CRYSTAL BOONE, et al.,

 Plaintiffs,

 v.

MOUNTAINMADE FOUNDATION,

 Defendant.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Civil Action No. 08-1065 (CKK)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

(April 30, 2012)

Plaintiffs Crystal Boone, Melissa Harris, Charles Barker, and Holly Smith (collectively

“Plaintiffs”) filed suit alleging their former employer, Defendant MountainMade Foundation,

retaliated against and wrongfully terminated the Plaintiffs for reporting to MountainMade’s

Board of Directors that another employee submitted fraudulent requests for reimbursement to the

United States Small Business Administration. Presently before the Court is Defendant’s [35]

Motion to Dismiss Count II of Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint. Upon consideration of

the parties’ submissions1

 and the relevant legal authorities, Defendant’s motion is DENIED. 

I. BACKGROUND

The MountainMade Foundation “support[s] and develop[s] the West Virginia arts and

1

 Defendant incorporated by reference arguments made in connection with its prior

motion to dismiss but not ruled upon previously by the Court. Therefore, the Court focused on

the following submissions from the parties, in chronological order of filing: Defs.’ Mot. to

Dismiss the Am. Compl., ECF No. [15] (“Defs.’ First Mot.”); Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to

Dismiss, ECF No. [22]; Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. [23]; Def.’s Mot. to

Dismiss Count II of Pls.’ Second Am. Compl., ECF No. [35] (“Def.’s Second Mot.”); Pls.’

Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Count II of Pls.’ Second Am. Compl., ECF No. [38]; Def.’s

Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss Count II of Pls.’ Second Am. Compl., ECF No. [39]. 
crafts small businesses by assisting them with effective marketing of their work, expanding their

businesses and increasing demand for their work.” http://www.mountainmade.com/about/ (last

accessed April 30, 2012); Second Am. Compl., ECF No. [33], ¶ 11. As part of this mission,

MountainMade operates a “Country Store” and two retail art galleries offering for sale works of

art from West Virginia artists. Second Am. Compl. ¶ 11. MountainMade’s business model

relies in large part on grants from the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Id. at ¶ 15. 

Although the precise funding structure is not clear from the pleadings, Plaintiffs indicate that

MountainMade provides two types of submissions to the SBA: (1) proposed budgets, submitted

each spring for the fiscal year to begin October 1; and (2) requests for reimbursement for actual

expenditures, submitted at the end of each quarter. Id. at ¶¶ 17-21.

The focal point of Plaintiffs’ allegations is Kate McComas, the President and Executive

Director of MountainMade. Second Am. Compl. ¶ 12. Plaintiffs claim that between (at least)

2004 and 2006, McComas engaged in financial misconduct by (1) “us[ing] the MountainMade

debit card to make purchases and expenditures fro her own personal benefit,” id. at ¶¶ 26-30; (2)

working fewer than 40 hours per week despite being classified as a full time employee, id. at

¶ 32; and (3) using the company vehicle for personal use and failing to log miles traveled in the

vehicle, id. at ¶¶ 35-36. McComas purportedly submitted fraudulent requests for reimbursement

to the SBA for her personal expenses, unearned salary, and personal travel. Id. at ¶¶ 31, 34, 38. 

Throughout the relevant time period, the Plaintiffs served in a variety of roles at

MountainMade, including Vice President of Finance (Plaintiff Boone), assistant to McComas

(Plaintiff Harris), Purchasing Director (Plaintiff Smith), and Operations Director (Plaintiff

Barker). Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6-9. Plaintiffs claim to have discovered McComas’

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wrongdoing through various means, “pooled their information,” and “realized that together they

had evidence of a fraud on the United States Government.” Id. at ¶ 60. On behalf of the

Plaintiffs collectively, Plaintiff Boone reported McComas’ actions to a member of the

MountainMade Board of Directors. Id. at ¶¶ 64-66. Subsequent to the disclosure, the Board of

Directors purportedly did not undertake an investigation into the allegations, but instead

retaliated against the Plaintiffs by instructing Plaintiffs not to communicate with McComas, id.

at ¶¶ 81-82, restricting the flexibility of Plaintiffs’ work schedules, id. at ¶¶ 81, 84, demoting

Plaintiffs Smith, Barker and Boone, and removing supervisory roles and other responsibilities

from the Plaintiffs, id. at ¶¶ 85-89. Plaintiff Harris claims to have been fired, and Plaintiff

Boone alleges she (Boone) was constructively discharged. Id. at ¶¶ 81, 93. 

Plaintiffs filed suit against MountainMade Foundation, McComas, and Jack R. Carpenter

on June 20, 2008 asserting claims for violation of the whistleblower provisions of the False

Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h), common law wrongful discharge in violation of public policy,

and civil conspiracy. Compl., ECF No. [1], ¶¶ 127-143. The First Amended Complaint omitted

McComas and Carpenter as defendants, withdrew the claim of civil conspiracy, and included a

new count seeking a declaratory judgment. First Am. Compl., ECF No. [14], ¶¶ 135-36. The

Court (per Judge Ricardo M. Urbina) granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss the First Amended

Complaint, dismissing the False Claims Act count without prejudice, and declining to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining claims. 2/15/2010 Mem. Opin. at 14-15. The

Court (per Judge Urbina) subsequently granted Plaintiffs’ motion to amend the complaint on

April 7, 2011, and docketed the Second Amended Complaint. 

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II. LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides that a party may challenge the

sufficiency of a complaint on the grounds it “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). When evaluating a motion to dismiss for failure to state a

claim, the district court must accept as true the well-pleaded factual allegations contained in the

complaint. Atherton v. D.C. Office of Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681 (D.C. Cir. 2009), cert. denied,

130 S. Ct. 2064 (2010). “[A] complaint [does not] suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’

devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949

(2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007)). Rather, a complaint

must contain sufficient factual allegations that, if accepted as true, “state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the

plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. Additionally, in

deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court may consider “‘the facts alleged in the complaint,

documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint,’” Ward v. D.C.

Dep’t of Youth Rehab. Servs., 768 F. Supp. 2d 117, 119 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting

Gustave–Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002)), or “‘documents upon which

the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies’ even if the document is produced not by [the

parties],” id. (quoting Hinton v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 624 F. Supp. 2d 45, 46 (D.D.C. 2009)).

III. DISCUSSION

Despite having two opportunities to brief the issue, the parties have largely succeeded in

obfuscating their own arguments and the issues to be determined by the Court. Compounding

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this lack of clarity, Defendant relies almost entirely on portions of a brief written in reference to

the First Amended Complaint, rather than the significantly revised Second Amended Complaint,

which is now before the Court. Nevertheless, the Court understands Defendant to contend that

the Second Amended Complaint should be dismissed because West Virginia common law does

not provide for a wrongful discharge in violation of public policy cause of action where (1) the

plaintiff relies on a statute to establish the relevant “public policy”; and (2) that statute provides

a “comprehensive remedy” for any wrongdoing.2

 Plaintiffs argue that the state law claim

requires a lower standard of proof and otherwise is not duplicative of their False Claims Act

claim, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow Plaintiffs to plead in the alternative, the

“public policy” underlying the wrongful discharge claim is not derived from the False Claims

Act, and West Virginia common law does not preclude a wrongful discharge claim even where a

statute provides a comprehensive remedy. The Court will evaluate each argument in turn. 

2

 Defendant’s initial motion to dismiss included two additional arguments Defendant

does not appear to renew. First, Defendant previously argued that the Plaintiffs failed to allege

any fraudulent submissions to the SBA that could be considered violations of public policy, a

necessary component of Plaintiffs’ wrongful discharge claim. Defs.’ First Mot. at 10. At least

for purposes of the pleading stage of this proceeding, Plaintiffs cured this defect. Second Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 31, 34, 38. Second, Defendant briefly argued in its first motion that the False Claims

Act preempted a state cause of action for wrongful discharge. Defs.’ First Mot. at 10. 

Defendant’s renewed motion makes no reference to the preemption doctrine or the Court’s

subject matter jurisdiction, therefore the Court does not reach this issue. See Def.’s Second Mot.

at 1-2. It is worth noting that several courts have considered and rejected the argument that state

wrongful discharge claims—statutory or common law—are preempted by the False Claims Act. 

E.g., Brandon v. Anesthesia & Pain Mgmt. Assocs., Ltd., 277 F.3d 936, 945 (7th Cir. 2002)

(“There is nothing in § 3730(h) to lead us to believe that Congress intended to preempt all state

law retaliatory discharge claims based on allegations of fraud on the government.”); Glynn v.

EDO Corp., 536 F. Supp. 2d 595, 608-09 (D. Md. 2008); Hoefer v. Fluor Daniel, Inc., 92 F.

Supp. 2d 1055, 1059 (C.D. Cal. 2000); Palladino ex rel. United States v. VNA of S. N.J., Inc., 68

F. Supp. 2d 455, 465-74 (D.N.J. 1999).

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First, Plaintiffs argue that their wrongful discharge claim requires a lower standard of

proof, and thus is not duplicative of their claim under the False Claims Act. Relatedly, Plaintiffs

contend that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorize pleading in the alternative in the

event the wrongful discharge and False Claims Act cases are considered duplicative. This

argument is misplaced, though through no fault of the Plaintiffs. Defendant inartfully describes

the wrongful discharge claim as “duplicative” of Plaintiffs’ other claim. Def.’s Second Mot. at

2. However, the crux of Defendant’s argument is not that the claims are duplicative, but rather

that a claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy does not exist under West

Virginia law when the public policy is derived from a statute that contains a comprehensive

remedial scheme. If state law does not authorize the claim, Plaintiffs are precluded from raising

the claim regardless of the elements of the various claims or the requirements of the Federal

Rules. 

Plaintiffs’ third argument attempts to undercut the fundamental premise of Defendant’s

motion: that Plaintiffs’ wrongful discharge claim relies on the False Claims Act to establish the

public policy at issue. Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint provides little explanation of

exactly what public policy they are relying on to establish a claim of “wrongful discharge in

violation of public policy,” except to say that “Defendant terminated Plaintiffs unlawfully

because of, and as a direct and proximate outcome of [P]laintiffs’ protected whistleblowing

activities.” Second Am. Compl. ¶ 131 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs assert that under the

common law of West Virginia, “it is against public policy to ‘knowingly perpetrate a fraud or

deception on the federal . . . government.’” Pl.’s Opp’n at 2 (quoting Kanagy v. Fiesta Salons,

Inc., 541 S.E.2d 616, 623 (W. Va. 2000)). Although it is not clear that the Second Amended

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Complaint actually refers to the Kanagy court’s articulation of a “public policy” as the basis for

Count II, the Court need not decide the issue because the Court finds West Virginia law permits

Plaintiffs’ wrongful discharge claim even if based solely on the public policy embodied in the

False Claims Act. 

Plaintiffs’ fourth and final argument reflects a fundamental disagreement with Defendant

as to scope of wrongful discharge claims in West Virginia. The parties’ arguments on this point

are two ships passing in the night, relying on separate lines of case law without examining how

they intersect. In Harless v. First National Bank in Fairmont, 246 S.E.2d 270 (W. Va. 1978), the

West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals recognized an exception to the rule that employers

have unlimited discretion to terminate at-will employees, holding:

We conceive that the rule giving the employer the absolute right to discharge an

at will employee must be tempered by the further principle that where the

employer's motivation for the discharge contravenes some substantial public

policy principle, then the employer may be liable to the employee for damages

occasioned by the discharge.

Id. at 275. The court later explained how to determine when a “substantial public policy

principle” exists: 

To identify the sources of public policy for purposes of determining whether a

retaliatory discharge has occurred, we look to established precepts in our

constitution, legislative enactments, legislatively approved regulations, and

judicial opinions. Finally, inherent in the term ‘substantial public policy’ is the

concept that the policy will provide specific guidance to a reasonable person.

Tudor v. Charleston Area Med. Ctr., Inc., 506 S.E.2d 554, 565 (W. Va. 1997) (internal citations

and quotations omitted).3

 

3

 Defendant does not challenge Plaintiffs’ assertion that West Virginia would recognize a

public policy reflecting the whistleblower protections in the False Claims Act, therefore the

Court does not undertake the analysis outlined in Tudor. 

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Separately from the issue of terminating at-will employees, the West Virginia courts have

analyzed in what contexts the remedies proscribed in a statute are exclusive, that is, when does a

statute’s remedial scheme preclude common law claims. “When a statute creates a new offence

and denounces the penalty, or gives a new right and declares the remedy, the punishment or the

remedy can be only that which the statute prescribes.” Wiggins v. E. Associated Coal Corp., 357

S.E.2d 745, 747 (W. Va. 1987) (quoting Lynch v. Merch. Nat’l Bank, 22 W. Va. 554, Syl Pt. 2

(1883)). Under Defendant’s view then, since the False Claims Act creates a new right and

declares the remedy, Plaintiff is limited to a cause of action under that statute. 

The broad language in Lynch belies two fundamental points. First, the concept of

exclusivity of remedies proscribed in Lynch in practice arises only in the context of statutes that

provide administrative remedies for wrongful termination claims. See Sturm v. Bd. of Educ. of

Kanawha Cnty., 672 S.E.2d 606, 611 (W. Va. 2008) (noting the purpose of the exclusivity

doctrine is to preserve and respect agency expertise and discretion); Wiggins, 357 S.E.2d at 747-

48 (analyzing whether administrative remedies for retaliatory discharge after reporting mine

safety violations preclude common law wrongful termination suits). Thus, in most cases, the

focus is not on whether a civil suit is entirely precluded, but whether the plaintiff must exhaust

administrative remedies before resorting to the Courts. E.g., Collins v. Elkay Min. Co., 371

S.E.2d 46, 48-49 (W. Va. 1988); Price v. Boone Cnty. Ambulance Auth., 337 S.E.2d 913, 915-

916 (W. Va. 1985). The court in Johnson v. Killmer, 633 S.E.2d 265 (W. Va. 2006), is the only

court to invoke the phrase “comprehensive remedy” as used by Defendant in its pleadings. 

However, the remedies at issue in Johnson are the same as in Price: the administrative remedies

under the Human Rights Act. Id. at 268 n.8. In this case, the False Claims Act does not create

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an administrative remedial process, therefore Lynch and the exclusive remedy principle is

inapplicable. 

Second, Defendant failed to identify a single case in which the West Virginia courts

applied the exclusive remedy doctrine and found that the plaintiff could not bring a civil action

for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. Rather, in both Collins and Price, the

courts found the plaintiffs were free to pursue wrongful discharge claims in the courts without

exhausting the administrative remedies proscribed in the relevant statutes. Collins, 371 S.E.2d at

51; Price, 337 S.E.2d at 915. This result is not surprising in light of the fact the statutes “are to

be construed liberally in favor of their intended beneficiaries.” Wiggins, 357 S.E.2d at 748. 

Additionally in Johnson, the court did not even reach the threshold question of whether the

plaintiff had identified a substantial public policy. The Johnson court instead assumed the

plaintiff could bring claims for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy for age

discrimination and age-based harassment, and found plaintiff failed to make a prima facie case in

support of either claim. 633 S.E.2d at 269-70. The only case cited by Defendant that denied the

plaintiff the opportunity to pursue a common law wrongful discharge claim relied on federal

preemption doctrine, an argument abandoned by Defendant in this case. Lontz v. Tharp, 647

S.E.2d 718, 723 (W. Va. 2007) (finding the National Labor Relations Act preempted a state law

claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy based on purported anti-union

sentiment). 

None of the remaining cases cited by the Defendant provide any support for the notion

that this Court should preclude an otherwise available common law cause of action for wrongful

discharge in violation of public policy because of the civil suit provision of the False Claims Act. 

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Defendant relies primarily on Glynn v. Edo Corp., 536 F. Supp. 2d 595 (D. Md. 2008), which

Plaintiffs correctly note concerns wrongful discharge claims under New Hampshire and

Maryland law. Id. at 612-13. The Glynn court found that since the False Claims Act provided a

civil remedy, “Maryland law precludes the use of the wrongful discharge tort to recover in the

name of the same public policy interest.” Id. at 616. However, the court also concluded “New

Hampshire does not preclude a common law wrongful discharge claim simply because a federal

statute provides a private right of action.” Id. at 613. Likewise, Defendant’s emphasis on Kakeh

v. United Planning Org., Inc., 537 F. Supp. 2d 65 (D.D.C. 2008) is misplaced. In Kakeh, Judge

Gladys Kessler noted that the District of Columbia equivalent of the Lynch exception “does not

apply ‘where the very statute creating the relied-upon public policy already contains a specific

and significant remedy for the party aggrieved by its violation.’” Id. at 72 (quoting Nolting v.

Nat'l Capital Grp., 621 A.2d 1387, 1389-90 (D.C. 1993)). Ultimately Glynn and Kakeh provide

no guidance to this Court because they interpreted different states’ laws, and Defendant does not

contend that West Virginia law is similar to these states, or that West Virginia courts look to

Maryland or District of Columbia law for guidance. Therefore, the Court finds the Lynch

exclusive remedy principle inapplicable in this case, and Plaintiffs’ claim for wrongful discharge

in violation of public policy may proceed 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds Plaintiffs may bring a claim for wrongful

discharge in violation of public policy under West Virginia law. West Virginia recognizes an

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exception to the discretion of employers to terminate at-will employees when the motive for the

termination violates substantial public policy. Even though Plaintiffs rely on the False Claims

Act for the “public policy” in this case, under West Virginia law, the existence of a civil remedy

in the act does not preclude Plaintiffs from also raising a claim for wrongful discharge in

violation of public policy. Therefore, Defendant’s [35] Motion to Dismiss Count II of Plaintiffs’

Second Amended Complaint is DENIED. 

An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion. 

Date: April 30, 2012

 /s/ 

COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY

United States District Judge

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