonwealth Commercial Sector Facilities = 197,7952

Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Oil Use = 16,290 thousands of gallons42

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

Facilities

Facilities 16,290 thousands of gallons

year

gallons

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

0.3452

2000

1

690.3544

197,795

1000 24,654

0.34

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002834

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.3452  0.00283 = 0.000976 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:
40

 

tonsCO per year

lbs

ton AnnualCO Emissions poundsCO per year

Facilities

Facilities 16,290 thousands of gallons

year

gallons

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

5.0761

2000

1

10152.2703

197,795

1000 24,654

5

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Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002834

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 5.0761  0.00283 = 0.0143 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002834

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 5.0761  0.00283 = 0.0143 tons CO per day

LANDFILLS (SCC 2620030000)

Municipal solid waste landfills receive primarily household and/or commercial waste. The VOC 

emissions from landfills are produced by volatilization, chemical reaction, and biological 

decomposition of refuse material. 

The emissions were calculated using the total amount of refuse in Pennsylvania’s municipal solid 

waste landfills, not the landfills’ capacity. Since landfills continue to emit VOCs long after they

are closed (at least 20 years), data from active and inactive landfills were collected.

For active landfills, data from page two of the 2002 “Annual Facility Capacity Report” for each 

landfill were collected. In particular, Total Waste Accepted was needed for the final emissions 

calculation.

Several landfills that were included in the 1996 Pennsylvania area source inventory were not 

included in the compilation of 2002 facility reports provided by PA DEP. After confirming with 

PA DEP that these landfills are inactive (in a few cases the landfills had merely been renamed), 

the 1996 Total Waste Accepted data for these now-closed landfills were incorporated into the 

2002 inventory.

Total Waste Accepted was summed at the county level to calculate the total landfill emissions in 

each county. The emissions estimate was adjusted for precipitation. Each county’s emissions 

were estimated per the following sample calculation.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Precipitation Adjustment Factor)(Tons of Waste)
41

where:

Emission Factor = 13.6 tons VOC/1,000,000 tons of waste

Precipitation Adjustment Factor = 2.6

Amount of Waste = 19,422,841.6 tons of waste (Allegheny County)

  

Annual VOC Emissions tons VOC per year

tons of waste

year

tons waste

tons VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

686.7917

2.6 19,422,841.6

1,000,000

13.6

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275 4

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 686.7917  0.00275 = 1.8887 tons VOC per day

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in 

the coating process in manufacturing facilities, such as engines, turbines, farm and garden 

equipment, computers, and office machinery. The emissions for each county were calculated 

using an employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS Codes 333 (except 

333314 and 333315), 33271, 332991, 332997, 3341, and 336391. The number of employees in 

each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the 

ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained 

from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

3

 Point source emissions, where present, were 

subtracted from the Machinery and Equipment category emission estimates. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 77 lbs VOC /employee/year16

Employees = 4944 employees (Allegheny County)2 3

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

190.344

2000

1

380,688

4944

77

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002774
42

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 190.344  0.00277 = 0.5282 tons VOC per day

MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000)

This source category includes ship and boat building and repairing. The emissions were 

calculated using an employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS code 

33661. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business 

Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 

total Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

3

 Each 

county’s emissions were estimated per the following sample calculations below. Point source 

emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 308 lbs VOC /employee/year16

Employees = 52 employees (Allegheny County)2 3

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

Employees

year

Employee

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

8.008

2000

1

16,016

52

308

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 8.008  0.0028 = 0.0222 tons VOC per day

METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000)

This source category includes the manufacturing of metal cans, barrels, drums, kegs, and pails. 

The emissions from point sources, where present, were subtracted from the emissions of the 

corresponding county. The emissions for each county were calculated per the calculation below 

using an employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS Codes 332431 and 

332439. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business 

Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 

total Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

3

 Point 

source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:
43

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees) 

where:

Emission Factor = 6,029 lbs VOC/employee/year16

Employees =48 employees (Allegheny County)2 3

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

Employees

year

Employee

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

144.696

2000

1

289,392

48

6,029

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Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 144.696  0.0028 = 0.4015 tons VOC per day

METAL FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC 2401025000)

This source category includes manufacturing metal household and office furniture, such as beds, 

cabinets, desks, bookcases, and chairs. The emissions for each county were calculated per the 

sample calculations below using an employment-based emission factor and employee data for 

NAICS codes 337121, 337124, 337214, and 337215. The number of employees in each county

for 2001 was obtained from County Business Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 

2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained from the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).3 Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from 

these emission estimates. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 1,597 lbs VOC /employee/year16

Employees = 487 employees (Allegheny County)2 3
44

 

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

388.8695

2000

1

777,739

487

1,597

  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 388.8695  0.0028 = 1.0790 tons VOC per day

MISCELLANEOUS FINISHED METAL (SCC 2401050000)

This source category includes facilities which enamel, lacquer, and/or varnish metals. The 

emissions for each county were calculated per the sample calculations below using an 

employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS Codes 332812, 339911, 

339912, and 339914. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from 

County Business Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth 

employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS).

3

 Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 2,877 lbs VOC/employee/year16

Employees = 683 employees (Allegheny County)2 3

 

tons VOC per year

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

982.4955

2000

1

1,964,991

683

2877

  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 982.4955  0.0028 = 2.7262 tons VOC per day
45

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401090000)

This source category includes establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing products not 

classified in any other group such as jewelry, silverware, musical instruments, dolls, toys, games, 

pens, pencils, buttons, brooms, and caskets. The emissions for each county were calculated per 

the sample calculations below using a per capita emission factor and U.S. Census Bureau 

population data. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission 

estimates. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)

where:

Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs VOC/person/year16

Population =1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton AnnualVOCEmissions pounds VOC per year

people

year

person

lbs VOC

AnnualVOCEmissions

380.9712

2000

1

761,942.4

1,269,904

0.6

  



























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC Emissions = 380.9712  0.0028 = 1.0633 tons VOC per day

NATURAL GAS AND LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) (4 SCCs)

(Residential Natural Gas SCC 2104006000, Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas SCC 

2103006000, Residential LPG SCC 2104007000, Commercial/Institutional LPG SCC 

2103007000)

Natural gas and LPG are used in residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial facilities. 

Industrial natural gas and LPG consumption is considered to be covered in the point source 

inventory. Area source natural gas and LPG emissions were estimated using fuel consumption 

data and AP-42 emission factors. Because monthly natural gas consumption data were available, 

these data were used in developing the summer and winter season work weekday allocation 

factors. Consumption data were apportioned according to the number of dwelling units heating 

with natural gas/LPG, which was available from U.S. Census Bureau data (for residential 

sources), and according to the number of commercial sector facilities, obtained from County

Business Patterns (for commercial/institutional sources). Commercial and Residential LPG 

consumption was not available for 2002; therefore, the 2001 consumption was grown to 2002 by
46

applying the ratio of 2002 Commercial/Residential propane sales in Pennsylvania to 2001 

Commercial/Residential propane sales in the Commonwealth. Commercial LPG consumption in 

2001 was obtained from the Energy Information Administration’s State Energy Data 2001. 

Propane sales for 2001 and 2002 were obtained from Petroleum Marketing Annual.51 52 Each 

county’s emissions were estimated using the sample calculations below. For Commercial sector 

categories, point sources, where present, were subtracted from the emissions of the 

corresponding county.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Natural Gas:

Residential Natural Gas:

  

















 

Natural - Gas - Burning State Dwelling Units

Natural - Gas - Burning CountyDwellingUnits

Annual Emissions EmissionFactor StatewideResidentialNaturalGasConsumption

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMcf (million cubic feet)/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 94 lbs/MMcf/year39

CO Emission Factor = 40 lbs/MMcf/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMcf/year39

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor =1.9 lbs/MMcf/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor =5.7 lbs/MMcf/year39

Pb Emission Factor = 0.0005 lbs/MMcf/year39

Residential Natural Gas Consumption = 237,640 MMcf 53

County Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 474,292 (Allegheny County)7

State Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 2,452,941 units7

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

state dwelling units

county dwelling units MMcf

year

MMcf

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

126.3604

2000

1

252,720.7666

2,452,941

474,292 237,640

5.5

  







































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00078354

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 126.3604  0.000783 = 0.0989 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:
47

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

state dwelling units

county dwelling units MMcf

year

MMcf

lbs VOC

Annual CO Emissions

918.9846

2000

1

1,837,969.211

2,452,941

474,292 237,640

40

  







































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00078354

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 918.9846  0.000783 = 0.7196 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor =0.0052654

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 918.9846  0.00526 = 4.8370 tons CO per day

Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas:

  



















StateCommercialUnits

CountyCommercialUnits Annual Emissions EmissionFactor PA CommercialNaturalGasConsumption

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMcf (million cubic feet)/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 100 lbs/MMcf/year39

CO Emission Factor = 84 lbs/MMcf/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMcf/year39

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 5.7 lbs/MMcf/year39

Pb Emission Factor = 0.0005 lbs/MMcf/year39

Commercial Natural Gas Consumption = 148,346 MMcf 53

County Commercial Sector Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)2

Commonwealth Commercial Sector Facilities = 197,7952

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

state commercial units

county commercial units MMcf

year

MMcf

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

50.8488

2000

1

101,697.5786

197,795

24,654 148,346

5.5

  







































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor =0.0012555

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 50.8488 0.00125 = 0.0634 tons VOC per day
48

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

state commercial units

county commercial units MMcf

year

MMcf

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

776.5997

2000

1

1,553,199.382

197,795

24,654 148,346

84

  







































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0012555

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 776.5997 0.00125 = 0.9683 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor =0.0047855

Winter work weekday CO emissions =776.5997 0.00478 = 3.7121 tons CO per day

LPG:

Residential LPG:

  





















 

LPG Burning State Dwelling Units

LPG Burning County Dwelling Units

Annual Emissions Emission Factor Residential LPG Consumption

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 0.5 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 14 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

CO Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.1 lbs/1000 gallons/year39  0.54 grains/100 cubic feet 

= 0.054 lbs/1000 gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.506 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

Residential LPG Sulfur Content = 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet27

Residential LPG Consumption = 157,014,873.6 gallons25 51 52

County Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 4317 units (Allegheny County)7

Commonwealth Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 145,254 units7

Residential LPG Consumption Calculation:

25 51 52
49

gallons LPG

barrel

gallons

. thousand barrels LPG

thousand barrels LPG

thousand gallons LPG per day

. thousand gallons LPG per day

. thousand barrels LPG

PA PropaneConsumption

PAPropaneConsumption

Residential LPG Consumption Residential LPG Consumption

157,014,873.6

1

42 3738449

3738.449

765.9

8228

347992024

2001

2002 2002 (2001 )

 



 

 

Data Sources for Residential LPG Consumption Calculation:

2001 Residential LPG Consumption25

2002 PA Propane Consumption51

2001 PA Propane Consumption43

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

county dwelling units

county dwelling units gallons

year

gallons

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

1.1666

2000

1

2333.2687

145,254

4,317 157,014,873.61000

0.5

  











































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.1666 0.00275 = 0.00321 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

county dwelling units

county dwelling units gallons

year

gallons

lbs VOC

Annual CO Emissions

4.4332

2000

1

8866.4209

145,254

4,317 157,014,873.61000

1.9

  











































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 4.4332  0.00275 = 0.0122 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 4.4332  0.00275 = 0.0122 tons CO per day

Commercial/Institutional LPG:
50

  



















StateCommercialUnits

CountyCommercialUnits Annual Emissions EmissionFactor CommercialLPGConsumption

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 0.5 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 14 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

CO Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.1 lbs/1000 gallons/year39 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet 

= 0.054 lbs/1000 gallons/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.506 lbs/1000 gallons/year39

Commercial/Institutional LPG Sulfur Content = 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet27

Commercial LPG Consumption = 1,380,620.1 gallons25 51 52 (computed in the 

same manner as Residential LPG Consumption above)

County Commercial Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)2

Commonwealth Commercial Facilities = 197,795 units2

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

state commercial units

county commercial units gallons

year

gallons

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

0.0430

2000

1

86.0431

197,795

24,654 1,380,620.11000

0.5

  











































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.0430 0.0028 = 0.000122 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

state commercial units

county commercial units gallons

year

gallons

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

0.1635

2000

1

326.9640

197,795

24,654 1,380,620.11000

1.9

  











































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284

Summer work weekday CO emissions = 0.1635  0.0028 = 0.000462 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00284
51

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 0.1635  0.0028 = 0.000462 tons CO per day

OPEN BURNING (5 SCCs)

(Residential Municipal Solid Waste Open Burning SCC 2610030000; Residential Leaf Open 

Burning SCC 2610000100; Residential Brush Open Burning SCC 2610000400; 

Commercial/Institutional Open Burning SCC 2610020000, Industrial Open Burning SCC 

2610010000)

Open burning can be done in open drums or baskets, in fields and yards, and in large open dumps 

or pits. Materials commonly disposed of in this manner include municipal waste, auto body

components, landscape refuse, agricultural field refuse, wood refuse, bulky industrial refuse, and 

leaves. For emission inventory purposes, Open Burning is divided into five categories: 

Residential Municipal Solid Waste (MSW); Residential Leaf; Residential Brush; 

Commercial/Institutional; and Industrial.

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with three of the Residential Open Burning 

categories (i.e., MSW, Leaf, and Brush) were compiled from an inventory prepared for the MidAtlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU).56

 Because the MANE-VU estimates were 

prepared at the Census tract level, it was necessary to aggregate these estimates to the countylevel. In many cases, it was necessary to develop a county-level RP value by weighting MANEVU inventory Census tract level RP values by Census tract emissions. Seasonal emission 

estimates were calculated from the annual estimates using the temporal allocation profiles 

developed in the MANE-VU inventory project.

Annual emission estimates for Commercial/Institutional and Industrial Open Burning were 

calculated in this project using AP-42 emission factors and population and employment based 

emission activity loading factors.16 39 U.S. Census Bureau population data were used in the 

Residential and Commercial/Institutional calculations, while the number of Manufacturing 

employees (NAICS 31-33) was used for the Industrial category. The 2001 Manufacturing sector 

employment data from County Business Patterns2 was grown to 2002 using the ratio of the 2002 

Pennsylvania Manufacturing sector employment to the 2001 Pennsylvania Manufacturing sector 

employment obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.3 Seasonal Commercial/Institutional 

and Industrial emission estimates were developed by applying temporal allocation profiles from 

EPA’s EMCH to the annual emission estimates.4 Commercial/Institutional and Industrial Open 

Burning are prohibited in the Commonwealth. An 80 percent RE value was applied to each 

county’s Commercial/Institutional and Industrial emissions to reflect less than 100 percent 

compliance with the burning ban.57 For the Industrial and Commercial sector source categories, 

point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

The following provides samples of the emission calculations performed in this effort for each of 

the five open burning categories.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
52

Residential MSW Open Burning:

(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission calculations)56

Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.3823 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002156

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.3823 0.0021 = 0.0008 tons VOC per day

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 1.6979 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions winter work weekday 

allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002156

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 1.6979  0.0021 = 7.2489 tons VOC per day

Residential Leaf Open Burning:

(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission calculations)56

Because the summer and winter season work weekday allocation factors for leaf burning are 0, 

summer season work weekday and winter season work weekday emissions are 0.

Residential Brush Open Burning:

(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission calculations)56

Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.2263 tons VOC per year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000556

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.2263 0.0005 = 0.0001 tons VOC per day

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.235 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions winter work weekday 

allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.001756

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 0.235  0.0017 = 0.00004 tons VOC per day

Commercial/Institutional Open Burning:

    











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual Emissions EmissionFactor LoadingFactor Population

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 30 lbs VOC/ton waste/year39
53

NOx Emission Factor = 6 lbs NOx/ton waste/year39

CO Emission Factor = 85 lbs CO/ton waste/year39

Loading Factor = 24 tons waste/1000 people39

Population = 94,437 people (Adams County – this is non-air basin county)7

CE (Control Efficiency) = 100%57

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100% 

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%57

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

, people

people

tons waste

year

ton waste

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

6.7995

2000

1

13,598.928

100

80

100

100

100

100 94 437 1

1000

24

30

  













  







































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.7995 0.00275 = 0.0187 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

, people

people

tons waste

year

ton waste

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

19.2651

2000

1

38,530.296

100

80

100

100

100

100 94 437 1

1000

24

85

  













  







































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday CO emissions =19.2651 0.00275 = 0.0530 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 19.2651  0.00275 = 0.0530 tons CO per day

Industrial Open Burning:

    











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual Emissions EmissionFactor LoadingFactor Employees

where:

Emission Factors are the same as for Commercial/Institutional Open Burning

Loading Factor = 160 tons waste/1000 employees39
54

Employees = 8,216 employees (Adams County – this is non-air basin county) 2 3

Control Efficiency = 100%57

Rule Penetration = 100% 

Rule Effectiveness = 80%57

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

employees

employees

tons waste

year

ton waste

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

3.9437

2000

1

7887.36

100

80

100

100

100

100 8216 1

1000

160

30

  







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



  









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









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











Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 3.9437  0.00275 = 0.0108 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

employees

employees

tons waste

year

ton waste

lbs CO

Annual CO Emissions

11.1738

2000

1

22,347.52

100

80

100

100

100

100 8216 1

1000

160

85

  



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

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

  





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

























Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday CO emissions =11.1738  0.00275 = 0.0307 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 11.1738  0.00275 = 0.0307 tons CO per day

OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATING (SCC 2401200000)

This category includes special purpose coatings used for applications such as maintenance 

operations at industrial and other facilities, auto refinishing, traffic paints, marine finishes, and 

aerosol sprays. Note that this category covers those specific coating processes not already

included in other source categories (e.g., High Performance Industrial Maintenance Coatings). 

Emissions for this category were estimated using a per capita emission factor and U.S. Bureau of 

the Census population data. Each county’s emissions were calculated per the following sample 

calculations. 
55

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor Population

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 0.8 lbs VOC/person/year16

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

Control Efficiency = 20% 5

Rule Penetration = 100%

Rule Effectiveness = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

people

year

person

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

406.3693

2000

1

812,738.56

100

100

100

100

100

20 1,269,904 1

0.8

  









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

  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 9

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 406.3693  0.00356 = 1.4473 tons VOC per day

OTHER TRANSPORTATION (SCC 2401085000)

This source category includes the finishing of vehicles and vehicle parts not included in other 

source categories (note that area source emissions were not estimated for the Motor Vehicle 

Surface Coating category because all Pennsylvania automobile assembly plants are assumed to be 

included in the point source inventory). The emissions for each county were calculated per the 

sample calculations below using an employment-based emission factor and employee data from 

NAICS Codes 33633, 33634, 33635, 333924, 336312, 336322, 336399, 336411, 336413, and 

33651. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from County Business 

Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the ratio or 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 

total Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.3 Point source 

emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates. Note that emissions 

for this category are reported using the Railroad SCC because there is no “Other Transportation” 

SCC.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 35 lbs VOC/employee/year16

Employees = 2556 employees (Allegheny County)2 3
56

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

44.73

2000

1

89,460

2556

35

  



















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

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00287 4

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 44.73  0.00287 = 0.1282 tons VOC per day

PESTICIDE APPLICATION (SCC 2461800000)

Pesticides, which contain petroleum solvents and synthetic organic ingredients, are used to kill or 

retard the growth of insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or microorganisms. The bulk of pesticide 

application is associated with agriculture and, therefore, occurs in rural areas. The VOC 

emissions for each county were estimated using an emission factor based on the number of 

harvested acres. Harvested acreage data were obtained from the U.S. Department of 

Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service.58

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Acres Harvested)

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 3.5 lbs VOC /acre harvested/year16

Acres Harvested = 10,527.2490 acres harvested (Allegheny County)58

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

acres harvested

year

acres harvested

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

18.4227

2000

1

36,845.3716

10,527.2490

3.5

  









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

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

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

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002774

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 18.4227 0.00277 = 0.0510 tons VOC per day

PORTABLE GASOLINE CONTAINERS (SCC 2501060300)

This category covers emissions from residential and commercial sector portable gasoline 

containers. This category accounts for permeation, diurnal, transport, spillage, and vapor 
57

displacement emissions. Permeation, diurnal, and transport emissions are based on daily

gasoline container throughput data. Gasoline throughput for 2002 was estimated based on gas 

container population and use data obtained from a California Air Resources Board survey.

59

 The 

year 2002 residential container population was estimated from the county-level number of 

occupied housing units.60 For counties for which 2002 occupied housing units data were not 

available, 2000 year housing units data61 were projected to 2002 based on county population 

growth rates.7 The year 2002 commercial container population was estimated from the number 

of commercial sector businesses.62 County-level nonroad equipment gasoline consumption 

estimates were obtained from the NONROAD model.63 

County-level year 2002 housing unit, commercial facility, and gasoline throughput data were 

then used in the emission calculation procedures described in Control Measure Development 

Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission Model Rules.9 For the permeation, diurnal, 

and transport emission processes, these procedures result in daily emission estimates for both 

residential and commercial. These emissions were converted to annual emissions by multiplying 

by 214 days based on the assumption that nonroad equipment is fueled via gas containers 

primarily between April and October. The resulting annual emission estimates were then added 

to the spillage and vapor displacement annual emissions estimates, which were developed from 

annual NONROAD model gasoline consumption data, to yield total portable gasoline container 

annual emissions for each county. Summer season work weekday allocation factors were 

developed from the NONROAD model temporal allocations and applied to the annual emissions 

estimates to obtain summer season workday emissions.63

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

For Allegheny County:

Annual Permeation , Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions   Daily Emissions  214 days

where (calculated using Ozone Transport Commission methods):

Allegheny Residential Permeation VOC Emissions = 299,065.1043 g/day

Allegheny Residential Diurnal VOC Emissions = 2,582,567.049 g/day

Allegheny Residential Transport VOC Emissions = 141,733.9079 g/day

Allegheny Commercial Permeation VOC Emissions = 41,816.3711 g/day

Allegheny Commercial Diurnal VOC Emissions = 408,285.9064 g/day

Allegheny Commercial Transport VOC Emissions = 255,584.0428 g/day

Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions = 3,729,052.382 g/day  214 

Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions = 798,017,209.6 g/year

Total Annual Emissions = Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport Emissions + Annual 

Spillage Emissions + Annual Vapor Displacement Emissions

where:

Spillage VOC Emissions = 307,338,392.7 g/year

Vapor Displacement VOC Emissions = 93,509,532.4 g/year
58

Total Annual Emissions = 798,017,209.6 g/year + 307,338,392.7 g/year + 93,509,532.4 g/year

Total Annual Emissions = 1,198,865,134.7 g/year 

g

ton

907 ,184 .74

1

 = 1,321.5226 tons/year

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month proportion weekday ratio/number of 

weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.3600 0.692/65 = 0.00383 63

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1321.5226 0.00383 = 5.0639 tons VOC per day

REFRIGERANT LOSSES (SCC 2399010000)

This source category covers industrial refrigerant losses from refrigeration equipment used in 

such industries as ice cream manufacturing, meat packing plants, ice manufacturing, and 

refrigerated warehousing. Losses occur in both the normal use of refrigeration systems and 

during malfunctions. Emissions for each county were estimated using an employment-based 

emission factor64,65 and the number of employees in the following NAICS codes: 311611, 

311612, 311613, 311615, 311512-311514, 31152, 311411, 311412, 311421-311423, 31181, 

31132, 31133, 31211-31213, 31171, 312113, 311991, 311999, 325211, 49312, 311612, 42281, 

42282. The number of employees in each county was obtained from County Business Patterns66

and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total 

Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Each county’s 

emissions were estimated per the sample calculations below.

SAMPLE NH3 EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual NH3 Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees in Sector)

Where:

Emission Factor = 30 lbs NH3/ employee/ year

Employees = 8265 (Allegheny County)

 employees

year

lbs NH employee Annual NH Eissions 8265 30 3/

3 













Annual NH3 Emissions = 247,950 pounds NH3 per year * 

lbs

ton

2000

1

= 123.975 tons NH3/ year

PUBLIC OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (3 SCCs)

Public Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) are wastewater treatment plants typically owned by

municipalities. Emissions are calculated for three POTW processes: POTW Wastewater 

Treatment Processes (SCC 2630020010), POTW Biosolids Processes (SCC 2630020020), and 

Biosolids Land Application (SCC 2630050000). Biosolids are recyclable solid, semisolid, or 

liquid untreated residue from sewage treatment in a wastewater treatment plant.
59

Although both VOC and NH3 emissions result from each of the three processes included in this 

category, VOC emissions are only estimated for POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes (SCC 

2630020010) because of the lack of VOC emission factors for the other processes. Annual NH3

emission estimates were taken from an on-going Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union 

(MANE-VU) inventory development project. As part of this Pennsylvania inventory effort, 

annual VOC emissions were estimated for the POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes category

using the MANE-VU project Pennsylvania emission activity data (total POTW flow) and an AP42 sewage treatment emission factor.28

 Summer season work weekday emissions were 

calculated for each process using a summer season work weekday allocation factor based on EIIP

temporal allocation guidance.1

Year 2000 POTW flow data for Pennsylvania facilities were obtained from the EPA Office of 

Wastewater Management’s year 2000 Clean Watersheds Needs Survey.

67

 Year 2002 wastewater 

flow was estimated from the county population change between 2000 and 2002.7 Year 2000 

statewide biosolids generation was obtained from BioCycle 2000.68 Facility-level biosolids 

production was estimated based on allocating State generation using facility-level wastewater 

flow rates. Year 2002 biosolids generation was estimated by applying Bureau of Census county

population growth rates to year 2000 generation.7 Land application of total biosolids generation 

was calculated by multiplying total generation by 55 percent, which represents the percentage of 

total Pennsylvania biosolids generation applied to land.68 Further information on the annual 

emission estimation methods for the processes in this category will be available in a forthcoming 

report prepared for MANE-VU. Where present, point source emissions were subtracted from the 

emissions of the corresponding county. Each county’s emissions were calculated per the 

following sample calculations.

SAMPLE VOC CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions  EmissionFactorCounty WastewaterFlow

where:

Emission Factor = 8.9 lbs VOC/millions of gallons flow

Flow = 75,290.54 million gallons (Allegheny County)

 

tons VOC

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbs

E6 gallons lbs

year

million gallons

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

335.04

2000

1

670,085.81

75,290.54 670,085.81

8.9











































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor
60

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.003851

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 335.04  0.00385 = 1.2899 tons VOC per day

SAMPLE NH3 CALCULATION:

Annual NH3 Emissions  G x EF NH3/ 2000

Where:

G = Annual amount of wastewater processed (MMgal) = 75,290 (Allegheny Co.)

EFNH3 = Ammonia emission factor of 0.027 lb/ MMgal (Pechan, 2004a)64

Annual NH3 Emissions = 75,290 MMgal x 0.027 lb NH3/ 2000= 1.016415 Tons NH3

RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION (7 SCCs)

(Fireplaces: Without Inserts SCC 2104008001; Fireplaces: Inserts - Catalytic, non-EPA-certified 

SCC 2104008002; Fireplaces: Inserts - Non-catalytic, EPA-certified SCC 2104008003; 

Fireplaces: Inserts - Catalytic, EPA-certified SCC 2104008004; Woodstoves - Conventional 

SCC 2104008010; Woodstoves - Catalytic SCC 2104008030; and Woodstoves - Non-catalytic 

SCC 2104008050)

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with residential heating with wood were compiled 

from the 2002 nonpoint source National Emissions Inventory (NEI).31 The 2002 NEI reports 

residential wood combustion emissions in seven SCCs, each of which representing a specific 

combustion equipment type. The NEI reports emissions for the following criteria pollutants: 

VOC, NOx, CO, SO2, PM10-PRI, and PM25-PRI. The NEI residential wood combustion 

emission estimation methodology is based on the national population of each equipment type and 

an estimate of the amount of wood burned in each type of equipment. The national wood 

combustion estimates by equipment type were then allocated to counties using a number of steps. 

These steps incorporated information on heating degree days by climate zone, and the urban/rural 

designation and number of single-family detached homes in each county. Further details on the 

annual emission estimation methodology are available in a forthcoming 2002 nonpoint source 

NEI document. 31

The majority of the residential wood combustion emission factors were obtained from EPA's AP42 document.39

 County-level seasonal throughput percentages developed for the 2002 NEI were 

applied in this effort to estimate winter season work weekday emissions (no residential wood 

combustion activity was allocated to summer season months).

SAMPLE SEASONAL CALCULATION (FIREPLACES WITHOUT INSERTS):

Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 59.8205 tons VOC per year

Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions winter work weekday 

allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0044
61

Winter work weekday VOC emissions = 59.8205  0.0044 = 0.2632 tons VOC per day

SOLID WASTE INCINERATION (2 SCCs)

(Commercial/Institutional Solid Waste Incineration SCC 2601020000, Industrial Solid Waste 

Incineration SCC 2601010000)

Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid materials from commercial or industrial sources. 

The materials may be combustible or noncombustible, and are often burned to reduce bulk, 

unless direct burial is either available or practical. The resulting pollutants for the purpose of this 

inventory are VOC, NOx, and CO. On-site incineration is the confined burning of waste leaves, 

landscape refuse, or other refuse or rubbish. Slash and large scale agricultural open burning are 

not included in this emission category.

The emissions for each county were estimated per the sample calculations below using emission 

factors and loading factors from AP-42, population data from the U.S. Census Bureau, and 

employee data from County Business Patterns. Point source emissions, where present, were 

subtracted from these emission estimates. 

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Commercial/Institutional Solid Waste Incineration:

Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Population)

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 9.8 lbs VOC/ton waste burned/year39

NOx Emission Factor = 3.7 lbs NOx/ton waste burned/year39

CO Emission Factor = 37 lbs CO/ton waste burned/year39

Loading Factor = 54 tons/1000 people39

Population = 1,269,904 people (Allegheny County)7

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

, , people

people

tons waste

year

ton waste burned

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

336.0166

2000

1

672,033.1968

1 269 904

1000

54

9.8

  











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





















Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 336.0166 0.00275 = 0.9240 tons VOC per day
62

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

, , people

people

tons waste

year

ton waste burned

lbs CO

Annual CO Emissions

1268.6341

2000

1

2,537,268.192

1 269 904

1000

54

37

  















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





















Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday CO emissions =1268.6341 0.00275 = 3.4887 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 1268.6341 0.00275 = 3.4887 tons CO per day

Industrial Solid Waste Incineration:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factors are the same as noted above

Loading Factor = 560 tons/1000 employees39

Employees = 48,544 employees (Allegheny County)2 3

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton AnnualVOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

48,544 employees

employees

tons waste burned

year

ton waste burned

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

133.2047

2000

1

266,409.472

1000

560

9.8

  















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

























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 133.2047 0.00275 = 0.3663 tons VOC per day

CO Emissions:
63

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

48,544 employees

employees

tons waste burned

year

ton waste burned

lbs CO

Annual CO Emissions

502.9158

2000

1

1,005,831.68

1000

560

37

  











































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Summer work weekday CO emissions =502.9158 0.00275 = 1.3830 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.002754

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 502.9158 0.00275 = 1.3830 tons CO per day

STRUCTURE FIRES (SCC 2810030000)

Building fires can produce short-term emissions of VOC, NOx, CO, and PM. Structure fire 

emissions were estimated using emission factors, a loading factor, and a default number of fires 

per capita (note that PM10-FIL, PM25-FIL, and PM-CON emission factors were not available). 

Population data were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Each county’s emissions were 

calculated per the following sample calculations.

Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Per Capita # of Fires)(Population)

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 11 lbs VOC/ton material burned/year16

NOx Emission Factor = 1.4 lbs NOx/ton material burned/year16

CO Emission Factor = 60 lbs CO/ton material burned/year16

Loading Factor = 1.15 tons material/fire69

Per Capita Number of Fires = 0.0018 fires/person70

Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)7

VOC Emissions:

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

people

person

fires

fire

tons material

year

tons material

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

14.4560

2000

1

28,912.168

1,269,904 1.15 0.0018

11

  



























































Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00242771

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 14.4560 0.002427 = 0.03509 tons VOC per day
64

CO Emissions:

 

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions pounds CO per year

people

person

fires

fire

tons material

year

ton material

lbs CO

Annual CO Emissions

78.8514

2000

1

157,702.7342

1,269,904 1.15 0.0018

60

  



























































Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00242771

Summer work weekday CO emissions =78.8514 0.002427 = 0.1914 tons CO per day

Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions  winter work weekday allocation factor

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00312671

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 78.8514 0.003126 = 0.2465 tons CO per day

TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000)

Traffic paints are used to mark pavement in applications such as dividing lines for traffic lanes, 

parking space markings, crosswalks, and arrows. The markings are usually applied by

Commonwealth or local highway maintenance crews. VOC emissions result from the 

evaporation of organic solvents during and shortly after application of the marking paint. Each 

county’s emissions were calculated per “Alternative Method Three” described in the EIIP

emission estimation guidance document for this category.

72

 The calculation uses a national per 

capita emission factor based on 2002 data for national traffic paint consumption and U.S. 

population. Control efficiency, rule penetration, and rule effectiveness factors were incorporated 

into the final calculation.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

    











    

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions Emission Factor Per Capita Usage Factor Population

2002 U.S. Population

2002 National Traffic Paint Consumption

Per Capita Usage Factor 

National per Capita Usage Factor = 39,397,000 gallons73/288,368,698 people7

National per Capita Usage Factor = 0.1366 gallons/person

where:

Emission Factor = 3.36 lbs VOC/gallon72

National per Capita Usage Factor = 0.1366 gallons/person

Population =1,269,904 (Allegheny County)

7

CE (Control Efficiency) = 20% 5

RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%
65

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

  

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

gallons person people

year

gallon

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

233.1767

2000

1

466,353.4473

100

100

100

100

100

20 0.1366 / 1,269,904 1

3.36

  













  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 9

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 233.1767  0.00356 = 0.8305 tons VOC per day

WINERIES (SCC 2302070005)

Winery emissions result from the entrainment of ethanol by carbon dioxide during wine 

fermentation. Factors affecting ethanol emissions are handling techniques, temperature, process 

equipment design, and fermenting parameters. Other sources of emissions from the wine making 

process are blending, transferring, racking and storing of the wine. 

Emissions were determined using 2002 county-level wine production data provided by the 

Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (PLCB).74 Because monthly production data were available, 

these data were used to develop the seasonal allocation factors for this category. The emission 

factors for both red and white wines were obtained from AP-42.75 Since the emission factors for 

the two types of wines are different, but wine type production data are no longer available, wine 

production in the Commonwealth was assumed to be 60 percent white wine and 40 percent red 

wine. 76 Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates. 

Each county’s emissions were estimated per the following sample calculations. 

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (0.6  White Wine Emission Factor + 0.4  Red Wine Emission 

Factor)  (2002 Total Wine Production)

where:

White Wine Emission Factor = 1.80873 lbs VOC/1000 gallons white 

wine/year75

Red Wine Emission Factor = 4.6236 lbs VOC/1000 gallons red wine/year75

2002 Total Wine Production = 8.270 thousand gallons (Adams County)74

2002 Summer Wine Production = 3.000 thousand gallons (Adams County)74

White Wine Production Factor = 60% of wine produced76

Red Wine Production Factor = 40% of wine produced76
66

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbs VOC per year

thousand gallons

gallons

lbs

gallons

lbs Annual VOC Emissions

0.0121

2000

1

24.2698

8.270

1000

4.6236 0.4

1000

1.80873 0.6

  

















   

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month wine production/annual wine production 

weekday ratio/number of weekdays in summer

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 3.000/8.270 0.715/65 = 0.00399 (Adams County)4 74

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.0121 0.00399 = 0.0000484 tons VOC per day

WOOD FURNITURE MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401020000)

This source category includes establishments engaged in the manufacture of wood home or office 

furniture. VOC emissions result from the evaporation of solvents used in the finish coats and 

cleanup procedures. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission 

estimates. Each county’s emissions were calculated according to the sample calculations below 

using a per employee emission factor and the number of employees in NAICS codes 337122, 

337127, 337129, 337211, and 337212. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was 

obtained from County Business Patterns2and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total 

Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS).3

A 30 percent reduction in VOC emissions was assumed based on a RACT-based regulation.77

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)(30% Control Efficiency Reduction)
67

where:

Emission Factor = 1,311 lbs VOC/employee/year78

Employees = 256 employees (Allegheny County)2 3

Control Efficiency = 30%77

Rule Penetration = 100%

Rule Effectiveness = 80%

 

. tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions , . pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbs VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

1275341

2000

1

25506816

100

80

100

100

100

30 256 1

1311

  













  























Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work weekday allocation factor

Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002774

Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 127.5341  0.00277 = 0.3539 tons VOC per day
A-1

APPENDIX A: REFERENCES

 

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Sources, Chapter 1, Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development (Revised Final),” prepared for the 

Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, January 2001. (Note: Because this inventory 

was prepared prior to November 2005, the Commonwealth did not apply the rule effectivness guidance found in 

EPA-454/P-05-001)

2

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County Business Patterns 2001, Pennsylvania, available 

from http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html. 2003, accessed October 2003.

3 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics, available from http://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm, 

accessed November 2003.

4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Temporal Allocation Data,” Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse, 

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5

63 FR 48848, 1998: Federal Register, "National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for 

Architectural Coatings, Final Rule, Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

6 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Table 2: 2002 Architectural Coating Shipments,” Current 

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7 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “County Population Estimates Data Sets,” available from 

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8 Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, 

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9 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission 

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11 Eastern Research Group, Inc., “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area 

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12 Dan Szekeres, Michael Baker Corporation, personal communication with Andy Bollman, E. H. Pechan & 

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13 25 Pa. Code Section 129.64, “Cutback Asphalt Paving,” available from 

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14 Dan Szekeres, Michael Baker Corporation, personal communication with Andy Bollman, E. H. Pechan & 

Associates, Inc., December 2003.

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20 Monthly statewide beer production data from Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, available from 

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Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 9.12.1: Malt Beverages, Final Report, prepared by Midwest Research 
A-2

 

Institute October 1996 and available from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/bgdocs/b9s12-1.pdf, accessed 

February 2004.

22 Brewery emission factor is the sum of individual brewery process emission factors found in Table 4-3 of Emission 

Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 9.12.1: Malt Beverages, Final Report, prepared by Midwest Research 

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27 Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., “Final Summary of the Development and Results of a Methodology for 

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28 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Factor Information Retrieval Data System (FIRE) 6.23, October 2000.

29 63 FR 48819, 1998: Federal Register, “National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer 

Products, Final Rule,” Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

30 Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area 

Sources, Chapter 6, Solvent Cleaning,” prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement 

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31 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Documentation for the 2002 Nonpoint Source National Emission Inventory for 

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33 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, “Methods for Developing a 

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Pechan & Associates, Inc., September 2003.

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35 Eastern Research Group, ““Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area 

Sources, Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission 

Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996.

36 25 Pa. Code Section 129.63, “Degreasing Operations,” available from 

http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.63.html, accessed January 2004.

37 Federal Register, “Subpart T—National Emission Standards for Halogenated Solvent Cleaning,” Volume 59, 

Number 2331, December 2, 1994.

38 The Pennsylvania Dry Cleaners Association disclosed that 1.8 million pounds of VOCs were emitted in 

Pennsylvania in 1990 from dry cleaning operations.

Emission Factor = Total VOC emitted ÷ Pennsylvania Population

= 1.8 million lbs VOC ÷ 11.88 million people (1990 census)

= 0.15 lbs VOC/person/year

39 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Compilation of Air 

Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, AP-42, Fifth Edition, January 1995.

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accessed February 2004.

41 Stan Piorkowski, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry, personal 

communication with PJ Disclafani, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 2003.
A-3

 

42 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 2002, available 

from http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/fuel_oil_and_kerosene_sales/foks.html, accessed 

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provided by Paul Sload, December 2003.

46 25 Pa. Code Section 129.60, “Bulk Gasoline Plants,” available from 

http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.60.html, accessed February 2004.

47 25 Pa. Code Section 129.61, “Small Gasoline Storage Tank Control (Stage I Control),” available from 

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Factor Model,” EPA420-R-02-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air 

Quality, October 2002.

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A-4

 

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