DA 20-0047

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2021 MT 20N

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF:

CHARLENE G. PAYNE,

 Petitioner and Appellee,

 and

WILLIAM H. PAYNE,

 Respondent and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Nineteenth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Lincoln, Cause No. DR 94-83

Honorable Matthew J. Cuffe, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Channing J. Hartelius, Hartelius, Durocher & Winter, PC, Great Falls, 

Montana

For Appellee:

Penni L. Chisholm, Chisholm & Chisholm, P.C., Columbia Falls, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: December 9, 2020

 Decided: February 2, 2021

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

cir-641.—if

02/02/2021

Case Number: DA 20-0047
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Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating 

Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not 

serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this 

Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana 

Reports. 

¶2 William H. Payne appeals the December 19, 2019, Order and Opinion, and the 

February 3, 2020, Judgment, entered in post-judgment proceedings by the Nineteenth 

Judicial District Court, Lincoln County, granting thirty percent of the net proceeds from 

the sale of Payne Machinery, Inc. and the property upon which it was situated, to Charlene 

G. Payne. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

¶3 William and Charlene were married on August 13, 1974. A Final Decree of 

Dissolution of the marriage was entered by the District Court on September 29, 1995. 

William and Charlene, each represented by legal counsel, entered into a Property 

Settlement Agreement (PSA) that was incorporated into the Final Decree of Dissolution. 

The PSA provided, in relevant part, as follows:

4. Any and all property acquired by either of the parties hereto from and 

after January 1, 1994, shall be the sole and separate property of the one 

so acquiring the same, and each party hereby binds himself or herself to 

execute any instruments necessary to so provide.

5. The parties’ assets are as follows:

a. Payne Machinery, Inc. $719,000

b. Real Estate: shop area 2.3 acres 15,000

 Resident (house and 2 acres) 91,000
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 Lot 2 Ponderosa Heights (1.853 acres) 12,000

 Tract ADH (3.99 acres) 30,000

In addition, the parties have vehicles, household goods and miscellaneous 

personal property. 

6. The parties agree to divide their marital property as follows: 

a. To William H. Payne: Payne Machinery, Inc. land and residence. 

b. Charlene Payne: 1988 Toyota Pickup and 1990 Buick. 

c. William H. Payne will pay to Charlene G. Payne the sum of 

$275,000.00 as follows: 

 $50,000.00 in cash immediately 

 $225,000 paid at 6% interest, amortized over a twenty year

period, with payments of approximately $1,611 per month 

due on or before the first day of each consecutive calendar 

month, and a balloon payment of the entire remaining 

unpaid balance of principal and interest shall be due and 

payable on or before the tenth anniversary of this 

agreement. The first payment shall be due on or before 

November 1, 1995. 

[1, 2] 

d. William Payne agrees to pay the outstanding balance due on the 

1990 Buick, and to indemnify and hold Charlene harmless for the 

unpaid balance.

e. Additional terms are as follows:

 William H. Payne shall have the right to prepay without 

penalty.

 Charlene will acquire a first position security interest in all 

property identified on the September 6, 1995 Boller 

appraisal, which can only be subordinated to a bank for a 

loan connected with the business.

 In the event William G. Payne sells any of the property 

identified on the September 6, 1995 appraisal, Charlene G. 

 

1 The final sentence of this provision, or Paragraph “6(c)(2),” was a handwritten interlineation 

initialed by both William and Charlene. 

2 Although not numbered, the bullet-pointed subparagraphs within Paragraph 6(c) and 

Paragraph 6(e) of the PSA are referred to herein by their numerical order. 
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Payne shall be entitled to 30% of the net sale proceeds. 

(This provision does not apply to the sale of inventory in 

the ordinary course of business.). 

 In the event William H. Payne sells Payne Machinery, Inc., 

the entire unpaid principal and accrued interest due to 

Charlene G. Payne must be paid on or before closing of said 

sale. For purposes of this agreement, a sale of Payne 

Machinery, Inc. shall be defined as a sale of 50% or more 

of the assets and/or outstanding stock in Payne Machinery, 

Inc., or a voluntary or involuntary dissolution or winding 

up of Payne Machinery, Inc. 

. . .

19. Should any action be commenced to enforce, modify, or interpret any 

provision of this agreement, the Court, as a cost of suit, shall award a 

reasonable attorney’s fee to the successful party. 

20. This agreement contains the entire understanding of the parties and there 

are no representations, warranties, covenants or understandings other 

than those expressly set forth herein. 

¶4 In November 1995, William executed a trust indenture incumbering real property 

in Lincoln County, naming Charlene as beneficiary for purposes of securing the $225,000 

William owed to Charlene under the “installment payment obligation.” In 1996, William 

paid one-third of the proceeds from the sale of four parcels encumbered by the trust 

indenture to Charlene, and she filed partial satisfactions of judgment with the court and 

recorded deeds of partial reconveyance with respect to each parcel. The proceeds from the 

sale of the parcels were not credited toward William’s installment payment obligation. The 

installation payments were paid to Charlene through the Lincoln County Clerk of Court, 

while the shares of the proceeds from sale of the parcels were distributed to Charlene

directly. On November 4, 2001, William completed payment of the installment obligation. 

Charlene did not file a satisfaction of judgment and did not record a deed of reconveyance 
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for the remaining real property denominated as security in the trust indenture, but on 

January 29, 2002, recorded a quitclaim deed, executed in November 1995, conveying to 

William her interest in the land on which Payne Machinery was situated. The parties argue 

over the intent of the PSA as implied from their actions in these post-dissolution 

transactions. 

¶5 In March 2019, William contracted to sell the assets of Payne Machinery and 

associated real property for $1,400,000. Charlene filed a Lis Pendens, stating an interest 

in 30% of the proceeds, to which William objected. The parties agreed the sale could close 

and the title company would withhold $420,000 of the proceeds until a resolution could be 

reached. 

¶6 Charlene filed a Motion for Order Distributing Sales Proceeds to Petitioner. 

William opposed the motion, requesting distribution of the disputed funds to himself, and 

asked for an evidentiary hearing. The District Court, reasoning “this is a question of law 

and no hearing is needed,” issued an Order and Opinion granting Charlene’s motion on 

December 19, 2019. It ordered that Charlene was entitled to 30% of “the net proceeds 

from the sale of Payne Machinery and the property upon which it is located.” On January 3, 

2020, William submitted the 1995 Appraisal, as well as numerous other documents, which 

had not been in the record or considered by the District Court prior to issuance of the Order 

and Opinion. 

¶7 After William filed a Notice of Appeal, Charlene moved the District Court to enter 

a judgment awarding her costs, attorney fees and interest. Following briefing, the District 
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Court issued a judgment awarding Charlene $418,945.15 under the PSA, $27,316.80 in 

interest accrued since the April 1, 2019 sale, and attorney fees. The parties thereafter 

briefed the amount of attorney fees and filed a stipulation regarding pending claims and 

motions. The stipulation was adopted by the District Court and, on May 5, 2020, it entered 

a Judgment and Order setting the attorney fees at $20,441.22, paying $15,000 to Charlene

“as a settlement payment incident to outstanding motions,” and requiring William to post 

the amount of $498,358.04, reflecting the judgment and possible accrual of additional 

interest during this appeal, as security. 

¶8 This Court interprets “property settlement agreements associated with marital 

dissolutions in accordance with the law of contracts.” In re Marriage of Pfennigs, 1999 MT 

250, ¶ 13, 296 Mont. 242, 989 P.2d 327; see also § 40-4-201(5), MCA (2019). The 

construction and interpretation of a contract and whether a provision presents an ambiguity 

are questions of law subject to de novo review. Mary J. Baker Revocable Tr. v. Cenex 

Harvest States, Coops., Inc., 2007 MT 159, ¶ 19, 338 Mont. 41, 164 P.3d 851; Krajacich 

v. Great Falls Clinic, LLP, 2012 MT 82, ¶ 13, 364 Mont. 455, 276 P.3d 922. 

¶9 William argues the District Court erred by interpreting the PSA as a matter of law 

and by “fail[ing] to consider the Property Settlement Agreement as a whole and the 

circumstances of its execution to determine whether an ambiguity exists, which requires 

extrinsic evidence to determine the parties’ intent.” He argues that when the agreement is 

read as a whole, it is “reasonable and appropriate” to interpret Paragraph 6(e) as “not a 

standalone paragraph,” but rather that its sub-parts are related only to the installment 
7

payment obligation stated in Paragraph 6(c), and do not state a separate 30% net proceeds 

obligation. Alternatively, William argues, even if the District Court correctly interpreted 

the PSA, it erred by “failing to consider the extent to which any property identified on the 

September 6, 1995 appraisal . . . was included in the 2019 sale of Payne Machinery, Inc. 

and the property upon which it was located.” In response, Charlene argues the PSA is 

unambiguous and the District Court properly denied William’s proffered evidence because 

it consisted of the subjective views of his divorce attorney. And, even if parts of the PSA 

would be found to be ambiguous, Charlene argues William performed in accordance with 

the District Court’s rendering of the PSA “on four other occasions.” 

¶10 Contract interpretation is generally a “four-corner” endeavor and when interpreting 

a written contract, we ascertain the intention of the parties “‘first and foremost’ from the 

writing alone.” State v. Asbeck, 2003 MT 337, ¶ 18, 318 Mont. 431, 80 P.3d 1272 (quoting 

Morning Star Enterprises v. R.H. Grover, 247 Mont. 105, 111, 805 P.2d 553, 557 (1991)); 

§ 28-3-303, MCA (“[w]hen a contract is reduced to writing, the intention of the parties is 

to be ascertained from the writing alone if possible”). Contractual terms are not examined 

in isolation but rather “[t]he whole of a contract is to be taken together so as to give effect 

to every part if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the other.” 

Section 28-3-202, MCA. “The language of a contract is to govern its interpretation if the 

language is clear and explicit and does not involve an absurdity.” Section 28-3-401, MCA. 

Indeed, “the intent of the parties is only looked at when the agreement is not clear on its 

face.” Bain v. Williams, 245 Mont. 228, 232, 800 P.2d 693, 695 (1990). 
8

¶11 Applying these legal standards of interpretation, we agree with the District Court 

that the wording of the PSA is unambiguous, and that consideration of extrinsic evidence 

is inappropriate here. Under the wording of the PSA, we must reject William’s rendering 

of Paragraphs 6(e)(3) and 6(e)(4) as merely available methods by which Charlene could be 

paid the singular installment obligation. Rather, the wording creates different obligations, 

and we apply that plain language, in light of the PSA as a whole, as follows. 

¶12 The PSA awarded Payne Machinery and associated land to William, but also 

awarded Charlene an interest in the property. Paragraph 6(e)(3) provides that, in the event 

William would “sell[] any of the property identified on the September 6, 1995 appraisal,” 

with the exception of inventory sold in the ordinary course of business, Charlene “shall be 

entitled to” 30% of the net sale proceeds of the sale of those assets. Nothing is mentioned 

in the provision about applying these 30% sale proceeds as a credit toward William’s 

installment obligation. Thus, the provision creates a separate obligation to Charlene, 

requiring that she share in the proceeds of the sale of individual assets. As Charlene notes, 

William’s post-dissolution actions regarding proceeds from the sale of other assets were

consistent with this plain language. Then, Paragraph 6(e)(4) provides that, upon a sale of 

the whole business, “the entire unpaid principal and accrued interest” of the installment 

obligation must be paid in full before closing. No reference to or coordination with 

Paragraph 6(e)(3) is made, nor is there any specific recognition of the possibility that the 

installment obligation could otherwise be paid in full or in part by way of Charlene’s receipt 

of 30% of sale proceeds from the sale of individual assets. 
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¶13 However, the District Court’s order granting Charlene a blanket “thirty percent 

(30%) of the net proceeds from the sale of Payne Machinery and the property upon which 

it is located,” fails to incorporate the parameters stated within the plain language of 

Paragraph 6(e)(3). That provision does not grant Charlene 30% of the net proceeds of 

Payne Machinery and associated real property as it was constituted at the time of the sale 

in 2019. Rather, Paragraph 6(e)(3) provides that Charlene is entitled to 30% of the net 

proceeds of “any of the property identified on the September 6, 1995 appraisal.” This is 

consistent with the purpose expressed in Paragraph 4 of the PSA, which provides that 

property acquired by the parties after their separation “shall be the sole and separate 

property of the one so acquiring the same.” Thus, William’s alternative argument, that 

even if the District Court correctly interpreted the PSA, it erred by “failing to consider the 

extent to which any property identified on the September 6, 1995 appraisal . . . was included 

in the 2019 sale of Payne Machinery, Inc. and the property upon which it was located,” is 

correct. Not only was this issue not considered, but the appraisal itself was not in the record 

at the time the District Court rendered its decision. 

¶14 While the District Court and the parties did not consider the appraisal in the 

proceedings below, it was made a part of the record after the District Court’s Order, and 

we make several observations. The appraisal was prepared by Rex Boller, CPA. It 

references several categories of property as associated with Payne Machinery, including 

shop and improvements, inventory, machinery, automobile, office equipment, computers, 

goodwill, and land, and valued the property at $719,000. A 1990 Buick is also referenced 
10

that could be the same vehicle distributed to Charlene under Paragraph 6(b) of the PSA. 

Five percent of the ownership of Payne Machinery is listed as being held by “Mark” and 

“Michael,” with 2.5% each, and it would seem apparent that William cannot sell that which 

is not his. It is not known from the record, as now constituted, whether the post-dissolution 

land sales in which the parties shared the proceeds were the same land properties listed on 

the appraisal, so the District Court will need to address this issue upon remand. Some

property items are cryptically listed as “considered pre-marriage,” but it is uncertain 

whether this was merely an opinion offered by Boller, or whether the properties were 

ultimately so treated by the parties and the court upon the dissolution, and a further record 

will need to be made. The parties may have other issues concerning the provisions of the 

appraisal. 

¶15 William asks that we limit Charlene’s award to 30% of the value of the property as 

stated in the 1995 appraisal. However, this is contrary to Paragraph 6(e)(3), which granted 

Charlene simply “30% of the net proceeds.” There is no language tying the percentage to 

the valuations articulated in the appraisal, and thus, Charlene is entitled to an award of 

proceeds based upon the 2019 sale value. William also asks that Charlene’s award be 

reduced in an amount proportional to the full amount of taxes he paid on the sale proceeds. 

However, this is a new argument on appeal and we decline to address it as waived. See, 

e.g., Mt. W. Bank, N.A. v. Glacier Kitchens, Inc., 2012 MT 132, ¶ 13, 365 Mont. 276, 281

P.3d 600 (citation omitted). 
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¶16 Finally, the parties contest costs and attorney fees. Paragraph 19 of the PSA 

stipulates that “[s]hould any action be commenced to enforce, modify, or interpret any 

provision of this agreement, the Court, as a cost of suit, shall award a reasonable attorney’s 

fee to the successful party.” Each party agrees that the provision is to be given reciprocal 

effect. William argues that costs are not included within the provision. However, we have 

previously upheld a district court’s determination that an identical clause encompassed

both costs and attorney’s fees. In re Marriage of Pearson, 1998 MT 236, ¶ 66, 291 Mont. 

101, 965 P.2d 268; In re Marriage of Mannix, 242 Mont. 137, 140, 788 P.2d 1363, 1366 

(1990). Further, Charlene’s defense of the appeal was necessary for enforcement of the 

PSA upon William’s objection to payment of sale proceeds to her. While William has 

obtained partial relief from the District Court’s Order and Opinion in the form of additional 

proceedings, Charlene nonetheless remains the successful party for purposes of obtaining 

attorney fees and costs pursuant to the PSA.

¶17 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our 

Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. This appeal presents 

no constitutional issues, no issues of first impression, and does not establish new precedent 

or modify existing precedent. In the opinion of the Court, the case presents a question 

controlled by settled law or by the clear application of applicable standards of review. 

¶18 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent 

herewith. 

/S/ JIM RICE
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We concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR