# United States Court of Appeals **For the Eighth Circuit**

___________________________ No. 12-3332

___________________________ United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

v. John Anthony Markert

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant

____________ Appeal from United States District Court for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis

____________ Submitted: June 14, 2013 Filed: October 22, 2013

____________ Before LOKEN, BRIGHT, and BYE, Circuit Judges.

____________ LOKEN, Circuit Judge. Bank President John Markert approve d five nominee loans by the bank to friends and family of bank cu stomer George Wintz. The proceeds were used to cover a $1.9 million overdraft in a Wintz checking account at the bank caused by the collapse of Wintz’s fraudulent check-kiting scheme. After the fraud was discovered, Markert and Wintz were charged with bank fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1344; five counts of willful misapplication of bank funds by a bank officer, 18 U.S.C . § 656; and aidingand abetting and conspiring to commit those offenses. After a le ngthy trial and three days of deliberations, the jury convict ed Markert of willful misapplication but acquitted him of bank fraud. The jury c onvicted Wintz of bank fraud but acquitted him of aiding and abetting willful misapp lication, and it acqu itted Gregory Pederson, the commercial loan officer involved in the transactions, of all charges. At sentencing, the district court found that Markert’s offenses caused a loss equal to the total amount of the five nominee loans (approximately $1.9 million), resulting in a 16- level guidelines enhancement, and sentencedhim to 42 months in prison. Markert appeals his conviction, arguing there was in sufficient evidence and jury instruction error, and his sentence, challenging the court’s calculation of loss. We affirm the conviction but agree loss was erroneously calculated and remand for resentencing.

I. Background We summarize the evidence at trial viewedin the light most favorable to the jury verdict. SeeUnited States v. Thomas , 422 F.3d 665, 667 (8th Cir. 2005). In 2007, Markert was named Presi dent and CEO of PinehurstBank (“Pinehurst” or “the Bank”), a small bank in Saint Paul. Prior to joining Pi nehurst, Markert was President of Northstar Bank, a community bank with branches in suburban Roseville and White Bear Lake. As Pinehurst’s President, Mark ert had unilateral authority to approve loans up to $250,000 to any one customer . Loans totaling between $250,000 and $500,000 required approval by a majority of a four-person Officer Loan Committee (“OLC”) dominated by Markert and officers he recruited from Northstar. Loans totaling over $500,000 required approval by the Bank’s Board of Directors.

Markert brought to Pinehurst his long- time friend and bank customer, George Wintz, the owner of trucking and warehouse entities named McCallum Transfer, Triangle Warehouse, and Cue Properties. Wintz opened two business checking accounts at Pinehurst, one for McCallum Transf er and one for Cue Properties; he left Triangle Warehouse’s account with Northstar. Markert approved a series of loans to Wintz, quickly reaching the $250,000 limit of his unilateral lending authority. Wintz

-2-soon reached the $500,000 limit of the OLC and sought additional loans. Markert personally vouched for Wintz, informing the Board that he had been Wintz’s banker for twenty-one years. The Board appr oved additional loans. By February 2009, Wintz reached the Bank’s legal lending limit of nearly $1.2 milli on. JoAnn Crowley, who had been Pinehurst’s Chief Financial Officer si nce the Bank opened in 2004, repeatedly warned Markert that Wintz may be “kiting checks,” 1 using a system that allowed him to make deposits without co ming to the bank. These concerns went unheeded. Indeed, Markert fired Crowley.

In early March, Northstar employees discovered that Wintz was kiting checks between his accounts at the two banks. On Thursday, March 5, Northstar returned to Pinehurst fifteen checks totaling nearly $1.9 million due to insufficient funds. Wintz had drawn these checks on his Triangle Warehouse account at Northstar and deposited them into his McCallum Transfer account at Pinehurst, which had credited the deposits. With the deposit checks dishonoredby Northstar, Pinehurst faced a nearly $1.9 million loss on Wintz’s overdrawn McCa llum Transfer account. On Saturday, March 7, Markert and Wintz met with tw o of Wintz’s friends, both of whom had previously lent Wintz money, to ask for additional loans. Without disclosing the check-kiting, Markert advised that Wintz’ s account at Pinehurst was overdrawn, and he was over the Bank’s lending limit. Markert said the Bank could fail, ending Markert’s banking career, unless Wintz came up with money to c over the overdraft. The friends expressed sympathy but re fused to lend Wintz more money.

1 Check kiting is a form of fraud designed to utilize the time, or “float,” needed for one bank to collect on checks drawn on accounts at other banks. By transferring funds between accounts at different banks using checks not supported by sufficient funds, the kiter fraudulently inflates th e account balances, enabling him to write checks to third parties that the unsuspec ting banks pay until the scheme is exposed.
-3-What Markert did next formed the basi s for his misapplication conviction. By Monday, March 9, Wintz had persuaded five friends and family members to sign documents obligating them to repay the following loans by Pinehurst Bank:

C William McDonald, Wintz’s friend and former banker at Northstar, borrowed $200,000. McD onald was led to believe that Wintz needed a short-term loan to make payroll. Wintz’s overdraft and check-kiting were not disclosed.

C Julianne Lenertz, Wintz’s form er girlfriend, borrowed $350,000, ostensibly to pay taxes owing from her sale of a business to Wintz in 2007 that Wintz had agreed to pay. Lenertz testified she knew nothing about the terms of the loan.

C Lance Edlin, Lenertz’s brothe r, borrowed $350,000, believing he was co-signing a loan to help pay his sister’s tax debt. He knew nothing of Wintz’s overdraft or check-kiting.

C Nancy Cook, Wintz’s long-time secretary, borrowed $500,000 in the name of Triangle Logistics, a company that Wintz “gave” to Cook in 2004. Cook testified that she agreed to borrow money but did not know why Wintz need ed it. She did not know the amount of the loan or the interestrate before arriving at the Bank on March 9.

C Debra Strom, Wintz’s daughter, borrowed $500,000 in the name of Win Properties, another Wint z-owned company. Wintz made her President of Win Properties so she could sign loan documents. Although the nominal borrowers signed loan documents obligating them to repay, each understood that Wintz was the real bo rrower and would be responsible for the principal and interest payments. Markert with the assistance of his allies on the OLC prepared and closed the five nominee lo ans on Monday, March 9. Disguised as investments in Cue Properties, the loan pr oceeds were first funneled into Wintz’s Cue

-4-Properties account, then immediately re-directed and credited to his McCallum Transfer account. After discussions withMarkert on March 9, the Bank’s new CFO did not post the checks returned by Norths tar that would have caused a $1.9 million overdraft until March 10. No overdraft was recorded because by then the loan proceeds had infused the account with sufficient funds.

That week, the Board of Directors me t for its monthly meeting. The five nominee loans were included in the monthly information packet, but nothing linked them to Wintz. Markert attended the mee ting but did not tell the Board about Wintz’s near-overdraft or his check-kiting activities. There was also ev idence that Markert and his OLC allies backdated the loan documents and concealed the nominee loans from the member of the OLC who was not partof Markert’s inner circle. In January 2010, during a routine audit of bank files, an auditor uncovered the true purpose of the five nominee loans. Markert was immediat ely terminated. Bank regulators reviewed the Bank’s loans to Wintz and determinedit must book an additional $2.2 million of reserves for the increased loss exposure, which rendered the Bank insolvent. Three months later, regulators closed Pinehurst Bank.

II. Discussion

Markert was convicted of being an o fficer of a federally insured bank who “willfully misapplie[d] any of the moneys, f unds or credits of such bank.” 18 U.S.C. § 656. Conviction of a bank officer under this statute requires proof that he “wil[l]fully misapplied funds for the benef it of himself or another person, for the purpose of defrauding or injuring the bank.” United States v. Barket , 530 F.2d 181, 186 (8th Cir. 1975), cert. denied , 429 U.S. 917 (1976). On appeal, Markert argues that he was wrongly convicted because five nominee loans he caused the Bank to approve were simply “a series of in trabank transfers” in which (i ) the Bank never lost control of the loan proceeds, and (ii) the effect of the transactions was to benefit, not to harm the Bank financially. Based on this interpre tation of the transactions, Markert argues

-5-that the evidence was insuffici ent, and the district court’s instructions erroneous, on the essential elements of willful misappli cation and intent to defraud. We address these two challenges in turn, reviewing questions of statutory interpretation de novo

. See United States v. Reed , 668 F.3d 978, 982 (8th Cir. 2012).

A. Willful Misapplication. It has been a crime to embezzle or “willfully misapply” the funds or credits of a federa lly-chartered or regulated bank since 1864. See Act of June 3, 1864, § 55, 13 Stat. 116. Because willful misapplication, unlike embezzlement, had no settled technical meaning at comm on law, the Supreme Court prescribed an important limitation on this pot entially elastic term in United States v. Britton , 107 U.S. 655, 666-67 (1883):

We think the willful misapplication made an offense by this statute means a misapplication for the use, bene fit, or gain of the party charged, or of some company or person other than the [banking] association. Therefore, to constitute the offense of willful misapplication, there must be a conversion to his own use or the use of some one else of the moneys and funds of the association by the party charged.

Applying this standard, the Court in Britton dismissed certain counts of the indictment because they “charge[d] ma ladministration of the affair s of the bank, rather than criminal misapplication of its funds.” Id.

True to Britton , many decisions of this court and our sister circuits have observed that “the gist of the offense of willful misapplication is the conversion of funds of a federally insured bank by [a bank officer] either to his own use or to the use of a third person, with the intent to in jure or defraud the bank,” without limiting the offense to any common law or statutory definition of “conversion.” Barket , 530 F.2d at 186-87; seeDow v. United States , 82 F. 904, 906 (8th Ci r. 1897) (“conversion in some form”); Johnson v. United States , 95 F.2d 813, 817 (4th Ci r. 1938) (“conversion [of deposited loan proceeds] in so me form”); United States v. Beran , 546 F.2d 1316,

-6-1320 (8th Cir. 1976) (“Conversion of bank funds . . . is encompassed within the definition of criminal misapplication.”), cert. denied , 430 U.S. 916 (1977). As we summarized this principle in United States v. Mohr , “‘Misapplication’ under 18 U.S.C. § 656 covers unauthori zed and improper conduct, typicallyconversion of bank funds for personal use by a bank officer or third party.” 728 F.2d 1132, 1134 (8th Cir.) (emphasis added), cert. denied , 469 U.S. 843 (1984). The district court quoted this passage in instructing the jury on the five counts of willful misapplication.

1. Sufficiency of the Evidence. Overstating the extent to which prior cases have limited willful misapplication to the customary legal definition of “conversion,” Markert argues the trial evidence was insu fficient because the government failed to prove “that the defendant at least temporarily deprive[d] the bank of the possession, control, or use of its funds.” United States v. Duncan , 598 F.2d 839, 858 (4th Cir.), cert. denied , 444 U.S. 871 (1979). The Bank never lostcontrol of its funds, he asserts, because the five nominee loans were structur ed so that the nominal borrowers never controlled the loan proceeds, and “[n]ot a penny of the proceeds” was withdrawn from the Bank or depleted its assets. “This wa s a series of bookkeeping entries and nothing more,” Markert concludes, a classic example of maladministration of the Bank’s affairs, rather than criminal misapp lication of its funds. We disagree.

We assume, and the government more or less concedes, the legal premise that willful misapplication required proof that the Bank lost some degree of control over the funds or credits alleged to be misapplied, whether or not the nominee loan proceeds were, in a technical sense, convert ed. But that being so, Markert’s argument is, on this trial record, factually unsound. His focus on the nominee borrowers’ lack of control is simply irrelevant. As the Supreme Court explained in Britton , willful misapplication occurs when a bank officer converts the bank’s funds (in some manner) to his use, “or the use of some one else,” with intent to defraud the bank. Here, as in other cases where nominee lo ans were used to camouflage fraudulent transactions, the “some one else” was the r eal borrower, check kiter Wintz, not the

-7-nominee borrowers. The loan proceeds were unquestionably funds of the Bank. So the relevant question is, did Wintz have temporary control over those proceeds when they were credited to his McCallum Tran sfer account? No, argues Markert, because no money ever left the Bank when the pr oceeds were used to avoid the impending overdraft in that account.

This contention defies common sense a nd the realities of commercial banking. When a bank makes a loan and deposits the proceeds in a customer’s checking account, the customer acquires use and contro l of the funds, subject to the terms and conditions of the account relationship. Here, Wintz gained control of the nominee loan proceeds deposited into his account, but his pre-existing contractual relations gave the Bank immediate right to these fu nds. The Bank had paid third parties to honor checks previously written on the M cCallum Transfer account, leaving that account with insufficient funds to cover th e checks returned by Northstar. Under these circumstances, the Bank was contr actually entitled to use the nominee loan proceeds to repay itself. Wintz, of cour se, immediately benef itted by avoiding a large overdraft that would have severely dama ged his business and financial interests.

When the Bank paid third parties funds that the loan proceeds were used to repay is irrelevant to the willful misapp lication analysis. For example, in United States v. Mullins , where the defendant bank officer us ed cashier’s checks, rather than new loans, to conceal a check-kiting scheme , the court concluded that the government proved willful misapplication of the amounts of the checks, finding “no merit” in the contention “that the funds were lost long before the issuance . . . of these cashier’s checks.” 355 F.2d 883, 886 (7 th Cir.), cert. denied , 384 U.S. 942 (1966). 2Likewise, Markert willfully misapplied loan proceeds for the control and benefit of customer Wintz. Compare United States v. Ness , 665 F.2d 248, 249, 251 (8th Cir. 1981). As

2 The dissent asserts that this opinion “doe s not cite to a single case that mirrors the facts we have before us.” In our view, Mullins is factually indistinguishable. No two complex fraud cases will ever be“mirror” images of each other.
-8-we noted over a century ago, “it is not al ways necessary that money should be actually withdrawn from a bank, to constitute a crimin al misapplication of its funds . . . .” Rieger v. United States , 107 Fed. 916, 930 (8th Cir.), cert. denied , 181 U.S. 617 (1901); accordUnited States v. Rickert , 459 F.2d 352, 354 (5th Cir. 1972) (“It is not necessary . . . that cash actually leave the bank.”).

That the Bank suffered harm encompassed by the willful misapplication provision in § 656 is evident in other ways as well. By lending money to Wintz through nominees and concealing that fact from the Board of Directors, Markert caused the Bank to lend Wintz and his comp anies $2.2 million more than its federally regulated lending limit allowed. The gove rnment presented testimony that lending limits protect a bank’s financ ial safety by reducing the risk caused by committing too much capital to a single borrower. “Violati on of state law or bank policy may indicate [willful] misapplication.” Mohr , 728 F.2d at 1134; accordUnited States v. Clark , 765 F.2d 297, 303 (2d Cir. 1985) (nominee loan s above the bank’s lending limits pose sufficient “risk of pecuniary loss” to c onstitute misapplication); United States v. Dougherty , 763 F.2d 970, 972-73 (8th Cir. 1985) (using unapproved bankers’ acceptances to conceal overdrafts was willf ul misapplication). Markert caused loan proceeds to be used for a purpose that th e Board would not (and indeed could not) have approved. See United States v. Crabtree , 979 F.2d 1261, 1267 (7th Cir. 1992), cert. denied , 510 U.S. 878 (1993); United States v. Woods , 877 F.2d 477, 480 (6th Cir. 1989) (“the bank was effectively deprived , without its consent, of control over its funds for an additional twenty-two months. That deprivation of control is sufficient to constitute misapplication of bank funds.”); United States v. Shively , 715 F.2d 260, 265-66 (7th Cir. 1983) (willful misapplicati on “must require that the bank’s money have been used for a purpose that the ba nk would not have agreed to had it known what the purpose was”), cert. denied , 465 U.S. 1007 (1984).

United States v. Michael , 456 F. Supp. 335, 342 (D.N.J. 1978), on which Markert relies, is distinguishable because the court granted a motion to dismiss counts

-9-in an indictment charging willful misappli cation, whereas here we have a full trial record. To the extent categorical statem ents in that opinion are contrary to our construction of the willful misapp lication offense, we find Michael unpersuasive and decline to follow it. We have long held that withdrawal of funds from the victim bank is not a necessary element, so long as th e requisite intent to defraud is proved.

2. A Misapplication Instruction Issue. Without objection, the district court instructed the jury that the five willful misapplication counts in the indictment required the government to prove that Markert “willfully misapplied the moneys or funds belonging to or intrusted to the custody or care of Pinehurst Bank . . . . with intent to defraud Pinehurst Bank.” The court further instructed:

The phrase “willfully misapplies” means the unauthorized, or unjustifiable or wrongful use of a ba nk’s funds. Misapplication includes the wrongful taking or use of money of the bank by a bank officer or employee for his own benefit or for the use and benefit of some other person. “Misapplication of bank funds” c overs unauthorized and improper conduct, 3 typically conversion of bank funds for personal use by a bank officer or a third party.

Markert argues the court erred when it instructed that “willfully misapplies” means “the unauthorized or unjustifiable or wrongful use of a bank’s funds.” He posits that, by failing to instruct that willful misappli cation requires proof that the Bank at least temporarily lost control or possession of its funds, the instruction included imprudent

3 We have questioned the Eighth Circuit Model Jury Instruction that defines “misapplication” to include “unauthori zed” conduct because simply using bank funds without authorization may lack the necessary mens rea . United States v. Robertson , 709 F.3d 741, 745 n.3 (8th Cir. 2013), in terpreting 18 U.S.C. § 1163, a statute modeled on § 656. But that concern is not present here because the instructions clearly required the jury to find that Markert acted with intent to defraud.
-10-loans that do not involve the essential el ement of conversion, “thereby improperly criminalizing bad banking.” Markert acknowledges that our re view is for plain error because he did not object to this instruction. See United States v. Gill , 513 F.3d 836, 852 (8th Cir.), cert. denied , 555 U.S. 1080 (2008).

We conclude that the district court’s willful misapplication instruction was not error, much less plain error, primarily fo r the reasons we reject Markert’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence on this issue. As we have explained, the evidence plainly showed that the Bank lost contro l of the nominee loan proceeds when they were deposited into Wintz’s McCallum Tran sfer checking account at the Bank. The court instructed the jury that, to convict Markert, it must find that he misapplied bank funds and did so with intent to defraud the Ba nk. At Markert’s request, the court further instructed that “[g]ood faith is a complete defense to each charge of . . . misapplication of bank funds,” and that “evi dence which establishes only that a person made a mistake in judgment or an error in management . . . does not establish fraudulent intent.” When considered as a whole, these instructions defined the essential elements of the offense and suffi ciently guarded against a conviction based on negligence, poor judgment, or “technical” violations of banking practices or regulatory requirements. Th e jury necessarily found, ba sed on more than sufficient evidence, that Markert willfully and surreptitiously misapplied the nominee loan proceeds for the use and benefit of the real borrower, George Wintz, with the intent to defraud the Bank.

B. Intent to Defraud. Though no longer expressly statedin the statute, all courts agree that intent to defraud or injure th e bank remains an essential element of the willful misapplication offense under 18 U.S.C. § 656. See, e.g. , Barket , 530 F.2d at 186. Markert again argues insufficiency of the evidence and jury instruction error as to this element of the offense.

-11-1. Sufficiency of the Evidence. Markert argues the ev idence was insufficient to prove that he acted with the requisite intent to defraud or injure the Bank because intent to defraud requires proof of probabl e loss to the Bank, and the trial evidence demonstrated that the nominee loan proceeds benefitted the Bank because they (i) avoided a costly overdraft condition in Wintz’s McCallum Transfer account, and (ii) left the Bank at least some recourse agains t the five nominee borrowers. We disagree. First, the contention is legally unsound. As we have explained, knowing violation of rules designed to protect a bank’s financial safety and stability, such as legal lending limits, when done with the intent to deceive the bank (for example, to protect one’s employment or to conceal bank fraud by a customer), falls s quarely within the offense of willful misapplication of bank funds. Second, the contention is factually unsound. Markert committed the Bank’s loan reserves to nominee loans the Board of Directors and bank regulators would not have approved, to avoi d an overdraft condition resulting from the real borrower’s fraudulent check-kiting, a transaction that clearly created a probable risk of further loss to the Bank.

Intent to defraud “exists if a person act s knowingly and if th e natural result of his conduct would be to . . . defraud the ba nk even though this may not have been his motive.” Beran , 546 F.2d at 1321 (quotations omitted). That Markert intended or hoped to help Pinehurst avert an overdraft loss does not establish that he lacked an intent to defraud, though it may evidence lack of an intent to injure. Markert did much more than negligently approve imprudent nominee loans. He helped Wintz deceive the nominee borrowers, backdated loan documents, concealed the nominee loans from the fourth member of the OLC, and falsely stru ctured the transactions as investments in Cue Properties to conceal the true purpose of th e loans from both the putative borrowers and the Bank’s Board of Dir ectors. All this is more than sufficient evidence for the jury to find th e requisite intent to defraud. “The fact that [Markert] did not personally profit from his criminal conduct is not a legal excuse for his action.” Dougherty , 763 F.2d at 972.

-12-2. The Intent to Defraud Instruction. Without objection, the district court defined the phrase “intent to defraud” to mean “to act knowingly with intent to deceive or cheat, for the purpose of causing a financial loss to someone else or bringing about a financial gain to the defe ndant or another.” On appeal, Markert argues the court plainly erred when it failed to instruct that, to find an intent to defraud, the jury must find that Markert’s actions subjected the bank to increased risk of pecuniary loss. We disa gree. The court’s instructi on was consistent with Eighth Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instruc tion 6.18.656 and with the instruction we approved in Dougherty , 763 F.2d at 973. In addition, th e court instructed that “[g]ood faith is a complete defense to each chargeof . . . misapplication . . . because it is inconsistent with the intent to defraud, whic h is an element of those charges.” There was no error, plain or otherwise.

C. The Nominee Loan Instruction. Count 2 of the indictment charged Markert and his co-defendants withbank fraud. As 18 U.S.C. § 1344(1) requires, Count 2 alleged “a scheme and artif ice to defraud Pinehurst Bank” by issuing and concealing five loans to “straw borrowers . . . commonly known as a ‘nominee loan’ scheme.” The district court addressed this a llegation in Jury Instruction No. 20:

Count Two . . . charges that th e scheme to defraud . . . was accomplished through nominee loans. No minee loans are loans in which the nominal borrower was actually obtaining the money for a third party’s benefit. The mere transfer of a loan’s proceeds to a third party is not illegal. However, such a lo an may be unlawful when the borrower and the bank officer fail to state the real borrower and recipient of the funds, thereby obtaining the loans by means of false pretenses when doing so with the intent to defraud the bank.
Markert joined Wintz’s timely objection and pursues the issue on appeal, so we review this instruction for abuse of discre tion, recognizing the district court has wide latitude, so long as the entire charge, when considered as a whole, fairly and adequately contains the applicable law. See, e.g. , United States v. Bevans , 496 F.2d

-13-494, 499 (8th Cir. 1974). Applying this sta ndard, Instruction No. 20 was plainly a correct portion of the instructions relating to the bank fraud charges in Count 2. It carefully tracked our description of “nominee loans” in United States v. Willis , 997 F.2d 407, 410 n.2 (8th Cir. 1993), cert. denied , 510 U.S. 1050 (1994), a bank fraud case, with the addition -- encouraged by defe nse counsel at the instruction conference -- of the significant proviso, “when doing so with the intent to defraud the bank.”

On appeal, Markert of course shifts our focus away from Count 2, a charge of which he was acquitted. Rather, he now ar gues that this instruction was an abuse of the district court’s discretion in instruc ting the jury on the willful misapplication charges (Counts 3-7) because it failed to inst ruct that a defendant does not act with intent to defraud unless he knows that the nominal borrowe r lacks the financial ability to repay the nominee loan. In instructi ng on Counts 3-7, the court explained:

Counts Three through Seven charge that the misapplication of bank funds was accomplished by the approval and disbursement of bank funds for five nominee loans to bo rrowers of George Wintz. I have already defined “nominee loans” in Jury Instruction No. 20.

There was no objection to this instruction. Nor was the issue of the nominee borrowers’ ability to repay ever raised at the instruction conference. Therefore, our review of the nominee loan instruction as it relates to Counts 3-7 is for plain error.

The district court’s definition of “nominee loans,” taken verbatim from our opinion in Willis , was unobjectionably simple -- “Nominee loans are loans in which the nominal borrower was actually obtaining the money for a thir d party’s benefit.” What is more complex and can be debata ble is defining when the use of nominee loans gives rise to criminal liability. Bank fraud and willful misapplication of bank funds are distinct offenses, but each has the e ssential element of intent to defraud. The district court properly included that elemen t in Instruction No. 20 and then included intent to defraud in its further instructions on Counts 3-7. Thus, the nominee loan

-14-instruction in no way diluted the court’s instruction that the jury must find intent to defraud to convict Markert of willful misapplication.

We disagree with Markert’s assertion th at a nominee borrower’s ability to repay always establishes the lack of intent to de fraud. For example, when a bank officer uses nominee loans to conceal that he will use the proceeds for his own interests, “the financial condition of the puta tive borrower is irrelevant.” United States v. Steffen , 641 F.2d 591, 597 (8th Ci r.), cert. denied , 452 U.S. 943 (1981). The evidence in this case presented an analogous situation -- use of nominee loans to conceal that the true borrower had exceeded his lending limits. 4 We agree with Markert that the nominee borrower’s ability and intent to repay will be relevant in some cases. Compare United States v. Brennan , 994 F.2d 918, 923 (1st Cir. 1993), with United States v. Parsons , 646 F.2d 1275, 1279-80 (8th Cir. 1981). But in our view, the evidence in this case strongly suggested that the nominal borro wers’ ability to repay their loans was not essential to the question whether the scheme resulted in the willful misapplication of the loan proceeds. There was strong evidence the nominal borrowers were deceived about the purpose of the loans, did not know the loan terms, and some rather clearly lacked the ability to repay. As the district court’s instru ctions, considered as a whole, fairly and adequately presen ted the essential elements of the willful misapplication offense, we conclude there was no error, plain or otherw ise, in the manner in which the court incorporated its nominee loan bank fraud instruction into the willful misapplication offenses charged in the indictment.

III. The Sentencing Issue

Prior to sentencing, the RevisedPresentence Investigation Report recommended, without explanation, a findi ng that Markert’s willful misapplication

4 Moreover, although Markert did not recei ve the loan proceeds, there was evidence he viewed the transactions as necessary to preserve his employment.
-15-offenses caused a loss equal to the total am ount of the five nominee loans, nearly $1.9 million, resulting in a 16-level increase unde r the advisory Sentencing Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(I). The government’s sentencing memorandum supported this recommendation on two grounds: (1) num erous cases have held that loss in check-kiting cases is calculated in this fa shion, and Wintz’s ch eck-kiting was relevant conduct in Markert’s offense; and (2) “the amount of loss in misapplication and fraudulent loan cases is the amount of funds misapplied,” citing United States v. Hulshof, 23 F.3d 1470 (8th Cir. 1994). Mark ert’s sentencing memorandum argued, as he argues on appeal, that both the actual loss to the Bank resulting from the nominee loan transactions, and the loss he in tended to inflict, were zero. As the Bank’s loss caused by Wintz’s completed ch eck-kiting had already been incurred, he explained, the net loss -- “thedifference between what the victim paid and what the victim recovered” -- was zero. If anythi ng, he argued, the nominee loans improved the Bank’s financial position.

At sentencing, over Markert’s objection, the district court adopted the loss figure recommended in the PSR, explaining:

The misapplication of the bank f unds through the nominee loan scheme was used to avoid detection or re sponsibility of an underlying check kite which totaled $1.8 million. The amount of funds misapplied is the amount of the loss in a misapplicati on case and here those nominee loans totaled $1.8 million.

This 16-level increase produced an adviso ry guidelines range of 87 to 108 months. The court varied downward and sentenced Markert to 42 months in prison. He appeals the fraud loss determination. We review the district court’s fact findings for clear error and its interpretati on of the advisory guidelines de novo . See United States v. Holthaus , 486 F.3d 451, 454 (8th Cir.), cert. denied , 552 U.S. 939 (2007). Although the court granted a substantial dow nward variance, the 16-level increase, if it was procedural guidelines error, cannot be deemed harmless.

-16-In defending the district court’s ruli ng that the amount of funds misapplied equals the amount of actual loss in a willful misapplication case, the government cites only one § 656 decision, Hulshof . That case is distinguish able because the misapplied funds at issue were not the proceeds of new loans by the victim bank . More importantly, Hulshof was decided before the Sentencing Commission adopted extensive revisions to the guidelines and commentary governing the calculation of loss for theft and fraud offenses, revisions in tended to resolve seve ral issues that had split the circuits. See U.S.S.G. App. C., Vol. II, Ame nd. 617, at 130-86. Under the revised guideline, “actual loss” is now defined as “the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)(i). “Actual loss” under the revise d guideline is a “net loss” concept based upon “the difference between what the victim paid and what the victim recovered plus any other forms of reasonably foreseeablepecuniary harm that resulted from the offense.” United States v. Hartstein , 500 F.3d 790, 798 n.3 (8th Cir. 2007), cert. denied , 552 U.S. 1102 (2008); § 2B1.1 comment. (n.3(E)); accordUnited States v. Smith , 951 F.2d 1164, 1167 (10th Cir. 1991). As the Sentencing Commission explained:

The loss definition also provides for the exclusion from loss of certain economic benefits transferred to vic tims, to be measured at the time of detection [of the offense]. This provision codifies the “net loss” approach that has developed in th e case law . . . . This crediting approach is adopted because the seriousness of the offense and the culpability of a defendant is better determined by using a net approach. This approach recognizes that the offender who transfers something of value to the victim[] generally is committing a less serious offense than an offender who does not.
App. C. - Vol. II, Amend. 617, at 183; accord § 2B1.1 comment. (background).

The government’s actual loss contention as adopted by the district court ignored this change in the revised loss guideline by failing to acknowledgethat the monetary

-17-value of the nominee loans the Bank recei ved in exchange for the misapplied proceeds, measured at the time the misapplication offense was detected, must be credited against actual loss. 5 The government has the bur den to prove actual loss by the preponderance of the eviden ce. The trial record reflect ed considerable effort by the Bank to obtain repayment of the nomin ee loans, either by the nominal borrowers or by Wintz. The net value of those loans, measured at the tim e their nominal nature was detected, may be difficult to measure. “The court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss.” § 2B1.1, comment. n.3(C). But here no attempt was made to determine what value to credit in the actual loss calculation. A remand is required.

In a footnote to its appeal brief, th e government alternatively contended that Markert’s actual loss should be the amount of the “float” when Wintz’s check-kiting scheme unraveled, a finding we upheld in an earlier case of check-kiting fraud, United States v. Whitehead , 176 F.3d 1030, 1042 (8th Cir. 1999). We reject this contention. We did not adopt this as a categorical rule in Whitehead . More importantly, Markert was not charged with a check-kiting offense, and he was acquitted of the charge that he conspired with Wintz to commit bank fraud.

Under the revi sed guideline, the amount of loss continues to be the greater of actual or intended loss. SeeU.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)). Here, in response to Markert’s contention that the intended loss was zero because he had no subjective intent to harm the Bank, the governmenton appeal disclaimed any reliance on an intended loss theory. Thus, the issue turn s on its flawed calculation of actual loss.

We affirm Markert’s conviction and remand for resentencing.

5 By contrast, a defendant’s repayment of funds after the discovery of a fraud offense is not relevant to sentencing. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 comment. (n.3(E)); United States v. Stennis-Williams , 557 F.3d 927, 930 (8th Cir. 2009).
-18-BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

I concur with the majority’s decisi on to remand for resentencing, but write separately to express my strong disagreement with the majo rity’s conclusion that the evidence was sufficient to support John Markert’s conviction. Markert’s actions did not deprive Pinehurst Bank of any possession, control, or us e of its funds. Therefore, I respectfully dissent. Because Markert’s crime is unproved, I would reverse his conviction and release him from prison.

I will briefly summarize the facts. George Wintz, through companies he controlled, engaged in a check-kiting sc heme involving Pinehurst Bank (the Bank) and North Star Bank, rapidly transferring funds between the two banks to artificially inflate his account balances. By the time the defendant Markert was notified of this activity, approximately $1.9 million hung in the balance. Markert sought a way to cover Wintz’s impending overdraft. The Bank had previously reached its lending limit to Wintz and his companies, meaning it could not lend to any of them directly. In an attempt to save the Bank, Markert arranged five “nominee” loans to cover the $1.9 million overdraft. Five individuals ag reed to take out loans from the Bank, but to allow the loan proceeds to be imme diately transferred to Wintz through his company accounts.
In January 2010, an audit of the Bank re vealed that Markert had issued the nominee loans to cover the overdraft resulting from Wintz’s check-kiting scheme. The Government indicted Markert on vari ous counts, including one count of bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344 and fi ve counts of willful misapplication of bank funds by a bank officer in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 656. A jury convicted him of the five counts of misapplication of funds, but acquitted him of bank fraud. The district court sentenced Markert to 42 months in prison. He appeals.

-19-Markert’s conviction should not stand.

The relevant law is as follows. In or der to prove a crime of misapplication of bank funds under 18 U.S.C. § 656, the Gove rnment was required to prove that Markert converted the funds of a federally insured bank fo r the benefit of himself or another person, with the intent to injure or defraud the bank. Un ited States v. Barket , 530 F.2d 181, 186-87 (8th Cir. 1975), cert. denied , 429 U.S. 917 (1976); see United States v. Beran , 546 F.2d 1316, 1320 (8th Cir. 1976) (“Conversion of bank funds for personal use, or for the use of another i ndividual or corporation, is encompassed within the definition of criminal misapplication.”), cert. denied , 430 U.S. 916 (1977). In order to establish the conversion on which misapplication depends, the Government must prove either “actual loss” or “that th e defendant at least temporarily deprive[d] the bank of the possession, control or use of its funds.” United States v. Duncan , 598 F.2d 839, 858 (4th Cir. 1979), cert. denied , 444 U.S. 871 (1979); see Dow v. United States , 82 F. 904, 906 (8th Cir. 1897) (“To comp lete a misapplication of the funds of the bank, it was necessary that some portion thereof should be withdrawn from the possession or control of the bank, or a conversion in some form should be made thereof, so that the bank would be deprived of the benefit thereof.”) . As clearly stated, there must be a conversion.

Here, the Government did not prove th at Markert converted funds. The Bank suffered no actual loss because it retained all the funds from the nominee loans, nor did the Bank ever lose contro l of the funds at issue. On March 9, 2009, Markert distributed three of the loans into the nominee borrowers’ checking accounts, then to Wintz’s Cue Properties account, and finally to Wintz’s McCallum Transfer account. The other two nominee loans were transferred directlyinto the Cue Properties account and then to the McCallum Transfer account . The chain of transactions was only a bookkeeping matter and was recorded in a matter of seconds. If, as here, “control” over the funds is so short in time that one ca nnot practically exercise any control at all,

-20-it follows that the bank is not deprived of the “possession, control or use of its funds” that is required for a conversion.

Cognizant that the nominee borrowers la cked any control over the funds, the majority now supports the conviction with a theory that was never advanced by the Government—that Wintz, not the nominee bo rrowers, had temporary control over the proceeds when they were cr edited to his McCallum Transf er account. This control, the majority contends, is sufficient to establish a conversion. However, in its brief, the Government is crystal clear in its view that Markert converted the funds at the time they were distributed to the nominees , not to Wintz. In its brief, the Government
states:

Here, conversion of bank funds with in the meaning of this Court’s precedents was established. Markert caused the Bank to commit its capital, and disburse from its genera l funds $1.9 million in new loans. He caused the loan proceeds to be disbursed to Wintz’s nominees, in violation of the Bank’s policy and state lending requirements. Conversion occurred at the time of disbursement, at which point the nominees, not the Bank, had possession and control of the funds

. (Gov. Br. at 35-36.) (emphasis a dded). Later in its brief, the Government again insists that Markert converted the funds because “the nominee borrowers gained control over the loan proceeds as soon as they received them.” (Gov. Br. at 40.) I take the majority’s shift in focus to whether Wintz exercised control over the funds as a tacit recognition that the Government has not a nd cannot prove its theory of conversion to the nominee borrowers to support Markert’s conviction.

Ironically, the majority’s new theory fares no better than the Government’s theory. The majority now contends thata conversion occurred when Wintz gained control of the $1.9 million in loan proceeds at the time they were distributed into his McCallum Transfer account. I disagree. Atthe time the proceeds were distributed in

-21-Wintz’s McCallum Transfer account, there was approximately $1.9 million of overdraft “in float” due to Wintz’s check-kiting scheme. But as the majority observes, Wintz’s preexisting contractual relati ons gave the Bank “immediate right” to possession, control, and use of the funds at the time they were deposited in the McCallum Transfer account, which is heldby Pinehurst Bank. The Government’s own financial analyst agreed that the proceeds from the nomin ee loans “came into [the] account and zeroed it.” (Trial Tr. 40. ) Given these circumstances, Wintz could have never practically exerci sed control over any funds gi ven that the deposit of funds in his account resulted in a zero balan ce. Thus, no balance, no access, and no conversion occurred.

As final notes, I would observe that the majority does not cite to a single case that mirrors the facts we have before us. Moreover, there was no evidence that Markert actually injured the Bank. The ev idence is to the contrary, and the jury’s acquittal of Markert on one count of bank fraud (Count 1) should negate any support for a determination that the bookkeeping en tries directed by Markert in any way defrauded the Bank.

For the reasons stated, I would reverse Markert’s conviction for misapplication of bank funds under 18 U.S.C. § 656 becau se the evidence was insufficient to establish a conversion. I would be remiss if I did not also express my view that, on remand for resentencing, the district c ourt should acknowledge the true degree of actual loss in this case: zero. There wa s no loss to the Bank, and Markert did not

-22-enrich himself during the processing and di stribution of the nominee loans. Simply put, we have enough people in jail for too long a time. 6 Markert should no longer be one of them.

______________________________

6 In his remarks to the American Bar Association’s House of Delegates on August 12, 2013, Attorney General Eric Holder emphasized “that too many Americans go to too many prisons for far too long, and for no truly good law enforcement reason.” Eric Holder, Attorn ey General of the United States, United States Department of Justice, Remarks at the Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association’s House of De legates (Aug. 12, 2013), available at http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/20 13/ag-speech-130812.html. Attorney General Holder explained that widespread incarceration is unsustainable because it “imposes a significant economic burden—totaling $80 b illion in 2010 alone—and it comes with human and moral costs that are impossible to calculate.” Id. Given these substantial economic and moral costs, I agree with the Attorney General that we must ensure that our criminal justice system is “targeting the most serious o ffenses” and “prosec uting the most dangerous criminals.” Id. Even if I were to assume that Markert was rightly convicted, his case does not fall into either category.
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