AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed November 30, 2016.

S

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-16-00070-CR

DERRICK MITCHELL, JR., Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 416th Judicial District Court

Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 416-82777-2014

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Fillmore, Brown, and Richter1

Opinion by Justice Fillmore

Appellant Derrick Mitchell, Jr. was indicted for the offense of aggravated sexual assault 

with deadly weapons—a knife and a flashlight. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a) (West 

Supp. 2016). Without a plea agreement as to punishment, Derrick2 pleaded guilty. The trial 

court found Derrick guilty and that he used or exhibited deadly weapons and assessed 

punishment of thirty-five years’ confinement with no fine. In two issues on appeal, Derrick 

asserts the trial court erred in (1) denying his motion to suppress the search warrant which

permitted the examination of his cell phone and (2) overruling his objection to the admission into 

 1 The Hon. Martin Richter, Justice, Assigned.

2 Because appellant and the complainant Kimberly Mitchell have the same surname, we use their first names in this opinion.
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evidence of cell phone text messages which were not authenticated at the time of admission. We 

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Background

Derrick was charged by indictment with the August 30, 2014 first degree felony of 

aggravated sexual assault of his wife, Kimberly, with deadly weapons—a knife and a flashlight. 

Derrick’s pretrial motion to suppress all evidence resulting from a search of his cell phone was 

denied by the trial court. Derrick subsequently made an open plea of guilty to the charge in the 

indictment, and the trial court found him guilty and found he used or exhibited deadly weapons 

during commission of the offense. Following a punishment hearing, the trial court assessed 

punishment of thirty-five years’ confinement.

Motion to Suppress

At the time of his arrest for the alleged aggravated sexual assault, Derrick’s personal 

Samsung cell phone (Derrick’s cell phone) was taken into evidence by the arresting officer. 

Detective James Phelan of the Plano Police Department applied for a search warrant for a 

forensic examination of Derrick’s cell phone. In his affidavit in support of the request for a

search warrant, Phelan stated the data to be extracted from Derrick’s cell phone during a forensic 

examination would include, among other things, logs of outgoing calls and “SMS / MMS 

messages,” or text and picture messages. See Butler v. State, 459 S.W.3d 595, 600 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2015) (“Text messages are ‘short messages [sent] over a cellular phone network, typically 

by means of a short message service (SMS).’”) (quoting Steven Goode, The Admissibility of 

Electronic Evidence, 29 REV. LITIG. 1, 16 n.66 (Fall 2009)); see also United States v. FloresLopez, 670 F.3d 803, 806 (7th Cir. 2012) (cellular phones include “MMS (multimedia messaging 
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service) picture messaging”).

3

 Derrick’s appellate brief acknowledged that Phelan’s affidavit

“set[ ] forth facts that established probable cause that [Derrick] had committed a sexual assault.” 

Phelan’s attestation regarding probable cause also included the following “facts and 

circumstances”:

Affiant learned that the suspect had also committed the offense of Terroristic 

Threats by calling the victim numerous times and stated that he would commit 

further acts of sexual assault, degrading the victim and had access to a weapon 

and would kill her and himself if she did not immediately return to their home.

In his first issue on appeal, Derrick asserts the trial court erred in denying his motion to 

suppress the search warrant which permitted the forensic examination of his cell phone. Derrick 

argues there were no facts set forth in Phelan’s affidavit in support of the request for a search 

warrant which established a connection between Derrick’s cell phone and the commission of an 

offense.

A search warrant may not legally issue unless it is based on probable cause. U.S. CONST.

amend. IV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.06 (West 2005). Under 

Texas law, “[n]o search warrant shall issue for any purpose in this state unless sufficient facts are 

first presented to satisfy the issuing magistrate that probable cause does in fact exist for its 

issuance.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(b) (West Supp. 2015). “A sworn affidavit 

setting forth substantial facts establishing probable cause shall be filed in every instance in which 

a search warrant is requested.” Id. For an evidentiary search warrant, the sworn affidavit must 

set forth facts sufficient to establish probable cause: 

(1) that a specific offense has been committed,

(2) that the specifically described property or items that are to be searched for or 

seized constitute evidence of that offense or evidence that a particular person 

committed that offense, and

 3 See also In re Mobilactive Media, LLC, C.A. No. 5725-VCP, 2013 WL 297950, at *2 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2013) (“Short Message Service 

(‘SMS’)” is “known as ‘text messaging’” and “Multimedia Messaging Service (‘MMS’) is a messaging architecture that allows users to send 

multimedia content, such as images, video, and audio, to and from mobile phones.”). 
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(3) that the property or items constituting evidence to be searched for or seized are 

located at or on the particular person, place, or thing to be searched.

Id. art. 18.01(c); see also id. art. 18.02(10) (West Supp. 2015)4

; Carman v. State, 358 S.W.3d 

285, 297 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d). Probable cause exists when, under 

the totality of the circumstances, there is a fair probability or substantial chance that evidence of 

a crime will be found at the specified location. Bonds v. State, 403 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2013); Baldwin v. State, 278 S.W.3d 367, 371 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (in context of 

evidentiary searches, probable cause involves “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a 

crime will be found”) (quoting Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330 (1990)). 

We typically review a trial judge’s motion-to-suppress ruling under a bifurcated standard, 

giving almost total deference to the trial judge’s determination of historical facts and then 

reviewing de novo the trial judge’s application of the law. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 

673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A trial court’s determination whether probable cause exists to 

support issuance of a search warrant is based solely on the affidavit’s four corners. Bonds, 403 

S.W.3d at 873. A magistrate’s decision to issue an evidentiary search warrant is reviewed under 

a highly deferential standard of review. Id. If the magistrate had a substantial basis for 

concluding that probable cause existed, then the magistrate’s decision should be upheld. Id. 

(citing State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The magistrate may

interpret the affidavit in a non-technical, common-sense manner, drawing reasonable inferences 

solely from the facts and circumstances contained within the affidavit’s four corners. Id. (citing

State v. Jordan, 342 S.W.3d 565, 569 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). Appellate courts should not 

 4 Article 18.0215 of the code of criminal procedure entitled “Access to Cellular Telephone or Other Wireless Communications Device” was 

not in effect at the time of the issuance of the search warrant for the contents of Derrick’s cell phone. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 

18.0215 (West Supp. 2015).
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invalidate a warrant through a hyper-technical interpretation of the affidavit if the warrant would 

be valid through a common sense interpretation. Id. (citing McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 272). 

Derrick acknowledges in his appellate brief that Phelan’s affidavit in support of the 

request for a search warrant sets forth facts that established probable cause that he had 

committed a sexual assault. Phelan’s affidavit also sets forth the information he learned through 

investigation of an offense report relating to terroristic threats; Phelan indicated that Derrick had 

called Kimberly numerous times and stated he would commit further acts of sexual assault, had 

degraded Kimberly, had access to a weapon, and would kill himself and Kimberly if she did not 

return home. Phelan’s affidavit sets forth facts sufficient to establish probable cause that a 

sexual assault and terroristic threats had occurred. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 

18.01(c). The affidavit further set forth facts sufficient to establish probable cause that Derrick’s 

cell phone, including the log of outgoing calls to be extracted from his phone, would constitute 

evidence of his communications with Kimberly regarding the sexual assault and threats of 

further acts of violence, including sexual assault. Under the totality of the circumstances, there

was a fair probability or substantial chance that evidence of a crime would be found through the 

forensic examination of Derrick’s cell phone. See Bonds, 403 S.W.3d at 873. Further, 

interpreting Phelan’s affidavit in a non-technical, common-sense manner, the magistrate could 

have drawn the reasonable inference that, in addition to calls made to Kimberly, Derrick’s cell 

phone could contain text messages to Kimberly that constitute evidence of the aggravated sexual 

assault and terroristic threats. See id.

We conclude the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause 

existed to support the evidentiary search warrant for the forensic examination of Derrick’s cell 

phone. See id. We resolve Derrick’s first issue against him.
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Admission of Evidence

In his second issue, Derrick contends the trial court erred in overruling his objection to 

the admission into evidence of text messages forensically extracted from his cell phone which 

were not authenticated at the time of their admission. See TEX. R. EVID. 901(a). We generally 

review the trial court’s admission of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Tienda v. 

State, 358 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d 425, 435 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2011). As long as the trial court’s ruling is within the “zone of reasonable 

disagreement,” there is no abuse of discretion. Tillman, 354 S.W.3d at 435.

Authentication of an item of evidence is a condition precedent to admissibility. TEX. R.

EVID. 104, 901(a); Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 638.5 “To satisfy the requirement of authenticating or 

identifying an item of evidence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a 

finding that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” TEX. R. EVID. 901(a). “As with other 

types of evidence, text messages may be authenticated by ‘evidence sufficient to support a 

finding that the matter is what its proponent claims.’” Butler, 459 S.W.3d at 600-01 (quoting 

TEX. R. EVID. 901(a)). The proponent of text message evidence may authenticate the message in 

various ways, including witness testimony concerning an association between a cell-phone 

number and a purported author or evidence of a text message’s appearance, contents, substance, 

internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics that support a conclusion the text message 

emanated from the purported author. Id. at 602; see TEX. R. EVID. 901(b)(1), (4).6 

 5 See Franklin v. State, No. 05-11-00990-CR, 2012 WL 4801522, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 12, 2012, no pet.) (not designated for 

publication) (“Electronic evidence such as text messages must be authenticated to be admissible.”).

6 See also Jackson v. State, No. 05-14-00274, 2015 WL 3797806, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 17, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication) (sponsoring witness may testify to association between cell-phone number and purported author of text message and 

other evidence may include the message’s content or substance “which considered in conjunction with other circumstances support a conclusion 

that a message indeed emanated from the purported author”) (quoting Butler, 459 S.W.3d at 602); Walker v. State, No. 06-15-00136-CR, 2016 

WL 1600268, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana April 21, 2016, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (State provided testimony of 

witness who had knowledge about text message and evidence of distinctive characteristics of the message that tended to connect it to a particular 

person as authenticating evidence).
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Detective Brian Pfahning, employed in the Crimes Against Persons Unit of the Plano 

Police Department, testified he performed forensic extraction of data from Derrick’s cell phone. 

The cell phone extraction reports, including the contents of text messages sent from Derrick’s 

cell phone to Kimberly’s cell phone, were admitted into evidence over Derrick’s objection that 

the text messages had not been authenticated. Derrick acknowledges in his appellate brief that 

the text messages forensically extracted from his cell phone and admitted into evidence 

subsequently were authenticated by Kimberly’s testimony. See TEX. R. EVID. 901(a). However, 

Derrick contends where evidence is erroneously admitted into evidence prematurely, it may be 

rendered harmless only upon the subsequent actions of the defendant.

“Evidence prematurely admitted in error may become admissible or be rendered 

harmless by subsequent evidence.” James v. State, 102 S.W.3d 162, 175 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2003, pet. ref’d); see Romo v. State, 700 S.W.2d 633, 634 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 1985, no pet.) (“A conviction will not be reversed for error in receiving evidence that was 

not admissible when received but which became admissible at a subsequent stage.”). Contrary to 

Derrick’s position, subsequent authentication of the evidence need not necessarily occur as a 

result of actions by the defendant. See Davis v. State, 687 S.W.2d 78, 82 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

1985, pet. ref’d) (any error in admitting photograph into evidence without proper authentication 

was “cured” when witness later testified she was present when photograph was taken).

7

 Here, 

even assuming the trial court admitted into evidence the text messages from Derrick’s cell phone 

without proper authentication, the record shows and Derrick acknowledges in his appellate brief 

that the evidence was subsequently authenticated. We conclude any error by the trial court in 

 7 See also Jernigan v. State, No. 05-13-00674-CR, 2014 WL 7171282, at *9 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 16, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication); Vaughn v. State, No. 05-97-01210-CR, 1999 WL 605691, at *3, 4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 12, 1999, pet. ref’d) (not 

designated for publication) (testimony after admission into evidence of videotape and photographs authenticated the evidence and cured any error 

in trial court’s premature admission of the evidence); Sanchez v. State, No. 05-91-00733-CR, 1995 WL 790428, at *10 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 

13, 1995, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (any error in admitting complainant’s clothes into evidence was cured by later admission of 

testimony identifying the clothes).
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admitting the text messages from Derrick’s cell phone into evidence was rendered harmless by 

subsequent authentication. We resolve Derrick’s second issue against him.

Conclusion

Having resolved Derrick’s two issues against him, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

 

Do Not Publish

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

160070F.U05

/Robert M. Fillmore/

ROBERT M. FILLMORE

JUSTICE
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Court of Appeals

S

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

DERRICK MITCHELL, JR., Appellant

No. 05-16-00070-CR V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 416th Judicial District 

Court, Collin County, Texas,

Trial Court Cause No. 416-82777-2014.

Opinion delivered by Justice Fillmore, 

Justices Brown and Richter participating.

Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 30th day of November, 2016.