CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

**4.1 INTRODUCTION** 

**........................................................................................................... 4­1** 

**4.2 SCREENED­OUT**  **TECHNOLGIES............................................................................... 4­2**

**4.2.1 General**  **Service Fluorescent**  **Lamp Screened­Out**  **Technologies**

**........................ 4­2** 

**4.2.1.1 Multi­Photon**  **Phosphors**

**.......................................................................... 4­2** 

**4.2.2 Incandescent**  **Reflector Lamp**  **Screened­Out Technologies................................. 4­2** 

**4.2.2.1 Microcavity**  **Filaments**

**............................................................................. 4­3** 

**4.2.2.2 Novel**  **Filament Materials** 

**........................................................................ 4­3** 

**4.2.2.3 Crystallite**  **Filament Coatings** 

**.................................................................. 4­3** 

**4.2.2.4 Luminescent**  **Gas...................................................................................... 4­4** 

**4.2.2.5 Non­Tungsten­Halogen**  **Regenerative Cycles..........................................**  **4­4**

**4.2.2.6 Infrared**  **Phosphor Glass**  **Coating............................................................. 4­5**

**4.2.2.7 Integrally**  **Ballasted Low**  **Voltage Lamps** 

**................................................ 4­5** 

**4.2.2.8 Trihedral**  **Corner Reflectors** 

**..................................................................... 4­5** 

**4.3 SUMMARY**  **OF TECHNOLOGY**  **OPTIONS SCREENED**  **OUT.................................. 4­6** 

**4.4 REMAINING**  **TECHNOLOGIES**

**................................................................................... 4­6** 

**4.4.1 General**  **Service Fluorescent**  **Lamps Design**  **Options**

**.......................................... 4­6** 

**4.4.2 Incandescent**  **Reflector Lamps**  **Design Options................................................... 4­7** 

**REFERENCES**

**............................................................................................................................ 4­8** 

LIST OF TABLES

**Table 4.3.1 GSFL Technology Options Screened Out of the Analysis.......................... 4­6** 

**Table 4.3.2**  **IRL Technology**  **Options Screened**  **Out of**  **the Analysis** 

**............................. 4­6** 

**4­i**CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

**This chapter**  **discusses the**  **U.S. Department**  **of Energy’s**  **(DOE) screening**  **analysis**

**of the**  **technology options**  **identified for**  **general service**  **fluorescent lamps**  **(GSFL) and** 

**incandescent reflector**  **lamps (IRL).**  **As discussed**  **in Chapter**  **3, Market**  **and Technology** 

**Assessment, DOE**  **consults with**  **industry, technical**  **experts, and**  **other interested**  **parties in** 

**developing a**  **list of**  **technology options**  **for consideration.**  **The purpose**  **of the**  **screening**

**analysis is**  **to evaluate**  **the list**  **of options**  **to determine**  **which to**  **consider further**  **and which** 

**to screen**  **out.**

**Section 325(o)(2)**  **of EPCA**  **provides that**  **any new**  **or revised**  **standard must**  **be designed** 

**to achieve**  **the maximum**  **improvement in**  **energy efficiency**  **that is**  **determined to**  **be**

**technologically feasible**  **and economically**  **justified. (42**  **U.S.C. 6295(o)(2))**  **In view**  **of**

**the EPCA**  **requirements for**  **determining whether**  **a standard**  **is technologically**  **feasible**

**and economically**  **justified, Appendix**  **A to**  **Subpart C**  **of Title**  **10, Code**  **of Federal** 

**Regulations, Part**  **430 (10**  **CFR Part**  **430), “Procedures,**  **Interpretations, and**  **Policies for** 

**Consideration of**  **New or**  **Revised Energy**  **Conservation Standards**  **for Consumer** 

**Products” (the**  **Process Rule)**  **sets forth**  **procedures to**  **guide DOE**  **in its**  **consideration and** 

**promulgation of**  **new or**  **revised efficiency**  **standards. These**  **procedures elaborate**  **on the** 

**statutory criteria**  **provided in**  **42 U.S.C.**  **6295(o) and,**  **in part,**  **eliminate problematic** 

**technologies early**  **in the**  **process of**  **prescribing or**  **amending an**  **energy efficiency** 

**standard. In**  **particular, sections**  **4(b)(4) and**  **5(b) of**  **the Process**  **Rule provide**  **guidance to** 

**DOE for**  **determining which**  **design options**  **are unsuitable**  **for further**  **consideration:**

**1.** Technological feasibility. **DOE will**  **consider technologies**  **incorporated in** 

**commercial products**  **or in**  **working prototypes**  **to be**  **technologically feasible.** 

**2.** Practicability to manufacture, install, and service. **If mass**  **production and** 

**reliable installation**  **and servicing**  **of a**  **technology in**  **commercial products**  **could**

**be achieved**  **on the**  **scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market at**  **the time**  **the**

**standard comes**  **into effect,**  **then DOE**  **will consider**  **that technology**  **practicable to** 

**manufacture, install,**  **and service.** 

**3.** Adverse impacts on product utility or product availability. **If DOE** 

**determines a**  **technology would**  **have significant**  **adverse impact**  **on the**  **utility of** 

**the product**  **to significant**  **subgroups of**  **consumers, or**  **would result**  **in the** 

**unavailability of**  **any covered**  **product type**  **with performance**  **characteristics**

**(including reliability),**  **features, sizes,**  **capacities, and**  **volumes that**  **are**

**substantially the**  **same as**  **products generally**  **available in**  **the United**  **States at**  **the**

**time, it**  **will not**  **consider this**  **technology further.** 

**4­1 4.**  Adverse impacts on health or safety. **If DOE**  **determines that**  **a technology**  **will**

**have significant**  **adverse impacts**  **on health**  **or safety,**  **it will**  **not consider**  **this**

**technology further.** 

**Section 4.2**  **discusses the**  **technology options**  **DOE screened**  **out from**  **further**

**consideration. Section**  **4.3 summarizes**  **those options.**  **Section 4.4**  **lists the**  **remaining**

**design options**  **DOE considered**  **in its**  **analyses.**

4.2 SCREENED-OUT TECHNOLGIES

**This section**  **addresses the**  **technologies that**  **DOE screened**  **out, having**  **considered**

**the following**  **four factors:**  **(1) technological**  **feasibility; (2)**  **practicability to**  **manufacture,**

**install, and**  **service; (3)**  **adverse impacts**  **on product**  **utility to**  **consumers; and**  **(4) adverse** 

**impacts on**  **health or**  **safety.**

4.2.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamp Screened-Out Technologies

**DOE has**  **screened out**  **the following**  **technologies in**  **its analyses**  **of GSFL.** 

**Although these**  **technologies were**  **not considered**  **in the**  **subsequent analyses,**  **DOE does** 

**not discourage**  **their use**  **by manufacturers.**  **These technologies**  **may be**  **capable of** 

**reducing energy**  **consumption or**  **providing additional**  **benefits to**  **consumers, even**  **though**

**they do**  **not currently**  **meet the**  **requirements for**  **DOE’s consideration.** 

4.2.1.1 Multi-Photon Phosphors

**Theoretically, the**  **use of**  **multi­photon phosphors,**  **or quantum­splitting**  **phosphors,**

**could significantly**  **improve lamp**  **efficacy. By**  **emitting more**  **than one**  **visible photon**  **for**

**each ultraviolet**  **photon, a**  **lamp would**  **be able**  **to emit**  **more light**  **for the**  **same amount**  **of**

**power. However,**  **development of**  **this technology**  **remains in**  **the research**  **phase and** 

**DOE is**  **unaware of**  **any prototypes**  **or commercialized**  **products that**  **incorporate multi** 

**1 photon**  **phosphors. Thus, DOE**  **screened out**  **this technology**  **option based**  **on the**  **first**

**criterion, technological**  **feasibility. Additionally,**  **because this**  **technology is**  **still in**  **the**

**research phase,**  **DOE believes**  **that it**  **would not**  **be practicable,**  **or even**  **possible, to** 

**manufacture, install,**  **and service**  **this technology**  **on the**  **scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the**

**relevant market**  **at the**  **time of**  **the effective**  **date of**  **an amended**  **standard. It**  **is not** 

**possible to**  **assess whether**  **the technology**  **will have**  **adverse impacts**  **on utility**  **to**

**consumers, availability,**  **or consumer**  **health or**  **safety. Therefore,**  **DOE will**  **not consider** 

**multi­photon phosphors**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of GSFL.** 

4.2.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamp Screened-Out Technologies

**DOE screened**  **out the**  **following technologies**  **for IRL.**  **Although DOE**  **did not** 

**consider the**  **following technologies,**  **DOE does**  **not discourage**  **their use**  **since they**  **may**

**reduce energy**  **consumption or**  **provide other**  **benefits to**  **consumers.**

**4­2**4.2.2.1 Microcavity Filaments

**By fabricating**  **microcavities on**  **the incandescent**  **lamp filament,**  **it is**  **theoretically**

**possible to**  **increase a**  **lamp’s emissivity,**  **and therefore**  **its efficacy.**  **The market**  **and**

**technology assessment**  **(Chapter 3)**  **notes that**  **Sandia National**  **Laboratories researchers** 

**examined microcavity**  **resonance in**  **a tungsten**  **photonic lattice**  **and found**  **multiple patents** 

**referencing this**  **technology. Since**  **research prototypes**  **of microcavity**  **filaments do**  **exist,**

**DOE determined**  **that this**  **technology option**  **is technologically**  **feasible. However,** 

**research indicates**  **that materials**  **patterned at**  **the submicron**  **level may**  **experience**

**2 problems**  **with stability. Because**  **such instability**  **could negatively**  **affect lamp**  **lifetime,**

**DOE believes**  **the technology**  **is not**  **yet practical**  **to implement**  **on a**  **wide scale.**  **For this** 

**reason, DOE**  **screened out**  **this technology**  **option based**  **on the**  **third criterion,**  **impacts on** 

**product utility**  **to consumers.**  **DOE is**  **also unaware**  **of any**  **commercialized lamps**  **that**

**incorporate microcavity**  **filaments, and**  **is concerned**  **that mass­manufacturing**  **techniques**

**for this**  **technology would**  **be problematic.**  **For this**  **reason, DOE**  **does not**  **believe that**  **this**

**technology would**  **be practicable**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service. Therefore,**  **DOE**

**will not**  **consider filaments**  **with microcavities**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the**

**efficacy of**  **IRL. DOE**  **does not**  **have enough**  **information to**  **assess whether** 

**implementation of**  **this technology**  **will have**  **adverse impacts**  **on consumer**  **health or** 

**safety.**

4.2.2.2 Novel Filament Materials

**Novel filament**  **materials such**  **as nitrides**  **and carbides**  **have the**  **potential to** 

**improve lamp**  **efficacy by**  **emitting more**  **light in**  **the visible**  **spectrum at**  **a given** 

**temperature than**  **traditional tungsten**  **filaments. Because**  **several patents**  **on such** 

**filaments exist,**  **DOE believes**  **that this**  **technology option**  **is technologically**  **feasible.**

**However, DOE**  **is unaware**  **of any**  **lamps available**  **today that**  **use such**  **filaments.**

**Furthermore, DOE**  **understands that**  **technological barriers,**  **such as**  **prohibitive brittleness** 

**of the**  **filament, limit**  **implementation of**  **this technology.**  **Finding a**  **practical way**  **to**

**incorporate novel**  **filament materials**  **into incandescent**  **reflector lamps**  **would require** 

**further research,**  **as would**  **making such**  **lamps practical**  **for general**  **service applications.** 

**DOE believes**  **that it**  **would not**  **be practicable**  **to manufacture**  **this technology**  **on the**  **scale**

**necessary to**  **serve the**  **relevant market**  **at the**  **time of**  **the effective**  **date of**  **an amended** 

**standard. Therefore,**  **DOE will**  **not consider**  **novel filament**  **materials as**  **a design**  **option**

**for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of IRL.**  **DOE is**  **unaware of**  **any research**  **on the**  **potential**

**impact of**  **this technology**  **on consumer**  **health or**  **safety.**

4.2.2.3 Crystallite Filament Coatings

**DOE screened**  **out crystallite**  **filament coatings,**  **which are**  **oxide­covered micron** 

**or sub­micron**  **crystallites comprised**  **of thorium,**  **tantalum, or**  **niobium. These**  **coatings**

**can be**  **used to**  **increase the**  **light emissivity**  **of a**  **lamp’s filament.**  **Because several**  **patents**

**on such**  **filament coatings**  **exist, DOE**  **believes that**  **this technology**  **option is** 

**technologically feasible.**  **However, DOE**  **was unable**  **to locate**  **any data**  **on the** 

**incorporation of**  **crystallite filament**  **coatings into**  **prototype or**  **commercially available** 

**products. Using**  **crystallite filament**  **coatings may**  **require additional**  **manufacturing**

**4­3 techniques,**  **such as**  **chemical vapor**  **deposition. DOE**  **understands that**  **these techniques** 

**are not**  **in use**  **in the**  **mass­production of**  **incandescent reflector**  **lamps. DOE**  **believes that** 

**it would**  **not be**  **practicable to**  **manufacture this**  **technology on**  **the scale**  **necessary to**  **serve**

**the relevant**  **market of**  **IRL at**  **the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an**  **amended standard.**  **DOE**

**screened out**  **this option**  **based on**  **the second**  **criterion. It**  **is also**  **not possible**  **to assess** 

**whether this**  **technology will**  **have adverse**  **impacts on**  **utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or**

**consumer health**  **or safety.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **will not**  **consider crystallite**  **filament coatings** 

**as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of IRL.** 

4.2.2.4 Luminescent Gas

**Luminescent gases**  **encompass gaseous**  **fills for**  **incandescent lamps**  **that react**  **with**

**certain wavelengths**  **of the**  **filament emission**  **and generate**  **visible light.**  **DOE is**  **unaware**

**of any**  **existing commercially**  **available products**  **or prototypes**  **of incandescent**  **lamps**

**incorporating luminescent**  **gases. DOE**  **screened out**  **luminescent gases**  **based on** 

**technological feasibility.**  **To the**  **best of**  **DOE’s knowledge,**  **luminescent gas**  **fills also** 

**have not**  **been incorporated**  **into residential,**  **commercial, or**  **industrial products,**  **so DOE** 

**cannot assess**  **the practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service this**  **technology on**  **the**

**scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market at**  **the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an** 

**amended standard.**  **It is**  **not possible**  **to assess**  **whether this**  **technology will**  **have adverse** 

**impacts on**  **utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or consumer**  **health or**  **safety. Therefore,** 

**DOE will**  **not consider**  **luminescent gas**  **fills as**  **a design**  **option for**  **improving the**  **efficacy**

**of IRL.** 

4.2.2.5 Non-Tungsten-Halogen Regenerative Cycles

**The regenerative**  **cycle of**  **filament evaporation**  **and redeposition**  **can be**  **used to** 

**greatly increase**  **the life**  **of an**  **incandescent lamp**  **and improve**  **lumen maintenance.**  **The**

**filament can**  **burn at**  **a higher**  **temperature than**  **conventional incandescent**  **lamps while** 

**maintaining a**  **useful service**  **life. The**  **market and**  **technology assessment**  **(Chapter 3)** 

**discusses the**  **use of**  **a regenerative**  **cycle for**  **tungsten­halogen lamps.**  **DOE understands** 

**that other**  **regenerative cycles**  **also may**  **be possible**  **for other**  **filament materials**  **and are** 

**considered technologically**  **feasible. However,**  **as noted**  **above, DOE**  **has screened**  **out the** 

**use of**  **novel filament**  **materials on**  **the basis**  **of the**  **second and**  **third screening**  **criteria.**

**Because use**  **of the**  **non­tungsten­halogen regenerative**  **cycles would**  **depend on** 

**incorporating a**  **non­tungsten filament,**  **DOE is**  **screening out**  **such cycles**  **from**

**consideration based**  **on the**  **same two**  **criteria. DOE**  **believes that**  **it would**  **not be** 

**practicable, and**  **maybe not**  **even possible,**  **to manufacture**  **novel filament**  **materials lamps** 

**with associated**  **regenerative cycles**  **on the**  **scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market at** 

**the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an**  **amended standard.**  **Also, the**  **use of**  **other filament** 

**materials, and**  **therefore their**  **associated regenerative**  **cycles, may**  **have an**  **adverse impact** 

**on utility.**  **In addition,**  **because this**  **technology has**  **not been**  **incorporated into** 

**commercially available**  **products, DOE**  **is unable**  **to assess**  **whether it**  **will have**  **adverse**

**impacts on**  **consumer health**  **or safety.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **will not**  **consider non­tungsten** 

**halogen regenerative**  **cycles as**  **a design**  **option for**  **improving the**  **efficacy of**  **IRL.**

**4­4**4.2.2.6 Infrared Phosphor Glass Coating

**When used**  **as a**  **coating on**  **the bulb**  **surface, infrared**  **phosphors harvest**  **the**

**emitted infrared**  **energy and**  **convert it**  **to visible**  **light, potentially**  **increasing lamp** 

**efficacy. Because**  **patents on**  **such infrared**  **phosphor coatings**  **exist, DOE**  **believes that** 

**this technology**  **option is**  **technologically feasible.**  **However, DOE**  **was unable**  **to locate** 

**any data**  **on the**  **incorporation of**  **infrared phosphor**  **coatings into**  **commercially available** 

**products. Because**  **using infrared**  **phosphor coatings**  **in incandescent**  **reflector lamps**  **may**

**require retooling**  **of the**  **manufacturing process,**  **DOE believes**  **that it**  **would not**  **be**

**practicable to**  **manufacture this**  **technology on**  **the scale**  **necessary to**  **serve the**  **relevant**

**market at**  **the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an**  **amended standard.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **screened**

**out this**  **option based**  **on the**  **second criterion.**  **It is**  **also impossible**  **to assess**  **whether the** 

**technology will**  **have adverse**  **impacts on**  **utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or consumer** 

**health or**  **safety. Therefore,**  **DOE will**  **not consider**  **infrared phosphor**  **coatings as**  **a design** 

**option for**  **improving the**  **efficacy of**  **IRL.**

4.2.2.7 Integrally Ballasted Low Voltage Lamps

**Incandescent filaments**  **that are**  **designed to**  **operate at**  **a lower**  **voltage are**  **both**

**shorter in**  **length and**  **thicker in**  **cross­sectional area**  **than incandescent**  **filaments designed** 

**to operate**  **at a**  **line voltage**  **from 115**  **to 130V.**  **Increasing the**  **thickness of**  **the filament** 

**can improve**  **its efficacy**  **by allowing**  **the lamp**  **to operate**  **at higher**  **temperatures.**

**Therefore, using**  **an integral**  **ballast allows**  **the efficacy**  **of a**  **lamp to**  **increase by**  **operating**

**its filament**  **at a**  **lower voltage**  **(e.g., 12**  **volts) than**  **standard U.S.**  **household line**  **voltage**

**1 (i.e.,**  **120 volts).**  **Although this**  **technology is**  **commercially available**  **in Europe and** 

**elsewhere in**  **the world**  **where the**  **standard household**  **line voltage**  **is 220­240**  **volts, DOE** 

**is unaware**  **of any**  **commercially available**  **products or**  **prototypes of**  **this technology** 

**option that**  **operate on**  **U.S. household**  **line voltage**  **of 120**  **volts. Accordingly,**  **DOE is** 

**screening out**  **integrally ballasted**  **low voltage**  **lamps based**  **on the**  **first criterion,** 

**technological feasibility.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **will not**  **consider integrally**  **ballasted low** 

**voltage lamps**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of IRL.** 

4.2.2.8 Trihedral Corner Reflectors

**Trihedral corner**  **reflectors incorporated**  **into the**  **cover glass**  **of IRL**  **have the** 

**potential to**  **increase lamp**  **efficacy by**  **redirecting infrared**  **radiation back**  **onto the** 

**filament. Because**  **patents on**  **trihedral corner**  **reflectors exist,**  **DOE believes**  **that this** 

**technology option**  **is technologically**  **feasible. However,**  **DOE was**  **unable to**  **locate any** 

**data on**  **the incorporation**  **of this**  **technology into**  **commercially available**  **products. Using** 

**trihedral corner**  **reflectors, which**  **entail an**  **additional disc**  **requiring external**  **fabrication**

**and installation**  **in the**  **lamp, may**  **necessitate manufacturing**  **techniques not**  **currently**

**available for**  **mass production.**  **For this**  **reason, DOE**  **believes that**  **it would**  **not be** 

**Philips Electronics**  **Press Release**  **(2007). Available**  **at**

**http://www.lighting.philips.com/gl_en/news/press/product_innovations/archive_2007/press_new_mastercla**

**ssic_lamp.php.**

**4­5 1** **practicable to**  **implement the**  **new manufacturing**  **technique for**  **this technology**  **on the** 

**scale necessary**  **to serve**  **the relevant**  **market of**  **IRL at**  **the time**  **of the**  **effective date**  **of an** 

**amended standard.**  **Therefore, DOE**  **screened out**  **this option**  **based on**  **the second** 

**criterion. It**  **is not**  **possible to**  **assess whether**  **the technology**  **will have**  **adverse impacts**  **on**

**utility to**  **consumers, availability,**  **or consumer**  **health or**  **safety. Therefore,**  **DOE will**  **not**

**consider trihedral**  **corner reflectors**  **as a**  **design option**  **for improving**  **the efficacy**  **of IRL.** 

4.3 SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS SCREENED OUT

**The following**  **tables summarize**  **the technology**  **options DOE**  **screened out**  **from**

**further consideration**  **and note**  **the screening**  **criteria.**

Table 4.3.1 GSFL Technology Options Screened Out of the Analysis

Design Option Excluded Screening Criteria

**Multi­Photon Phosphors**  **Technological feasibility** 

**Practicability to**  **manufacture, install,**  **and service** 

Table 4.3.2 IRL Technology Options Screened Out of the Analysis

Design Option Excluded Screening Criteria

**Microcavity Filaments**  **Product utility**  **to consumers** 

**Practicability to**  **manufacture, install,**  **and service** 

**Novel Filament**  **Materials Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service; product** 

**utility to**  **consumers**

**Crystallite Filament**  **Coatings Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

**Luminescent Gas**  **Technological feasibility** 

**Non­Tungsten­Halogen Regenerative** 

**Cycles Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

**Product utility**  **to consumers** 

**Infrared Phosphor**  **Glass Coating**  **Practicability to**  **manufacture, install,**  **and service** 

**Integrally Ballasted**  **Low Voltage**  **Halogen Technological**  **feasibility**

**Trihedral Corner**  **Reflectors Practicability**  **to manufacture,**  **install, and**  **service**

4.4 REMAINING TECHNOLOGIES

**After screening**  **out those**  **technologies in**  **accordance with**  **the policies**  **set forth**  **in**

**10 CFR**  **Part 430,**  **Subpart C,**  **Appendix A,**  **(4)(a)(4) and**  **5(b), DOE**  **is considering**  **the**

**design options**  **in the**  **following list**  **as viable**  **means for**  **improving efficacy.**  **The market** 

**and technology**  **assessment (Chapter**  **3) provides**  **a detailed**  **description of**  **these design** 

**options.**

4.4.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps Design Options

• **Highly Emissive**  **Electrode Coatings** 

• **Higher­Efficiency Lamp**  **Fill Gas**  **Composition**

• **Higher­Efficiency Phosphors** 

• **Glass Coatings** 

• **Higher­Efficiency Lamp**  **Diameter**

**4­6**4.4.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps Design Options

• **Higher­Temperature Operation** 

• **Thinner Filaments** 

• **Efficient Filament**  **Coiling**

• **Efficient Filament**  **Orientation**

• **Higher­Efficiency Inert**  **Fill Gas** 

• **Tungsten­Halogen Lamps** 

• **Higher­Pressure Tungsten**  **Halogen Lamps** 

• **Infrared Glass**  **Coatings (thin­film)** 

• **Higher­Efficiency Reflector**  **Coatings**

• **Efficient Filament**  **Placement**

**DOE will**  **consider these**  **options in**  **the engineering**  **analysis. As**  **discussed in** 

**Chapter 5,**  **DOE based**  **its engineering**  **analysis to**  **the greatest**  **extent possible**  **on**

**commercially available**  **products, which**  **incorporate one**  **or more**  **of these**  **design options.** 

**By doing**  **this, DOE**  **uses catalog**  **data to**  **determine both**  **prices and**  **performance attributes** 

**more efficacious**  **lamps.**

**4­7**REFERENCES

**1 U.S.**  **Department of**  **Energy** C **Office of**  **Building Technologies.**  **U.S. Lighting**  **Market**

**Characterization, Volume**  **II: Energy**  **Efficient Lighting**  **Technology Options.**  **September,**

**2005. Washington,**  **D.C.**

**< www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/ee_lightingvolII.pdf**  **>**

**2** Ibid.

**4­8**