IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-0624

Filed May 2, 2018

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

MARC CHRISTOPHER PLETTENBERG,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marshall County, Kim M. Riley, 

District Associate Judge.

Marc Plettenberg appeals his convictions, sentences, and restitution orders 

following his guilty pleas to four offenses. AFFIRMED.

Richard R. Hollis, Des Moines, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Martha E. Trout, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and McDonald, JJ.
2

DOYLE, Presiding Judge.

After Marc Plettenberg pled guilty to four offenses, he was sentenced to 

serve the sentences imposed consecutively. Thereafter, the court ordered 

Plettenberg to pay restitution for damages to a county police vehicle and for room, 

board, and medical expenses incurred while serving his sentences in its jail. He 

now appeals various aspects of the case, including arguing his trial counsel 

rendered ineffective assistance. Upon our review, we affirm.

I. Background Facts.

In 2015, Marc Plettenberg was found guilty of driving while barred as an 

habitual offender in case number AGCR086445. A few months thereafter, he pled 

guilty to forgery and unauthorized use of a credit card of an amount under $1000

in case number FECR086357. He was placed on probation for all three 

convictions.

Plettenberg subsequently violated his probation agreement in numerous 

ways, including “failing to obey all laws” and “testing positive for 

methamphetamine.” He was found in contempt of his probation supervision and 

ordered, as an additional condition of his probation, to complete a stay at the 

Marshalltown Residential Facility. Plettenberg was placed at the facility on 

February 9, 2016, but he absconded from the facility less than a week later. 

Plettenberg was charged thereafter with the crime of escape, a class “D” felony. 

See id. § 719.4(1) (2016).

Three weeks later, while he was a fugitive, a deputy sheriff observed 

Plettenberg driving a car with an expired validation sticker. The deputy, driving a 

fully-marked sheriff’s office patrol truck, attempted to initiate a traffic stop, but 
3

Plettenberg did not stop. A chase ensued. During the chase, Plettenberg drove 

up over a curb, blowing out his car’s right front tire. He proceeded to drive across 

the lawn of the Hawkeye Care Center, causing extensive damage to the lawn and 

a concrete sidewalk. The chase continued. Ultimately, the deputy was able to pin 

and stop Plettenberg’s car, but Plettenberg attempted to flee on foot. Plettenberg 

was then tackled by other law enforcement officers and a civilian and subsequently 

placed under arrest.

II. Proceedings.

Thereafter, Plettenberg was charged with four crimes as a habitual offender 

in case number FECR088617: (I) escape, (II) eluding, and (III) second-degree 

criminal mischief, each a class “D” felony; and (IV) driving while barred, an 

aggravated misdemeanor. See id. §§ 321.279(3), 321.561, 716.1, 716.4, 719.4(1). 

Plettenberg initially pled not guilty to the four offenses, but he and the State later 

reached a plea agreement. Plettenberg agreed to plead guilty as charged to count 

IV, driving while barred, as well as pleading guilty to three lesser-included offenses 

of the other crimes charged, to be amended as follows: (I) escape, in violation of 

section 719.4(2), a serious misdemeanor, (II) eluding, in violation of section 

321.279(2), an aggravated misdemeanor, and (III) third-degree criminal mischief, 

in violation of sections 716.1 and .5(2), an aggravated misdemeanor. The habitualoffender sentencing enhancement remained.

On March 10, 2017, Plettenberg entered four separate written guilty pleas. 

Concerning the escape charge, the plea stated:

I understand that a maximum sentence for the offense charge 

is a fine of at least $315 but not to exceed $1,875 with a surcharge 

of 35%, and in addition the court may also order imprisonment not to 
4

exceed one year, that I may be held responsible for court-appointed 

attorney fees and restitution, court costs, and a law enforcement 

initiative surcharge of $125[.]

The other three pleas each stated:

I understand that a maximum sentence for the offense 

charges is imprisonment up to, but not to exceed two years. There 

shall be a fine of at least $625 but not to exceed $6,250, and I will be 

held accountable for a 35% surcharge on any fine imposed as well 

as court costs and attorney fees.

There was no explicit language in those latter three agreements addressing 

restitution. However, all four plea agreements stated:

I have discussed with my attorney and hereby waive my right 

to be present and personally inform the Court of my plea and to 

speak for myself regarding sentencing, as is my right under rule 

8(2)(b), Iowa Rules of Criminal Procedure.

I have discussed with my attorney and understand that to 

contest the adequacy of my guilty plea, I must do so at least five (5) 

days prior to sentencing by a motion in arrest of judgment, and in any 

event at least 45 days from the acceptance of my plea, as provided 

in Rule 23(3), Iowa Rules of Criminal Procedure.

My plea of guilty has been the result of a plea bargain whereby 

the parties will each make their own sentencing recommendation. 

The defense requests that this matter be handled at the same time 

as the probation revocation disposition in FECR086357 and 

AGCR086445. I ask the Court to accept my plea of guilty.

The court subsequently accepted the guilty pleas, finding:

The written plea of guilty shows that the defendant’s plea is 

voluntary, being freely and intelligently made, with an understanding 

of the charge, with knowledge of the penal consequences of the plea, 

with full knowledge of the defendant’s constitutional rights, and that 

said rights are waived by a plea of guilty, without any threats, 

improper inducements or persuasion, and the Court finds there is a 

factual basis for the defendant’s plea of guilty.

A sentencing hearing was held in March 2017. There, the prosecutor 

explicitly recommended:

[T]urning to . . . FECR088617, starting with the misdemeanor 

[escape conviction], the State recommends a sentence of one year 
5

in jail, that, of course, that it runs consecutively to be served at the 

end of any other sentences; a $315 fine and 35 percent surcharge.

For the [eluding conviction], the State recommends a 

sentence of two years; $625 fine; 35 percent surcharge.

For the [criminal-mischief conviction], the State recommends 

a sentence of two years, with the minimum $625 fine; 35 percent 

surcharge; Law Enforcement Initiative Surcharge. And that 

Mr. Plettenberg be ordered to pay restitution, if it is applicable.

On [the driving-while-barred conviction], the State 

recommends a sentence of two years prison with a $625 fine; 35 

percent surcharge. And the State recommends that all the fines and 

the 35 percent surcharges be suspended. The State recommends 

that all these sentences run consecutive to one another.

Plettenberg’s counsel did not object to the State’s reference to restitution with 

respect to the criminal-mischief conviction and not the escape conviction, which 

was the only charge that explicitly referenced restitution in the parties’ agreement. 

Defense counsel did request concurrent sentences be imposed and that the court 

suspend “any and all fines that are able to be suspended.” Thereafter, the court 

accepted the State’s recommendations and sentenced Plettenberg as follows:

[I]t will be the judgment and sentence of the court as to [the escape 

conviction, count I in FECR088617], that [Plettenberg] be fined 

$315.00, with a 35 percent surcharge. That sum cannot be 

suspended, so it will have to be paid. Court costs and attorney fees, 

of course, will be assessed to [Plettenberg].

As to [c]ounts II, III, and IV, [eluding, third-degree criminal 

mischief, and driving while barred, Plettenberg] will be fined the 

minimum fine of $625.00, with a 35 percent surcharge, both of which 

will be suspended.

On each of those matters, [Plettenberg] is further sentenced 

to a two-year term of incarceration . . . .

As to [the escape conviction, Plettenberg] is sentenced to a 

term of 365 days in the custody of the Marshall County Sheriff . . . [to] 

begin at the expiration of any existing sentences.

All sentences imposed in [FECR088617], again, will run 

consecutively to each other as well as consecutively to the terms of 

imprisonment on the probation revocation matters.

. . . .

I think I need to back up, too, on that [criminal mischief 

conviction. The clerk of court] will also assess a $125.00 Law 
6

Enforcement Initiative Surcharge on that matter. And any victim 

restitution will have to be paid as part of the sentence in this case.

On March 27, 2017, the court entered its judgment entry regarding count I, the 

escape offense. The court entered an amended judgment entry on March 29, 

2017, regarding counts II, III, and IV, the eluding, criminal mischief, and driving 

while barred offenses. The judgment entries were consistent with its sentencing 

on the record. The only mention of restitution in the judgment entries was in regard 

to count III, the criminal mischief offense.

On April 7, 2017, the prosecutor filed a statement of pecuniary loss, stating 

“the victim requests that restitution be ordered.” The statement identifies the victim 

as the Marshall County Sheriff’s Department and indicates the restitution sought 

was for $1151 in property damages. Attached was an estimate from Thats My 

Truck for a pushbumper with lights, a light, and labor to install and wire, totaling 

$1151. The same day, the court entered an order ordering Plettenberg to pay the 

restitution requested. The order also stated Plettenberg “may request a hearing 

on the amount of restitution.” Plettenberg made no such request and three days 

later, filed his notice of appeal, expressly appealing the order “dated March 29, 

2017 herein entered by the [court].” The same day, Plettenberg was released from 

the Marshall County Jail.1

On June 5, 2017, the Marshall County Jail filed a claim seeking 

reimbursement from Plettenberg for room, board, and medical expenses. We 

need not consider matters arising after the filing of the notice of appeal but note 

we address the jail fees restitution issue in State v. Plettenberg, No. 17-1312, 2018 

 

1 Plettenberg also filed in May 2017 an application for postconviction relief.
7

WL ______, at *___ (Iowa Ct. App. May 2, 2018), filed the same day as this 

opinion.

III. Discussion.

In this appeal, Plettenberg asserts seven claims of error, several of which 

are nebulously articulated. The State challenges a few of the claims on error 

preservation grounds.

A. Error Preservation.

“Error preservation is a fundamental principle of law with roots that extend 

to the basic constitutional function of appellate courts.” State v. Harrington, 893 

N.W.2d 36, 42 (Iowa 2017). “Its purpose is to allow the district court to correct 

error without the necessity of an appeal,” and it further “serves to create a record

for appellate review.” Id. Thus, “[i]ssues not raised before the district court, 

including constitutional issues, cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.” State 

v. Mitchell, 757 N.W.2d 431, 435 (Iowa 2008); see also Lee v. State, 844 N.W.2d 

668, 676-77 (Iowa 2014) (“As a general proposition, ‘issues must be raised in the 

district court before we may review them on appeal.’” (citation omitted)). There 

are, of course, exceptions to the rule. For instance, the error-preservation rule 

generally does not apply “to void, illegal or procedurally defective sentences.” 

State v. Richardson, 890 N.W.2d 609, 615 (Iowa 2017). Similarly, claims of 

ineffective assistance of counsel “are not bound by traditional error-preservation 

rules.” State v. Ondayog, 722 N.W.2d 778, 784 (Iowa 2006); see also Nguyen v. 

State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 750 (Iowa 2016) (“To the extent error is not preserved on 

an issue, any objections must be raised within an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel 

framework.”).
8

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Plettenberg must 

prove both that (1) his counsel failed to perform an essential duty and (2) he 

suffered prejudice as a result of his counsel’s failure. See Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); State v. Lopez, 907 N.W.2d 112, 116 (Iowa 

2018). When a defendant raises a claim of ineffective assistance in relation to a 

guilty plea, the defendant has the burden to show “there is a reasonable probability 

that, but for counsel's errors, he or she would not have pleaded guilty and would

have insisted on going to trial.” State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 138 Iowa 2006). 

We can only resolve the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims on direct appeal 

if the record is adequate, and our review of the record is de novo. See State v. 

Virgil, 895 N.W.2d 873, 879 (Iowa 2017); see also State v. Reynolds, 670 N.W.2d 

405, 411 (Iowa 2003) (noting ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims are 

generally “preserved for postconviction relief proceedings to afford the defendant 

an evidentiary hearing and thereby permit the development of a more complete 

record,” but the court “will, however, consider such claims on direct appeal where 

the record is adequate to determine as a matter of law that the defendant will be 

unable to establish one or both of the elements of his ineffective-assistance 

claim”).

1. Minimum and Maximum Penalties.

Plettenberg asserts his trial counsel failed to inform him of the maximum

possible sentence for all offenses combined (namely the imposition of prison terms 

with all sentences running consecutively to one another). As a result, he maintains

he “experienced the legal prejudice of being sentence[d]” to consecutive 
9

sentences. He also asserts his counsel failed to inform him “of the minimum 

possible penalty to the extent that the portion of the sentence for escape had to 

run consecutively to those parts of the sentence not involving escape.” As a result, 

he claims he suffered “legal prejudice.” While the State acknowledges that a 

defendant must generally be informed of the possible minimum and maximum 

penalties the record is unclear whether Plettenberg was so advised. Plettenberg 

has made no assertion that he would not have pled guilty had his attorney provided 

him the legal information. But we cannot penalize Plettenberg for an incomplete 

claim of ineffective assistance on direct appeal. See State v. Johnson, 784 N.W.2d

192, 198 (Iowa 2010) (“[D]efendants are no longer required to raise ineffectiveassistance claims on direct appeal, and when they choose to do so, they are not 

required to make any particular record in order to preserve the claim for 

postconviction relief”). Because of this, and because we believe the record before

us is inadequate to decide Plettenberg’s claim, we preserve it for possible later 

proceedings. See id. (“If . . . the court determines the claim cannot be addressed 

on direct appeal, the court must preserve it for a postconviction-relief proceeding, 

regardless of the court’s view of the potential viability of the claim.”).

2. Factual Basis for Criminal Mischief Guilty Plea.

Plettenberg argues the record lacked a factual basis to support his guilty to 

third-degree criminal mischief. Specifically, he argues he did not have the criminal 

intent necessary to commit criminal mischief. Because his trial counsel permitted 

him to enter a guilty plea, Plettenberg asserts his trial counsel rendered ineffective 

assistance. If a factual basis for a charge does not exist, but counsel permits “the 

defendant to plead guilty anyway, counsel has failed to perform an essential duty,” 
10

and prejudice is inherent. State v. Nall, 894 N.W.2d 514, 525 (Iowa 2017). To 

determine if a factual basis exists, the only question “is whether the record shows 

a factual basis for the guilty plea.” State v. Gines, 844 N.W.2d 437, 441 (Iowa 

2014). The record includes any statements by the defendant, the minutes of 

testimony, as well as the presentence report. Id. We conclude the record here is 

adequate to address this claim.

Criminal mischief is defined as “[a]ny damage, defacing, alteration, or 

destruction of property . . . done intentionally by one who has no right to so act.” 

Iowa Code § 716.1. In State v. Chang, 587 N.W.2d 459, 461 (Iowa 1998), the 

Iowa Supreme Court concluded the plain language of the criminal-mischief statute 

requires an intent to damage, deface, alter or destroy property. Thus, the record 

must establish that Plettenberg intended to cause the damage to the Hawkeye 

Care Center property. See Chang, 587 N.W.2d at 461.

The State maintains that, “to facilitate his escape, [Plettenberg] intentionally 

caused damage.” The minutes of testimony clearly state that while being pursued 

by law enforcement, Plettenberg drove through “the grass and landscaping 

Hawkeye Care Center causing in excess of $1000.00 damage.” Moreover, 

Plettenberg admitted in his criminal-mischief guilty plea he “did intentionally 

damage, deface, alter, or destroy property, with no right to so act.” Clearly a factual 

basis for third-degree criminal mischief existed in the record before the plea court. 

Consequently, Plettenberg’s trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance 

when he permitted Plettenberg to enter a guilty to plea to the charge.
11

C. Restitution for Sheriff’s Patrol Truck Damages.

Because the order imposing restitution to pay for damages to the sheriff’s 

patrol truck was filed after sentencing, Plettenberg’s claims of breach of plea 

agreement and improper imposition of restitution are preserved for our review. 

Because we find both issues to be related, we address them together. We review 

challenges to both guilty pleas and restitution orders for correction of errors at law. 

See State v. Weitzel, 905 N.W.2d 397, 401 (Iowa 2017); State v. Dubois, 888 

N.W.2d 52, 53 (Iowa 2016); State v. Fisher, 877 N.W.2d 676, 680 (Iowa 2016).

1. Breach of Plea Agreement.

First, Plettenberg argues the State’s request and the court’s imposition of 

restitution are not expressly set out in his plea agreement—specifically, damages 

to the patrol truck—was a breach of the parties’ agreement. If it was not a breach, 

Plettenberg further asserts the restitution ordered was improper under the 

restitution statute. In response, the State argues that regardless of whether the 

plea agreements expressly stated Plettenberg was responsible for paying 

restitution, imposition of restitution is mandated by statute and the district court 

could not not impose it.

“Restitution is a creature of statute” and is set forth in Iowa Code chapter 

910. Dubois, 888 N.W.2d at 53. Section 910.1(4) defines “restitution” as

payment of pecuniary damages to a victim in an amount and in the 

manner provided by the offender’s plan of restitution. “Restitution” 

also includes fines, penalties, and surcharges, the contribution of 

funds to a local anticrime organization which provided assistance to 

law enforcement in an offender’s case, the payment of crime victim 

compensation program reimbursements, payment of restitution to 

public agencies . . . court costs including correctional fees . . . , 

court-appointed attorney fees . . . .
12

“Pecuniary damages” are “damages to the extent not paid by an insurer, which a 

victim”—defined as “a person who has suffered pecuniary damages as a result of 

the offender’s criminal activities”—“could recover against the offender in a civil 

action arising out of the same facts or event.” Iowa Code § 910.1(3), (5). “‘Criminal 

activities’ means any crime for which there is a plea of guilty . . . upon which a 

judgment of conviction is rendered . . . .” Id. § 910.1(1). Section 910.2(1) 

mandates that,

[i]n all criminal cases in which there is a plea of guilty . . . upon which 

a judgment of conviction is rendered, the sentencing court shall order 

that restitution be made by each offender to the victims of the 

offender’s criminal activities, to the clerk of court for fines, penalties, 

surcharges, and, to the extent that the offender is reasonably able to 

pay, for crime victim assistance reimbursement, restitution to public 

agencies . . . , court costs including correctional fees . . . , courtappointed attorney fees . . . .

Although the definition of “restitution” in chapter 910 includes fines, 

penalties, and surcharges, the latter three categories are more specifically set out 

in their own separate chapter. See id. chs. 909, 911, & 912. Notably, all three—

fines, penalties, and surcharges—are considered forms of punishment which must 

generally be disclosed before accepting a guilty plea, because they “are 

considered direct consequences of the plea.” See Fisher, 877 N.W.2d at 685-86 

(citing State v. Brady, 442 N.W.2d 57, 59 (Iowa 1989)); see also Weitzel, 905 

N.W.2d at 407-08. Yet, “there is no requirement in Iowa that the defendant be 

advised of his obligation to pay restitution upon pleading guilty.” Weitzel, 905 

N.W.2d at 412 (Mansfield, J., dissenting) (citing Brady, 442 N.W.2d at 59). 

Similarly, court costs, though listed in the definition of restitution, are not 
13

considered a form of punishment and do not need to be disclosed in advance of 

the plea. See Fisher, 877 N.W.2d at 685 (citing Brady, 442 N.W.2d at 59).

Here, the restitution order at issue, which requires reimbursement for 

damages to the patrol truck, does not fall into the category of a fine, penalty, or 

surcharge and is not therefore a punishment. Consequently, the failure to 

specifically advise Plettenberg he would have to pay this form of restitution would 

not render his plea agreement defective or breach the plea agreement. We 

therefore find no error.

2. Legality of Restitution Imposed.

Plettenberg also argues the restitution imposed was an error, because the 

damage to the patrol truck was caused by the deputy’s decision to pin 

Plettenberg’s vehicle to stop it—not by Plettenberg’s actions. The State responds 

that “the damage to the patrol vehicle constitutes pecuniary damage to a 

victim . . . . Because the restitution the district court imposed falls squarely within 

the statutory definition, the court committed no error when it ordered Plettenberg 

to pay restitution . . . for pecuniary damages to Marshall County.” We agree.

“In reviewing a restitution order ‘we determine whether the court’s findings 

lack substantial evidentiary support, or whether the court has not properly applied 

the law.’” State v. Hagen, 840 N.W.2d 140, 144 (Iowa 2013) (citation omitted).

In calculating a restitution order, the district court must find a 

causal connection between the established criminal act and the 

injuries to the victim. The damage must have been caused by the 

offender’s criminal act to justify the restitution order. Once the causal 

connection is established by a preponderance of the evidence, “the 

statute allows recovery of ‘all damages’ . . . which the state can show 

by a preponderance of the evidence.” A restitution order is not 

excessive “if it bears a reasonable relationship to the damage 

caused.” In the criminal context, failure of the State to satisfy its 
14

burden of proof as to damages does not preclude pursuit of civil 

recovery for the costs of an audit.

State v. Bonstetter, 637 N.W.2d 161, 168 (Iowa 2001) (internal citations omitted). 

Moreover, “the amount of restitution ordered in a criminal prosecution is not limited 

by the parameters of the offense for which the defendant enters a guilty plea.” 

Teggatz v. Ringleb, 610 N.W.2d 527, 529 (Iowa 2000); see also State v. Holmberg, 

449 N.W.2d 376, 377 (Iowa 1989) (“Defendant argues that the restitution order 

must be limited by the parameters of the offense to which he entered his guilty 

plea, in this case $500. This view is at odds with our [case law]. Under these 

cases the order can be extended to any amount which would be appropriate for 

tort recovery.”).

Here, Plettenberg pled guilty to escape, eluding, criminal mischief, and 

driving while barred. Clearly the damages to the patrol truck are reasonably 

related to Plettenberg’s criminal activity of eluding and/or criminal mischief. And 

there is no question the Marshall County Sheriff’s Office can be a “victim” within 

the meaning of chapter 910. See Hagen, 840 N.W.2d at 147. The district court 

did not err in ordering Plettenberg to pay restitution for the damages sustained to 

the sheriff’s patrol truck.

D. Imposition of Consecutive Sentences.

Finally, Plettenberg contends the district court erred in imposing 

consecutive sentences. He asserts his conduct was “not sufficiently egregious to 

warrant the imposition of consecutive sentences.”

The sentencing court is required to state on the record the reasons for 

imposing a particular sentence and that includes the requirement to articulate the 
15

reasons for imposing consecutive, rather than concurrent, sentences. See State 

v. Hill, 878 N.W.2d 269, 275 (Iowa 2016). Our review of the district court’s decision 

to impose consecutive sentences is for abuse of discretion, which “will only be 

found when a court acts on grounds clearly untenable or to an extent clearly 

unreasonable.” State v. Leckington, 713 N.W.2d 208, 216 (Iowa 2006).

At sentencing, the district court observed:

The court has before it today a man who’s approximately 47 years of 

age, and he had previously admitted to having violated terms and 

conditions of probation imposed in two cases involving crimes of 

forgery and driving while barred.

The court originally ordered that those terms run 

consecutively to one another, and the defendant has essentially 

consented to having probation revoked in those cases. This is the 

second time that the defendant has appeared back before the court

after sentencing for probation revocation proceedings. And, of 

course, the violations that the defendant has admitted to having 

committed while on this probation are extremely serious violations of 

probation.

The court initially placed Mr. Plettenberg on a street form of 

probation, and at the time of the first probation revocation 

proceeding, the court modified that and directed that the defendant 

complete a stay at a residential facility. And it appears that the 

defendant was at a residential facility for just a few days before he 

began to rack up violations. And then ultimately, he absconded from 

the facility within approximately a week’s time.

So the court agrees that revocation of the probation is 

inevitable and should be ordered.

In responding to the parties’ arguments regarding concurrent/consecutive 

sentences, the court stated:

The court has considered each of those arguments

separately, and the court takes into account various factors, 

including the [Plettenberg’s] age and his prior involvement with the 

criminal justice system. The criminal record that has been admitted 

into evidence shows Mr. Plettenberg has a history of antisocial

behavior. It appears that he has contempt for authority figures and 

disregard for rights of others. His criminal history includes multiple 

felony convictions, assaultive behaviors, including a manslaughter

conviction, prior escape and prior absence from custody.
16

One of the crimes to which Mr. Plettenberg has plead guilty 

now is Driving While Barred, which is what he was essentially on 

probation for in [a previous case], so clearly [Plettenberg] is a 

recidivist.

The court also considers the nature of these crimes and the

circumstances under which they were committed. As noted with 

regard to the Escape, [Plettenberg] had been placed at a residential 

facility by court order and had fled from that facility within

approximately a week’s time. [Plettenberg] then engaged in a highspeed chase over significant sections of the city. The eluding events 

occurred around noontime, as I recall the police reports.

[Plettenberg] engaged in extremely dangerous driving behavior. His 

conduct endangered a number of individuals. He drove through

some fairly heavily-populated areas and heavily-traveled areas of 

town. And it is noted that the events occurred in the middle of the 

day.

The court is of the opinion that because of [Plettenberg’s]

history, his failures on probation and under community supervision, 

that his interests would be best addressed, and the protection of the 

community would be best addressed, by [Plettenberg] being 

incarcerated for the maximum term permissible. And the court 

believes that will aid in the [Plettenberg’s] rehabilitation and also

serve the interests of the community.

All of these statements indicate the court considered multiple and appropriate 

factors when making its sentencing decision, and we find no abuse of discretion in 

the district court’s imposition of consecutive sentences in this case.

IV. Conclusion.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Plettenberg’s convictions, sentences, 

and the restitution orders concerning the patrol truck damages.

AFFIRMED.

McDonald, J., concurs; Tabor, J., partially dissents.
17

TABOR, Judge. (dissenting in part)

I respectfully dissent in part from the majority decision. For the same 

reasons outlined in State v. Shears, No. 16-1665, 2017 WL 6034626, at *2–3 (Iowa 

Ct. App. December 6, 2017) (Tabor, J., dissenting) (further review granted), I would 

find the district court erred in ordering Plettenberg to pay restitution in the amount 

of $1151 for damage to the Marshall County Sheriff’s Department patrol truck.

Incorporated into the minutes of evidence was a report from Sergeant Ben 

Veren who was driving a marked patrol truck on March 9, 2016 when he decided 

to pursue the Chevy Malibu driven by Plettenberg for an expired registration 

sticker. After Plettenberg drove across the lawn of the Hawkeye Care Center, 

Sergeant Veren took the following action: “I attempted to slowly put my front push 

bumper against the passenger side of the car to pin the vehicle in place and 

prevent him from driving away.” The sheriff’s office later submitted a written 

estimate of $1151 in repair costs to the push bumper and lights from “That’s My 

Truck” in Des Moines. The county attorney listed the sheriff’s department as a 

victim and sought that amount of property damages in its statement of pecuniary 

loss to the court. The court ordered the defendant to pay $1151 to the sheriff’s 

department as restitution.

Under these facts, Marshall County did not qualify as a “victim” for purposes 

of Iowa Code section 910.1(5) (defining victim as “a person who has suffered 

pecuniary damages as a result of the offender’s criminal activities”). The statutory 

term “person” is broad enough to include a government entity like the sheriff’s 

department. See State v. Hagen, 840 N.W.2d 140, 147 (Iowa 2013). But the 
18

problem here is the sheriff did not suffer pecuniary damages as a result of 

Plettenberg’s criminal activities.

“The words ‘as a result of’ in the definition of ‘victim’ clearly connote 

causation.” State v. Starkey, 437 N.W.2d 573, 574 (Iowa 1989) (citation omitted). 

The restitution chapter defines “criminal activities” as any crime for which there is 

a plea of guilty or a verdict of guilty, or is admitted by the offender, whether or not 

prosecuted. Iowa Code § 910.1(1). Pecuniary damages include “all damages to 

the extent not paid by an insurer, which a victim could recover against the offender 

in a civil action arising out of the same facts or event.” Id. § 910.1(3).

Plettenberg pleaded guilty to criminal mischief related to driving across the 

care center’s lawn. The State did not charge him with criminal mischief related to 

the patrol truck, likely because it could not prove he intentionally damaged the 

truck’s bumper that, in fact, pushed into his car. See id. § 716.1; State v. Chang, 

587 N.W.2d 459, 461 (Iowa 1998) (requiring State to prove defendant intended to 

cause damage). Nevertheless, the statement of pecuniary damages listed the cost 

of repairing the patrol truck. Those repairs were necessitated by Sergeant Veren’s 

decision to pin Plettenberg’s car against the curb and not by the criminal activities 

to which Plettenberg pleaded guilty.

The State contends damage to the patrol truck was reasonably related to

Plettenberg’s criminal activity. I disagree. “The damage must have been caused 

by the offender’s criminal act to justify the restitution order.” State v. Ihde, 532 

N.W.2d 827, 829 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995) (discussing similarity between tort element 

of proximate cause and causal connection necessary for restitution award) 

(emphasis added). The legal or proximate cause test is now analyzed as “scope 
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of liability.” See Thompson v. Kaczinski, 774 N.W.2d 829, 837–39 (Iowa 2009) 

(adopting concept from Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical & 

Emotional Harm ch. 6, Special Note of Proximate Cause, § 27 cmt. j, § 29 cmt. b 

(Am. Law Inst. 2010) [hereinafter Restatement Third]). The question is whether 

Sergeant Veren’s decision to use his truck to push Plettenberg’s car was within the 

“scope of liability” for Plettenberg’s criminal conduct. See In re J.S., No. 13-0174, 

2013 WL 5291959, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 18, 2013) (holding officer’s torn 

hamstring was not within the scope of liability of a juvenile delinquent’s act of 

running from officer after being told to stop). Applying the “risk standard” from the 

Restatement Third, I would find the truck’s damage fell outside the scope of the 

risk taken by Plettenberg when he fled from authorities. See Restatement Third § 

34 cmt. g (“When the harm that occurs arises from a risk other than one that was 

among those that made the actor’s conduct tortious, the actor is not liable.”).

In this case, it was not Plettenberg’s criminal conduct but the sergeant’s 

strategy to disrupt those activities that resulted in the damage. Law enforcement 

agencies generally are not compensated for the public money they spend in 

performing their basic functions of investigating and solving crimes. See People 

v. Ford, 49 N.E.3d 954, 959 (Ill. Ct. App. 2016). But an agency may receive 

restitution for its loss if, for example, “a person commits criminal damage to 

property by destroying a police department squad car.” Id. (collecting cases, 

including Dillon, 637 P.2d at 608, cited by the majority). The difference between 

our instant facts and Ford, Dillon, and the other collected cases is that Plettenberg 

did not drive into the patrol truck. It drove into him. The definition of a victim 

embraces a notion of “passivity, where the harm or loss suffered is generally 
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unexpected and occurs without the voluntary participation of the person suffering 

the harm or loss.” See Igbinovia v. State, 895 P.2d 1304, 1308 (1995) (holding 

police department which expended money in drug-buying operation to obtain 

evidence against defendant was not “victim” within meaning of statute). I would 

reverse the restitution order for the patrol truck. I concur with the majority on all 

other points.