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<title>The pest risk assessment document, Importation of Baby Corn, Immature Zea mays L</title>
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<p><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>Commodity Import Evaluation Document</b> (CIED)
</p>
<p><b>Country of Origin</b>:  Republic of Chile       <b>Date of Request</b>: March 09, 2009</p>
<p><b>Commodity: All Mediterranean fruit fly host material from Arica that is currently enterable to the United States from other provinces of Chile without mitigations for fruit flies.  Mitigations for other pests are still required.</b></p>
<p><b>Common name(s):</b> N/A</p>
<p>________________________________________________________________________</p>
<p><b><i>Recognition of additional Provinces as Medfly Pest-Free Areas (PFA) for Republic of Chile</i></b> (This action would recognize all provinces of the Republic of Chile as free of the Medfly) </p>
<p>Currently, Medfly host materials (fruit) without treatment from the Republic of Chile may be imported into the United States from areas in the Republic of Chile that are free of<i> Medfly (C. capitata</i>) or from areas with<i> C. capitata</i> after an approved APHIS treatment is used to mitigate the pest.  APHIS currently recognizes all Provinces, except the Province of Arica, in the Republic of Chile as free of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) (<i>Ceratitis capitata</i>) [Wiedemann]. However in 2005, the Agricultural and Livestock Service (Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, SAG) of Republic of Chile requested an increase in the areas that may export Medfly host material (fruit) to the United States (U.S.). This increase would expand Medfly pest-free areas (PFA) in Chile to include the whole country.  In response to SAG’s request, APHIS conducted site visits (APHIS, 2007a; 2007b; 2009) to the Province of Arica to evaluate the fruit fly program and pest survey protocols, and the phytosanitary risks associated with importing fruit from the additional area declared pest-free by the Republic of Chile.  Survey and detection protocols for a PFA must be evaluated and approved by APHIS before the declared PFA is recognized by APHIS as pest-free. Before host commodities associated with the PFA can be imported into the United States, the requirements of 7 CFR 319.56-5 must be met. This includes following the criteria for establishing and maintaining a PFA in the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No.4: “<i>Requirements for the Establishment of Pest free areas</i>” (IPPC, 1995).</p>
<p>During the most recent site visit, SAG of Chile provided APHIS survey data and information relating to their establishment and management of the pest-free area known as the Province of Arica.  This geographical area is a well defined area and is included in the Arica and Parinacota Region of Chile.  There are natural barriers acting as buffer zones between populations of fruit flies outside of Chile, and SAG has a cooperative program with SENASA (National Plant Protection Organization of Peru) Peru to reduce and eradicate populations of fruit flies in the border area between Peru and Chile.  SAG operates effective barrier stations at all border points; road stations, railroad stations, maritime ports and airports to prevent the entry of quarantine pests and to protect pest-free areas.  In addition, there are no native hosts, and no fruit trees are found outside of cultivated or dooryard areas.  Outside of irrigated areas, the entire region is a desert with very low rainfall and little or no natural vegetation.
</p>
<p>The program to establish and maintain the Province of Arica as free of Medfly followed the same guidelines, protocols and manuals as the other areas of Chile that are currently recognized as fruit fly free. </p>
<p>SAG follows international protocols for fruit fly trapping and control programs.  The trap types, baits and lures, density of traps and servicing intervals are all in accordance with IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and APHIS protocols for eradication and maintenance of fruit fly pest free areas.  SAG maintains maps of traps and places of production. SAG has an extensive program manual that explicitly describes how the program is to be operated.  In Arica, SAG maintains a 24 trap routes with 885 traps at a density of 10 traps per square km.   SAG maintains quality controls over the trapping program.  In addition to the extensive trapping program, SAG samples fruit for larvae on 100% of the properties with fruit every two weeks.  SAG indicated during high risk seasons, the fruit fly trap lines increased and other personnel were added to the laboratory to handle the increased workload.  </p>
<p>SAG has an emergency response plan for Mediterranean fruit fly.  Any time there is an outbreak (defined as captures of more than one fly or larvae) the plan is activated.  The plan is very detailed about what to do with the suspicious capture and how the program will respond.  A grid is created and additional traps are installed.  Fruit sampling and eradication activities are initiated.  A regulated area is established and regulated fruit must be treated if it is to leave the area.  The emergency program will continue through 2 life cycles calculated by degree days, with 10 days added on as a margin of error.  If there are no captures in this time the eradication is complete and the normal fruit fly program resumes.
</p>
<p>SAG maintains a sterile Medfly production facility for a preventative release program and to support eradication and suppression activities.  Releases are increased during high risk periods or when outbreaks occur.  The production facility maintains a high level of quality control and biosecurity based on IAEA standards.  
</p>
<p>In summary, activities performed to support the pest-free area in the Arica and Parinacota Region included the following risk management measures: surveillance, audits of trap placement, trap methods, trap records, diagnostic tests, post-harvest packing procedures, interception and sampling data from destructive analysis, record keeping, and training of personnel to maintain phytosanitary security of the importing country (such as safeguarding, buffer maintenance, signage, integrity of exclusionary facility, consignment integrity, and pest identification skills). Establishment and maintenance of this of pest free area for fruit flies conformed to International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) # 4 and (ISPM) # 26, which includes systems to establish freedom, phytosanitary measures to maintain freedom, and checks to verify freedom has been maintained. These PFA components where achieved through data assembly, trapping surveys (delimiting, detection and monitoring), regulatory controls, audits and documentation.</p>
<p>On July 30, 2009, SAG provided confirmation to APHIS in a letter that it has been over one year since any Mediterranean fruit flies were found in the Province of Arica and Parincota.</p>
<p>After reviewing the trip reports from site visits, as summarized above, I have concluded the additional province of Arica meets the requirements of 7 CFR 319.56-5 for establishing and maintaining pest-free areas. In addition, the survey and emergency action protocols used to determine and maintain pest-free status in the province of Arica meet APHIS’s approval. </p>
<p><b>Recommendations:</b></p>
<p>Based on their review of the survey data, other information and the findings of the June 2007 and March 2009 site visits APHIS has concluded that an additional province in Chile can be recognized as free of the Mediterranean fruit fly, <i>Ceratitis capitata</i>. The province of Arica in the XV Arica and Parinacota Region should be added to the existing Medfly Pest-Free Areas of the Republic of Chile. This action would recognize all provinces of the Republic of Chile as free of the pest Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) (<i>Ceratitis capitata</i>) [Wiedemann] and allow the importation of Medfly host material (fruit) into the United States from Chile without additional mitigations or requirements for Medfly when Medfly is the only pest of concern. </p>
<p><i>References</i></p>
<p>7 CFR 319.56-5. 2008. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7. Part 319-5 Pest-free areas. Office of Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC, USA.
</p>
<p>APHIS. 2007a.  APHIS fruit fly review trip report, Arica Chile, June 19-22, 2007.  X.I. Prelo, APHIS-IS, 12 pp.
</p>
<p>APHIS.  2007b. Chile’s National fruit fly detection system, sterile insect technique operations and emergency response activities.   July 2007. Terry McGovern APHIS-IS. 20 pp.
</p>
<p>APHIS.  2009.  Site visit to Republic of Chile, trip report, March 09-13, 2009 with addendum.  W. P. Gould, APHIS-PPQ. 17 pp.</p>
<p>IPPC. 1995. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 4. Requirements for the Establishment of Pest Free Areas. Secretariat of International Plant Protection Convention. FAO. 4 pp.</p>
<p>________________________________________________________________________</p>
<p><b>__<u>X</u>___ APPROVED </b></p>
<p><b>

Conditions of Entry: </b></p>
<p><b>



</b>Must meet requirements of 7 CFR 319.56-5 </p>
<p><b>_____ DISAPPROVED</b></p>
<p><b>

Justification</b></p>
<p>Phillip B. Grove.






     April 28, 2009</p>
<p>___________________________                                            _________________
</p>
<p><b>Signature (name)</b>





<b>Date    </b>                 </p>
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