### TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1 OF 2

CROP GROUPING PETITION – TREE NUTS GROUP 14,

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT TO 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14)

(Almond; Almond, Tropical; Beech nut; Betelnut; Brazil nut; Brazi lian pine; Bunya; Bur Oak;

Butternut; Cajou; Candlenut; Cashew; Casta nha-do-maranhao; Chestnut; Coconut; Ginkgo; Guiana chestnut; Hazelnut (Filbert), Heartnut; Hickory nut; Japanese horse-chestnut; Macadamia

nut; Monkey-pot; Okari nut; Pachira nut; Pecan; Pe qui; Pili nut; Pine nut; Pistachio; Sapucaia nut; Walnut, black and English)

AUTHORS

William P. Barney and Tracey Switek

INTERREGIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 4

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY 500 COLLEGE ROAD EAST, 201W PRINCETON, NJ 08540

IR-4 PR No. 10106

New Jersey Agricultural Expe riment Station Publication No. A - 27200-09-08, Supported by State, U.S. Hatch Act and other U.S. Department of Agriculture funds.TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1 OF 2 .................................................................................................... 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................

.... 2

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT: ....................................................................................................... 3



### PROPOSED AMENDMENT ......................................................................................... 3

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 4

CULTURAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 6

PEST PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................... 6

SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSION.............................................. 8 Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group: ........................................... 9 Table 2. Major Tree Nuts Production in 2006: ............................................................. 12 Table 3. Crop Group Comparison: ................................................................................ 14

ATTACHMENT 1. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL .......................................................................... 20

ATTACHMENT 2. COMM ODITY MONOGRAP HS

.................................................................. 24TECHNICAL AMENDMENT:

40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14), Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group

IR-4 Project and the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) propose an amendment to 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14) Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts Group

PROPOSED AMENDMENT

1. Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (14) that consists of following 12 commodity entries:



### 1. Almond, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (Rosaceae)



### 2. Beechnut, Fagus spp. (Fagaceae)


### 3. Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae)



### 4. Butternut, Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae)



### 5. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae)



### 6. Chestnut, Castanea spp. (Fagaceae)



### 7. Chinquapin, Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. (Fagaceae)



### 8. Filbert (Hazelnut), Corylus spp. (Betulaceae)



### 9. Hickory nut, Carya spp. (Juglandaceae)



### 10. Macadamia nut, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae)



### 11. Pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch (Juglandaceae)



### 12. Walnut, black and English, Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae);

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 32 commodity entries:



### 1. Almond, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (Rosaceae)



### 2. Almond, Tropical, Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae)



### 3. Beechnut, Fagus spp. (Fagaceae)



### 4. Betelnut, Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae (Palmae))


### 5. Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae)



### 6. Brazilian pine, Araucaria angustifolia ( 

### (Bertol.) Kuntze ( Araucariaceae )



### 7. Bunya, Araucaria bidwillii Hook. (Araucariaceae)



### 8. Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (Fagaceae)



### 9. Butternut, Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae)



### 10. Cajou, Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. (Anacardiaceae)



### 11. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)



### 12. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae)



### 13. Castanha-do-maranhao, Pachira glabra 

### Pasq. (Malvaceae)



### 14. Chestnut (Chinquapin), Castanea spp. (Fagaceae)


### 15. Coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae (Palmae))



### 16. Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae)



### 17. Guiana chestnut, Pachira aquatic 

### Aubl. ( Malvaceae)



### 18. Hazelnut (Filbert), Corylus spp. (Betulaceae)


### 19. Heartnut, Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis (Makino) Rehder (Juglandaceae)



### 20. Hickory nut, Carya spp. (Juglandaceae)



### 21. Japanese horse-chestnut, Aesculus turbinata Blume (Sapindaceae)



### 22. Macadamia nut (353), Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae)

### 23. Monkey-pot, Lecythis pisonis 

### Cambess. (Lecythidaceae)



### 24. Okari Nut, Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. (Combretaceae)


### 25. Pachira Nut, Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny (Malvaceae)



### 26. Pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch (Juglandaceae)



### 27. Pequi, Caryocar spp. (Caryocaraceae)


### 28. Pili nut, Canarium ovatum Engl. (Bursraceae)


### 29. Pine nut, Pinus edulis Engelm. (Pinaceae)



### 30. Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae)



### 31. Sapucaia nut, Lecythis zabucaja Aubl. (Lecythidaceae)



### 32. Walnut, Black, Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae) and Walnut, English, Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae)

And all edible varieties and/or hybrids of Fagus species, Castanea species, Corylus species, Carya species, Caryocar spp. and Juglans species.

2. The following commodities, Almond and Pecan , remain as representative commodities for the expanded group.

3. Subgroups: No subgroups are proposed for the Tree Nuts crop group.

4. Crop Definitions: No Tree Nut definitions are proposed.

BACKGROUND

Botanically, a nut is a hard indehiscent (not opening at maturity) one-seeded fruit (DUKE). However, a nut in commerce and cuisine has a much less restrictive definition than a nut in botany. The term is applied to many seeds that are not true nuts. Any large kernel found within a shell and used in food may be regarded as a nut. For example, almond is the edible seed of a drupe, while the Brazil nut is the seed from a capsule. Candlenut and cashew nut are seeds. Pine nut is the seed of several species of pine. Pistachio nut is the seed of a thin-shelled drupe. Peanuts can be disqualified from “nuts” because peanuts include two or three seeds in the indehiscent pod.

Nuts are highly nutritious with up to 30 pe rcent protein and up to 70 percent oil. Chestnuts are unusual in that the major food reserve is starch (50-60 per cent). Nuts are a good source of minerals, including calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium and potassium and also the vitamin B complex and vitamin E. Nuts have been found in archaeological sites dating back to before 10,000 BC (VAUGHAN). Several epidemiol ogical studies have also revealed that people who consume nuts regularly are less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease.

The current Crop Group 14, Tree Nuts group published in 40 CFR 180.41 (14) includes 12 commodity entries in the botanical fam ilies of Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Lecythidaceae, Juglandaceae, Anacardiaceae, Betulaceae and Proteaceae. Almond and pecan were selected as representative commodities for this group.Since the tree nut crop group is a somewh at artificial crop group and because the various crops within the group come from diverse families, they are not expected to be susceptible to the same pests and diseases requiring the same pesticid e treatment. However, in practice, residues (expressed on the edible portion) in tree nuts fro m field use are often low or not detectable irrespective of the pesticide use, so a tree nut group tolerance can be ach ieved. US, Codex and EU Tree Nut crop group tolerances are summarized in Table 1. Many of these tolerances were based on residue data generated from the representa tive crops. The majority of these tolerances range from 0.01 to 0.5 ppm with one Codex tolerance established at 1 ppm (carbaryl).

Since this crop group was established in 1995, more species and varieties of tree nuts have become popular in commercial production and international trade. Tree nuts that were previously considered as orphan crops include tropical almond, betelnut, coconut, ginkgo, heartnut, oak (bur oak), pili nut, pine nut and pistachio.

The original Crop Group 14 proposal was generated at the USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping Symposium in Washington, DC, October 2002 by Wo rkgroup 5, Chaired by Van Starner of IR-4 and Co-Chaired by Craig Hunter, Rick Loranger, Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, and John Wise (see Attachment 1, Symposium proposal).

The crops in the existing tree nut crop group were all validated at the Symposium. It was proposed that “Filbert (hazelnut)” be changed to “Hazelnut (filbert)”. Additional tree nuts proposed at the Symposium included guana, nut-o-nogal, cajou, dalison, okari nut, bunya and candlenut. These additional tree nuts were also validated at the Symposium, except it was later

determined that dalison should be considered as a tropical fruit. Also, guana was not included in this submission since it apparently only grows in eastern Cuba and is a threatened species. Nut-onogal has been included with black walnut.

The concept of temperate and tropical/subtr opical subgroups was not validated at the Symposium, so no subgroups are proposed in this submission. The Symposium also proposed crop definitions for the representative crops of almond and pecan. Due to the previously discussed diverse taxonomic nature of tree nuts, no crop definitions are proposed in this

submission.

The tree nut crop group was further discussed and developed within the Tree Nut Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC). This workgroup consists of 122 crop or regulatory experts from the US, NAFTA, EU, Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America regions represen ting 24 countries. The Workgroup discussed and validated the proposed and representative comm odities. Included in this discussion were

additional tree nuts included in the Codex Cl assification of Foods and Animal Feeds which include pachira nut, sapucaia nut and Japanese hor se-chestnut. Proposed additions to the Codex Classification (Brazilian pine, castanha-do-maranha o, Guiana chestnut and monkey-pot) were

also included in the discussion.

Tree nuts presented to the ICGCC but not validated by the Work Group include the Australian or Moreton Bay chestnut, canarium nut, shea nut, suari nut, African walnut and tallow tree. One additional tree nut was validated which was pequi. Two proposed crops, purging nut and karanj were not accepted because of the poiso nous nature of the nut or bean and because development of these crops is primarily for biof uels. One additional proposed crop (kalamungay, Moringa oleifera ) will be considered in the tropical fruit crop group.

The authors have updated and developed co mmodity monographs as supporting data (see Attachment 2, Commodity Monographs). Referenc es are provided at the end of the monographs. Copies of partial references are included in this petition in Attachment 3. This petition proposes“Tree Nuts Group 14” with 32 commodity entri es. Commodities and their varieties and/or hybrids proposed in this submission include all of the commodities in the US, Codex Classification and EU Crop List of tree nuts. The new Tree Nut Crop Group and representative commodities proposed in this petition would fac ilitate the harmonization of the US and Codex crop classification systems.

CULTURAL INFORMATION

Tree nuts are widely grown in both temperate and subtropical and tropical regions. Almonds, walnuts and hazelnuts (filberts) are the three most important tree nuts in terms of global production and trade. Many varieties of nuts can easily be substituted for each other. Imports of nuts are important for use in mixed nut packs and other products that utilize nut varieties not generally grown in the US, such as cashews and Brazil nuts. In the US, almonds account for about 25 percent of total tree nut consumption, followed by pecans, walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts (filberts) and all others, mostly cashews and Brazil nuts. Almonds are a top-value UShorticultural export, well above wine, the second most important export. Typically, about twothirds to three-fourths of the US almond crop is exported. About two-thirds of US almond exports go to the European Union and about one-sixth is shipped to Asia, mostly Japan and China. The US and China both export walnuts. The US mainly exports to Europe while China exports are bound for the Far East and the Mideast. Turkey and Italy are the largest producers of hazelnuts (filberts) (AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK).

PEST PROBLEMS There are some common pest problems among tree nuts. The most important pest problems associated with this group of commodities are insects, mites, diseases, nematodes, weeds and vertebrate pests. The following are a list of important pest problems of some of the predominant tree nuts:

Almonds (California) (CROP PROFILES):

1. Insects: Navel orangeworm ( Amyelois transitella ), peach twig borer ( Anarsia lineatella ), pavement ant ( Tetramerium caespitum ), southern fire ant ( Solenopsis xyloni ), San Jose scale ( Quadraspidiotus perniciosus ).

2. Mites: Two-spotted mite ( Tetranychus urticae ), Pacific mite ( Tetranychus pacificus ), European red mite ( Panonychus ulmi ), brown almond mite ( Bryobia rubioculus ).

3. Diseases: Brown rot ( Monilinia laxa or Monilinia fructicola ), green fruit rot or jacket rot ( Monilinia spp. or Botrytis cinerea or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ), anthracnose ( Colletotrichum acutatum ), scab ( Cladosporium carpophilum ), leaf blight ( Seimatosporium lichenicola ), altternaria leaf spot ( Alternaria alternata ), leaf rust ( Tranzschelia discolor ), bacterial canker and blast ( Pseudomonas syringae ), armillaria root rot ( Armillaria mellea ), crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), root and crown rot ( Phytophthora spp .), Ceratocystis canker ( Ceratocystis fimbriata ) and Verticillium wilt ( Verticillium dahlia ).

4. Nematodes: Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus vulnus ), ring nematode ( Criconemella xenoplax ) and root know nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.).

5. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds.

6. Vertebrate pests: Ground squirrels ( Spermophilus beecheyi ), and pocket gophers ( Thomomys spp .).

Hazelnut (Filbert) (Oregon) (CROP PROFILES):

1. Insects: Moths, leafrollers, filbert bud mite, loopers, mealybugs, aphids, weevils, scales.

2. Diseases: Eastern filbert blight (EFB), powdery mildews, stunt and blasts.

3. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds.Macadamia nut (Hawaii) (CROP PROFILES):

1. Insects: Tropical nut borer ( Hypothenemus obscures ), Southern green stinkbug ( Nezara

viridula ), koa seedworm moth ( Cryptophlebia illepida ), litchi fruit moth ( Cryptophlebia

ombrodelta ), Red-banded thrips ( Selenothrips rubrocinctus ).

2. Mites: Broad mites ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus ).

3. Diseases: Macadamia quick decline (MQD), Macadamia root rot ( Kretzschmaria clavus ), Macadamia root rot, Raceme and blossom blights ( Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis

cinerea ).

4. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds.

5. Vertebrates: Roof rats ( Rattus rattus ).

Pecans (Georgia) (CROP PROFILES, INSECT AND DISEASE):

1. Insects: Pecan weevil ( Curculio caryae ), hickory shuckworm ( Laspeyresia caryana ), black pecan aphid ( Melanocallis caryaefoliae ), black-margined aphid ( Monellia caryella) and yellow hickory aphid ( Monelliopsis nigropunctata ), southern green stinkbug ( Nezara

viridula ), pecan nut casebearer ( Acrobasis nuxvorella ), pecan phylloxera ( Phylloxera

devastatrix ), pecan leaf phylloxera ( P. notabilis ), pecan leaf casebearer ( Acrobasis juglandis ), pecan spittlebug ( Clastoptera achatina ), alder spittlebug ( C. obtuse ).

2. Mites: pecan leaf scorch mite ( Eotetranychus hicoriae ).

3. Diseases: Pecan scab ( Cladosporium caryigenum ), downy spot, pecan scab, powdery mildew, zonate leaf spot.

4. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds.

Pistachios (California) (CROP PROFILES):

1. Insects: Navel orangeworm ( Amyelois transitella ), small plant bugs ( Calocoris norvegicus, Lygus hesperus, Psallus vaccinicola, Neurocolpus longirostris, Phytocoris

relatives ), large plant bugs ( Thyanta pallidovirens, Nezara viridula, Acrosternum hilare, Chloracroa uhleri, Leptoglossus clypealis ), soft scale s ( Parthenolecanium prui nosum, Parthenolecanium corni ), striped mealybug ( Ferisia virgata ).

2. Stored nut insects: Indian meal moth ( Plodia interpunctella ), navel orangeworm ( Amyelosis transitella ), red flour beetle ( Trobolium spp.), confused flour beetle ( Trobolium spp .), warehouse beetle ( Trogoderma variabile ), cigarette beetle ( Lasioderma

serricorne ).

3. Mites: Citrus flat mite ( Brevipalpus lewisi ), Pacific mite ( Tetranychus pacificus ), twospotted mite ( Tetranychus urticae ).

4. Diseases: Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight ( Botryosphaeria dothidea ), Botrytis shoot blight ( Botrytis cinerea ), Alternaria late blight ( Alternaria alternata ), Phytophthora trunk and branch canker ( Phytophthora capsici, P. cryptogea, P. parasitica ), Verticillium wilt ( Verticillium dahlia ).

5. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds.

6. Vertebrates: Ground squirrels ( Spermophilus beecheyi ), pocket gophers ( Thomomys spp.).

Walnuts (California) (CROP PROFILES):

1. Insects: Codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ), navel orangeworm ( Amyelois transitella ), walnut husk fly ( Rhagoletis completa ), walnut aphid ( Chromaphis juglandicold ), duskyveined aphid ( Callaphis juglandis ), San Jose scale ( Quadraspidiotus pernicious ), walnut scale ( Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae ), frosted scale ( Parthenolecanium pruinosum ), European fruit Lecanium ( Parthenolecanium corni ) fall webworm ( Hyphantria cunea ) redhumped caterpillar ( Schizura concinna ).2. Mites: Twospotted mite ( Tetranychus urticae ), Pacific mite ( Tetranychus pacificus ), European red mite ( Panonychus ulmi ).

3. Diseases: Amillaria root rot ( Armillaria mellea ), crown gall ( Agrobacterium tumefaciens ), Phytophthora root and crown rot ( Phytophthora spp .), walnut blight ( Xanthomonas campestris p.v. juglandis ).

4. Nematodes: Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus vulnus ), Ring nematode ( Criconemella xenoplar ), root knot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.).

5. Weeds: Orchard floor weeds.

SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSION Until the new crop group is published in 40 CFR, the author suggests that the Minor Use Branch of the Registration Division and the ChemSAC, EPA/OPP approve the proposed crop group and establish the following interim to lerance expressions for tolerance petitions:

1. Crop Group 14 tolerance expression: (representative crops: Almond and Pecan) Almond; Almond, Tropical; Beechnut; Betelnut; Brazil nut; Brazilian pine; Bunya;
Butternut; Cajou; Candlenut; Cashew; Castanha-do-maranhao; Chestnut; Coconut; Ginkgo; Guiana chestnut; Hazelnut;
Heartnut; Hickory nut; Japanese horse-chestnut; Macadamia nut; Monkey-pot; Oak, bur; Okari nut; Pachira nut;
Pecan; Pequi; Pili nut; Pine nut; Pistachio; Sapucaia nut; Walnut;

and cultivars and/or hybrids of these.

### Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group: (FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of April 10, 2008)



### Compound US (ppm) EU (ppm) Codex (ppm)
2,4-D 0.2 0.05 0.2

Abamectin - 0.01 Acetamiprid 0.1 0.01 Acephate - 0.02 - Acequinocyl 0.02 - - Acetamiprid 0.1 0.01 - Acibenzolar-S-methyl - 0.02 -

Aldicarb - 0.02 Azinphos-methyl - 0.5 Azoxystrobin 0.02 0.1 -

Benoxacor 0.01 - -

Bifenazate 0.2 0.01 0.2

Bifenthrin 0.05 0.05 -

Boscalid 0.7 - 0.05 Carbaryl - 0.05 1 Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 0.01 -

Chlorothalonil - 0.01 Chlorpyrifos 0.2 0.05 -

Clofentezine - 0.05 - Cyfluthrin 0.01 0.02 - Cypermethrin - 0.05 Cyromazine - 0.05 -

Deltamethrin 0.1 - -

Diazinon - 0.01

Dicofol - 0.05

Diflubenzuron 0.06 - -

Dimethoate - 0.05 Diquat 0.02 - -

Endosulfan - 0.1 -

Esfenvalerate - 0.02 - Ethephon - 0.1

Ethofumesate - 0.05 -

Etoxazole 0.01 0.02 - Fenamiphos - 0.02 -

Fenbutatin-oxide 0.5 0.05 -

Fenhexamide - 0.05 - Fenpyroximate 0.1 - -

Fenvalerate - 0.02 0.2

Flumioxazin 0.02 0.05 - Gamma Cyhalothrin 0.05

- -

### Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group (continued): (FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of April 10, 2008)



### Compound US (ppm) EU (ppm) Codex (ppm)

GlufosinateAmmonium 0.1 - 0.1

Glyphosate 1.0 0.1 - Halosulfuron-Methyl 0.05 - - Hexythiazox 0.3 - - Imidacloprid 0.05 - - Inorganic bromide resulting from fumigation - 0.05 -

Iprodione - 0.02 - Kresoxim-methyl - 0.1 Lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05 0.05 -

Mancozeb - 0.05 -

Maneb - 0.05 - Metalaxyl - 0.05 -

Methidathion 0.05 0.05 - Methomyl - 0.05 - Methoxyfenozide 0.1 0.02 0.1 Methyl parathion

- 0.02

Metiram - 0.05 -

Metolachlor 0.1 0.05 - Myclobutanil - 0.05 - Napropamide 0.1 - - Oryzalin 0.05 - - Oxyfluorfen 0.05 - - Paraquat dichloride 0.05 0.02 0.05

Pendimethalin 0.1 0.05 -

Phosmet - - 0.2 Phosphine - - 0.01 Propiconazole 0.1 0.05 - Pymetrozine - 0.02 - Pyraclostrobin 0.04 0.02 - Pyrethrins - - 0.5 Pyridaben 0.05 - - Pyriproxyfen 0.02 - -

Rimsulfuron 0.01 0.05 Sethoxydim 0.2 - - Spinetoram 0.04 - - Spinosad 0.02 - - Spirodiclofen 0.1 - -

### Table 1. Tolerances established on Tree Nuts Crop Group (continued): (FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of April 10, 2008)



### Compound US (ppm) EU (ppm) Codex (ppm) Sulfuryl Fluoride 10.0 (post harvest) - 3

Tebufenozide 0.1 - - Thiophanate methyl

- 0.2 0.1

Thiram - 0.05 - Trifloxystrobin 0.04 0.02 0.02

Trifluralin 0.05 - - Zeta-cypermethrin 0.05 0.05 -

Ziram - 0.05Table 2. Major Tree Nuts Production in 2006:(FAOSTAT:http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx, results as of February 25, 2008 )Countries/RegionsAlmond, withshellBetel nut(arecanuts)Brazil nuts,with shellCashew nuts,with shellChestnutsAfrica452,632 ha199,439 tonnesNo data90 tonnesNo data5,200 tonnes1,106,177 ha1,059,165 tonnes100 ha137 tonnesCentral America39 ha7 tonnesNo dataNo dataNo dataNo data7,730 ha7,706 tonnesNo dataNo dataNorth America234,900 ha715,623 tonnesNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataLatin America andCaribbean6690 ha10,651 tonnesNo dataNo data1,450 ha68,760 tonnes712,021 ha247,032 tonnes30,306 ha41,780 tonnesAsia279,480 ha418,417 tonnes706,392 ha857,589 tonnesNo dataNo data156,144 ha1,797,253 tonnes230,134 ha1,013,074 tonnesAustralia9,000 ha11,755 tonnesNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataEurope778,052 ha396,164 tonnesNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo data81,158 ha124,736 tonnesNew ZealandNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataUnited States9,000 ha715,623 tonnesNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataWorld Total1,760,754 ha1,766,127, tonnes706,392 ha857,679 tonnes1,450 ha73,960 tonnes3,387,342 ha3,103,450 tonnes341,698 ha1,179,727 tonnesNote: This table reports only thetree nuts included onthe FAO website.Table 2. Major Tree Nuts Production in 2006 (continued):(FAOSTAT:http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx, results as of February 25, 2008 )Countries/RegionsCoconutHazelnut(Filbert) withshellPistachioWalnut, with shellAfrica632,190 ha1,801,097 tonnes100 ha143 tonnes20,076 ha1,401 tonnes11,090 ha42,362 tonnesCentral America41,255 ha254,354 tonnesNo dataNo data25 ha4 tonnes54,539 ha79,871 tonesNorth AmericaNo dataNo data11,462 ha41,000 tonnes42,525 ha122,470 tonnes87,075 ha308,440 tonnesLatin America andCaribbean514,938 ha3,922,501 tonnesNo dataNo data25 ha4 tonnes68,961 ha106,625 tonnesAsia9,002,063 ha47,507,615 tonnes457,244 ha737,093 tonnes523,583 ha440,041 tonnes382,065 ha890,522 tonnesAustraliaNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo data23 tonnesEuropeNo dataNo data97,811 ha182,671 tonnes8,670 ha12,084 tonnes113,787 ha316,105 tonnesNew ZealandNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataNo dataUnited StatesNo dataNo data11,462 ha41,000tonnes42,525 ha122,470 tonnes87,075 ha308,440 tonnesWorld Total10,615,978 ha55,324,323 tonnes566,617 ha960,907 tonnes594,879 ha576,000 tonnes662,978 ha1,664,077 tonnesNote: This table reports only thetree nuts included onthe FAO website.Table 3. Crop Group Comparison:CODEX Crop Group 22, Tree Nuts Group, proposed US Crop Group 14 and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv)Row#Codex US EU Crop List or RegulationCommodity Name andCodeBotanical NameCommodityNameBotanical Name CommodityNameBotanical Name2 AlmondsTN 0660Prunus dulcis(Mill.) D. A. Webb,syn:,Amygdalus communisL.,Prunus amygdalusBatsch.AlmondCurrentMemberPrunus dulcis(Mill.) D.A.WebbAlmondsPrunus dulcis3 Beech nutsTN 0661Fagus sylvaticaL.;F. grandifoliaEhrhBeechnutCurrentMemberFagusspp.NLNL4 Brazil nutTN 0662Bertholletia excelsaHumb. &Bonpl.Brazil nutCurrentMemberBertholletia excelsaHumb. & Bonpl.Brazil nutsBertholletia excelsa5 Bush nutTN 4681see Macadamia nutNLNLNLNL6 Butter nutTN 0663Juglans cinereaL. ButternutCurrentMemberJuglans cinereaL. NL1NL7 Cashew nutTN 0295Anacardium occidentaleL. CashewCurrentMemberAnacardium occidentaleL.Cashew nutsAnacardiumoccidentale1NL = Not listedTable 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued):CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14,Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (ii)Row#Codex US EU Crop List or RegulationCommodity Name andCodeBotanical NameCommodityNameBotanical Name CommodityNameBotanical Name8 ChestnutsTN 0664Castanea sativa Mill., syn: C.vesca Gaertn. Castaneamolissima Blume; Castaneapumila (L.) Mill.ChestnutCurrentMemberCastanea spp.ChestnutsCastanea sativa9 ChinquapinTN 4683see ChestnutsCastanea pumila(L.) MillChinquapinCurrentMemberCastaneaspp. NL NL10 CoconutTN 0665Cocos nuciferaL.CoconutProposedAdditionCocos nucifera L.CoconutsCocos nucifera11 FilbertsTN 4685see Hazelnuts,among otherCorylus maximaMill.See hazelnutCorylusspp. NL NL12 HazelnutsTN 0666Corylus avellanaL.;C. maximaMill.HazelnutCurrentMemberCorylusspp.HazelnutsCorylus avellana13 Hickory nutsTN 0667Carya ovataKoch.;C. glabra(Mill.); Other sweetCaryaspeciesHickory nutCurrentMemberCaryaspp. NL NL14 Japanese horsechestnutTN 0668Aesculus turbinataBlume;Syn:Ae sinensisHort., not BungeJapanese horsechestnutProposedAdditionAesculus turbinataBlume NLNL1NL = Not listedTable 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued):CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14,Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (ii)Row#Codex US EU Crop List or RegulationCommodity Name andCodeBotanical NameCommodityNameBotanical Name CommodityNameBotanical Name15 Java almondsTN 4687see Pili nutsCanarium commune L.; C.indicum L.; C. amboinensisHochst.; C. moluccanum BlumeNL NL NL NL16 Macademia nutsTN 0669Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.;M. tetraphylla (L.) JohnsonMacadamia nutCurrentMemberMacadamia integrifoliaMaiden & BetcheMacadamiaMacadamia ternifolia17 Pachira nutTN 0670Pachira insignisSavignyPachira nutProposedAdditionPachira insignis(Sw.)SavignyNL NL18 Paradise nutTN 0671see Sapucaia nutLecythis zabucajoAubl.Paradise nutProposedAdditionsee Sapucaia nutLecythis zabucajoAubl.NL NL19 PecanTN 0672Carya illinoensis(Wangh.) K.KochPecanCurrentMemberCarya illinoensis(Wangh.) K. KochPecansCarya illinoensis20 Pignolia or PignoliTN 4689see Pine nutssee Pine nuts see Pine nutsNLNL21 Pine nutsTN 0673MainlyPinus pineaL.; alsoP. lambertianaDougl.; P.cembraL.;P edulisEngelm.;P. quadrifoliaParl. ex Sudw. andotherPinusspeciesPine nutProposedAdditionPinus edulisEngelm. Pine nutsPinus pinea1NL = Not listedTable 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued):CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14,Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (ii)Row#Codex US EU Crop List or RegulationCommodity Name andCodeBotanical NameCommodityNameBotanical Name CommodityNameBotanical Name22 PinocchiTN 4691see Pine nutsNL NL NL NL23 Piñon nutTN 4693see Pine nutsNLNLNLNLNL24 Pili nutsTN 0674Canarium ovatumEngl.;C.luzonicumA Gray; C.pachyphyllumPerkins; C.communeL.Pili nutProposedAdditionCanarium ovatumEngl.NLNL25 Pistachio nutTN 0675Pistachio veraL.PistachioProposedAdditionPistacia veraL. PistachiosPistachia vera26 Queensland NutTN 4695see Macadamia nutNL NL NL NL27 Sapucaia nutTN 0676Lecythis zabucajoAubl.;L.ellipticaKunth;L. ollariaL.;L.usitatisMiersSapucaia nutProposedAdditionLecythis zabucajoAubl.NL NL28 Tropical almondTN 0677Terminalia catappaL.Almond/tropicalProposedAdditionTerminalia catappaL. NLNL1NL = Not listedTable 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued):CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14,Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (ii)Row#Codex US EU Crop List or RegulationCommodity Name andCodeBotanical NameCommodityNameBotanical Name CommodityNameBotanical Name29 WalnutsTN 0678Juglans regiaL.;J. nigraL.NL NL WalnutsJuglans regia30 Walnut, BlackTN 4697see WalnutsJuglans nigraL.Walnut, BlackCurrentMemberJuglansspp. NL NL31 Walnut, English;Walnut, PersianTN 4699see WalnutsJuglans regiaL.Walnut, EnglishCurrentMemberJuglans regiaL. NLNL32 Brazilian PineProposed AdditionAraucaria angustifolia(Bertol.)KuntzeBrazilian PineProposedAdditionAraucaria angustifolia(Bertol.) Kuntze33 Castanha-domaranhaoProposed AdditionPachira glabraPasq. (=Bombacopsis glabraA. Robyns)Castanha-domaranhaoProposedAdditionPachira glabraPasq.34 Guiana chestnutProposed AdditionPachira aquaticAubl. Guiana chestnutProposedAdditionPachira aquaticAubl.35 Monkey-potProposed AdditionLecythis pisonisCambess. Monkey-potProposedAdditionLecythis pisonisCambess.1NL = Not listedTable 3. Crop Group Comparison (continued):CODEX Crop Group 022, Tree Nuts Group; proposed US Crop Group 14,Tree Nuts Group; and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (ii)Row#Codex US EU Crop List or RegulationCommodity Name andCodeBotanical NameCommodityNameBotanical Name CommodityNameBotanical Name36 NLNLBetelnutProposedAdditionAreca catechuL. NLNL37 NLNLBunyaProposedAdditionAraucaria bidwilliiHook NL NL38 NLNLCajouProposedAdditionAnacardium giganteumHancock ex Engl.NL NL39 NLNLCandlenutProposedAdditionAleurites moluccana(L.)Willd.NL NL40 NLNLGinkgoProposedAdditionGinkgo bilobaL. NLNL41 NLNLHeartnutProposedAdditionJuglans ailantifoliavar.cordiformis(Makino)RehderNL NL42 NLNLBur OakProposedAdditionQuercus macrocarpaMichx.NL NL43 NLNLOkari NutProposedAdditionTerminalia kaernbachiiWarb.NL NL44 NLNLPequiProposedAdditionCaryocarspp.NL NL1NL = Not listedATTACHMENT 1. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSALTemperate Tree and Small Fruits(Includes Stone fruits, Pome Fruits, Berries, Small Fruits, and Tree Nuts)Workgroup #5IR-4/USDA Crop Grouping Symposium7-8 October 2002Arlington, VirginiaChair: Van StarnerCo-Chairs: Craig Hunter, Rick Loranger,Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, John Wise.Note: The established Crop Groups reflected the US EPA’s 40 CFR 180.41, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency’s Directive98-02, and Mexico’s Crop Grouping System which are identical.Crop Group 14. Tree NutsCrop GroupsUS = 14 Canada = 14 Codex = TN Mexico = 14Author’s Classification of Tree NutsCrop GroupsUS = 14 Canada = 14 Codex = TN Mexico = 14Rep. Commodities Established Commodities ValidateY/N Proposed CommodityAdditions/ChangesValidate Y/NAlmond andPecanAlmond (012)Y Almond/tropical (013)YBeechnut (063)Y Betelnut (069)YBrazil nut (087)Y Coconut (185,432)YButternut (087, 104)Y Ginkgo (256)YCashew (130)Y Hazelnut (278)YChestnut (150)Y Heartnut (279)YChinquapin (150)Y Oak (406,407,410) YFilbert (hazelnut) (278)Y Pili nut (469)YHickory nut (280)Y Pine nut (471)YMacadamia nut (353)Y Pistachio (473)YPecan (455)Y Walnut/black (640)No*Walnut, black and English (640,641)Y Walnut/English (641)No*Filbert (hazelnut) changed to Hazelnut(278) MAKE IT HAZELNUT (FILBERT))YWalnut, black and English changed toWalnut/Black (640); Walnut/English(641)No** ALREADY IN ESTABLISHED CROP GROUPRECOMMENDATION: REPLACE SOME PECAN RESIDUE TRIALS WITH WALNUTTRIALS, ON ACASE-BY-CASE BASISWorkgroup WorksheetWorkgroup #: ___5_______________ Crop Group: ____14_______________________Additions to EstablishedCrop Groups and SubgroupsCommonNameScientific NameGroup/SGPlacementRep Crop EdiblePartPerson(s)RequestingCommentsValidate:Yes or No14.1 GuanaHildegardia cubensis(Sterculiaceae)14 Tree Nut Pecan Seed MexicoEdible oil?AI14.2 Nut-ONogal (Nogal)Juglansspp.(Juglandaceae)14 Pecan Nut Mexico 4 spp. =J. regia, J.cinerea, J. nigra, J.hindiiYES-ADD THIS COMMONNAME TO (640) OR (641)14.3 PistachioPistacia vera(Anacardiaceae)14 Almond Nut IR-4Y14.4 CajouAnacardium giganteum(Anacardiaceae)14Pecan Nut M. Braverman Cashew-like nutsY14.5 DalisonTerminalia edulis(Combretaceae)14 PecanNut M.BravermanYADD THIS COMMONNAME UNDER (013)ALMOND, TROPICAL14.6 OkariNutTerminalia kaernbachii(Combretaceae)14 Pecan Nut M. Braverman YADD THIS COMMONNAME UNDER (013)ALMOND, TROPICAL14.7 NutSubgroupTemperate14A Almond Nut IR-4 NO14.8 NutSubgroupTropical/Subtropical14B Pecan/WalnutNut IR-4 NO14.9 BunyaBunyaAraucaria bidwillii(Araucariaceae)14 Pecan Nut M.Braverman(IR-4)Y14.10CandlenutAleurites moluccana(Euphorbiaceae)14 Pecan Nut M.Braverman(IR-4) HICountry WalnutYEditor’s note: We propose crop definitions for theTree Nut representative crops, Almond and Pecan.ATTACHMENT 2. COMMODITY MONOGRAPHSDraft Monographs, Tree Nuts Group 14 :



### 1. Almond, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (Rosaceae) (012)



### 2. Almond, Tropical, Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) (013)



### 3. Beechnut, Fagus spp. (Fagaceae) (063)



### 4. Betelnut, Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae (Palmae)) (069)



### 5. Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae) (087)



### 6. Brazilian pine, Araucaria angustifolia ( 

### (Bertol.) Kuntze ( Araucariaceae ) (14-1)



### 7. Bunya, Araucaria bidwillii Hook. (Araucariaceae) (14-2)



### 8. Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (Fagaceae) (406)



### 9. Butternut, Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae) (104)



### 10. Cajou, Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. (Anacardiaceae) (14-3)



### 11. Candlenut, Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) (14-4)



### 12. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) (130)



### 13. Castanha-do-maranhao, Pachira glabra 

### Pasq. (Malvaceae) (14-5)



### 14. Chestnut (Chinquapin), Castanea spp. (Fagaceae) (150)



### 15. Coconut, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae (Palmae)) (185)



### 16. Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) (256)



### 17. Guiana chestnut, Pachira aquatic 

### Aubl. ( Malvaceae) (14-6)



### 18. Hazelnut (Filbert), Corylus spp. (Betulaceae) (278)


### 19. Heartnut, Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis (Makino) Rehder (Juglandaceae) (279)



### 20. Hickory nut, Carya spp. (Juglandaceae) (280)



### 21. Japanese horse-chestnut, Aesculus turbinata Blume (Sapindaceae) (14-7)



### 22. Macadamia nut (353), Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) (353)



### 23. Monkey-pot, Lecythis pisonis 

### Cambess. (Lecythidaceae) (14-8)



### 24. Okari Nut, Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. (Combretaceae) (14-9)



### 25. Pachira Nut, Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny (Malvaceae) (14-10)



### 26. Pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch (Juglandaceae) (455)



### 27. Pequi, Caryocar spp. (Caryocaraceae) (14-11)


### 28. Pili nut, Canarium ovatum Engl. (Bursraceae) (469)


### 29. Pine nut, Pinus edulis Engelm. (Pinaceae) (471)



### 30. Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) (473)



### 31. Sapucaia nut, Lecythis zabucaja Aubl. (Lecythidaceae) (14-12)



### 32. Walnut, Black, Juglans spp. (Juglandaceae) and Walnut, English, Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) (640 and 641)

Note: Numbers in bolded parenthesis are or iginal monograph numbers from the second edition of “Food and Feed Crops of the United States. Proposed additions are shown by the Crop Group number followed by a hyphen and sequential number.012

1. Almond [Almond oil, Amandier, Almendro (MARKLE); bitter almond, sweet almond, bian tao, amandier commun, Mandel, Mandelb aum, Bittermandelbaum, amendo, amendoeira, amêndoa-amarga, amêndoa-doce (GRIN)]

Rosaceae

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (syn: P. amygdalus Batsch; Amygdalus communis L. ; Amygdalus dulcis Mill.; Prunus communis (L.) Arcang.; Prunus dulcis var. amara (DC.) Buchheim) (GRIN) 2. The almond is a small tree, growing to 7.6 m (25 ft ), usually held under 6.1 m (20 ft) by pruning when under cultivation. It is grown in California, and is native to warm temperate and Mediterranean areas of Europe, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. The l eaves are simple, lanceolate and glabrous. The nuts are enclosed in a fleshy husk which becomes dry and fibrous and splits open allowing the nuts to drop out or be easily separated at maturity. The shell is porous to woody, and encloses the oblong, flattened kernel. The latter is up to over an inch long and half as wide. Almonds are marketed both in the shell and

as shelled kernels. Oil extracted from almond kernel s is non-drying, and is obtained from both the bitter almond, not edible as a nut, and from sweet almond kernel s. The oil from the two kinds appears identical. The oil is edible, but is used largely in th e manufacture of certain pharmaceuticals (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, bloom to harvest: 5 to 6 months , harvested from August to October (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Seeds are sown in nurseries, the seedlings transplanted after about one year. For special types, as in the U.S., scions are budded or grafted on to bitter or sweet almond, apricot, myrobalan, peach or plum seedlings. Trees are pl anted 6–8 m (19.6-26.2 ft) apart and irrigated, in spite of their drought tolerance. Trees should be pruned to a modified leader system. All types are self-sterile so cultivars or seedlings should be mixed (PURDUE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Common thr oughout North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and northern Africa (WIKIPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from she ll and eaten raw or roasted, or processed into various food products (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: High in vitamin E, monounsaturated fats, protein, and fiber. Low in carbohydrates (WIKIPEDIA). f. Medicinal aspects: Shown to reduce LDL cholesterol, reduce LDL:HDL ratio, and increase

HDL-cholesterol. Also often claimed to have cancer preventing properties (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: In the United States, productio n is concentrated in California with almonds being California’s sixth leading agricultural product and top agricultural export. California exported almonds valued at 1.08 billion dollars in 2003 (WIKIPEDIA). Production of almonds (with shell) in the US in 2006 was 715,623 tonnes/788,617 tons (FAOSTAT). 5. Other production regions: Almonds are cultivated and naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region and temperate Asia (GRIN). Top pr oducing countries include Spain ( 220,000 tonnes/242,440 tons), Syria, ( 119,648 tonnes/131852 tons), Italy ( 112,796 tonnes/124,301 tons), and Iran ( 108,677

tonnes/ 119,762 tons ) . In total, 1,766,127 tonnes (1,946,272 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 1,760,754 hectares (4,349,062 acres) of land. 6. Use: Direct eating, ground into flour, ingredient in confections, made into syrup, and processed into an almond milk substitute (WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Inner kernels. Hulls significant as a feed item (MARKLE). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat and hulls.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts (Representative crop) c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0660) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF (b) (picture), MARKLE, PURDUE, ROSENGARTEN, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 10.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PRNDU013

1. Almond, Tropical [(Badamier, Kamani, Olive bark tree, I ndian almond, Malabar-almond, Almendro, (MARKLE ), indischer Mandelbaum, Katappenbaum, amendoeir a-da-Índia, amendoeira, chapéu-de-sol,
almendro de la India, sea-almond, tropical-almond, badam, badamier (GRIN)]

Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. [syn: Phytolacca javanica Osbeck (GRIN)] 2. The tropical almond is a large tree, 13-27 m tall, found in moist, coastal areas of tropical Southeast Asia. It has opposite, simple, obovate, leathery leaves th at grow in whorls. Bark is brownish-grey and smooth; flowers are small, greenish white, and grow in spikes of 15-20 cm, which arise from the axils of

the leaves. Grown for its edible nut. The fruit is the si ze of a plum with tender skin and juicy edible pulp. The nutmeat is edible, fresh or roasted. It also yields an edible oil and the meal is fed to pigs (MARKLE, DUKE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: In some place fruits are harvest ed constantly; in India two harvests a year in spring (April-May) and in fall (October-November) (DUKE). b. Cultivation: Propagated from seeds, usually plan ted 25 cm apart. Seedlings may be replanted after the following rainy season. Requires good drainage. Prefers coastal areas in the moist tropics (AGROFORESTRY). c. Availability in the marketplace: Nut mostly ga thered locally in the Pacific island region. May be bought in supermarkets in the is land nation of Vanuatu (TRADITIONALTREE). d. Preparation for cooking: Kernel is extracted from shell with difficulty and eaten raw or roasted (DUKE). e. Nutritional aspects: Nuts are high in fat and fiber. Oil is high in palmitic acid (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Leaves are used in a variet y of folk remedies over the range of the tree, most commonly to treat dysentery (AGROFORESTRY). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Not grown on a commercial basis in the US. Grows in southern Florida (SCHNEIDER 1993a). 5. Other production regions: Native to Southeast Asia (SCHNEIDER 1993a). W idely cultivated and naturalized in tropics (GRIN)

. 6. Use: Direct eating of fruit and nut, nut oil, tea (WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit, nut, leaves (WIKIPEDIA). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seed, meal and oil.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0677) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, SCHNEIDE R 1993a, WHEALY, MARKLE, AGROFORESTRY, DUKE, TRADITIONALTREE, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 13.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: TEMCA063

1. Beech nut Fagaceae Fagus spp. 1. American beech [(hêtre américain) (GRIN)] F. grandifolia Ehrh. [(syn: F. americana Sweet; F. ferruginea Aiton; Fagus mexicana Martínez) (GRIN)]

1. European beech [(common beech, European beech (GRIN)] F. sylvatica L. subsp. sylvatica (GRIN) 2. A tall (30-40 m), deciduous, late-successional forest tree of spreading form, found in forests throughout temperate North America and Europe. It is notable for possessing extremely smooth grey bark. Leaves simple, ovate-oblong, alternate, dentate, and very thin and papery in texture. Monoecious flowers in the spring appear with leaves; staminate flowers in droop ing heads, and pistillate flowers in small spikes. Nuts are triangular and develop in prickly burrs in the fall. The nuts are collected for eating in small amounts and sometimes pressed into oil. Cultivated primarily as an ornamental or for timber (DUKE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: Nuts mature in late summer and fall to the ground, over a period of several weeks (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagates readily from seeds sown in the fall. Ornamental varieties are grafted onto seedling stock (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed easily from the shell and eaten raw, cooked, or dried. e. Nutritional aspects: About 20% protein and 50% fat (DUKE). Contains a mild toxin and may cause illness if eaten in larg e quantities (WIKIPEDIA). f. Medicinal aspects: Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as a medicine for various human and animal disorders (USDA FS). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: No data. Not commercially cultivated for nuts but grows from New Jersey to Florida and west to south Illinois and Texas (MARKLE). 5. Other production regions: Western Europe (W OODROOF 1967). Native to temperate parts of Asia and throughout Europe (GRIN). 6. Use: Direct eating, pressed for oil (MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and oil extr acted for cooking purposes and as a salad oil in Europe (MARKLE). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0661) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOOD ROOF(b) (picture), MARKLE, USDA FS, DUKE,

WIKIPEDIA. 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Pro duction Regions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: FAUGR ( F. grandifolia ), FAUSY ( F. sylvatica )069

1. Betelnut [Betel palm, Pan, Nioi-Pekela, Indian-nut, Areca, Areca-nut, Areca-nut palm, Catechu, Pinang (MARKLE); Areca palm, bete lnut, betelnut palm, catechu, pinang, aréquier, noix d'arec, Betelpalme, supari, arequeira, areca, bonga, (GRIN)] Arecaceae (Palmae)

Areca catechu L. 2. Tall palm with a straight and slender trunk, about 15.2 cm (6 in) in diameter, and grows to 9.4-30.2 m (30-100 ft) tall. Native to the tropical Pacific, Asia , and parts of eastern Africa. Large leaves (1.2-1.8 m/4-6 ft) grow in a thick crown; the many leaf divi sions are 0.3-0.6 m (1-2 ft) long each. The fruit is eggshaped, 3.8-6.4 cm (1.5-2.5 in) lo ng, in the form of a seed within a thick fibrous husk surrounded by a fleshy covering. Nut and leaves are chewed in I ndia and many Southeast Asian countries as a euphoric stimulant, and is a very important part of the cultu re. It is estimated that up to 10% of the world population chews betel nut (DUKE, MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: Harvest varies by region, usually taking place in a period sometime between August and March (DUKE). b. Cultivation: Propagation exclusively from seed s, often gathered from 25-30 year old trees. The seeds are usually gathered in November, drie d for several days, and then sown 15-22 cm apart. After 3 months to 2 years, seedlings are transplanted to beds in between existing trees to replace old trees. Prefers shade, and needs to be well-irrigated in the dry season (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Widespread in India and across South Asia in shops and marketplaces. Can be found in the U.S. in Asian specialty stores (WIKIPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Not cooked. Re moved from hard shell and dried or cured for chewing (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: Nuts are very high in tannins and contain arecaine, which is toxic (DUKE). Considered to be a known carcinogen (WIKIPEDIA). f. Medicinal aspects: Commonly used a stimulan t and an astringent, in addition to many folk remedies (DUKE). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: In Guam 3,098.6 kg (6,825 lb ) were harvested in 2002 and 5,182.9 kg (11,416 lb)

were harvested in 1998. In the Northern Mariana Islands, 19,777.6 kg (43,563 lb) were harvested in 2002 and 9,849.5 kg (21,695 lb) were harvested in 1998 (Census 2002). 5. Other production regions: Top produ cing countries in 2006 were India ( 483,100 tonnes/ 532,376 tons ), China (150,000 tonnes/ 165,300 ton s), and Myanmar (57,000 tonnes/ 62,814 tons ). Other producing countries are Bagladesh, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mald ives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. In total, 857,679 tonnes ( 945,162 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 706,392 hectares ( 1,744,788 acres) of land (FAOSTAT). 6. Use: Nuts are used in a preparation of fresh betel pepper leaves ( Piper betle L.) smeared with lime and wrapped around the nut which is chewed for enjo yment (MARKLE). The seeds are cut into narrow pieces and rolled inside Betel Pepper leaf, rubbed over with lime and chewed by the natives (BOTANICAL). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat, leaves (DUKE). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CENSUS 2002, GRIN, FACCIOL A, RICHE, MARKLE, BOTANICAL, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE, FAOSTAT 11. Production Map: NAFTA Production Region: Guam.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ARMCA087

1. Brazil nut [Brazilnut, butternut, creamnut, Paranut (MAR KLE); Brazilnut-tree, noyer de Para, noyer du Brésil, Paranußbaum, castanha-do-Brasil, castanha- do-Pará, castaña del Brasil, castaño de Pará, nuez del Brasil (GRIN)] Lecythidaceae

Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (GRIN) 2. A large tree, up to 45.7 m (150 ft). It is a tropical evergreen, native to northern Brazil, where it forms forests along the Amazon and Rio Nigro Rivers. It has large leathery leaves, 0.6 m (2 ft) long and 15.2 cm (6 in) wide. The fruits are round, about 15.2 cm (6 in) in diameter, with a hard shell near 1.3 cm (1/2 in) thick, which contains 18 to 24 of the 3-sided a ngular nuts. The shell of the individual nut is woody, rather thin, and completely filled with the white, creamy kernel. Large quantities of nuts are gathered from the trees for local consumption and export, but they are little cultivated. The industry is very economically important to Brazil (WIKIPEDIA, DUKE). a. Season, bloom to harvest: About one year when pod (nut) matures and drops to the ground, starting in late November and continue into early June (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: The large female long-tongued or chid bee pollinates the Brazil nut tree. If both the orchids and the bees are present, the fruit tak es 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers (WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Imported in large quantities to the U.S. and Western Europe, and are widely available in grocery stores and markets (DUKE). d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and eaten raw, salted, or roasted. e. Nutritional aspects: Highest saturated fat c ontent of any nut. Rich in selenium and a good source of magnesium (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Sometimes recommended as a preventative for prostate cancer due to the high selenium content (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Not cultivated in the U.S (DUKE). 5. Other production regions: As of 2000, approxim ately 20,000 tonnes (22,040 tons) of Brazil nuts were harvested per year; 50% in Bolivia, 40% in Brazil, and 10% in Peru (WIKIPEDIA). 6. Use: Direct eating and oil, which extracted from the nuts and used by indigenous and rural people for cooking oil, lamps, soap, and livestock feed (WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0662) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a), MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE. 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: BTHEX(14 – 1)

1. Brazilian pine [(Brazilian-pine, candelabra-tree, Parana-pine, pinheiro-do-Brasil, pinheiro-doParaná) (GRIN)]

Araucariaceae Araucaria angustifolia ( (Bertol.) Kuntze [(syn: Araucaria brasiliana A. Rich., Columbea angustifolia Bertol.) (GRIN)] 2. Description: A large, dioecious conifer reaching 40 m (131 ft) tall, preferring well-drained, acidic soil. It is found only in the low mountains of southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina. It has thick, scale-like, triangular leaves, and bears an abundance of edible seeds in each of its large female cones. It is also critically endangered, due to habitat lo ss and from being widely gathered by local and native people for food (WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop data:

a. Season: Seeds mature in autumn, 18 months after pollination (WIKIPEDIA). b. Cultivation: Not cultivated (WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Avai lable in some areas of Brazil (WIKIPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Eaten raw as a winter snack or boiled (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: Not cultivated in the U.S. 5. Other production regions: Native to parts of Br azil, Argentina, and Paruguay. Not cultivated, but 3,400 tonnes (3,747 tons) of seeds are collected annually in Brazil (WIKIPEDIA). 6. Use: Seeds, ornamental, beads, wood (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0679 (Proposed) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ARUAN(14 – 2)

1. Bunya [bunya-bunya, bunya-pine (GRIN); bunya-bunya tree, false monkey puzzle tree (FLORIDATA)]

Araucariaceae

Araucaria bidwillii Hook. (GRIN) 2. Description: A tall (up to 45.7 m/150 ft) evergr een conifer with evenly spaced, horizontal branches arranged in regular tiers and whorled around a trunk that continues to the very tip of the tree. Native only to areas of Queensland, Australia. Young trees are cone-shaped and beautifully symmetrical. Trees larger than 6.1-15.2 m (20-50 ft) lose the lo wer branches and develop distinctive dome-shaped crowns. Bunya-bunya has two kinds of leaves. The glossy juvenile leaves are narrow, 2.5-5.1 (1-2 in)long, stiff and sharp-pointed. The woody mature leaves are oval and short. Mature female bunyabunyas produce huge, spiny, pineapple-shaped cones up to 23 cm (9 in) long that can weigh up to 8.2 kg (18 lb) and contain many edible seeds that resemb le pine nuts. An important food source to local Aborigines (FLORIDATA). 3. Crop data:

a. Season: No data. b. Cultivation: Bunya nuts are slow to germinate, taking an average of about six months, and it takes about one year to develop roots (WIKIPEDIA). Th e plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils which are moist and requires at least partial sun. It is almost exclusively cultivated for ornamental purposes (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Seeds removed from cone , eaten whole or ground into a paste which is eaten raw or baked into a bread (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: Gathered from the wild by Aborigines of Australia (WIKIPEDIA). 6. Use: Direct eating, ornamental, essentia l oils, wood, flour (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds (WIKIPEDIA). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None

10. References: FLORIDATA, WIKIPEDIA, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, GRIN 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ARUBI406

1. Bur Oak [ (Acorn, Burr oak, Mossy-cup oak (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA)] Fagaceae Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 2. A large, deciduous woodland tree native to North America (East Coast to Midwest). Bur Oak has obovate leaves to 25.4 cm (10 in) long, lobed and da rk green. The flowers are yellow-green catkins appearing in the spring. As with acorn nuts the c up encloses the bottom half of the nut. This species has the largest leaves and acorns of any oak and most palata ble nut of all the oaks. Primarily cultivated for its value as an ornamental, as it is very hardy and can withstand a wide range of conditions (MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, WIKIPEDIA). In South Ko rea, acorns are collected in the wild and consumed as a cooked starch-gel, called “Muk” (LEE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season harvest: In the fall of the year (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Prefers loamy to clay soils, and can tolerate semi-shade to full sun. Can tolerate drought, strong wind, and atmospheric pollution (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Some nuts contain low enough tannin levels that they may be eaten raw; other nuts require soaking or overwinteri ng to leach out tannins before they can be consumed (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: Bark may be used as a tonic and astringent (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). g. Crop photos:

4. Production in U.S.: No data. Found thr oughout the northeast and central U.S (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). An important wildlife food source (WIKIPEDIA). 5. Other production regions: Canada, Korea (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). Over 900 tonnes (1,000 tons) were produced in South Korea in 2006 (MAF 2007). 6. Use: Direct eating, baked goods, co oking, ornamental, wood (GRIN, MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, FACCIOL A, WHEALY, MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE,

WIKIPEDIA. 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Pr oduction Regions 1, 5, 7 and 11.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: QUEMC104

1. Butternut [(white walnut, noyer cendré, Butternußbaum, nogal ceniciento) (GRIN)] Juglandaceae Juglans cinerea L. 2. The butternut tree is large, up to 30.5 m (100 ft), and is found from southern Canada to Georgia, and west to the Great Plains. It has long compoun d leaves, with up to 20 oblong-lanceolate, pubescent leaflets. Fruits are up to 5 in clusters, about 7.6 cm (3 in) long and ribbed. The nut is oblong, ribbed, with a hard, woody, thick shell. The kernel is sep arated from the shell with difficulty. The fleshy husk

which surrounds the nut is difficult to remove. Bu tternuts are not cultivated in the U.S., but may be gathered from the wild. The taste is reported to be oily and sweet tasting with a rich, agreeable flavor (MARKLE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: Seeds mature October-November. b. Cultivation: Requires a deep well-drained loam and a position sheltered from strong winds. Prefers a sandy soil with a pH around 6 to 7. Dislikes compacted soils or clay sub-soils, otherwise trees grow well on most soils. Trees can come into bearing in 6 - 10 years from seed and fruiting is usually biennial. Requires about 105 frost-free days in order to ripen a crop in N. America (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: No data. e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: Butternut was used by various native North American Indian tribes as a laxative and tonic remedy to treat a vari ety of conditions (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: No data, see above. 5. Other production regions: Canada (GRIN). 6. Use: Seed can be eaten raw or ground into a powder and used with cereal flours in making cakes, biscuits, muffins, bread, sweets, ice cream, etc. Is also occasionally pressed for oil or pickled (unripe fruit). The timber is used in woodworking and the shells are used in dye (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and rarely its oil (quickly becomes rancid) for cooking (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0663) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, FACCIOLA, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a) (picture), MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Pr oduction Regions 1, 2, 4 and 5.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGCI(14 – 3)

1. Cajou [anacardier géant (GRIN); Caja acu (TRADEWINDSFRUIT)]

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. (GRIN) 2. Description: Very large tropical tree up to 45.7 m (150 ft), native to the Amazon region and the Guianas. (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 3. Crop data:

a. Season: No data. b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). c. Availability in the marketplace: Sometime s available in local markets (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). d. Preparation for cooking: False fruit ma y be eaten raw; nuts are removed from hull and roasted (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Not grown commercially in the U.S. 5. Other production regions: Guyana, Suriname , Venezula, Brazil, Colombia, Peru (GRIN). 6. Use: Fruit is eaten fresh, nut is roasted a nd eaten. A drink is also produced from the apples. (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit and nut (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Fruit and nutmeat.

9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tree nuts and Tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, TRADEWINDSFRUIT, 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: None(14 – 4)

1. Candlenut [candleberry, candlenut-tree, Indian-walnut, lumbangtree, varnishtree, noyer de bancoul,

noyer des Moluques, Lichtnußbaum, noz-da-Índia, nogueira-brasileira, nogueira- da-Índia, nogueira-deiguape, calumbán, camirio, lumbán, kukui (GRIN)]

Euphorbiaceae

Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. [syn: Aleurites javanicus Gand.; Aleurites pentaphyllus Wall. ex Langeron; Aleurites remyi Sherff; Aleurites trilobus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Jatropha moluccana L. (GRIN)]

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. (PURDUE) 2. Description: Medium sized (20 m) tropical tree, now found throughout much of the moist tropics but native to Malaysia, the Philippines, Polynesia, a nd other South Seas Islands. Leaves are simple, longpetioled, acuminate, and may be lobed. Flowers white or cream, occurring in 10-15 cm panicled cymes during April and May. Fruit an indehiscent drupe, difficult to separate from the kernels. Valuable primarily for its useful, inedible oil but ke rnels are often eaten locally, despite the fact that raw and roasted kernels have varying levels of toxicity and may cause vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea (AGROFORESTRY, DUKE). 3. Crop data:

a. Season: Bears two heavy crops each year (DUKE). b. Cultivation: Usually propagated from seed, requi ring 3–4 months to germinate. Seedlings planted 300/hectare. Once established, trees require little to no attention. Requires a hot, moist climate (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and roasted, often combined with sea salt to form a condiment (AGROFORESTRY). e. Nutritional aspects: Many varieties contain high amounts of hydrogen cyanide (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). f. Medicinal aspects: Used as purgative and laxative-stimulant (PURDUE). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Cultivated in Hawaii only (AGROFORESTRY). 5. Other production regions: Found in China, Taiwan , India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia (GRIN). 6. Use: Mostly oil for illumination, soap making, varnishes, etc. Kernels when roasted and cooked are considered edible. Also used for flavoring, seeds, beads, lipids, folklore and mammal poisons (GRIN, DUKE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat (WIKIPEDIA). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, PURDUE, WIKIPEDIA, AGROFORESTRY, DUKE, TRADEWINDSFRUIT 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 13.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ALEMO130

1. Cashew [Cajuil, Cashew apple, Cashew nut (MARKLE); anacardier, Acajubaum, Kaschubaum, Nierenbaum, cajú, cajueiro, anacardo, marañón (GRIN)]

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentale L. 2. The tree is a large, spreading tropical evergreen, 9.1-12.2 m (30-40 ft) high and spreading outward up to 60 feet. Cashew native to the tropical Americas but is now distributed throughout the tropics. The leaves are oval or obovate, leathery, 10.2-20.3 cm (4-8 in) long and half as wide. The nuts are borne on a fleshy receptacle, 5.1-10.12 cm (2-4 in) long, called the apple, which is edible and used for eating fresh or in jams or jellies in the tropics. The whole nuts ar e removed from the apple and sun dried for two days. The nuts with surrounding tissues are 2.54-3.8 cm (1-11⁄2 in) long and kidney shaped. The shell has an oily outer layer, and a thin hard inner one. Be tween these layers is a honeycombed tissue, from which cashew oil is obtained. The kernels are difficult to sep arate from the shell because of the curved shape. After roasting the whole nut to extract the oil, she lls are removed by hand or machine. Most cashews come from Vietnam, Nigeria, and India, but production is increasing somewhat in other tropical countries (MARKLE, DUKE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, bloom to harvest: About 3-4 months for main crop which is gathered off the ground (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagation usually by seed, although sometimes by grafting or other asexual method. Seeds germinate poorly and are often planted several per hole and thinned later. Seedlings do not transplant well and should be planted 10 x 10 m and ultimately thinned to 20 x 20 m. Once established, little care is needed. Fruiting begins in the third year (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Nuts are commonly available in the U.S. and in most parts of the world in grocery or specialty stores. d. Preparation for cooking: Shelle d, salted, and then roasted (DUKE). e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat and carbohydrates (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Anacardic acids found in cashews are lethal to gram-positive bacteria.

Cashew is also used in folk-remedies as an antifungal and as an antivenom for snakebites (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: No data. Grown in southern Florida gardens (MORTON 1987). 5. Other production regions: Cashew is cultivated in 32 countries worldwide, with a total of 33,900 km 2
under cultivation (WIKIPEDIA). The primary pr oduction countries in 2006 were Vietnam ( 941,600

tonnes/ 1,037,643 tons ), Nigeria (636,000 tonnes/ 700,872 tons ), India (573,000 tonnes/ 631,446 tons ), Brazil (573,000 tonnes/ 631,446 tons ), Indonesia (122,000 tonnes/ 134,444 tons ), and Tanzania (90,400

tonnes/ 99,621 tons ). In total 3,103,450 tonnes ( 3,420,002 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 3,387,342 hectares ( 8,366,735 acres) of land (FAOSTAT). 6. Use: Nutmeat for direct eating. “Apple” used fresh or in jams, jellies, and juice. Oil is used for industrial purposes (MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and “apples” (drupe) which are consumed locally. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tree nuts and Tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0295); 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel (FT 0292); d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a)(picture), MORTON (picture), MARKLE. WIKIPEDIA. FAOSTAT, DUKE 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: ANAOC(14 – 5)

1. Castanha-do-maranh 

### ã o [(French peanut, Guinea peanut, mone y tree, lucky tree, maní francés, árbol de dinero, árbol de la suerte, castanha-do-maranhão, castanha-da-praia, cacau-do-maranhão, mamorana, amendoim-de-árvore, cacau selvage) (MONTOSO)]

Malvaceae Pachira glabra Pasq. [(syn: Bombacopsis glabra (Pasq.) A. Robyns (GRIN)] 2. Description: Medium-sized (9-18 m) tropical to subtropical tree native to Brazil. Large (15-28 cm) alternate, compound leaves, palmately divided into 5- 9 leaflets. Large and showy flowers, perfect and terminal, borne on long peduncles. Fruit is a capsu le, longitudinally dehiscent, containing about 10-25 edible, irregularly shaped seeds. Often confused in literature with P. aquatica , but the two are not synonymous (TRADEWINDSFRUIT, MONTOSO). 3. Crop data:

a. Season: Flowers and fruits throughout the year in some places but principally in June through November (MONTOSO). b. Cultivation: Propagated from seed, cuttings, or ai rlayering. Seeds germinate quickly and are fast growing. Resistant to both drought and flooding, but prefers high levels of moisture and is usually found along rivers, sometimes submerged. Grows well in a variety of soil types, and requires full to partial sun. Begins to fruit at 4-5 years (MONTOSO). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from pod; eaten raw, boiled, roasted, or fried (MONTOSO). e. Nutritional aspects: Seeds contain 16% protein and 40-50% fat (MONTOSO). f. Medicinal aspects: The bark is used to treat stomach problems and headaches and is taken to “fortify the blood” (MONTOSO). g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: Brazil (GRIN). 6. Use: Seeds; boiled, fried, roasted, or ground to make a hot drink (MONTOSO). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0680 (Proposed) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, MONTOSO, TRADEWINDSFRUIT 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: None150

1. Chestnut Fagaceae

Castanea spp. 1. American chestnut [châtaignier d'Amérique, amerikanische Kastanie (GRIN)]

C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh. [syn: Castanea. americana (Michaux) Raf.; Fagus-castanea dentata Marshall (GRIN)]

1. Chinese chestnut [Chinese hairy chestnut, châtaignier de Chin e, li, chinesische Kastanie, shinaguri, castaño chino (GRIN)]

C. mollissima Blume [syn: Castanea bungeana Blume; Castanea formosana (Hayata) Hayata (GRIN)]

1. European chestnut [Spanish chestnut, sweet chestnut, châtaignier commun, Eßkastanie, Marone, castanheiro-comum, castaño común, regoldo (GRIN)]

C. sativa Mill. [syn: C. vesca Gaertn.; C. vulgaris Lam.; Fagus castanea L.; Fagus procera Salisb. (GRIN)]

1. Japanese chestnut [ri ben li, châtaignier du Japon, japani sche Kastanie, kuri, castanheiro-do-Japão, castaño del Japón (GRIN)]

C. crenata Siebold & Zucc. [syn: C. japonica Blume; Castanea pubinervis (Makino) C. K. Schneid., nom. inval.; Castanea stricta Siebold & Zucc.; Castanea vesca Gaertn. var. pubinervis Hassk., nom. nud. (GRIN)]

1. Chinquapin [Allegheny chinkapin, chinkapin, dwarf chestnut, golden chinquapin (GRIN)] C. pumila (L.) Mill. [syn: Castanea alnifolia Nutt.; Castanea alnifolia var. floridana Sarg.;

Castanea pumila var. pumila; Fagus pumila L. (GRIN)] 2. The several chestnut species vary in height from ap proximately 30.5 m (100 ft) tall for the American to about 9 m (30 ft) for the Chinquapin, which may be short and shrubby. Chestnuts are native to warm temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere, incl uding North American, Europe, and Asia. All have elongated, oval to lanceolate entire leaves. The fru its are spilled burrs, fibrous as they mature, which partially open at maturity. They usually contain up to 3 angular nuts. The "shell" or covering of the kernel is rather thin and tough, leathery rather th an woody. A fungus disease, chestnut blight, has killed practically all large American chestnut trees in the U. S. The Chinese chestnut, resistant to the blight, is now planted somewhat frequently, and considerable quantities of European nuts are imported (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, bloom to harvest: About 100 to 120 days with nut harvested from ground in August to October (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Prefers a good well-drained slightly acid loam but succeeds in dry soils and in hot sunny sites. Trees require wide spacing to en courage low, broad crowns and exposure to sunshine, which increases nut production. Once estab lished, it is very drou ght tolerant. Although it is very winter-hardy, this species thrive s in areas with hot summers (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Available in much of Europe and Central and Southeast Asia. Often found in the U.S. in supermarkets, especially around the holidays (WIKIPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Nuts are scored to release steam and roasted in the oven or over a fire, then peeled (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: Low in fat and protein, hi gh in fiber. Relatively low in calories compared to other tree nuts (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Chestnut is a mild astringent and expectorant (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Eastern U.S., California and maritime northwest U.S. Almost 162 hectares (400 acres) in California (1992) and over 810 hectares (2000 acres) have been established nationwide (1992) with most in the southeast (WALLACE 1992). 5. Other production regions: In 2006 the major production countries for chestnuts were China (850,000 tonnes/936,700 tons), South Korea (76,447 tonnes/84,245 tons), Turkey (52,824 tonnes/58,212 tons), Japan (23,100 tonnes/25,456 tons), and Greece (20,946 tonnes/23082 tons). In total, 1,179,727 tonnes ( 1,300,059 tons) were produced worldwide in 2006 on 341,698 hectares ( 843,994 acres) of land (FAOSTAT). 6. Use: Served raw, boiled, roasted, cooked with meat, pureed, ground into flour, and candied (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). Chestnut is the most popular nut consumed in South Korea (LEE).7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0664); 022 (TN 4683) for chinquapin d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WALLACE 1992, WININGER 1991, WOODROOF(a) (picture), FACCIOLA, MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, FAOSTAT, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 and 12.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Codes: CSNDE ( C. dentata ), CSNMO ( C. mollissima ), CSNSA ( C. sativa ), CSNCR ( C. crenata ), CSNPU ( C. pumila ),185

1. Coconut [(Coconut oil, Coco palm, coconut palm, wate r coconut, copra, khopra, nariyal (MARKLE); cocotier, Kokospalme, khopar, coqueir o, coco-da-bahia, coco-da-praia, coqueiro-da-bahia, coqueiro-dapraia, cocotero (GRIN)] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Cocos nucifera L. 2. The coconut palm may reach 30 m (100 ft) or more, w ith very large leaves arranged in a crown. It is ubiquitous throughout the tropics. The divided leaves may grow up to 5 m (18 ft) long and the lanceolate leaflets up to 0.9 m (3 ft) long. The fruits are produced in clusters near the growing tip. They vary in shape, but are generally near globose to oblong, up to a foot or more in length. The nut is encased in a thick, fibrous husk which is persistent and must be cu t away to expose the nut. The shell is very hard and woody. When mature the edible, oily flesh or kern el adheres to the shell, with a hollow center which contains a liquid during growth. Coconut is one of the ten most useful trees in the world, and is economically important to many countries. The imma ture coconut or “water coconut” is used for its edible liquid and gelatinous flesh. The commercial coconut is 1 to 3 pounds in weight. The dried flesh or meat of the mature coconut is the copra of comme rce, produced in great quantities mainly for its oil (MARKLE, DUKE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, fruit set to maturity: 11 to 12 months. One mature bunch of coconuts can be harvested each month (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagated by seedlings raised fro m fully mature fruits. Seeds planted in nursery to facilitate selection of best to put in field. Soil should be sandy or light loamy, free from water logging and away from heavy shade. Nursery beds should be raised and separated by shallow drains to carry away excessive water. About 16 weeks after nuts are planted, the shoot appears through the husk. At about 30 weeks, when 3 seed-leaves have developed, seedlings should be planted in permanent sites, at 70-15 0 trees/ha (28-61 trees/acre) (PURDUE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Available throughout most of the world (DUKE). d. Preparation for cooking: Meat of nut may be eaten raw, dried, or processed for consumption. Coconut “water” may be drained from nut and drunk , fermented, or used in cooking. Oil is extracted from dried coconut meat. Apical buds eaten raw, picked, or canned. Sap and nectar is collected and drunk or fermented (DUKE). e. Nutritional aspects: Coconut meat is high in fat (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Used in folk remedies for a range of maladies (DUKE). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: In the US in 2002 over 4,540,000 kg (10,000,000 lb) of coconuts were harvested from American Samoa, 235,535 kg (518,800 lb) from Puerto Rico, 9,434 kg (20,780 lb) from the Northern Mariana Islands, 1,603 kg (3,530 lb) in Gu am, and 5,825 kg (12,830 lb) in the Virgin Islands (CENSUS 2002). Coconuts are also grown in Florida and Hawaii (CRANE 1994). 5. Other production regions: Coconuts are cultivated throughout the tropics. Primary coconut producing countries in 2006 were Indonesia ( 16,375,000 tonnes/ 18,045,250 tons ), the Philippines (14,957,910

tonnes/ 16,483,617 tons ), and India (11,000,000 tonnes/ 12,122,000 tons ). In total, worldwide production was 55,324,323 tonnes ( 60,967,404 tons) on 10,615,978 hectares ( 26,221,466 acres) of land (FAOSTAT). 6. Use: Mainly oil used in cooking fats, soaps, etc. Also used in confections and cookery. A staple item of diet in tropical countries. All parts of the plant are useful in some parts of the world. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Internal kernel a nd oil from it, endosperm, sprout, buds, sap, nectar

(WIKIPEDIA). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Meat and liqui d combined; Copra (dried meat); and oil.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0665); 023 Oilseed (SO 0665); 067 Vegetable crude oils (OC 0665); 068 Vegetable oil edible or refined (OR 0665) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, CRANE 1994, MAGNESS, OLSZACK 1995, RICHE, CHAVAN, PHILLIPS(c), MARKLE, PURDUE, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA, FAOSTAT 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CCNNU256

1. Ginkgo [Maidenhair tree, Icho, Ya-chiao-tzu, ginkgo nut, Ginnan, Pai-kua (MARKLE); ginkgo biloba, noyer du Japon, Ginkgobaum, nogueira-do-Japão (GRIN)] Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba L. 2. Ginkgo is an ancient, deciduous tree up to 36.6 m (120 ft) tall. Ginkgo is native to China and Japan, but is almost unknown in the wild although it is cultiva ted as an ornamental tree throughout much of the temperate world. Ginkgos are dioecious and females produce fruits after they are 30 years old. The fruits resemble plums up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The pulp is foul-smelling. The fruit contain one seed which is about 1.9 cm (3/4 in) in diameter. After the pulp is removed, the seeds or nuts are washed and sun-dried. In U.S., ginkgos are mostly grown as ornamentals, whereas, in Japan and China, the nutmeat is enjoyed as an appetizer or cooked with meat (MARKLE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: Seeds harvested in the fall (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Full sun to partial sun; prefers mo ist, deep, sandy soils in full sun, but is very adaptable to stressful situations, including poor soils, compacted soils, various soil pHs, heat, drought, winter, salt spray, and air pollution (and is therefore very urban tolerant); propagated primarily by cuttings from male cultivars grafte d onto seedling rootstock, but also sometimes propagated by seed. Males are cultivated preferentially for ornamental use, as many people find

the smell of the fruit from the fema le tree offensive (WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Available in China and Japan. In the U.S., ginkgo nuts can be found in Asian specialty stores. d. Preparation for cooking: Kernel is remove d from surrounding fruit and shell, and roasted or canned (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: The kernels are low in fat, high in carbohydrates. May be toxic when raw, and overconsumption of raw kernels has been known to cause death in children (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Ginkgo has been claimed to enhance memory and attention, and is of interest as potential treatment of Alzhiemer’s di sease. Also of importance in traditional Chinese Medicine for various uses, including as an aphrodisiac (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Mainly cultivated as an ornamental in the U.S. (WIKIPEDIA). 5. Other production regions: Widely cultivated throughout temperate Asia (GRIN). Over 4,535 tonnes (5,000 tons) are produced annually in China (FAODOC) . Over 1,360 tonnes (1,500 tons) were produced in South Korea in 2006 (MAF 2007).

6. Use: Canned or dried seeds are boiled and used in soups. Seeds are boiled or roasted. Leaves are used

in traditional Chinese medicine. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seed (nut) and leaves. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seed (fresh and dried); Leaves (dried).

9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tree nuts and Herbs and spices b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, FACCI OLA, SCHNEIDER 1993a, MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA, FAODOC, DUKE 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Re gion: U.S. except northern Great Plains.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: GIKBI(14 – 6)

1. Guiana chestnut [( money-tree, Guiana-chestnut, Ma labar-chestnut, provision-tree, sabanut, châtaigner sauvage, castaño de agua, castaño de la Guayana) (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA)]

Malvaceae Pachira aquatica Aubl. [syn: Bombax macrocarpum (Schltdl. & Cham.) K. Schum., Carolinea

macrocarpa Cham. & Schltdl., Pachira macrocarpa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Walp. (GRIN) 2. Description: A medium-sized (up to 23 m/75 ft ) evergreen tree, native to the tropical Americas but cultivated also in parts of northern Africa and the West Indies. The base of the tree is often buttressed, and the leaves are palmately compound and glabrous, w ith a long petiole. The five-petaled flowers, appear solitary in the upper axils, and are very showy with bright yellow-orange stamens. The fruit is a brown capsule, 3-4.5 cm, with a white fleshy mesoca rp. The edible seed is a popular snack in the tree’s range, but it is best known in the form of a dwarfed ornamental, associated in Asia with financial good fortune and commonly found in businesses. Sometimes confused with P. glabra (DUKE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop data:

a. Season, harvest: New fruits ma ture from March to August (DUKE). b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed. Grow s along freshwater streams and in swamps. c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and roasted (DUKE). e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat and carbohydrates (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: No data. Found in Pu erto Rico and the Virgin Islands (PLANTS). 5. Other production regions: Me xico and South America (GRIN). 6. Use: Direct eating, ornamental, wood (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0681 (Proposed) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, PLANTS, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 13.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PCJAQ278

1. Hazelnut (Cobnut, Filbert)

Betulaceae Corylus spp.

1. European filbert [European hazel, Avellana (MARKLE); cobnut, European filbert, giant filbert, hazel, avelinier, coudrier, noisetier, noisetier franc, noisetier tubuleux, gewöhnliche Hasel, Haselnuß, Haselstrauch, Lambertnuß, Lambertshasel, avel eira, avellano, avellano de Lambert (GRIN)]

C. avellana L. [(syn: Corylus avellana f. aurea (G. Kirchn) C.K. Schneid, Corylus avellana var.

aurea , G. Kirchn Corylus avellana f. contorta (Bean) Rehder, Corylus avellana var. contorta (Bean), Corylus avellana f. fuscorubra Dippel, Corylus avellana f. heterophylla (Lodd. Ex Loudon) Rehder, Corylus avellana var. heterophylla (Lodd. ex Loudon) Loudon, Corylus

avellana f. pendula (H. Jaefer) Dippel, Corylus avellana var. pendula H. Jaeger, Corylus maxima Mill., Corylus pontica K. Koch, Corylus tubulosa Willd. (GRIN)]

1. American hazelnut (American filbert)

C. americana Marshall

1. California hazelnut (Western hazel, Beaked filbert, Beaked hazelnut (Markle)) C. californica (A. DC.) Rose [syn: C. cornuta subsp . californica (A. DC.) A.E. Murray , C.

cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) W.M. Sharp, C. rostrata var. californica A. DC (GRIN)] 2. The hazelnut tree is small, about 4.6 m (15 ft) high, spreading and much branched. Hazelnuts are native to the temperate northern hemisphere. The leaves are deciduous, roundish oval, serrate, near glabrous above, somewhat pubescent on the lower ve ins. The nuts are nearly enclosed in a leafy involucre, but the apex is partially exposed. The shell is hard and woody. The kernel is free inside the shell, and separates freely when crack ed. The inconspicuous female blossoms are exposed and pollinated in advance of the leafing out of the trees. They are valued for their nuts, which are eaten whole and used in a wide variety of products, from nut butter to lique ur. In addition to cultivated kinds, 2 species of Corylus , namely C. americana and C. cornuta are native in the U.S., and nuts from them are often harvested locally (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, tree leafing to harvest: About 4 months (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Prefers warm, sheltered locations, and are usually cultivated by layering or grafting as varieties do not breed true from seed. Planting should be 5-7 m (16-23 ft) apart. Trees should be planted in late winter or early spring after danger of severe frost has passed. Tree

should be trained to a central leader and will form hedgerows if this is not done. Suckers from roots are common and should be removed (DUKE, WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Hazelnut and hazelnut products are common in stores throughout North America, Europe, and parts of the Middle East (WIKIPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and roasted, eaten raw, ground into a paste, or processed in any of several hazelnut flavored products (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: Rich in protein and un saturated fat, low in carbohydrates. Also a good source of thiamine and B12 (WIKIPEDIA). f. Medicinal aspects: Folk remedy for tumors (DUKE). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: In 2006 the United States prod uced 41,000 tonnes (45,182 tons) of hazelnuts in the shell, on 11,462 hectares (28,311 acres). It was the third highest producer of hazelnuts in the world. (FAOSTAT) 5. Other production regions: Cultivated throughout Eur ope, and in parts of Asia and the Middle East. In 2006 the other top producing countries were Turkey ( 661,000 tonnes/ 728,422 tons ), Italy (142,109

tonnes/ 156,604 tons ), and Spain (25,000 tonnes/ 27,550 tons ). Worldwide in 2006, 960,907 tonnes ( 1,058,919 tons) of hazelnuts were produced on 566,617 hectares ( 1,399,543.99 acres) (FAOSTAT). 6. Use: Direct eating, confections, liqueur, nut butter, flavoring, baking, ornamental, wood (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA, MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0666) Tree nuts; TN 4685 for filberts d. EPA Crop Definition: None10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF(a) (picture), MARKLE, DUKE,

WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 12.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Codes: CYLAV ( C. avellana ), CYLAM ( C. americana ), CYLCC ( C. cornuta subsp . californica ),279

1. Heartnut [ (Hime-gurumi, Japanese walnut, Siebold wal nut (MARKLE), noyer du Japon, onogurumi, herzfrüchtige Walnuß, himegurumi, (GRIN)] Juglandaceae Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis (Makino) Rehder [(syn: Juglans coarctata Dode, Juglans cordiformis Maxim. Juglans lavalleei Dode, Juglans sieboldiana var. cordiformis Makino, Juglans subcordiformis Dode (G RIN))] 2. The heartnut is a type of walnut tree, growing to 20 m, that is native to Japan. It is notable for its heartshaped kernels. It is deciduous, with pinnately compound leaves. There are 11-17 leaflets per leaf, each 7-16 cm long and downy-pubescent. Flowers are yellow- green catkins which appear in the spring at the same times as the first leaves. The nuts are spherical , 3-5 cm, and produced in bunches of 4-10. They are surrounded by a green husk until they ripen, in autumn. They are popular as an ornamental tree. Nuts are edible, and have an oily texture. They are easily distinguished by their heart shape (WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: See Black walnut (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Cultivated primarily as an ornamental (WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from hull and eaten raw (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos:

4. Production in U.S.: No data. See Butternut. 5. Other production regions: See Butternut. Japan. 6. Use: Seeds eaten raw and used in cooking (MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, FA CCIOLA, WOODROOF(a), MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA. 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Pr oduction Regions 1, 2, 4 and 5.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGAC280

1. Hickory nut Juglandaceae Carya spp. [(Syn: Hicoria spp

. (GRIN)]

1. Pignut hickory [ (pignut, red hickory, redheart hickory, small-fruited hickory, sweet pignut, broom hickory (GRIN))] C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet [(Syn: Juglans glabra Mill., Juglans pyriformis Muhl. (GRIN)]

1. Shagbark hickory [(scalybark hickory, shellbark hickory, upland hickory (MARKLE); carya blanc, caryer ovale, noyer blanc, noyer tender, Schuppenrindenhickory, caria blanca (GRIN)]

C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch [(Syn: Carya alba

, Juglans ovata Mill (GRIN)]

1. Shellbark hickory [(big shellbark, kingnut (MARKLE); shagbark hickory (GRIN)]

C. laciniosa (F. Michx.) W.P.C. Barton [(Syn: Hicorius laciniosa (F. Michx.) Sarg., Juglans

laciniosa F. Michx(GRIN)]

1. Mockernut hickory [(big-bud hickory, mockernut, square nut, white-heart hickory (MARKLE)]

C. tomentosa Nutt. [(Syn: Carya alba (L.) Nutt., Juglans tomentosa Michx. (GRIN)]

1. Nutmeg hickory [nogal (GRIN)] C. myristiciformis (F. Michx.) Elliott [(Syn: Juglans myristiciformis F. Michx (GRIN)] 2. Large deciduous trees, up to 30.5 m (100 ft) or mo re, all native to parts of the eastern U.S and Canada. All species have compound, pinnate leaves. Fruits are generally near globose, glabrous, and somewhat ridged, and 2.5-3.8 cm (1-11⁄2 in) long, and have edible kernels. The nut is encased in a fleshy husk which becomes fibrous and opens as the nuts mature. The shells are hard and woody. The kernels do not separate from the shells readily. They are not gr own commercially for the nuts, but some quantities are harvested from native or ornamental trees. Limited qua ntities either in shell or as kernels are marketed (MARKLE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: Mature nuts fall out of hulls while on the tree from September to December. Leaf bud opening to nut maturity is almost 150 days (MARKLE).

b. Cultivation: Hickories are found in a variet y of climates and soils throughout eastern North America, but all species prefer mid to high levels of humidity and rainfall, and require a frost-free period of at least 150 days (WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from sh ell with difficulty and eaten raw or roasted (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: Incomplete data, varies by species. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Central and Eastern U.S (G RIN); Nutmeg hickory: US and northern Mexico (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Pignut and shagbark hi ckory: Canada and cultivated in Europe (GRIN); Shellbark hickory: Canada. 6. Use: Direct eating, and used in ice cream, cookies and candies. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0667) Tree nuts d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a), MARKLE,

WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Codes: CYAGL ( C. galbra ), CYAOV ( C. ovata ), CYALA ( C. laciniosa ), CYATO ( C. tomentosa ), CYAMY C. myristiciformis(14 – 7)

1. Japanese horse-chestnut Sapindaceae

Aesculus turbinata Blume (GRIN) 2. Description: A decidious tree growing to 20 m and nativ e to Japan. It is hardy to zone 6 and is frost tender. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripe n in September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by bees. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 3. Crop data:

a. Season, harvest: Autumn. b. Cultivation: Propagation by seed, prefers loam y, well drained soil and is cold tolerant when dormant, although frost can damage young growth (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and soaked in water to leach out toxic saponins, then cooked or dried and ground into flour (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). e. Nutritional aspects: High in toxic saponins. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: Japan (GRIN). 6. Use: Direct eating, flour, ornamental (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seed. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seed.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts (TN 0668) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PCJAQ353

1. Macadamia nut [(Queenslandnut, Bushnut, Australian nut , Bopplenut, Bauplenut (MARKLE);

smooth-shell Queensland-nut, ao zhou jian guo, macadamier, noix du Queensland, glattschalige Macadamia, Macadamianuß, macadâmia, nogueira-do-havaí (GRIN)]

Proteaceae Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Smooth-shell Queensland nut, Nuez-de-macadamia) M. tetraphylla L. A.S. Johnson (rough-shelled macadamia, macadamia-nut , Queensland-nut, rough-shell Queensland-nut, si ye ao zhou jian guo, macadamier, Macadamianuß, rauhschalige Macadamia, nogal de Australia, nuez australiana) 2. The tree is a tall (up to 20 m), tropical evergreen, native to Australia but introduced to Hawaii, South America, and parts of Africa, where it is commercia lly cultivated. Macadamia has oblong or lanceolate leaves up to a foot long and glabrous. Flowers are a creamy white, lacking petals , and borne in groups of 3-4 in racemes along a single, long axis. Fruits are near globular, up to 3.8 cm (11⁄2 in) diameter. The outer covering or husk is leathery and separates readily from the shell of the nut. The shell is very hard, woody and thick. When the shell is cracked, the ro und kernel is free. Occasionally, 2 hemispherical kernels occur in a nut. The single kernels are about 1. 3 cm (1/2 in) in diameter, and rich in flavor. Macadamia nuts are an economically important pr oduct in Australia, Hawaii, and parts of Africa (MARKLE, DUKE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, bloom to maturity: 8 to 10 months. Peak harvest is in October as the ripe nuts drop to the ground (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagation primarily by grafting (seeds easy to germinate but do not breed true), which can be difficult due to the hardness of the wood and is best done in the spring from February to April. Prefers a rainforest-type c limate and must be warm and well irrigated when young, but is much more tolerant of adverse conditions when established. Requires regular fertilizer when grown under orchard conditions (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in No rth America, Australia, and Europe in grocery and specialty stores. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell with extreme difficulty, and eaten raw, roasted, or processed for consumption (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: Extremely high in monounsaturated fat, up to 79% (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos:

4. Production in U.S.: In 2005- 2006 growing seasons, 7,290 hectares ( 18,000) acres were harvested in Hawaii for 27,210 tonnes (30,000 tons) (NASS). Ma cadamia are also grown in California. Most cultivars grown in California are derived from Macadamia tetraphylla or M. tetraphylla x integrifolia hyrbrids (PURDUE). There is a small macada mia industry in San Diego County, CA using M. tetraphylla . In San Diego County in 2006, there were 128 acres producing a total of 192 tons. Macadamia tetraphylla is less tolerant of temperature extremes than M. integrifolia

. 5. Other production regions: Australia, South Africa, Kenya, and Guatemala are the other primary producing countries, with Australia producing more than a third of the world’s macadamia nuts in 2003/2004. Total production in these countries plus the United States for that growing season was 93,923 tonnes (103,503 tons) (FAS). 6. Use: Direct eating, oil, nut butter (WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0669) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, REHM, WOODROOF(a) (picture), FACCIOLA, MALO(b), MARKLE, NASS, PURDUE, FAS, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE 11. Production Map: NAFTA Cr op Production Region 10 and 13.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: MCDIN(14 – 8)

1. Monkey-pot [(castanha-de-sapucaia, sapucaia (GRIN)] Lecythidaceae Lecythis pisonis Cambess. (syn: Lecythis usitata Miers) 2. Description: Large tree, may be over 30.5 m (100 ft) high, native to rainforests of Brazil. Leaves are pink when young. Upon flowering, the monkey pot tree becomes covered in thousands of small rose-purple flowers that attract bees. Fruits ripen in 11-12 months, and are shaped like a small pot, in which the seeds are found. When the fruit is ripe, it splits open and spills the seed across the forest floor (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 3. Crop data:

a. Season, flowering: Septem ber and October (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed, found in moist tropical rainforests (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Seeds are shelled, then eaten raw, roasted or boiled. Reputedly has a walnut/almond-like flavor (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: Brazil, Peru (GRIN). 6. Use: nut, ornamental, wood (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts TN 0682 (Proposed) d. EPA Crop Definition: None

10. References: GRIN , TRADEWINDSFRUIT 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: No entryOkari Nut (14 – 9)

1. Okari Nut (okari-nut (GRIN))

Combretaceae

Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. [(syn: Terminalia okari C. T. White (GRIN)] 2. Description: Tropical tree, 20-30 m tall, with la rge, spreading crown and grey bark, native to Irian Jaya, the Aru Islands, and the Solomon Islands, wher e it is widely cultivated. The twigs are often massive, hairy when young, with leaves clustered towards the tips. Leaves obovate or narrow obovate, 15-28 cm x 6-13 cm, thick, usually acute at apex, tapering at base; petioles up to 2 cm long; leaf undersurface and petioles with persistent reddish-b rown hairs, nervation prominent beneath and depressed above. Flowers in erect spikes; buds globular; calyx lobes triangular, densely hairy. Fruit a large, ellipsoid, slightly flattened drupe, coated with short reddish-brown hairs when young, red, fleshy, and glabrous when ripe, containing a massive woody stone; stone splitting on germination into two almost equal halves containing edible seed. Th e fruit is of great local importance, and said to have one of the best flavors of any tropical nut. The tree also has value for timber (AGROFORESTRY). 3. Crop data:

a. Season, harvest: No data. b. Cultivation: Usually grown or tended in its na tive forests, often in a state of semi-cultivation.

Grows in lowland rainforests and riverine for ests up to 1,000 m (3,280 ft) altitude. Easily propagated by seed, but the seeds have s hort period of viability (AGROFORESTRY). c. Availability in the marketplace: Co mmon in local markets during the fruiting season (AGROFORESTRY). d. Preparation for cooking: No data. e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: None. 5. Other production regions: Wild populations Iri an Jaya, the Aru Islands, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, where it is cultivated. Introduced in Queensland and Australia (AGROFORESTRY). 6. Use: Direct eating; rarely for timber as it is more valuable as a food source (AGROFORESTRY). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nut b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None

10. References: GRIN, AGROFORESTRY 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: No entry(14 – 10)

1. Pachira Nut [wild chestnut, Guiana chestnut (GRIN)]

Malvaceae Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny [(syn: Bombax affine (Mart. & Zucc.) Ducke, Carolinea insignis Sw. (GRIN)] 2. Description: A medium tropical tree up to 18.3 m (60 ft), often confused with P. glabra and P. aquatica although they are not synonymous. It is na tive to the Caribbean, and northern and western South America. Leaves are 25.4 cm (10 in) long, palmately compound, and very dark green. Flowers are showy, with long red and white stamens. Fruit is a very large pod, up to 30.5 cm (12 in), brown, and shaped like a football. The seed is eaten whol e, but little is known about its economic importance, although it is sometimes grown as an ornamental (GRIN, TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 3. Crop data:

a. Season: No data. b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed. Adapted to swampy regions and shores of fresh water, but requires at least occasional drying. Grows in full sun to partial shade (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Seed re moved from fruit and eaten raw or roasted (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: West Indies, Surina me, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru (GRIN). 6. Use: Direct eating (TRADEWINDSFRUIT). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0670) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, TRADEWINDSFRUIT 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PCJIN455

1. Pecan [Black hickory, Pecana, Nogal americano, N ogal pecanero (MARKLE), mei guo shan he tao, pacanier, Hickorynußbaum, Pekannußbaum, nogueir a-peca, nogueira-japonêsa, nogueira-pecã, nozjaponêsa, noz-pecã, pecã, pecana, pecan , pecanero (GRIN)] Juglandaceae Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch [(syn: Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch; C. oliviformis (Michx.) Nutt.; C. pecan (Marshall) Engl. & Graebn., Hicorius pecan (Marshall) Britton, Juglans illinoinensis Wangenh., Juglans oliviformis Michx., Juglans pecan Marshall (GRIN)] 2. The pecan is a large tree, up to 30.5 m (100 ft) in height, and with trunk diameter up to 1.9 m (6 ft). I t is native in the lower Mississippi Valley and westward through Texas, into California and in northern Mexico. Leaves are large and compound, with a dozen or more long, oval, near glabrous leaflets. The fruits are generally oval, up to 6.4 cm (21⁄2 in) long, and fairly smooth. The outer husk is fleshy early, becoming fibrous and splitting open at maturity. Th e shells are relatively th in, hard and woody. The kernel separates rather readily. Impr oved varieties are widely cultivated. In addition, large quantities are harvested from native trees (MARKLE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, bloom to harvest: 5 to 6 months, harvested in Mid-October (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). b. Cultivation: Propagated by budding or grafting. Range is from warm temperate to subtropical. Tree require fairly large amounts of rainfall or i rrigation, but can withstand dry periods due to a deep taproot. Some varieties lend themselves to dwarfing (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in the U.S. and Europe; available throughout much

of the world. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from she ll and eaten raw, roasted, or processed for other consumption (DUKE). e. Nutritional aspects: A good source of protein and unsaturated fat (WIKIPEDIA). f. Medicinal aspects: Contains antioxidants, and can help lower high cholesterol. Also may help reduce the risk of gallstones in women (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: The United States is the primar y pecan producer in the world. Pecans are grown in AL, AZ, AR, CA, FL, GA, KS, LA, MS, MO, NM, NC , OK, SC, and TX. Total U.S. production for 2007 was 158,516,370 kg (349,155,000 lb) (UDSA-NONCITRUS). 5. Other production regions: Australia, Brazil, China, Israel, Mexico, Peru, and South Africa (WIKIPEDIA). 6. Use: Direct eating, confections, ice cream, cookery, charcoal, fuel, wood (GRIN, MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts (Representative crop) c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0672) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, FACCIOLA, MA GNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF(a) (picture), IVES,REHM, MELNICOE 1996e, CROCKER(b), PONCAVAGE, RIOTTE, MARKLE, USDANONCITRUS, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Produc tion Regions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, with 87% in Regions 2, 4, 6

and 8.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CYAIL(14 – 11)

1. Pequi [pequia, almendra de Brasil (GRIN)] Caryocaraceae Caryocar brasiliense Cambess (GRIN) 2. Large tree up to 40 m ( 131 ft) native to dry tropi cal woodland for Brazil and French Guiana. Leaves trifoliate and large; fruit is oblong and approximately 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. The fruit has a thin skin and a sweet fleshy pulp which surrounds the spiny pit. Inside the pit is the nut, which is considered a delicacy. Both the fruit and inner kernel are eaten di rectly. The pequi is especially important to the indigenous people of the Brazil’s Cerrado region, and the fruit is a popular meal in several Brazilian states (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data:

a. Season: No data.

b. Cultivation: Plant 100 trees per hectare (40 trees per acre). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data, but may be available in local markets. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is peeled a nd pulp is carefully eaten, avoiding the sharp spines around the pit. The pit is then cracked open to extract the kernel, which can be dried in the sun and fried with oil, or pressed for its own oil (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: Contains up to 72% oil (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos:

4. Production in U.S.: None. 5. Other production regions: Br azil, Paraguay, Bolivia (GRIN). 6. Use: Fruit and kernel are both eaten whole or pressed for oil. The fruit is also fermented into a liquor (DUKE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Pulp, kernel. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled:

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree Nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: No entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, WIKIPEDIA, DUKE 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CYOBR469

1. Pili nut [(pilinut, Pilinußbaum, nuez pili (GRIN)]

Burseraceae

Canarium ovatum Engl. 2. A symmetrical, tropical evergreen tree, growing to 18.3 m (60 ft) tall. Pili is native to the Philippines and surrounding areas. The leaves, about 30.5 cm (1 ft) long, have 3 to 5 pairs of oval leaflets. The trees are dioecious, with flowers appearing in the axils of young leaves. Fruit is a drupe, oblong, black and appearing in clusters. Each fruit is about 6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in) long with a hard, thin, shell around the kernel. Pili is cultivated exclusively in the Philippines, which exports them primarily to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia, and Guam. Shoots and fruit pulp are also edible, and may be eaten locally or pressed for oil (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: From May to October, peaking in July and August (WIKIPEDIA). b. Cultivation: Requires moist, fertile, well-drai ned soils and warm, tropical temperatures all year long with consistent rainfall. Propagated from seed, although germination is often difficult. Trees begin bearing after 7-10 years (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Locally in the Philippines, as well as parts of China and in Guam (WIKIPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Kernel removed fro m shell and eaten raw, roasted, or processed for consumption in other products. Shoots may be u sed raw in salad, and fruit pulp can be boiled and eaten like sweet potatoes (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: High in calcium, protein, and fats, especially oleic acid (up to 59%) (WIKIPEDIA). f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos:

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: Cultivated commercially only in the Philippines. 4,900 tonnes (5,402 tons) were produced in 2005 (PCARRD). 6. Use: Direct eating (nut, fruit pulp, shoots), oil, in confections, baking (especially in traditional Chinese “moon cakes”), soap, gum, resin (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA, GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Kernel and its oil, young shoots, fruit pulp. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Kernel.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0674) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MARTIN 1983, NEAL (picture), SCHNEIDER 1993a, MARKLE, PCARRD, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: CNBOV471

1. Pine nut

Pinaceae

Pinus spp. 1. Siberian pine

P. sibirica Du Tour [sibirische Zirbelkiefer, Kedr (GRIN)]

1. Korean pine

P. koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. [Chinese pinenut. pin de Corée, Korea-Kiefer, channamu (GRIN)]

1. Italian stone pine P. pinea L. [parasol pine, pignolia-nut pine, stone pi ne, umbrella pine, pin parasol, pin pignon, Pinie, Schirmkeifer (GRIN)]

1. Chilgoza Pine P. gerardiana Wall. Ex D.Don [chilghoza pine, Gera rd’s pine, Gerard’s Kiefer (GRIN)]

1. Single-leaf pinyon P. monophylla Torr & Frém. [one-leaf pinyon, einnadlige Weymouthskiefer, piñón (GRIN)] 2. Tall, conifer trees, up to 12.2 m (40 ft), found in warm to cool temperate regions throughout North America, Europe and Asia, usually in dry areas. These pines have st out branches, and varying needles. Cones are near globose or broad ovate, compact until mature. Seeds are about 1.3 cm (1/2 in) long, elongated and angular. They are eaten directly, also used in confections under the name pignolia. The trees are not cultivated in the U.S., but gathered and so ld in local markets. The U.S. also imports pine nuts from China, where they are cultiv ated commercially. All species of pine have edible seeds, but only a few are considered large enough to be worth gatheri ng or cultivating; the Korean Pine being the most widely traded (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: After fall frost, mature cones open and the nuts fall to ground (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed. Cultivation and requirements vary, lit tle data is available regarding specific practices. c. Availability in the marketplace: Available much of North America, Europe, Asia, and the

Middle East. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from c one and eaten raw, roasted, or pressed for oil (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: Nutrition varies – some nuts from China found to contain high amounts of triglycerides (WIKIPEDIA). f. Medicinal aspects: Oil contains antioxidants and may be used for suppressing appetite (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Mainly southwestern U.S., 363-454 tonnes (400-500 tons) per year (AGMRC). 5. Other production regions: China, Italy, Spain, and Portugal (AGMRC). Production in South Korea was 1,360 tonnes (1,500 tons) in 2006 (MAF 2007). 6. Use: Direct eating, oil, confections, pesto (MARKLE, WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Seeds. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Seeds.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 022 022 Tree nuts (TN 0673) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, WOODROOF(a), IVES, MARKLE, AGMRC 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 9.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PIUSB ( P. sibirica), PIUKO ( P. koraiensis), PIUPN ( P. pinea), PIUGE ( P. gerardiana), PIUMP ( P. monophylla )473

1. Pistachio [ (pistache nut, pistachio nut, pistacia nut, green almond (MARKLE); pistachier cultivé, Pistazie, Pistazienbaum, pisutachio, alfóncigo, pistachero (GRIN)]

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia vera L. 2. The pistachio tree is small, up to 9 m (30 feet), an d spreading. It is native to temperate Western Asia and the Middle East, but has been introduced and cul tivated in many other subtropical areas. Leaves are compound/pinnate, hairy when young, later glabrous. The fruit is ovoid to oblong in shape, an inch or less long. It has an external, fleshy hull which loo sens from the nut at maturity, but must be removed either by hand or mechanically. The nut has a thin, woody shell, which often partially splits when ripe. The kernel is small and smooth, rich flavored and green in internal color. An important crop in the U.S. and several Middle Eastern countries, and is popular as a snack and a flavoring (MARKLE, DUKE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, bloom to maturity: About 5 months (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagated by seed or budding. Difficult to transplant. Requires a sheltered, warm location and moist, well draining soil. One male tree should be planted per seven or eight females to insure fertilization, and tree should be spaced at least 9 x 9 m, with irrigation. Trees do not bear fully until 20-25 years old (although fruiting can begin as early as 7 years old), and have a fruiting life of up to 60 years (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in No rth America, South America, Europe, Northern Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (WIKIPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from sh ell and eaten raw, roasted, or processed into confections (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: High in protein, fat, and carbohydrates (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: May reduce risk of heart disease and calm acute stress reactions (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: In 2006 the U.S was the second largest producer, producing 122,470 tonnes (134,962 tons) (FAOSTAT). 5. Other production regions: Other primary produ cers in 2006 included Iran (229,657 tonnes/253,082 tons), Turkey, (110,000 tonnes/121,220 tons) and Pakistan (60,000 tonnes/66,120 tons). Total world production for 2006 was 576,000 tonnes (634,752 tons) on 594,870 hectares (1,469,329 acres) (FAOSTAT). 6. Use: Direct eating, ice cream, conf ections, flavoring, dye (WIKIPEDIA, DUKE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0675) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, RI CHE, WOODROOF(a) (picture), MELNICOE 1996e, NORTON, BAILEY 1976, MARKLE, FAOSTAT, DUKE, WIKIPEDIA 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 10.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: PIAVE(14 – 12)

1. Sapucaia nut [(monkeynut, paradise-nut, sapucaia-nut , canari macaque, Paradiesnuß, nuez del paraíso (GRIN))]

Lecythidaceae Lecythis zabucajo Aubl. 2. Description: A large, tropical tree native to Br azil, closely related to monkey pot. Trunk has well developed buttresses and deep fissures in the bark. Fruit has a large woody sh ell (capsule), in the shape of a pot, which contains the seeds. When ripe, the capsule splits open with a loud noise, attracting the attention of the local monkeys, who va lue the seeds as food. Sapucaia nut is considered to be superior in flavor to Brazil nut, and was in troduced to Trinidad as a possible commercial crop in the early 20 th century, although it did not meet with much success. Was sold at one time in New York under the name paradise nut (MORI, GREENHALL, FULLER). Very little data on this species could be found, and there may be confusion with other Lecythis species. 3. Crop data:

a. Season: No data. b. Cultivation: At one time was grown in grov es in Trinidad. Requires a moist tropical climate (GREENHALL). c. Availability in the marketplace: No data. d. Preparation for cooking: Seed are removed from shell and eaten. Sap may be drained from the tree to make a drink (GREENHALL). e. Nutritional aspects: No data. f. Medicinal aspects: No data. g. Crop photos.

4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: French Guiana, Guya na, Suriname, Venzuela, Brazil, Eduador (GRIN). 6. Use: Direct eating of nut, sap as a drink. May al so be used in confections and for cooking oil, though no data could be found indicating th e extent of this use (GREENHALL). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat, sap. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: No entry c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0676) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, FULLER, GREENHALL, MORI, CODEX 11. Production Map: Not cultivated in the US.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: LCYZA640

1. Walnut, Black Juglandaceae Juglans spp. 1. Walnut, black [ (Eastern black walnut (MARKLE); noyer noir d'Amérique, schwarze Walnuß, nogueira-preta, nogal Ameri cano, nogal negro (GRIN)] J. nigra L.

1. Walnut, Northern California black [(Hinds’ black walnut, Hand’s black walnut, Northern California black walnut (MARKLE); Hinds' black walnut, Hinds' walnut, northern California black walnut, northern California walnut, kalifornische Walnuß (GRIN); Nut-o-Nogal (SYMPOSIUM)]

J. hindsii Jeps. ex R.E. Sm. (syn: J. californica var. hindsii Jeps. Ex R.E. Sm.)

1. Walnut, Texas black [ (Little walnut, Nogal, River walnut (MARKLE)] J. microcarpa Berland var. microcarpa 2. Black walnut trees vary from small, up to 6 m (20 ft), to very large, near 30 m (100 ft) in height. In the U.S. are widely distributed and are of several speci es, not all of which are listed. All have long, compound leaves, with up to 20 or more leaflets. Le aflets are generally oblong-lanceolate, and smooth. In all, the nuts are encased in a semi-pulpy husk, wh ich does not separate from the nut readily. The nut shell is thick and very hard. The kernel does not sep arate from the shell readily. Only the American or Eastern black is in any cultivation, and commercia l cultivation of that kind is limited. Substantial quantities of the latter are gathered from native trees a nd marketed, mainly after shelling. About 80% by weight of nut is shell. Ground shells are used in industry as an abrasive, and in oil and gas drillings. Shell produces a dark, staining liquid which ofte n make harvesting difficult and messy (MARKLE, DUKE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, harvest: Nuts ripen in September and October (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagation by grafting, transpla nt in early spring. Requires large amounts of N and P. Temperate climates and fertile, well drai ning soils, often in river plains and bottomlands. Alternates heavy and light bearing years. Begi ns bearing anywhere from 3 to 10 year after planting, depending on variety. Cultivated in Europe for timber (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Mainly local collection and some local sale. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell with difficulty, eaten raw, roasted, or processed for consumption (DUKE). e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Many folk remedies in cluding a general cure for various kinds of

dermatitis. g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Approximately 9,070 tonnes (10,000 tons) are harvested annually in the U.S. (PURDUE). 5. Other production regions: Black walnut: East ern Canada (GRIN); Texas black walnut: Mexico (GRIN). 6. Use: Direct eating, oil, bakery products, ice cr eam and candies. Also used as an ornamental tree and for its fine-grain wood as a timber product (MARKLE, GRIN, DUKE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat and extracted oil. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0678) Tree nuts; TN 4697 for Black Walnut d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, FACCIOLA, GREAT LAKES FRUIT GROWERS NEWS 1993, MAGNESS, SYMPOSIUM, USDA NRCS, WOODROOF(b) (pic ture), MELNICOE 1996e, MARKLE, PURDUE, DUKE, CODEX 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 5, (EPA reports walnuts as Black walnuts and English walnuts with 98% grown in Region 10).

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGNI ( J. nigra ), IUGHI ( J. hindsii )641

1. Walnut, English [(California walnut, Persian walnut, Madeira nut, Nogal, Carpathian walnut, Nogal comum, hu-tao (MARKLE); noyer commun, echte Wa lnuß, nogueira-comum, nogueira-européia, nogal común, nogal europeo, nogal ingles (GRIN)] Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. [(Syn: Juglans duclouxiana Dode, Juglans fallax Dode, Juglans kamaonica (C.DC.) Dode, Juglans orientis Dode, Juglans regia subsp. kamaonica (C. DC), Mansf, Juglans regia var. orientis (Dode) Kitam, Juglans regia var. sinensis C. DC, Juglans sinensis (C. DC.)

Dode (GRIN)] 2. This species is the principal walnut of commerce. The trees attain heights up to above 15 m (50 ft) unless restricted by pruning. Native to the Balkans, Kyrgyzstan, and south-western China, walnut is nowgrown in Europe, the U.S, South America, and China. Leaves are compound, with up to a dozen oblongovate, near glabrous leaflets. Fruits are near gl obular to oblong, with a smooth surface, borne at the terminals of shoots. The husks surrounding the nuts are semi-fleshy and generally dehise at maturity, allowing the nut to drop out or to be readily separated. The shell is hard but generally thin, and the kernel separates from it readily. About 50% by weight of nut is shell (MARKLE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season, bloom to maturity: About 5 months (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Propagation by grafting. Require well drained, loamy, alluvial soil. Can tolerate temperatures to -29  ̊ C. Spacing depends on variety. Requires zinc supplements. Begins bearing in 5-6 years for some newer varieties (DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Common in most of the developed world. d. Preparation for cooking: Removed from shell and eaten raw, roasted, or processed into oil or confections (DUKE). e. Nutritional aspects: High in fat (DUKE). f. Medicinal aspects: Used in a myriad of English folk remedies (DUKE). g. Crop photos: 4. Production in U.S.: The U.S. was the second highest producer in 2006 with 308,440 tonnes (339,901 tons) on 87,075 hectares (215,075 acres) (FAOSTAT). 5. Other production regions: Other primary pr oducing countries in 2006 included China (499,000 tonnes/549,898 tons), Iran (150,000 tonnes/165,300 tons), Turkey (129,614 tonnes/142,835 tons), and Turkey (60,000 tonnes/66,120 tons). Worldwide production in 2006 was 1,664,077 tonnes (1,833,813 tons) on 662,978 hectares (1,637,556 acres) of land (FAOSTAT). Production in South Korea was 770 tonnes (850 tons) in 2006 (MAF 2007). 6. Use: Direct eating, oil, confections, cookery, ornamental, wood stain, timber (MARKLE, GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Nutmeat. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Nutmeat.

9. Classifications:

a. Authors Class: Tree nuts b. EPA Crop Group: Crop Group 14: Tree Nuts c. Codex Group: 022 Tree nuts 022 (TN 0678) Tree nuts; TN 4699 for English Walnut d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, CODEX, MAGNESS, RICHE, WOODROOF(b), IVES, REHM, MENNINGER, RAMOS, MARKLE, FAOSTAT, DUKE 11. Production Map: NAFTA Crop Production Region 10.

12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer/EPPO Code: IUGREMONOGRAPH REFERENCES:

AGMRC: Agricultural Marketing Research Center. http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/default.html

AGROFORESTRY: AgroForestryTree Database. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=

18100

BAYER CODES: Bayer Codes for Pests, http://cipm.ncsu.edu/names/index.cfm

BOTANICAL: http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/mgmh.html

CENSUS 2002: UDSA Census of Agriculture, 2002

Publication. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/200 2/index.asp

CODEX: Codex Alimentarius. 1993. Pesticide Resi dues in Food. Section 2. Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. FAO/WHO, Rome, Italy. Vol. 2: 218 pp.

CROP PROFILES: USDA Crop Profiles. http://c ipm.ncsu.edu/CropProfiles/cropprofiles.cfm

DUKE: Duke, James A. 1989. CRC Handbook of Nuts. CRC Press, Inc. 343 pp.

FAS: USDA Foreign Agriculture Service. http://www.fas.usda.gov/

FLORIDATA

, http://www.floridata.com/index.cfm

FAODOC, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Corporate Document Repository. http://www.fao.org/d ocuments/

eID=567 FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Statistics. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?Pag

FULLER: Fuller, Andrew S. 1919. The Nut Culturist: A Treatise on the Propagation, Bearing, and Cultivation of Nut-Bearing Trees and Shrubs Adapte d to the Climate of the United States With the

Scientific and Common Names of th e Fruits Known in Commerce as Edible or Otherwise Useful Nuts. The Orange Judd Company, New York.

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