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13-4645-cv 

Anonymous v. Medco Health Solutions, Inc., et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order 

filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate 

Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a 

document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an 

electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order 

must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel. 

 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held 

at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 

York, on the 16th day of December, two thousand fourteen. 

PRESENT: 

JOSÉ A. CABRANES, 

RICHARD C. WESLEY, 

PETER W. HALL, 

Circuit Judges. 

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ANONYMOUS,

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 -v.- No. 13-4645-cv 

MEDCO HEALTH SOLUTIONS, INC., AKA MEDCO,

EXPRESS SCRIPTS, INC., DBA EXPRESS SCRIPTS, 

Defendants-Appellees.

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FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: COLLEEN M. TARPEY, Andrew L. Zwerling, 

Garfunkel Wild, Great Neck, NY. 

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: JOANN T. SANDIFER, Husch Blackwell, LLP, 

St. Louis, MO, Michael Alan-Herman 

Schoenberg, John P. McEntee, Farrell Fritz, 

P.C., Uniondale, NY. 
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Appeal from a November 14, 2013 order of the United States District Court for the Eastern 

District of New York (Leonard D. Wexler, Judge). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the appeal from the November 14, 2013 order of the District Court is 

AFFIRMED. 

 Plaintiff appeals from the District Court’s order denying his motion to proceed 

anonymously and his motion to seal the entire court record. The plaintiff, an orthopedic surgeon 

diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 2005, is suing Medco Health Solutions, Inc. (“Medco”) and 

Express Scripts, Inc. alleging claims of negligence, breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, 

and breach of fiduciary duty. 

 The allegations arise out of a set of two faxes sent by Medco to plaintiff ’s office that 

revealed plaintiff ’s medication and thus his medical condition. On appeal, plaintiff contends that the 

District Court erred in denying his motion to proceed anonymously and his motion to seal the 

record of the proceedings. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history 

of the case, as well as the issues on appeal. 

DISCUSSION 

A. Plaintiff ’s Motion to Proceed Anonymously 

Because a district court’s ruling on the appropriateness of an anonymous pleading is a 

“factor-driven balancing inquiry” that requires discretion in “weighing competing interests,” we 

review for abuse of discretion. Sealed Plaintiff v. Sealed Defendant, 537 F.3d 185, 190 (2d Cir. 2008). A 

district court abuses its discretion when “(1) its decision rests on an error of law (such as application 

of the wrong legal principle) or a clearly erroneous factual finding, or (2) its decision—though not 

necessarily the product of a legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding—cannot be located 

within the range of permissible decisions.” Zervos v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir. 

2001) (footnotes omitted). 

In Sealed Plaintiff, we set forth a non-exhaustive list of factors to govern when a plaintiff may 

file a complaint using a pseudonym. 537 F.3d at 190. While plaintiff is able to demonstrate that 

some of the factors fall in his favor, other factors cut against his claim for proceeding anonymously. 

For example, one factor elucidated in Sealed Plaintiff considers “whether identification 

presents other harms and the likely severity of those harms[.]” Id. Plaintiff claims that “further 

disclosure of his [personal health information] to the public through this litigation could only 

exacerbate the harm done by Defendants[.]” Appellant’s Br. 16. He notes that this would “adversely 
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impact his patient base” as “he is a specialist who relies largely upon referrals from other 

physicians.” Id. at 17. But this claim is vague and far-fetched. Even if other physicians were to learn 

of the plaintiff ’s disease through his name being listed in the case caption, they, more so than others, 

would be able to understand that his condition has no bearing on his ability to diagnose and treat 

patients. Indeed, the harm outlined by plaintiff is rather speculative in nature. 

Another Sealed Plaintiff factor that cuts against the plaintiff ’s motion is the availability of 

alternative measures to protect plaintiff ’s sensitive medical information. 537 F.3d at 190. As the 

District Court noted, “[a]ny issues regarding the confidentiality of particular documents or the need 

for redaction will be handled as they arise.” J.A. at 8-9. Redacted and sealed submissions are 

routinely used in cases involving sensitive medical information and this case may very well require 

some of these special measures. But by adopting a case-by-case approach here, the District Court 

cannot be said to have abused its discretion. 

B. Plaintiff ’s Motion to Seal the Court Records 

A district court’s decision to grant or deny the sealing of a record is also reviewed for abuse 

of discretion. United States v. Doe, 63 F.3d 121, 125 (2d Cir. 1995). A “presumption of immediate 

public access attaches [to some judicial documents] under both the common law and the First 

Amendment.” Lugosch v. Pyramid Co. of Onondaga, 435 F.3d 110, 126 (2d Cir. 2006); see also Newsday 

LLC v. County of Nassau, 730 F.3d 156, 164 (2013). That “presumption of access . . . can be 

overcome only by specific, on-the-record findings that higher values necessitate a narrowly tailored 

sealing.” Id. The District Court acted within its discretion in finding that plaintiff did not overcome 

this presumption and that it was not necessary to seal the entire proceeding in order to safeguard his 

sensitive medical information. 

CONCLUSION 

We have considered all of appellant’s arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, the appeal from the November 14, 2013 order of the District Court is AFFIRMED. 

FOR THE COURT, 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court