Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida 

Opinion filed July 28, 2021.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D21-58

Lower Tribunal Nos. 19-241 AP; 12-4398 CC

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United Automobile Insurance Company,

Appellant,

vs.

Central Therapy Center, Inc.,

a/a/o Pedro Costa,

Appellee.

An Appeal from the County Court for Miami-Dade County, Lawrence 

D. King, Judge.

Michael J. Neimand, for appellant.

David B. Pakula, P.A., and David B. Pakula (Pembroke Pines); 

Corredor & Husseini, P.A., and Maria E. Corredor, for appellee.

Before LOGUE, GORDO and LOBREE, JJ. 

GORDO, J.
2

United Automobile Insurance Co. appeals the trial court’s order 

granting summary judgment and subsequent entry of final judgment. We 

have jurisdiction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.030(b)(1)(A).1 United argues that 

the trial court erred in finding that Central Therapy Center, Inc.’s charges 

were reasonable, and that its treatments were reasonable, related and 

medically necessary. It contends a genuine issue of fact precluded 

summary judgment. Because United’s affidavits in opposition to summary 

judgment were sufficient to create genuine issues of material fact, we 

reverse and remand for further proceedings.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Following a motor vehicle accident, Pedro Costa, the insured, sought 

treatment at Central Therapy. Costa assigned his benefits to Central 

Therapy, which submitted bills for Costa’s treatments to United Auto. 

United Auto paid several invoices at 200% of Medicare fee schedules, until 

a cutoff date2 after which time it did not pay any more benefits.

1 This case was transferred from the circuit court’s appellate division 

following the January 1, 2021 jurisdictional change. See Ch. 20-61, § 3, 

Laws of Fla. (amending § 26.012(1), Fla. Stat., and repealing § 924.08, Fla. 

Stat., to vest jurisdiction over the majority of county court orders and 

judgments in the district courts of appeal).

2 This cutoff date was December 30, 2011—the date after which United 

Auto’s expert opined treatment was no longer reasonable, related or 

medically necessary.
3

Central Therapy then sued United Auto alleging breach of contract for 

PIP benefits. United Auto answered, denying that the charges were 

reasonable, and that the treatment was reasonable, related and 

necessary. Eventually, Central Therapy filed a motion for summary 

judgment arguing that the charges were reasonable, and that the treatment 

was reasonable, related and necessary.

In support of the reasonableness of its charges, Central Therapy filed 

an affidavit from Dr. Kevin J. Wood. He stated that he considered the usual 

and customary charges in the community, reimbursement levels in the 

community, various federal and state medical fee schedules applicable to 

automobile and insurance reimbursement, and any other relevant 

information. Based on that, he stated that it was his opinion, within a 

reasonable degree of medical probability, that the charges for services and 

treatments rendered “were reasonable and fall within the range of usual 

and customary charges charged in the community for similar procedures.”

In opposition, United filed the affidavit of its adjuster, Denorah Lang. 

Lang detailed her background, training, and experience that allowed her to 

“gain[] personal knowledge of monetary reimbursements by Florida P.I.P. 

insurers and also monetary reimbursements by other entities providing 

reimbursement for the medical services commonly submitted in connection 
4

with P.I.P. claims in the South Florida community.” She further stated that 

in determining reasonableness of charges she looks at the usual and 

customary charges and payments accepted by the provider, 

reimbursement levels in the community, and various state and federal fee 

schedules applicable to automobile and other insurance coverages. Based 

on that as well as her knowledge of what other PIP insurers reimburse for 

the same services, she opined that the charges were not reasonable.

As to whether the treatments were reasonable, related and 

necessary, Central Therapy also relied on the affidavit of Dr. Wood. He

stated that he had reviewed the medical records, examination reports, 

therapy notes and other documents. Based on his education, treating 

experience and review of the records, he opined that “the examinations, 

service, and treatment rendered by Central Therapy Center, Inc. and 

provided to Pedro Costa were all medically necessary.” He also opined 

that the services were related to the automobile accident and that the type 

and frequency of treatment was within the standard of care.

In opposition, United filed an affidavit from Dr. Randy Schulman. He 

stated that the patient’s medical records demonstrated soft tissue injuries 

that tend to resolve in four to six weeks. Based on that, it was his opinion 

that treatment after December 30, 2011, was not reasonable, related or 
5

necessary. He also opined that based on the type of injury, several 

treatments were not reasonable, related or necessary.

As to the treatments, the trial court found that Dr. Wood’s affidavit 

was sufficient to establish a prima facie case, shifting the burden to United 

Auto to create an issue of fact. The trial court found that Dr. Schulman’s 

affidavit was “pure opinion” and therefore did not consider it. As to 

reasonableness, the trial court found Central Therapy’s affidavit sufficient to 

establish a prima facie case that the services were reasonable in price.

The trial court concluded that Lang’s affidavit did not qualify as an expert 

affidavit because it was not based on sufficient facts or data. Thus, it 

concluded the opinion was insufficient under Daubert3 and failed to create 

a genuine issue of material fact. As a result, the trial court granted 

summary judgment in favor of Central Therapy and entered final judgment 

accordingly.

LEGAL ANALYSIS

The sole issue on appeal is the sufficiency of United Auto’s affidavits 

in opposition to summary judgment. “When considering the legal 

sufficiency of an affidavit, ‘[t]he focus is on whether the affidavits show 

evidence of a nature that would be admissible at trial.’” United Auto. Ins. 

3 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
6

Co. v. Progressive Rehab. & Orthopedic Servs., LLC, 2021 WL 3072936, at 

*2 (Fla. 3d DCA July 21, 2021) (quoting Gonzalez v. Citizens Prop. Ins. 

Corp., 273 So. 3d 1031, 1036 (Fla. 3d DCA 2019)).

Here, as in Progressive Rehabilitation, the trial court concluded that 

Lang’s affidavit was legally insufficient because her opinions were not 

based on sufficient facts and data, and that it therefore did not satisfy 

Daubert. In Progressive Rehabilitation, we held that an insurance 

adjuster’s opinions based on her experience and review of the statutory 

factors in section 627.736(5)(a) was legally sufficient.4 Id., at *3. Lang had 

over 10 years of experience prior to opining on this case and examined the 

relevant statutory factors in reaching her opinion on reasonableness. Such 

an opinion is “not a speculative, bare assertion” because it is “based on her 

education, experience, and her review of various relevant documents.” Id.

Lang’s affidavit in this case, like the one filed in United Automobile 

Insurance Company v. Miami Dade County MRI Corporation a/a/o Marta 

Figueredo, 27 Fla. L. Weekly Supp. 506b (Fla. 11th Cir. App. Ct. July 30, 

2019), contained an extensive description of her qualifications that formed 

4 In that case, the insurance adjuster had “over twenty years of experience 

reviewing bills from medical providers in South Florida.” Progressive 

Rehab., 2021 WL 3072936, at *3. She also had knowledge of the 

Medicare fee schedule and other schedules under which providers in South 

Florida accepted payment, as well as the CPT codes billed by the provider. 

Id.
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the basis for her opinion on reasonableness. That court held the affidavit 

created a genuine issue of material fact as to the reasonableness of the 

charges, and that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to have 

excluded Lang’s affidavit because it was competent evidence under 

Daubert.

As this Court recently held, “the Daubert standard does not prohibit

. . . expert opinion testimony based on experience.” Progressive Rehab., 

2021 WL 3072936, at *3. Indeed, the plain text of section 90.702, Florida 

Statutes, provides that experts may be qualified by “knowledge, skill, 

experience, training, or education.” § 90.702, Fla. Stat.; see also

Progressive Rehab., 2021 WL 3072936, at *4. Under Daubert, the expert 

affidavit must satisfy the reliability inquiry. See Progressive Rehab., 2021 

WL 3072936, at *4. Lang’s affidavit clearly established her opinion was 

based on her experience as an adjuster and review of the statutory factors. 

This experience and knowledge permitted Lang to form a proper expert 

opinion, and nothing in the record demonstrated that her opinion is 

unreliable and should be excluded under Daubert. Thus, it was an abuse 

of discretion to have determined that the affidavit was legally insufficient.

The trial court also excluded Dr. Schulman’s affidavit (as to whether 

the treatments were reasonable, related and necessary), finding that it was 
8

pure opinion testimony. This Court has previously stated that pure opinion 

testimony is based solely on the expert’s experience, without relation to the 

actual condition of the person in the relevant case. See, e.g., Perez v. Bell 

S. Telecomms., Inc., 138 So. 3d 492, 496–97 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014) 

(identifying several examples of “pure opinion” testimony). Dr. Schulman 

specifically alleged that he had reviewed the relevant medical records, 

treatment notes, claims reports and other documentation in reaching his 

conclusions. Based on his training and experience treating similar 

conditions, in combination with his review of the medical records, he set 

forth several opinions rebutting Central Therapy’s affidavit. His affidavit 

was not pure opinion and was sufficient to create a genuine issue of 

material fact preventing summary judgment.

Based on the foregoing, both affidavits presented by United Auto 

created a genuine issue of material fact and the trial court erred in granting 

summary judgment in favor of Central Therapy.

Reversed and remanded.