Kirkland et. al. v. Kolodziej et. al., No. 438-9-12 Wmcv (Wesley, J. Feb. 28, 2014). 

[The text of this Vermont trial court opinion is unofficial. It has been reformatted from the original. The accuracy of the text and the 

accompanying data included in the Vermont trial court opinion database is not guaranteed.] 

STATE OF VERMONT

SUPERIOR COURT

BRUCE KIRKLAND 

and GORDON KIRKLAND 

 Plaintiffs, 

 v. 

JAMES KOLODZIEJ 

and BARBARA KOLODZIEJ 

 Defendants. 

Windham Unit, Civil Division 

Docket No. 438-9-12 Wmcv 

OPINION & ORDER 

DENYING CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 

 On September 11, 2012, Plaintiffs brought this action, seeking to quiet title, seeking 

injunctive relief, and seeking damages for nuisance against Defendants. Plaintiffs are represented 

by Attorney Thomas W. Costello. Defendants are represented by Attorneys Christopher M. 

Rundle and Amanda Rundle. 

 After the Court’s Sept. 24, 2013, ruling on Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the 

Pleadings, to which reference is made for additional exposition of Plaintiff’s claims, the claims 

for injunctive relief and nuisance remain. On December 9, 2013, Defendants filed a motion for 

partial summary judgment. Plaintiffs filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment also on 

December 9, 2013. 

DISCUSSION 

 The summary judgment record reveals the following circumstances. The properties 

relevant to this matter are located in Rockingham, Vermont. Defendants own land west of 

Plaintiffs’ land. Defendants’ land is adjacent to Gowing Road, including a disputed location at 

which Plaintiffs assert that Gowing Road intersects Petty Road. Plaintiffs claim that Defendants 

have obstructed both Gowing Road and Petty Road, thus denying Plaintiffs access along the 

roadway.1

Defendants seek partial summary judgment in their favor on claims that they obstructed 

Gowing Road, and also seek judgment on claims relating to these critical factual and legal issues: 

the length of Petty Road, whether it meets Gowing Road, and whether they can lawfully be 

made liable for obstructing the roadway such that one cannot travel from Gowing Road to Petty 

Road. Specifically, Defendants assert that Petty Road is just 2,500 feet long, running roughly 

west from the Springfield town line, and that Petty Road cannot intersect with Gowing Road, 

 

1

 Though not directly material to the determination of the cross-motions for summary judgment, it appears that 

Plaintiffs also have access to their property by Gowing Road, along a route which does not require transit over 

Defendants’ property. 
2 

because it stops short of meeting Gowing Road, which is some 5,000 feet west from the town 

line. Thus, Defendants argue, they cannot have obstructed the portion of Petty Road on their 

property as it does not cross their property on its way to a junction with Gowing Road.2

Plaintiffs assert that from the junction of Gowing Road and Petty Road, which they claim 

exists, Petty Road extends easterly over Defendants’ land, continuing onto land owned by the 

father of one Defendant, continuing along the southern edge of Plaintiff’s land, and then over Lot 

6, Range 1 to a terminus where the northwestern portion of Lot 7 Range 1 meets the Springfield 

town line. Plaintiffs assert that both the historical record and the present physical facts 

demonstrate that Petty Road is longer than Defendants claim. Plaintiffs maintain that the path of 

travel from Gowing Road to, or along, Petty Road across Defendants’ land has been in use 

continuously from at least1843 to 2007, when Defendants took steps to block Petty Road. 

Cross-Motions re The Dimensions of Petty Road 

The central issues in this matter are the length of Petty Road and its nature as a public 

way across Defendants’ land up to an intersection with Gowing Road. Both Plaintiffs and 

Defendants cite to the historical record; however, that record contains apparent ambiguities. 

 Defendants point to records, specifically Book 6, Page 189, showing that Petty Road was 

formally laid out originally in 1821. According to Defendants, this document makes it plain that 

Petty Road does not intersect with Gowing Road, as it was too short to do so as laid out at that 

time. Defendants claim that Petty Road then was discontinued on November 16, 1842, and relaid out as a pent road on March 4, 1843. By Defendants’ assessment of the records, because it 

was re-laid out and not re-surveyed, Petty Road followed the survey of the former road, and its 

dimensions did not change when it was re-laid out. Defendants assert those dimensions, based 

upon the Town of Rockingham’s records at Book 6, Page 189, indicate the road extended 

westward from the Springfield line approximately 2,500 feet. As Gowing Road is approximately 

5,000 feet from the Springfield line, Defendants maintain the two roads cannot intersect. 

 Defendants further argue that there is no Town of Rockingham record demonstrating an 

intersection, and they dismiss as hearsay Plaintiffs’ documentary evidence of alternative 

dimensions for Petty Road, discussed below. Because, Defendants say, Plaintiffs cannot 

demonstrate that Petty Road was formally laid out in the dimensions they claim, and because, 

Defendants assert, only a document demonstrating such formalities associated with Plaintiffs’ 

claims would prove that the roads intersect, Plaintiffs cannot prove that Petty Road and Gowing 

Road intersect. Defendants argue, “...even in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, the 

admissible evidence, at most, demonstrates people may have thought the Petty Road intersected 

with the Gowing Road notwithstanding that the Rockingham Town Records demonstrate that the 

two roads never intersected.” Defendants cite Austin v. Middlesex, 2009 VT 102, 186 Vt. 629, 

for the proposition that only evidence that a town complied with the laws for laying out a 

highway can prove a highway’s existence within given dimensions. As discussed infra, the Court 

concludes this is an overbroad application of Austin. 

 

2

 Defendants’ claim that there is no evidence they have obstructed Gowing Road is addressed separately below. 
3 

Plaintiffs concede that the origins of Petty Road as a town highway are unclear, and 

acknowledge that they have been unable to find documentation of the original laying out of the 

road which includes the disputed section. They assert, however, that it was established prior to 

1806 because there are 1806 documents referring to “the road leading to Solomon Petty’s.” They 

also acknowledge the formal laying out of Petty road in 1821, but assert that this accomplished 

the laying out of the final 2,502 feet of the road, the easternmost portion adjacent to the 

Springfield line. This is the portion of Petty Road that Defendants acknowledge as a pent road 

and class 4 town highway. Plaintiffs argue that at the time this portion was formally laid out, the 

presently disputed section already existed. 

Both sides acknowledge that in November 1842, the town’s selectmen discontinued a 

portion of Petty Road, although they disagree as to where that portion was located. Relying on 

the correspondence between descriptions of the affected properties in the records of the 

selectmen’s acts, as compared with deed descriptions of those properties, Plaintiffs assert that 

this was the portion largely coinciding with the portion presently in dispute. Plaintiffs argue 

based on Rockingham property records that a few months later, pursuant to a petition before 

them, the selectmen again examined the section of road they had discontinued and laid out a pent 

road along the previously discontinued route. As described, the pent road ran along the center 

line of survey of the portion of the old road that had been discontinued three months before. The 

records indicate that it began at the intersection of Petty Road with “the Mason Road so-called” 

and proceeded through the Petty farm to the Springfield line. According to Plaintiffs, the key to 

determining where Petty Road terminates on the western end of the portion established as a pent 

road is determining the location of “the Mason Road.” 

Plaintiffs assert that Mason Road in 1842 and 1843 was the road now known as Gowing 

Road. If accepted, this fact would demonstrate a historic junction between Gowing Road and 

Petty Road. Plaintiffs claim that the pent road established in 1843 ran southeasterly and 

northeasterly from the present Gowing Road along the route that crossed Defendants’ property 

until they obstructed it. In support of these assertions, Plaintiffs cite a series of deeds from the 

relevant period of time which reference the road, which refer to “Gill Gowing” and “Mason 

Road” interchangeably, and which reference the pent road established in 1843. Plaintiffs also 

argue that the physical features of the land in question support their position. Plaintiffs, who own 

a parcel in the relevant area, assert that from 1978 until 2007, they travelled Petty Road from 

Gowing Road to their land. This ended in 2007 when, Plaintiffs assert, Defendants blocked Petty 

Road. 

As there is evidence for both positions in this case, this is not a matter on which summary 

judgment is appropriate. See Madowitz v. Woods at Killington Owners’ Ass’n, 2010 VT 37, ¶ 9, 

188 Vt. 197, quoting Bacon v. Lascelles, 165 Vt. 214, 218 (1996) (“summary judgment is 

appropriate only when the record clearly shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact”). 

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs lack any evidence for their position that Petty Road exists in the 

dimensions they claim, without which their position fails as a matter of law. Gore v. Green 

Mountain Lakes, Inc., 140 Vt. 262, 118 A. 888 (1981). Defendants particularly emphasize 

Plaintiffs’ inability to locate the survey to which reference is made in the 1843 rededication of 

Petty Road. Without such survey, according to Defendants, the Court must conclude that the 

1843 and 1843 discontinuation and rededication of Petty Road involved the 2,502 feet laid out in 
4 

1821 running west from the Springfield town line. Certainly, there are inferences from the record 

to support this argument. 

Nevertheless, Defendants’ argument fails to take into account support for Plaintiffs’ 

position existing in the written record, in the form of the deeds and references to Mason Road, 

further support in the physical layout of the roadways prior to 2007, and evidence of the 

roadways’ customary use. See Gore v. Blanchard, 96 Vt. 234 (1922) (discussing customary use 

as evidence of dedication of a road to the public). While this evidence can not be found to 

indisputably establish Plaintiffs’ claims for the dimensions of Petty Road, it raises significant 

issues of material fact as to those dimensions so as to preclude summary judgment based on 

Defendants’ analysis. Given that Blanchard instructs that customary use may substitute for proof 

that a road was formally dedicated to the public, it follows that customary use should also be able 

to substitute for proof of other formalities surrounding the laying out of a road. Blanchard, 118 

A. at 890 (“A dedication is the setting apart of land for the public use. It may be express or 

implied. It is not claimed that there was an express dedication of the way in controversy, but it is 

claimed that the evidence of user and the conduct and testimony of Gardner tended to show an 

implied dedication. ... Long acquiescence in user by the public, under certain circumstances, is 

evidence of an intent to dedicate land to public use”); see also, Felch v. Gilman, 22 Vt. 114 

(1849)(acquiescence by landowner in public use precluded later assertion that highway was laid 

out with insufficient formalities). 

 In order to be entitled to summary judgment, “[a] party seeking summary judgment must 

point to particular parts of the record to support the assertion that a fact can or cannot be 

genuinely disputed,” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Colby, 2013 VT 80, ¶ 8. Since there is 

some evidence for each party’s position with respect to the Petty Road’s dimensions, summary 

judgment will not be granted on the claims for injunctive relief and damages for obstructing 

Petty Road, as these hinge upon Petty Road’s dimensions. 

Despite the Defendants’ urging, Austin v. Middlesex, does not compel the opposite 

conclusion. Defendants argue it is dispositive of the claim because, while there may be conflicts 

in the historical record regarding Petty Road and its length, there is no documentary evidence 

that the road was ever formally laid out in the dimensions claimed by Plaintiffs. By Defendants’ 

reading, Austin stands for the proposition that a formal laying out in certain dimensions is 

required in order for the road to exist in those dimensions. However, the ruling does not impose 

such rigid limits, certainly as regards facts that are distinguishable. While in Austin, the town’s 

failure to follow the requirements for formally laying out a road was fatal to its claim that a 

public road existed on the plaintiffs’ land, id., ¶¶ 9–10, the differences between that case and the 

present one are critical. In Austin, given the nature of its claim, the town had to show it had 

complied with the procedural requirements for a taking. Id, ¶ 5. Here, Plaintiff maintains that 

Petty Road is longer than the section shown in the 1821 survey, that another survey likely existed 

as referenced in the 1843 rededication, and that, in any event, the location of Petty Road across 

Defendants’ land to Gowing Road has long been established by acquiescence, an issue not 

presented by Austin. See, Town of Ludlow v. Watson, 153 Vt. 437, 441-442 (1990)(where road 

as used was 1924 feet longer, and otherwise did not conform to the 1819 survey showing its 
5 

dedication, error for trial court to enter directed verdict for landowner in Town’s action for 

injunctive relief to clear obstructions from its right of way). 

Indeed, as discussed above, there is evidence that the road was established prior to 1806, 

even if formalities were not observed; that the portion in question was discontinued and reestablished as a pent road in 1842 and 1843; and that the disputed portion has been in public use 

continuously until Defendants obstructed it. This sequence of events, if supported by a 

preponderance of the evidence, would justify the conclusion that Plaintiffs’ predecessors and the 

public had acquired rights by dedication and acquiescence to use the road and traverse the land 

now owned by Defendants. Id.; see also, Higgins v. Ringwig, 128 Vt. 534, 538–539 (1970) 

(“The findings support the inference that the roadway had been used as an easement by the 

plaintiffs’ predecessors in title for many years. There is no evidence that such use was only 

permissive or that such permission was ever revoked. From this a presumption arises that such 

use was under a claim of right”); Morse v. Ranno, 32 Vt. 600 (1860)(discussing prescriptive 

rights over roadways).3

 

Defendants’ Motion re Proof of Obstruction 

As Plaintiff Bruce Kirkland acknowledged in his deposition, he cannot presently prove 

through first-hand knowledge that Defendants are responsible for the materials blocking Gowing 

Road. By their affidavits, Defendants deny placing those materials across the roadway. 

However, Plaintiffs insist there are substantial inferences that Defendants are responsible for 

placing the materials close to the junction of the Gowing Road and what is claimed to be Petty 

Road, based upon Defendants’ actions elsewhere on Petty Road. The Court concludes there are 

factual questions here that defeat summary judgment on this issue. While it is generally true that 

a movant who does not bear the burden of persuasion at trial is entitled to summary judgment 

where the opponent lacks evidence to support his allegation, see Ross v. Times Mirror, Inc., 164 

 

3

 “[T]he mere act of leaving the space in front of his house and between that and the highway, open, as

unenclosed ground, without any other act tending to show a dedication of it to the public use, would not of itself 

constitute a dedication of it to the public use, and deprive the plaintiff of the right to enclose it; but that if the jury 

should find that the public had appropriated it, or any part of it, to their use for a highway, and had continued to use 

it as such for a space of fifteen years or more, then, to the extent to which they had so used it, the public would have 

acquired the right to use it, and the plaintiff would have no right to fence or enclose it, so as to prevent or interfere 

with the use of the same by the public, as they had been accustomed to use it during such period of time; that to vest 

this right in the public, on the ground of use alone, the jury must find that the public had, during such period, 

continued to use it for the ordinary purposes of a highway... It is claimed that a dedication may be shown by a 

possession by the public for less than fifteen years. This is unquestionably true when the enjoyment by the public is 

accompanied by other acts and circumstances showing an intent on the part of a donor or grantor to make a 

dedication. Thus, where the owner of land opens a street through his premises, sells building lots and induces others 

to buy and build on the street, a much shorter possession than fifteen years would suffice to establish the dedication. 

In such case it would be fraudulent in the owner, after having induced others to act upon the faith of the street's 

being appropriated to public use, then to attempt to defeat the public use. So where papers, writings, or deeds 

defectively executed evince the intent to make a dedication of land to the public, a corresponding possession of less 

than fifteen years may sometimes suffice. Cases of this kind go much upon the ground of proof of an actual intent to 

make the dedication, and that upon the faith of the supposed dedication the public or individuals have relied, and 

made investments, or erected buildings whose values would be impaired by the withdrawal of the land from public 

use.” Id. 
6 

Vt. 13, 18 (1995), more latitude is afforded where “knowledge of the events lies exclusively with 

the moving party.” Barbargallo v. Gregory, 150 Vt. 653, 653 (1988)(“Summary judgment may 

be particularly inappropriate where knowledge of the events lies exclusively with the moving 

party”). The Court concludes this is such a case, and denies summary judgment on the issue. 

WHEREFORE it is hereby ORDERED: The cross-motions for partial summary 

judgment are DENIED. 

Dated and signed electronically at Newfane this 28th day of February, 2014. 

 

 

 

 John P. Wesley 

 Civil Division Judge