In The 

Court of Appeals 

Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

No. 07-14-00127-CR 

JAMES PAT WHEAT, APPELLANT 

 

V. 

 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE 

 

On Appeal from the 52nd District Court 

Coryell County, Texas 

Trial Court No. FISC-09-20003, Honorable Trent D. Farrell, Presiding 

 

April 14, 2016 

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

 

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ. 

Appellant James Pat Wheat appeals1his conviction of the offense of aggravated 

sexual assault of a child under the age of 142and the resulting sentence of seventy-five

years of imprisonment. Through one issue, he contends his trial counsel was wholly 

ineffective, warranting a new trial. We disagree, and will affirm.

 

1 Appellant requested and was granted an out-of-time appeal by the Texas Court 

of Criminal Appeals. 

2 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021 (West 2015). 
2

Background

Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his 

conviction. We will therefore relate only those facts necessary to disposition of his 

appellate issue.

The indictment alleged appellant intentionally and knowingly penetrated, with his 

finger, the female sexual organ of “NET,” a child younger than 14 and not his spouse. 

At the outset of the case, the court appointed an attorney to represent appellant. At 

docket call before trial, the appointed attorney informed the court appellant had retained 

attorney Ted Potter to represent him. The court granted appointed counsel’s motion to 

withdraw, and ten days later, trial began. Potter participated in jury selection and 

examination of witnesses but became ill and was briefly hospitalized just before final 

arguments in the guilt-innocence phase. At that time, the court granted a continuance 

until the following morning. Potter appeared in court the next morning for final argument 

and participated in the punishment phase of trial.3 

The State’s evidence showed the complainant NET4 was four years old at the 

time of the offense. She was five at the time of trial and was not called to testify; the 

State’s case was presented through the child’s mother, a sexual assault nurse examiner 

and a counselor. NET’s mother testified she was taking a shower with NET when the 

 

3 On appeal, appellant notes Potter resigned his license to practice law several 

months after trial and had previously received a public reprimand. 

4 The jury was made aware of the complainant’s actual name, but on appeal the 

parties have properly used the fictional name “NET” to protect her identity. We will do 

the same. Cf. TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8; 9.10.
3

child said her “privates” hurt and that “Papa” had hurt her by putting his fingers inside 

her privates. “Papa” was identified as appellant, the husband of the child’s caregiver. 

When NET’s mother saw the child’s genital area appeared red, she took her to the 

hospital.5

The defense called no witnesses during the guilt-innocence phase of trial. Potter 

called three witnesses during the punishment phase. Appellant’s wife told the jury she 

believed NET was lying and asked the jury to give appellant the minimum term of 

imprisonment. Two pastors testified as positive character witnesses. In his argument, 

Potter asked the jury to consider rehabilitation, the minimum term of confinement and 

the best interests of society. The jury returned a sentence of seventy-five years and a 

ten-thousand-dollar fine.

Analysis

In his sole issue on appeal, appellant contends his retained counsel, Potter, 

entirely failed to provide meaningful adversarial testing of the State’s case. Accordingly, 

he strenuously argues, the holding of United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 80 L. Ed.

2d 657, 104 S. Ct. 2039 (1984), is applicable to the case. 

 

5 NET was examined by a sexual assault nurse examiner on two occasions, once 

shortly after her outcry and again the following month. One of the nurses testified “NET 

actually placed her finger beyond the labia majora and moved it back and forth” to 

demonstrate appellant’s actions. The nurse found redness to NET’s genitalia and 

testified her observations were consistent with NET’s report. The nurse’s reports were 

admitted into evidence. NET’s counselor also testified at trial. She described NET’s 

inappropriate sexual behavior and play. She also testified NET told her “Papa touched 

my privates.”
4

The Supreme Court issued its opinions in Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, and Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), on the same day. 

See Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 695-97,122 S. Ct. 1843, 152 L. Ed. 2d 914 (2002)

(contrasting Strickland standard for Sixth Amendment violations with Cronic standard). 

See also Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 190, 160 L. Ed. 2d 565, 125 S. Ct. 551 (2004)

(explaining Cronic’s “narrow exception to Strickland’s holding” that defendant asserting 

ineffective assistance of counsel must demonstrate both deficient performance and 

prejudice). “Cronic instructed that a presumption of prejudice would be in order in 

‘circumstances that are so likely to prejudice the accused that the cost of litigating their 

effect in a particular case is unjustified.’” Nixon, 543 U.S. at 190 (quoting Cronic, 466 

U.S. at 658). See also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692 (“In certain Sixth Amendment 

contexts, prejudice is presumed. Actual or constructive denial of the assistance of 

counsel altogether is legally presumed to result in prejudice”).

One of the circumstances the Court identified as proper for a presumption of 

prejudice is present if counsel “entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to 

meaningful adversarial testing.” Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659. The Court noted that it 

required “[n]o specific showing of prejudice in Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974), 

because the petitioner had been ‘denied the right of effective cross-examination’ which 

‘would be constitutional error of the first magnitude and no amount of showing of want of 

prejudice would cure it.’” Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659 (quoting Davis, 415 U.S. at 318); see 

also Nixon, 543 U.S. at 190-91 (further discussing Cronic standard); Bell, 535 U.S. at 
5

696-97 (under Cronic, attorney's failure to test the prosecution's case must be 

“complete”).

6

 

The Court of Criminal Appeals has applied Cronic in two cases. In Ex parte 

McFarland, 163 S.W.3d 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), a habeas corpus proceeding after 

the applicant’s capital murder death sentence was affirmed on appeal, the court 

rejected the applicant’s claim he was actually or constructively denied counsel. The 

court held that his retained counsel’s scant trial preparation and his habit of napping 

during trial did not leave the applicant without counsel because his appointed cocounsel provided the required adversarial testing of the prosecution’s case. Id. at 754-

55.

In the second case, the court agreed the defendant was constructively denied his 

right to effective assistance of counsel in his prosecution for misdemeanor driving while 

intoxicated. Cannon v. State, 252 S.W.3d 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Defense counsel 

in that case moved, at the start of voir dire, for a continuance and for recusal of the trial 

judge. When those motions were denied, counsel told the court he was not ready for 

trial, would be unable to effectively represent the defendant and could therefore not 

participate in the trial. He thereafter declined to participate in jury selection, to enter a 

plea for the defendant, to make opening or closing jury argument, to cross-examine any 

 

6 Cronic identified two other situations in which the presumption of prejudice is 

proper, the first being the “complete denial of counsel.” 466 U.S. at 659 and n.25 (“The 

Court has uniformly found constitutional error without any showing of prejudice when 

counsel was either totally absent, or prevented from assisting the accused during a 

critical stage of the proceeding.”). See also Burdine v. Johnson, 262 F.3d 336, 345 (5th 

Cir. 2001) (en banc) (applying Cronic where counsel slept during parts of State’s case in 

capital murder trial). Secondly, the Court said no showing of prejudice is required in 

cases like Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 53 S. Ct. 55, 77 L. Ed. 158 (1932). 466 U.S. 

at 659-62. Appellant does not contend either of those situations is present here.
6

of the State’s witnesses, to make any objections, to offer any defense, to request 

special jury instructions and to offer any evidence or argument on punishment. Id. at 

350. 

Noting that defense counsel did move for an instructed verdict and did bring a 

sentencing mistake to the trial court’s attention, the court nonetheless held he was 

constructively denied counsel because his lawyer “effectively boycotted the trial 

proceedings and entirely failed to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful 

adversarial testing.” Id. By refusing to participate, the court further held, defense 

counsel abandoned his role as advocate and caused the trial to lose its character as a 

confrontation between adversaries. Under those circumstances, the court presumed 

the defendant was prejudiced. Id.

Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, involved a claim the defendant’s counsel entirely 

failed to subject the prosecution’s claim to meaningful adversarial testing. 535 U.S. at 

696. The Supreme Court disagreed, pointing out the defendant argued “not that his 

counsel failed to oppose the prosecution throughout the sentencing proceeding as a 

whole, but that his counsel failed to do so at specific points. For purposes of 

distinguishing between the rule of Strickland and that of Cronic, this difference is not of 

degree but of kind.” Id. at 697. The Court noted that the defendant pointed to his 

counsel’s failure to adduce mitigating evidence and his waiver of closing argument, and 

stated such complaints “are plainly of the same ilk as other specific attorney errors we 

have held subject to Strickland’s performance and prejudice components.” Id. at 697-

98. 
7

As the State points out here, Potter conducted voir dire, successfully challenged 

a member of the venire for cause, cross-examined the State’s witnesses, presented oral 

argument, questioned the credibility of State witnesses, and made several motions and 

objections during the guilt-innocence phase of trial. During the punishment phase, he 

engaged in a voir dire examination of a State’s witness and objected to her proffered 

testimony. As noted, he also called three defense witnesses and argued for a minimum 

term of confinement and for rehabilitation. Appellant raises complaints concerning 

Potter’s performance of several of those trial functions. But after review of the record, 

we find appellant’s complaints of Potter’s representation involve specific instances of 

assertedly ineffective assistance rather than a complete failure to test the State’s case. 

His complaints, like those in Bell, are of the same ilk as those commonly raised in cases 

applying Strickland. 535 U.S. at 697-98. Potter’s conduct at trial does not approach the 

effective boycott of trial proceedings the court found in Cannon. 252 S.W.3d at 350; see

also Childress v. Johnson, 103 F.3d 1221, 1229-30 (5th Cir. 1997) (noting that court has 

“consistently distinguished shoddy representation from no defense at all”). Nor does the 

record support a contention Potter was, as appellant’s counsel, merely “inert.” See

McFarland, 163 S.W.3d at 752 (referring to “inert” lawyer who fails to provide any 

meaningful assistance) (citing Gochicoa v. Johnson, 238 F.3d 278, 284-85 (5th Cir. 

2000) (stating Cronic’s constructive denial of counsel requires demonstration counsel 

“was not merely incompetent but inert”). Accordingly, we decline to apply Cronic here.

Because appellant relies on appeal on the application of Cronic, his brief does 

not analyze his ineffective assistance of counsel claims under the standard set out in 
8

Strickland, 466 U.S. 668. In the interest of justice, however, we have considered his 

claims under that standard.

To prevail on his ineffective assistance claims under Strickland, appellant must 

satisfy both prongs of its test. First, he must prove that his counsel's conduct was 

objectively deficient. Ex parte Nailor, 149 S.W.3d 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). To 

assess such a contention, we determine whether counsel was acting as “a reasonably 

competent attorney” would under the circumstances. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. 

Appellant has the burden of proof and must overcome a “strong presumption that 

counsel's performance fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.”

Id. at 689. This highly deferential review is employed to avoid “the distorting effect of 

hindsight.” Id. Thus, applicant must show that his attorney made “errors so serious that 

counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth 

Amendment.” Id. at 687. 

Second, even if appellant can demonstrate his counsel's actions were objectively 

deficient, he must still prove that the deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Id.

He must demonstrate “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's 

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 

694. The Supreme Court has defined this “reasonable probability” as a “probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id; Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 

63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Absent some effect of the challenged conduct on the 

reliability of the trial process, the Sixth Amendment guarantee is generally not 

implicated. Cronic, 466 U.S. at 656. 
9

An accused is entitled to reasonably effective assistance of counsel. King v. 

State, 649 S.W.2d 42, 44 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). But reasonably effective assistance of 

counsel does not mean error-free representation. Ex parte Felton, 815 S.W.2d 733, 735 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Isolated instances in the record reflecting errors of omission or 

commission do not render counsel's performance ineffective. Wert v. State, 383 S.W.3d 

747, 753 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). Therefore, when evaluating a 

claim of ineffective assistance, the appellate court looks to the totality of the 

representation and the particular circumstances of the case without the benefit of 

hindsight. Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Thompson v. 

State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

As noted, there is a strong presumption that trial counsel's actions and decisions 

were reasonably professional and were motivated by sound trial strategy. Salinas v. 

State, 163 S.W.3d 734, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). It is not sufficient that an appellant 

show, with the benefit of hindsight, that his counsel's actions or omissions during trial 

were merely of questionable competence. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 143. Instead, in order 

for an appellate court to find that counsel was ineffective, counsel's deficiency must be 

affirmatively demonstrated in the trial record and the court must not engage in 

retrospective speculation. Id. at 142. When such direct evidence is not available, we will 

assume that counsel had a strategy if any reasonably sound strategic motivation can be 

imagined. Id. at 143.

Trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his actions 

before being denounced as ineffective. Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2012). Absent specific explanations for counsel's decisions, a record on 
10

direct appeal will rarely contain sufficient information to evaluate an ineffective 

assistance claim. Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). It is a rare 

case in which trial counsel's ineffectiveness is apparent from the record, allowing an 

appellate court to address and dispose of the claim on direct appeal. Lopez, 343 

S.W.3d at 143. In Lopez, the court noted that it is a “difficult hurdle to overcome: the 

record must demonstrate that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of 

reasonableness as a matter of law, and that no reasonable trial strategy could justify 

trial counsel's acts or omissions, regardless of his or her subjective reasoning.” Id. In 

other words, when trial counsel has not had an opportunity to explain his or her actions 

or inactions, an appellate court cannot find deficient performance unless the challenged 

conduct was “so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.”

Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

Appellant’s complaint of Potter’s trial representation includes contentions his voir 

dire was excessively brief and thus ineffective; that he failed to make an opening 

statement; and that in his failure to question NET’s mother adequately about the child’s 

outcry and his questioning her in a way to reveal extraneous offense evidence, Potter 

effectively was “jump[ing] to the State’s side.” Appellant also attacks Potter’s crossexamination of the nurse who examined NET, arguing his questions reaffirmed the 

manner and means of the offense, and questions Potter’s failure to cross-examine 

NET’s counselor. Appellant points out Potter invoked “the Rule”7but, for reasons 

unclear, appellant’s wife remained in the courtroom and her testimony was precluded. 

Appellant contends Potter abandoned him during closing argument because it was 

 

7 TEX. R. EVID. 614.
11

short, “full of holes,” and failed to fully set forth viable defensive theories. Finally, 

appellant contends Potter failed to meaningfully represent him during the punishment 

phase, presenting an ineffective closing argument.

As noted, our review must consider the totality of Potter’s representation and the 

particular circumstances of appellant’s case. We keep in mind that a showing, with the 

benefit of hindsight, that counsel's actions or omissions during trial were merely of 

questionable competence is not sufficient to demonstrate his representation was 

outside the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. See Lopez, 343 S.W.3d 

at 143. Many of appellant’s complaints are of matters well within reasonable trial 

strategy. See, e.g., Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 391-93 (voir dire); McFarland, 163 

S.W.3d at 756 (cross-examination); Taylor v. State, 947 S.W.2d 698, 704 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref'd) (argument); Standerford v. State, 928 S.W.2d 688, 697 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, no pet.) (opening statement). And, considered as a 

whole, we find the record does not demonstrate affirmatively that Potter’s performance 

at trial involved conduct so outrageous no competent attorney would have engaged in it.

See Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392; Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 833. Moreover, even were 

we to conclude the record satisfies the first element of the Strickland test, the second 

element has not been established. No contention is developed on appeal that the result 

of the proceeding would have been different but for Potter’s asserted errors. Strickland,

466 U.S. at 694. 
12

For these reasons, we overrule appellant’s sole issue on appeal and affirm the 

judgment of the trial court.

James T. Campbell

 Justice

Do not publish.