FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

FEB 13, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 06-13970

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 05-00094-CV-OC-10-GRJ

JEFFREY A. BRYAN, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

versus 

BRANDON SPILLMAN, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(February 13, 2007)

Before MARCUS, WILSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Appellant Jeffrey Bryan, proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s

order granting summary judgment in favor of Officer Brandon Spillman of the

Marion County Sheriff’s Department. Bryan filed this action under 42 U.S.C.
We affirm without discussion the entry of summary judgment on Bryan’s § 1983 claims 1

against Officer Spillman, a state actor, based on the Fifth Amendment. Moreover, we find no merit

to Bryan’s claim that Officer Spillman illegally entered onto his property. It was undisputed that

before his encounter with Bryan, in front of a mobile home emanating the smell of marijuana,

Officer Spillman was responding to a report of an abandoned vehicle on the property. The Fourth

Amendment “is not implicated by entry upon private land to knock on a citizen’s door for legitimate

police purposes unconnected with a search of the premises.” United States v. Taylor, 458 F.3d 1201,

1204 (11th Cir. 2006). The district court did not err by concluding that because there was no

constitutional violation, Officer Spillman was entitled to summary judgment on the illegal-entry

claim.

We GRANT Bryan’s Motion to File Reply Brief Out of Time. 2

2

§ 1983, alleging that Officer Spillman conducted an illegal arrest and used

excessive force in the course of the arrest, in violation of his Fourth Amendment

rights. On appeal, Bryan argues that the district court erred by concluding that he 1

failed to allege a constitutional violation, and, alternatively, that Officer Spillman

was entitled to the defense of qualified immunity from the claims. More

specifically, Bryan contends that the district court erred by accepting Officer

Spillman’s, rather than Bryan’s, version of the underlying facts. Bryan also urges

the district court erred by rejecting the evidence he submitted in opposition to

summary judgment, in favor of Officer Spillman’s police report and affidavit,

which were submitted in support of summary judgment in the instant matter. After

careful review, we affirm.2

The parties are familiar with the background facts, which were thoroughly

described by the magistrate judge in the Report and Recommendation, and we do
The district court adopted the R&R over Bryan’s objections, which the district court 3

described as “highly inappropriate and unnecessar[ily] inflammatory” and “merely a 17-page attack

on the Magistrate Judge, peppered with a few random statements demonstrating the Plaintiff’s total

lack of understanding of the law and facts of his case.”

While pro se complaints are entitled to a liberal interpretation, “a pro se litigant does not 4

escape the essential burden under summary judgment standards of establishing that there is a

genuine issue as to a fact material to his case in order to avert summary judgment.” Brown v.

Crawford, 906 F.2d 667, 670 (11th Cir. 1990).

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not recount them again here. We review a district court’s grant of summary

3

judgment de novo. See Steele v. Shah, 87 F.3d 1266, 1269 (11th Cir. 1996). In

making this determination, we view the record before the district court in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party to determine if a genuine issue of material

fact existed. See id. The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing that

there are no genuine issues of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 323 (1986). If the moving party is successful, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to come forward with evidence beyond the pleadings that

demonstrates the presence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 324. This

evidence may consist of affidavits or other relevant and admissible evidence. See

Avirgan v. Hull, 932 F.2d 1572, 1577 (11th Cir. 1991). “A mere scintilla of

evidence supporting the opposing party’s position will not suffice; there must be

enough of a showing that the jury could reasonably find for that party.” Walker v.

Darby, 911 F.2d 1573, 1577 (11th Cir. 1990) (quotation omitted).4
4

It is well-settled that 42 U.S.C. § 1983, by itself, does not create substantive

rights, but rather it provides “a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere

conferred.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). To state a claim

under § 1983, a plaintiff must establish two essential elements: (1) the conduct

complained of was committed by a person acting under color of state law; and (2)

the conduct deprived a person of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the

Constitution or laws of the United States. See Blanton v. Griel Mem’l Psychiatric

Hosp., 758 F.2d 1540, 1542 (11th Cir. 1985); see also American Mfrs. Mut. Ins.

Co. v. Sullivan, 119 S. Ct. 977, 985 (1999) (holding that to state a claim for relief

based on § 1983, “[plaintiffs] must establish that they were deprived of a right

secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States, and that the alleged

deprivation was committed under color of state law.”). Thus, if Bryan did not

create a question of material fact as to whether his federal constitutional rights

were violated, the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Officer Spillman

on the § 1983 claims was proper. See Schwier v. Cox, 340 F.3d 1284, 1290 (11th

Cir. 2003). 

In the instant case, the district court concluded that Bryan failed to assert

violations of his constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment because: (1)

upon smelling marijuana as he approached Bryan’s mobile home, Officer Spillman
 The district court also found that Bryan’s false-arrest claim failed because he had pre- 5

sented no proof of damages or injuries and during his deposition had stated that he did not bleed,

have any bruises or marks, and did not seek medical treatment after the encounter. Since we affirm

the district court’s finding as to the existence of reasonable suspicion, we do not reach this

alternative basis for summary judgment in favor of Officer Spillman on the false-arrest claim.

 In the alternative, the district court noted that Spillman had asserted the defense of 6

qualified immunity. Because Officer Spillman was acting within the scope of his discretionary

authority, it was Bryan’s burden to establish qualified immunity did not apply. Durruthy v. Pastor,

351 F.3d 1080, 1087 (11th Cir. 2003). The district court concluded that because Bryan had not

established a violation of his constitutional rights, and thus Officer Spillman had not acted

unlawfully for purposes of the first element of the well-established test for qualified immunity

delineated by the Supreme Court in Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001), Officer Spillman

would be entitled to qualified immunity on the claims. 

5

had articulable and reasonable suspicion to detain and question Bryan about

marijuana use at his house and to conduct a pat-down, and such detention never

ripened into an arrest for purposes of a false-arrest claim; and (2) the force used in 5

the course of the pat-down, which Officer Spillman performed to assure his own

safety, was reasonable and, in any event, de minimus in nature and therefore

insufficient to state an excessive-force claim.6

The Fourth Amendment is implicated when a police officer either briefly

detains a citizen for investigatory purposes or holds a citizen pursuant to an arrest.

United States v. Hastamorir, 881 F.2d 1551, 1556 (11th Cir. 1989). To justify an

investigatory detention, the police officer must have “reasonable and articulable

suspicion that the individual has committed or is about to commit a crime.” Id.;

see Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21. Under Terry, a narrowly drawn search for
6

weapons without a warrant is also permitted where the officer has reason believe

that the individual to be searched is armed and dangerous. Id. at 27. 

Here, the district court entered summary judgment on Bryan’s false-arrest

claim because Officer Spillman had reasonable suspicion to detain Bryan briefly

and to conduct a Terry pat-down. It was undisputed that Officer Spillman smelled

marijuana emanating from the house where he encountered Bryan. Cf. United

States v. Garcia, 592 F.2d 259 (5th Cir. 1979) (smell of marijuana emanating from

vehicle established reasonable suspicion for search of the trunk). Moreover, the

home was located in a high-crime area and during Officer Spillman’s encounter

with Bryan in a dimly-lit place, Bryan acted in a threatening manner. The district

court found that given its short duration (no more than five minutes), Bryan’s

detention never ripened into an arrest. Thus, the court found that Bryan had not

shown a genuine issue of material fact as to an element of his § 1983 claim -- the

existence of a constitutional violation. 

The difference between an investigatory stop of limited duration and a

detention that amounts to an arrest “is one of extent, with the line of demarcation

resulting from the weighing of a limited violation of individual privacy involved

against the opposing interests in crime prevention and detection and in the police

officer’s safety.” United States v. Acosta, 363 F.3d 1141, 1145-46 (11th Cir.
The additional fact that Bryan was handcuffed did not transform the detention into an 7

arrest. See United States v. Acosta, 363 F.3d 1141, 1147 (11th Cir.2004)

7

2004) (quotation omitted). In making this determination, this Court looks to:

“[1] the law enforcement purposes served by the detention, [2] the diligence with

which the police pursue the investigation, [3] the scope and intrusiveness of the

detention, and [4] the duration of the detention.” Id. at 1146 (quotation omitted).

Here, the “totality of the circumstances” shows that the brief detention was

reasonable, and did not evolve into an arrest for which probable cause must be

shown. Viewing the facts of this case in the light most favorable to Bryan, Officer

Spillman had an investigatory purpose for approaching Bryan’s house -- he was

investigating a report of an abandoned vehicle at the house -- and, after smelling

marijuana, Spillman had reasonable, articulable suspicion to detain Bryan.

Spillman also did not violate Bryan’s rights by conducting a weapons search both

because Spillman claims that Bryan consented to the search and because such

searches are permissible where there is reason to be concerned for the officer’s

safety. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. Spillman had reason to be concerned for his

safety because he smelled marijuana smoke, Bryan behaved aggressively towards

him, there was poor lighting, and Bryan was wearing baggy clothes that could have

concealed a weapon. On this record, there was no violation of the Fourth 7

Amendment because Bryan was not arrested and there was reasonable, articulable
8

suspicion to detain him. Accordingly, the district court did not err by entering

summary judgment on the false-arrest claim.

We likewise are unpersuaded by Bryan’s suggestion that the district court

erred by entering summary judgment on his Fourth Amendment claim for

excessive force, for which, at the summary judgment stage, he was required to

allege that (1) a seizure occurred and (2) the force used to effect the seizure was

unreasonable. Troupe v. Sarasota County, Fla., 419 F.3d 1160, 1166 (11th Cir.

2005), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1914 (2006). The Supreme Court has stated that

“the right to make an arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the right

to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it.” Graham,

490 U.S. at 396. Moreover, in reviewing such a claim, we evaluate the

reasonableness of the force used under an objective standard and ask whether an

officer’s actions were reasonable “in light of the facts and circumstances

confronting [the police officer], without regard to his underlying intent or

motivation.” Kesinger v. Herrington, 381 F.3d 1243, 1248 (11th Cir. 2004); see

also Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1197-98 (11th Cir. 2002) (stating that “in

determining if force was reasonable, courts must examine (1) the need for the

application of force, (2) the relationship between the need and amount of force

used, and (3) the extent of the injury inflicted”). “[T]he application of de minimis
The plaintiff in Nolin pointed to nearly identical circumstances as constituting excessive 8

force. We disagreed:

As described above, Appellant, pursuant to what the district court found to

be a lawful arrest, merely grabbed Appellee and shoved him a few feet against a

vehicle, pushed Appellant's knee into Appellee’s back and Appellee’s head against

the van, searched Appellee’s groin area in an uncomfortable manner, and placed

Appellee in handcuffs. Appellee had minor bruising which quickly disappeared

without treatment. This factual recitation by Appellee falls well within the ambit of

the de minimis force principle of Post, Gold, and Jones. In fact, the facts sound little

different from the minimal amount of force and injury involved in a typical arrest.

207 F.3d at 1258 n.4.

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force, without more, will not support a claim for excessive force in violation of the

Fourth Amendment.” Nolin v. Isbell, 207 F.3d 1253, 1257 (11th Cir. 2000). 

The district court concluded that the encounter involved only de minimus

force and thus, according to our decision in Nolin, was insufficient, as a matter of

law, to state a constitutional violation. According to the uncontested evidence,

during his encounter with Officer Spillman, Bryan was acting aggressively and

suffered only some temporary pain, which required no treatment, and no lasting

injury. Bryan says that Officer Spillman conducted a “rough search” of his

genitals, pushed him against a patrol car and held his head down against the car.

Simply put, this conduct described falls well within the ambit of our de

minimus force caselaw. Accordingly, the district court did not err by entering 8

summary judgment as there was no genuine issue of material fact on the existence
10

of a constitutional violation -- an element of Bryan’s § 1983 claim based on

excessive force.

AFFIRMED.