IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

EASTERN DIVISION 

 

 : 

KIT CHECK, INC., : 

 : Case No. 2:17-cv-01041 

 Plaintiff, : 

 : JUDGE ALGENON L. MARBLEY 

 v. : 

 : Magistrate Judge Vascura 

HEALTH CARE LOGISITICS, INC., : 

 : 

 Defendant. : 

OPINION & ORDER 

This matter is before the Court on Plaintiff Kit Check, Inc.’s (“KCI”) Motion to Strike 

Insufficient Defenses from the Answer of Defendant Health Care Logistics (“HCL”). (ECF No. 

11). For the reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS KCI’s Motion to Strike HCL’s Affirmative 

Defenses. (ECF No. 11). In particular, the Court STRIKES WITHOUT PREJUDICE HCL’s 

affirmative defenses four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, and twenty-eight. 

I. BACKGROUND 

KCI is the holder of seven patents relevant to this civil action, including U.S. Patent No. 

8,990,099 (the “‘099 patent”); 9,037,479 (the “'479 patent”); 9,058,412 (the “‘412 patent”); 

9,058,413 (the “‘413 patent”); 9,367,665 (the “‘665 patent”); 9,734,294 (the “‘294 patent”); and 

9,805,169 (the “‘169 patent”). (ECF No. 1). KCI claims, among other things, that HCL has 

infringed the aforementioned patents. (ECF No. 1 at 2). KCI filed its Complaint on December 

1, 2017 requesting “(i) declaratory relief confirming that KCI is the owner of the trade secrets 

and intellectual property concerning the KCI Product; (ii) injunctive relief ordering HCL to cease 

its intentional, wrongful, and unfair use of KCI’s trade secrets, and its infringement of KCI’s 
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patents, in order to compete with KCI’s business; and (iii) monetary relief compensating KCI for 

the economic harm caused by HCL’s unlawful actions.” (ECF No. 1).

HCL answered KCI’s complaint on January 2, 2018. (ECF No. 6). On January 19, 2018, 

KCI moved to strike seven of HCL’s affirmative defenses. (ECF No. 11). On February 9, 2018, 

HCL filed its First-Amended Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Counterclaims to Plaintiff’s 

Complaint (“First-Amended Answer”) (ECF No. 18), as well as a memorandum in opposition to 

KCI’s motion to strike. (ECF No. 19). The affirmative defenses that KCI seeks to strike were 

set out identically in both HCL’s initial pleading and in its First-Amended Answer.1

 KCI filed a 

reply to HCL’s memorandum in opposition on February 21, 2018. (ECF No. 21). KCI’s motion 

to strike, (ECF No. 11), is ripe for review. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

A. Motion to Strike 

The Court, upon motion or on its own, “may strike from a pleading an insufficient 

defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). 

Motions to strike are entrusted to the “sound discretion of the trial court, but are generally 

disfavored.” Yates-Mattingly v. University of Cincinnati, No. 1:11–cv–753, 2013 WL 526427, at 

*1 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 11, 2013). Indeed, “[s]triking pleadings is considered a drastic remedy to be 

used sparingly and only when the purposes of justice so require.” Id. (citing Brown & 

Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. United States, 201 F.2d 819, 822 (6th Cir. 1953)). The Court 

should not grant a motion to strike if “the insufficiency of the defense is not clearly apparent, or 

 

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 Although KCI’s motion to strike attacks the affirmative defenses initially set out in HCL’s January 1, 2018 answer, 

the Court treats the motion as directed at HCL’s First-Amended Answer filed on February 9, 2018. HCL made no 

objection on this issue in its memorandum in opposition to the motion to strike. Additionally, KCI stated in its reply 

to HCL’s memorandum in opposition that the “parties conferred and have agreed that Plaintiff’s underlying motion 

to strike applies equally to the inequitable conduct defenses in HCL’s First Amended Answer.” (ECF No. 21 at 1). 

Finally, no difference exists between HCL’s initial pleadings and its First-Amended Answer as to the language, 

numbering, or presentation of the relevant affirmative defenses. 
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if it raises factual issues that should be determined on a hearing on the merits.” Joe Hand 

Promotions, Inc. v. Havens, 2:13–cv–0093, 2013 WL 3876176, at *1 (S.D. Ohio July 26, 2013) 

(internal quotation omitted). On the other hand, “motions to strike ‘serve a useful purpose by 

eliminating insufficient defenses and saving the time and expense which would otherwise be 

spent in litigating issues which would not affect the outcome of the case.’” Id. (internal 

quotations omitted). 

B. Inequitable Conduct 

“Inequitable conduct is an equitable defense to patent infringement that, if proved, bars 

enforcement of a patent.” Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson and Co., 649 F.3d 1276, 1285 

(Fed. Cir. 2011). The doctrine of inequitable conduct evolved to embrace misconduct such as 

egregious affirmative acts of misconduct intended to deceive both the U.S. Patent and Trademark 

Office (“PTO”) and the courts, as well as nondisclosure of information to the PTO. Id. at 1287. 

The Federal Circuit set out heightened requirements for pleading inequitable conduct in patent 

cases in Exergen Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 575 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2009). “‘[I]nequitable 

conduct, while a broader concept than fraud, must be pled with particularity’ under Rule 9(b).” 

Id. at 1326 (quoting Ferguson Beauregard/Logic Controls, Div. of Dover Resources, Inc. v. 

Mega Sys., LLC, 350 F.3d 1327, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2003)). “Whether inequitable conduct has been 

pleaded with particularity under Rule (9)(b) is a question governed by Federal Circuit law.” 

Exergen Corp., 575 F.3d at 1318 (citing Cent. Admixture Pharmacy Servs., Inc. v. Advanced 

Cardiac Solutions, P.C., 483 F.3d 1347, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). 

 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) provides that “a party must state with particularity 

the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions 

of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” The Federal Circuit announced that “to plead the 
4 

‘circumstances’ of inequitable conduct with ‘particularity’ under Rule 9(b), the pleading must 

identify the specific who, what, when, where, and how of the material misrepresentation or 

omission committed before the PTO.” Exergen Corp., 575 F.3d at 1328. Although conditions of 

mind may be alleged generally under Rule 9(b), pleading inequitable conduct requires that “the 

pleadings allege sufficient underlying facts from which a court may reasonably infer that a party 

acted with the requisite state of mind.” Id. at 1327. The Federal Circuit noted that the 

substantive elements of inequitable conduct are (1) an individual associated with the filing and 

prosecution of a patent application made an affirmative misrepresentation of a material fact, 

failed to disclose material information, or submitted false material information; and (2) the 

individual did so with a specific intent to deceive the PTO. Id. at 1327 n.3. However, “simply 

aver[ring] the substantive elements of inequitable conduct, without setting forth the 

particularized factual bases for the allegation, does not satisfy Rule 9(b).” Id. at 1326-27 (Fed. 

Cir. 2009). The standard for pleading inequitable conduct was summarized by the Federal 

Circuit as follows: “a pleading of inequitable conduct under Rule 9(b) must include sufficient 

allegations of underlying facts from which a court may reasonably infer that a specific individual 

(1) knew of the withheld material information or of the falsity of the material misrepresentation, 

and (2) withheld or misrepresented this information with a specific intent to deceive the PTO.” 

Id. at 1328-29 (footnote omitted). 

The pleading standard set forth in Exergen “applies to allegations of inequitable conduct 

in affirmative defenses.” Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Team Technologies, Inc., Not Reported in F. 

Supp. 2d, No. 1:12–cv–552, 2012 WL 6001753, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 30, 2012) (citations 

omitted). Generally, “[c]ourts should not permit an unsupported inequitable conduct defense to 
5 

be asserted or maintained.” Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Team Technologies, Inc., No. 1:12–cv–

552, 2012 WL 6001753, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 30, 2012). 

III. ANALYSIS 

KCI seeks to strike HCL’s affirmative defenses four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, 

twenty-four, and twenty-eight on the grounds that HCL insufficiently pleaded inequitable 

conduct under Rule 9(b) and Exergen Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 575 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 

2009). 

KCI contends that HCL has failed to meet the standard for pleading inequitable conduct 

given in Exergen since HCL “has not alleged a single fact to support its inequitable conduct 

and/or unclean hands defenses—let alone the who, what, when, where, and how of any alleged 

misconduct.” (ECF No. 11 at 3). Because, KCI argues, the affirmative defenses of inequitable 

conduct fall short of the pleading requirements of Rule 9(b) and the Exergen standard, they 

should be struck as insufficient. (ECF No. 11 at 3). KCI’s argument treats the “unclean hands” 

portion of each affirmative defense of “inequitable conduct and/or unclean hands” (italics added) 

as resting on allegations of inequitable conduct before the PTO, such that the pleading standards 

of Rule 9(b) apply. (ECF No. 11 at 2-3). KCI also notes that because HCL “included a separate, 

general defense of unclean hands as its Thirty-Second Defense[,]” HCL’s thirty-second 

affirmative defense “covers any ‘unclean hands’ defense that is separate from the inequitable 

conduct defenses.” (ECF No. 11 at 3). Thus, rather than merely seeking to strike the phrase 

“inequitable conduct” from the affirmative defenses, KCI seeks to strike each affirmative 

defense in its entirety. 

HCL argues in its memorandum in opposition that KCI’s motion should be denied as 

premature. (ECF No. 19). Noting the “impossible position it is put in by KCI’s premature 

motion to strike[,]” HCL contends that in presenting its affirmative defenses it lacked the 
6 

opportunity to present its own set of facts and that it will not have such an opportunity until 

“further proceedings.” (ECF No. 19 at 3). HCL stated that it has given fair notice to KCI “of its 

intent to set forth an affirmative defense of unclean hands against each patent, which may 

include allegations of inequitable conduct.” (ECF No. 19 at 3). HCL further stated that “the 

particulars of this defense will be sorted out in discovery and during subsequent proceedings[.]” 

(ECF No. 19 at 3). HCL argues that it has given KCI adequate notice of its unclean hands 

defense because its thirty-second affirmative defense “includes a well pled set of facts supporting 

such an affirmative defense in its counterclaims.” (ECF No. 19 at 3-4). Finally, HCL argues 

that the decision on KCI’s motion to strike “should be stayed pending discovery[,]” until HCL 

will have had an opportunity to obtain additional facts to support its defenses. (ECF No. 19 at 4). 

In its reply, KCI argues that HCL’s motion in opposition did not dispute the applicability 

of Rule 9(b) to its affirmative defenses, did not dispute that its affirmative defenses failed to 

meet the pleading standard under Rule 9(b), and did not address relevant law. (ECF No. 21 at 1). 

KCI argues that regardless of HCL’s assertions that these proceedings must continue before it 

can sort out the “particulars” of the affirmative defenses in question, HCL has nonetheless failed 

to meet the applicable pleading requirements. (ECF No. 21 at 2). KCI makes clear that it did not 

move to strike HCL’s thirty-second affirmative defense concerning unclean hands and contends 

that “[t]he factual basis for the Thirty-Second Defense has nothing to do with” the defenses KCI 

moved to strike. (ECF No. 21 at 4). 

KCI seeks to strike seven nearly identical affirmative defenses given by HCL, including 

the fourth, eighth, twelfth, sixteenth, twentieth, twenty-fourth, and twenty-eighth affirmative 

defenses. HCL’s fourth Affirmative Defenses reads as follows: 

 
7 

Fourth Defense 

Unenforceability of the ‘099 Patent 

Each and every claim of the ‘099 patent is also invalid and/or 

unenforceable for reasons of inequitable conduct and/or unclean hands. 

The remaining affirmative defenses at issue—HCL’s eighth, twelfth, sixteenth, twentieth, 

twenty-fourth, and twenty-eighth affirmative defenses—contain identical language except that 

they refer to the ‘479, ‘412, ‘413, ‘665, ‘294, and ‘169 patents, respectively. KCI does not move 

to strike HCL’s thirty-second affirmative defense, which states that KCI’s “claims are barred by 

the doctrine of unclean hands, as around late 2015 Plaintiff gave HCL permission to design, 

manufacture, offer to sell, and sell RFID boxes that would target a different market from the 

large hospital market that Plaintiff was pursuing.” (ECF No. 18 at 24). 

Neither the challenged affirmative defenses themselves, nor HCL’s pleadings as a whole, 

contain sufficient factual allegations to plead inequitable conduct. HCL did not “plead the 

‘circumstances’ of inequitable conduct with ‘particularity’ under Rule 9(b)” by identifying “the 

specific who, what, when, where, and how of the material misrepresentation or omission 

committed before the PTO.” Exergen Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 575 F.3d 1312, 1328 (Fed. 

Cir. 2009). For example, HCL has failed to plead the “who” involved in the alleged inequitable 

conduct. In Exergen, although the pleading in question referred “generally to ‘Exergen, its 

agents, and/or attorneys[,]’” the court nonetheless found that the pleading failed to identify the 

“who” because it did not name the specific individual associated with the filing or prosecution of 

the patent in question who both knew of the material information and deliberately withheld or 

misrepresented it Id. at 1329 (citations omitted). Here, HCL failed to make even such general 

allegations. Nor did HCL’s pleadings “allege sufficient underlying facts from which a court may 

reasonably infer that a party acted with the requisite state of mind.” Id. at 1327. No allegations 

were made that any party knowingly withheld from or misrepresented information to the PTO, 
8 

that the information withheld was material, or that the information was withheld or 

misrepresented with the specific intent to deceive the PTO. In sum, HCL’s pleadings do not 

“include sufficient allegations of underlying facts from which a court may reasonably infer that a 

specific individual (1) knew of the withheld material information or of the falsity of the material 

misrepresentation, and (2) withheld or misrepresented this information with a specific intent to 

deceive the PTO.” Id. at 1328-29 (footnote omitted). 

HCL’s argument that it is in an “impossible position” and that the particulars of its 

defenses will be worked out during discovery and further proceedings is of no avail. It is clear 

that “nothing in the case law . . . provides that discovery is required before Rule 9(b) applies. 

Courts should not permit an unsupported inequitable conduct claim to be asserted or 

maintained.” Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Team Technologies, Inc., Not Reported in F. Supp. 2d, 

No. 1:12–cv–552, 2012 WL 6001753, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 30, 2012).

The affirmative defenses at issue do not consist solely of allegations of inequitable 

conduct; they state that “[e]ach and every claim of the [allegedly infringed] patent is also invalid 

and/or unenforceable for reasons of inequitable conduct and/or unclean hands.” The court finds, 

however, that the defenses should be struck in their entirety. HCL made no argument that the 

affirmative defenses should be struck only in part if KCI’s motion to strike were granted. To the 

extent that such defenses are based on the same factual allegations as those on which HCL’s 

thirty-second affirmative defense rests, they are redundant. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(f). To the extent 

that unclean hands is asserted in the challenged defenses to render the patents unenforceable, 

HCL effectively asserts inequitable conduct. See PetEdge, Inc. v. Yahee Technologies Corp., 

No. 1:15–cv–13171–ADB, 2017 WL 1702276, at *3 (D. Massachusetts May 2, 2017). HCL 
9 

failed to plead any facts that could illuminate some other basis for the assertions of unclean 

hands contained in the affirmative defenses in question. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff Kit Check, Inc.’s Motion to 

Strike Insufficient Defenses. (ECF No. 11). The Court STRIKES WITHOUT PREJUDICE 

affirmative defenses four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, and twenty-eight, subject 

to appropriate amendment under Rule 15. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

 s/Algenon L. Marbley _______ 

 ALGENON L. MARBLEY 

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

DATED: June 13, 2018