Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

People v. Jackson, 2019 IL App (1st) 161745

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

MARCUS JACKSON, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Second Division 

Docket No. 1-16-1745

Filed March 19, 2019

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-CR-3456; the 

Hon. James B. Linn, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed; mittimus corrected.

Counsel on

Appeal

James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Caroline E. Bourland, of State 

Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg 

and Matthew Connors, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for 

the People.

Panel JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice Mason and Justice Pucinski concurred in the 

judgment and opinion.
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 OPINION 

¶ 1 Following a jury trial, defendant Marcus Jackson was found guilty of possession of a 

controlled substance with intent to deliver between 400 and 900 grams of heroin (720 ILCS 

570/401(a)(1)(C) (West 2012)). The trial court sentenced defendant to 12 years in prison. On 

appeal, defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, contending that the State failed to 

prove he constructively possessed the heroin at issue. In the alternative, defendant contends 

that this court should grant him a new trial because during voir dire, the trial court failed to 

comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012). Finally, defendant 

contends that if this court affirms, the mittimus should be corrected to reflect the proper name 

of the offense of which he was convicted. For the reasons that follow, we affirm and order 

correction of the mittimus. 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 Defendant’s conviction arose from the events of October 14, 2013. Around 1 p.m. on that 

date, a group of about 12 Chicago police officers and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 

agents simultaneously executed two search warrants that named defendant and identified the 

basement and first-floor apartments of a two-flat building owned by defendant and located at 

6802 South Bishop Street. During the search of the building, heroin was found in a hidden 

compartment in a closet door frame in the first-floor apartment. Following his arrest, defendant 

was charged with two counts of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver and 

eight counts of aggravated battery of a peace officer. The State proceeded to trial on one count 

of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver (between 400 and 900 grams of 

heroin) and four counts of aggravated battery of a peace officer. Six officers and one FBI agent 

testified for the State. 

¶ 4 Chicago police Sergeant Michael Karczewski testified that his role in executing the search 

warrants was to be a perimeter officer, which meant he would watch the outside of the building 

for people leaving or items being thrown out. While other officers were inside the building, 

executing the warrants, Karczewski saw defendant come out of a side entrance to the basement 

and start walking. Karczewski made eye contact with defendant, announced his office, and told 

defendant to stop. Defendant “made an immediate about face” and started to run back to the 

basement door. Karczewski radioed his fellow officers that defendant was running into the 

basement apartment. Another officer and an FBI agent forced the basement door open and 

pursued defendant. 

¶ 5 Eventually, Karczewski entered the basement, where defendant was handcuffed, and then 

accompanied defendant, the other officer, and the FBI agent to the first floor. Defendant, who 

was agitated and belligerent, was placed in a chair. When Karczewski approached him to 

inform him of the search warrants, defendant got up and ran toward the back door. Two 

officers did an emergency takedown and returned defendant to the chair. Because defendant 

continued to be loud and agitated, Karczewski called for a transport vehicle so he could be 

secured off-scene. As officers attempted to get defendant up from the chair, defendant 

head-butted one and kicked another. The officers conducted another emergency takedown and 

eventually brought defendant to the vehicle, despite defendant’s continued flailing and 

kicking. 
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¶ 6 Defendant was taken to the police station and then a hospital. That evening, Karczewski 

went to the hospital, where he gave defendant Miranda warnings (see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 

U.S. 436 (1966)). Defendant then told Karczewski and an FBI agent that he was the owner of 

the building, that he had all the utilities in his name, and that the basement was his recording 

studio. Defendant also said that he was sorry for the physical incidents with the officers, that he 

“just lost it,” and that he had flushed about an ounce of cannabis down the toilet. 

¶ 7 On cross-examination, Karczewski confirmed that there were six other civilians in the 

building at the time the warrants were executed: four on the second floor and two on the first 

floor. A contact card for one of the men who was located on the second floor indicated that he 

lived in the first-floor apartment. Karczewski acknowledged that he did not call to have the 

area around the hidden compartment examined for fingerprints. 

¶ 8 FBI Special Agent Dennaris Coleman testified that after he entered the building on the first 

floor, he was informed that a suspect was trying to “run back into the building.” In response, 

Coleman went outside and around to an exterior door to the basement, which he saw slam shut. 

Coleman and a police officer forced entry. Inside the basement, Coleman saw defendant 

coming out of a bathroom. Coleman instructed defendant to stop and put his hands above his 

head, but defendant ran. Coleman and the police officer caught defendant and used a takedown 

maneuver to put him on the ground and handcuff him. During this time, defendant was flailing, 

kicking, and fighting, striking both Coleman and the police officer with his hands and feet. 

Another FBI agent commented that he thought defendant had flushed drugs, at which point 

defendant said, “Yes, I just flushed a little bit of weed.” Officers took defendant upstairs.

¶ 9 Coleman cleared the basement apartment to make sure no other people were present. He 

then went up to the first-floor apartment, where he saw officers trying to control defendant, 

who was flailing and kicking. Officers put defendant in a chair, but he stood up and attempted 

to move, so they put defendant on the ground. When a transport vehicle arrived, Coleman 

assisted in escorting defendant to it. Coleman attempted to frisk defendant for weapons, but 

defendant head-butted him and kicked Coleman’s legs, so Coleman and the other officers 

conducted another takedown. 

¶ 10 Chicago police officer Scott Bittner testified that when he arrived at the scene, he was 

informed that a suspect had opened up a basement door and then run back inside. Bittner 

entered the basement, where he saw defendant being detained by a Chicago police officer and 

an FBI agent. Defendant was yelling, squirming, and flailing his body. Officers took him to the 

first floor and put him in a chair. Defendant continued to yell and scream, got up, and was 

“taken down” forcefully by officers. Eventually, defendant was brought outside to a transport 

vehicle. 

¶ 11 Thereafter, Bittner joined other officers in searching the basement and first-floor 

apartments. On the first floor, he recovered two pieces of unopened mail from a built-in hutch 

in the living room. One, from ComEd, was addressed to defendant at “6802 S Bishop St,” and 

the other, from the City of Chicago Department of Water Management, was addressed to 

defendant “or current resident” at “6802 S Bishop St.” Bittner did not recall finding any other 

mail with anyone else’s name on it on the first floor.

¶ 12 Chicago police officer Vincent Ciocci testified that when he entered the building on the 

first floor, defendant was in handcuffs being led upstairs from the basement. Defendant was 

kicking and screaming at the officers who were holding him as they were coming up the stairs 

from the basement to the first floor. At one point, defendant was placed in a chair, but he got up 
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and tried to run. An officer grabbed him and eventually defendant was taken to a transport car 

because he was belligerent. 

¶ 13 Once defendant was under control, Ciocci and some other officers went to the basement 

apartment. There, the officers found two digital scales, one of which had a white powdery 

residue on it; a Magic Bullet mixer, which Ciocci explained could be used to mix heroin with 

cutting agents such as Dormin or Sleepinal; two small bags of cannabis; a large amount of cash 

in a bag; and an envelope from the City of Chicago Department of Revenue addressed to 

defendant at “6802 S Bishop St.” The items Ciocci observed in the basement were recovered 

and inventoried. 

¶ 14 Chicago police officer Sean Brandon testified that, when he entered the building, he 

immediately went to the second-floor apartment. There, he came upon four people. Once 

Brandon received word that the first floor and basement were secure, he brought the four 

people from the second floor to the first floor. Eventually, he assisted in the search of the 

first-floor apartment. Brandon testified that during the search of the first floor, officers found 

two “proofs of residency,” a hidden compartment that contained suspect heroin, and a City of 

Chicago permit in a window. The permit was for plumbing work at “6802 S Bishop St” and 

listed defendant as the property owner and emergency contact. 

¶ 15 Chicago police officer Robert Gallas testified that, when he entered the building, he 

immediately went to the second floor, where he and another officer detained four people. 

When Gallas went down to the first floor, he saw a number of officers and two other civilians. 

At some point, two officers brought defendant up from the basement. Defendant, who was 

moving around and being verbally abusive, was placed in a chair. When a sergeant showed 

defendant copies of the search warrants for the building, defendant got up out of the chair and 

attempted to run out the back of the apartment. He ran about 10 to 15 feet before Gallas and 

another officer used an emergency takedown tactic on him. Defendant continued to flail and 

kicked the other officer in his legs. Once the officers had control of defendant, he was placed 

back in the chair, where he remained until a transport vehicle arrived. Then, on the way out of 

the building to the vehicle, defendant resumed flailing his upper body and kicking his legs and 

head-butted Gallas. In response, Gallas and other officers took defendant down again. When 

Gallas and other officers got defendant outside, an officer attempted to frisk defendant. 

Defendant began fighting the officers again and kicked one of them in the leg. Eventually 

defendant was placed in the vehicle. 

¶ 16 After defendant was in the vehicle, Gallas went into the basement apartment. In court, he 

identified photographs of the basement’s kitchen area. One of the photographs depicted empty 

packaging and capsules of Sleepinal and Dormin in the sink. Gallas stated that the contents of 

Sleepinal and Dormin capsules could be mixed with heroin. Another photograph showed a 

Magic Bullet blender that was recovered from the top of the refrigerator. Gallas explained that 

such blenders were used to mix brick heroin with cutting agents, such as Dormin, and to reduce 

such mixtures to powder form. Gallas also explained that digital scales, like the one recovered 

from the basement kitchen, were important in the sale of narcotics, as most narcotics are sold 

on the street in grams or ounces. 

¶ 17 Chicago police Sergeant John Hamilton, a specialist in the location, identification, and 

operation of hidden compartments, testified that on the day in question, he received a call to 

assist in locating or operating a possible hidden “trap” in the building in question. When he 

arrived at the scene, he did a cursory search of the entire residence, looking for modifications 
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to the structure of the building. During that search, he noticed an anomaly in the frame of a 

doorless closet in a first-floor bedroom. Specifically, the wood was cut at a non-standard angle 

that allowed it to move, and a trim nail had “backed itself out,” chipping the wood, which he 

explained does not happen without movement such as opening and closing. Based on these 

observations, Hamilton believed there was a compartment in that wall area. 

¶ 18 Hamilton went around to the opposite side of the wall and had other officers pull back a 

wall panel, exposing a motorcycle battery, battery charger, and wiring that operated the hidden 

compartment. Hamilton also observed wired screws sticking out of the floor, which he 

described as “the switching system.” With regard to the screws, Hamilton stated, “Had I not 

seen it from underneath, it would have been almost impossible to find because they were just 

screws screwed into the carpet, so you would have had to literally spread the fibers.” When 

Hamilton touched a piece of wire to the screws, a panel of the closet door frame opened and 

closed, powered by a small electric motor from an automatic car window. When the panel of 

the door frame was open, it exposed a compartment inside the wall. In the compartment 

Hamilton observed two blocks of suspect heroin. 

¶ 19 On cross-examination, Hamilton agreed that he had been called the Chicago Police 

Department’s “foremost expert” in hidden traps. He also agreed that, had he not seen the chip 

in the wood of the door frame, the compartment would have been very difficult to find. 

¶ 20 The parties stipulated that the contents of the two items recovered from the hidden 

compartment tested positive for heroin. One weighed 594.0 grams, and the other weighed 10.7 

grams. The parties further stipulated that the two bags recovered from the basement tested 

positive for cannabis, with the contents of one bag weighing 3.4 grams and the other weighing 

0.7 grams. Finally, the parties stipulated that the residue found on the digital scale in the 

basement tested positive for the presence of both heroin and cocaine. 

¶ 21 Defendant’s motion for a directed verdict was denied. 

¶ 22 During deliberations, the jury sent out a question, asking whether two photographs entered 

into evidence depicted the basement or the first floor. With the parties’ agreement, the trial 

court answered, “It is for you to determine the facts of the case. Please continue to deliberate.” 

The photographs in question both depicted the basement kitchen. 

¶ 23 The jury thereafter found defendant guilty of possession of a controlled substance with 

intent to deliver and not guilty on all four counts of aggravated battery of a peace officer. 

Defendant filed a motion for a new trial alleging, among other things, that he had no 

knowledge of or control over the drugs recovered in the first-floor apartment. Following a 

hearing, the trial court denied the motion. The court subsequently sentenced defendant to 12 

years in prison. 

¶ 24 ANALYSIS 

¶ 25 Defendant first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, contending that the State failed 

to prove he constructively possessed the heroin recovered from the first-floor apartment. 

¶ 26 When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant inquiry is whether, after 

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. 

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979). Reversal is justified where the evidence is “so 

unsatisfactory, improbable or implausible” that it raises a reasonable doubt as to the 
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defendant’s guilt. People v. Slim, 127 Ill. 2d 302, 307 (1989). In this case, to prove defendant 

guilty of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, the State was required to 

show that he unlawfully and knowingly possessed with the intent to deliver between 400 and 

900 grams of heroin. 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(1)(C) (West 2012). 

¶ 27 Possession may be actual or constructive and is often proved with circumstantial evidence. 

People v. Love, 404 Ill. App. 3d 784, 788 (2010). Constructive possession—which is at issue in 

the instant case—exists where a defendant has the intent and capability to maintain control and 

dominion over the contraband, and it may be proved with evidence that the defendant had 

knowledge of the presence of the contraband and had immediate and exclusive control over the 

area where the contraband was found. Id. Knowledge may be inferred from surrounding 

circumstances, such as the defendant’s actions, declarations, or other conduct, which indicate 

that the defendant knew the contraband existed in the place where it was found. People v. 

McLaurin, 331 Ill. App. 3d 498, 502 (2002); People v. Smith, 288 Ill. App. 3d 820, 824 (1997). 

Control is established when the defendant has the capability and intent to maintain dominion 

and control over the contraband. People v. Spencer, 2012 IL App (1st) 102094, ¶ 17. Proof that 

a defendant had control over the premises where the contraband is found gives rise to an 

inference of knowledge and possession of that contraband (People v. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d 311, 

335 (2010)), and a defendant’s proved habitation in the premises where contraband is found is 

sufficient evidence of control of the location to establish constructive possession (Spencer, 

2012 IL App (1st) 102094, ¶ 17). Constructive possession is not diminished by evidence of 

others’ access to contraband. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d at 338. 

¶ 28 Defendant argues that the evidence at trial was insufficient to prove constructive 

possession of the heroin. He stresses that the heroin was hidden in a secret compartment that 

the State’s “foremost” expert said was “almost impossible” to find and that there was no 

evidence he had access to it. He acknowledges that he had a connection to the building, as he 

owned it, all the utilities were in his name, and he was present in the basement apartment at the 

time the search warrants were executed. However, he asserts that the State did not prove he 

lived in the first-floor apartment or had been present in it either on the date of the search or any 

recent time prior to the search. He highlights that two other people were occupying the 

first-floor apartment at the time of the search and that the contact card for a person who was on 

the second floor at that time indicated the first-floor apartment was his residence. He also notes 

that the mail recovered from the first-floor apartment did not list any specific floor or 

apartment and had not been opened. Defendant argues that, where many different people had 

access to the first-floor apartment but no evidence was presented to show when he himself last 

entered that apartment, no rational trier of fact could have concluded he had constructive 

possession of the heroin found there. 

¶ 29 We disagree with defendant and find that, when viewed in the light most favorable to the 

prosecution, the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to demonstrate his constructive 

possession of the heroin. That is, the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish that 

defendant had knowledge of the heroin and control over the area where it was found. 

¶ 30 Most notably, there is no dispute that defendant owned the building, that all the utilities 

were in his name, that two utility bills addressed to him were recovered in the first-floor 

apartment, and that a work permit posted in a first-floor window listed him as the property 

owner and emergency contact. These circumstances suggest that defendant did have access to 

the first-floor unit. No evidence, other than a contact card that was not admitted into evidence, 
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was introduced to show that anyone else in the building leased the first floor, so as to suggest 

that his or her control of the apartment was to the exclusion of defendant. Moreover, at the time 

the search warrants were executed, defendant was present in the building, in a basement 

apartment that appears, based on the testimony regarding his struggles with the police while 

being brought upstairs, to have had indoor access to the first-floor apartment. In that basement 

apartment, the police found drug paraphernalia, including a scale with heroin residue on it, that 

indicates defendant was involved in selling heroin. We acknowledge that the compartment 

from which the heroin was recovered was hidden, a factor that has been found to undercut an 

inference of knowledge. See People v. Terrell, 2017 IL App (1st) 142726, ¶ 30. But, given the 

complexity of the machinery that operated the trap, the effort involved in building the 

compartment would have been difficult to hide. Finally, defendant’s attempt to flee indicates 

consciousness of guilt. People v. Fleming, 2014 IL App (1st) 113004, ¶ 53. While defendant 

suggests that his flight attempts may have simply demonstrated consciousness of guilt of 

possession of the cannabis and drug paraphernalia in the basement, the violent and repeated 

nature of his attempts to escape from the police are manifestly disproportionate to his 

admission to flushing “a little bit of weed” down the toilet and suggest consciousness of a 

greater crime. 

¶ 31 The cases defendant relies upon, Terrell, 2017 IL App (1st) 142726, People v. Fernandez, 

2016 IL App (1st) 141667, and People v. Maldonado, 2015 IL App (1st) 131874, do not 

change our decision. 

¶ 32 In Terrell, the defendant was convicted of possession of a controlled substance after police 

who were executing a search warrant at an apartment found drugs, drug paraphernalia, and 

weapons in a hidden compartment in a hallway closet. Terrell, 2017 IL App (1st) 142726, ¶¶ 1, 

4, 8, 9. In the apartment’s living room, the police found two prescription bottles and an adult 

probation card bearing the defendant’s name, the defendant’s passport, and a framed 

photograph that included the defendant. Id. ¶¶ 5, 7. In the dining room, police found a duffel 

bag containing large men’s clothing. Id. ¶ 6. During the search, an FBI agent spotted defendant 

in a truck parked in front of the apartment. Id. ¶ 10. Later, the police discovered a hidden 

compartment in the truck that resembled the one found inside the apartment. Id. ¶ 11. 

¶ 33 On appeal, this court concluded that the State had not established constructive possession 

and reversed. Id. ¶ 31. We explained that the trial court had not been “presented with a plethora 

of evidence tying [the defendant] to either the Apartment or to the hidden contraband.” Id.

¶ 21. Among other things, we noted that the apartment’s lessee was present in the apartment at 

the time of the search, none of the addresses listed on any of the evidence matched the 

apartment’s address, and none of the defendant’s property was found in the same room as the 

contraband. Id. ¶¶ 21, 22, 25. We further noted that the defendant’s mere presence in the 

vicinity was insufficient to establish constructive possession. Id. ¶ 26. Finally, we reasoned 

that even if it were assumed, arguendo, that the defendant had “some connection” with the 

apartment, the fact that the contraband was concealed in a hidden compartment in a closet 

undercut the inference that he had knowledge of its existence, and the State’s failure to prove 

the defendant had ever entered the apartment created a reasonable doubt with regard to 

knowledge. Id. ¶¶ 30, 31. 

¶ 34 Here, unlike Terrell, defendant owned the building where the heroin was found. In 

addition, both pieces of mail and the work permit found in the first-floor apartment had 

defendant’s name and the address of the building on it, and no evidence was found listing a 
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different address for defendant. Third, defendant was not in the mere vicinity of the apartment 

when the warrants were executed but, rather, inside the building in a basement apartment that 

connected with the first-floor apartment. For all these reasons, Terrell is distinguishable from 

the instant case. 

¶ 35 In Fernandez, the police arrested the defendant after he fled and then recovered heroin 

from his person and from within his car. Fernandez, 2016 IL App (1st) 141667, ¶¶ 7, 8. The 

police also recovered a set of keys from the defendant and subsequently executed a search 

warrant of the single family home and detached garage. Id. ¶¶ 3, 9, 10. Though they forced 

entry to both the house and garage, police later learned the keys recovered from defendant 

unlocked both. Id. ¶ 12. When the officers entered the house, they encountered a man who said 

he lived in a downstairs bedroom. Id. ¶ 10. In a different bedroom, officers found a gun 

beneath a mattress, a passport and insurance cards belonging to the defendant but not listing an 

address, and framed pictures of the defendant with the woman with whom he was driving on 

the day of his arrest. Id. ¶ 11. A closet held both men’s and women’s clothes, and additional 

framed pictures of the defendant with the same woman were hanging in the living room. Id.

Underneath the hood of a van in the garage, officers found three guns, ammunition, a brick of 

heroin, and bags of heroin. Id. ¶ 12. The arrest report reflected a different address for the 

defendant, and the parties stipulated that the defendant’s father would have testified that he 

tendered defense counsel with several items of mail addressed to the defendant at the alternate 

address. Id. ¶¶ 13, 14. Prior to trial, the defendant moved for a Franks hearing (see Franks v. 

Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978)), supporting the motion with affidavits from family members 

averring that the defendant did not live at the house but, rather, his aunt and cousin did. 

Fernandez, 2016 IL App (1st) 141667, ¶ 5. The defendant was convicted of possession of 

heroin with intent to deliver and multiple counts of unlawful possession of a weapon by a 

felon. Id. ¶ 1. 

¶ 36 This court found that the State had failed to prove constructive possession of any of the 

contraband and reversed the defendant’s convictions. Id. We determined that the defendant’s 

possession of keys to the house and garage and the presence of his personal effects in the house 

did not demonstrate control over the premises. Id. ¶¶ 20-21. We explained that this court has 

never upheld a conviction for possession based solely on a defendant’s possession of keys and 

that, moreover, the presence of an unidentified man on the premises at the time the police 

executed the search warrant weighed against a finding that the defendant maintained control 

over the premises. Id. ¶ 21. We reasoned that, even assuming that the defendant had “some 

connection” with the residence, no evidence placed him in the residence on the date the search 

warrant was executed or on any other date. Id. ¶ 22. Further, we explained that the fact that the 

weapon was concealed under a mattress undercut the inference that the defendant had 

knowledge of the gun. Id. We concluded that, in light of the hidden location of the gun and the 

State’s failure to prove that the defendant ever entered the home, there was a reasonable doubt 

as to the defendant’s knowledge of the presence of the gun. Id. Finally, we found that the 

evidence connecting the defendant to the garage was more tenuous than that connecting him to 

the bedroom, stating that, even assuming the defendant had access to the garage, nothing 

suggested he had knowledge of the presence of the hidden contraband underneath the hood of 

the van. Id. ¶¶ 23, 24. 

¶ 37 In contrast to Fernandez, here, defendant admitted that he owned the building where the 

heroin was found. Moreover, no evidence listed a different address for defendant. Rather, two 
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utility bills and a work permit recovered from the first-floor apartment were addressed to 

defendant at the building. Additionally, defendant was present in the building at the time the 

police executed the search warrants. For all these reasons, Fernandez is distinguishable. 

¶ 38 Finally, in Maldonado, police executing a search warrant of a single family house found 

heroin hidden inside a statue, several boxes of ammunition, and a box containing a scale and 

$1500 cash. Maldonado, 2015 IL App (1st) 131874, ¶ 3. The police also found an unopened, 

mass marketing mailer addressed to the defendant at the house’s address; an unopened 

envelope from “ABC Bank” addressed to the defendant at the house’s address, which may 

have been official business or may have been a junk mail solicitation; and a delivery receipt 

showing the defendant’s name as the purchaser, the house’s address as the purchaser’s address, 

and the defendant’s wife’s signature in the area marked “received.” Id. ¶¶ 7, 28. The defendant 

was convicted of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon and possession of a controlled substance 

with intent to deliver. Id. ¶ 1. 

¶ 39 This court reversed, concluding that the State had failed to establish constructive 

possession with respect to the heroin and the ammunition. Id. ¶ 24. We found that the State did 

not present any direct evidence establishing the defendant’s control over the premises and that, 

even if the two mailings and one delivery receipt were sufficient to draw an inference that the 

defendant controlled the premises, the State did not present any evidence that the defendant 

had knowledge of the contraband found in the house. Id. Acknowledging that mail addressed 

to a defendant found where contraband is recovered may be sufficient to allow an inference of 

residency, we stated we would not draw the same inference where the defendant was not 

present during the execution of the search warrant and other indicia of residency were not 

shown. Id. ¶ 29. We noted that the defendant never admitted his residency and that there was 

no testimony that the defendant was ever seen inside the location and explained that the 

delivery receipt and unopened mail were “of minimal inferential value at best” and insufficient 

to establish proof of control beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. ¶¶ 34, 37. With regard to 

knowledge, we held that no reasonable inference flowed from the evidence that the defendant 

at any time would have known either the contents of an enclosed statue or the contents of the 

boxes where ammunition was found. Id. ¶¶ 41, 42. 

¶ 40 Unlike Maldonado, in the instant case, defendant acknowledged that he owned the 

building. He was also present in the basement apartment of the building, which connected to 

the first-floor apartment, at the time the search warrants were executed. Finally, the mail found 

in the first-floor apartment was not junk mail but, rather, utility bills. Thus, Maldonado is 

distinguishable from the facts here. 

¶ 41 In sum, we find that the evidence presented at trial, when viewed in the light most 

favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to demonstrate that defendant had constructive 

possession of the heroin. 

¶ 42 Defendant next contends that this court should grant him a new trial because during 

voir dire, the trial court failed to comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 

2012). Defendant acknowledges that he failed to preserve this issue by objecting and including 

it in a posttrial motion but asserts that we may nevertheless reach it as first-prong plain error. 

The State concedes that the trial court erred but maintains that plain error review is unavailable 

because the evidence at trial was not closely balanced. 

¶ 43 Rule 431(b), which codifies the principles set out in People v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472, 477-78 

(1984), requires the trial court to ask each potential juror if he or she understands and accepts 
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four principles: (1) the defendant is presumed innocent of the charge(s) against him; (2) before 

a defendant can be convicted the State must prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt; (3) the defendant is not required to offer any evidence on his or her own behalf; and 

(4) if a defendant does not testify, it cannot be held against him. Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b) (eff. July 1, 

2012). Even though Rule 431(b) does not contain a “precise formula for trial judges to use in 

ascertaining jurors’ prejudices or attitudes” (People v. Emerson, 122 Ill. 2d 411, 426-27 

(1987)), the rule requires trial courts to address each enumerated principle and “mandates a 

specific question and response process” (People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 607 (2010)). 

The court is required to ask each juror if he or she understands and accepts each of the 

principles set out in the rule. Id.

¶ 44 Here, the trial court addressed the venire as a whole, explaining that the defendant is 

presumed innocent, that the State has to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and that he 

does not have to present any evidence or testify on his own behalf. After explaining each 

principle, the court asked the potential jurors to raise their hands if they had “problem” or 

“disagreement” with the proposition. No one raised a hand. 

¶ 45 Asking potential jurors whether they have a “problem” with the Zehr principles, rather than 

whether they understand and accept them, is clear error. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, 

¶ 49; People v. Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, ¶ 32; see also People v. McGuire, 2017 IL App 

(4th) 150695, ¶ 31 (asking whether prospective jurors “disagree with” the Zehr principles is 

clear error). As such, we agree with the parties that the trial court committed clear error in the 

instant case. 

¶ 46 The question then becomes whether the trial court’s error constitutes plain error. Under the 

plain error doctrine, a reviewing court may, in its discretion, excuse a party’s procedural 

default if a clear or obvious error has occurred and either (1) the evidence is so closely 

balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, 

regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is so serious that it affected the 

fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless 

of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Staake, 2017 IL 121755, ¶ 31. Invoking the first 

prong, defendant argues that the evidence in this case was closely balanced, since it “could 

hardly be said that reasonable jurors could only draw a conclusion of guilt from this evidence.” 

Defendant also notes that the jurors sent out a question regarding the photographic exhibits, 

which he asserts suggests they did not find an automatic connection between him and the 

heroin and highlights that they acquitted him of the charges of aggravated battery of a peace 

officer. 

¶ 47 A “closely balanced” case is “one where the outcome of the case would have to be different 

had the impropriety not occurred.” People v. Pierce, 262 Ill. App. 3d 859, 865 (1992). “In 

determining whether the evidence adduced at trial was close, a reviewing court must evaluate 

the totality of the evidence and conduct a qualitative, commonsense assessment of it within the 

context of the case.” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53. This inquiry must involve assessing the 

evidence on the elements of the charged offense or offenses, along with any evidence 

regarding the credibility of the witnesses. Id. Considering whether evidence is closely 

balanced does not involve the sufficiency of close evidence but, rather, the closeness of 

sufficient evidence. Id. ¶ 60. If the defendant carries the burden of showing the evidence is 

closely balanced, the error is actually prejudicial. Id. ¶ 51. 
- 11 - 

¶ 48 Evidence has been found to be closely balanced where each side has presented credible 

witnesses or where the credible testimony of a witness is countered by evidence that casts 

doubt on his or her account. See, e.g., id. ¶ 63; People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 608 (2008). 

No “credibility contest” exists when one party’s version of events is unrefuted, implausible, or 

corroborated by other evidence. People v. Montgomery, 2018 IL App (2d) 160541, ¶ 31. 

Moreover, a fact-finder’s need to assess the credibility of a witness where no rival witnesses or 

other competing evidence was presented does not render the evidence closely balanced. People 

v. Hammonds, 409 Ill. App. 3d 838, 861-62 (2011). 

¶ 49 Here, there was no credibility contest between opposing parties. The police officers’ and 

FBI agent’s overall descriptions of the events surrounding the search of the building were 

consistent with each other and were corroborated by the recovered evidence and photographs 

of the scene. No evidence was presented to challenge the witnesses’ honesty. While the case 

against defendant may not have been airtight, evidence need not be perfect to avoid application 

of the plain error doctrine. Montgomery, 2018 IL App (2d) 160541, ¶ 32. Applying a 

commonsense approach based on the context of the case, we find that where the State’s 

evidence was strong and unrefuted, the evidence was not closely balanced. As such, defendant 

cannot obtain relief under the plain error doctrine. 

¶ 50 Last, defendant contends that the mittimus should be corrected to reflect that he was 

convicted of possession with intent to deliver between 400 to 900 grams of heroin, rather than 

manufacture or delivery of between 400 to 900 grams of heroin. 

¶ 51 The mittimus correctly indicates that defendant was convicted of violating section 

401(a)(1)(C) of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act, which provides that “it is unlawful for 

any person knowingly to manufacture or deliver, or possess with intent to manufacture or 

deliver, a controlled substance *** 400 grams or more but less than 900 grams of a substance 

containing heroin, or an analog thereof.” 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(1)(C) (West 2012). However, 

the mittimus describes defendant’s offense as “MFG/DEL 400<900 GR HERO/ANLG,” 

which is not entirely accurate since, as defendant observes, his crime was possessing heroin 

with the intent to deliver, not manufacturing or delivering heroin. The State agrees with 

defendant that the mittimus should be changed. 

¶ 52 We agree with the parties. In our view, it would be preferable for the mittimus to reflect the 

name of the offense as it was set forth on the charging instrument, i.e., “possession of 

controlled substance with intent to deliver.” As such, pursuant to our authority under Illinois 

Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(1) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), we direct the clerk of the circuit court to 

amend the mittimus to reflect more accurately the name of defendant’s conviction. See People 

v. Blakney, 375 Ill. App. 3d 554, 560 (2007) (appellate court may, without remand, correct the 

mittimus to accurately reflect the name of the offense for which a defendant has been 

convicted, even where the statutory citation is correct). 

¶ 53 CONCLUSION 

¶ 54 For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court and order 

correction of the mittimus. 

¶ 55 Affirmed; mittimus corrected.