Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

In re Z.M., 2019 IL App (3d) 180424

Appellate Court 

Caption

In re Z.M., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, PetitionerAppellee, v. Donald W., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No. Third District

Docket No. 3-18-0424

Filed June 21, 2019

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, No. 16-JA-42; the Hon. 

Paula A. Gomora, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

Daniel Kallan, of Joliet, for appellant.

James W. Glasgow, State’s Attorney, of Joliet (Patrick Delfino, David 

J. Robinson, and Thomas D. Arado, of State’s Attorneys Appellate 

Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Neil J. Adams, of Joliet, for minor-appellee.

Panel JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justice Holdridge concurred in the judgment and opinion.

Justice McDade specially concurred, with opinion.
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OPINION

¶ 1 The respondent, Donald W., appeals from the circuit court’s order terminating his parental 

rights as to his minor daughter, Z.M. On appeal, the respondent argues that (1) his right to due 

process was violated throughout the proceedings terminating his parental rights, (2) the trial 

court’s finding that he was an unfit parent was against the manifest weight of the evidence, and 

(3) the trial court’s finding that it was in Z.M.’s best interest to terminate his parental rights 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence. We affirm. 

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 On March 22, 2016, the State filed a petition alleging that Z.M., who was almost two years 

old, was a neglected minor pursuant to section 2-3(1)(b) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 

(705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2016)) in that her environment was injurious to her welfare. 

On the same day, a shelter care hearing took place. 

¶ 4 A. Shelter Care Hearing

¶ 5 At the shelter care hearing on March 22, 2016, Minnie Carr, a child protection specialist 

with the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), testified that on March 20, 

2016, she investigated a report of a domestic dispute at the apartment where Z.M. resided in 

Rockdale, Illinois. A police officer told Carr that the apartment had “reeked of marijuana upon 

his entry” and that respondent had called the police because someone had pulled a knife on 

him. Z.M.’s mother was not at the apartment when Carr arrived. At the time of the incident, 

respondent had not yet established paternity regarding Z.M. 

¶ 6 Carr testified that respondent told her that, when he awoke that morning, Z.M.’s mother 

and the cousin of Z.M.’s mother were in the living room smoking marijuana and he confronted 

them. According to respondent, he was going to remove Z.M. from the home, but a knife was 

pulled on him and he called police. Respondent indicated that he lived in the apartment and 

that he has had custody of Z.M. for the past 11⁄2 years. Respondent later gave Carr an address 

for where he actually resides in Chicago, Illinois. Respondent could not participate in a safety 

plan for Z.M. because his paternity of Z.M. had not been established. 

¶ 7 Carr spoke with Ariel, the cousin of Z.M.’s mother. Ariel indicated that she lived in the 

apartment but Z.M.’s mother did not live in the apartment. Another cousin of Z.M.’s mother—

Yolanda—indicated that respondent did not live in the apartment but he was allowed to visit 

Z.M. whenever he wanted and he sometimes spent the night. Ariel and her children lived in 

the apartment, and Yolanda was in the process of moving into the apartment. Yolanda showed 

Carr a letter from Z.M.’s mother granting Yolanda permission to care for Z.M. until further 

notice. Carr also spoke with Z.M.’s mother, who indicated she was unsure if respondent was 

the father of Z.M. 

¶ 8 The trial court found probable cause to believe that Z.M. was neglected due to an injurious 

environment. The factual basis for the trial court’s finding was that a domestic dispute took 

place between Z.M.’s mother and respondent at 4 a.m. after respondent attempted to remove 

Z.M., Ariel pulled a knife on respondent, and the apartment reeked of marijuana. The trial 

court also noted that respondent had not established paternity. The trial court placed Z.M. in 

shelter care and reiterated that the basis of its finding was “the domestic dispute between the 
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parents, smoking of marijuana, and the natural father not establishing paternity of the minor.” 

The trial court ordered that Z.M. be placed in the temporary custody of DCFS and admonished 

respondent and Z.M.’s mother to fully cooperate with DCFS to correct the conditions that 

required Z.M. to be removed or they would risk the termination of their parental rights. 

¶ 9 The trial court also ordered respondent to submit to a paternity test. The results of the 

paternity test confirmed respondent’s paternity of Z.M.

¶ 10 B. Adjudication Hearing

¶ 11 On July 28, 2016, at the adjudication hearing, the parties stipulated that Z.M.’s 

environment was injurious to her welfare and that Z.M. was a neglected minor, with the factual 

basis being that there had been “a domestic disturbance where [her] mother’s cousin had pulled 

a knife on [her] father and the minor was present” and cannabis was being used in the home 

where the minor was residing. The trial court accepted the stipulation of the parties and found 

that Z.M. was neglected in that her environment was injurious to her welfare. At that time, a 

service plan had not yet been established for respondent because he had missed two different 

appointments for an assessment interview. The trial court ordered respondent to complete the 

assessment interview with DCFS to determine what services he may need. The trial court 

admonished respondent as follows:

“So you are going to need to do that fairly quickly because in the next 30 days, we 

are going to have what is called a disposition, which will determine whether or not 

[Z.M.] should be made a ward of the Court. 

And you will want to go through the service plan with your attorneys so that they 

can kind of, they can look at the service plan and decide also with you whether or not 

the services are those that would be beneficial to you so that you regain custody of your 

child.

* * *

This is your child. So you should be as involved as you can be at this point. That 

means visiting, engaging the services, making an effort, making progress with regard 

to the services.

If you are not getting the services in a timely fashion, you need to talk with your 

lawyers. That is what they are here for. They will in turn contact the caseworker and 

hound her to make sure that you get into the services that you need or let me know 

about it the next time we get together so I know that you are not getting the services 

that you need in order to get your child back. 

Our intention is not to keep your child in foster care for any longer than we have 

to. And the ‘have to’ portion depends on you. Okay. So it is very, very important that 

you are compliant with the agency, that you do the services that are requested and 

demonstrate that you are able to safely and appropriately parent your child. That is all 

we are looking for.”

¶ 12 The trial court indicated that respondent’s interview would determine which services would 

be necessary so respondent should set that up as soon as possible. 
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¶ 13 C. Dispositional Hearing

¶ 14 On October 26, 2016, a dispositional hearing took place. The State entered into evidence 

the dispositional report, an addendum to the dispositional report, and the service plan dated 

October 13, 2016, with no objection from respondent. In the dispositional report and 

addendum, the caseworker indicated that respondent had been attempting to complete 

substance abuse treatment since March 2016, tested positive for marijuana several times since 

the beginning of the program, “recently” tested positive for both marijuana and cocaine (in 

September 2016), and was referred to an intensive outpatient program due to the positive drug 

screen and missed drug drops. The caseworker noted respondent’s substance abuse would have 

to be continually monitored “due to extensive use since eighteen.” Respondent was to complete 

services of substance abuse treatment, random drug testing, individual psychotherapy, and 

domestic violence classes. He was also required to maintain adequate housing and income, 

improve his parenting skills, and maintain an interest in the case. No other evidence was 

presented. Respondent’s attorney noted that respondent was scheduled to complete parenting 

classes on October 29, 2016, and he was “actively involved” in substance abuse classes, had 

stable housing in Chicago, Illinois (although he admittedly still needed to provide proof of his 

housing to the caseworker), had “income from a legal settlement that occurred sometime ago,” 

and was working (although he admittedly still needed to provide his pay stubs to the 

caseworker). 

¶ 15 The trial court found that it was in the best interest of Z.M. to make her a ward of the court 

and found both parents unfit to care for, protect, train, or discipline Z.M., with the factual basis 

being that “both parents have yet to complete services outlined in their service plan in order 

for the minor to be returned home safely.” The trial court ordered that Z.M. be placed in the 

custody and guardianship of DCFS, granted visitation at the discretion of DCFS, and set the 

permanency goal for Z.M. as returning home within 12 months. The trial court did not 

admonish respondent that he had the right to appeal. 

¶ 16 D. Proceedings Following the Dispositional Hearing

¶ 17 1. Permanency Review Hearings

¶ 18 On April 26, 2017, at a permanency review hearing, respondent’s attorney indicated that 

respondent had completed substance abuse treatment (on November 15, 2016), was in 

individual counseling, and had supervised visits with Z.M. multiple times per week. The 

guardian ad litem reported that, while respondent had completed his substance abuse program, 

he “tested dirty a week before he was discharged” and had missed a random drug drop in 

December 2016. The trial court ordered that drug screens be performed more frequently to 

determine “with certainty that there is progress.” The trial court found respondent had made 

substantial progress toward the goal of returning Z.M. home and set the permanency goal as 

returning home within 12 months.

¶ 19 On October 3, 2017, at a permanency review hearing, respondent’s attorney acknowledged 

that respondent needed to “work on his drug drops” but indicated that respondent had been 

visiting Z.M. and had completed individual counseling. Reports from the guardian ad litem 

and the caseworker indicated that respondent had completed substance abuse treatment on 

November 15, 2016, failed to appear for a drug screen on June 21, 2017, had a clean drug 

screen on July 12, 2017, failed to complete a drug screen on August 4, 2017 (due to respondent 

producing too little urine and then leaving the building even though he had been asked to 
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remain in the building to try again), and failed to appear on September 15, 2017. The result of 

the drug screen performed on September 27, 2017, was still pending. The caseworker reported 

that since the last court date respondent had completed individual therapy, was currently 

addressing domestic violence issues in therapy, and had two-hour supervised visits with Z.M. 

once per week. Respondent was allowed to visit Z.M. twice per week but failed to indicate 

another day that he was available to do so each week. On September 20, 2017, respondent had 

submitted proof of employment at a temporary staffing agency and three check stubs, each for 

one day of employment. The trial judge stated, “I am going to order that the agency take the 

case to legal screening, whatever the results are,” and changed the permanency goal to “return 

home pending status.” 

¶ 20 On November 6, 2017, at a status hearing, the caseworker indicated that the legal screening 

had not yet taken place. The respondent’s attorney indicated that she was concerned that 

respondent had not been receiving any drug testing. The caseworker explained that she had not 

been requesting drug drops because respondent had tested positive for marijuana at the end of 

September and was still “dropping dirty” after completing treatment. The trial court indicated 

that the permanency goal was still returning home “so services should continue.” 

¶ 21 On November 17, 2017, the caseworker confirmed that the matter had passed legal 

screening. The trial court continued the case until January 3, 2018, for a status on the filing of 

the termination petition. On January 3, 2018, the assistant state’s attorney stated: 

“My first nine-month period is from July of 2016 to April of 2017. Dad was 

satisfactory during that period. I don’t have a second nine-month period. My second 

nine-month period doesn’t end until January 28th. 

So I can’t file anything until after January 28th. 

Now, during the second nine-month period, there is no progress; but during the first 

nine-month period, I’ve got progress.”

¶ 22 On February 21, 2018, at a status hearing, the assistant state’s attorney confirmed that she 

had not filed a termination petition because during the first nine-month period respondent had 

been rated as “satisfactory” and she had been waiting for the completion of the second ninemonth period. 1 The assistant state’s attorney indicated that she wanted to review the 

caseworker’s report to “determine whether or not there ha[d] been any changes or if [she could] 

file a petition to terminate.” The caseworker reported that respondent had tested positive for 

marijuana in September 2017 and January 2018. The caseworker indicated that she offered to 

refer respondent to substance abuse treatment in his area but respondent had indicated that he 

had a provider and he would contact the caseworker with the information of that provider so 

that she could provide a referral. Respondent confirmed that he was waiting on “Gateway to 

call [him] back.” The following colloquy ensued:

“[RESPONDENT’S ATTORNEY]: Isn’t the agency supposed to be making 

referrals instead of having dad do it?

THE COURT: Yes. 

[ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY]: I believe she indicated that she was having 

him call her with places in his area so that she can refer him.

1

As noted above, Z.M. was adjudicated neglected on July 28, 2016, and at a subsequent permanency 

review hearing on April 26, 2017, the trial court found respondent had made “substantial progress.” 
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THE COURT: Can’t you reach out to DCFS in Chicago to see what services are 

available near him so he doesn’t have to hunt them down. I mean I understand if there 

are services in his area, but it may be beneficial to have some assistance. 

[CASEWORKER]: Okay. I will try DCFS in his area. There are services in his area 

that he was aware of. I gave him those. 

THE COURT: He lives in Chicago. 

[CASEWORKER]: I gave him those in his area when the case first started, like five 

or six places, but he wanted to do Stepping Stones which he attempted like three or 

four times. 

THE COURT: Okay. We need a PRH [(permanency review hearing)].

* * *

THE COURT: Is it going back to legal screening?

[ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY]: It doesn’t need to go back to legal 

screening. I can make that determination based on the information that [the caseworker] 

did provide me today.

THE COURT: Why don’t we have a status?

[ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY]: Judge, it passed legal screening. It was my 

determination [that] I didn’t have enough that first nine-month period. I was waiting 

for the second.

THE COURT: Okay. Why don’t we have a status on the filing of the petition. I 

want to make sure that we don’t lose the PRH [permanency review hearing] date.”

¶ 23 The case was set for a status on the filing of the petition to terminate parental rights on 

March 26, 2018, and a permanency review hearing on April 18, 2018.

¶ 24 On March 2, 2018, the State filed a petition to terminate respondent’s parental rights, 

alleging that respondent (1) failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, and 

responsibility as to Z.M.’s welfare under section 1(D)(b) of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 

50/1(D)(b) (West 2016)); (2) failed to make reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that 

were the basis for the removal of Z.M. (from April 28, 2017, to January 28, 2018), pursuant to 

section 1(D)(m)(i) of the Adoption Act (id. § 1(D)(m)(i)); and (3) failed to make reasonable 

progress toward the return of Z.M. during any nine-month period after the end of the initial 

nine months following the adjudication of neglect (from April 28, 2017, to January 28, 2018), 

pursuant to section 1(D)(m)(ii) of the Adoption Act (id. § 1(D)(m)(ii)). 

¶ 25 On April 18, 2018, a permanency review hearing took place. The most recent service plan, 

dated March 20, 2018, indicated that respondent had provided proof of employment from 

October 2017 through January 10, 2018, but provided no proof of employment thereafter. 

Respondent did not make himself available for home visits, did not provided a new lease or 

rent receipts, and did not communicate with the caseworker as requested. Respondent’s last 

positive urine screen was on January 24, 2018, and he was assessed by his new substance abuse 

treatment provider (Healthcare Alternative Systems (HAS)) on March 5, 2018. Respondent 

was recommended for intensive outpatient treatment. He needed to sign consents for the 

caseworker to receive reports from HAS. Without objection from respondent, the trial court 

found respondent had failed to make reasonable efforts or reasonable progress and changed the 

permanency goal to substitute care pending the court’s determination of the termination 

petition. 
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¶ 26 On May 18, 2018, Z.M.’s mother surrendered her parental rights. The case was continued 

for a trial on the termination petition as to respondent. 

¶ 27 2. Unfitness Hearing

¶ 28 On July 12, 2018, at the unfitness hearing, the caseworker testified that Z.M. was four years 

old, and Z.M.’s mother had surrendered her parental rights to Z.M. the previous month. Two 

service plans covering the six-month period of February to August 28, 2017, and the six-month 

period of September 2017 to March 20, 2018, were entered into evidence. The services that 

respondent was expected to perform, as outlined in the service plans, were to provide proof of 

and maintain adequate housing; allow monthly home visits; provide proof of working utilities 

and landlord information; provide monthly check stubs to show proof of employment; keep 

DCFS informed of any changes in address, phone number, employment, or household 

composition; sign releases and consents; complete a domestic violence assessment and any 

recommended treatment; participate in individual therapy; submit to random urine screens; 

complete a substance abuse assessment and any recommended treatment (including parenting 

classes); attend all court dates; attend visits with Z.M. as scheduled; and call the caseworker at 

least once a month to inform her of progress or problems. 

¶ 29 The service plans and the testimony of the caseworker indicated that respondent had 

initially attempted substance abuse counseling shortly after Z.M. had been removed in March 

2016 but he had trouble maintaining sobriety. He tested positive for both marijuana and cocaine 

on August 30, 2016, and was recommended for intensive outpatient treatment, which he 

completed in November 2016. The caseworker had attempted to allow unsupervised visits 

between respondent and Z.M., but respondent did not perform the requested drug drop for her 

to do so in December 2016. 

¶ 30 During the six-month time period of February through August 2017, respondent was a “no 

show” from some requested drug screens (which are considered to be positive for drugs). 

Respondent attended individual counseling and domestic violence treatment from March to 

June 2017 and was successfully discharged. On August 4, 2017, respondent missed a drug drop 

after he left the building following a visit with Z.M., even though he had been requested to 

remain in the building to redo a drug screen because he had produced too little urine in his first 

attempt. As of August 31, 2017, respondent’s visits with Z.M. had become “sporadic,” with 

respondent visiting three out of the eight available times per month. Respondent could have 

visited Z.M. twice per week, but he failed to relay to the caseworker his availability for a 

second day per week.

¶ 31 During the six-month time period of September 2017 to March 2018, the issues respondent 

still needed to address were additional substance abuse treatment and consistent visitations 

with Z.M. During that time, respondent’s visits with Z.M. remained inconsistent, with 

respondent still only averaging three visits per month. Respondent missed a drug drop on 

September 5, 2017, and tested positive for marijuana on September 27, 2017. The caseworker 

spoke with respondent on October 4, 2017, and again on January 24, 2017, about which 

substance abuse treatment provider he had chosen so she could provide a referral. 

¶ 32 On January 24, 2017, respondent was asked to provide a urine screen after his visit with 

Z.M., but respondent claimed not to have identification. After the caseworker verified 

respondent’s identification, respondent submitted a clear urine specimen that did not have a 

“temperature” after having refused to leave his coat in another room and turning away from 
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the person observing the drop. Respondent was instructed to give a second urine sample, which 

had color and “temperature” and which was positive for marijuana. Respondent returned to 

substance abuse treatment in March 2018, in Chicago. The caseworker did not have 

verification that respondent had completed the program. The caseworker also did not receive 

another lease from respondent after his lease expired in October of 2017. 

¶ 33 Respondent testified that, during the pendency of this case, he had worked at a Pizza Hut 

and he currently worked at a different fast food restaurant. He also testified that he had stable 

housing in Chicago. Respondent testified that he was referred for substance abuse treatment in 

October 2017 and January 2018, but he did not start treatment until March 2018 due to a 

problem with his insurance. Respondent testified he had canceled or rescheduled some visits 

because he “didn’t have car fare” to travel to Joliet from Chicago. Respondent testified that, 

during his visits with Z.M., they played with toys and Barbie dolls and read books. Respondent 

brought fast food to the visits and fed Z.M. Respondent also attended most court dates 

regarding Z.M. and contacted his attorney when he was unable to do so. 

¶ 34 After the State had presented its evidence and prior to the respondent testifying, the 

respondent’s attorney had motioned the trial court for a directed finding. At that time, the trial 

court found that the State did not present sufficient evidence that respondent had failed to make 

reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that were the basis of Z.M.’s removal. After 

respondent testified and the attorneys gave closing arguments, the trial court found, by clear 

and convincing evidence, that respondent was unfit in that he failed to maintain a reasonable 

degree of interest, concern, or responsibility as to Z.M.’s welfare and failed to make reasonable 

progress toward the return of Z.M. after Z.M. was adjudicated neglected, during the ninemonth period of April 29, 2017, to January 28, 2018. The trial court noted “the heart of the 

case [was] substance abuse treatment as well as domestic violence” and respondent continued 

to test positive for drugs, failed to show for requested drug screens, had difficulty obtaining 

and maintaining sobriety, failed to complete intensive outpatient treatment (after being 

provided with treatment facilities in his area), and only visited Z.M. once per week rather than 

twice per week, averaging only three visits per month. The trial court also noted that respondent 

had tested positive for marijuana on September 27, 2017, and January 24, 2018, and had been 

recommended for intensive outpatient treatment, which he did not begin until after the 

applicable nine-month period had ended. 

¶ 35 3. Best Interest Hearing

¶ 36 At the best interest hearing directly following the unfitness hearing, the caseworker 

testified that Z.M. had been placed in relative foster care with her maternal great aunt and 

uncle, who are in their late forties and live in a three-bedroom home. The caseworker visited 

the home at least once per month and had not observed any safety concerns. Z.M. had her own 

bedroom, furniture, and toys. Z.M. called her aunt “mama” and her uncle “uncle.” The couple 

treated Z.M. in a “loving and caring way.” The caseworker testified that Z.M. is closely bonded 

with her foster mother. Z.M.’s foster parents viewed Z.M. as their daughter and viewed 

themselves as her main caregivers. Interactions between Z.M. and her foster parents were 

appropriate, and Z.M. appeared to be a happy child. Z.M. was doing well in preschool and had 

made friends. Z.M.’s foster parents take Z.M. on various outings, do various activities with 

Z.M., and keep Z.M. involved with her maternal extended family. Z.M.’s foster parents were 

able to provide for Z.M.’s financial, medical, and emotional needs and were willing to adopt 
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Z.M. The caseworker testified that she believed it was in Z.M.’s best interest if Z.M.’s foster 

parents adopted Z.M. Z.M. appeared to love her foster parents, and they love her. 

¶ 37 The caseworker also testified that Z.M. was bonded to and loved respondent. Z.M. called 

respondent “dad,” and their visits together were appropriate. During visits, respondent and 

Z.M. played. Respondent talked with Z.M. and remained engaged with Z.M. throughout the 

entire visit. He would also bring Z.M. food each visit and brought gifts at times as well. 

¶ 38 Respondent testified that he last visited with Z.M. the day prior to the court hearing, and 

Z.M. was “very happy” to see him. During the visit they played with toys and ate fast food. 

During their other visits, respondent and Z.M. would also play and eat together. Respondent 

testified that he loved Z.M. and that he was willing to continue to engage in services. He also

testified that he was able to financially support Z.M. through his employment and a monthly 

settlement payment that he receives for $2100. 

¶ 39 In ruling, the trial judge stated: 

“I could say unequivocally, I understand that [respondent] loves his daughter.

It’s also this Court’s responsibility to make sure that the minor is provided 

permanency in their [sic] life and are able to reside in a home where she’s going to be 

taken care of. 

During the time period that was alleged by the State, the services that needed to be 

completed mainly again, substance abuse treatment, was not completed. Again, the 

matter came in in 2016.”

¶ 40 The trial court found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that it was in the best interest of 

Z.M. that respondent’s parental rights be terminated. Respondent appealed. 

¶ 41 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 42 On appeal, respondent argues that the trial court’s decision to terminate his parental rights 

should be reversed because (1) his right to due process was violated during the termination 

proceedings by the trial court failing to admonish him of his right to appeal following the entry 

of the dispositional order entered on October 26, 2016, the State not having an objective reason 

to recommend substance abuse treatment as part of respondent’s service plan, the trial court 

ordering DCFS to take the case to legal screening sua sponte, DCFS failing to refer respondent 

to additional substance abuse treatment in September 2017, and his parental rights having been 

terminated for no reason other than a recreational use of cannabis; (2) the trial court’s findings 

that respondent was unfit pursuant to section 1(D)(b) and section 1(D)(m)(ii) of the Adoption 

Act were against the manifest weight of the evidence; and (3) the trial court erred in finding 

that it was in Z.M.’s best interest to terminate respondent’s parental rights. 

¶ 43 A. Due Process

¶ 44 Pursuant to the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution no person shall be 

deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. U.S. Const., amend. XIV, § 1. 

The due process clause provides “ ‘heightened protection against government interference with 

certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.’ ” In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 362 (2001) 

(quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 (1997)). These liberty interests that are 

protected by the due process clause include a parent’s fundamental right in the care, custody, 

and control of his or her children. Id. at 362-63. Due process in the context of interference with 
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parental rights is achieved by compliance with the provisions of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 

and fundamental fairness. In re D.T., 2017 IL App (3d) 170120, ¶ 23. Claims of due process 

violations are questions of law that we review de novo. In re A.M., 402 Ill. App. 3d 720, 723 

(2010); In re D.W., 214 Ill. 2d 289, 309 (2005).

¶ 45 In Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976), the United States Supreme Court 

identified three factors to be considered when determining what due process safeguards require 

in proceedings that implicate fundamental liberty interests: (1) the private interest implicated 

by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest through the 

proceedings used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute safeguards; and 

(3) the government’s interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative 

burdens that the additional or substitute safeguards would entail. In re Andrea F., 208 Ill. 2d 

148, 165 (2003) (citing Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335). The Mathews factors have been applied to 

cases involving the termination of parental rights. Id.

¶ 46 1. Right to Appeal the Dispositional Order

¶ 47 First on appeal, respondent argues the trial court erred by failing to admonish him of his 

right to appeal following the entry of the dispositional order entered on October 26, 2016, and 

requests that this court vacate all proceedings subsequent to the entry of the dispositional order. 

Respondent did not raise this issue in the trial court and requests that we review the issue for 

plain error. See People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 178-79 (2005) (the plain error doctrine 

allows this court to consider forfeited issues when a clear or obvious error occurred and the 

evidence is closely balanced or the error affects substantial rights). Respondent notes that he 

had stipulated that Z.M. was neglected and contends that “[h]is stipulation to neglect was in 

essence a guilty plea.” Analogizing the stipulation in this case to a guilty plea in a criminal 

case, respondent argues he would have had to have filed a motion to withdraw his stipulation 

that Z.M. was neglected in order to appeal the dispositional order entered in this case and, thus, 

should have received admonishments “similar to the requirements of Rule 605(b).” See Ill. S. 

Ct. R. 605(b) (eff. Oct. 1, 2001) (providing, inter alia, that when a judgment is entered upon a 

plea of guilty, at the time of imposing sentence, the defendant should be admonished that prior 

to taking an appeal the defendant must file a written motion asking the trial court to reconsider 

the sentence or vacate the judgment and for leave to withdraw the plea of guilty). Respondent 

contends that, as a result of the trial court’s error of failing to admonish him of his right to 

appeal the dispositional order, “all proceedings subsequent to October 26, 2016, including the 

termination of [his] parental rights should be vacated and the case remanded for a redo.” 

¶ 48 In response, the State concedes the trial court’s error in failing to admonish respondent of 

his right to appeal the dispositional order entered on October 26, 2016. The State, however, 

argues that respondent’s argument is an attack on the dispositional order entered on October 

26, 2016, over which this court lacks jurisdiction because respondent failed to file a timely 

notice of appeal or late notice of appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 303 (eff. July 

1, 2017). The State, therefore, contends that this court should dismiss respondent’s appeal 

“relative to the arguments regarding the original dispositional order.” 

¶ 49 In reply, respondent reiterates that he is not contesting the entry of the dispositional order 

or the neglect finding but that he is “appealing the trial court’s failure to advise him of his 

appellate right which denied him due process.” 
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¶ 50 Here, as the State concedes, the trial court erred by failing to admonish respondent of his 

right to appeal following the entry of the dispositional order. See 705 ILCS 405/1-5(3) (West 

2016) (providing that, at the dispositional hearing, “the court shall inform the parties of their 

right to appeal therefrom as well as from any other final judgment of the court”). We agree 

with the State that we lack jurisdiction to review the adjudication and dispositional orders 

entered in this case because respondent did not file a timely notice of appeal or motion to file 

a late notice of appeal in regard to the adjudication or dispositional orders. See In re Zariyah 

A., 2017 IL App (1st) 170971, ¶ 65 (citing In re Barion S., 2012 IL App (1st) 113026, ¶ 36 (the 

dispositional order is a final and appealable order)); Ill. S. Ct. R. 303 (eff. July 1, 2017) (a 

notice of appeal in a civil case must be filed within 30 days after entry of the final order, unless 

the appellant files a motion to file a late notice of appeal within 30 days after the expiration of 

time to file the notice of appeal showing a reasonable excuse for failing to file a timely notice 

of appeal). Contrary to the State’s assertion, respondent has not raised any issue pertaining to 

the validity of the dispositional order entered on October 26, 2016. Rather, respondent argues 

that “all proceedings subsequent to October 26, 2016, including the termination of [his] 

parental rights should be vacated and the case remanded for a redo.” This appeal, which is from 

the final order terminating respondent’s parental rights, was timely filed. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 303 

(eff. July 1, 2017). We, therefore, have jurisdiction to review respondent’s arguments on 

appeal. 

¶ 51 In applying the Mathews factors in this case, we do not find that due process requires this 

court to vacate the proceedings subsequent to the dispositional hearing. Here, the private 

interest at stake is respondent’s interest in the control, custody, and care of his child, Z.M., 

which is a fundamental right that will not be terminated lightly. See M.H., 196 Ill. 2d at 362-

63. The trial court’s procedural error of failing to admonish respondent of his right to appeal 

following the entry of the dispositional order increased the risk of an erroneous deprivation of 

respondent’s rights, which implicates the perceptions of judicial fairness and the integrity of 

the judicial proceedings. See A.M., 402 Ill. App. 3d at 725. However, there would be little 

value in vacating the proceedings subsequent to the dispositional hearing as a substitute 

safeguard because there is no indication that respondent would have appealed from the 

dispositional order or that there was any issue of merit that could have been raised in such an 

appeal. See In re S.P., 2019 IL App (3d) 180476, ¶ 48. Additionally, in considering the 

governmental interest involved, vacating the 18 months of proceedings subsequent to the entry 

of the dispositional hearing in this case would be unduly burdensome upon the State’s interests 

of preserving and promoting Z.M.’s welfare and reducing the cost and burden of the 

termination proceedings. See M.H., 196 Ill. 2d at 367 (the State’s interests in parental 

termination proceedings are an interest in preserving and promoting the welfare of the child 

and an administrative interest in reducing the cost and burden of such proceedings); A.M., 402 

Ill. App. 3d at 725 (delays in termination of parental rights proceedings impose a serious cost 

on the function of the government and intangible costs to the lives of the children involved). 

Therefore, our application of the Mathews factors indicates that due process does not require 

this court to vacate the proceedings following the entry of the dispositional order entered in 

this case. 
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¶ 52 2. Requiring Substance Abuse Treatment

¶ 53 In so far as respondent is arguing that “due process require[d] the State to have an objective 

reason to recommend substance abuse treatment,” we find the issue to be without merit. “Any 

tasks the court requires of the parents, guardian, or legal custodian or child prior to returning 

the child home, must be reasonably related to remedying a condition or conditions that gave 

rise to or which could give rise to any finding of child abuse or neglect.” 705 ILCS 405/2-28(2) 

(West 2016). 

¶ 54 In this case, requiring respondent to complete substance abuse treatment as part of his 

service plan was reasonably related to remedying the condition that gave rise to Z.M. being 

removed from the home on March 20, 2016. At the adjudication hearing on July 28, 2016, 

respondent stipulated that Z.M. was neglected, with the factual basis being that a knife had 

been pulled on respondent and cannabis was being used in the home where Z.M. resided. 

Although respondent claimed that Z.M.’s mother and her cousin were responsible for the

marijuana smell in the home, the fact remains that Z.M. was removed, in part, because of drug 

use in the home. At the time of the adjudication hearing on July 28, 2016, there was no service 

plan for respondent in place because respondent had failed to attend two scheduled assessment 

interviews with DCFS, but he had begun substance abuse treatment shortly after Z.M. was 

removed in March 2016, and respondent had tested positive for marijuana “several times in 

the beginning of [that] program.” Additionally, on August 30, 2016, respondent submitted a 

urine sample that was positive for both marijuana and cocaine. Based on the record before us, 

there is no merit to respondent’s assertion that there was not an objective reason for the State 

to recommend substance abuse treatment. 

¶ 55 3. Legal Screening

¶ 56 Respondent contends the manner in which this case was referred to legal screening violated 

his right to due process. Specifically, respondent argues that the trial court improperly 

“assumed a prosecutorial function” by sua sponte ordering DCFS to send the case to “legal 

screening.” The State argues that the trial court had ordered DCFS to take the case to legal 

screening “whatever the results are,” which was not a predetermination by the trial court as to 

whether respondent’s parental rights should have been terminated. 

¶ 57 In this case, at the time of the permanency review hearing at which the trial court ordered 

DCFS to send the case to legal screening, it had been 15 months since Z.M. had been 

adjudicated neglected. Since the adjudication of neglect on July 28, 2016, respondent 

completed outpatient substance abuse treatment on November 15, 2016, but continuously 

missed drug drops for the next year. At the permanency hearing on October 3, 2017, the trial 

court ordered DCFS to take the case to legal screening and changed the permanency goal to 

return home pending a status hearing, as the trial court was authorized to do so pursuant to 

section 2-28(2)(B-1) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987. See id. § 2-28(2)(B-1) (at the 

permanency review hearing, the trial court shall set one of the listed permanency goals, which 

includes the goal of the minor being “in short-term care with a continued goal to return home 

pending a status hearing”). Pursuant to the Illinois Administrative Code, “[w]hen one of the 

grounds for termination of parental rights appears to exist and return home as a permanency 

goal for the child is no longer appropriate, [DCFS] shall conduct an internal legal screening.” 

89 Ill. Adm. Code 309.80(a) (2018). We find no error committed by the trial court in ordering 

DCFS to take the case to legal screening where grounds for termination of respondent’s 
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parental rights appeared to exist and the trial court had changed the permanency goal to return 

home pending a status hearing. See id.

¶ 58 Moreover, respondent’s due process rights were not violated by the trial court ordering the 

case to go to legal screening. The trial court made no determination as to whether the State 

should file a termination of parental rights petition. The purpose of DCFS conducting an 

internal legal screening is to determine (1) whether there is sufficient evidence to support a 

finding that there are grounds for termination of parental rights, (2) whether it is in the best 

interest of the child to seek termination of parental rights, and (3) steps that need to be 

completed to permit the filing of a petition to terminate parental rights. 89 Ill. Adm. Code 

309.80(b) (2018). Here, there was no risk of an erroneous deprivation of respondent’s parental

rights solely because the trial court ordered that the case be submitted for a legal screening 

where the permanency goal remained returning home and DCFS was still obligated to provide 

reunification services. See 705 ILCS 405/2-28(2) (West 2016) (where the court has selected a 

permanency goal other than returning home for a child age 15 or under, DCFS shall not provide 

further reunification services). Thus, we find no violation of respondent’s due process rights 

as the result of the manner in which this case was referred to legal screening. 

¶ 59 4. Failure to Refer Respondent to Additional Substance Abuse Treatment

¶ 60 Respondent argues that he should have been referred to additional substance abuse 

treatment in September 2017. He contends that DCFS requiring him to find a treatment 

provider in his area was a “delaying tactic” that was used while “the State waited for the clock 

to run out on the second nine month period to file a petition to terminate parental rights.” 

¶ 61 Here, during the relevant nine-month period respondent missed a drug drop on September 

15, 2017, and tested positive for marijuana on September 27, 2017. At the permanency review 

hearing on October 3, 2017, the trial court ordered that the case be submitted to legal screening 

and changed the permanency goal to returning home pending a status hearing (id. § 2-28(2)(B1)). Respondent acknowledges that on October 4, 2017, the day after the permanency review 

hearing, he and the caseworker met “to discuss substance abuse providers in his area.” The 

caseworker had previously given respondent information for numerous service providers in 

respondent’s area and attempted to coordinate further services for respondent when they met 

on October 4, 2017. Respondent hindered those efforts by indicating that he would choose the 

treatment provider but failing to relay the provider’s information to the caseworker so she 

could provide a referral. Respondent failed to select a treatment provider and again tested 

positive for marijuana in January 2018. Based on this record, there is no merit to respondent’s 

argument that DCFS had “given up” on him or that DCFS did not refer him to relapse 

counseling or additional treatment in an attempt to “run out the clock” on his parental rights. 

¶ 62 5. Recreational Use of Cannabis

¶ 63 Respondent also argues that his right to due process was violated because his parental rights 

were terminated over a “recreational” use of cannabis, which he contends was conduct that 

was “less serious than a speeding ticket.” We interpret respondent’s arguments to be that due 

process required the State and the trial court to view his marijuana use as a nonfactor in this 

case. 

¶ 64 In examining the Mathews factors, we again note that respondent has a private interest in 

the control, custody, and care of his child. See M.H., 196 Ill. 2d at 362. The trial court 
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considering respondent’s marijuana use did not create a risk of an erroneous deprivation of 

respondent’s parental rights in this case where there is no indication that the trial court failed 

to comply with the provisions of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 in doing so. See D.T., 2017 

IL App (3d) 170120, ¶ 23 (due process in the context of interference with parental rights is 

achieved by compliance with the provisions of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 and fundamental 

fairness). Additionally, ignoring respondent’s marijuana use in this case would have been of 

little value when balanced against the government’s interests of preserving and promoting 

Z.M.’s welfare and reducing the cost and burden of the termination proceedings. See M.H., 

196 Ill. 2d at 367. Regardless of whether respondent’s suspected substance abuse pertained to 

marijuana, alcohol, prescription medication, or any other substance, whether legal or illegal, 

respondent’s right to due process was not violated where Z.M. was not returned home partly 

because the issue of respondent’s suspected substance abuse remained unresolved as the result 

of respondent continuing to miss requested drug screens, testing positive for marijuana, and 

failing to comply with securing an additional treatment provider. See In re C.N., 196 Ill. 2d 

181, 216-17 (2001) (the benchmark for measuring a parent’s progress toward the return of the 

child encompasses the parent’s compliance with the service plans and the court’s directives in 

light of the conditions that gave rise to the removal of the child and in light of other conditions 

that later become known that would prevent the court from returning custody of the child to 

the parent). In applying the Mathews factors, we do not find that due process required the trial 

court or the State to ignore respondent’s marijuana use in this case. See Andrea F., 208 Ill. 2d 

at 165 (citing Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335). 

¶ 65 B. Unfitness

¶ 66 On appeal, respondent also argues that the trial court’s findings were against the manifest 

weight of the evidence where the trial court found that respondent was unfit for failing to 

maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, and responsibility as to Z.M.’s welfare 

pursuant to section 1(D)(b) of the Adoption Act and for failing to make reasonable progress 

toward the return of Z.M. during any nine-month period after the end of the initial nine months 

following the adjudication of neglect pursuant to section 1(D)(m)(ii) of the Adoption Act, with 

the nine-month period being April 28, 2017, to January 28, 2018. The State and the guardian 

ad litem for Z.M. both argue that the trial court’s findings were not against the manifest weight 

of the evidence. 

¶ 67 In reviewing a trial court’s finding of parental unfitness, the trial court’s decision will not 

be reversed on appeal unless the finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence. C.N., 

196 Ill. 2d at 208. Only if the record shows that it is clearly apparent that the trial court should 

have reached the opposite conclusion should the trial court’s decision be deemed to be against 

the manifest weight of the evidence. Id.

¶ 68 In this case, the trial court found respondent was unfit pursuant to section 1(D)(m)(ii) of 

the Adoption Act because he failed to make reasonable progress during the nine-month period 

of April 28, 2017, to January 28, 2018. See 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West 2016) (a ground 

of parental unfitness is the failure “to make reasonable progress toward the return of the child 

to the parent during any 9-month period following the adjudication of” neglect). Our supreme 

court has interpreted section 1(D)(m)(ii) as requiring a parent to make demonstrable movement 

toward the goal of reunification. C.N., 196 Ill. 2d at 211. The benchmark for measuring a 

parent’s reasonable progress includes compliance with service plans and court directives in 
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light of the condition that gave rise to the removal of the child and other conditions that later 

become known that would prevent the court from returning custody of the child to the parent. 

Id. at 216-17. Reasonable progress occurs when the trial court can conclude that the progress 

being made by a parent to comply with the directives given for the return of the minor is 

sufficiently demonstrable and of such quality that the court would be able to order the child 

returned to the parent’s custody in the near future. In re J.H., 2014 IL App (3d) 140185, ¶ 22. 

In determining whether a parent has made reasonable progress toward the return home of the 

minor, the trial court is to consider evidence occurring only during the relevant nine-month 

period. In re J.L., 236 Ill. 2d 329, 341 (2010).

¶ 69 During the relevant nine-month period in this case, respondent failed to comply with 

requirements of the service plans and the court’s directives. Respondent failed to complete 

requested drug screens on June 21, August 4, and September 5, 2017, and he tested positive 

for marijuana on September 15, 2017, and January 24, 2018. In the beginning of the case, the 

caseworker provided respondent a list of substance abuse providers near where respondent 

resided in Chicago. In October 2017 and January 2018, the caseworker and respondent 

discussed respondent’s needing to secure additional substance abuse treatment. Respondent 

indicated that he would contact the caseworker with the information of his preferred treatment 

provider so that she could give a referral for treatment, but respondent failed to do so. 

Respondent did not start treatment until March 2018, which was beyond the relevant ninemonth period. Additionally, during the nine-month period, respondent’s visits with Z.M. had 

become sporadic. While respondent testified he canceled or rescheduled some weekly visits 

because he did not have “car fare” to travel to Joliet, there is no indication that he relayed this 

issue to the caseworker or to the trial court at any point during the relevant nine-month period. 

Rather, the evidence is clear that while respondent could have visited Z.M. twice per week, he 

only attended visits approximately once per week and averaged only three visits per month.

¶ 70 Therefore, based on our review of the evidence presented at the unfitness hearing, the trial 

court’s finding that respondent failed to make reasonable progress during the relevant ninemonth period was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Because only one ground

for a finding of unfitness is necessary to uphold the trial court’s finding of parental unfitness, 

we need not review the other basis for the court’s unfitness finding. See In re Gwynne P., 215 

Ill. 2d 340, 349 (2005) (a parent’s rights may be terminated if even a single alleged ground for 

unfitness is supported by the evidence). 

¶ 71 C. Best Interest

¶ 72 Lastly, respondent argues that the trial court’s finding that it was in the best interest of Z.M. 

to terminate his parental rights was against the manifest weight of the evidence. The State and 

the guardian ad litem argue the trial court did not err in finding that it was in Z.M.’s best interest 

to terminate respondent’s parental rights. 

¶ 73 At the best interest stage, the State must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that it 

is in the child’s best interest to terminate parental rights. In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 365-66 

(2004). In making its determination, a court must consider several factors “in the context of 

the child’s age and developmental needs,” including (1) the child’s physical safety and welfare, 

including food, shelter, health, and clothing; (2) the development of the child’s identity; (3) the 

child’s background and ties, including familial, cultural, and religious background; (4) the 

child’s sense of attachment, including love, security, familiarity, and continuity of relationships 
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with parent figures; (5) the child’s wishes and long-term goals; (6) community ties, including 

church, school, and friends; (7) the child’s need for permanence; (8) the uniqueness of every 

family and every child; (9) the risks related to substitute care; and (10) the preferences of the 

persons available to care for the child. 705 ILCS 405/1-3(4.05) (West 2016). At this stage of 

the proceedings, “the parent’s interest in maintaining the parent-child relationship must yield 

to the child’s interest in a stable, loving home life.” D.T., 212 Ill. 2d at 364. Once a trial court 

has found that a parent is unfit, all considerations yield to the best interest of the minor and the 

minor’s interest in a stable, loving, and safe home environment. Id. A trial court’s best interest 

determination will only be disturbed if it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In re 

Austin W., 214 Ill. 2d 31, 51-52 (2005). 

¶ 74 Here, the evidence shows that Z.M. lived with her great aunt and uncle in a three-bedroom 

home, with no safety issues. Z.M. appeared to be happy, and her aunt and uncle were able and 

willing to meet her financial, medical, and emotional needs. She was bonded with her foster 

mother, and she participated in activities with her extended family members. While there was 

evidence that Z.M. was bonded with respondent, the evidence also indicated that Z.M. was in 

need of permanency. Z.M. had been living with her aunt and uncle since she was removed 

from the care of her mother and respondent in March 2016 and her foster parents were willing 

to adopt her. Based on the evidence presented, we conclude that the trial court’s determination 

that it was in Z.M.’s best interest to terminate respondent’s parental rights was not against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 75 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 76 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed.

¶ 77 Affirmed.

¶ 78 JUSTICE McDADE, specially concurring: 

¶ 79 Due Process Violation 

¶ 80 Relying on what I believe to be the fundamental justice and fairness that the due process 

clause protects (Lyon v. Department of Children & Family Services, 209 Ill. 2d 264, 272 (2004) 

(“[t]he due process clause protects fundamental justice and fairness”)), I cannot agree with the 

majority’s ultimate finding that no due process violation occurred in this case. I, therefore, 

respectfully dissent from that conclusion. 

¶ 81 The essence of respondent’s argument on this issue is that the trial court’s failure to 

admonish him of his right to appeal the adjudicatory order making Z.M. a ward of the court 

violated his constitutionally guaranteed right to due process. It seems clear to me that he is 

correct in this conclusion.

¶ 82 A parent has a fundamental due process right to the care, custody, and control of his 

children. In re Andrea F., 208 Ill. 2d 148, 165 (2003). However, the right is subject to 

termination. Id. Because of this, “the procedures employed in this type of proceeding must 

comply with the requirements of procedural due process.” Id. “Procedural due process claims 

question the constitutionality of the procedures used to deny a person’s life, liberty, or 

property.” Lyon, 209 Ill. 2d at 272. The due process clause mandates that the opportunity to be 
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heard occur at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Id. at 277. A due process issue 

presents a question of law reviewed de novo. In re Kenneth F., 332 Ill. App. 3d 674, 677 

(2002).

¶ 83 The Supreme Court in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), classified three factors 

that this court must consider in determining whether due process was given in a proceeding: 

(1) the private interest implicated by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation 

of that interest through the proceedings used and the probable value, if any, of additional or 

substitute safeguards; and (3) the government’s interest, including the function involved and 

the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute safeguards would entail. 

Andrea F., 208 Ill. 2d at 165. “These same factors are considered in resolving what procedural 

safeguards are required by the due process clause of the Illinois constitution.” Id. Our supreme 

court has applied the Mathews factors in cases involving the termination of parental rights. Id.

¶ 84 In the instant situation, all of the relevant questions have been answered for us by higher 

authorities. Relative to the first factor, the founding fathers and the Supreme Courts of the 

United States and the State of Illinois have determined that a parent has a fundamental due 

process right to the care, custody, and control of his children and that a parent cannot be 

deprived of that right without due process of law. The second and third factors relating to the 

risk of erroneous deprivation and the government’s interest have been evaluated and resolved 

by the Illinois legislature through its enactment of section 1-5(3) of the Juvenile Court Act of 

1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-5(3) (West 2016)). The legislature implicitly determined that the 

removal of a child from the custody of his or her parent through an adjudication transferring 

wardship to the State (1) posed a risk of erroneous deprivation requiring an opportunity to 

appeal and (2) that any fiscal and administrative burdens of an appeal did not override the need 

to provide appellate review. Accordingly, the opportunity to appeal the adjudication of 

wardship is necessary to due process and, therefore, to fundamental justice and fairness.

¶ 85 The State has conceded that the trial court did not admonish respondent of his right to 

appeal and presumably also concedes the resulting denial of due process. But the State argues 

that none of that matters because respondent did not timely file a notice of appeal from the 

specific orders and this court, therefore, lacks jurisdiction to hear his challenge to the 

adjudicatory and dispositional orders that were entered in October 2016.

¶ 86 The majority agrees, making a specific finding that we do not have jurisdiction to review 

the October 2016 orders because no appeal was timely filed. Supra ¶ 50. Although the majority 

acknowledges the potential of a due process violation, it finds, as did the State, it does not 

matter but for a different reason. The majority relies on the fact that respondent is not actually 

challenging those orders that the legislature deemed he had a right to appeal. The majority has 

that “out” because, in order to avoid jurisdictional preclusion, respondent has forgone the direct 

challenge and has instead argued that all orders subsequent to the 2016 orders are void because 

of the due process violation. The majority finds that we do have jurisdiction to review that 

claim. Although not explicitly stated, I believe the majority applied a variant of the “step in the 

procedural progression” rule in reaching its conclusion. See Burtell v. First Charter Service 

Corp., 76 Ill. 2d 427, 435 (1979) (“the unspecified judgment is reviewable if it is a step in the 

procedural progression leading to the judgment specified in the notice of appeal” (internal 

quotation marks omitted)). I accept that conclusion.

¶ 87 Turning to the merits of the due process argument, I have no problem finding that the trial 

court’s error did, in fact, deprive respondent of notice and an opportunity to be timely heard on 
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the removal of his daughter from his custody and her placement under the wardship of the 

State. I would also find it beyond dispute that this error constituted an actual and complete 

violation of respondent’s right to due process—a violation that cannot be eradicated or negated 

by the majority’s post facto assessment that respondent would not have appealed even if he 

had known he possessed the right.

¶ 88 Unlike the majority, I believe that, although the question is irrelevant, there is a reasonable 

likelihood that respondent would have challenged the order of wardship had he known he 

could. He had joined in the stipulation that Z.M.’s environment was injurious to her, but he 

was not responsible for that environment. Z.M. was removed from the custodial residence by 

police who had been called to the home by respondent, who was there by permission for 

agreed-upon visitation with his daughter. He awoke from sleep to the odor of marijuana, and 

when he objected to its use in the child’s presence, he was physically attacked by either the 

child’s mother or the mother’s cousin. In an appeal of the wardship decision, respondent could 

have advanced a reasonable argument that he was fit to have custody and there is a notunreasonable chance that, absent all of the subsequent proceedings and the mistakes and 

missteps he later made, he might have succeeded in securing custody of his daughter. He was 

actually prejudiced by being caught up long term in the often-flawed process for dealing with 

children deemed to be abused and neglected.

¶ 89 Clearly respondent’s constitutional right to due process was violated. The real question is 

whether the violation can be redressed either by the relief sought by respondent or in any other 

way. The complete do-over that respondent seeks in this case has some appeal for me simply 

because it seems fair and is, perhaps, in the ultimate best interest of Z.M. Unfortunately I think 

any meaningful relief of this violation is precluded by the concept of timeliness, not in the 

jurisdictional sense but by the requirement that notice and the opportunity to be heard occur at 

a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Lyon, 209 Ill. 2d at 277. Here I believe the 

potential for relief has been mooted by all of the very real circumstances that have occurred 

within this family between October 2016 and now. They all happened, and we cannot make 

them unhappen, and we cannot rewrite their consequences. In my opinion, there was a due 

process violation, and we cannot redress it.

¶ 90 Fitness and Best Interest Findings

¶ 91 Turning to the merits of respondent’s appeal from the finding of unfitness and the 

termination of his parental rights, I reach the same conclusion as that reached by the trial court 

and the majority. I start with a truth that seems to be frequently ignored or discounted by the 

State in its zealous judicial advocacy for uprooted children: there are no perfect parents; there 

are only degrees of parental imperfection. In this case, the majority has found that Donald 

failed to comply with the directives in his service plan during the relevant nine-month period, 

as designated by the State. I would note that he had, nonetheless, taken substantial steps in 

complying with that plan during the initial nine-month period. During that time, Donald 

maintained adequate housing and income. He also completed domestic violence courses, 

completed individual therapy, and completed substance abuse treatment, which included

parenting classes. When it became apparent that Donald would need to undergo a second round 

of substance abuse treatment, a miscommunication between Donald and his caseworker about 

the source of provider information resulted in a delay in his commencement of treatment until 
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March 2018. He did, however, begin the treatment after the designated nine-month period had 

ended.

¶ 92 Although Donald’s visits with his daughter became “sporadic,” this was largely due to his 

lack of transportation. Even given this limitation, Donald participated appropriately in visits 

with Z.M., and they had a great relationship. Indeed, although the child called her foster mother 

“mama,” she referred to her foster father as “uncle” and continued to call Donald “dad.” 

Notably, the trial court observed “I could say unequivocally, I understand that [respondent] 

loves his daughter.” Clearly, Donald and his daughter were strongly and lovingly bonded.

¶ 93 Nonetheless, the statutory directive of section 1(D)(m), which states that “ ‘failure to make 

reasonable progress toward the return of the child to the parent’ includes a parent’s failure to 

substantially fulfill his or her obligations under the service plan” (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m) (West 

2016)), compels a finding that, based on the facts, the trial court’s finding of unfitness was not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 94 For these reasons, I concur with the majority’s finding that Donald was properly found 

unfit and his parental rights were appropriately terminated.