TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1 OF 2 

CROP GROUPING PETITION – TREE NUTS GROUP 14, 

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT TO 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14) 

(Almond; Almond, Tropical; Beech nut; Betelnut; Brazil nut; Brazilian pine; Bunya; Bur Oak; 

Butternut; Cajou; Candlenut; Cashew; Castanha-do-maranhao; Chestnut; Coconut; Ginkgo; 

Guiana chestnut; Hazelnut (Filbert), Heartnut; Hickory nut; Japanese horse-chestnut; Macadamia 

nut; Monkey-pot; Okari nut; Pachira nut; Pecan; Pequi; Pili nut; Pine nut; Pistachio; Sapucaia 

nut; Walnut, black and English) 

AUTHORS

William P. Barney and Tracey Switek 

INTERREGIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 4 

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY 

500 COLLEGE ROAD EAST, 201W 

PRINCETON, NJ 08540 

IR-4 PR No. 10106 

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication 

No. A - 27200-09-08, Supported by State, U.S. Hatch Act 

and other U.S. Department of Agriculture funds. 

Page 1 of 62
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 PAGE

TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1 OF 2 .................................................................................................... 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 2

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT: ....................................................................................................... 3

PROPOSED AMENDMENT ......................................................................................... 3

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 4

CULTURAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 6

PEST PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................... 6

SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSION.............................................. 8

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group: ........................................... 9

Table 2. Major Tree Nuts Production in 2006: ............................................................. 12

Table 3. Crop Group Comparison: ................................................................................ 14

ATTACHMENT 1. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL .......................................................................... 20

ATTACHMENT 2. COMMODITY MONOGRAPHS .................................................................. 24

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

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TECHNICAL AMENDMENT: 

40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14), 

Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group 

 IR-4 Project and the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) 

propose an amendment to 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14) Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group

PROPOSED AMENDMENT

1. Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14) that consists of following 12 

commodity entries: 

1. Almond, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (Rosaceae) 

2. Beechnut, Fagus spp. (Fagaceae) 

3. Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae) 

4. Butternut, Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae) 

5. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) 

6. Chestnut, Castanea spp. (Fagaceae) 

7. Chinquapin, Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. (Fagaceae) 

8. Filbert (Hazelnut), Corylus spp. (Betulaceae) 

9. Hickory nut, Carya spp. (Juglandaceae) 

10. Macadamia nut, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) 

11. Pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch (Juglandaceae) 

12. Walnut, black and English, Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae); 

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 32 commodity entries: 

1. Almond, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (Rosaceae) 

2. Almond, Tropical, Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) 

3. Beechnut, Fagus spp. (Fagaceae) 

4. Betelnut, Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae (Palmae)) 

5. Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae) 

6. Brazilian pine, Araucaria angustifolia ((Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucariaceae)

7. Bunya, Araucaria bidwillii Hook. (Araucariaceae) 

8. Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (Fagaceae) 

9. Butternut, Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae) 

10. Cajou, Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. (Anacardiaceae) 

11. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) 

12. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) 

13. Castanha-do-maranhao, Pachira glabra Pasq. (Malvaceae) 

14. Chestnut (Chinquapin), Castanea spp. (Fagaceae) 

15. Coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae (Palmae)) 

16. Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) 

17. Guiana chestnut, Pachira aquatic Aubl. (Malvaceae) 

18. Hazelnut (Filbert), Corylus spp. (Betulaceae) 

19. Heartnut, Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis (Makino) Rehder (Juglandaceae) 

20. Hickory nut, Carya spp. (Juglandaceae) 

21. Japanese horse-chestnut, Aesculus turbinata Blume (Sapindaceae) 

22. Macadamia nut (353), Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

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23. Monkey-pot, Lecythis pisonis Cambess. (Lecythidaceae) 

24. Okari Nut, Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. (Combretaceae) 

25. Pachira Nut, Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny (Malvaceae) 

26. Pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch (Juglandaceae) 

27. Pequi, Caryocar spp. (Caryocaraceae) 

28. Pili nut, Canarium ovatum Engl. (Bursraceae) 

29. Pine nut, Pinus edulis Engelm. (Pinaceae) 

30. Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) 

31. Sapucaia nut, Lecythis zabucaja Aubl. (Lecythidaceae) 

32. Walnut, Black, Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae) and Walnut, English, Juglans regia L. 

(Juglandaceae) 

And all edible varieties and/or hybrids of Fagus species, Castanea species, Corylus species, 

Carya species, Caryocar spp. and Juglans species. 

2. The following commodities, Almond and Pecan, remain as representative commodities for the 

expanded group. 

3. Subgroups: No subgroups are proposed for the Tree Nuts crop group. 

4. Crop Definitions: No Tree Nut definitions are proposed. 

BACKGROUND

 

 Botanically, a nut is a hard indehiscent (not opening at maturity) one-seeded fruit 

(DUKE). However, a nut in commerce and cuisine has a much less restrictive definition than a 

nut in botany. The term is applied to many seeds that are not true nuts. Any large kernel found 

within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut. For example, almond is the edible seed 

of a drupe, while the Brazil nut is the seed from a capsule. Candlenut and cashew nut are seeds. 

Pine nut is the seed of several species of pine. Pistachio nut is the seed of a thin-shelled drupe. 

Peanuts can be disqualified from “nuts” because peanuts include two or three seeds in the 

indehiscent pod. 

 Nuts are highly nutritious with up to 30 percent protein and up to 70 percent oil. 

Chestnuts are unusual in that the major food reserve is starch (50-60 per cent). Nuts are a good 

source of minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium and potassium and also the 

vitamin B complex and vitamin E. Nuts have been found in archaeological sites dating back to 

before 10,000 BC (VAUGHAN). Several epidemiological studies have also revealed that people 

who consume nuts regularly are less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease. 

 The current Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts group published in 40 CFR 180.41 (14) includes 

12 commodity entries in the botanical families of Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Lecythidaceae, 

Juglandaceae, Anacardiaceae, Betulaceae and Proteaceae. Almond and pecan were selected as 

representative commodities for this group. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 4
 Since the tree nut crop group is a somewhat artificial crop group and because the various 

crops within the group come from diverse families, they are not expected to be susceptible to the 

same pests and diseases requiring the same pesticide treatment. However, in practice, residues 

(expressed on the edible portion) in tree nuts from field use are often low or not detectable 

irrespective of the pesticide use, so a tree nut group tolerance can be achieved. US, Codex and 

EU Tree Nut crop group tolerances are summarized in Table 1. Many of these tolerances were 

based on residue data generated from the representative crops. The majority of these tolerances 

range from 0.01 to 0.5 ppm with one Codex tolerance established at 1 ppm (carbaryl). 

 Since this crop group was established in 1995, more species and varieties of tree nuts 

have become popular in commercial production and international trade. Tree nuts that were 

previously considered as orphan crops include tropical almond, betelnut, coconut, ginkgo, 

heartnut, oak (bur oak), pili nut, pine nut and pistachio. 

The original Crop Group 14 proposal was generated at the USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping 

Symposium in Washington, DC, October 2002 by Workgroup 5, Chaired by Van Starner of IR-4 

and Co-Chaired by Craig Hunter, Rick Loranger, Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, and John Wise 

(see Attachment 1, Symposium proposal). 

 The crops in the existing tree nut crop group were all validated at the Symposium. It was 

proposed that “Filbert (hazelnut)” be changed to “Hazelnut (filbert)”. Additional tree nuts 

proposed at the Symposium included guana, nut-o-nogal, cajou, dalison, okari nut, bunya and 

candlenut. These additional tree nuts were also validated at the Symposium, except it was later 

determined that dalison should be considered as a tropical fruit. Also, guana was not included in 

this submission since it apparently only grows in eastern Cuba and is a threatened species. Nut-onogal has been included with black walnut. 

The concept of temperate and tropical/subtropical subgroups was not validated at the 

Symposium, so no subgroups are proposed in this submission. The Symposium also proposed 

crop definitions for the representative crops of almond and pecan. Due to the previously 

discussed diverse taxonomic nature of tree nuts, no crop definitions are proposed in this 

submission. 

The tree nut crop group was further discussed and developed within the Tree Nut 

Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC). This 

workgroup consists of 122 crop or regulatory experts from the US, NAFTA, EU, Asia, Middle 

East, Africa, and Latin America regions representing 24 countries. The Workgroup discussed and 

validated the proposed and representative commodities. Included in this discussion were 

additional tree nuts included in the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds which 

include pachira nut, sapucaia nut and Japanese horse-chestnut. Proposed additions to the Codex 

Classification (Brazilian pine, castanha-do-maranhao, Guiana chestnut and monkey-pot) were 

also included in the discussion. 

Tree nuts presented to the ICGCC but not validated by the Work Group include the 

Australian or Moreton Bay chestnut, canarium nut, shea nut, suari nut, African walnut and tallow 

tree. One additional tree nut was validated which was pequi. Two proposed crops, purging nut 

and karanj were not accepted because of the poisonous nature of the nut or bean and because 

development of these crops is primarily for biofuels. One additional proposed crop (kalamungay, 

Moringa oleifera) will be considered in the tropical fruit crop group. 

The authors have updated and developed commodity monographs as supporting data (see 

Attachment 2, Commodity Monographs). References are provided at the end of the monographs. 

Copies of partial references are included in this petition in Attachment 3. This petition proposes 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 5
“Tree Nuts Group 14” with 32 commodity entries. Commodities and their varieties and/or 

hybrids proposed in this submission include all of the commodities in the US, Codex 

Classification and EU Crop List of tree nuts. The new Tree Nut Crop Group and representative 

commodities proposed in this petition would facilitate the harmonization of the US and Codex 

crop classification systems. 

CULTURAL INFORMATION

Tree nuts are widely grown in both temperate and subtropical and tropical regions. 

Almonds, walnuts and hazelnuts (filberts) are the three most important tree nuts in terms of global 

production and trade. Many varieties of nuts can easily be substituted for each other. Imports of 

nuts are important for use in mixed nut packs and other products that utilize nut varieties not 

generally grown in the US, such as cashews and Brazil nuts. In the US, almonds account for 

about 25 percent of total tree nut consumption, followed by pecans, walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts 

(filberts) and all others, mostly cashews and Brazil nuts. Almonds are a top-value US 

horticultural export, well above wine, the second most important export. Typically, about twothirds to three-fourths of the US almond crop is exported. About two-thirds of US almond 

exports go to the European Union and about one-sixth is shipped to Asia, mostly Japan and China. 

The US and China both export walnuts. The US mainly exports to Europe while China exports 

are bound for the Far East and the Mideast. Turkey and Italy are the largest producers of 

hazelnuts (filberts) (AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK). 

 

PEST PROBLEMS 

There are some common pest problems among tree nuts. The most important pest 

problems associated with this group of commodities are insects, mites, diseases, nematodes, 

weeds and vertebrate pests. The following are a list of important pest problems of some of the 

predominant tree nuts: 

Almonds (California) (CROP PROFILES): 

1. Insects: Navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella), 

pavement ant (Tetramerium caespitum), southern fire ant (Solenopsis xyloni), San Jose 

scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus). 

2. Mites: Two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae), Pacific mite (Tetranychus pacificus), 

European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), brown almond mite (Bryobia rubioculus). 

3. Diseases: Brown rot (Monilinia laxa or Monilinia fructicola), green fruit rot or jacket rot 

(Monilinia spp. or Botrytis cinerea or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), anthracnose 

(Colletotrichum acutatum), scab (Cladosporium carpophilum), leaf blight 

(Seimatosporium lichenicola), altternaria leaf spot (Alternaria alternata), leaf rust 

(Tranzschelia discolor), bacterial canker and blast (Pseudomonas syringae), armillaria 

root rot (Armillaria mellea), crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), root and crown rot 

(Phytophthora spp.), Ceratocystis canker (Ceratocystis fimbriata) and Verticillium wilt 

(Verticillium dahlia). 

4. Nematodes: Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus vulnus), ring nematode (Criconemella 

xenoplax) and root know nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). 

5. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds. 

6. Vertebrate pests: Ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), and pocket gophers 

(Thomomys spp.). 

Hazelnut (Filbert) (Oregon) (CROP PROFILES): 

1. Insects: Moths, leafrollers, filbert bud mite, loopers, mealybugs, aphids, weevils, scales. 

2. Diseases: Eastern filbert blight (EFB), powdery mildews, stunt and blasts. 

3. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 6
Macadamia nut (Hawaii) (CROP PROFILES): 

1. Insects: Tropical nut borer (Hypothenemus obscures), Southern green stinkbug (Nezara

viridula), koa seedworm moth (Cryptophlebia illepida), litchi fruit moth (Cryptophlebia 

ombrodelta), Red-banded thrips (Selenothrips rubrocinctus). 

2. Mites: Broad mites (Polyphagotarsonemus latus). 

3. Diseases: Macadamia quick decline (MQD), Macadamia root rot (Kretzschmaria clavus), 

Macadamia root rot, Raceme and blossom blights (Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis

cinerea). 

4. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds. 

5. Vertebrates: Roof rats (Rattus rattus). 

Pecans (Georgia) (CROP PROFILES, INSECT AND DISEASE): 

1. Insects: Pecan weevil (Curculio caryae), hickory shuckworm (Laspeyresia caryana), 

black pecan aphid (Melanocallis caryaefoliae), black-margined aphid (Monellia caryella)

and yellow hickory aphid (Monelliopsis nigropunctata), southern green stinkbug (Nezara 

viridula), pecan nut casebearer (Acrobasis nuxvorella), pecan phylloxera (Phylloxera 

devastatrix), pecan leaf phylloxera (P. notabilis), pecan leaf casebearer (Acrobasis 

juglandis), pecan spittlebug (Clastoptera achatina), alder spittlebug (C. obtuse). 

2. Mites: pecan leaf scorch mite (Eotetranychus hicoriae). 

3. Diseases: Pecan scab (Cladosporium caryigenum), downy spot, pecan scab, powdery 

mildew, zonate leaf spot. 

4. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds. 

Pistachios (California) (CROP PROFILES): 

1. Insects: Navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), small plant bugs (Calocoris 

norvegicus, Lygus hesperus, Psallus vaccinicola, Neurocolpus longirostris, Phytocoris 

relatives), large plant bugs (Thyanta pallidovirens, Nezara viridula, Acrosternum hilare, 

Chloracroa uhleri, Leptoglossus clypealis), soft scales (Parthenolecanium pruinosum, 

Parthenolecanium corni), striped mealybug (Ferisia virgata). 

2. Stored nut insects: Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), navel orangeworm 

(Amyelosis transitella), red flour beetle (Trobolium spp.), confused flour beetle 

(Trobolium spp.), warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variabile), cigarette beetle (Lasioderma 

serricorne). 

3. Mites: Citrus flat mite (Brevipalpus lewisi), Pacific mite (Tetranychus pacificus), 

twospotted mite (Tetranychus urticae). 

4. Diseases: Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea), Botrytis 

shoot blight (Botrytis cinerea), Alternaria late blight (Alternaria alternata), Phytophthora 

trunk and branch canker (Phytophthora capsici, P. cryptogea, P. parasitica), Verticillium 

wilt (Verticillium dahlia). 

5. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds. 

6. Vertebrates: Ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), pocket gophers (Thomomys 

spp.).

Walnuts (California) (CROP PROFILES): 

1. Insects: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), 

walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa), walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicold), duskyveined aphid (Callaphis juglandis), San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus pernicious), walnut 

scale (Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae), frosted scale (Parthenolecanium pruinosum), 

European fruit Lecanium (Parthenolecanium corni) fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) 

redhumped caterpillar (Schizura concinna). 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 7
2. Mites: Twospotted mite (Tetranychus urticae), Pacific mite (Tetranychus pacificus), 

European red mite (Panonychus ulmi). 

3. Diseases: Amillaria root rot (Armillaria mellea), crown gall (Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens), Phytophthora root and crown rot (Phytophthora spp.), walnut blight 

(Xanthomonas campestris p.v. juglandis). 

4. Nematodes: Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus vulnus), Ring nematode (Criconemella

xenoplar), root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.).

5. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds. 

SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSION

 Until the new crop group is published in 40 CFR, the author suggests that the Minor Use 

Branch of the Registration Division and the ChemSAC, EPA/OPP approve the proposed crop 

group and establish the following interim tolerance expressions for tolerance petitions: 

1. Crop Group 14 tolerance expression: (representative crops: Almond and Pecan)

Almond; 

Almond, Tropical; 

Beechnut; 

Betelnut; 

Brazil nut; 

Brazilian pine; 

Bunya; 

Butternut; 

Cajou; 

Candlenut; 

Cashew; 

Castanha-do-maranhao; 

Chestnut; 

Coconut; 

Ginkgo; 

Guiana chestnut; 

Hazelnut; 

Heartnut; 

Hickory nut; 

Japanese horse-chestnut; 

Macadamia nut; 

Monkey-pot; 

Oak, bur; 

Okari nut; 

Pachira nut; 

Pecan; 

Pequi; 

Pili nut; 

Pine nut; 

Pistachio; 

Sapucaia nut; 

Walnut; 

and cultivars and/or hybrids of these. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 8
Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group: 

(FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of April 10, 2008) 

Compound US (ppm) EU (ppm) Codex (ppm) 

2,4-D 0.2 0.05 0.2 

Abamectin - 0.01 

Acetamiprid 0.1 0.01 

Acephate - 0.02 - 

Acequinocyl 0.02 - - 

Acetamiprid 0.1 0.01 - 

Acibenzolar-S-methyl - 0.02 - 

Aldicarb - 0.02 

Azinphos-methyl - 0.5 

Azoxystrobin 0.02 0.1 - 

Benoxacor 0.01 - - 

Bifenazate 0.2 0.01 0.2 

Bifenthrin 0.05 0.05 - 

Boscalid 0.7 - 0.05 

Carbaryl - 0.05 1 

Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 0.01 - 

Chlorothalonil - 0.01 

Chlorpyrifos 0.2 0.05 - 

Clofentezine - 0.05 - 

Cyfluthrin 0.01 0.02 - 

Cypermethrin - 0.05 

Cyromazine - 0.05 - 

Deltamethrin 0.1 - - 

Diazinon - 0.01 

Dicofol - 0.05 

Diflubenzuron 0.06 - - 

Dimethoate - 0.05 

Diquat 0.02 - - 

Endosulfan - 0.1 - 

Esfenvalerate - 0.02 - 

Ethephon - 0.1 

Ethofumesate - 0.05 - 

Etoxazole 0.01 0.02 - 

Fenamiphos - 0.02 - 

Fenbutatin-oxide 0.5 0.05 - 

Fenhexamide - 0.05 - 

Fenpyroximate 0.1 - - 

Fenvalerate - 0.02 0.2 

Flumioxazin 0.02 0.05 - 

Gamma Cyhalothrin 0.05 - - 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 9
Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group (continued): 

(FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of April 10, 2008) 

Compound US (ppm) EU (ppm) Codex (ppm) 

GlufosinateAmmonium 0.1 - 0.1 

Glyphosate 1.0 0.1 - 

Halosulfuron-Methyl 0.05 - - 

Hexythiazox 0.3 - - 

Imidacloprid 0.05 - - 

Inorganic bromide 

resulting from 

fumigation 

- 0.05 - 

Iprodione - 0.02 - 

Kresoxim-methyl - 0.1 

Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05 0.05 - 

Mancozeb - 0.05 - 

Maneb - 0.05 - 

Metalaxyl - 0.05 - 

Methidathion 0.05 0.05 - 

Methomyl - 0.05 - 

Methoxyfenozide 0.1 0.02 0.1 

Methyl parathion - 0.02 

Metiram - 0.05 - 

Metolachlor 0.1 0.05 - 

Myclobutanil - 0.05 - 

Napropamide 0.1 - - 

Oryzalin 0.05 - - 

Oxyfluorfen 0.05 - - 

Paraquat dichloride 0.05 0.02 0.05 

Pendimethalin 0.1 0.05 - 

Phosmet - - 0.2 

Phosphine - - 0.01 

Propiconazole 0.1 0.05 - 

Pymetrozine - 0.02 - 

Pyraclostrobin 0.04 0.02 - 

Pyrethrins - - 0.5 

Pyridaben 0.05 - - 

Pyriproxyfen 0.02 - - 

Rimsulfuron 0.01 0.05 

Sethoxydim 0.2 - - 

Spinetoram 0.04 - - 

Spinosad 0.02 - - 

Spirodiclofen 0.1 - - 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 10
Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group (continued): 

(FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of April 10, 2008) 

Compound US (ppm) EU (ppm) Codex (ppm) 

Sulfuryl Fluoride 10.0 (post harvest) - 3 

Tebufenozide 0.1 - - 

Thiophanate methyl - 0.2 0.1 

Thiram - 0.05 - 

Trifloxystrobin 0.04 0.02 0.02 

Trifluralin 0.05 - - 

Zeta-cypermethrin 0.05 0.05 - 

Ziram - 0.05 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

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Table 2. Major Tree Nuts Production in 2006: 

 (FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx, results as of February 25, 2008 ) 

Countries/Regions 

Almond, with 

shell 

Betel nut 

(arecanuts) 

Brazil nuts, 

with shell 

Cashew nuts, 

with shell Chestnuts 

Africa 452,632 ha 

199,439 tonnes 

No data 90 tonnes 

No data 5,200 tonnes 

1,106,177 ha 1,059,165 tonnes 

100 ha 137 tonnes 

Central America 39 ha 

7 tonnes 

No data No data 

No data No data 

7,730 ha 7,706 tonnes 

No data No data 

North America 234,900 ha 

715,623 tonnes 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

Latin America and 

Caribbean 

6690 ha 10,651 tonnes 

No data No data 

1,450 ha 68,760 tonnes 

712,021 ha 247,032 tonnes 

30,306 ha 41,780 tonnes 

Asia 279,480 ha 

418,417 tonnes 

706,392 ha 857,589 tonnes 

No data No data 

156,144 ha 1,797,253 tonnes 

230,134 ha 1,013,074 tonnes 

Australia 9,000 ha 

11,755 tonnes 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

Europe 778,052 ha 

396,164 tonnes 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

81,158 ha 124,736 tonnes 

New Zealand No data 

No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

United States 9,000 ha 

715,623 tonnes 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

World Total 1,760,754 ha 

1,766,127, tonnes 

706,392 ha 857,679 tonnes 

1,450 ha 73,960 tonnes 

3,387,342 ha 3,103,450 tonnes 

341,698 ha 1,179,727 tonnes 

Note: This table reports only the tree nuts included on the FAO website. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Table 2. Major Tree Nuts Production in 2006 (continued): 

 (FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx, results as of February 25, 2008 ) 

Countries/Regions Coconut 

Hazelnut (Filbert) with shell 

Pistachio Walnut, with shell 

Africa 632,190 ha 

1,801,097 tonnes 

100 ha 143 tonnes 

20,076 ha 1,401 tonnes 

11,090 ha 42,362 tonnes 

Central America 41,255 ha 

254,354 tonnes 

No data No data 

25 ha 4 tonnes 

54,539 ha 79,871 tones 

North America No data 

No data 

11,462 ha 41,000 tonnes 

42,525 ha 122,470 tonnes 

87,075 ha 308,440 tonnes 

Latin America and Caribbean 

514,938 ha 3,922,501 tonnes 

No data No data 

25 ha 4 tonnes 

68,961 ha 106,625 tonnes 

Asia 9,002,063 ha 

47,507,615 tonnes 

457,244 ha 737,093 tonnes 

523,583 ha 440,041 tonnes 

382,065 ha 890,522 tonnes 

Australia No data 

No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data 23 tonnes 

Europe No data 

No data 

97,811 ha 182,671 tonnes 

8,670 ha 12,084 tonnes 

113,787 ha 316,105 tonnes 

New Zealand No data 

No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

No data No data 

United States No data 

No data 

11,462 ha 41,000tonnes 

42,525 ha 122,470 tonnes 

87,075 ha 308,440 tonnes 

World Total 10,615,978 ha 

55,324,323 tonnes 

566,617 ha 960,907 tonnes 

594,879 ha 576,000 tonnes 

662,978 ha 1,664,077 tonnes 

Note: This table reports only the tree nuts included on the FAO website. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Table 3. Crop Group Comparison: 

CODEX Crop Group 22, Tree Nuts Group, proposed US Crop Group 14 and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) Row # 

Codex US EU Crop 

Commodity Name and 

Code 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

2 Almonds 

TN 0660 

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, syn:, Amygdalus communis L., Prunus amygdalus Batsch. 

Almond Current Member

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb 

Almonds 

3 Beech nuts 

TN 0661 

Fagus sylvatica L.; F. grandifolia

Ehrh 

Beechnut Current Member

Fagus spp. NL 

4 Brazil nut 

TN 0662 

Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. 

Brazil nut Current Member

Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. 

Brazil nuts 

5 Bush nut 

TN 4681 

see Macadamia nut NL NL NL 

6 Butter nut 

TN 0663 

Juglans cinerea L. Butternut 

Current Member

Juglans cinerea L. NL1 

7 Cashew nut 

TN 0295 

Anacardium occidentale L. Cashew 

Current Member

Anacardium occidentaleL. 

Cashew nuts 

1 NL = Not listed 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Table 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued): 

CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of RegulatiRow # 

Codex US EU Crop 

Commodity Name and 

Code 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

8 Chestnuts 

TN 0664 

Castanea sativa Mill., syn: C. vesca Gaertn. Castanea 

molissima Blume; Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. 

Chestnut Current Member

Castanea spp. Chestnuts 

9 Chinquapin 

TN 4683 

see Chestnuts Castanea pumila (L.) Mill 

Chinquapin Current Member

Castanea spp. NL 

10 Coconut 

TN 0665 

Cocos nucifera L. Coconut 

Proposed Addition

Cocos nucifera L. Coconuts 

11 Filberts 

TN 4685 

see Hazelnuts, among other Corylus maximaMill. 

See hazelnut Corylus spp. NL 

12 Hazelnuts 

TN 0666 

Corylus avellana L.; C. maximaMill. 

Hazelnut Current Member

Corylus spp. Hazelnuts 

13 Hickory nuts 

TN 0667 

Carya ovata Koch.; C. glabra(Mill.); Other sweet Carya species 

Hickory nut Current Member

Carya spp. NL 

14 Japanese horsechestnut 

TN 0668 

Aesculus turbinata Blume; Syn: Ae sinensis Hort., not Bunge 

Japanese horsechestnut Proposed Addition

Aesculus turbinata Blume NL 

1 NL = Not listed 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Table 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued): 

CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of RegulatiRow # 

Codex US EU Crop 

Commodity Name and 

Code 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

15 Java almonds 

TN 4687 

see Pili nuts Canarium commune L.; C. indicum L.; C. amboinensis Hochst.; C. moluccanum Blume 

NL NL NL 

16 Macademia nuts 

TN 0669 

Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.; M. tetraphylla (L.) Johnson 

Macadamia nut Current Member

Macadamia integrifoliaMaiden & Betche 

Macadamia 

17 Pachira nut 

TN 0670 

Pachira insignis Savigny Pachira nut 

Proposed Addition

Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny

NL 

18 Paradise nut 

TN 0671 

see Sapucaia nut Lecythis zabucajo Aubl. 

Paradise nut Proposed Addition

see Sapucaia nut Lecythis zabucajo Aubl. 

NL 

19 Pecan 

TN 0672 

Carya illinoensis (Wangh.) K. Koch 

Pecan Current Member

Carya illinoensis(Wangh.) K. Koch 

Pecans 

20 Pignolia or Pignoli 

TN 4689 

see Pine nuts see Pine nuts see Pine nuts NL 

21 Pine nuts 

TN 0673 

Mainly Pinus pinea L.; also 

P. lambertiana Dougl.; P. cembraL.; P edulis Engelm.; P. quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudw. and other Pinus species 

Pine nut Proposed Addition

Pinus edulis Engelm. Pine nuts 

1 NL = Not listed 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Table 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued): 

CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of RegulatiRow # 

Codex US EU Crop 

Commodity Name and 

Code 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

22 Pinocchi 

TN 4691 

see Pine nuts NL NL NL 

23 Piñon nut 

TN 4693 

see Pine nuts NL NL NL 

NL 

24 Pili nuts 

TN 0674 

Canarium ovatum Engl.; C. 

luzonicum A Gray; C. pachyphyllum Perkins; C. commune L. 

Pili nut Proposed Addition

Canarium ovatum Engl. NL 

25 Pistachio nut 

TN 0675 

Pistachio vera L. Pistachio 

Proposed Addition

Pistacia vera L. Pistachios 

26 Queensland Nut 

TN 4695 

see Macadamia nut NL NL NL 

27 Sapucaia nut 

TN 0676 

Lecythis zabucajo Aubl.; L. elliptica Kunth; L. ollaria L.; L. 

usitatis Miers

Sapucaia nut Proposed Addition

Lecythis zabucajo Aubl. NL 

28 Tropical almond 

TN 0677 

Terminalia catappa L. Almond/tropical 

Proposed Addition

Terminalia catappa L. NL 

1 NL = Not listed 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Table 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued): 

CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of RegulatiRow # 

Codex US EU Crop 

Commodity Name and 

Code 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

29 Walnuts 

TN 0678 

Juglans regia L.; J. nigra L. NL NL Walnuts 

30 Walnut, Black 

TN 4697 

see Walnuts Juglans nigra L.

Walnut, Black Current Member

Juglans spp. NL 

31 Walnut, English; 

Walnut, Persian TN 4699 

see Walnuts Juglans regia L.

Walnut, English Current Member

Juglans regia L. NL 

32 Brazilian Pine 

Proposed Addition 

Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze 

Brazilian Pine Proposed Addition 

Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze 

33 Castanha-domaranhao 

Proposed Addition 

Pachira glabra Pasq. (= Bombacopsis glabra A. Robyns) 

Castanha-domaranhao Proposed Addition 

Pachira glabra Pasq. 

34 Guiana chestnut 

Proposed Addition 

Pachira aquatic Aubl. Guiana chestnut 

Proposed Addition 

Pachira aquatic Aubl. 

35 Monkey-pot 

Proposed Addition 

Lecythis pisonis Cambess. Monkey-pot 

Proposed Addition 

Lecythis pisonis Cambess. 

1 NL = Not listed 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Table 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued): 

CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of RegulatiRow # 

Codex US EU Crop 

Commodity Name and 

Code 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

Botanical Name Commodity 

Name 

36 NL NL Betelnut 

Proposed Addition

Areca catechu L. NL 

37 NL NL Bunya 

Proposed Addition

Araucaria bidwillii Hook NL 

38 NL NL Cajou 

Proposed Addition

Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. 

NL 

39 NL NL Candlenut 

Proposed Addition

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. 

NL 

40 NL NL Ginkgo 

Proposed Addition

Ginkgo biloba L. NL 

41 NL NL Heartnut 

Proposed Addition

Juglans ailantifolia var.cordiformis (Makino) Rehder 

NL 

42 NL NL Bur Oak 

Proposed Addition

Quercus macrocarpa 

Michx. 

NL 

43 NL NL Okari Nut 

Proposed Addition

Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. 

NL 

44 NL NL Pequi 

Proposed Addition 

Caryocar spp. NL 

1 NL = Not listed 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
ATTACHMENT 1. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 20
Temperate Tree and Small Fruits 

(Includes Stone fruits, Pome Fruits, Berries, Small Fruits, and Tree Nuts) 

Workgroup #5 

IR-4/USDA Crop Grouping Symposium 

7-8 October 2002 

Arlington, Virginia 

Chair: Van Starner 

Co-Chairs: Craig Hunter, Rick Loranger, Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, John Wise. 

Note: The established Crop Groups reflected the US EPA’s 40 CFR 180.41, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulato

98-02, and Mexico’s Crop Grouping System which are identical. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Crop Group 14. Tree Nuts 

Crop Groups

US = 14 Canada = 14 Codex = TN Mexico = 14 

Author’s Classification o

Crop Groups

US = 14 Canada = 14 Code

Rep. Commodities Established Commodities ValidateY/N Proposed Commodity 

Additions/Changes 

Almond and Pecan 

Almond (012) Y Almond/tropical (013) 

Beechnut (063) Y Betelnut (069) Brazil nut (087) Y Coconut (185,432) Butternut (087, 104) Y Ginkgo (256) Cashew (130) Y Hazelnut (278) Chestnut (150) Y Heartnut (279) Chinquapin (150) Y Oak (406,407,410) Filbert (hazelnut) (278) Y Pili nut (469) Hickory nut (280) Y Pine nut (471) Macadamia nut (353) Y Pistachio (473) Pecan (455) Y Walnut/black (640) Walnut, black and English (640, 641) 

Y Walnut/English (641) 

Filbert (hazelnut) changed to Hazelnu(278) MAKE IT HAZELNUT (FILBERTWalnut, black and English changed to Walnut/Black (640); Walnut/English (641) 

* ALREADY IN ESTABLISHED CROP GROUP RECOMMENDATION: REPLACE SOME PECAN RESIDUE TRIALS WITH WALNUT TRIALS, ON A CASE-BY-CASE BAS

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
Workgroup Worksheet 

Workgroup #: ___5_______________ Crop Group: ____14_______________________ 

Additions to Established Crop Groups and Subgroups

Common 

Name 

Scientific Name Group/SG 

Placement 

Rep Crop Edible 

Part 

Person(s) 

Requesting 

Comments 

14.1 Guana Hildegardia cubensis 

(Sterculiaceae) 

14 Tree Nut Pecan Seed Mexico Edible oil? 

14.2 Nut-ONogal (Nogal) Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae) 14 Pecan Nut Mexico 4 spp. = J. regia, J. cinerea, J. nigra, J. 

hindii

14.3 Pistachio Pistacia vera 

(Anacardiaceae) 

14 Almond Nut IR-4 

14.4 Cajou 

Anacardium giganteum (Anacardiaceae) 

14 Pecan Nut M. Braverman Cashew-like nuts 

14.5 Dalison 

Terminalia edulis (Combretaceae) 

14 Pecan Nut M. Braverman 

14.6 Okari Nut 

Terminalia kaernbachii (Combretaceae) 

14 Pecan Nut M. Braverman 

14.7 Nut Subgroup Temperate 

 14A Almond Nut IR-4 

14.8 Nut Subgroup Tropical/ Subtropical 

 14B Pecan/ 

Walnut 

Nut IR-4 

14.9 Bunya Bunya 

Araucaria bidwillii (Araucariaceae) 

14 Pecan Nut M. Braverman 

(IR-4) 

 

14.10 Candlenut 

Aleurites moluccana (Euphorbiaceae) 

14 Pecan Nut M. Braverman 

(IR-4) HI 

Country Walnut 

Editor’s note: We propose crop definitions for the Tree Nut representative crops, Almond and Pecan. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14
ATTACHMENT 2. COMMODITY MONOGRAPHS 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 24
Draft Monographs, Tree Nuts Group 14: 

1. Almond, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (Rosaceae) (012)

2. Almond, Tropical, Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) (013)

3. Beechnut, Fagus spp. (Fagaceae) (063)

4. Betelnut, Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae (Palmae)) (069)

5. Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae) (087)

6. Brazilian pine, Araucaria angustifolia ((Bertol.) Kuntze (Araucariaceae) (14-1) 

7. Bunya, Araucaria bidwillii Hook. (Araucariaceae) (14-2) 

8. Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (Fagaceae) (406)

9. Butternut, Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae) (104)

10. Cajou, Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. (Anacardiaceae) (14-3) 

11. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) (14-4) 

12. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) (130)

13. Castanha-do-maranhao, Pachira glabra Pasq. (Malvaceae) (14-5) 

14. Chestnut (Chinquapin), Castanea spp. (Fagaceae) (150)

15. Coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae (Palmae)) (185)

16. Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) (256)

17. Guiana chestnut, Pachira aquatic Aubl. (Malvaceae) (14-6) 

18. Hazelnut (Filbert), Corylus spp. (Betulaceae) (278)

19. Heartnut, Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis (Makino) Rehder (Juglandaceae) (279)

20. Hickory nut, Carya spp. (Juglandaceae) (280)

21. Japanese horse-chestnut, Aesculus turbinata Blume (Sapindaceae) (14-7) 

22. Macadamia nut (353), Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) (353)

23. Monkey-pot, Lecythis pisonis Cambess. (Lecythidaceae) (14-8) 

24. Okari Nut, Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. (Combretaceae) (14-9) 

25. Pachira Nut, Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny (Malvaceae) (14-10) 

26. Pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch (Juglandaceae) (455)

27. Pequi, Caryocar spp. (Caryocaraceae) (14-11) 

28. Pili nut, Canarium ovatum Engl. (Bursraceae) (469)

29. Pine nut, Pinus edulis Engelm. (Pinaceae) (471) 

30. Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) (473) 

31. Sapucaia nut, Lecythis zabucaja Aubl. (Lecythidaceae) (14-12) 

32. Walnut, Black, Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae) and Walnut, English, Juglans regia L. 

(Juglandaceae) (640 and 641)

Note: Numbers in bolded parenthesis are original monograph numbers from the second 

edition of “Food and Feed Crops of the United States. Proposed additions are shown by the 

Crop Group number followed by a hyphen and sequential number.

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 25
012

1. Almond [Almond oil, Amandier, Almendro (MARKLE); bitter almond, sweet almond, bian tao, 

amandier commun, Mandel, Mandelbaum, Bittermandelbaum, amendo, amendoeira, amêndoa-amarga, 

amêndoa-doce (GRIN)] 

Rosaceae 

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (syn: P. amygdalus Batsch; Amygdalus communis L.; 

Amygdalus dulcis Mill.; Prunus communis (L.) Arcang.; Prunus dulcis var. amara (DC.) 

Buchheim) (GRIN) 

2. The almond is a small tree, growing to 7.6 m (25 ft), usually held under 6.1 m (20 ft) by pruning when 

under cultivation. It is grown in California, and is native to warm temperate and Mediterranean areas of 

Europe, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. The leaves are simple, lanceolate and glabrous. The nuts 

are enclosed in a fleshy husk which becomes dry and fibrous and splits open allowing the nuts to drop out 

or be easily separated at maturity. The shell is porous to woody, and encloses the oblong, flattened 

kernel. The latter is up to over an inch long and half as wide. Almonds are marketed both in the shell and 

as shelled kernels. Oil extracted from almond kernels is non-drying, and is obtained from both the bitter 

almond, not edible as a nut, and from sweet almond kernels. The oil from the two kinds appears identical. 

The oil is edible, but is used largely in the manufacture of certain pharmaceuticals (MARKLE, 

WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, bloom to harvest: 5 to 6 months, harvested from August to October (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Seeds are sown in nurseries, the seedlings transplanted after about one year. For 

special types, as in the U.S., scions are budded or grafted on to bitter or sweet almond, apricot, 

myrobalan, peach or plum seedlings. Trees are planted 6–8 m (19.6-26.2 ft) apart and irrigated, 

in spite of their drought tolerance. Trees should be pruned to a modified leader system. All types 

are self-sterile so cultivars or seedlings should be mixed (PURDUE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Common throughout North America, South America, Europe, 

Asia, and northern Africa (WIKIPEDIA). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and eaten raw or roasted, or processed into 

various food products (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: High in vitamin E, monounsaturated fats, protein, and fiber. Low in 

carbohydrates (WIKIPEDIA). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Shown to reduce LDL cholesterol, reduce LDL:HDL ratio, and increase 

HDL-cholesterol. Also often claimed to have cancer preventing properties (WIKIPEDIA). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: In the United States, production is concentrated in California with almonds being 

California’s sixth leading agricultural product and top agricultural export. California exported almonds 

valued at 1.08 billion dollars in 2003 (WIKIPEDIA). Production of almonds (with shell) in the US in 

2006 was 715,623 tonnes/788,617 tons (FAOSTAT). 

5. Other production regions: Almonds are cultivated and naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region 

and temperate Asia (GRIN). Top producing countries include Spain (220,000 tonnes/242,440 tons), 

Syria, (119,648 tonnes/131852 tons), Italy (112,796 tonnes/124,301 tons), and Iran (108,677 

tonnes/119,762 tons). In total, 1,766,127 tonnes (1,946,272 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 

1,760,754 hectares (4,349,062 acres) of land. 

6. Use: Direct eating, ground into flour, ingredient in confections, made into syrup, and processed into an 

almond milk substitute (WIKIPEDIA). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Inner kernels. Hulls significant as a feed item (MARKLE). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat and hulls. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts (Representative crop) 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0660) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: CODEX, GRIN, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF (b) (picture), MARKLE, PURDUE, 

ROSENGARTEN, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 10. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PRNDU 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 26
013

1. Almond, Tropical [(Badamier, Kamani, Olive bark tree, Indian almond, Malabar-almond, Almendro, 

(MARKLE ), indischer Mandelbaum, Katappenbaum, amendoeira-da-Índia, amendoeira, chapéu-de-sol, 

almendro de la India, sea-almond, tropical-almond, badam, badamier (GRIN)] 

Combretaceae 

Terminalia catappa L. [syn: Phytolacca javanica Osbeck (GRIN)] 

2. The tropical almond is a large tree, 13-27 m tall, found in moist, coastal areas of tropical Southeast 

Asia. It has opposite, simple, obovate, leathery leaves that grow in whorls. Bark is brownish-grey and 

smooth; flowers are small, greenish white, and grow in spikes of 15-20 cm, which arise from the axils of 

the leaves. Grown for its edible nut. The fruit is the size of a plum with tender skin and juicy edible pulp. 

The nutmeat is edible, fresh or roasted. It also yields an edible oil and the meal is fed to pigs (MARKLE, 

DUKE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: In some place fruits are harvested constantly; in India two harvests a year in 

spring (April-May) and in fall (October-November) (DUKE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagated from seeds, usually planted 25 cm apart. Seedlings may be replanted 

after the following rainy season. Requires good drainage. Prefers coastal areas in the moist 

tropics (AGROFORESTRY). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Nut mostly gathered locally in the Pacific island region. May 

be bought in supermarkets in the island nation of Vanuatu (TRADITIONALTREE). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Kernel is extracted from shell with difficulty and eaten raw or roasted 

(DUKE). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Nuts are high in fat and fiber. Oil is high in palmitic acid (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Leaves are used in a variety of folk remedies over the range of the tree, 

most commonly to treat dysentery (AGROFORESTRY). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: Not grown on a commercial basis in the US. Grows in southern Florida 

(SCHNEIDER 1993a). 

5. Other production regions: Native to Southeast Asia (SCHNEIDER 1993a). Widely cultivated and 

naturalized in tropics (GRIN). 

6. Use: Direct eating of fruit and nut, nut oil, tea (WIKIPEDIA). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit, nut, leaves (WIKIPEDIA). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seed, meal and oil. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0677) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, SCHNEIDER 1993a, WHEALY, MARKLE, AGROFORESTRY, 

DUKE, TRADITIONALTREE, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 13. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: TEMCA 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 27
063

1. Beech nut

Fagaceae 

Fagus spp. 

1. American beech [(hêtre américain) (GRIN)] 

F. grandifolia Ehrh. [(syn: F. americana Sweet; F. ferruginea Aiton; Fagus mexicana Martínez) 

(GRIN)]

1. European beech [(common beech, European beech (GRIN)] 

F. sylvatica L. subsp. sylvatica (GRIN) 

2. A tall (30-40 m), deciduous, late-successional forest tree of spreading form, found in forests throughout 

temperate North America and Europe. It is notable for possessing extremely smooth grey bark. Leaves 

simple, ovate-oblong, alternate, dentate, and very thin and papery in texture. Monoecious flowers in the 

spring appear with leaves; staminate flowers in drooping heads, and pistillate flowers in small spikes. 

Nuts are triangular and develop in prickly burrs in the fall. The nuts are collected for eating in small 

amounts and sometimes pressed into oil. Cultivated primarily as an ornamental or for timber (DUKE, 

WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: Nuts mature in late summer and fall to the ground, over a period of several 

weeks (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagates readily from seeds sown in the fall. Ornamental varieties are grafted 

onto seedling stock (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed easily from the shell and eaten raw, cooked, or dried. 

e. Nutritional aspects: About 20% protein and 50% fat (DUKE). Contains a mild toxin and may 

cause illness if eaten in large quantities (WIKIPEDIA). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as a 

medicine for various human and animal disorders (USDA FS). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. Not commercially cultivated for nuts but grows from New Jersey to 

Florida and west to south Illinois and Texas (MARKLE). 

5. Other production regions: Western Europe (WOODROOF 1967). Native to temperate parts of Asia 

and throughout Europe (GRIN). 

6. Use: Direct eating, pressed for oil (MARKLE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and oil extracted for cooking purposes and as a salad oil in Europe 

(MARKLE). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0661) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(b) (picture), MARKLE, USDA FS, DUKE, 

WIKIPEDIA. 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: FAUGR (F. grandifolia), FAUSY (F. sylvatica) 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 28
069

1. Betelnut [Betel palm, Pan, Nioi-Pekela, Indian-nut, Areca, Areca-nut, Areca-nut palm, Catechu, 

Pinang (MARKLE); Areca palm, betelnut, betelnut palm, catechu, pinang, aréquier, noix d'arec, 

Betelpalme, supari, arequeira, areca, bonga, (GRIN)] 

Arecaceae (Palmae) 

Areca catechu L. 

2. Tall palm with a straight and slender trunk, about 15.2 cm (6 in) in diameter, and grows to 9.4-30.2 m 

(30-100 ft) tall. Native to the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of eastern Africa. Large leaves (1.2-1.8 

m/4-6 ft) grow in a thick crown; the many leaf divisions are 0.3-0.6 m (1-2 ft) long each. The fruit is eggshaped, 3.8-6.4 cm (1.5-2.5 in) long, in the form of a seed within a thick fibrous husk surrounded by a 

fleshy covering. Nut and leaves are chewed in India and many Southeast Asian countries as a euphoric 

stimulant, and is a very important part of the culture. It is estimated that up to 10% of the world 

population chews betel nut (DUKE, MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: Harvest varies by region, usually taking place in a period sometime between 

August and March (DUKE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagation exclusively from seeds, often gathered from 25-30 year old trees. 

The seeds are usually gathered in November, dried for several days, and then sown 15-22 cm 

apart. After 3 months to 2 years, seedlings are transplanted to beds in between existing trees to 

replace old trees. Prefers shade, and needs to be well-irrigated in the dry season (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Widespread in India and across South Asia in shops and 

marketplaces. Can be found in the U.S. in Asian specialty stores (WIKIPEDIA). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Not cooked. Removed from hard shell and dried or cured for 

chewing (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Nuts are very high in tannins and contain arecaine, which is toxic 

(DUKE). Considered to be a known carcinogen (WIKIPEDIA). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Commonly used a stimulant and an astringent, in addition to many folk 

remedies (DUKE). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: In Guam 3,098.6 kg (6,825 lb) were harvested in 2002 and 5,182.9 kg (11,416 lb) 

were harvested in 1998. In the Northern Mariana Islands, 19,777.6 kg (43,563 lb) were harvested in 2002 

and 9,849.5 kg (21,695 lb) were harvested in 1998 (Census 2002). 

5. Other production regions: Top producing countries in 2006 were India (483,100 tonnes/532,376 tons), 

China (150,000 tonnes/165,300 tons), and Myanmar (57,000 tonnes/62,814 tons). Other producing 

countries are Bagladesh, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. In total, 

857,679 tonnes (945,162 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 706,392 hectares (1,744,788 acres) 

of land (FAOSTAT). 

6. Use: Nuts are used in a preparation of fresh betel pepper leaves (Piper betle L.) smeared with lime and 

wrapped around the nut which is chewed for enjoyment (MARKLE). The seeds are cut into narrow 

pieces and rolled inside Betel Pepper leaf, rubbed over with lime and chewed by the natives 

(BOTANICAL). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat, leaves (DUKE). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: CENSUS 2002, GRIN, FACCIOLA, RICHE, MARKLE, BOTANICAL, WIKIPEDIA, 

DUKE, FAOSTAT 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Production Region: Guam. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ARMCA 

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087

1. Brazil nut [Brazilnut, butternut, creamnut, Paranut (MARKLE); Brazilnut-tree, noyer de Para, noyer 

du Brésil, Paranußbaum, castanha-do-Brasil, castanha-do-Pará, castaña del Brasil, castaño de Pará, nuez 

del Brasil (GRIN)] 

Lecythidaceae 

Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (GRIN) 

2. A large tree, up to 45.7 m (150 ft). It is a tropical evergreen, native to northern Brazil, where it forms 

forests along the Amazon and Rio Nigro Rivers. It has large leathery leaves, 0.6 m (2 ft) long and 15.2 

cm (6 in) wide. The fruits are round, about 15.2 cm (6 in) in diameter, with a hard shell near 1.3 cm (1/2 

in) thick, which contains 18 to 24 of the 3-sided angular nuts. The shell of the individual nut is woody, 

rather thin, and completely filled with the white, creamy kernel. Large quantities of nuts are gathered 

from the trees for local consumption and export, but they are little cultivated. The industry is very 

economically important to Brazil (WIKIPEDIA, DUKE). 

a. Season, bloom to harvest: About one year when pod (nut) matures and drops to the ground, 

starting in late November and continue into early June (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: The large female long-tongued orchid bee pollinates the Brazil nut tree. If both 

the orchids and the bees are present, the fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the 

flowers (WIKIPEDIA). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Imported in large quantities to the U.S. and Western Europe, 

and are widely available in grocery stores and markets (DUKE). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and eaten raw, salted, or roasted. 

e. Nutritional aspects: Highest saturated fat content of any nut. Rich in selenium and a good 

source of magnesium (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Sometimes recommended as a preventative for prostate cancer due to the 

high selenium content (WIKIPEDIA). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: Not cultivated in the U.S (DUKE). 

5. Other production regions: As of 2000, approximately 20,000 tonnes (22,040 tons) of Brazil nuts were 

harvested per year; 50% in Bolivia, 40% in Brazil, and 10% in Peru (WIKIPEDIA).

6. Use: Direct eating and oil, which extracted from the nuts and used by indigenous and rural people for 

cooking oil, lamps, soap, and livestock feed (WIKIPEDIA). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0662) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a), MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE. 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: BTHEX 

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Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 30
(14 – 1) 

1. Brazilian pine [(Brazilian-pine, candelabra-tree, Parana-pine, pinheiro-do-Brasil, pinheiro-doParaná) (GRIN)] 

Araucariaceae 

Araucaria angustifolia ((Bertol.) Kuntze [(syn: Araucaria brasiliana A. Rich., Columbea angustifolia

Bertol.) (GRIN)] 

2. Description: A large, dioecious conifer reaching 40 m (131 ft) tall, preferring well-drained, acidic soil. 

It is found only in the low mountains of southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina. It has thick, 

scale-like, triangular leaves, and bears an abundance of edible seeds in each of its large female cones. 

It is also critically endangered, due to habitat loss and from being widely gathered by local and native 

people for food (WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season: Seeds mature in autumn, 18 months after pollination (WIKIPEDIA). 

 b. Cultivation: Not cultivated (WIKIPEDIA). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: Available in some areas of Brazil (WIKIPEDIA). 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Eaten raw as a winter snack or boiled (WIKIPEDIA). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: Not cultivated in the U.S. 

5. Other production regions: Native to parts of Brazil, Argentina, and Paruguay. Not cultivated, but 

3,400 tonnes (3,747 tons) of seeds are collected annually in Brazil (WIKIPEDIA). 

6. Use: Seeds, ornamental, beads, wood (GRIN). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0679 (Proposed) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ARUAN 

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Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 31
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1. Bunya [bunya-bunya, bunya-pine (GRIN); bunya-bunya tree, false monkey puzzle tree 

(FLORIDATA)] 

 Araucariaceae

 Araucaria bidwillii Hook. (GRIN)

2. Description: A tall (up to 45.7 m/150 ft) evergreen conifer with evenly spaced, horizontal branches 

arranged in regular tiers and whorled around a trunk that continues to the very tip of the tree. Native 

only to areas of Queensland, Australia. Young trees are cone-shaped and beautifully symmetrical. 

Trees larger than 6.1-15.2 m (20-50 ft) lose the lower branches and develop distinctive dome-shaped 

crowns. Bunya-bunya has two kinds of leaves. The glossy juvenile leaves are narrow, 2.5-5.1 (1-2 in) 

long, stiff and sharp-pointed. The woody mature leaves are oval and short. Mature female bunyabunyas produce huge, spiny, pineapple-shaped cones up to 23 cm (9 in) long that can weigh up to 8.2 

kg (18 lb) and contain many edible seeds that resemble pine nuts. An important food source to local 

Aborigines (FLORIDATA). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season: No data. 

 b. Cultivation: Bunya nuts are slow to germinate, taking an average of about six months, and it takes 

about one year to develop roots (WIKIPEDIA). The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) 

soils which are moist and requires at least partial sun. It is almost exclusively cultivated for 

ornamental purposes (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Seeds removed from cone, eaten whole or ground into a paste which is eaten 

raw or baked into a bread (WIKIPEDIA).

 e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 

5. Other production regions: Gathered from the wild by Aborigines of Australia (WIKIPEDIA). 

6. Use: Direct eating, ornamental, essential oils, wood, flour (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds (WIKIPEDIA). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: FLORIDATA, WIKIPEDIA, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, GRIN 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ARUBI 

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Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

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406

1. Bur Oak [(Acorn, Burr oak, Mossy-cup oak (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA)] 

Fagaceae 

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 

2. A large, deciduous woodland tree native to North America (East Coast to Midwest). Bur Oak has 

obovate leaves to 25.4 cm (10 in) long, lobed and dark green. The flowers are yellow-green catkins 

appearing in the spring. As with acorn nuts the cup encloses the bottom half of the nut. This species has 

the largest leaves and acorns of any oak and most palatable nut of all the oaks. Primarily cultivated for its 

value as an ornamental, as it is very hardy and can withstand a wide range of conditions (MARKLE, 

PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, WIKIPEDIA). In South Korea, acorns are collected in the wild and 

consumed as a cooked starch-gel, called “Muk” (LEE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season harvest: In the fall of the year (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Prefers loamy to clay soils, and can tolerate semi-shade to full sun. Can tolerate 

drought, strong wind, and atmospheric pollution (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Some nuts contain low enough tannin levels that they may be eaten 

raw; other nuts require soaking or overwintering to leach out tannins before they can be 

consumed (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

f. Medicinal aspects: Bark may be used as a tonic and astringent (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. Found throughout the northeast and central U.S (PLANTS FOR A 

FUTURE). An important wildlife food source (WIKIPEDIA). 

5. Other production regions: Canada, Korea (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). Over 900 tonnes (1,000 tons) were 

produced in South Korea in 2006 (MAF 2007). 

6. Use: Direct eating, baked goods, cooking, ornamental, wood (GRIN, MARKLE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, FACCIOLA, WHEALY, MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, 

WIKIPEDIA. 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 1, 5, 7 and 11. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: QUEMC 

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Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

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104

1. Butternut [(white walnut, noyer cendré, Butternußbaum, nogal ceniciento) (GRIN)] 

Juglandaceae 

Juglans cinerea L. 

2. The butternut tree is large, up to 30.5 m (100 ft), and is found from southern Canada to Georgia, and 

west to the Great Plains. It has long compound leaves, with up to 20 oblong-lanceolate, pubescent 

leaflets. Fruits are up to 5 in clusters, about 7.6 cm (3 in) long and ribbed. The nut is oblong, ribbed, 

with a hard, woody, thick shell. The kernel is separated from the shell with difficulty. The fleshy husk 

which surrounds the nut is difficult to remove. Butternuts are not cultivated in the U.S., but may be 

gathered from the wild. The taste is reported to be oily and sweet tasting with a rich, agreeable flavor 

(MARKLE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: Seeds mature October-November. 

b. Cultivation: Requires a deep well-drained loam and a position sheltered from strong winds. 

Prefers a sandy soil with a pH around 6 to 7. Dislikes compacted soils or clay sub-soils, 

otherwise trees grow well on most soils. Trees can come into bearing in 6 - 10 years from seed 

and fruiting is usually biennial. Requires about 105 frost-free days in order to ripen a crop in N. 

America (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

d. Preparation for cooking: No data. 

e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

f. Medicinal aspects: Butternut was used by various native North American Indian tribes as a 

laxative and tonic remedy to treat a variety of conditions (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: No data, see above. 

5. Other production regions: Canada (GRIN). 

6. Use: Seed can be eaten raw or ground into a powder and used with cereal flours in making cakes, 

biscuits, muffins, bread, sweets, ice cream, etc. Is also occasionally pressed for oil or pickled (unripe 

fruit). The timber is used in woodworking and the shells are used in dye (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, 

GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and rarely its oil (quickly becomes rancid) for cooking (PLANTS 

FOR A FUTURE). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0663) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, FACCIOLA, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a) (picture), MARKLE, 

PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4 and 5. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGCI 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 34
(14 – 3) 

1. Cajou [anacardier géant (GRIN); Caja acu (TRADEWINDSFRUIT)] 

 Anacardiaceae

 Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. (GRIN)

2. Description: Very large tropical tree up to 45.7 m (150 ft), native to the Amazon region and the 

Guianas. (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season: No data. 

 b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: Sometimes available in local markets (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 d. Preparation for cooking: False fruit may be eaten raw; nuts are removed from hull and roasted 

(TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: Not grown commercially in the U.S. 

5. Other production regions: Guyana, Suriname, Venezula, Brazil, Colombia, Peru (GRIN). 

6. Use: Fruit is eaten fresh, nut is roasted and eaten. A drink is also produced from the apples. 

(TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit and nut (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Fruit and nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts and Tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, TRADEWINDSFRUIT, 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: None 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 35
(14 – 4) 

1. Candlenut [candleberry, candlenut-tree, Indian-walnut, lumbangtree, varnishtree, noyer de bancoul, 

noyer des Moluques, Lichtnußbaum, noz-da-Índia, nogueira-brasileira, nogueira-da-Índia, nogueira-deiguape, calumbán, camirio, lumbán, kukui (GRIN)] 

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. [syn: Aleurites javanicus Gand.; Aleurites pentaphyllus Wall. ex 

Langeron; Aleurites remyi Sherff; Aleurites trilobus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Jatropha moluccana L. 

(GRIN)] 

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (PURDUE) 

2. Description: Medium sized (20 m) tropical tree, now found throughout much of the moist tropics but 

native to Malaysia, the Philippines, Polynesia, and other South Seas Islands. Leaves are simple, longpetioled, acuminate, and may be lobed. Flowers white or cream, occurring in 10-15 cm panicled 

cymes during April and May. Fruit an indehiscent drupe, difficult to separate from the kernels. 

Valuable primarily for its useful, inedible oil but kernels are often eaten locally, despite the fact that 

raw and roasted kernels have varying levels of toxicity and may cause vomiting, abdominal cramping, 

and diarrhea (AGROFORESTRY, DUKE). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season: Bears two heavy crops each year (DUKE). 

 b. Cultivation: Usually propagated from seed, requiring 3–4 months to germinate. Seedlings planted 

300/hectare. Once established, trees require little to no attention. Requires a hot, moist climate 

(DUKE). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and roasted, often combined with sea salt to form a 

condiment (AGROFORESTRY). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: Many varieties contain high amounts of hydrogen cyanide 

(TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 f. Medicinal aspects: Used as purgative and laxative-stimulant (PURDUE). 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: Cultivated in Hawaii only (AGROFORESTRY). 

5. Other production regions: Found in China, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, 

Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia (GRIN). 

6. Use: Mostly oil for illumination, soap making, varnishes, etc. Kernels when roasted and cooked are 

considered edible. Also used for flavoring, seeds, beads, lipids, folklore and mammal poisons (GRIN, 

DUKE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat (WIKIPEDIA). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, PURDUE, WIKIPEDIA, AGROFORESTRY, DUKE, TRADEWINDSFRUIT 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 13. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ALEMO 

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Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 36
130

1. Cashew [Cajuil, Cashew apple, Cashew nut (MARKLE); anacardier, Acajubaum, Kaschubaum, 

Nierenbaum, cajú, cajueiro, anacardo, marañón (GRIN)] 

Anacardiaceae 

Anacardium occidentale L. 

2. The tree is a large, spreading tropical evergreen, 9.1-12.2 m (30-40 ft) high and spreading outward up 

to 60 feet. Cashew native to the tropical Americas but is now distributed throughout the tropics. The 

leaves are oval or obovate, leathery, 10.2-20.3 cm (4-8 in) long and half as wide. The nuts are borne on a 

fleshy receptacle, 5.1-10.12 cm (2-4 in) long, called the apple, which is edible and used for eating fresh or 

in jams or jellies in the tropics. The whole nuts are removed from the apple and sun dried for two days. 

The nuts with surrounding tissues are 2.54-3.8 cm (1-11⁄2 in) long and kidney shaped. The shell has an 

oily outer layer, and a thin hard inner one. Between these layers is a honeycombed tissue, from which 

cashew oil is obtained. The kernels are difficult to separate from the shell because of the curved shape. 

After roasting the whole nut to extract the oil, shells are removed by hand or machine. Most cashews 

come from Vietnam, Nigeria, and India, but production is increasing somewhat in other tropical countries 

(MARKLE, DUKE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, bloom to harvest: About 3-4 months for main crop which is gathered off the ground 

(MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagation usually by seed, although sometimes by grafting or other asexual 

method. Seeds germinate poorly and are often planted several per hole and thinned later. 

Seedlings do not transplant well and should be planted 10 x 10 m and ultimately thinned to 20 x 

20 m. Once established, little care is needed. Fruiting begins in the third year (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Nuts are commonly available in the U.S. and in most parts of 

the world in grocery or specialty stores. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Shelled, salted, and then roasted (DUKE). 

e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat and carbohydrates (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Anacardic acids found in cashews are lethal to gram-positive bacteria. 

Cashew is also used in folk-remedies as an antifungal and as an antivenom for snakebites 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. Grown in southern Florida gardens (MORTON 1987). 

5. Other production regions: Cashew is cultivated in 32 countries worldwide, with a total of 33,900 km2

under cultivation (WIKIPEDIA). The primary production countries in 2006 were Vietnam (941,600 

tonnes/1,037,643 tons), Nigeria (636,000 tonnes/700,872 tons), India (573,000 tonnes/631,446 tons), 

Brazil (573,000 tonnes/631,446 tons), Indonesia (122,000 tonnes/134,444 tons), and Tanzania (90,400 

tonnes/99,621 tons). In total 3,103,450 tonnes (3,420,002 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 

3,387,342 hectares (8,366,735 acres) of land (FAOSTAT).

6. Use: Nutmeat for direct eating. “Apple” used fresh or in jams, jellies, and juice. Oil is used for 

industrial purposes (MARKLE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and “apples” (drupe) which are consumed locally. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts and Tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0295); 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible 

peel (FT 0292); 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a)(picture), MORTON (picture), MARKLE. 

WIKIPEDIA. FAOSTAT, DUKE 

11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ANAOC 

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Technical Amendment, Tree Nut Group 14

Page 37
(14 – 5) 

1. Castanha-do-maranhão [(French peanut, Guinea peanut, money tree, lucky tree, maní francés, 

árbol de dinero, árbol de la suerte, castanha-do-maranhão, castanha-da-praia, cacau-do-maranhão, 

mamorana, amendoim-de-árvore, cacau selvage) (MONTOSO)] 

 Malvaceae 

 Pachira glabra Pasq. [(syn: Bombacopsis glabra (Pasq.) A. Robyns (GRIN)]

2. Description: Medium-sized (9-18 m) tropical to subtropical tree native to Brazil. Large (15-28 cm) 

alternate, compound leaves, palmately divided into 5-9 leaflets. Large and showy flowers, perfect and 

terminal, borne on long peduncles. Fruit is a capsule, longitudinally dehiscent, containing about 10-25 

edible, irregularly shaped seeds. Often confused in literature with P. aquatica, but the two are not 

synonymous (TRADEWINDSFRUIT, MONTOSO). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season: Flowers and fruits throughout the year in some places but principally in June through 

November (MONTOSO). 

 b. Cultivation: Propagated from seed, cuttings, or airlayering. Seeds germinate quickly and are fast 

growing. Resistant to both drought and flooding, but prefers high levels of moisture and is usually 

found along rivers, sometimes submerged. Grows well in a variety of soil types, and requires full 

to partial sun. Begins to fruit at 4-5 years (MONTOSO). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from pod; eaten raw, boiled, roasted, or fried (MONTOSO). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: Seeds contain 16% protein and 40-50% fat (MONTOSO). 

 f. Medicinal aspects: The bark is used to treat stomach problems and headaches and is taken to 

“fortify the blood” (MONTOSO). 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 

5. Other production regions: Brazil (GRIN). 

6. Use: Seeds; boiled, fried, roasted, or ground to make a hot drink (MONTOSO). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0680 (Proposed) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, MONTOSO, TRADEWINDSFRUIT 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: None 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

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150

1. Chestnut

Fagaceae 

Castanea spp. 

1. American chestnut [châtaignier d'Amérique, amerikanische Kastanie (GRIN)]

C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh. [syn: Castanea. americana (Michaux) Raf.; Fagus-castanea dentata

Marshall (GRIN)] 

1. Chinese chestnut [Chinese hairy chestnut, châtaignier de Chine, li, chinesische Kastanie, shinaguri, 

castaño chino (GRIN)] 

C. mollissima Blume [syn: Castanea bungeana Blume; Castanea formosana (Hayata) Hayata 

(GRIN)] 

1. European chestnut [Spanish chestnut, sweet chestnut, châtaignier commun, Eßkastanie, Marone, 

castanheiro-comum, castaño común, regoldo (GRIN)] 

C. sativa Mill. [syn: C. vesca Gaertn.; C. vulgaris Lam.; Fagus castanea L.; Fagus procera

Salisb. (GRIN)] 

1. Japanese chestnut [ri ben li, châtaignier du Japon, japanische Kastanie, kuri, castanheiro-do-Japão, 

castaño del Japón (GRIN)] 

C. crenata Siebold & Zucc. [syn: C. japonica Blume; Castanea pubinervis (Makino) C. K. 

Schneid., nom. inval.; Castanea stricta Siebold & Zucc.; Castanea vesca Gaertn. var. pubinervis

Hassk., nom. nud. (GRIN)] 

1. Chinquapin [Allegheny chinkapin, chinkapin, dwarf chestnut, golden chinquapin (GRIN)] 

C. pumila (L.) Mill. [syn: Castanea alnifolia Nutt.; Castanea alnifolia var. floridana Sarg.; 

Castanea pumila var. pumila; Fagus pumila L. (GRIN)] 

2. The several chestnut species vary in height from approximately 30.5 m (100 ft) tall for the American to 

about 9 m (30 ft) for the Chinquapin, which may be short and shrubby. Chestnuts are native to warm 

temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere, including North American, Europe, and Asia. All have 

elongated, oval to lanceolate entire leaves. The fruits are spilled burrs, fibrous as they mature, which 

partially open at maturity. They usually contain up to 3 angular nuts. The "shell" or covering of the 

kernel is rather thin and tough, leathery rather than woody. A fungus disease, chestnut blight, has killed 

practically all large American chestnut trees in the U.S. The Chinese chestnut, resistant to the blight, is 

now planted somewhat frequently, and considerable quantities of European nuts are imported (MARKLE, 

WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, bloom to harvest: About 100 to 120 days with nut harvested from ground in August to 

October (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Prefers a good well-drained slightly acid loam but succeeds in dry soils and in hot 

sunny sites. Trees require wide spacing to encourage low, broad crowns and exposure to 

sunshine, which increases nut production. Once established, it is very drought tolerant. Although 

it is very winter-hardy, this species thrives in areas with hot summers (PLANTS FOR A 

FUTURE, WIKIPEDIA). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Available in much of Europe and Central and Southeast Asia. 

Often found in the U.S. in supermarkets, especially around the holidays (WIKIPEDIA). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Nuts are scored to release steam and roasted in the oven or over a 

fire, then peeled (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Low in fat and protein, high in fiber. Relatively low in calories compared 

to other tree nuts (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Chestnut is a mild astringent and expectorant (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: Eastern U.S., California and maritime northwest U.S. Almost 162 hectares (400 

acres) in California (1992) and over 810 hectares (2000 acres) have been established nationwide (1992) 

with most in the southeast (WALLACE 1992). 

5. Other production regions: In 2006 the major production countries for chestnuts were China (850,000 

tonnes/936,700 tons), South Korea (76,447 tonnes/84,245 tons), Turkey (52,824 tonnes/58,212 tons), 

Japan (23,100 tonnes/25,456 tons), and Greece (20,946 tonnes/23082 tons). In total, 1,179,727 tonnes 

(1,300,059 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 341,698 hectares (843,994 acres) of land

(FAOSTAT). 

6. Use: Served raw, boiled, roasted, cooked with meat, pureed, ground into flour, and candied 

(MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). Chestnut is the most popular nut consumed in South Korea (LEE). 

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7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0664); 022 (TN 4683) for chinquapin 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WALLACE 1992, WININGER 1991, WOODROOF(a) 

(picture), FACCIOLA, MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, FAOSTAT, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 12. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Codes: CSNDE (C. dentata), CSNMO (C. mollissima), CSNSA 

(C. sativa), CSNCR (C. crenata), CSNPU (C. pumila), 

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1. Coconut [(Coconut oil, Coco palm, coconut palm, water coconut, copra, khopra, nariyal (MARKLE); 

cocotier, Kokospalme, khopar, coqueiro, coco-da-bahia, coco-da-praia, coqueiro-da-bahia, coqueiro-dapraia, cocotero (GRIN)] 

Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) 

Cocos nucifera L. 

2. The coconut palm may reach 30 m (100 ft) or more, with very large leaves arranged in a crown. It is 

ubiquitous throughout the tropics. The divided leaves may grow up to 5 m (18 ft) long and the lanceolate 

leaflets up to 0.9 m (3 ft) long. The fruits are produced in clusters near the growing tip. They vary in 

shape, but are generally near globose to oblong, up to a foot or more in length. The nut is encased in a 

thick, fibrous husk which is persistent and must be cut away to expose the nut. The shell is very hard and 

woody. When mature the edible, oily flesh or kernel adheres to the shell, with a hollow center which 

contains a liquid during growth. Coconut is one of the ten most useful trees in the world, and is 

economically important to many countries. The immature coconut or “water coconut” is used for its 

edible liquid and gelatinous flesh. The commercial coconut is 1 to 3 pounds in weight. The dried flesh or 

meat of the mature coconut is the copra of commerce, produced in great quantities mainly for its oil 

(MARKLE, DUKE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, fruit set to maturity: 11 to 12 months. One mature bunch of coconuts can be harvested 

each month (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagated by seedlings raised from fully mature fruits. Seeds planted in nursery 

to facilitate selection of best to put in field. Soil should be sandy or light loamy, free from water 

logging and away from heavy shade. Nursery beds should be raised and separated by shallow 

drains to carry away excessive water. About 16 weeks after nuts are planted, the shoot appears 

through the husk. At about 30 weeks, when 3 seed-leaves have developed, seedlings should be 

planted in permanent sites, at 70-150 trees/ha (28-61 trees/acre) (PURDUE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Available throughout most of the world (DUKE). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Meat of nut may be eaten raw, dried, or processed for consumption. 

Coconut “water” may be drained from nut and drunk, fermented, or used in cooking. Oil is 

extracted from dried coconut meat. Apical buds eaten raw, picked, or canned. Sap and nectar is 

collected and drunk or fermented (DUKE). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Coconut meat is high in fat (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Used in folk remedies for a range of maladies (DUKE). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: In the US in 2002 over 4,540,000 kg (10,000,000 lb) of coconuts were harvested 

from American Samoa, 235,535 kg (518,800 lb) from Puerto Rico, 9,434 kg (20,780 lb) from the 

Northern Mariana Islands, 1,603 kg (3,530 lb) in Guam, and 5,825 kg (12,830 lb) in the Virgin Islands 

(CENSUS 2002). Coconuts are also grown in Florida and Hawaii (CRANE 1994). 

5. Other production regions: Coconuts are cultivated throughout the tropics. Primary coconut producing 

countries in 2006 were Indonesia (16,375,000 tonnes/18,045,250 tons), the Philippines (14,957,910 

tonnes/16,483,617 tons), and India (11,000,000 tonnes/12,122,000 tons). In total, worldwide production 

was 55,324,323 tonnes (60,967,404 tons) on 10,615,978 hectares (26,221,466 acres) of land (FAOSTAT). 

6. Use: Mainly oil used in cooking fats, soaps, etc. Also used in confections and cookery. A staple item 

of diet in tropical countries. All parts of the plant are useful in some parts of the world. 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Internal kernel and oil from it, endosperm, sprout, buds, sap, nectar 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Meat and liquid combined; Copra (dried meat); and oil. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0665); 023 Oilseed (SO 0665); 067 Vegetable crude oils 

(OC 0665); 068 Vegetable oil edible or refined (OR 0665) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, CRANE 1994, MAGNESS, OLSZACK 1995, RICHE, CHAVAN, 

PHILLIPS(c), MARKLE, PURDUE, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA, FAOSTAT 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 13. 

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CCNNU 

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1. Ginkgo [Maidenhair tree, Icho, Ya-chiao-tzu, ginkgo nut, Ginnan, Pai-kua (MARKLE); ginkgo biloba, 

noyer du Japon, Ginkgobaum, nogueira-do-Japão (GRIN)] 

Ginkgoaceae 

Ginkgo biloba L. 

2. Ginkgo is an ancient, deciduous tree up to 36.6 m (120 ft) tall. Ginkgo is native to China and Japan, 

but is almost unknown in the wild although it is cultivated as an ornamental tree throughout much of the 

temperate world. Ginkgos are dioecious and females produce fruits after they are 30 years old. The fruits 

resemble plums up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The pulp is foul-smelling. The fruit contain one seed 

which is about 1.9 cm (3/4 in) in diameter. After the pulp is removed, the seeds or nuts are washed and 

sun-dried. In U.S., ginkgos are mostly grown as ornamentals, whereas, in Japan and China, the nutmeat 

is enjoyed as an appetizer or cooked with meat (MARKLE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: Seeds harvested in the fall (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Full sun to partial sun; prefers moist, deep, sandy soils in full sun, but is very 

adaptable to stressful situations, including poor soils, compacted soils, various soil pHs, heat, 

drought, winter, salt spray, and air pollution (and is therefore very urban tolerant); propagated 

primarily by cuttings from male cultivars grafted onto seedling rootstock, but also sometimes 

propagated by seed. Males are cultivated preferentially for ornamental use, as many people find 

the smell of the fruit from the female tree offensive (WIKIPEDIA). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Available in China and Japan. In the U.S., ginkgo nuts can be 

found in Asian specialty stores. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Kernel is removed from surrounding fruit and shell, and roasted or 

canned (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: The kernels are low in fat, high in carbohydrates. May be toxic when raw, 

and overconsumption of raw kernels has been known to cause death in children (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Ginkgo has been claimed to enhance memory and attention, and is of 

interest as potential treatment of Alzhiemer’s disease. Also of importance in traditional Chinese 

Medicine for various uses, including as an aphrodisiac (WIKIPEDIA). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: Mainly cultivated as an ornamental in the U.S. (WIKIPEDIA). 

5. Other production regions: Widely cultivated throughout temperate Asia (GRIN). Over 4,535 tonnes 

(5,000 tons) are produced annually in China (FAODOC). Over 1,360 tonnes (1,500 tons) were produced 

in South Korea in 2006 (MAF 2007). 

 6. Use: Canned or dried seeds are boiled and used in soups. Seeds are boiled or roasted. Leaves are used 

in traditional Chinese medicine. 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seed (nut) and leaves. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seed (fresh and dried); Leaves (dried). 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts and Herbs and spices 

b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, FACCIOLA, SCHNEIDER 1993a, MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA, 

FAODOC, DUKE 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region: U.S. except northern Great Plains. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: GIKBI 

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1. Guiana chestnut [( money-tree, Guiana-chestnut, Malabar-chestnut, provision-tree, sabanut, châtaigner 

sauvage, castaño de agua, castaño de la Guayana) (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA)] 

 Malvaceae 

 Pachira aquatica Aubl. [syn: Bombax macrocarpum (Schltdl. & Cham.) K. Schum., Carolinea 

macrocarpa Cham. & Schltdl., Pachira macrocarpa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Walp. (GRIN) 

2. Description: A medium-sized (up to 23 m/75 ft) evergreen tree, native to the tropical Americas but 

cultivated also in parts of northern Africa and the West Indies. The base of the tree is often buttressed, 

and the leaves are palmately compound and glabrous, with a long petiole. The five-petaled flowers, 

appear solitary in the upper axils, and are very showy with bright yellow-orange stamens. The fruit is 

a brown capsule, 3-4.5 cm, with a white fleshy mesocarp. The edible seed is a popular snack in the 

tree’s range, but it is best known in the form of a dwarfed ornamental, associated in Asia with 

financial good fortune and commonly found in businesses. Sometimes confused with P. glabra 

(DUKE, WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season, harvest: New fruits mature from March to August (DUKE). 

 b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed. Grows along freshwater streams and in swamps. 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and roasted (DUKE). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat and carbohydrates (DUKE). 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. Found in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (PLANTS). 

5. Other production regions: Mexico and South America (GRIN). 

6. Use: Direct eating, ornamental, wood (GRIN). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0681 (Proposed) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, PLANTS, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 13. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PCJAQ 

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1. Hazelnut (Cobnut, Filbert) 

Betulaceae 

Corylus spp.

1. European filbert [European hazel, Avellana (MARKLE); cobnut, European filbert, giant filbert, hazel, 

avelinier, coudrier, noisetier, noisetier franc, noisetier tubuleux, gewöhnliche Hasel, Haselnuß, 

Haselstrauch, Lambertnuß, Lambertshasel, aveleira, avellano, avellano de Lambert (GRIN)] 

C. avellana L. [(syn: Corylus avellana f. aurea (G. Kirchn) C.K. Schneid, Corylus avellana var. 

aurea , G. Kirchn Corylus avellana f. contorta (Bean) Rehder, Corylus avellana var. contorta

(Bean), Corylus avellana f. fuscorubra Dippel, Corylus avellana f. heterophylla (Lodd. Ex 

Loudon) Rehder, Corylus avellana var. heterophylla (Lodd. ex Loudon) Loudon, Corylus 

avellana f. pendula (H. Jaefer) Dippel, Corylus avellana var. pendula H. Jaeger, Corylus maxima

Mill., Corylus pontica K. Koch, Corylus tubulosa Willd. (GRIN)] 

1. American hazelnut (American filbert) 

C. americana Marshall 

1. California hazelnut (Western hazel, Beaked filbert, Beaked hazelnut (Markle)) 

C. californica (A. DC.) Rose [syn: C. cornuta subsp. californica (A. DC.) A.E. Murray, C. 

cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) W.M. Sharp, C. rostrata var. californica A. DC (GRIN)] 

2. The hazelnut tree is small, about 4.6 m (15 ft) high, spreading and much branched. Hazelnuts are 

native to the temperate northern hemisphere. The leaves are deciduous, roundish oval, serrate, near 

glabrous above, somewhat pubescent on the lower veins. The nuts are nearly enclosed in a leafy 

involucre, but the apex is partially exposed. The shell is hard and woody. The kernel is free inside the 

shell, and separates freely when cracked. The inconspicuous female blossoms are exposed and pollinated 

in advance of the leafing out of the trees. They are valued for their nuts, which are eaten whole and used 

in a wide variety of products, from nut butter to liqueur. In addition to cultivated kinds, 2 species of 

Corylus, namely C. americana and C. cornuta are native in the U.S., and nuts from them are often 

harvested locally (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, tree leafing to harvest: About 4 months (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Prefers warm, sheltered locations, and are usually cultivated by layering or 

grafting as varieties do not breed true from seed. Planting should be 5-7 m (16-23 ft) apart. Trees 

should be planted in late winter or early spring after danger of severe frost has passed. Tree 

should be trained to a central leader and will form hedgerows if this is not done. Suckers from 

roots are common and should be removed (DUKE, WIKIPEDIA). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Hazelnut and hazelnut products are common in stores 

throughout North America, Europe, and parts of the Middle East (WIKIPEDIA). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and roasted, eaten raw, ground into a paste, or 

processed in any of several hazelnut flavored products (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Rich in protein and unsaturated fat, low in carbohydrates. Also a good 

source of thiamine and B12 (WIKIPEDIA). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Folk remedy for tumors (DUKE). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: In 2006 the United States produced 41,000 tonnes (45,182 tons) of hazelnuts in the 

shell, on 11,462 hectares (28,311 acres). It was the third highest producer of hazelnuts in the world. 

(FAOSTAT) 

5. Other production regions: Cultivated throughout Europe, and in parts of Asia and the Middle East. In 

2006 the other top producing countries were Turkey (661,000 tonnes/728,422 tons), Italy (142,109 

tonnes/156,604 tons), and Spain (25,000 tonnes/27,550 tons). Worldwide in 2006, 960,907 tonnes 

(1,058,919 tons) of hazelnuts were produced on 566,617 hectares (1,399,543.99 acres) (FAOSTAT).

6. Use: Direct eating, confections, liqueur, nut butter, flavoring, baking, ornamental, wood (GRIN, 

WIKIPEDIA, MARKLE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0666) Tree nuts; TN 4685 for filberts 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

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10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF(a) (picture), MARKLE, DUKE, 

WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 12. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Codes: CYLAV (C. avellana), CYLAM (C. americana), CYLCC (C. cornuta 

subsp. californica), 

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1. Heartnut [(Hime-gurumi, Japanese walnut, Siebold walnut (MARKLE), noyer du Japon, onogurumi, 

herzfrüchtige Walnuß, himegurumi, (GRIN)] 

Juglandaceae 

Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis (Makino) Rehder [(syn: Juglans coarctata Dode, Juglans 

cordiformis Maxim. Juglans lavalleei Dode, Juglans sieboldiana var. cordiformis

Makino, Juglans subcordiformis Dode (GRIN))] 

2. The heartnut is a type of walnut tree, growing to 20 m, that is native to Japan. It is notable for its heartshaped kernels. It is deciduous, with pinnately compound leaves. There are 11-17 leaflets per leaf, each 

7-16 cm long and downy-pubescent. Flowers are yellow-green catkins which appear in the spring at the 

same times as the first leaves. The nuts are spherical, 3-5 cm, and produced in bunches of 4-10. They are 

surrounded by a green husk until they ripen, in autumn. They are popular as an ornamental tree. Nuts are 

edible, and have an oily texture. They are easily distinguished by their heart shape (WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: See Black walnut (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Cultivated primarily as an ornamental (WIKIPEDIA). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from hull and eaten raw (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. See Butternut. 

5. Other production regions: See Butternut. Japan. 

6. Use: Seeds eaten raw and used in cooking (MARKLE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, FACCIOLA, WOODROOF(a), MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA. 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4 and 5. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGAC 

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1. Hickory nut

Juglandaceae 

Carya spp. [(Syn: Hicoria spp. (GRIN)] 

1. Pignut hickory [(pignut, red hickory, redheart hickory, small-fruited hickory, sweet pignut, broom 

hickory (GRIN))] 

C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet [(Syn: Juglans glabra Mill., Juglans pyriformis Muhl. (GRIN)] 

1. Shagbark hickory [(scalybark hickory, shellbark hickory, upland hickory (MARKLE); carya blanc, 

caryer ovale, noyer blanc, noyer tender, Schuppenrindenhickory, caria blanca (GRIN)] 

C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch [(Syn: Carya alba, Juglans ovata Mill (GRIN)] 

1. Shellbark hickory [(big shellbark, kingnut (MARKLE); shagbark hickory (GRIN)] 

C. laciniosa (F. Michx.) W.P.C. Barton [(Syn: Hicorius laciniosa (F. Michx.) Sarg., Juglans 

laciniosa F. Michx(GRIN)] 

1. Mockernut hickory [(big-bud hickory, mockernut, squarenut, white-heart hickory (MARKLE)] 

C. tomentosa Nutt. [(Syn: Carya alba (L.) Nutt., Juglans tomentosa Michx. (GRIN)] 

1. Nutmeg hickory [nogal (GRIN)] 

C. myristiciformis (F. Michx.) Elliott [(Syn: Juglans myristiciformis F. Michx (GRIN)] 

2. Large deciduous trees, up to 30.5 m (100 ft) or more, all native to parts of the eastern U.S and Canada. 

All species have compound, pinnate leaves. Fruits are generally near globose, glabrous, and somewhat 

ridged, and 2.5-3.8 cm (1-11⁄2 in) long, and have edible kernels. The nut is encased in a fleshy husk which 

becomes fibrous and opens as the nuts mature. The shells are hard and woody. The kernels do not 

separate from the shells readily. They are not grown commercially for the nuts, but some quantities are 

harvested from native or ornamental trees. Limited quantities either in shell or as kernels are marketed 

(MARKLE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: Mature nuts fall out of hulls while on the tree from September to December. 

Leaf bud opening to nut maturity is almost 150 days (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Hickories are found in a variety of climates and soils throughout eastern North 

America, but all species prefer mid to high levels of humidity and rainfall, and require a frost-free 

period of at least 150 days (WIKIPEDIA). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell with difficulty and eaten raw or roasted 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Incomplete data, varies by species. 

f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: Central and Eastern U.S (GRIN); Nutmeg hickory: US and northern Mexico 

(GRIN). 

5. Other production regions: Pignut and shagbark hickory: Canada and cultivated in Europe (GRIN); 

Shellbark hickory: Canada. 

6. Use: Direct eating, and used in ice cream, cookies and candies. 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0667) Tree nuts 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a), MARKLE, 

WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Codes: CYAGL (C. galbra), CYAOV (C. ovata), CYALA (C. laciniosa), 

CYATO (C. tomentosa), CYAMY C. myristiciformis 

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1. Japanese horse-chestnut 

 Sapindaceae 

 Aesculus turbinata Blume (GRIN) 

2. Description: A decidious tree growing to 20 m and native to Japan. It is hardy to zone 6 and is frost 

tender. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen in September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have 

both male and female organs) and are pollinated by bees. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) 

and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) 

soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil (PLANTS FOR A 

FUTURE). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season, harvest: Autumn. 

 b. Cultivation: Propagation by seed, prefers loamy, well drained soil and is cold tolerant when 

dormant, although frost can damage young growth (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and soaked in water to leach out toxic saponins, 

then cooked or dried and ground into flour (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: High in toxic saponins. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 

5. Other production regions: Japan (GRIN). 

6. Use: Direct eating, flour, ornamental (GRIN). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seed. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seed. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0668) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PCJAQ 

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1. Macadamia nut [(Queenslandnut, Bushnut, Australian nut, Bopplenut, Bauplenut (MARKLE); 

smooth-shell Queensland-nut, ao zhou jian guo, macadamier, noix du Queensland, glattschalige 

Macadamia, Macadamianuß, macadâmia, nogueira-do-havaí (GRIN)] 

Proteaceae 

Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Smooth-shell Queensland nut, Nuez-de-macadamia) 

M. tetraphylla L. A.S. Johnson (rough-shelled macadamia, macadamia-nut , Queensland-nut, 

rough-shell Queensland-nut, si ye ao zhou jian guo, macadamier, Macadamianuß, rauhschalige 

Macadamia, nogal de Australia, nuez australiana) 

2. The tree is a tall (up to 20 m), tropical evergreen, native to Australia but introduced to Hawaii, South 

America, and parts of Africa, where it is commercially cultivated. Macadamia has oblong or lanceolate 

leaves up to a foot long and glabrous. Flowers are a creamy white, lacking petals, and borne in groups of 

3-4 in racemes along a single, long axis. Fruits are near globular, up to 3.8 cm (11⁄2 in) diameter. The 

outer covering or husk is leathery and separates readily from the shell of the nut. The shell is very hard, 

woody and thick. When the shell is cracked, the round kernel is free. Occasionally, 2 hemispherical 

kernels occur in a nut. The single kernels are about 1.3 cm (1/2 in) in diameter, and rich in flavor. 

Macadamia nuts are an economically important product in Australia, Hawaii, and parts of Africa 

(MARKLE, DUKE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, bloom to maturity: 8 to 10 months. Peak harvest is in October as the ripe nuts drop to 

the ground (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagation primarily by grafting (seeds easy to germinate but do not breed true), 

which can be difficult due to the hardness of the wood and is best done in the spring from 

February to April. Prefers a rainforest-type climate and must be warm and well irrigated when 

young, but is much more tolerant of adverse conditions when established. Requires regular 

fertilizer when grown under orchard conditions (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in North America, Australia, and Europe in grocery 

and specialty stores. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell with extreme difficulty, and eaten raw, roasted, 

or processed for consumption (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Extremely high in monounsaturated fat, up to 79% (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: In 2005-2006 growing seasons, 7,290 hectares (18,000) acres were harvested in 

Hawaii for 27,210 tonnes (30,000 tons) (NASS). Macadamia are also grown in California. Most 

cultivars grown in California are derived from Macadamia tetraphylla or M. tetraphylla x integrifolia

hyrbrids (PURDUE). There is a small macadamia industry in San Diego County, CA using M.

tetraphylla. In San Diego County in 2006, there were 128 acres producing a total of 192 tons. 

Macadamia tetraphylla is less tolerant of temperature extremes than M. integrifolia. 

5. Other production regions: Australia, South Africa, Kenya, and Guatemala are the other primary 

producing countries, with Australia producing more than a third of the world’s macadamia nuts in 

2003/2004. Total production in these countries plus the United States for that growing season was 93,923 

tonnes (103,503 tons) (FAS). 

6. Use: Direct eating, oil, nut butter (WIKIPEDIA). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0669) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, REHM, WOODROOF(a) (picture), FACCIOLA, 

MALO(b), MARKLE, NASS, PURDUE, FAS, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 10 and 13. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: MCDIN 

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1. Monkey-pot [(castanha-de-sapucaia, sapucaia (GRIN)] 

 Lecythidaceae 

 Lecythis pisonis Cambess. (syn: Lecythis usitata Miers)

2. Description: Large tree, may be over 30.5 m (100 ft) high, native to rainforests of Brazil. Leaves are pink 

when young. Upon flowering, the monkey pot tree becomes covered in thousands of small rose-purple flowers 

that attract bees. Fruits ripen in 11-12 months, and are shaped like a small pot, in which the seeds are found. 

When the fruit is ripe, it splits open and spills the seed across the forest floor (TRADEWINDSFRUIT).

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season, flowering: September and October (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed, found in moist tropical rainforests (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Seeds are shelled, then eaten raw, roasted or boiled. Reputedly has a 

walnut/almond-like flavor (TRADEWINDSFRUIT).

 e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 

5. Other production regions: Brazil, Peru (GRIN). 

6. Use: nut, ornamental, wood (GRIN). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0682 (Proposed) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, TRADEWINDSFRUIT

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: No entry 

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Okari Nut (14 – 9) 

1. Okari Nut (okari-nut (GRIN)) 

 Combretaceae

 Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. [(syn: Terminalia okari C. T. White (GRIN)]

2. Description: Tropical tree, 20-30 m tall, with large, spreading crown and grey bark, native to Irian 

Jaya, the Aru Islands, and the Solomon Islands, where it is widely cultivated. The twigs are often 

massive, hairy when young, with leaves clustered towards the tips. Leaves obovate or narrow obovate, 

15-28 cm x 6-13 cm, thick, usually acute at apex, tapering at base; petioles up to 2 cm long; leaf 

undersurface and petioles with persistent reddish-brown hairs, nervation prominent beneath and 

depressed above. Flowers in erect spikes; buds globular; calyx lobes triangular, densely hairy. Fruit a 

large, ellipsoid, slightly flattened drupe, coated with short reddish-brown hairs when young, red, 

fleshy, and glabrous when ripe, containing a massive woody stone; stone splitting on germination into 

two almost equal halves containing edible seed. The fruit is of great local importance, and said to 

have one of the best flavors of any tropical nut. The tree also has value for timber 

(AGROFORESTRY). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season, harvest: No data. 

 b. Cultivation: Usually grown or tended in its native forests, often in a state of semi-cultivation. 

Grows in lowland rainforests and riverine forests up to 1,000 m (3,280 ft) altitude. Easily 

propagated by seed, but the seeds have short period of viability (AGROFORESTRY). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in local markets during the fruiting season 

(AGROFORESTRY). 

 d. Preparation for cooking: No data. 

 e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: None. 

5. Other production regions: Wild populations Irian Jaya, the Aru Islands, Papua New Guinea and the 

Solomon Islands, where it is cultivated. Introduced in Queensland and Australia (AGROFORESTRY). 

6. Use: Direct eating; rarely for timber as it is more valuable as a food source (AGROFORESTRY). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nut 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, AGROFORESTRY 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: No entry 

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1. Pachira Nut [wild chestnut, Guiana chestnut (GRIN)] 

 Malvaceae 

 Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny [(syn: Bombax affine (Mart. & Zucc.) Ducke, Carolinea insignis Sw. 

(GRIN)]

2. Description: A medium tropical tree up to 18.3 m (60 ft), often confused with P. glabra and P. 

aquatica although they are not synonymous. It is native to the Caribbean, and northern and western 

South America. Leaves are 25.4 cm (10 in) long, palmately compound, and very dark green. Flowers 

are showy, with long red and white stamens. Fruit is a very large pod, up to 30.5 cm (12 in), brown, 

and shaped like a football. The seed is eaten whole, but little is known about its economic importance, 

although it is sometimes grown as an ornamental (GRIN, TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season: No data. 

 b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed. Adapted to swampy regions and shores of fresh water, but 

requires at least occasional drying. Grows in full sun to partial shade (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Seed removed from fruit and eaten raw or roasted 

(TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 

5. Other production regions: West Indies, Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru 

(GRIN). 

6. Use: Direct eating (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0670) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, TRADEWINDSFRUIT 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PCJIN 

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1. Pecan [Black hickory, Pecana, Nogal americano, Nogal pecanero (MARKLE), mei guo shan he tao, 

pacanier, Hickorynußbaum, Pekannußbaum, nogueira-peca, nogueira-japonêsa, nogueira-pecã, nozjaponêsa, noz-pecã, pecã, pecana, pecan, pecanero (GRIN)] 

Juglandaceae 

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch [(syn: Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch; C. 

oliviformis (Michx.) Nutt.; C. pecan (Marshall) Engl. & Graebn., Hicorius pecan (Marshall) 

Britton, Juglans illinoinensis Wangenh., Juglans oliviformis Michx., Juglans pecan Marshall 

(GRIN)] 

2. The pecan is a large tree, up to 30.5 m (100 ft) in height, and with trunk diameter up to 1.9 m (6 ft). I t 

is native in the lower Mississippi Valley and westward through Texas, into California and in northern 

Mexico. Leaves are large and compound, with a dozen or more long, oval, near glabrous leaflets. The 

fruits are generally oval, up to 6.4 cm (21⁄2 in) long, and fairly smooth. The outer husk is fleshy early, 

becoming fibrous and splitting open at maturity. The shells are relatively thin, hard and woody. The 

kernel separates rather readily. Improved varieties are widely cultivated. In addition, large quantities are 

harvested from native trees (MARKLE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, bloom to harvest: 5 to 6 months, harvested in Mid-October (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 

b. Cultivation: Propagated by budding or grafting. Range is from warm temperate to subtropical. 

Tree require fairly large amounts of rainfall or irrigation, but can withstand dry periods due to a 

deep taproot. Some varieties lend themselves to dwarfing (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in the U.S. and Europe; available throughout much 

of the world. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and eaten raw, roasted, or processed for other 

consumption (DUKE). 

e. Nutritional aspects: A good source of protein and unsaturated fat (WIKIPEDIA). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Contains antioxidants, and can help lower high cholesterol. Also may help 

reduce the risk of gallstones in women (WIKIPEDIA). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: The United States is the primary pecan producer in the world. Pecans are grown in 

AL, AZ, AR, CA, FL, GA, KS, LA, MS, MO, NM, NC, OK, SC, and TX. Total U.S. production for 

2007 was 158,516,370 kg (349,155,000 lb) (UDSA-NONCITRUS).

5. Other production regions: Australia, Brazil, China, Israel, Mexico, Peru, and South Africa 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

6. Use: Direct eating, confections, ice cream, cookery, charcoal, fuel, wood (GRIN, MARKLE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts (Representative crop) 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0672) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, FACCIOLA, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF(a) (picture), IVES, 

REHM, MELNICOE 1996e, CROCKER(b), PONCAVAGE, RIOTTE, MARKLE, USDANONCITRUS, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, with 87% in Regions 2, 4, 6 

and 8. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CYAIL 

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1. Pequi [pequia, almendra de Brasil (GRIN)] 

Caryocaraceae 

Caryocar brasiliense Cambess (GRIN) 

2. Large tree up to 40 m ( 131 ft) native to dry tropical woodland for Brazil and French Guiana. Leaves 

trifoliate and large; fruit is oblong and approximately 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. The fruit has a thin skin and 

a sweet fleshy pulp which surrounds the spiny pit. Inside the pit is the nut, which is considered a 

delicacy. Both the fruit and inner kernel are eaten directly. The pequi is especially important to the 

indigenous people of the Brazil’s Cerrado region, and the fruit is a popular meal in several Brazilian states 

(GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season: No data. 

b. Cultivation: Plant 100 trees per hectare (40 trees per acre). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: No data, but may be available in local markets. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is peeled and pulp is carefully eaten, avoiding the sharp spines 

around the pit. The pit is then cracked open to extract the kernel, which can be dried in the sun 

and fried with oil, or pressed for its own oil (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Contains up to 72% oil (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: None. 

5. Other production regions: Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia (GRIN). 

6. Use: Fruit and kernel are both eaten whole or pressed for oil. The fruit is also fermented into a liquor 

(DUKE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Pulp, kernel. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree Nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: No entry 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CYOBR 

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1. Pili nut [(pilinut, Pilinußbaum, nuez pili (GRIN)] 

Burseraceae 

Canarium ovatum Engl. 

2. A symmetrical, tropical evergreen tree, growing to 18.3 m (60 ft) tall. Pili is native to the Philippines 

and surrounding areas. The leaves, about 30.5 cm (1 ft) long, have 3 to 5 pairs of oval leaflets. The trees 

are dioecious, with flowers appearing in the axils of young leaves. Fruit is a drupe, oblong, black and 

appearing in clusters. Each fruit is about 6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in) long with a hard, thin, shell around the kernel. 

Pili is cultivated exclusively in the Philippines, which exports them primarily to Taiwan, Hong Kong, 

Australia, and Guam. Shoots and fruit pulp are also edible, and may be eaten locally or pressed for oil 

(MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: From May to October, peaking in July and August (WIKIPEDIA). 

b. Cultivation: Requires moist, fertile, well-drained soils and warm, tropical temperatures all year 

long with consistent rainfall. Propagated from seed, although germination is often difficult. 

Trees begin bearing after 7-10 years (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Locally in the Philippines, as well as parts of China and in 

Guam (WIKIPEDIA). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Kernel removed from shell and eaten raw, roasted, or processed for 

consumption in other products. Shoots may be used raw in salad, and fruit pulp can be boiled and 

eaten like sweet potatoes (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: High in calcium, protein, and fats, especially oleic acid (up to 59%) 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 

5. Other production regions: Cultivated commercially only in the Philippines. 4,900 tonnes (5,402 tons) 

were produced in 2005 (PCARRD). 

6. Use: Direct eating (nut, fruit pulp, shoots), oil, in confections, baking (especially in traditional Chinese 

“moon cakes”), soap, gum, resin (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA, GRIN). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Kernel and its oil, young shoots, fruit pulp. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Kernel. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0674) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MARTIN 1983, NEAL (picture), SCHNEIDER 1993a, MARKLE, 

PCARRD, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CNBOV 

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1. Pine nut

Pinaceae 

Pinus spp. 

1. Siberian pine

P. sibirica Du Tour [sibirische Zirbelkiefer, Kedr (GRIN)] 

1. Korean pine

P. koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. [Chinese pinenut. pin de Corée, Korea-Kiefer, channamu (GRIN)] 

1. Italian stone pine

P. pinea L. [parasol pine, pignolia-nut pine, stone pine, umbrella pine, pin parasol, pin pignon, 

Pinie, Schirmkeifer (GRIN)] 

1. Chilgoza Pine

P. gerardiana Wall. Ex D.Don [chilghoza pine, Gerard’s pine, Gerard’s Kiefer (GRIN)] 

1. Single-leaf pinyon 

P. monophylla Torr & Frém. [one-leaf pinyon, einnadlige Weymouthskiefer, piñón (GRIN)] 

2. Tall, conifer trees, up to 12.2 m (40 ft), found in warm to cool temperate regions throughout North 

America, Europe and Asia, usually in dry areas. These pines have stout branches, and varying needles. 

Cones are near globose or broad ovate, compact until mature. Seeds are about 1.3 cm (1/2 in) long, 

elongated and angular. They are eaten directly, also used in confections under the name pignolia. The 

trees are not cultivated in the U.S., but gathered and sold in local markets. The U.S. also imports pine 

nuts from China, where they are cultivated commercially. All species of pine have edible seeds, but only 

a few are considered large enough to be worth gathering or cultivating; the Korean Pine being the most 

widely traded (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: After fall frost, mature cones open and the nuts fall to ground (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed. Cultivation and requirements vary, little data is available 

regarding specific practices. 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Available much of North America, Europe, Asia, and the 

Middle East. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from cone and eaten raw, roasted, or pressed for oil 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: Nutrition varies – some nuts from China found to contain high amounts of 

triglycerides (WIKIPEDIA). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Oil contains antioxidants and may be used for suppressing appetite 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: Mainly southwestern U.S., 363-454 tonnes (400-500 tons) per year (AGMRC). 

5. Other production regions: China, Italy, Spain, and Portugal (AGMRC). Production in South Korea 

was 1,360 tonnes (1,500 tons) in 2006 (MAF 2007). 

6. Use: Direct eating, oil, confections, pesto (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous 

c. Codex Group: 022 022 Tree nuts (TN 0673) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a), IVES, MARKLE, AGMRC 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 9. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PIUSB (P. sibirica), PIUKO (P. koraiensis), PIUPN (P. pinea), PIUGE (P. 

gerardiana), PIUMP (P. monophylla)

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1. Pistachio [(pistache nut, pistachio nut, pistacia nut, green almond (MARKLE); pistachier cultivé, 

Pistazie, Pistazienbaum, pisutachio, alfóncigo, pistachero (GRIN)] 

Anacardiaceae 

Pistacia vera L. 

2. The pistachio tree is small, up to 9 m (30 feet), and spreading. It is native to temperate Western Asia 

and the Middle East, but has been introduced and cultivated in many other subtropical areas. Leaves are 

compound/pinnate, hairy when young, later glabrous. The fruit is ovoid to oblong in shape, an inch or 

less long. It has an external, fleshy hull which loosens from the nut at maturity, but must be removed 

either by hand or mechanically. The nut has a thin, woody shell, which often partially splits when ripe. 

The kernel is small and smooth, rich flavored and green in internal color. An important crop in the U.S. 

and several Middle Eastern countries, and is popular as a snack and a flavoring (MARKLE, DUKE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, bloom to maturity: About 5 months (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed or budding. Difficult to transplant. Requires a sheltered, 

warm location and moist, well draining soil. One male tree should be planted per seven or eight 

females to insure fertilization, and tree should be spaced at least 9 x 9 m, with irrigation. Trees 

do not bear fully until 20-25 years old (although fruiting can begin as early as 7 years old), and 

have a fruiting life of up to 60 years (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in North America, South America, Europe, Northern 

Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (WIKIPEDIA). 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and eaten raw, roasted, or processed into 

confections (WIKIPEDIA). 

e. Nutritional aspects: High in protein, fat, and carbohydrates (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: May reduce risk of heart disease and calm acute stress reactions 

(WIKIPEDIA). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: In 2006 the U.S was the second largest producer, producing 122,470 tonnes 

(134,962 tons) (FAOSTAT). 

5. Other production regions: Other primary producers in 2006 included Iran (229,657 tonnes/253,082 

tons), Turkey, (110,000 tonnes/121,220 tons) and Pakistan (60,000 tonnes/66,120 tons). Total world 

production for 2006 was 576,000 tonnes (634,752 tons) on 594,870 hectares (1,469,329 acres) 

(FAOSTAT). 

6. Use: Direct eating, ice cream, confections, flavoring, dye (WIKIPEDIA, DUKE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0675) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF(a) (picture), MELNICOE 1996e, 

NORTON, BAILEY 1976, MARKLE, FAOSTAT, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 10. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PIAVE 

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1. Sapucaia nut [(monkeynut, paradise-nut, sapucaia-nut, canari macaque, Paradiesnuß, nuez del paraíso 

(GRIN))] 

 Lecythidaceae 

 Lecythis zabucajo Aubl.

2. Description: A large, tropical tree native to Brazil, closely related to monkey pot. Trunk has well 

developed buttresses and deep fissures in the bark. Fruit has a large woody shell (capsule), in the 

shape of a pot, which contains the seeds. When ripe, the capsule splits open with a loud noise, 

attracting the attention of the local monkeys, who value the seeds as food. Sapucaia nut is considered 

to be superior in flavor to Brazil nut, and was introduced to Trinidad as a possible commercial crop in 

the early 20th century, although it did not meet with much success. Was sold at one time in New York 

under the name paradise nut (MORI, GREENHALL, FULLER). Very little data on this species could 

be found, and there may be confusion with other Lecythis species. 

3. Crop data: 

 a. Season: No data. 

 b. Cultivation: At one time was grown in groves in Trinidad. Requires a moist tropical climate 

(GREENHALL). 

 c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. 

 d. Preparation for cooking: Seed are removed from shell and eaten. Sap may be drained from the 

tree to make a drink (GREENHALL). 

 e. Nutritional aspects: No data. 

 f. Medicinal aspects: No data. 

 g. Crop photos. 

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 

5. Other production regions: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venzuela, Brazil, Eduador (GRIN). 

6. Use: Direct eating of nut, sap as a drink. May also be used in confections and for cooking oil, though 

no data could be found indicating the extent of this use (GREENHALL). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat, sap. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: No entry 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0676) 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, FULLER, GREENHALL, MORI, CODEX 

11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US. 

12. Plant Codes: 

 a. Bayer/EPPO Code: LCYZA 

 

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1. Walnut, Black

Juglandaceae 

Juglans spp. 

1. Walnut, black [(Eastern black walnut (MARKLE); noyer noir d'Amérique, schwarze Walnuß, 

nogueira-preta, nogal Americano, nogal negro (GRIN)]

J. nigra L. 

1. Walnut, Northern California black [(Hinds’ black walnut, Hand’s black walnut, Northern California 

black walnut (MARKLE); Hinds' black walnut, Hinds' walnut, northern California black walnut, northern 

California walnut, kalifornische Walnuß (GRIN); Nut-o-Nogal (SYMPOSIUM)] 

J. hindsii Jeps. ex R.E. Sm. (syn: J. californica var. hindsii Jeps. Ex R.E. Sm.) 

1. Walnut, Texas black [(Little walnut, Nogal, River walnut (MARKLE)] 

J. microcarpa Berland var. microcarpa 

2. Black walnut trees vary from small, up to 6 m (20 ft), to very large, near 30 m (100 ft) in height. In the 

U.S. are widely distributed and are of several species, not all of which are listed. All have long, 

compound leaves, with up to 20 or more leaflets. Leaflets are generally oblong-lanceolate, and smooth. 

In all, the nuts are encased in a semi-pulpy husk, which does not separate from the nut readily. The nut 

shell is thick and very hard. The kernel does not separate from the shell readily. Only the American or 

Eastern black is in any cultivation, and commercial cultivation of that kind is limited. Substantial 

quantities of the latter are gathered from native trees and marketed, mainly after shelling. About 80% by 

weight of nut is shell. Ground shells are used in industry as an abrasive, and in oil and gas drillings. 

Shell produces a dark, staining liquid which often make harvesting difficult and messy (MARKLE, 

DUKE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, harvest: Nuts ripen in September and October (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagation by grafting, transplant in early spring. Requires large amounts of N 

and P. Temperate climates and fertile, well draining soils, often in river plains and bottomlands. 

Alternates heavy and light bearing years. Begins bearing anywhere from 3 to 10 year after 

planting, depending on variety. Cultivated in Europe for timber (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Mainly local collection and some local sale. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell with difficulty, eaten raw, roasted, or processed 

for consumption (DUKE). 

e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Many folk remedies including a general cure for various kinds of 

dermatitis. 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: Approximately 9,070 tonnes (10,000 tons) are harvested annually in the U.S. 

(PURDUE). 

5. Other production regions: Black walnut: Eastern Canada (GRIN); Texas black walnut: Mexico 

(GRIN). 

6. Use: Direct eating, oil, bakery products, ice cream and candies. Also used as an ornamental tree and 

for its fine-grain wood as a timber product (MARKLE, GRIN, DUKE). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and extracted oil. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0678) Tree nuts; TN 4697 for Black Walnut 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, FACCIOLA, GREAT LAKES FRUIT GROWERS NEWS 1993, MAGNESS, 

SYMPOSIUM, USDA NRCS, WOODROOF(b) (picture), MELNICOE 1996e, MARKLE, PURDUE, 

DUKE, CODEX 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 5, (EPA reports walnuts as Black walnuts and 

English walnuts with 98% grown in Region 10). 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGNI (J. nigra), IUGHI (J. hindsii) 

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641

1. Walnut, English [(California walnut, Persian walnut, Madeira nut, Nogal, Carpathian walnut, Nogal 

comum, hu-tao (MARKLE); noyer commun, echte Walnuß, nogueira-comum, nogueira-européia, nogal 

común, nogal europeo, nogal ingles (GRIN)] 

Juglandaceae 

Juglans regia L. [(Syn: Juglans duclouxiana Dode, Juglans fallax Dode, Juglans kamaonica

(C.DC.) Dode, Juglans orientis Dode, Juglans regia subsp. kamaonica (C. DC), Mansf, Juglans

regia var. orientis (Dode) Kitam, Juglans regia var. sinensis C. DC, Juglans sinensis (C. DC.) 

Dode (GRIN)]

2. This species is the principal walnut of commerce. The trees attain heights up to above 15 m (50 ft) 

unless restricted by pruning. Native to the Balkans, Kyrgyzstan, and south-western China, walnut is now 

grown in Europe, the U.S, South America, and China. Leaves are compound, with up to a dozen oblongovate, near glabrous leaflets. Fruits are near globular to oblong, with a smooth surface, borne at the 

terminals of shoots. The husks surrounding the nuts are semi-fleshy and generally dehise at maturity, 

allowing the nut to drop out or to be readily separated. The shell is hard but generally thin, and the kernel 

separates from it readily. About 50% by weight of nut is shell (MARKLE). 

3. Crop Data: 

a. Season, bloom to maturity: About 5 months (MARKLE). 

b. Cultivation: Propagation by grafting. Require well drained, loamy, alluvial soil. Can tolerate 

temperatures to -29 ̊ C. Spacing depends on variety. Requires zinc supplements. Begins bearing 

in 5-6 years for some newer varieties (DUKE). 

c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in most of the developed world. 

d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and eaten raw, roasted, or processed into oil or 

confections (DUKE). 

e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat (DUKE). 

f. Medicinal aspects: Used in a myriad of English folk remedies (DUKE). 

g. Crop photos: 

4. Production in U.S.: The U.S. was the second highest producer in 2006 with 308,440 tonnes (339,901 

tons) on 87,075 hectares (215,075 acres) (FAOSTAT). 

5. Other production regions: Other primary producing countries in 2006 included China (499,000 

tonnes/549,898 tons), Iran (150,000 tonnes/165,300 tons), Turkey (129,614 tonnes/142,835 tons), and 

Turkey (60,000 tonnes/66,120 tons). Worldwide production in 2006 was 1,664,077 tonnes (1,833,813 

tons) on 662,978 hectares (1,637,556 acres) of land (FAOSTAT). Production in South Korea was 770 

tonnes (850 tons) in 2006 (MAF 2007). 

6. Use: Direct eating, oil, confections, cookery, ornamental, wood stain, timber (MARKLE, GRIN). 

7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 

8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat. 

9. Classifications: 

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts 

b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts 

c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0678) Tree nuts; TN 4699 for English Walnut 

d. EPA Crop Definition: None 

10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, CODEX, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF(b), IVES, REHM, 

MENNINGER, RAMOS, MARKLE, FAOSTAT, DUKE 

11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 10. 

12. Plant Codes: 

a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGRE 

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MONOGRAPH REFERENCES: 

AGMRC: Agricultural Marketing Research Center. http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/default.html

AGROFORESTRY: AgroForestryTree Database. 

http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=

18100 

BAYER CODES: Bayer Codes for Pests, http://cipm.ncsu.edu/names/index.cfm 

BOTANICAL: http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/mgmh.html 

CENSUS 2002: UDSA Census of Agriculture, 2002 

Publication. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/index.asp

CODEX: Codex Alimentarius. 1993. Pesticide Residues in Food. Section 2. Codex Classification of 

Foods and Animal Feeds. FAO/WHO, Rome, Italy. Vol. 2: 218 pp. 

CROP PROFILES: USDA Crop Profiles. http://cipm.ncsu.edu/CropProfiles/cropprofiles.cfm 

DUKE: Duke, James A. 1989. CRC Handbook of Nuts. CRC Press, Inc. 343 pp. 

FAS: USDA Foreign Agriculture Service. http://www.fas.usda.gov/

FLORIDATA, http://www.floridata.com/index.cfm 

FAODOC, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Corporate Document 

Repository. http://www.fao.org/documents/

eID=567

FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 

Statistics. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?Pag

FULLER: Fuller, Andrew S. 1919. The Nut Culturist: A Treatise on the Propagation, Bearing, and 

Cultivation of Nut-Bearing Trees and Shrubs Adapted to the Climate of the United States With the 

Scientific and Common Names of the Fruits Known in Commerce as Edible or Otherwise Useful Nuts. 

The Orange Judd Company, New York. 

GREENHALL: Greenhall, Arthur M. Carib. 1965. J. Sci 5 (3-4), Sept-Dec, pp. 167-171. 

GRIN: World Economic Plants in GRIN, Online information, http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgibin/npgs/html/taxecon.pl 

INSECT AND DISEASE: Insect and Disease Identification Guide for IPM in the Southeast, The 

University of Georgia, Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin 849, September, 1981. 

LEE, 2008: Lee, M. March 27, 2008. Personal Communication. Treenuts in Korea. 

MAF 2007: Agricultural & Forestry Statistical Yearbook. Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry. Seoul, 

Korea. December, 2007. 

MARKLE: Markle, G.M., J.J. Baron, and B.A. Schneider. 1998. Food and Feed Crops of the United 

States. 517 pp. Second Edition. MeisterPro Reference Guides. Willoughby, Ohio 

MONTOSO: Montoso Gardens, htpp://www.montosogardens.com 

MORI: Mori, Scott A. and Ghillean T. Prance. 1987. A Guide to Collecting Lecythicaceae. Annals of the 

Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 74, No 2, pp. 321-330. 

IR-4 Crop Grouping Petition 

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NASS: Nation Agricultural Statistics Service. http://www.nass.usda.gov/

PCARRD: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and 

Development. http://maidon.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/joomla

PLANTS: USDA Plants Database. http://plants.usda.gov/

PLANTS FOR A FUTURE: Plants For A Future webpage. 

http://www.pfaf.org/leaflets/edible_uses.php 

PURDUE: Purdue Homepage, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/default.html 

TRADEWINDSFRUIT: http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/index.htm 

TRADITIONALTREE: http://www.traditionaltree.org

USDA-NASS Agricultural Statistics 2005: http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/acro05.htm

USDA-NONCITRUS: Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts 2007 Preliminary Summary, January 

2008. http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/ncit0108.pdf

USDA FS: http://na.fs.fed.us/. 

VAUGHN: Vaughn, J. G. and C. A. Giessler. 1997. The New Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford 

University Press. 239 pp. 

WIKIPEDIA: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Online 

information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

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