UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

WESTERN DIVISION AT DAYTON

JASON F. RUFF,

Plaintiff, Case No. 3:17-cv-413

vs.

COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, District Judge Thomas M. Rose

Magistrate Judge Michael J. Newman

Defendant.

_________________________________________________________________________________

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION1 THAT: (1) THE ALJ’S NON-DISABILITY 

FINDING BE FOUND SUPPORTED BY SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE, AND AFFIRMED; 

AND (2) THIS CASE BE CLOSED ON THE COURT’S DOCKET 

_________________________________________________________________________________

This is a Social Security disability benefits appeal. At issue is whether the Administrative Law 

Judge (“ALJ”) erred in finding Plaintiff not “disabled” and therefore unentitled to Disability Insurance 

Benefits (“DIB”). This case is before the Court upon Plaintiff’s Statement of Errors (doc. 10), the 

Commissioner’s memorandum in opposition (doc. 11), Plaintiff’s reply (doc. 12), the administrative 

record (doc. 7), and the record as a whole.2

I.

A. Procedural History

Plaintiff filed for DIB alleging a disability onset date of January 31, 2010. PageID 277-85. 

Plaintiff last met the insured status requirements of the Social Security Act (“SSA”) on March 31, 

2015.3 PageID 74. Between the alleged onset date and his date last insured (“DLI”), Plaintiff claims

 

1 Attached hereto is a NOTICE to the parties regarding objections to this Report and 

Recommendation.

2 Hereafter, citations to the electronically-filed record will refer only to the PageID number. 

3

 To qualify for DIB, one must “establish the onset of disability prior to the expiration or his [or 

her] insured status[,]”i.e., the claimant’s date last insured (“DLI”). Garner v. Heckler, 745 F.2d 383, 390 

(6th Cir. 1984). “Evidence of disability obtained after the expiration of insured status is generally of little 

probative value.” Strong v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 88 F. App’x 841, 845 (6th Cir. 2004). To be relevant, “[p]ostexpiration evidence must relate back to the claimant’s condition prior to the expiration of her [or his] date 

last insured.” Wirth v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 87 F. App’x 478, 480 (6th Cir. 2003).
2

disability as a result of a number of alleged impairments including, inter alia, residuals of bilateral 

rotator cuff surgeries, lumbar degenerative disc disease, and carpal tunnel syndrome. PageID 74-75.

After initial denial of his application, Plaintiff received a hearing before ALJ Elizabeth A. 

Motta on July 8, 2016. PageID 127-55. The ALJ issued a written decision on November 16, 2016

finding Plaintiff not disabled. PageID 72-87. Specifically, the ALJ found at Step Five that, based upon 

Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform a reduced range of light work,4“there are 

jobs in that exist in significant numbers in the national economy that [he] could have performed”

through March 31, 2015, the date last insured. PageID 86.

Thereafter, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review, making the ALJ’s nondisability finding the final administrative decision of the Commissioner. PageID 38-43. See Casey v. 

Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 987 F.2d 1230, 1233 (6th Cir. 1993). Plaintiff then filed this timely 

appeal. Cook v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 480 F.3d 432, 435 (6th Cir. 2007).

B. Evidence of Record

The evidence of record is adequately summarized in the ALJ’s decision (PageID 72-87), 

Plaintiff’s Statement of Errors (doc. 10), the Commissioner’s memorandum in opposition (doc. 11),

and Plaintiff’s reply (doc. 12). The undersigned incorporates all of the foregoing and sets forth the 

facts relevant to this appeal herein.

II.

A. Standard of Review

The Court’s inquiry on a Social Security disability appeal is to determine (1) whether the ALJ’s 

non-disability finding is supported by substantial evidence, and (2) whether the ALJ employed the 

 

4 Light work “involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of 

objects weighing up to 10 pounds” and “requires a good deal of walking or standing, or . . . sitting most of 

the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b). An individual 

who can perform light work is presumed also able to perform sedentary work. Id. Sedentary work “involves

lifting no more than 10 pounds at a time and occasionally lifting or carrying articles like docket files, 

ledgers, and small tools. Although a sedentary job is defined as one which involves sitting, a certain amount 

of walking and standing is often necessary in carrying out job duties.” Id. § 404.1567(a).
3

correct legal criteria. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Bowen v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 478 F.3d 742,745-46 (6th 

Cir. 2007). In performing this review, the Court must consider the record as a whole. Hephner v. 

Mathews, 574 F.2d 359, 362 (6th Cir. 1978).

Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate 

to support a conclusion.” Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). When substantial evidence 

supports the ALJ’s denial of benefits, that finding must be affirmed, even if substantial evidence also 

exists in the record upon which the ALJ could have found Plaintiff disabled. Buxton v. Halter, 246 

F.3d 762, 772 (6th Cir. 2001). Thus, the ALJ has a “‘zone of choice’ within which he [or she] can act 

without the fear of court interference.” Id. at 773.

The second judicial inquiry -- reviewing the correctness of the ALJ’s legal analysis -- may 

result in reversal even if the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record. Rabbers 

v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 582 F.3d 647, 651 (6th Cir. 2009). “[A] decision of the Commissioner will 

not be upheld where the [Social Security Administration] fails to follow its own regulations and where 

that error prejudices a claimant on the merits or deprives the claimant of a substantial right.” Bowen, 

478 F.3d at 746.

B. “Disability” Defined

To be eligible for disability benefits, a claimant must be under a “disability” as defined by the 

Social Security Act. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). Narrowed to its statutory meaning, a “disability” 

includes physical and/or mental impairments that are both “medically determinable” and severe enough 

to prevent a claimant from (1) performing his or her past job and (2) engaging in “substantial gainful 

activity” that is available in the regional or national economies. Id.

Administrative regulations require a five-step sequential evaluation for disability 

determinations. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4). Although a dispositive finding at any step ends the ALJ’s 

review, see Colvin v. Barnhart, 475 F.3d 727, 730 (6th Cir. 2007), the complete sequential review 

poses five questions:
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1. Has the claimant engaged in substantial gainful activity;

2. Does the claimant suffer from one or more severe impairments;

3. Do the claimant’s severe impairments, alone or in combination, meet or equal 

the criteria of an impairment set forth in the Commissioner’s Listing of 

Impairments (the “Listings”), 20 C.F.R. Subpart P, Appendix 1;

4. Considering the claimant’s RFC, can he or she perform his or her past relevant 

work; and

5. Assuming the claimant can no longer perform his or her past relevant work --

and also considering the claimant’s age, education, past work experience, and 

RFC -- do significant numbers of other jobs exist in the national economy

which the claimant can perform?

20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4); see also Miller v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 181 F. Supp.2d 816, 818 (S.D. 

Ohio 2001). A claimant bears the ultimate burden of establishing disability under the Social Security 

Act. Key v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 109 F.3d 270, 274 (6th Cir. 1997).

III.

On appeal, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in: (1) weighing the medical source opinion 

evidence of record; and (2) failing to fully consider his back impairment when determining his RFC. 

Doc. 10 at PageID 1116-24. Having carefully reviewed the administrative record and the parties’ 

briefs, and also having carefully considered the ALJ’s analysis leading to the non-disability finding 

here at issue, the undersigned finds the ALJ carefully and reasonably developed and reviewed the 

record; appropriately considered the medical evidence at issue; properly weighed opinion evidence 

based upon reasons supported by substantial evidence; reasonably assessed Plaintiff’s credibility; 

accurately determined Plaintiff’s RFC; and appropriately concluded that Plaintiff can perform a 

significant number of jobs in the national economy.

A. Dr. Hanna’s Treating Source Opinion

Plaintiff specifically challenges the ALJ’s assessment of his treating physician’s opinion --

namely, the opinion of Melissa E. Hanna, D.O. PageID 704-06. Until March 27, 2017, “the 

Commissioner’s regulations [that apply to this appeal] establish[ed] a hierarchy of acceptable medical 
5

source opinions[.]” Snell v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 3:12-cv-119, 2013 WL 372032, at *9 (S.D. Ohio 

Jan. 30, 2013). In descending order, these medical source opinions are: (1) treaters; (2) examiners; and 

(3) record reviewers. Id. 

Under the regulations in effect prior to March 27, 2017, the opinions of treaters are entitled to 

the greatest deference because they “are likely to be . . . most able to provide a detailed, longitudinal 

picture of [a claimant’s] medical impairment(s) and may bring a unique perspective to the medical 

evidence that cannot be obtained from the objective medical findings alone or from reports of 

individual examinations[.]” 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c)(2).

A treater’s opinions must be given “controlling weight” if “well-supported by medically 

acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and . . . not inconsistent with the other 

substantial evidence in [the] case record.” LaRiccia v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 549 F. App’x 377, 384 

(6th Cir. 2013). Even if a treater’s opinions is not entitled to controlling weight, “the ALJ must still 

determine how much weight is appropriate by considering a number of factors, including the length of 

the treatment relationship and the frequency of examination, the nature and extent of the treatment 

relationship, supportability of the opinions, consistency of the opinions with the record as a whole, and 

any specialization of the treating physician.” Blakley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 581 F.3d 399, 406 (6th 

Cir. 2009); see also 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(c). 

After treaters, “[n]ext in the hierarchy are examining physicians and psychologists, who often 

see and examine claimants only once.” Snell, 2013 WL 372032, at *9. 

Record reviewers are afforded the least deference and these “non-examining physicians’ 

opinions are on the lowest rung of the hierarchy of medical source opinions.” Id. “The regulations 

provide progressively more rigorous tests for weighing opinions as the ties between the source of the 

opinion and the individual [claimant] become weaker.” Id. (citing SSR 96-6p, 1996 WL 374180, at 

*2 (July 2, 1996)).
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In this case, Dr. Hanna concluded on November 3, 2015 that, because of Plaintiff’s recurrent 

rotator cuff tears and peripheral neuropathy, he could frequently lift and carry up to 5 pounds; 

occasionally lift and carry 6-10 pounds; rarely lift and carry 11-20 pounds; never lift over 21 pounds; 

rarely reach or handle with either hand or arm; never reach above shoulder level; stand, walk, and sit 

for a total of 4 hours per workday for 20 minutes at a time; never bend, crouch, squat, crawl, climb 

steps, or climb ladders; and would miss 5 or more full or partial workdays per month because of pain 

or because of the side effects of medication. PageID 704-06. The ALJ concluded that Dr. Hanna’s 

opinion was “entitled to little if any weight, and certainly not controlling, deferential, or significant 

weight.” PageID 85.

Plaintiff first argues that the ALJ’s controlling weight determination is unsupported by 

substantial evidence. See PageID 1117. In so arguing, Plaintiff summarizes the treatment notes of 

record, but fails to argue that any portion of the specific reasoning advanced by the ALJ lacks 

substantial evidentiary support in the record. See PageID 1117-19. Having reviewed the ALJ’s 

specific reasoning -- including, inter alia, 2011 MRI readings and clinical findings noted in Dr. 

Hanna’s treatment records -- the undersigned finds that the ALJ’s reasons for declining to afford Dr. 

Hanna’s opinion controlling weight are supported by substantial evidence. 

Next, Plaintiff argues that, even assuming, arguendo, Dr. Hanna’s opinion is not entitled to 

controlling weight, the ALJ erred by not discussing all of the factors under § 404.1527(c) when 

determining what weight Dr. Hanna’s opinion should be given -- namely, “the length of the treatment 

relationship and the frequency of examination, the nature and extent of the treatment relationship, 

supportability of the opinions, consistency of the opinions with the record as a whole, and any 

specialization of the treating physician.” Blakley, 581 F.3d at 406; see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c). 

However, in assessing the weight ultimately accorded Dr. Hanna’s opinion, the ALJ specific 

noted, inter alia, the “nature of her treatment,” including the lack of “treatment for [his] shoulder 

impairments since 2011”; and the inconsistency of Dr. Hanna’s opinion with her particular treatment 
7

notes, as well as a functional capacity assessment given by Chris McGlaughlin, PT, DPT in March 

2012. PageID 85. Thus, the ALJ did specifically address some of the § 404.1527(c) factors. Id. While 

the ALJ may not have addressed each factor exhaustively, there is no requirement that she do so. 

Francis v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 414 F. App’x 802, 804 (6th Cir. 2011) (noting that the Commissioner’s 

regulations do not require “an exhaustive factor-by-factor analysis”).

Accordingly, based on the foregoing, the undersigned concludes that the ALJ’s analysis of Dr. 

Hanna’s opinion is supported by substantial evidence and should be affirmed.

B. Back Impairment

In his second assignment of error, Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to find his back 

impairment to be a “severe” impairment at Step Two and failed to adequately account for such 

impairment when determining his RFC. At Step Two of the evaluation process, the ALJ must consider 

whether a claimant’s impairment constitutes a “medically determinable impairment,” i.e., an 

impairment that results from anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities, which can be 

shown by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 

404.1505, 404.1508, 404.1520(a)(4)(ii) and 404.1527(a)(1). 

If an impairment is medically determinable, an ALJ must decide whether that impairment is 

severe or non-severe. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(ii). If all medially determinable impairments 

are non-severe, the ALJ’s analysis ends and Plaintiff is not disabled. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). If, 

however, the ALJ determines that Plaintiff has one or more severe impairments at Step Two, the ALJ 

must then consider the limiting effects of all impairments, severe and non-severe, when determining 

Plaintiff’s RFC at Step Four. See 20 C.F.R. § 1523; White v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 312 F. App’x 779, 

787 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that, “[o]nce one severe impairment is found, the combined effect of all 

impairments must be considered, even if other impairments would not be severe”); see also Johnson 

v. Colvin, No. 3:13cv301, 2014 WL 6603376, at *7-8 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 19, 2014). If an ALJ considers 
8

the limiting effects of both severe and non-severe impairments in determining the RFC, any error in 

failing to find a particular impairment severe is harmless. White, 312 F. App’x at 787.

In this case, the ALJ found Plaintiff’s back impairment was not severe at Step Two. PageID 

75. In doing so, the ALJ acknowledged Plaintiff’s MRI findings on January 14, 2016, but noted that 

such findings were made almost a year after his date last insured (“DLI”). Id. The ALJ further noted 

the lack of objective or clinical findings documented in the record through the date last insured. Id. 

As a result, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s back impairment “was not severe . . . at any time through 

the date last insured.” Id. Nevertheless, in determining Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ accounted for 

Plaintiff’s allegations of back pain, finding Plaintiff could not perform work around hazards, be 

exposed to vibration, and should be given an opportunity to alternate position for 10 minutes each hour 

to relieve discomfort. PageID 81. 

Thus, the ALJ did specifically consider Plaintiff’s back impairment in determining Plaintiff’s 

RFC despite having found it to be a non-severe impairment at Step Two. Plaintiff points to no medical 

opinion evidence suggesting that further limitation was required as a result of his back impairment 

prior to the DLI and, therefore, the undersigned finds that any alleged error by the ALJ at Step Two 

was harmless.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds Plaintiff’s assignments of error unmeritorious. IT 

IS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT: (1) the Commissioner’s non-disability finding be 

found supported by substantial evidence, and AFFIRMED; and (2) this case be CLOSED.

Date: April 1, 2019 s/ Michael J. Newman 

Michael J. Newman

United States Magistrate Judge
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NOTICE REGARDING OBJECTIONS

Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), any party may serve and file specific, written objections to 

the proposed findings and recommendations within FOURTEEN days after being served with this 

Report and Recommendation. This period is not extended by virtue of Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(d) if served 

on you by electronic means, such as via the Court’s CM/ECF filing system. If, however, this Report 

and Recommendation was served upon you by mail, this deadline is extended to SEVENTEEN DAYS

per Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(d). Parties may seek an extension of the deadline to file objections by filing a 

motion for extension, which the Court may grant upon a showing of good cause. 

Any objections filed shall specify the portions of the Report and Recommendation objected to 

and shall be accompanied by a memorandum of law in support. If the Report and Recommendation is 

based, in whole or in part, upon matters occurring of record at an oral hearing, the objecting party shall 

promptly arrange for the transcription of the record, or such portions of it as all parties may agree upon 

or the Magistrate Judge deems sufficient, unless the assigned District Judge otherwise directs. 

A party may respond to another party’s objections within FOURTEEN days after being served 

with a copy thereof. As noted above, this period is not extended by virtue of Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(d) if 

served on you by electronic means, such as via the Court’s CM/ECF filing system. If, however, this 

Report and Recommendation was served upon you by mail, this deadline is extended to SEVENTEEN 

DAYS per Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(d). 

Failure to make objections in accordance with this procedure may forfeit rights on appeal. See 

Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 153-55 (1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947, 949-50 (6th Cir. 

1981).