FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

October 27, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

HOWARD BERTRAND BRIDGES, JR.,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

WES LANE, Oklahoma DA, Oklahoma

County; COUNTY OF OKLAHOMA; FBI

OKLAHOMA CITY, Unknown Agent #1

Personal Capacity; FBI OKLAHOMA

CITY, Unknown Agent #2 Personal

Capacity; FBI OKLAHOMA CITY, Director

Personal Capacity; ATTORNEY GENERAL

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;

STATE OF OKLAHOMA, 

Defendants- Appellees.

No. 09-6111

(D. Ct. No. 5:08-CV-00759-HE)

(W.D. Okla. )

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, TYMKOVICH, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has

determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the

determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The

case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

*

This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its

persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Plaintiff-appellant Howard Bertrand Bridges, Jr. brings this pro se appeal to

challenge the dismissal of his civil complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to

state a claim upon which relief may be granted. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1291 and agree with the district court that Mr. Bridges failed to state a plausible claim on

each of the causes of action raised in his complaint and failed to provide fair notice to the

defendants of the charges against them. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

This civil suit arises out of Mr. Bridges’s arrest for attempted bank robbery on July

28, 2006 and his subsequent detention in an Oklahoma jail. Mr. Bridges claims that after

two days of his image appearing in television broadcasts that labeled him a bank robber,

the FBI searched his home, seized some of his clothing, and interrogated him. After this

interrogation, Mr. Bridges claims he was confined in the Oklahoma County jail for

twenty days without being informed whether he was in local, state, or federal custody,

without being formally charged, and without being granted access to legal counsel. On

the third day of his confinement, however, Mr. Bridges appeared by video conference

before a state judge who informed him he was being held for attempted bank robbery but

that formal charges had not yet been filed against him. On the twentieth day of his

confinement, Mr. Bridges claims he was released, without ever being formally charged,

only because the Oklahoma NAACP intervened on his behalf by contacting the district

attorney, a defendant in this case, Wes Lane. 

 Mr. Bridges filed his initial civil complaint on July 22, 2008 in which he raised

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multiple state and federal law claims against various local, state, and federal officers and

entities. On September 10, 2008, the district court granted a motion by Mr. Bridges to

amend his initial complaint. On October 3, 2008, Mr. Bridges filed his first amended

complaint which the district court dismissed pursuant to separate motions from the

various defendants claiming insufficient service of process, lack of jurisdiction, and

failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Nevertheless, the district court

granted Mr. Bridges leave to amend his complaint a second time. 

Mr. Bridges filed his second amended complaint on January 7, 2009, but before

the district court could rule on defendants’ separate motions to dismiss, Mr. Bridges again

sought leave to amend which the district court granted on January 23, 2009. In its order

granting leave to amend, the district court specifically directed Mr. Bridges to address the

deficiencies in his prior complaints which included failures to link specific alleged

constitutional violations to specific defendants and failures to plead adequate facts to

support his various state law claims. Furthermore, in granting leave to amend for the

third time, the district court implored Mr. Bridges to obtain counsel to assist him in

drafting a valid complaint. 

Mr. Bridges did not secure counsel. He filed his final amended complaint, the

complaint that is the subject of this appeal, on February 17, 2009. This complaint

generally alleges eleven state and federal causes of action against seven local, state, and

federal officers and entities. Finding that this complaint was substantially the same as his

prior inadequate complaints, the district court again dismissed it, but this time with

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prejudice. Specifically, the district court determined that this complaint failed again to

link specific alleged violations to specific defendants in a manner that would give them

notice and generally failed to provide factual allegations that created plausible claims for

relief. Mr. Bridges now appeals the dismissal of his final amended complaint.

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Mr. Bridges alleges only two claims of error: (1) that his complaint

raised a federal question; and (2) that the district judge violated his right to due process by

rejecting his requests for discovery. Giving Mr. Bridges, a pro se appellant, the benefit of

the doubt and construing his first claim liberally, we will review his final amended

complaint in its entirety to determine if it states any legally cognizable claims. Because

we ultimately find that the district court properly dismissed his complaint, Mr. Bridges’s

argument that the district court erred by not ordering discovery is moot and we will not

address it. 

A. Standard of Review

We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule

12(b)(6), applying the same legal standard to the complaint as the district court. Teigen v.

Renfrow, 511 F.3d 1072, 1078 (10th Cir. 2007). In doing so, we accept all well-pleaded

facts as true and view them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. 

Furthermore, we construe pro se complaints liberally, but are mindful that it is not the

proper function of a court to “assume the role of advocate for the pro se litigant.” Hall v.

Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). The burden is on the plaintiff to craft an

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adequate complaint that contains enough factual allegations to state facially plausible

claims for relief and provide fair notice to defendants of the nature of the claims against

them. Robbins v. Oklahoma, 519 F.3d 1242, 1247–48 (10th Cir. 2008). We are

especially critical of complaints that do not articulate specific times, places, or persons

involved in the alleged misconduct because such complaints give “defendant[s] seeking to

respond to plaintiffs’ conclusory allegations . . . little idea where to begin.” Id. at 1248

(quotations omitted). 

B. Mr. Bridges’s Complaint Fails to State Any Plausible Claim for Relief and Fails to

Provide Fair Notice to Defendants

As discussed above, Mr. Bridges’s final amended complaint contains eleven state

and federal causes of action against seven local, state, and federal officers and entities. 

These claims can reasonably be separated into two categories: (1) claims under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S.

388 (1971); and (2) state law tort claims. 

Generally, § 1983 provides a federal cause of action against state officials who

violate an individual’s federally protected rights, either under the Constitution or federal

statutes. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Supreme Court recognized a similar cause of action

against federal officials in Bivens. 403 U.S. at 409. In § 1983 and Bivens cases against

individual government actors, there is a peculiar risk that the complaint will fail to

provide adequate notice because such cases typically involve complex claims against

multiple defendants. See Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1249–50 (discussing the increased risk that

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a complaint will fail to provide notice in complex § 1983 cases). In such cases, “it is

particularly important . . . that the complaint make clear exactly who is alleged to have

done what to whom, to provide each individual with fair notice as to the basis of the

claims against him or her.” Id. at 1250 (emphasis omitted). 

Mr. Bridges’s complaint, when construed liberally, contains four possible claims

that implicate his federally protected rights: (1) a speedy trial claim under the Sixth

Amendment or the federal Speedy Trial Act based on his confinement for twenty days

without being charged; (2) an unreasonable seizure claim under the Fourth Amendment

based on his arrest without evidence to support it; (3) a right to counsel claim under the

Fifth and Sixth Amendments based on his lack of access to an attorney during his

confinement; and (4) various due process claims based on alleged governmental

conspiracies, racial biases, and failures to follow procedures required by law. 

None of these possible claims is articulated with the specificity required to state a

plausible claim for relief or provide fair notice to the defendants. Indeed, as the district

court recognized, Mr. Bridges “fail[ed] to isolate the allegedly unconstitutional acts of

each defendant” and thus failed to provide adequate notice of the charges against them. 

Robbins, 519 F.3d at 1250. For example, Mr. Bridges alleges he was incarcerated for

twenty days without being charged but admits he does not know whether he was in local,

state, or federal custody. Additionally, Mr. Bridges claims to have been unreasonably

seized but admits he does not know what entity actually arrested him. Accordingly, we

agree with the district court that Mr. Bridges’s complaint does not adequately state any

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claim for relief under § 1983 or Bivens. 

Similarly, Mr. Bridges’s complaint fails to adequately plead any claims under state

tort laws. While his complaint generally alludes to claims of defamation, false

imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, none of these claims are

supported with sufficient factual allegations to create a plausible claim for relief or

provide fair notice to defendants. For example, Mr. Bridges claims that his reputation has

been injured irreparably, however, he fails to link that damage to any specific defamatory

statement by any specific defendant. Accordingly, we agree with the district court’s

conclusion that Mr. Bridges’s complaint fails to articulate any state law claims with the

specificity required to state a plausible claim for relief or provide fair notice to the

defendants. 

Keeping in mind our duty to construe Mr. Bridges’s claims liberally, we find that

his complaint fails to adequately state any claim under § 1983, Bivens, or state tort law,

and point out the repeated opportunities Mr. Bridges had to secure counsel or craft an

adequate complaint addressing the deficiencies in his prior complaints of which the

district court clearly made him aware. Complaints, like Mr. Bridges’s, that make general

legal claims without specific factual support, even when filed by pro se litigants, do not

state plausible claims for relief or provide fair notice to defendants and are therefore

subject to dismissal. 

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III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT,

Deanell Reece Tacha

Circuit Judge

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