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Note: Information is from vendor, however specifications may have changed. Contact vendor for updates. Water Treatment Catalog and Decision Tool



### I O N E X C H A N G E

Process Description Ion exchange involves the exchange or replacement of dissolved constituents by attachment to an electrostatically ion exchange material, which often consists of a synthetic resin. Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction wherein positively or negati vely charged ions present in the water are replaced by similarly charged ions present within the resin. When the replacement ions on the resin are exhausted, the resin is

recha rged with more replacement Ions . The process relies

on the fact that water solut ions must be electrically neutral. Therefore, ions in the resin bed are exchanged with ions of similar charge in the water and as result of the exchange process; no reduction in ions is obtained

.

Technical Capabilities The process of ion exchange has historically been used to remove hardness ions such as calcium and magnesium by replacing them with sodium and chloride ions. I n the case of oil and gas produced water, ion exchange is typically used to preferentially remove sodium, reducing the sodicity of the water

. As produced water passes through the system, sodium ions are removed from the water and replace hydrogen ions on t he resin's exchange sites.

However, ion exchange is limited to removing

constituents in waters with TDS levels below approximately 5,000 mg/L , with a generated waste stream of approximately 1 to 5 percent of the input

water. In the shale gas industry, ion exchange is a pplicable as a pretreatment method to remove other water constituents such as, heavy metals (i.e., barium, iron, strontium)

, nitrates, alkalinity , anionic complexes of uranium or utilized as a polishing treatment.

Technical Limitations

As sta ted, ion exchange is limited to removing

constituents in waters with TDS concentrations below approximately 5,000 mg/L

.

Ion exchange requires pretreatment (deoiling, precipitation softening, TSS, etc.) to avoid resin fouling

and the process cannot remove nonionic dissolved species

or microbes

. Operation and management considerations for IX include

occasional disinfection of IX resin with NaOCl or H2O2. Careful management of the feed stream is also necessary to ensure that fouling agents such as suspended solids, scale forming materials (e.g., CaSO4), and oxidized metal are not present in the feed water.

Costs

The process of ion exchange has minimal operational energy demands and typically only requires electricity to operate small pumps for pumping fluids under low hydraulic pressure. In addition, t he capital cost of ion exchange equipment is less than for reverse osmosis or distillation equipment assuming TDS levels are at appropriate levels. Treatment Company Treatment Company Ion Exchange Shale Gas Basin Marcellus Barnett Haynesville Fayetteville Woodford

Ion exchange has limited applicability in the Shale
Gas industry as a desalination treatment technology. It is suitable as a pre

- treatment or polishing technology that is integrated into an

overall treatment process

. KEY CONSIDERATIONS

 L imited applicability since the technology is not capable of removing TDS levels above approximately 5,000 mg/L.

 Applicable as a pretreatment method to remove

water constituents /parameters such as, heavy

metals

, alkalinity or used as a polishing

treatment.

 The cost for a typical ion exchange system ranges

from 0.08 to $0.11 at 220 gpm or $0.04 to $0.07 at 880 gpm.

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Note: Information is from vendor, however specifications may have changed. Contact vendor for updates. Water Treatment Catalog and Decision Tool The cost for a typical ion exchange system ranges from
approxim ately $0.08 to $0. 1 1 at 220 gpm or $0.04 to $0.07 at 880 gpm. However, studies conducted by EMIT Water Discharge Technology, LLC in the Powder River

Basin via the Higgins Loop , indicated treatment cost s ranged from $0.05 to $0.20 per barrel of treated wat er, depending on the influent composition

.

References National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Produced Water Management Information System
(PWMIS). Produced Water Management Descriptions

Ion Exchnage

.

Colorado School of Mines. Produced Water Treatment

and Beneficial Use Information Center. Treatment Options. Ion Exchnage

.

Drainage Water Treatment Technical Committee. 1999. Drainage Water Treatment. Final Report. The San Joaquin Valley Drainage Implementation Program and

The Un iversity of California Salinity/Drainage Program.

ALL Consulting. 2003. Handbook on Coal Bed Methane Produced Water: Management and Beneficial Use

Alternatives. Prepared For: Ground Water Protection Research Foundation U.S. Department of Energy

National P etroleum Technology Office Bureau of Land Management.

Department of the Army. 1986. Technical Manual,

Water Desalination. TM 5

- 813

- 8.

ALL Consulting and Interstate Oil and Gas Compact

Commission. 2006. A Guide to Practical Management of Produced Water from Onshore Oil and Gas Operations in the United States. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy National Petroleum Technology Office.

Personal Conversation between Nathan Alleman and Dan

Silv erstein of Applied Membranes. February 4, 2009.

Dow Chemical Company. FILMTEC Membranes.

Oxidation

- Filtration. Accessed at: www.dow.com

. Desalination Techniques. Universities Council on Water

Resources.

Burnett, Dave., Rich Haut, and Tom Williams. Environmentally Friendly Drilling Systems Background & Current Programs. Global Petroleum Research Institute.