21-6093

Singh v. Garland

BIA

Poczter, IJ

A205 833 485

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL 

APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY 

COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 

2 Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley 

Square, in the City of New York, on the 18 3 th day of April, two thousand 

4 twenty-three.

5

6 PRESENT:

7 MICHAEL H. PARK,

8 STEVEN J. MENASHI,

9 ALISON J. NATHAN,

10 Circuit Judges.

11 _____________________________________

12

13 PAWANDEEP SINGH,

14 Petitioner,

15

16 v. 21-6093

17 NAC

18 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED 

19 STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

20 Respondent.

21 _____________________________________
2

1 FOR PETITIONER: Suraj Raj Singh, Esq., Richmond Hill, NY.

2

3 FOR RESPONDENT: Brian Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney 

4 General; Holly M. Smith, Assistant Director; 

5 Christin M. Whitacre, Trial Attorney, Office 

6 of Immigration Litigation, United States 

7 Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

8

9 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of 

10 Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

11 DECREED that the petition for review is DENIED.

12 Petitioner Pawandeep Singh, a native and citizen of India, seeks review of a

13 January 29, 2021 decision of the BIA affirming a July 13, 2018 decision of an 

14 Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for asylum, withholding of 

15 removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In re 

16 Pawandeep Singh, No. A205 833 485 (B.I.A. Jan. 29, 2021), aff’g No. A205 833 485

17 (Immigr. Ct. N.Y.C. July 13, 2018). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 

18 underlying facts and procedural history.

19 We have reviewed the IJ’s decision as modified by the BIA, i.e., minus the 

20 specific findings that the BIA declined to rely on. See Xue Hong Yang v. U.S. Dep’t 

21 of Just., 426 F.3d 520, 522 (2d Cir. 2005). “We review . . . adverse credibility 

22 findings[] under the substantial evidence standard,” Hong Fei Gao v. Sessions, 891 
3

1 F.3d 67, 76 (2d Cir. 2018), and “the administrative findings of fact are conclusive 

2 unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the 

3 contrary,” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). 

4 “Considering the totality of the circumstances, and all relevant factors, a 

5 trier of fact may base a credibility determination on . . . the consistency between 

6 the applicant’s or witness’s written and oral statements (whenever made and 

7 whether or not under oath, and considering the circumstances under which the 

8 statements were made), the internal consistency of each such statement, the 

9 consistency of such statements with other evidence of record . . . , and any 

10 inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements, without regard to whether an 

11 inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim, 

12 or any other relevant factor.” Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). “We defer . . . to an IJ’s 

13 credibility determination unless, from the totality of the circumstances, it is plain 

14 that no reasonable fact-finder could make such an adverse credibility ruling.” Xiu 

15 Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008); accord Hong Fei Gao, 891 F.3d at 

16 76. Singh asserted that he is Sikh and a member of the Shiromani Akali Dal

17 Amritsar political party and that the police and members of the Congress Party 

18 first threatened him in February 2011, and then abducted and beat him in June 
4

1 2011 because of his political activities. Substantial evidence supports the adverse 

2 credibility determination.

3 The agency reasonably relied on inconsistencies in Singh’s testimony and 

4 between his testimony and application. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Singh

5 gave inconsistent descriptions of the alleged abduction: his written statement 

6 provided that he recognized his abductors as members of the Congress Party; but 

7 he testified that he was abducted by people in police uniforms. The agency did 

8 not err in concluding that the fact that his abductors wore police uniforms is a fact

9 that an applicant would likely include in an application, particularly where, as 

10 here, Singh noted at the end of his written statement that he believed the police 

11 and Congress Party were “involved together.” See Hong Fei Gao, 891 F.3d at 78 

12 (“[T]he probative value of a witness’s prior silence on particular facts depends on 

13 whether those facts are ones the witness would reasonably have been expected to 

14 disclose.”). The agency was not required to accept Singh’s explanation that he 

15 mentioned some connection between the Congress Party and the police even if his 

16 written statement did not identify his abductors as police. See Majidi v. Gonzales, 

17 430 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2005) (“A petitioner must do more than offer a plausible 

18 explanation for his inconsistent statements to secure relief; he must demonstrate 
5

1 that a reasonable fact-finder would be compelled to credit his testimony.” 

2 (quotation marks omitted)). The agency also reasonably relied on an inconsistency 

3 regarding the threats Singh received: Singh’s written statement reported threats in 

4 February 2011, and stated that months passed without incident before his 

5 abduction in June; but he testified about receiving threats in March and May of 

6 that year. 

7 The agency also reasonably relied on inconsistencies between Singh’s 

8 statements and his supporting documents. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Singh 

9 submitted two versions of supporting letters from his mother and best friend, 

10 which were inconsistent as to (1) the number of times he was threatened and 

11 attacked; (2) when he joined his political party; and (3) whether he sought help 

12 from the police after he was attacked. The IJ reasonably rejected Singh’s 

13 explanation that the original letters were not read back to their authors in their 

14 best language because both letters contain signed verifications that the contents 

15 were true and correct to the best of the declarants’ knowledge. See Majidi, 430 F.3d 

16 at 80. The agency is permitted to rely on inconsistencies between an applicant’s 

17 statement and statements of his witnesses, particularly when, as here, there are 

18 direct inconsistencies in those statements. See Hong Fei Gao, 891 F.3d at 78. 
6

1 The agency also relied on Singh’s failure to provide reliable corroborating 

2 evidence. “An applicant’s failure to corroborate his or her testimony may bear on 

3 credibility, because the absence of corroboration in general makes an applicant 

4 unable to rehabilitate testimony that has already been called into question.” Biao 

5 Yang v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. 2007). The agency did not err because 

6 the original letters from Singh’s mother, friend, and the head of his village were 

7 inconsistent with his own statements, and the IJ was not required to credit the 

8 amended letters. See Y.C. v. Holder, 741 F.3d 324, 332 (2d Cir. 2013) (“We generally 

9 defer to the agency’s evaluation of the weight to be afforded an applicant’s 

10 documentary evidence.”). Additionally, the letter from Singh’s political party did 

11 not mention the past harm he alleged.

12 In sum, taken together the inconsistencies and omissions and the lack of 

13 reliable corroboration provide substantial evidence for the adverse credibility 

14 determination. See Likai Gao v. Barr, 968 F.3d 137, 145 n.8 (2d Cir. 2020) (“[E]ven a 

15 single inconsistency might preclude an alien from showing that an IJ was 

16 compelled to find him credible. Multiple inconsistencies would so preclude even 

17 more forcefully.”); Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 167. Although the BIA concluded that 

18 Singh waived withholding of removal and CAT relief by not arguing those claims 
7

1 on appeal, the IJ denied all relief based on the adverse credibility determination, 

2 which Singh did challenge on appeal. There was no independent basis for the 

3 denial of his withholding and CAT claims that he could have raised before the 

4 BIA. However, remand is not warranted to correct this error because the adverse 

5 credibility determination is dispositive given that Singh’s claims for asylum, 

6 withholding of removal, and CAT relief were all based on the same factual 

7 predicate. See Paul v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148, 156–57 (2d Cir. 2006).

8 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. All pending 

9 motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.

10 FOR THE COURT: 

11 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe,

12 Clerk of Court