Virginia Administrative Code

Database updated through January 6, 2011

Article 47 

Emission Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations in the Northern Virginia Volatile Organic 

Compound Emissions Control Area (Rule 4-47) 

9VAC5-40-6820. Applicability and designation of affected facility. 

A. The affected facility to which the provisions of this article apply is each solvent metal cleaning 

operation, including, but not limited to, cold or vapor degreasing at service stations; motor vehicle repair 

shops; automobile dealerships; machine shops; and any other metal refinishing, cleaning, repair, or 

fabrication facility. Certain provisions of this article also apply to sellers of solvents for use in a cold 

cleaning machine. 

B. The provisions of this article apply only to sources and persons in the Northern Virginia volatile 

organic compounds emissions control area designated in 9VAC5-20-206. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6830. Definitions. 

A. For the purpose of applying this article in the context of the Regulations for the Control and 

Abatement of Air Pollution and related uses, the words or terms shall have the meanings given them in 

subsection C of this section. 

B. As used in this article, all terms not defined herein shall have the meanings given them in 9VAC5 

Chapter 10 (9VAC5-10), unless otherwise required by context. 
C. Terms defined. 

"Airless cleaning system" means a solvent cleaning machine that is automatically operated and seals 

at a differential pressure of 0.50 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) or less, prior to the introduction of 

solvent or solvent vapor into the cleaning chamber and maintains differential pressure under vacuum 

during all cleaning and drying cycles. 

"Air-tight cleaning system" means a solvent cleaning machine that is automatically operated and seals 

at a differential pressure no greater than 0.50 psig, prior to the introduction of solvent or solvent vapor into 

the cleaning chamber and during all cleaning and drying cycles. 

"Batch vapor cleaning machine" means a vapor cleaning machine in which individual parts or a set of 

parts move through the entire cleaning cycle before new parts are introduced into the cleaning machine. 

The term includes solvent cleaning machines, such as ferris wheel cleaners or cross rod machines, that 

clean multiple loads simultaneously and are manually loaded. The term does not include machines that 

do not have a solvent/air interface, such as airless and air-tight cleaning systems. 

"Carbon adsorber" means a bed of activated carbon into which an air/solvent gas-vapor stream is 

routed and which adsorbs the solvent on the carbon. 

"Cold cleaning machine" means a device or piece of equipment, containing or using an unheated 

liquid that contains greater than 5.0% volatile organic compound or 5.0% hazardous air pollutant (HAP) 

by weight, where parts are placed to remove dirt, grease, oil or other contaminants and coatings, from the 

surfaces of the parts or to dry the parts. The term does not include machines that do not have a 

solvent/air interface, such as airless and air-tight cleaning systems. 

"Dwell" means holding parts within the freeboard area of a solvent cleaning machine but above the 

solvent vapor zone. Dwell occurs after cleaning to allow solvent to drain from the parts or parts baskets 

back into the solvent cleaning machine. 

"Dwell time" means the period of time between when a parts basket is placed in the vapor zone of a 

batch vapor or in-line vapor cleaning machine and when solvent dripping ceases. Dwell time is 
determined by placing a basket of parts in the vapor zone and measuring the amount of time between 

when the parts are placed in the vapor zone and dripping ceases. 

"Freeboard ratio" means for a cold cleaning machine, the distance from the liquid solvent to the top 

edge of the cold cleaning machine divided by the width of the cold cleaning machine; for an operating 

batch vapor cleaning machine or an in-line vapor cleaning machine, the distance from the top of the 

solvent vapor layer to the top edge of the vapor cleaning machine divided by the width of the vapor 

cleaning machine. 

"Freeboard refrigeration device" means a set of secondary coils mounted in the freeboard area of a 

solvent cleaning machine that carries a refrigerant or other chilled substance to provide a chilled air 

blanket above the solvent vapor. A solvent cleaning machine primary condenser that is capable of 

maintaining a temperature in the center of the chilled air blanket at not more than 30% of the solvent 

boiling point is both a primary condenser and a freeboard refrigeration device. 

"Immersion cold cleaning machine" means a cold cleaning machine in which the parts are immersed 

in the solvent when being cleaned. 

"In-line vapor cleaning machine" means a vapor cleaning machine that uses an automated parts 

handling system, typically a conveyor, to automatically provide a supply of parts to be cleaned. In-line 

vapor cleaning machines are fully enclosed except for the conveyor inlet and exit portals. 

"Reduced room draft" means decreasing the flow or movement of air across the top of the freeboard 

area of a solvent cleaning machine to less than 50 feet per minute (15.2 meters per minute) by methods 

including redirecting fans or air vents, moving a machine to a corner where there is less room draft, or 

constructing a partial or complete enclosure. 

"Remote reservoir cold cleaning machine" means a machine in which liquid solvent is pumped to a 

sink-like work area that immediately drains solvent back into an enclosed container while parts are being 

cleaned, allowing no solvent to pool in the work area. 

"Solvent/air interface" means the location of contact between the concentrated solvent vapor layer and 
the air. This location of contact is defined as the midline height of the primary condenser coils. For a cold 

cleaning machine, it is the location of contact between the liquid solvent and the air. 

"Solvent cleaning machine" means a device or piece of equipment that uses solvent liquid or vapor to 

remove contaminants, such as dirt, grease, oil, and coatings, from the surfaces of materials. Types of 

solvent cleaning machines include batch vapor cleaning machines, in-line vapor cleaning machines, 

immersion cold cleaning machines, remote reservoir cold cleaning machines, airless cleaning systems 

and air-tight cleaning systems. 

"Solvent cleaning machine automated parts handling system" means a mechanical device that carries 

all parts and parts baskets at a controlled speed from the initial loading of soiled or wet parts through the 

removal of the cleaned or dried parts. 

"Solvent cleaning machine down time" means the period when a solvent cleaning machine is not 

cleaning parts and the sump heating coils, if present, are turned off. 

"Solvent cleaning machine idle time" means the period when a solvent cleaning machine is not 

actively cleaning parts and the sump heating coil, if present, is turned on. 

"Solvent metal cleaning operation" means the process of cleaning foreign matter from metal surfaces 

by using solvents, including, but not limited to, cold cleaning machines that process metal parts and 

contain more than one liter of volatile organic compounds; batch vapor cleaning machines that process 

metal parts; in-line vapor cleaning machines; and airless cleaning machines and air-tight cleaning 

machines that process metal parts. 

"Superheated vapor system" means a system that heats the solvent vapor to a temperature 10 

degrees Farenheit above the solvent's boiling point. Parts are held in the superheated vapor before 

exiting the machine to evaporate the liquid solvent on the parts. 

"Vapor cleaning machine" means a solvent cleaning machine that boils liquid solvent, generating a 

vapor, or that heats liquid solvent that is used as part of the cleaning or drying cycle. The term does not 

include machines that do not have a solvent/air interface, such as airless and air-tight cleaning systems. 
"Vapor cleaning machine primary condenser" means a series of circumferential cooling coils on a 

vapor cleaning machine through which a chilled substance is circulated or recirculated to provide 

continuous condensation of rising solvent vapors, and thereby, create a concentrated vapor zone. 

"Vapor up control switch" means a thermostatically controlled switch that shuts off or prevents 

condensate from being sprayed when there is no vapor. On in-line vapor cleaning machines the switch 

also prevents the conveyor from operating when there is no vapor. 

"Working mode cover" means any cover or solvent cleaning machine design that allows the cover to 

shield the cleaning machine openings from outside air disturbances while parts are being cleaned in the 

cleaning machine. A cover that is used during the working mode is opened only during parts entry and 

removal. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6840. Standard for volatile organic compounds. 

A. No owner or other person shall use or permit the use of a cold cleaning machine that processes 

metal parts and contains more than one liter of volatile organic compounds unless the machine complies 

with this article. The board may make an exception if the owner demonstrates and the board approves in 

writing that compliance with the article will result in unsafe operating conditions. 

1. Immersion cold cleaning machines shall have a freeboard ratio of 0.75 or greater unless the 

machines are equipped with covers that are kept closed except when parts are being placed into or 

being removed from the machine. 

2. Immersion cold cleaning machines and remote reservoir cold cleaning machines shall: 

a. Have a permanent, conspicuous label summarizing the operating requirements in subdivision 
3 of this subsection. 

b. Be equipped with a cover that shall be closed at all times except during cleaning of parts or 

the addition or removal of solvent. For remote reservoir cold cleaning machines that drain 

directly into the solvent storage reservoir, a perforated drain with a diameter of not more than 

six inches shall constitute an acceptable cover. 

3. Cold cleaning machines shall be operated in accordance with the following procedures: 

a. Waste solvent shall be collected and stored in closed containers. The closed containers may 

contain a device that allows pressure relief, but does not allow liquid solvent to drain from the 

container. 

b. Cleaned parts shall be drained at least 15 seconds or until dripping ceases, whichever is 

longer. Parts having cavities or blind holes shall be tipped or rotated while the part is draining. 

During the draining, tipping or rotating, the parts shall be positioned so that solvent drains 

directly back to the cold cleaning machine. 

c. Flushing of parts using a flexible hose or other flushing device shall be performed only within 

the freeboard area of the cold cleaning machine. The solvent spray shall be a solid fluid stream, 

not an atomized or shower spray. 

d. The owner shall ensure that when the cover is open the cold cleaning machine is not 

exposed to drafts greater than 40 meters per minute (132 feet per minute), as measured 

between 1 and 2 meters (3.3 and 6.6 feet) upwind and at the same elevation as the tank lip. 

e. Sponges, fabric, wood, leather, paper products and other absorbent materials shall not be 

cleaned in the cold cleaning machine. 

f. When a pump-agitated solvent bath is used, the agitator shall be operated to produce a 

rolling motion of the solvent with no observable splashing of the solvent against the tank walls 

or the parts being cleaned. Air agitated solvent baths may not be used. 

g. Spills during solvent transfer and use of the cold cleaning machine shall be cleaned up 
immediately, and the wipe rags or other sorbent material shall be immediately stored in covered 

containers for disposal or recycling. 

h. Work area fans shall be located and positioned so that they do not blow across the opening 

of the degreaser unit. 

i. The owner shall ensure that the solvent level does not exceed the fill line. 

4. No person shall use, sell, or offer for sale for use in a cold cleaning machine any solvent with a 

vapor pressure of 1.0 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or greater, measured at 20 degrees 

Centigrade (68 degrees Fahrenheit containing volatile organic compounds. 

5. Any person who sells or offers for sale any solvent containing volatile organic compounds for 

use in a cold cleaning machine shall provide to the purchaser the following written information: 

a. The name and address of the solvent supplier. 

b. The type of solvent including the product or vendor identification number. 

c. The vapor pressure of the solvent measured in mm Hg at 20 degrees Centigrade (68 

degrees Fahrenheit. 

6. A person who operates a cold cleaning machine shall maintain for not less than two years and 

shall provide to the board, on request, the information specified in subdivision A 5 of this section. 

An invoice, bill of sale, certificate that corresponds to a number of sales, Material Safety Data 

Sheet (MSDS), or other appropriate documentation acceptable to the board may be used to 

comply with this section. 

B. No owner or other person shall use or permit the use of a batch vapor cleaning machine that 

processes metal parts unless the machine complies with this article. 

1. Batch vapor cleaning machines shall be equipped with: 

a. Either a fully enclosed design or a working and downtime mode cover that completely covers 

the cleaning machine openings when in place, is free of cracks, holes and other defects, and 

can be readily opened or closed without disturbing the vapor zone. If the solvent cleaning 
machine opening is greater than 10 square feet, the cover shall be powered. If a lip exhaust is 

used, the closed cover shall be below the level of the lip exhaust. 

b. Sides that result in a freeboard ratio greater than or equal to 0.75. 

c. A safety switch (thermostat and condenser flow switch) that shuts off the sump heat if the 

coolant is not circulating. 

d. A vapor up control switch that shuts off the spray pump if vapor is not present. 

e. An automated parts handling system that moves the parts or parts baskets at a speed of 11 

feet (3.4 meters) per minute or less when the parts are entering or exiting the vapor zone. If the 

parts basket or parts being cleaned occupy more than 50% of the solvent/air interface area, the 

speed of the parts basket or parts shall not exceed three feet per minute. 

f. A device that shuts off the sump heat if the sump liquid solvent level drops to the sump heater 

coils. 

g. A vapor level control device that shuts off the sump heat if the vapor level in the vapor 

cleaning machine rises above the height of the primary condenser. 

h. Each vapor cleaning machine shall have a primary condenser. 

i. Each vapor cleaning machine that uses a lip exhaust shall be designed and operated to route 

all collected solvent vapors through a properly operated and maintained carbon adsorber such 

that the concentration of organic solvent in the exhaust does not exceed 100 parts per million. 

j. A permanent, conspicuous label summarizing the operating requirements found in subdivision 

B 4 of this section. 

2. In addition to the requirements of subdivision B 1 of this section, the owner of a batch vapor 

cleaning machine with a solvent/air interface area of 13 square feet or less shall implement one of 

the following options: 

a. A working mode cover, freeboard ratio of 1.0, and superheated vapor. 

b. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 
no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point and superheated vapor. 

c. A working mode cover and a freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the 

chilled air blanket temperature is no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point. 

d. Reduced room draft, freeboard ratio of 1.0 and superheated vapor; 

e. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point and reduced room draft. 

f. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point and a freeboard ratio of 1.0. 

g. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point and dwell. Dwell shall be not less than 35% of 

the dwell time determined for the part or parts. 

h. Reduced room draft, dwell and a freeboard ratio of 1.0. 

i. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point and a carbon adsorber that reduces solvent 

emissions in the exhaust to a level not to exceed 100 ppm at any time. 

j. A freeboard ratio of 1.0, superheated vapor and a carbon adsorber that reduces solvent 

emissions in the exhaust to a level not to exceed 100 ppm at any time. 

3. In addition to the requirements of subdivision B 1 of this section, the owner of a batch vapor 

cleaning machine with a solvent/air interface area of greater than 13 square feet shall use one of 

the following devices or strategies: 

a. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point, a freeboard ratio of 1.0 and superheated 

vapor. 

b. Dwell, a freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket 

temperature is no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point, and reduced room draft. Dwell 
shall be not less than 35% of the dwell time determined for the part or parts. 

c. A working mode cover and a freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the 

chilled air blanket temperature is no greater than 30%6c; of the solvent's boiling point and 

superheated vapor. 

d. Reduced room draft, freeboard ratio of 1.0 and superheated vapor. 

e. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point, reduced room draft and superheated vapor. 

f. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point, reduced room draft and a freeboard ratio of 

1.0. 

g. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point, superheated vapor, and a carbon adsorber 

which reduces solvent emissions in the exhaust to a level not to exceed 100 ppm at any time. 

4. Batch vapor cleaning machines shall be operated in accordance with the following procedures: 

a. Waste solvent, still bottoms and sump bottoms shall be collected and stored in closed 

containers. The closed containers may contain a device that allows pressure relief, but does not 

allow liquid solvent to drain from the container. 

b. Cleaned parts shall be drained at least 15 seconds or until dripping ceases, whichever is 

longer. Parts having cavities or blind holes shall be tipped or rotated while the part is draining. A 

superheated vapor system shall be an acceptable alternate technology. 

c. Parts baskets or parts shall not be removed from the batch vapor cleaning machine until 

dripping has ceased. 

d. Flushing or spraying of parts using a flexible hose or other flushing device shall be performed 

within the vapor zone of the batch vapor cleaning machine or within a section of the machine 

that is not exposed to the ambient air. The solvent spray shall be a solid fluid stream, not an 
atomized or shower spray. 

e. When the cover is open, the batch vapor cleaning machine shall not be exposed to drafts 

greater than 40 meters per minute (132 feet per minute), as measured between 1 and 2 meters 

(3.3 and 6.6 feet) upwind and at the same elevation as the tank lip. 

f. Sponges, fabric, wood, leather, paper products and other absorbent materials shall not be 

cleaned in the batch vapor cleaning machine. 

g. Spills during solvent transfer and use of the batch vapor cleaning machine shall be cleaned 

up immediately or the machine shall be shut down. Wipe rags or other sorbent material shall be 

immediately stored in covered containers for disposal or recycling. 

h. Work area fans shall be located and positioned so that they do not blow across the opening 

of the batch vapor cleaning machine. 

i. During startup of the batch vapor cleaning machine, the primary condenser shall be turned on 

before the sump heater. 

j. During shutdown of the batch vapor cleaning machine, the sump heater shall be turned off 

and the solvent vapor layer allowed to collapse before the primary condenser is turned off. 

k. When solvent is added to or drained from the batch vapor cleaning machine, the solvent shall 

be transferred using threaded or other leakproof couplings and the end of the pipe in the 

solvent sump shall be located beneath the liquid solvent surface. 

l. The working and downtime covers shall be closed at all times except during parts entry and 

exit from the machine, during maintenance of the machine when the solvent has been 

removed, and during addition of solvent to the machine. 

m. If a lip exhaust is used on the open top vapor degreaser, the ventilation rate shall not exceed 

20 m3/min/m2 (65 ft3/min/ft2) of degreaser open area, unless a higher rate is necessary to meet 

OSHA requirements. 

C. No owner or other person shall use or permit the use of an in-line vapor cleaning machine unless 
the machine complies with this article. 

1. In-line vapor cleaning machines shall be equipped with: 

a. Either a fully enclosed design or a working and downtime mode cover that completely covers 

the cleaning machine openings when in place, is free of cracks, holes and other defects, and 

can be readily opened or closed without disturbing the vapor zone. 

b. A switch (thermostat and condenser flow switch) that shuts off the sump heat if the coolant is 

not circulating. 

c. Sides that result in a freeboard ratio greater than or equal to 0.75. 

d. A vapor up control switch. 

e. An automated parts handling system that moves the parts or parts baskets at a speed of 11 

feet (3.4 meters) per minute or less when the parts are entering or exiting the vapor zone. If the 

parts basket or parts being cleaned occupy more than 50% of the solvent/air interface area, the 

speed of the parts basket or parts shall not exceed three feet per minute. 

f. A device that shuts off the sump heat if the sump liquid solvent level drops to the sump heater 

coils. 

g. A vapor level control device that shuts off the sump heat if the vapor level in the vapor 

cleaning machine rises above the height of the primary condenser. 

h. A permanent, conspicuous label summarizing these operating requirements. 

i. A primary condenser. 

j. Each machine that uses a lip exhaust shall be designed and operated to route all collected 

solvent vapors through a properly operated and maintained carbon adsorber such that the 

concentration of organic solvent in the exhaust does not exceed 100 parts per million. 

2. In addition to the requirements of subdivision C 1 of this section, the owner of an in-line vapor 

cleaning machine shall use one of the following devices or strategies: 

a. A freeboard ratio of 1.0 and superheated vapor. 
b. A freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket temperature is 

no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point and a freeboard ratio of 1.0. 

c. Dwell and a freeboard refrigeration device operated to ensure that the chilled air blanket 

temperature is no greater than 30% of the solvent's boiling point. Dwell shall be not less than 

35% of the dwell time determined for the part or parts. 

d. Dwell and a carbon adsorber that reduces solvent emissions in the exhaust to a level not to 

exceed 100 ppm at any time. Dwell shall be not less than 35% of the dwell time determined for 

the part or parts. 

3. In-line vapor cleaning machines shall be operated in accordance with the following procedures: 

a. Waste solvent, still bottoms, and sump bottoms shall be collected and stored in closed 

containers. The closed containers may contain a device that allows pressure relief, but does not 

allow liquid solvent to drain from the container. 

b. Parts shall be oriented so that the solvent drains freely from the parts. Cleaned parts shall be 

drained at least 15 seconds or until dripping ceases, whichever is longer. Parts having cavities 

or blind holes shall be tipped or rotated while the part is draining. 

c. Parts baskets or parts shall not be removed from the in-line vapor cleaning machine until 

dripping has ceased. 

d. Flushing or spraying of parts using a flexible hose or other flushing device shall be performed 

within the vapor zone of the in-line vapor cleaning machine or within a section of the machine 

that is not exposed to the ambient air. The solvent spray shall be a solid fluid stream, not an 

atomized or shower spray. 

e. Sponges, fabric, wood, leather, paper products and other absorbent materials shall not be 

cleaned in the in-line vapor cleaning machine. 

f. Spills during solvent transfer and use of the in-line vapor cleaning machine shall be cleaned 

up immediately, and the wipe rags or other sorbent material shall be immediately stored in 
covered containers for disposal or recycling.

g. Workplace fans shall not be used near the degreaser opening, and ensure that exhaust 

ventilation shall not exceed 20 m3/min/m2 of degreaser opening, unless a higher rate is 

necessary to meet OSHA requirements. 

h. During startup of the in-line vapor cleaning machine the primary condenser shall be turned 

on before the sump heater. 

i. During shutdown of the in-line vapor cleaning machine, the sump heater shall be turned off 

and the solvent vapor layer allowed to collapse before the primary condenser is turned off. 

j. Spraying operations shall be done in the vapor zone or within a section of the machine that is 

not exposed to the ambient air. 

k. When solvent is added to or drained from the in-line vapor cleaning machine, the solvent 

shall be transferred using threaded or other leakproof couplings and the end of the pipe in the 

solvent sump shall be located beneath the liquid solvent surface. 

l. Openings shall be minimized during operation so that entrances and exits silhouette 

workloads with an average clearance between the parts and the edge of the degreaser opening 

of less than 10 cm (4 in) or less than 10% of the width of the opening. 

D. No owner or other person shall use or permit the use of an airless cleaning machine or air-tight 

cleaning machine that processes metal parts unless the machine complies with this article. 

1. The owner of each machine shall maintain a log of solvent additions and deletions for each 

machine including the weight of solvent contained in activated carbon or other sorbent material 

used to control emissions from the cleaning machine. 

2. The owner of each machine shall demonstrate that the emissions from each machine, on a 

three-month rolling average, are equal to or less than the allowable limit determined by the use of 

Table 4-47A or the following equation if the volume of the cleaning machine exceeds 2.95 cubic 

meters: 
EL = 330 (vol)0.6

where: 

EL = the three-month rolling average monthly emission limit (kilograms/month) 

vol = the cleaning capacity of machine (cubic meters) 

Table 4-47A 

Emission Limits for Cleaning Machines Without a Solvent/Air Interface 

Cleaning 

capacity 

(cubic 

meters)

3-Month rolling 

average monthly 

emission limit 

(kilograms/month)

Cleaning 

capacity 

(cubic 

meters)

3-Month rolling 

average monthly 

emission limit 

(kilograms/month)

Cleaning 

capacity 

(cubic 

meters)

3-Month rolling 

average monthly 

emission limit 

(kilograms/month)

0.00 0 1.00 330 2.00 500

0.05 55 1.05 340 2.05 508

0.10 83 1.10 349 2.10 515

0.15 106 1.15 359 2.15 522

0.20 126 1.20 368 2.20 530

0.25 144 1.25 377 2.25 537

0.30 160 1.30 386 2.30 544

0.35 176 1.35 395 2.35 551

0.40 190 1.40 404 2.40 558

0.45 204 1.45 412 2.45 565

0.50 218 1.50 421 2.50 572

0.55 231 1.55 429 2.55 579

0.60 243 1.60 438 2.60 585

0.65 255 1.65 446 2.65 592

0.70 266 1.70 454 2.70 599

0.75 278 1.75 462 2.75 605

0.80 289 1.80 470 2.80 612

0.85 299 1.85 477 2.85 619

0.90 310 1.90 485 2.90 625

0.95 320 1.95 493 2.95 632
3. The owner of each machine shall operate the machine in conformance with the manufacturer's 

instructions and good air pollution control practices. 

4. The owner of each machine equipped with a solvent adsorber shall measure and record the 

concentration of solvent in the exhaust of the carbon adsorber weekly with a colorimetric detector 

tube designed to measure a concentration of 100 ppm by volume of solvent to air at an accuracy of 

plus or minus 25 ppm by volume. This test shall be conducted while the solvent cleaning machine 

is in the working mode and is venting to the adsorber. 

5. The owner of each machine equipped with a solvent adsorber shall maintain and operate the 

machine and adsorber system so that emissions from the adsorber exhaust do not exceed 100 

ppm by volume measured while the solvent cleaning machine is in the working mode and is 

venting to the adsorber. 

6. The machine shall be equipped with a permanent, conspicuous label summarizing the operating 

requirements in subdivision 7 of this subsection. 

7. Airless cleaning machines and air-tight cleaning machines shall be operated in accordance with 

the following procedures: 

a. Waste solvent, still bottoms, and sump bottoms shall be collected and stored in closed 

containers. The closed containers may contain a device that allows pressure relief, but does not 

allow liquid solvent to drain from the container. 

b. Parts shall be oriented so that the solvent drains freely from the parts. Cleaned parts shall be 

drained at least 15 seconds or until dripping ceases, whichever is longer. Parts having cavities 

or blind holes shall be tipped or rotated while the part is draining. 

c. Parts baskets or parts shall not be removed from the in-line vapor cleaning machine until 

dripping has ceased. 

d. Sponges, fabric, wood, leather, paper products and other absorbent materials shall not be 

cleaned in the airless cleaning machines and air-tight cleaning machines. 
e. Spills during solvent transfer and use of the airless cleaning machines and air-tight cleaning 

machines shall be cleaned up immediately, and the wipe rags or other sorbent material shall be 

immediately stored in covered containers for disposal or recycling. 

f. Work area fans shall be located and positioned so that they do not blow across the airless 

cleaning machine and air-tight cleaning machine. 

g. Spraying operations shall be done in the vapor zone or within a section of the machine that is 

not exposed to the ambient air. 

h. When solvent is added to or drained from the airless cleaning machine and air-tight cleaning 

machine, the solvent shall be transferred using threaded or other leakproof couplings and the 

end of the pipe in the solvent sump shall be located beneath the liquid solvent surface. 

E. As an alternative to complying with the provisions of subsections B through D of this section the 

owner of a solvent cleaning machine may demonstrate compliance with subdivision 1 or 2 of this 

subsection. The owner shall maintain records sufficient to demonstrate compliance. The records shall 

include, at a minimum, the quantity of solvent added to and removed from the solvent cleaning machine, 

the dates of the addition and removal and shall be maintained for not less than two years. 

1. If the cleaning machine has a solvent/air interface, the owner shall: 

a. Maintain a log of solvent additions and removals for each solvent cleaning machine. 

b. Ensure that emissions from each solvent cleaning machine are equal to or less than the 

applicable emission limit presented in Table 4-47B. 

Table 4-47B 

Emission Limits for Batch Vapor and In-Line Solvent Cleaning Machines with a Solvent/Air 

Interface 

Solvent cleaning machine

3-month rolling average monthly emission limit

kg/m2/month lb/ft2/month

Batch vapor solvent cleaning machines 150 30.7

Existing in-line solvent cleaning 

machines 153 31.3
New in-line solvent cleaning machines 99 20.2

2. If the cleaning machine is a batch vapor cleaning machine and does not have a solvent/air 

interface, the owner shall: 

a. Maintain a log of solvent additions and deletions for each solvent cleaning machine. 

b. Ensure that the emissions from each solvent cleaning machine are equal to or less than the 

appropriate limits as described in subdivisions 3 and 4 of this subsection. Each owner of a 

batch vapor or in-line cleaning machine complying with this section shall demonstrate 

compliance with the applicable three-month rolling average monthly emission limit on a monthly

basis. 

3. For cleaning machines with a cleaning capacity that is less than or equal to 2.95 cubic meters, 

the emission limit shall be determined using Table 4-47A or the equation in subdivision 4 of this 

subsection. If the table is used and the cleaning capacity of the cleaning machine falls between two 

cleaning capacity sizes, then the lower of the two emission limits applies. 

4. For cleaning machines with a cleaning capacity that is greater than 2.95 cubic meters, the 

emission limit shall be determined using the following equation: 

EL = 330 (vol)0.6

where: 

EL = the three-month rolling average monthly emission limit (kilograms/month) 

vol = the cleaning capacity of machine (cubic meters) 

5. Each owner of a batch vapor or in-line solvent cleaning machine complying with this subsection 

shall demonstrate compliance with the applicable three-month rolling average monthly emission 

limit on a monthly basis. If the applicable three-month rolling average emission limit is not met, an 

exceedance has occurred. All exceedances shall be reported to the board within 30 days of the 

determination of the exceedance. 

F. The owner of a batch vapor or in-line solvent cleaning machine complying with subsection E shall 
maintain records and determine compliance with the applicable provisions in accordance with the 

following. 

1. On the first operating day of every month ensure that the solvent cleaning machine system 

contains only clean liquid solvent. This includes, but is not limited to, fresh unused solvent, 

recycled solvent and used solvent that has been cleaned of soils. A fill line shall be indicated 

during the first month the measurements are made. The solvent level within the machine shall be 

returned to the same fill-line each month, immediately prior to calculating monthly emissions as 

specified in subdivision 2 of this subsection. The solvent cleaning machine does not have to be 

emptied and filled with fresh unused solvent prior to the calculations. 

2. Using the records of all solvent additions and deletions for the previous monthly reporting period, 

determine solvent emissions (E) using one of the following equations: 

For cleaning machines with a solvent/air interface: 

E =

SA - LSR - SSR

AREA

where: 

E = the total halogenated hazardous air pollutant (HAP) solvent emissions from the solvent 

cleaning machine during the most recent monthly reporting period (kilograms of solvent per 

square meter of solvent/air interface area per month) 

SA = the total amount of halogenated HAP liquid solvent added to the solvent cleaning machine 

during the most recent monthly reporting period (kilograms of solvent per month) 

LSR = the total amount of halogenated HAP liquid solvent removed from the solvent cleaning 

machine during the most recent monthly reporting period (kilograms of solvent per month) 

SSR = the total amount of halogenated HAP solvent removed from the solvent cleaning 

machine in solid waste during the most recent monthly reporting period (kilograms of solvent 

per month) determined from tests conducted using EPA Reference Method 25d or by 
engineering calculations included in the compliance report 

Area = the solvent/air interface area of the solvent cleaning machine (square meters) 

For cleaning machines without a solvent/air interface: 

E = SA - LSR - SSR 

where: 

E = the total halogenated HAP solvent emissions from the solvent cleaning machine during the 

most recent monthly reporting period i, (kilograms of solvent per month) 

SA = the total amount of halogenated HAP liquid solvent added to the solvent cleaning machine 

during the most recent monthly reporting period (kilograms of solvent per month) 

LSR = the total amount of halogenated HAP liquid solvent removed from the solvent cleaning 

machine during the most recent monthly reporting period (kilograms of solvent per month) 

SSR = the total amount of halogenated HAP solvent removed from the solvent cleaning 

machine in solid waste during the most recent monthly reporting period (kilograms of solvent 

per month) determined from tests conducted using EPA reference method 25d or by 

engineering calculations included in the compliance report 

3. Determine the monthly rolling average, EA, for the three-month period ending with the most 

recent reporting period using one of the following equations: 

For cleaning machines with a solvent/air interface: 

where: 

EA = the average halogenated HAP solvent emissions over the preceding three-monthly 

reporting periods (kilograms of solvent per square meter of solvent/air interface area per month) 

E = halogenated HAP solvent emissions for each month (j) for the most recent three-monthly 
reporting periods (kilograms of solvent per square meter of solvent/air interface area) 

j=1 = the most recent monthly reporting period 

j=2 = the monthly reporting period immediately prior to j=1 

j=3 = the monthly reporting period immediately prior to j=2 

For cleaning machines without a solvent/air interface: 

where: 

EA = the average halogenated HAP solvent emissions over the preceding three monthly 

reporting periods (kilograms of solvent per month) 

E = halogenated HAP solvent emissions for each month (j) for the most recent three monthly 

reporting periods (kilograms of solvent per month) 

j=1 = the most recent monthly reporting period 

j=2 = the monthly reporting period immediately prior to j=1 

j=3 = the monthly reporting period immediately prior to j=2 

G. The owner of a solvent cleaning machine subject to the provisions of subsections B through D of 

this section shall conduct monitoring and recordkeeping as follows. 

1. If a freeboard refrigeration device is used to comply with these standards, the owner shall use a 

thermometer or thermocouple to measure the temperature at the center of the air blanket during 

the idling mode. Measurements and recordings shall be made weekly. 

2. If a superheated vapor system is used to comply with these standards, the owner shall use a 

thermometer or thermocouple to measure the temperature at the center of the superheated solvent 

vapor zone while the solvent cleaning machine is in the idling mode. Measurements and 

recordings shall be made weekly. 
3. If a cover (working-mode, downtime-mode, or idling-mode cover) is used to comply with these 

standards, the owner shall conduct a visual inspection to determine if the cover is opening and 

closing properly, completely covers the cleaning machine openings when closed, and is free of 

cracks, holes, and other defects. Observations and recordings shall be made weekly. 

4. If dwell is used, the owner shall determine the actual dwell time by measuring the period of time 

that parts are held within the freeboard area of the solvent cleaning machine after cleaning. 

Observations and recordings shall be made monthly. 

5. The owner shall determine the hoist speed by measuring the time it takes for the hoist to travel a 

measured distance. The speed is equal to the distance in meters divided by the time in minutes 

(meters per minute). Measurements and recordings shall be made monthly. 

6. The owner of a batch vapor or in-line solvent cleaning machine complying using reduced room 

draft, maintained by controlling room parameters (i.e., redirecting fans, closing doors and windows, 

etc.), shall conduct monitoring and record the results as follows.

a. Initially measure the windspeed within six inches above the top of the freeboard area of the 

solvent cleaning machine in accordance with the following: 

(1) Determine the direction of the wind current by slowly rotating a velometer or similar device 

until the maximum speed is located. 

(2) Orient a velometer in the direction of the wind current at each of the four corners of the 

machine. 

(3) Record the reading for each corner. 

(4) Average the values obtained at each corner and record the average wind speed. 

b. Record the room parameters established during the initial compliance test to achieve the 

reduced room draft. 

c. Quarterly monitoring of the windspeed in accordance with subdivision 6 a of this subsection. 

d. Weekly monitoring of the room parameters as specified in subdivision 6 b of this subsection. 
7. If an enclosure (full or partial) is used to achieve reduced room draft, the owner shall conduct an 

initial monitoring test and, thereafter, monthly monitoring tests of the windspeed within the

enclosure by slowly rotating a velometer inside the entrance to the enclosure until the maximum 

speed is located and record the maximum wind speed. The owner shall also conduct a monthly 

visual inspection of the enclosure to determine if it is free of cracks, holes and other defects. 

8. The owner of a machine using a carbon adsorber to comply with this section shall measure and 

record the concentration of halogenated HAP solvent in the exhaust of the carbon adsorber weekly 

with a colorimetric detector tube. This test shall be conducted while the solvent cleaning machine is 

in the working mode and is venting to the carbon adsorber. The exhaust concentration shall be 

determined using a colorimetric detector tube designed to measure a concentration of 100 parts 

per million by volume of solvent in air to an accuracy of plus or minus 25 parts per million by 

volume. The concentration shall be determined through a sampling port for monitoring within the 

exhaust outlet that is easily accessible and located at least eight stack or duct diameters 

downstream and two stack or duct diameters upstream from any flow disturbance such as a bend, 

expansion, contraction, or outlet, and downstream from no other inlet. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004; Errata, 20:18 VA.R. 2027 May 

17, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6850. Standard for visible emissions. 

The provisions of Article 1 (9VAC5-40-60 et seq.) of 9VAC5 Chapter 40 (Emission Standards for 

Visible Emissions and Fugitive Dust/Emissions, Rule 4-1) do not apply. 

Statutory Authority 
§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6860. Standard for fugitive dust/emissions. 

The provisions of Article 1 (9VAC5-40-60 et seq.) of 9VAC5 Chapter 40 (Emission Standards for 

Visible Emissions and Fugitive Dust/Emissions, Rule 4-1) apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60.

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6870. Standard for odor. 

The provisions of Article 2 (9VAC5-40-130 et seq.) of 9VAC5 Chapter 40 (Emission Standards for 

Odor, Rule 4-2) apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6880. Standard for toxic pollutants. 

The provisions of Article 4 (9VAC5-60-200 et seq.) of 9VAC5 Chapter 60 (Emission Standards for 

Toxic Pollutants from Existing Sources, Rule 6-4) apply. 

Statutory Authority 
§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6890. Compliance. 

The provisions of subsections B, D, F, and J of 9VAC5-40-20 (Compliance) apply. The other 

provisions of 9VAC5-40-20 do not apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6900. Compliance schedules. 

Affected persons shall comply with the provisions of this article as expeditiously as possible but in no 

case later than January 1, 2005. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6910. Test methods and procedures. 

The provisions of 9VAC5-40-30 (Emission testing) apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 
CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6920. Monitoring. 

The provisions of 9VAC5-40-40 (Monitoring) apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6930. Notification, records and reporting. 

The provisions of 9VAC5-40-50 (Notification, records and reporting) apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6940. Registration. 

The provisions of 9VAC5-20-160 (Registration) apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 
9VAC5-40-6950. Facility and control equipment maintenance or malfunction. 

The provisions of 9VAC5-20-180 (Facility and control equipment maintenance or malfunction) apply. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004. 

9VAC5-40-6960. Permits. 

A permit may be required prior to beginning any of the activities specified below if the provisions of 

9VAC5 Chapter 50 (9VAC5-50) and 9VAC5 Chapter 80 (9VAC5-80) apply. Owners contemplating such 

action should review those provisions and contact the appropriate regional office for guidance on whether 

those provisions apply. 

1. Construction of a facility. 

2. Reconstruction (replacement of more than half) of a facility. 

3. Modification (any physical change to equipment) of a facility. 

4. Relocation of a facility. 

5. Reactivation (restart-up) of a facility.

6. Operation of a facility. 

Statutory Authority 

§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172 and 182 of the Clean Air Act, 40 

CFR Parts 51 and 60. 

Historical Notes 

Derived from Virginia Register Volume 20, Issue 12, eff. March 24, 2004.