UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

WESTERN DIVISION AT DAYTON

BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE

SPRINGFIELD CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT,

Plaintiff, Case No. 3:17-cv-330

vs.

HBH TECHNOLOGY, INC., et al., District Judge Michael J. Newman

Magistrate Judge Sharon L. Ovington

Defendants.

______________________________________________________________________________

ORDER AND ENTRY: (1) DISMISSING WITH PREJUDICE PLAINTIFF’S UNJUST 

ENRICHMENT AND FRAUD CLAIMS; (2) GRANTING DEFENDANT TTCO 

HOLDING COMPANY’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (DOC. 36) ON

PLAINTIFF’S REMAINING CLAIMS; (3) ORDERING THE CLERK TO ENTER 

JUDGMENT ACCORDINGLY; AND (4) TERMINATING THIS CASE ON THE 

COURT’S DOCKET

______________________________________________________________________________

This civil case is before the Court on the motion for summary judgment filed by Defendant 

TTCO Holding Company, Inc. (“TTCO”). Doc. 36. Plaintiff Board of Education of the 

Springfield City School District (“Springfield”) filed a memorandum in opposition to TTCO’s 

motion and, thereafter, TTCO filed a reply. Docs. 39, 41. The Court has considered the foregoing, 

and TTCO’s motion is now ripe for decision.

I.

The following facts are undisputed. Springfield is an Ohio public school district that 

provides special education services to certain students. Doc. 39 at PageID 473. Costs associated 

with special education services are eligible for reimbursement under the Federal School Medicaid 

Fee-for-Direct Service Program (“FSS”). See 42 U.S.C. § 1396b(c). The Ohio Department of 

Medicaid (“ODM”) administers the FSS through the Ohio Medicaid School Program (“MSP”). 

See generally Ohio Admin. Code §§ 5160-35-01–5160-35-80.

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The MSP reimbursement process consists of two parts. First, school districts (described in 

this context as providers) submit claims to ODM throughout the school year on which ODM makes 

interim payments on a rolling basis. See Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(1). To ensure ODM 

only pays for services actually rendered, providers must produce a year-end cost report. See Ohio 

Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(2). A cost report requires providers to (1) certify their participation 

in random-moment-in-time studies; (2) disclose the number of Medicaid students in their district; 

and (3) identify other administrative and transportation costs. See Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-

02(F). The provider is responsible for retaining an “independent certified public accountant (CPA) 

firm, the state auditor, or other entity authorized to conduct audits in the state of Ohio to perform 

an agreed upon procedures [(“AUP”)] review of the cost report and document adjustments to the 

cost report.” Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(2). ODM cost-report guidance requires that an 

officer of the provider certify the veracity of the information provided in the cost report. Doc. 36-

1 at PageID 368, 373. Failure to submit a cost report “will result in full repayment by the MSP 

provider of the total interim payment received by the MSP provider for the cost reporting period.” 

Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(4).

ODM uses the cost report to conduct a final cost settlement and reconciliation review. See

Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(4). This review involves a comparison between the federal 

financial participation rate identified in the cost report, the amount of interim payment, the number 

of students for which claims were received, and the total population of covered students. See Ohio 

Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(4). If ODM discovers it overpaid a provider during the prior year, 

ODM will deduct that sum from interim payments made during the next school year. See Ohio 

Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(4).

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This dispute arose from Springfield’s dealings with its MSP vendor, Computer Automation 

Systems, Inc. (“CAS”), between 2008 and 2013. Doc. 2 at PageID 23–26. In April 2008, 

Springfield entered into a Master Agreement with CAS for its billing and information management 

software, which set forth the general terms of service between the parties. Doc. 39-2 at PageID 

506. On September 1, 2009, Springfield and CAS also entered into a contract entitled “Ohio 

Medicaid School Program Service Agreement” (“Service Agreement”), wherein CAS agreed to 

process interim claims on behalf of Springfield. Doc. 39-3 at PageID 517.

In 2014, TTCO and CAS executed an asset purchase agreement. Doc. 36-2 at PageID 424. 

CAS pledged its assets and assigned its contracts, including the Service Agreement, to TTCO, and 

TTCO disclaimed CAS’s liabilities. Id.1

 CAS emerged from the transaction as Defendant HBH 

Technology, Inc. (“HBH”). Doc. 36-2 at PageID 405–406.2

On November 10, 2015, an ODM administrator informed Springfield that it had failed to 

submit cost reports for 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Doc. 39-4 at PageID 523. As a result, 

ODM intended to seek a remittance for all the interim payments it had made to Springfield from 

2009–2013, or $912,328.45. Id. at PageID 521. Soon thereafter, Springfield terminated its 

contract with, and filed this lawsuit against, TTCO, alleging it was obligated, but failed, to submit 

cost reports on its behalf. Doc. 2. TTCO now moves for summary judgment. Doc. 36.

II.

A motion for summary judgment should be granted if the evidence submitted to the Court 

demonstrates that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled 

to summary judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty 

1 The remainder of this opinion refers to TTCO as the party owing Springfield performance under the 

Service Agreement. See doc. 36-3 at PageID 442–43.

2 An entry of default was entered against HBH on May 13, 2020. See docs. 43, 45.

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Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). 

“Summary judgment is only appropriate ‘if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, 

and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as

to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’” 

Keweenaw Bay Indian Cmty. v. Rising, 477 F.3d 881, 886 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(c)). “Weighing of the evidence or making credibility determinations are prohibited at summary 

judgment -- rather, all facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” 

Id.

Once “a motion for summary judgment is properly made and supported, an opposing party

may not rely merely on allegations or denials in its own pleading[.]” Viergutz v. Lucent Techs., 

Inc., 375 F. App’x 482, 485 (6th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Instead, the party opposing 

summary judgment has a shifting burden and “must -- by affidavits or as otherwise provided in 

this rule -- set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.” Id. (citation omitted). Failure 

“to properly address another party’s assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c)” could result in the 

Court “consider[ing] the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2).

Finally, “there is no duty imposed upon the trial court to ‘search the entire record to 

establish that it is bereft of a genuine issue of material fact.’” Guarino v. Brookfield Twp. Trs., 

980 F.2d 399, 404 (6th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted). Instead, “[i]t is the attorneys, not the judges, 

who have interviewed the witnesses and handled the physical exhibits; it is the attorneys, not the 

judges, who have been present at the depositions; and it is the attorneys, not the judges, who have 

a professional and financial stake in case outcome.” Id. at 406. In other words, “the free-ranging 

search for supporting facts is a task for which attorneys in the case are equipped and for which 

courts generally are not.” Id.

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III.

TTCO moves for summary judgment on Springfield’s claims for: (A) breach of contract, 

(B) unjust enrichment, (C) fraud, and (D) negligence. Doc. 36 at PageID 279, 285, 289; see also

doc. 2 at PageID 26–28. While Springfield opposes TTCO’s attack on its contract and negligence 

claims, it does not address TTCO’s summary judgment request on the unjust enrichment and fraud 

claims. Doc. 39. Accordingly, the Court considers the unjust enrichment and fraud claims 

abandoned and hereby DISMISSES those claims WITH PREJUDICE. See, e.g., Clark v. City 

of Dublin, 178 F. App’x 522, 524–25 (6th Cir. 2006); Conner v. Hardee’s Food Sys., Inc., 65 F. 

App’x 19, 24 (6th Cir. 2003) (concluding that plaintiff abandoned a claim where he “failed to brief 

the issue before the district court”); Swann v. Time Warner Entm’t Co., L.P., 126 F. Supp. 3d 973, 

981–82 (S.D. Ohio 2015) (finding the plaintiffs abandoned claims for failing to respond to the 

defendant’s summary judgment arguments). Springfield’s contract and negligence claims will be 

addressed in turn.

A.

The Court first examines the parties’ breach of contract arguments. TTCO contends 

summary judgment is appropriate for four reasons: (1) that the plain terms of the Service 

Agreement set forth no requirement for it to prepare cost reports; (2) Springfield never paid for 

cost report preparation; (3) to the extent any requirement to prepare cost reports exists, Springfield 

waived TTCO’s purported non-compliance; and (4) successor liability does not extend to it for 

any obligation CAS may have had to prepare costs reports prior to TTCO’s acquisition. Doc. 36 

at PageID 279–85. The Court finds that the plain terms of the Service Agreement are not 

ambiguous, and TTCO was not obligated to prepare and submit cost reports. Summary judgment 

on Springfield’s breach of contract claim in TTCO’s favor is therefore appropriate. Doc. 36.

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“In this diversity action governed by Ohio law, contract interpretation is a question of law 

for the court.” Retail Ventures, Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 691 F.3d 821, 

826 (6th Cir. 2012). If a contract is found to be clear and unambiguous, then the court must decide 

its meaning as a matter of law. See Bd. of Educ. of Toronto City Schs. v. Am. Energy Utica, LLC, 

152 N.E.3d 378, 395 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020). “However, if a term cannot be determined from the 

four corners of a contract, factual determination of intent or reasonableness may be necessary to 

supply the missing term.” City of Dublin v. Friedman, 101 N.E.3d 1137, 1148 (Ohio Ct. App. 

2017) (quoting Inland Refuse Transfer Co. v. Browning–Ferris Indus., Inc., 474 N.E.2d 271, 273

(Ohio 1984)).

“Ohio law instructs that contracts be interpreted to give effect to the parties’ intent.” Hall 

v. Edgewood Partners Ins. Ctr., Inc., 878 F.3d 524, 527 (6th Cir. 2017). “To discern the parties’ 

intent, courts look to the plain and ordinary meaning of the language used in their agreement.” Id. 

“Where the terms in a contract are not ambiguous, courts are constrained to apply the plain 

language of the contract.” Savedoff v. Access Grp., Inc., 524 F.3d 754, 763 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting 

City of St. Marys v. Auglaize Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs., 875 N.E.2d 561, 566 (2007)). Only when 

contract terms are unclear or ambiguous may a court consider extrinsic evidence to ascertain the 

parties’ intent. Id. Ambiguity exists “only where its meaning cannot be determined from the four 

corners of the agreement or where the language is susceptible of two or more reasonable 

interpretations.” Id. (citations omitted). Where ambiguity truly exists, “the court should generally 

construe it against the drafter.” Id.

Springfield’s principal argument is that the Service Agreement is unclear and ambiguous 

and -- with the help of extrinsic evidence -- could be read to obligate TTCO to prepare cost reports. 

Doc. 39 at PageID 482. Springfield first asserts that the term “comprehensive,” as used in the 

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Service Agreement’s preamble, is a term of art that includes both interim claim submission and 

cost reporting. Id. at PageID 484. The clause in which “comprehensive” appears reads:

Whereas CAS has developed a comprehensive School Medicaid 

Direct Service (comprised of many specialty services such as 

training, consultation, claims processing, statistical reporting and 

audit preparation services delivered by CAS Education, Medicaid 

and Software personnel)[.]

Doc. 39-3 at PageID 517 (emphasis added). TTCO, on the other hand, argues “comprehensive” is 

a non-operative term because it appears in the Service Agreement’s preamble and does not set 

forth any affirmative obligation. Doc. 41 at PageID 689. The Court agrees with TTCO.

Preambles to contracts generally lay out the parties’ contracting objective “rather than set 

forth the specific rights and obligations of the parties.” Cain Rest. Co. v. Carrols Corp., 273 F. 

App’x 430, 434 (6th Cir. 2008). A whereas clause might clarify the parties’ intentions when a 

contract is ambiguous, but it cannot create any right or duty beyond the operative language of the 

document. See Groen v. Children’s Hosp. Med. Ctr., 972 N.E.2d 648, 654 (Ohio Ct. App. 2012) 

(citation omitted) (“[I]n contracts where a preamble . . . is . . . declaratory of the purposes and 

intentions of the parties, it will be looked to in construing the contract . . . but in no sense will it 

be the basis of a legal and binding obligation of the parties”). In other words, a preamble cannot 

create ambiguity in a contract where it otherwise does not exist. See, e.g., Cain Rest. Co., 273 F. 

App’x at 433 (citation omitted) (“Rather than ascertaining the disputed term as it appears in the 

preamble, we ‘look[] to the contract as a whole and give[] meaning to all its terms’”).

Springfield argues that “comprehensive” refers to the extent of services TTCO agreed to 

provide under the Service Agreement and that one such service is cost reporting. Doc. 39 at 

PageID 484. But the parties stipulated to the specific services TTCO agreed to furnish to 

Springfield in Section II of the Service Agreement, which is entitled “Essential Services.” Doc. 

39-3 at PageID 517–18. Section II includes two clauses where we would expect to find the term 

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“cost report” if the parties indeed intended it to be among the services provided by TTCO. One 

clause states that TTCO “will provide report services [to Springfield] by providing information . . 

. including . . . the amount of claims paid to date.” Id. at PageID 518. The other reads, TTCO

“will work with [Springfield] to help [Springfield] prepare for occasional/eventual audits by state 

and/or federal agencies who oversee the Medicaid reimbursement programs in Ohio.” Id.

Springfield acknowledges that neither clause contains the phrase “cost report.” Doc. 39 at 

PageID 484. Springfield’s expert testified that “occasional/eventual audit” does not refer to cost 

reporting. Doc. 36-6 at PageID 461. Springfield therefore concedes that cost reporting is not 

among the “essential services” TTCO agreed to provide. Doc. 39 at PageID 484.

Instead, Springfield argues that “comprehensive School Medicaid Direct Service,” as set 

forth in the preamble, refers to a range of services that go above and beyond the explicit terms of 

Section II. Id. at PageID 484–85. To prove this, it points to the testimony of its expert who 

explains that cost reporting is a customary practice of an Ohio billing agent. Id. at PageID 484. 

Springfield’s view is that, notwithstanding the Service Agreement’s written terms, TTCO was 

obligated to prepare cost reports because all billing agents know they should prepare cost reports. 

Id. at PageID 485. But Springfield relies on extrinsic evidence -- in the form of expert testimony 

describing industry custom -- to create an ambiguity, not to resolve an ambiguity within the 

contract itself. Id. Extrinsic evidence is only relevant to the extent the underlying contract term 

is ambiguous. See, e.g., Winnett v. Caterpillar, Inc., 553 F.3d 1000, 1008 (6th Cir. 2009) (citation 

omitted) (“[E]xtrinsic evidence, however, cannot be considered when contract language is 

unambiguous”). Ambiguity cannot be created by extrinsic evidence. See, e.g., Covington v. Lucia, 

784 N.E.2d 186, 190 (Ohio Ct. App. 2003) (“[C]ourts may not use extrinsic evidence to create an 

ambiguity; rather, the ambiguity must be patent, i.e., apparent on the face of the contract”). A 

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court should only turn to extrinsic evidence to aid in the interpretation of a contract in the event a 

term can be plausibly construed different ways. See, e.g., Schachner v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 

77 F.3d 889, 893 (6th Cir. 1996). Springfield’s argument ignores this settled principle, and the 

Court will not consider the extrinsic evidence submitted by Springfield to create ambiguity not 

otherwise evident in the contract.

Springfield also argues that Section IV of the Service Agreement is ambiguous. Doc. 39 

at PageID 483. Section IV, entitled “Contract Fee,” provides that, “[i]n consideration for the 

claims processing and reporting services provided by [TTCO] to [Springfield], [Springfield] 

agrees to pay [TTCO] 10% of the Total Paid Claims indicated on each remittance.” Doc. 39-3 at 

PageID 519. Springfield argues that “claims processing and reporting services” refers to both 

interim claim submission and cost reporting. Doc. 39 at PageID 484. Had TTCO submitted cost 

reports, Springfield contends it would have paid TTCO a contingent fee. Id. at PageID 485.

TTCO points out that “reporting services,” as used in Section IV, cannot take on a different 

meaning than it does in Section II. Doc. 41 at PageID 692. Section II(G) explains that TTCO 

“will provide report services by providing information to the [Springfield] including, but not 

necessarily limited to, the amount of claims paid to date in the school year [and the] amount of 

claims in process at any time of year.” Doc. 39-3 at PageID 518. In TTCO’s view, Section IV 

used “report services” to refer to the interim claims process. Doc. 41 at PageID 692.

The Court finds Section IV to be unambiguous. A court engaged in contract interpretation 

must be sure to “harmonize all the provisions of the document rather than to produce conflict in 

them.” Bd. of Educ. Toronto City Schs., 152 N.E.3d at 395. This includes presuming that the same 

words used in different parts of the contract have the same meaning absent countervailing 

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instruction. See, e.g., Shutway v. Chesapeake Expl., LLC, 134 N.E.3d 721, 731 (Ohio Ct. App. 

2017).

Cost reporting, as Springfield acknowledges, is a process separate and apart from interim 

claim processing. Doc. 39 at PageID 475. ODM uses cost reporting as a retrospective 

reconciliation process to ensure it did not over or under-pay on claims from the prior year. See

Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(4). Providers must prepare a cost report consistent with 

ODM-issued guidelines. See Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(2). ODM explains that a cost 

report “is designed to capture the actual costs of the provider.” Doc. 36-1 at PageID 372. Providers 

must calculate the number of students in their district covered by Medicaid and identify

transportation, payroll, and administrative costs. Id. at 376–83. After compiling the cost report, 

providers must retain an independent auditor to conduct an AUP review of the cost report. See

Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(2). Cost reporting is not just an accounting of interim claims,

but is something that involves more comprehensive analysis. See doc. 39 at PageID 475–77.

Having established that Section II is the sole source of TTCO’s ongoing obligations under 

the Service Agreement, Section IV must be interpreted consistently. Doc. 39-3 at PageID 518. 

Section II(G) includes no language indicating TTCO was responsible for conducting the extensive 

analysis necessary to create a cost report. Id. Nor does it mention that TTCO was responsible for 

retaining an auditor to review the cost report. Id. Rather, Section II(G) requires TTCO to convey 

to Springfield information about interim claims paid throughout the year. Id.

Beyond the plain text of the agreement, there is a more practical reason why Springfield’s 

attempt to pin cost reporting responsibility solely on TTCO fails. The MSP regulatory structure 

does not permit providers like Springfield to fully outsource the cost reporting process. See Ohio 

Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(2) (“The cost report is to be completed by the MSP provider in 

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compliance with all state and federal provisions the cost report instructions also developed by 

ODE”). At the very least, providers retain supervisory responsibility over cost report generation. 

See Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-35-04(K)(2). The MSP regulations make clear that it is the 

provider’s duty to submit and certify the contents of cost reports. See Ohio Admin. Code § 5160-

35-04(K)(2) (“Each MSP provider will complete the [ODE] developed MSP school based cost 

report”). Sample cost report forms created by ODM include a certification page to be completed 

by an officer of the provider. See doc. 36-1 at PageID 368, 373. Providers -- not their vendors --

are responsible for retaining a CPA to perform an AUP review of the cost report. See Ohio Admin. 

Code § 5160-35-04(K)(2) (“The MSP provider will contract with an independent certified public 

accountant (CPA) firm, the state auditor, or other entity authorized to conduct audits in the state 

of Ohio to perform an agreed upon procedures review of the cost report and document adjustments 

to the cost report”). Springfield’s suggestion -- that TTCO should have submitted cost reports 

without collaboration with Springfield -- ignores the regulatory reality of the MSP cost reporting 

process.

B.

Next, TTCO argues that Springfield’s negligence claim is barred by the economic loss 

doctrine. Doc. 36 at PageID 287. In opposition, Springfield requests that it be permitted to present 

a negligence claim to the jury as an alternative theory of recovery, although it acknowledges that 

it cannot recover damages for both a breach of contract and negligence claim arising from the same 

agreement. Doc. 39 at PageID 490. Springfield argues that it is custom and practice in Ohio for 

billing agents -- like TTCO -- to be responsible for cost reporting. Id. Therefore, Springfield 

contends, TTCO owed a duty of care to prepare and submit cost reports on its behalf,

notwithstanding the Service Agreement. Id.

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Springfield acknowledges that if it were to recover from TTCO under a negligence theory, 

it would be an exception to the economic loss doctrine. Id. at PageID 489. Ohio’s economic loss 

doctrine provides that a party may not recover pure economic damages in a tort action absent some 

independent breach of a duty of care. See Corporex Dev. & Constr. Mgmt., Inc. v. Shook, Inc.,

835 N.E.2d 701, 704 (Ohio 2005). “‘[T]he well-established general rule is that a plaintiff who has 

suffered only economic loss due to another’s negligence has not been injured in a manner which 

is legally cognizable or compensable.’” Id. (quoting Chemtrol Adhesives, Inc. v. Am. Mfrs. Mut. 

Ins. Co., 537 N.E.2d 624, 630 (Ohio 1989)). “In other words, the economic loss doctrine bars only

those tort claims in which a party seeks to recover the benefit of his bargain.” MedChoice Fin., 

LLC v. ADS Alliance Data Sys., Inc., 857 F. Supp. 2d 665, 671 (S.D. Ohio 2012). “This is so 

because ‘the fundamental policy consideration underlying the economic loss rule -- the inevitable 

absence of a duty independent of that created by a contract in a negligence action for purely 

economic loss -- is missing in the intentional tort context, where duty is not an element of the 

claim.’” Id. (quoting Reengineering Consultants, Ltd. v. EMC Corp., No. 2:08-cv-47, 2009 WL 

113058, at *6 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 14, 2009)).

Under Ohio law, the existence of a duty of care is a legal question. See, e.g., Lacy v. Lennox 

Creek Condo. Ass’n, 136 N.E.3d 914, 918 (Ohio Ct. App. 2019). Springfield cites no case law 

recognizing -- or even suggesting -- the existence of a duty of care between a billing agent and its 

clients separate and apart from those which may be set forth in a contract. See Doc. 39 at PageID 

490. Instead, Springfield asks that it be permitted to bypass summary judgment scrutiny and 

present its negligence claim to the jury. Id. But, considering that Springfield has not established 

that TTCO owed it a duty of care independent of any contract between them, no reasonable jury 

could find Springfield is entitled to relief. See, e.g., Brosnan v. Heinen’s, Inc., 99 N.E.3d 1081, 

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1084 (Ohio Ct. App. 2017) (citation omitted) (quotation marks omitted) (“There can be no legal 

liability in the absence of establishing the existence of a duty. . . . The analysis ends and no further 

inquiry is necessary”).

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, the Court: (1) DISMISSES WITH PREJUDICE Springfield’s 

claims asserting unjust enrichment and fraud; (2) GRANTS TTCO’s motion for summary 

judgment on Springfield’s remaining claims; (3) ORDERS the Clerk to enter judgment 

accordingly; and (4) TERMINATES this case on the Court’s docket.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Date: March 1, 2021 s/Michael J. Newman

Hon. Michael J. Newman

United States District Judge

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