Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006

The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program would like to thank the many citizens, technical advisors, elected officials and 

government agency staff who have participated in the process of 

protecting and revitalizing Sarasota Bay. The work of our small 

team of five can realize comprehensive achievements when our 

efforts are supported by partner funds, agency staff and an active 

and committed Board of Directors. We offer special thanks to 

the partners to the 2004 Interlocal Agreement, which established 

the Program as a special district in Florida: Sarasota County, 

Manatee County, City of Sarasota, City of Bradenton, Town of 

Longboat Key, Florida Department of Environmental Protection 

and Southwest Florida Water Management District.
 	 	 	

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 

4 Preface 

Sarasota Bay: Our Greatest Natural Asset

6 Setting the Stage

Sarasota Bay: Our Economic and Ecological Treasure

8 Executive Summary

Sarasota Bay Shows Significant Improvements

10 Water Quality

Nitrogen

Wastewater Pollution

Air Pollution

Stormwater Pollution

Bacteria Contamination

Tributary Action Plans

Red Tide

14 Hydrology

Preserving Balance in the Ecosystem 

and Maintaining Natural Flow

16 Bay Habitat

Wetlands 

Wetland Restoration

Monitoring Wetland Restoration Projects

Seagrasses

Hard Bottom Habitat

Oysters 

Artificial Reefs

Monitoring Reefs

24 Public Involvement in Restoring the Bay

Community Recreation, Stewardship and Citizen Action

Outreach—How the Community is Involved

Sarasota County Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance

Manatee County Rebate Program

Southwest Florida Water Management District Business Outreach

Public Involvement

SBEP Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Mini-Grants Program

Bay Partners Grants Program

Sarasota Bay Events

32 Community Education

P.I.E.R. Program

Pollution Prevention Outreach Program

Publications and Electronic Media

34 Sarasota Bay Management

New Structure and Function of SBEP

36 How You Can Help—Call to Action

Environmental Stewards Needed

How Can You Help?

38 Glossary

40 Project Area Map / Gulf Coast Heritage Trail
Sarasota Bay Estuary Program restoration site, 

view from Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

Great White Egret (Egretta alba)

  		 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) is dedicated to improving and protecting the area’s greatest and most important 

natural asset—Sarasota Bay. The 2006 State of the Bay Report describes 

the current condition of the Bay in detail, presenting the latest technical 

information and findings. This document is produced by the SBEP for 

the people of Manatee and Sarasota counties.

The chapters provide updates on progress made in carrying out the 

Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan, The Voyage to 

Paradise Reclaimed, signed in 1995 by the Governor of Florida and 

the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

The achievements have been substantial, with reductions in nitrogen 

and bacterial pollution and increases in habitats and recreational 

opportunities. Bay area residents can celebrate the many improvements 

to the Bay, while understanding the need to remain focused on doing 

what’s necessary to restore our Bay.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 
This coastal lagoon, located on the 

southwest coast of Florida, stretches 

from Anna Maria Sound to the Venice Inlet 

(refer to Project Area Map at the back of 

the report). Sarasota Bay, approximately 

56 miles long, was identified as an Estuary 

of National Significance in 1987 by the 

U.S. Congress and formally designated as 

a National Estuary Program in 1989. More 

than 1,400 different native species of plants 

and animals as well as 500,000 people reside 

in the Bay area. 

Protecting a Natural 

Treasure: The Challenges 

and the Response

During the past 50 years, human activities 

have caused a slow but steady decline in the 

general health of Sarasota Bay. With the 

founding of Sarasota Bay Estuary Program 

(SBEP) in 1989, a partnership among local 

government agencies was established to 

reverse that trend.

Serene and scenic view of Sarasota Bay

 		 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006

“Priceless is the word 

that comes to mind 

when describing 

Sarasota Bay’s value 

to our community.” 

– Mark Alderson, 

Executive Director, 

Sarasota Bay 

Estuary Program

1987

Sarasota Bay named in

Congress’s Water Quality Act —

legislation aimed at

preserving coastal environments

1989

Sarasota Bay

Estuary Program

officially begins 1990 

State of the Bay Report,

a work plan, published

1993 

Preliminary 

Framework Plan 

released, vision created

1995

Comprehensive 

Conservation 

Management Plan 

(CCMP) adopted —

Governments agree

on action
 	 	 	

Since then, SBEP has focused on these seven goals:

1. Improve water transparency

2. Reduce the quantity and improve the quality of 

 stormwater runoff to the Bay

3. Restore lost seagrasses and shoreline habitats, and 

 eliminate further losses

4. Establish an appropriate management structure for 

 Sarasota Bay

5. Provide increased levels of managed access to Sarasota 

 Bay and its resources

6. Restore and sustain fish and other living resources in 

 Sarasota Bay

7. Improve beach, inlet and channel management

To achieve these goals, partnerships were established and 

have accomplished the following:

1. Significant water quality improvements in the Bay and 

 tributaries due to an estimated 50 percent reduction 

 in nitrogen loading since 1988. However, nitrogen 

 loading remains two-and-a-half times greater than 

 pristine conditions.

2. Creation or enhancement of 4,058 acres of seagrass

3. Restoration and enhancement of 250 acres of 

 wetland habitat

4. Creation of 20 new ecological parks around the Bay

5. Manufacture and deployment of 2,500 artificial 

 reef modules

6. Creation of the Gulf Coast Heritage Trail to promote 

 managed access to points of interest around the Bay

7. Establishment of a Special District within the State of 

 Florida to manage Bay resources 

8. Implementation of a comprehensive public education 

 program (For example, 5,400 local school children 

 have received outdoor education about Sarasota Bay) 

9. Establishment of the first oyster re-colonization 

 project for the Bay

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 

The Bay supports 50 water-dependent industries. Tourism, 

the largest industry in Sarasota County and the second 

largest industry in Manatee County, depends strongly on 

the condition and quality of the Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. 

In Manatee and Sarasota counties, property values are 

currently appreciating 30 to 40 percent annually, with 

waterfront residences commanding the highest home 

values. Protecting and enhancing Sarasota Bay—a 

major economic engine for our area—is clearly an invesment 

worth making, not only for today’s populations but for 

future generations.

Estuaries are places where freshwater mixes with salty 

water from the sea. Teeming with life, our nation’s 

estuaries provide vital habitats for 80 percent of the 

world’s fish and shellfish species. 

Estuaries are one of our nation’s most valuable natural 

resources, creating more food per acre than the richest 

farmland.

Sarasota Bay is not a classic estuary, but a coastal lagoon 

with a unique ecological character of small creeks, coves 

and inlets.

What is an Estuary? 

2000

State of the Bay

Report published

2004

Interlocal Agreement signed — Program established as a

special district in Florida

2009

Update CCMP 2007

Update of Water Quality report 2006

State of the Bay Report published
Improving Water Quality 

The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP), in conjunction 

with Florida Department of Environmental Protection 

(FDEP), has analyzed available water quality data and 

determined that all main portions of Sarasota Bay 

meet state water quality standards except for Palma Sola 

Bay (due to high bacteria and chlorophyll). The analysis 

documents that four tributaries are currently impaired: 

Phillippi Creek (due to bacteria), Bowlees Creek (due 

to bacteria and chlorophyll) and Clower Creek (due to 

chlorophyll in the estuarine portion) and Palma Sola Bay 

(due to nutrients and bacteria). Further analysis, planning 

and improvements are currently under way in each of 

these impaired water bodies. Higher standards will be 

adopted for chlorophyll, an indicator of clarity and algal 

productivity, in two other water bodies—Blackburn Bay and 

Roberts Bay.

Impaired Waters in Sarasota Bay Area

  		 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

Improving Habitats

Efforts to improve water quality 

have resulted in 593 acres 

of new seagrass. In addition, 

approximately 3,465 acres have 

been converted from patchy to 

more dense continuous beds 

resulting in habitat improvement 

of more than 6.3 square miles of 

Bay bottom (see “Seagrasses” 

section on pages 19-21). 

SBEP and its partners continue 

to restore wetland habitat on 

publicly owned land. To complement ongoing activities 

in wetland enhancement, a master habitat restoration 

plan was completed in 2003. More than 

20 new ecological parks and access points 

around the Bay have been created for the 

use and enjoyment of the community (See 

Project Area Map at the back of the report

for the location of these sites).

Since SBEP began, more than 2,500 

reef modules have been deployed to 

create hard-bottom habitat in the Bay 

and the near-shore Gulf. The first oyster 

enhancement projects were permitted and 

constructed in 2005. Data collected and 

analyzed by SBEP points to significant 

utilization by fish of both wetland 

restoration and reef sites. These ongoing projects 

are important because they help compensate for the 

4,800 acres of Bay bottom habitats damaged or disturbed 

by past dredge-and-fill operations.

Charting the Future 

of Bay Restorations

Although much progress can be 

celebrated, nitrogen levels are still twice 

what they were 100 years ago. As the area’s 

population continues to rise, so will the 

need to develop ever more creative ways to 

reduce nitrogen levels through recycling 

waste water, replacing septic tanks and 

conserving water. 

Another critical issue for southwest 

Florida, especially Sarasota Bay, is red 

tide. Exploring the relationship 

between water quality pollution and red tide is a top 

SBEP priority. In 2001, a study sponsored by SBEP and 

conducted by Mote Marine Laboratory found relationships 

between rainfall and red tide outbreaks.

”Scientists agree that coastal pollution is not the 

cause of red tide or trigger for red tides; however, 

we do speculate that human-derived pollutants 

(nutrients) may be intensifying and prolonging the 

red tides along the coast. Although the research 

to definitively answer the question is still 

underway, we should do all we can to eliminate 

coastal pollution whether or not it enhances red 

tides.” 

— Sarasota Herald-Tribune, Mote Marine Laboratory Editorial, 

 September 4, 2005

Inland habitats, like this Palm Hammock, 

are critical to restoring water quality in Sarasota Bay.

Drains deliver nutrientenriched stormwater 

to our Bay.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 

A rich variety of fish 

populate artificial reefs 

deployed by scores of the 

area’s avid volunteers. 

These restoration teams 

include people of diverse 

talents and backgrounds, 

from elementary school 

students and community 

leaders to ecologists 

and engineers. 
Nitrogen is the principle pollutant of concern in 

Sarasota Bay, while bacteria contamination is 

also an issue in selected areas of the Bay. A comprehensive 

approach to nutrient management has led to decreases in 

nitrogen pollution by approximately 50 percent in Sarasota 

Bay since 1988. 

Bacteria contamination levels in tributaries leading 

to Sarasota Bay also have declined as a result of the 

implementation of the nutrient management programs 

specified in the Comprehensive Conservation and 

Management Plan.

Excessive Nitrogen Levels 

Stress the Ecosystem

Although nitrogen and other nutrients are essential for life, 

it is possible to have too much of a good thing. Nitrogen 

pollution comes from a variety of sources, including 

stormwater, wastewater, atmospheric and groundwater. 

Excessive nitrogen levels cause blooms of algae that reduce 

the amount of light penetration to submerged seagrasses. 

Excessive nitrogen also depletes available oxygen for fish and 

other marine organisms.

Average annual trends in total nitrogen and population:

Data suggests that population growth is beginning to offset community action to reduce nitrogen inputs to the Bay.

According to Sarasota Bay Estuary Program’s modeling, 

nitrogen pollution-loading levels remain approximately 

twice that of predevelopment conditions. SBEP and its 

partners will continue to research and monitor nitrogen, 

light penetration, chlorophyll and other key water quality 

parameters on a monthly basis.

Wastewater Pollution 

In 1990, the State of Florida required all wastewater 

treatment plants with direct discharge into the Bay or its 

tributaries to meet stringent, advanced wastewater treatment 

standards (three milligrams of nitrogen per liter of direct 

discharge compared with normal sewage discharge at 

more than 40 milligrams per liter of wastewater). In 

the early 1990s, a severe drought in southwest Florida 

focused attention on the need for alternative water sources. 

During that period, studies showed that over-pumping of 

groundwater caused saltwater intrusion in the Floridan 

Aquifer, threatening the state’s water supply. In response, 

reclaimed wastewater emerged as a viable alternative source 

of water. 

SBEP and Southwest Florida Water Management District 

(SWFWMD) developed a master plan for wastewater 

reclamation for the Sarasota Bay region. As a result, 

2

3

4

1

8

7

6

5

9

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

1972

Passage of 

Clean Water Act

results in basic 

wastewater treatment

1987

SBEP named in 

Water Quality Act

as an estuary of 

national significance

1993

Draft Management 

Plan released

Total Nitrogen Concentrations in Big Sarasota Bay (spring only)

1970 1980 1990 2000 0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

POPULATION

 10 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

approximately 50 percent of the wastewater currently 

generated in the Sarasota Bay area is now reclaimed for 

alternative uses, with plans for further reclamation. The 

local governments also have improved the area’s collection, 

treatment and transmission systems. SBEP partners 

have reduced nitrogen loading from wastewater to the Bay 

by approximately 85 percent. 

Wastewater pollution, however, remains a significant source 

of nitrogen in water bodies with small, private wastewater 

treatment plants and older septic systems. SBEP and 

Sarasota County studies prompted the county to consolidate 

117 small, private wastewater treatment plants and to 

implement the Phillippi Creek septic-to-sewer program. 

Currently, 37 small treatment plants remain in service with 

plans for further consolidation.

Air Pollution 

Studies conducted by SBEP show that while nitrogen levels 

have doubled in the atmosphere in the past 50 years, 

direct deposition only accounts for 14 percent of the total 

nitrogen input to Sarasota Bay. These same studies show 

that current atmospheric nitrogen levels do not stimulate 

algal productivity in Sarasota Bay, but can stimulate algal 

productivity in the Gulf of Mexico. Continued research, 

monitoring and public education are warranted because 

approximately 80 percent of the atmospheric nitrogen 

deposited in Sarasota Bay area waters is produced by local 

“mobile emission” sources. e.g., cars, motor boats and lawn 

mowers.

Stormwater Pollution

The amount of stormwater reaching the Bay increases as 

development practices harden and compact surfaces. 

With the large reduction in nitrogen pollution 

from wastewater, stormwater loading has increased to 61 

percent of the nitrogen load carried to the Bay—making 

stormwater pollution a top priority for action.

The conventional treatment of stormwater, using constructed 

ponds and lakes, removes only 12 to 44 percent of the nitrogen 

from those systems. However, several new technologies 

significantly increase nitrogen removal, all of which deserves 

serious community consideration. The SBEP is investigating 

other ways to reduce nitrogen loading entering those ponds 

via post construction soil augmentation and Floridafriendly landscaping.

Bacteria Contamination

Another form of pollution is bacteria contamination 

measured as fecal and total coliform, which are indicators 

of human health risks. Primary sources of bacteria can be 

either natural or human in origin. Therefore, to develop an 

appropriate management plan to reduce bacteria, a source 

(or sources) must first be identified. Bacteria levels are 

consistently above standards in three Bay area waterways: 

Phillippi Creek, Bowlees Creek and Palma Sola Bay. These 

waterways have been listed as impaired by the Florida 

Department of Environmental Protection. In Phillippi 

Creek, studies have concluded that septic tanks are the 

source of elevated bacteria, while sources have yet to be 

identified in Palma Sola Bay and Bowlees Creek. SBEP has 

appropriated funding to investigate the sources of bacteria 

in these tributaries.

Atmospheric 14%

Surface Runoff 61%

Baseflow 10%

Wastewater 15%

More than half of 

the United States 

population lives 

within 50 miles of the 

coast, and hundreds of thousands of new residents move 

to coastal regions each year. This growing population 

exerts tremendous stress on coastal environments. 

Excess nutrients, toxic chemicals, habitat loss and 

alterations to natural water flow all threaten the sensitive 

balance of estuaries.

Percent Distribution of Nitrogen Loads Baywide

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 11
 Bowlees Creek 

 Comprehensive 

 Restoration Plan

Bowlees Creek exceeds the state standards for both 

nitrogen and bacteria. In response, Manatee County is 

implementing an action plan that includes the following:

1. Installation of silt traps in the Airport Drain 

 stormwater system

2. Construction of a stormwater dam, silt traps and 

 littoral zone plantings in Nicholson Branch

3. Upgrade to the Sarasota Cay Club Marina 

 pump-out facility

4. Modernization of sewer system service to Trailer Estates

5. Assessment of the performance of sewer lines in the 

 creek basin

6. Expansion of stormwater treatment capacity of 

 Lake Brennan

 Whitaker Bayou 

 Comprehensive Restoration Plan

Whitaker Bayou exceeded state standards for bacteria until 

the turn of the 21st century. To remediate the problem, the 

City of Sarasota has taken the following actions:

1. Upgraded the City’s wastewater treatment plant

2. Made a $77 million upgrade to the wastewater 

 transmission system

3. Provided sewer service to remaining homes with septic 

 tanks in the watershed

4. Removed remaining small, private wastewater 

 treatment plants

5. Prepared a stormwater master 

 plan in concert with U.S. 

 Army Corps of Engineers

6. Expanded urban and 

 agricultural use systems to 

 reduce wastewater discharge

 Phillippi Creek 

 Comprehensive 

 Restoration Plan

The Phillippi Creek 

Comprehensive Restoration Plan 

focuses on three main goals: 

improving water quality, reducing 

bacteria and decreasing nitrogen 

loads transported by Phillippi 

Creek into Roberts Bay. As called for in the Phillippi Creek 

Comprehensive Restoration Plan, the following actions have 

been implemented by Sarasota County:

1. Removal of 19 small private wastewater treatment plants

2. Expansion of the Bee Ridge wastewater treatment facility 

 to accommodate additional flow

3. Construction of the Pine Craft Levee Project to prevent 

 flooding in septic drainfield and lift station areas

4. Continuing implementation of a $135 million 

 septic-to-sewer program

5. Construction of the $30 million Celery Fields 

 wastewater treatment facility

6. The initiation of a feasibility study to convert 

 the Atlantic wastewater treatment plant to a 

 stormwater treatment facility

Results

As a result of implementing these action plans, bacteria 

levels are decreasing in all three watersheds. Whitaker 

Bayou recently met state standards for water quality and 

was removed from Florida Department of Environmental 

Protection’s impaired water body list. Nitrogen levels in 

Phillippi Creek have dropped by 500 percent, resulting 

in the creek no longer being classified as impaired due to 

nutrients. Although there have been improvements, Bowlees 

Creek remains impaired for both nitrogen and bacteria.

Tributary Action Plans

Since most of Sarasota Bay 

meets state water quality 

standards, the focus has shifted to the 

tributaries, such as Phillippi Creek, 

Bowlees Creek and Whitaker 

Bayou. Additional management 

plans are being considered for 

Clower Creek, North Creek, South 

Creek, Catfish Creek and Eligraw 

Bayou.

Watersheds of Priority Tributaries

 12 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006

 

 

 

Palmentto

Venice Ave.

Laurel Ave.

Casey 

Key 

SR 681

Clark Rd.

Proctor Rd.

Bee Ridge Rd.

Siesta Key 

Longboat Key 

Fruitville Rd.

Tamiami Trail

Cortez Rd.

Manatee Ave. W.

10th St. Holmes Beach 

Anna Maria 

75th St. West

Venice Inlet

Little Sarasota Bay

Sarasota 

Bay

Manatee River

Tampa

Bay

Braden River

Terra Ceia

Bay

Palma Sola Bay

Longboat Pass

Lido Key 

New Pass

Big Sarasota

Pass

41

41

301

Bradenton

Venice

Sarasota

75

75

PRIORITY WATERSHEDS

Bowlees Creek

Whitaker Bayou

Phillippi Creek

Watershed Boundary

Gulf

of Mexico
 	 	 	

Red Tide

In 2005, communities in Manatee and Sarasota counties 

were economically and ecologically affected by one of the 

largest outbreaks of red tide in history. The outbreak was 

first detected in January 2005 approximately 30 miles off 

of St. Petersburg, Florida. The red tide was associated with 

a plume of water possibly from Tampa Bay. By February 

2005, the bloom had spread south to Charlotte Harbor. By 

August, most of the Gulf Coast of Florida was experiencing 

red tide. 

Red tide is a microscopic alga that naturally occurs in the 

Gulf of Mexico. The red tide organism produces toxins 

that kill fish and create respiratory health effects in both 

humans and marine mammals. Consumption of shellfish 

contaminated with the red tide toxin can also have 

significant health effects.

A “dead zone” (an area of low oxygen, concentrated fish kills 

and bottom habitat destruction) was also found along the 

Gulf Coast from St. Petersburg Beach south, encompassing 

an estimated 2,500 square miles. A definitive relationship 

between the dead zone and red tide was not scientifically 

established, but a similar dead zone-red tide event occurred 

in 1971. The hard bottom habitat and reefs impacted in the 

Gulf are expected to take two to three years to recover. 

Scientists are making progress in understanding red tide. 

In 2001, the SBEP sponsored research (conducted by Mote 

Marine Laboratory) that established linkages between river 

flow (as a surrogate for nitrogen loading) and red tide along 

the southwest coast of Florida. The research was presented 

at an international symposium in 2002. In May 2005, an 

international scientific panel first recognized that pollution 

Physical circulation and bloom development

inputs contribute to certain types of harmful algal blooms. 

More recent data suggests that red tide utilizes different 

forms of nutrients for growth, preferably urea, dissolved 

organic nitrogen and ammonium. Urea used in fertilizers 

and feed additives has increased 100 fold worldwide over the 

past four decades corresponding to a similar increase in the 

occurrence of harmful algal blooms. 

Demonstrating a causal link between nutrient pollution and 

red tide will lead to decisive and appropriate management 

actions. In this regard, the SBEP Technical Advisory 

Committee has established red tide research related to water 

quality as its top research priority. Additionally, Sarasota Bay 

monitoring programs have been expanded to include red tide 

for comparison with water chemistry. 

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 13
Hydrology is the study of water’s properties, movement 

and distribution. Water generally flows from 

upland sources—such as swamps and freshwater marshes, 

groundwater and springs—and eventually reaches bays and 

lagoons along the coast. Maintaining natural hydrology is 

important in preserving a balance in the ecosystem.

Over the past several decades, the region’s watersheds—the 

land area that contributes runoff to Sarasota Bay and 

surrounding bays—have been put under stress by the area’s 

growth. The importation of water for consumption flood 

control projects and the construction of impervious surfaces 

have changed the natural hydrology, resulting in higher 

peaks in the natural flow and increases in the delivery of 

pollutants to the Bay. 

Re-establishing and maintaining the natural flow of water 

into the Sarasota Bay system is essential for sustaining a 

healthy watershed. The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program 

(SBEP) is evaluating possible changes in construction and 

landscaping practices to reduce the impact on the local 

hydrology. SBEP studies show, for example, that both turf 

and ornamental plants are effective at removing nitrogen 

when they are appropriately placed, planted and maintained 

(see Florida-Friendly Landscaping, page 25).

The movement of groundwater in the Sarasota Bay area is 

unique because of a confining clay layer, 20 to 30 feet deep, 

combined with an upward pressure gradient from the lower 

aquifer. As a result, water supplied to the area for public 

use—unless it is evaporated or transpired—ultimately 

reaches the Bay. Water conservation practices, therefore, will 

help improve the bay.

Hydrologic changes naturally occur with urbanization, 

e.g., increased water run-off and decreased infiltration.

 14 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

In the future, yards may function as individual stormwater 

treatment facilities. Such ecologically designed landscapes 

would effectively allow rainwater to be stored and treated 

on site, preserving the natural hydrology and protecting the 

Bay. Unfortunately, current development practices tend to 

compact and modify soils (fill), reducing the ability of 

post-development soils to support beneficial plant growth 

and to retain water.

Changes in development standards related to site 

planning and preparation will help ensure that healthy, 

environmentally sensitive yards are created within 

the community. Such measures will likely include the 

preservation of natural vegetation, the use of contour 

swales, the aeration of soils before landscaping, the use 

of micro-irrigation and the strategic use of turf.

Bradenton’s downtown marina

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 15
Habitats critical to Bay marine life include wetlands, 

seagrasses and hard bottom. 

Wetlands

Saltwater wetlands, primarily mangroves in the Bay area, are 

essential nursery areas for many aquatic species. Wetlands 

decreased in Sarasota Bay by more than 1,800 acres (38 

percent) between 1950 and 1990. The loss of wetland 

habitat was mostly due to dredge-and-fill operations that 

took place in the 1950s to provide boat access to waterfront 

home sites. A recent mapping project showed that more 

than 100 miles of seawalls and other hardened shorelines 

now dominate the Sarasota Bay watershed. 

In response, the Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) and 

its partners have embarked on substantial saltwater wetland 

restoration and enhancement projects totaling more than 

160 acres.

Wetland Restoration

SBEP adopted an annual goal of restoring at least 1 percent 

of the wetland habitat that’s been lost—totaling 18 

acres per year. Completed to date are 22 wetland 

enhancement and restoration projects, all of which 

involve numerous partners and volunteers. A list of 10 

recently completed or ongoing projects follows, moving 

north to south:

1. Robinson Preserve: 400-acre restoration site near 

 the confluence of Tampa Bay and Sarasota Bay in 

 Manatee County; purchased by the state and 

 local governments based on an environmental 

 restoration design completed by SBEP contractors; 

 more than $2 million has been committed for 

 environmental enhancement, which includes lagunal 

 contouring, exotic plant removal, native revegetation 

 and the construction of a three-mile canoe trail from 

 the Manatee River to Palma Sola Bay.

2. Wares Creek at Ballard Elementary: Non-native 

 plants removed from the shoreline at the school and 

 native vegetation planted with help from students, 

 teachers and neighborhood volunteers.

 3. 1912 Cortez Schoolhouse: Restored and/or enhanced 

 approximately three acres of environmentally 

 sensitive habitat on the grounds; maintained exotics 

 and monitored conditions; assisted the Florida Institute 

 for Saltwater Heritage (FISH) in the acquisition of 95 

 acres of waterfront property adjacent to the site for 

 preservation and future restoration.

4. Sister Keys: Non-native Australian pines and Brazilian 

 peppers removed from 20 acres of the site; future plans 

 call for restoration of the island complex.

5. Joan M. Durante Park: 50-acre site in Manatee County 

 in the Town of Longboat Key; approximately 20 acres 

 enhanced with tidal lagoons and wetlands.

6. Powel Crosley Estate: Approximately 10 acres of upland 

 hammock restored on this site; exotic plants were removed, 

 and the site was replanted with native vegetation.

7. G.WIZ: Approximately 100 yards of shoreline were 

 enhanced to create valuable habitat; plans for an out- 

 door classroom have been completed; area elementary 

 and middle school students visit the museum as a part 

 of their curriculum.

Dredging and shoreline hardening 

upset the natural hydrology and 

destroy habitats. 

Green Heron (Butorides virescens) 

perched on a mangrove

 16 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

8. Quick Point Nature Preserve: 35-acre site in Sarasota 

 County in the Town of Longboat Key; approximately 

 15 acres restored.

9. Ken Thompson Park: Approximately three acres of 

 tidal lagoons created in the City of Sarasota; boardwalks 

 and educational signage installed.

 10. South Lido Park: Approximately 10 acres restored 

 through lagunal contouring, exotic plant removal and 

 native revegetation; first phase completed Fall 2004, 

 with a long-term goal of enhancing hundreds of acres 

 of tidal and backwater habitats. Existing Ponds

High Marsh Enhancement

High Marsh/Saltern Creation

Low Marsh Creation

Palustrine Wetlands

Open Water/Blueways

Upland Enhancement

Robinson Preserve Draft Plan

Boardwalk through a mangrove forest at Joan M. Durante Park 

 Volunteers plant at Hog Creek—

a mother-daughter team.

Beach sunflower

(Helianthus debilis)

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 17
Monitoring Wetland 

Restoration Projects

The SBEP monitors restoration and enhancement 

sites to gauge their success and learn better restoration and 

enhancement practices. A recent fisheries assessment at 40 

sites found that approximately 68,000 fish inhabit each 

acre of restored lagoon, whereas approximately 109,000 

fish per acre live in the natural lagoons. This suggests that 

quality habitats are being created, but they are not initially 

as productive as natural ecosystems. As the restoration sites 

mature, they should more closely resemble nearby natural 

habitats.

The SBEP is monitoring several restored sites to assess plant 

success as well as sampling for invertebrates, such as small 

crabs and snails found in mangrove forests. The findings 

may lead to alterations in future restoration plans and 

practices that will enhance the quality of restored or 

newly created habitats.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) recently created a 

comprehensive habitat restoration plan that earmarks 29 

additional projects for completion in the next five years. 

Generally, these projects center on removing exotic invasive 

plants, such as Brazilian pepper, Australian pine and 

carrotwood. Such projects also involve the creation of intertidal lagoons aimed at returning portions of the sites to tidal 

levels of plus or minus one to two feet. Additional projects 

are in the design phase, including Roberts Bay, Bird Colony 

Islands and the FISH Preserve. 

Leffis Key (left) and Quick Point Nature Preserve (below) both have 

educational habitat markers to guide visitors along the nature trails. 

 18 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

Seagrasses

Seagrasses provide shelter and protection essential to 

supporting much of the Bay’s marine life. It is generally 

recognized that seagrass coverage is a function of water 

clarity and availability of appropriate bottom substrate. The 

Bay area is home to five common species of seagrasses: shoal 

grass, turtle grass, manatee grass, widgeon grass and star 

grass. Seagrass habitat decreased by 30 percent from 1950 

to 1988 as a result of declines in water clarity and 

dredge-and-fill operations.

In the Sarasota Bay region, seagrass coverage is assessed 

and mapped every two years with the help of aerial 

photography. The analysis distinguishes between 

patchy seagrass beds (with less than 75 percent coverage) 

and continuous seagrass beds (with greater than 75 percent 

coverage) in a given area. A minimum of 25 percent 

coverage is required for mapping of a patchy bed. 

Shoal grass, (Halodule wrightii), is an early 

colonizer of disturbed areas and usually grows 

in water too shallow for other species. 

Turtle grass, (Thalassia testudinum), the most 

common of the Florida seagrasses, 

characteristically has deeper root structures 

than any other seagrasses.

Manatee grass, (Syringodium filiforme), is 

easily recognizable because its leaves are 

cylindrical.

Widgeon grass, (Ruppia maritima), grows 

in both fresh and saltwater and is widely 

distributed throughout Florida’s estuaries.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 19

Seagrass artwork by Mark D. Moffler, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Aerial photography shows that approximately 593 new acres 

of seagrasses have been mapped between 1988 and 

2003. Continuous seagrass beds in Sarasota Bay have also 

increased by 3,465 acres; this equates to a total of 4,058 

acres of new or improved seagrass beds in Sarasota Bay. 

The overall increase in new beds and the presence of more 

continuous beds suggests that water quality has improved 

in the Bay. Moreover, trends in seagrass regeneration vary 

among embayments, most likely due to differences in 

nearby water quality. North Sarasota Bay has seen expansion 

in coverage (see Figure 2: Sarasota Bay Proper) as well as 

the lower bays (see Figures 3 a-c). These positive trends 

are indicative of water-quality improvement throughout 

Sarasota Bay segments. The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program 

is working with its partners to better understand the 

fluctuation in seagrass coverage thoughout Sarasota Bay.

Figure 2.

 20 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006

Figure 1.

Sarasota Bay (Anna Maria Sound to Venice Inlet)
 	 	 	

Roberts Bay – Seagrass coverage (in acres)

100

65

1988

331 total

19.6%

Continuous

1994

345 total

29.6%

Continuous

1999

330 total

35.5%

Continuous

2001

272 total

47.1%

Continuous

2003

368 total

32.5%

Continuous

266

102

243

117 128

144

120

250

300

150

50

200

Continuous Patchy

248

213

Seagrass coverage (in acres)

Figure 3a-c. Lower Sarasota Bay segments

Figure 3a.

Figure 3b.

Figure 3c.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 21
Hard Bottom Habitat

Although the precise acreage of hard bottom habitat lost 

due to dredge-and-fill activities has not been determined, 

nearly 4,500 acres of bay bottom are known to have been 

covered by dredge-and-fill operations. To compensate 

for lost habitats, Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) 

has embarked on several oyster restoration and artificial reef 

creation projects.

Oysters

A recent SBEP study revealed the transitions of oyster beds 

since the 1980s. The loss of red mangroves, whose prop 

roots support oyster colonies, has adversely affected the 

Bay’s oyster populations. Even in its prime, Sarasota Bay 

oyster populations were not as extensive as 

other estuaries, such as Chesapeake Bay. 

Nevertheless, the Bay once supported an 

active oyster fishery, as evidenced by the 

Indian Mounds visible at Historic Spanish 

Point and elsewhere in the Bay area.

To help restore natural populations, the 

SBEP is using two oyster bars in Little 

Sarasota Bay as test 

sites. These sites are 

located in areas where 

oysters are present, 

but bed expansion is 

limited by the lack of 

substrate that provides 

attachment areas for 

freely floating oyster spat 

(larvae). This pilot 

project uses fossilized 

oyster shells in mesh 

bags (oyster sausages), 

onto which the oyster 

larvae can settle and grow. Oysters 

typically attach to the oyster sausages 

within a month of placement and grow to 

maturity within two years. This work is 

important because oysters provide habitat 

and filter Bay water. The SBEP will 

continue to monitor these sites to assess 

oyster regeneration.

Little Sarasota Bay oyster beds in three eras

Oyster beds are an 

important part of the 

Sarasota Bay ecosystem 

because they provide 

habitat to many other 

organisms and are known 

to improve water quality.

1883-89 Oysters 1955 Oysters 2001 Oysters

1883-89 Oyster Beds 1955 Oyster Beds 2001 Oyster Beds 

0 0.5 1 2 3 4 

Miles

 22 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006

Restoring oyster habitat
 	 	 	

Artificial Reefs

The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) has been 

active in the creation of artificial reefs for several years. 

In 1996, the SBEP created a master artificial reef plan, 

identifying 20 possible sites. These sites were selected 

because they had appropriate sediments and because 

they were deep enough to not impede navigation. Since 

2000, SBEP and partners have contracted to construct 

approximately 2,500 reef modules now resting on the Bay 

bottom. Currently, the SBEP has eight active reef sites 

created primarily from prefabricated reef ball modules. 

Other reef materials such as PVC piping have served as 

successful tests on two other reef systems in the Bay area. 

In addition, reef modules are being 

deployed around channel markers 

throughout the Bay in an effort to 

create juvenile fish habitat.

The SBEP is investigating whether 

different placements of reef modules 

have an effect on the numbers and 

species of fish using them. The 

findings will help identify alternative 

designs and reef placements that 

support superior habitats. 

Monitoring Reefs

Initial research and monitoring indicates that diverse 

varieties of aquatic marine life—including gray snapper, 

sheepshead, gag grouper, bait fish and stone crab—are 

regular visitors to the artificial reefs. Several local guides have 

offered anecdotal evidence that artificial reefs have become 

popular spots for recreational fishing and diving as well.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 23

The west coast of Florida offers 

some of the finest shallow-water 

fishing in the world.

Artificial reef deployment 

in Sarasota Bay
The Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC) provides a 

mechanism for structured citizen input to the Sarasota 

Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) and assists in disseminating 

relevant information to the public. The CAC develops 

action plans to communicate SBEP activities and strives to 

influence public policies that affect the Bay and its resources. 

Outreach—How the Community 

is Involved

A cornerstone of the citizen’s action plan is the Florida 

Yards & Neighborhoods Program (FYN) started in the early 

1990s. FYN’s purpose is to help protect Florida’s natural 

resources by creating attractive, low-maintenance Floridafriendly landscapes. Principles advocated by the program 

include conserving water, improving stormwater runoff and 

reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizer application—all 

of which improve the quality and reduce the quantity 

of stormwater runoff to the Bay. The community’s 

participation in FYN Program practices is essential for 

long-term preservation and enhancement of the Bay. These 

principles not only apply to communities on the Bay, but 

throughout the entire watershed.

Community Recreation, 

Stewardship and Citizen Action

The goals and objectives of the current CAC action plan are: 

• Promote environmental stewardship and community 

 involvement for protection of Bay resources 

• Promote cultural change in the region with regard to 

 land and water resources

• Establish links between the activities in the watershed 

 and the resultant impacts on streams, rivers and the Bay 

The CAC activities are divided into three components– 

outreach, involvement and education. 

Citizens Advisory Committee field trip to Quick Point Nature Preserve

Joan M. Durante Park boardwalk 

on Longboat Key

 24 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

Florida-friendly landscaping, which coincides with the 

FYN Program, emphasizes these major principles:

1. Right Plant, Right Place – Plants selected to suit a 

specific site will require minimal amounts of water, 

fertilizer and pesticides.

2. Water Efficiently – Irrigate only when your lawn and 

landscape need water. Efficient watering is the key 

to a healthy Florida Yard and conservation of limited 

resources.

3. Fertilize Appropriately – Less is often best. 

Over-use of fertilizers can be hazardous to your yard 

and the environment.

4. Mulch – Maintaining a 3” layer of mulch will help retain 

soil moisture, prevent erosion and suppress weeds.

5. Attract Wildlife – Plants in your yard that provide food, 

water and shelter can conserve Florida’s diverse wildlife.

6. Control Yard Pests Responsibly – Unwise use of 

pesticides can harm people, pets, beneficial organisms 

and the environment.

7. Recycle – Grass clippings, leaves and yard trimmings 

recycled on site provide nutrients to the soil and reduce 

waste disposal.

8. Reduce Stormwater Runoff – Water running off 

from your yard can carry pollutants such as soil, debris, 

fertilizer and pesticides that can adversely impact water 

quality. Reducing this runoff will help prevent further 

degradation.

9. Protect the Waterfront – Our shorelines, whether on 

a bay, river, stream, pond or beach, are very fragile and 

should be carefully protected to maintain freshwater and 

marine ecosystems. 

Florida-Friendly Landscaping 

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 25

Certified Florida Yard with Plumbago (Plumbago auriculata)

and Wild Allamanda (Pentalinon luteum)

Lakewood Ranch demonstration garden complies with 

Florida Yards & Neighborhoods principles.
Sarasota County Water Efficient 

Landscape Ordinance

In January 2002, Sarasota County adopted a Water Efficient 

Landscape Ordinance that recognized the need to protect 

water as a natural resource through the application of 

enhanced landscape practices. The ordinance supports the 

following principles:

• Installation of rain sensor devices on automatic lawn 

 sprinkler systems 

• Water conservation through the use of site adapted 

 plants and efficient watering methods

• Reduced energy expenditures in individual landscapes

Manatee County Rebate Program

In 2003, the Manatee County Utility Operations 

Department and Cooperative Extension Service Office 

implemented a Water Conservation Rebate Program that 

addressed landscape retrofits and landscape irrigation. The 

Water Conservation Rebate Program offers financial 

incentives in the form of rebates. These rebates encourage 

residents to install cisterns, repair old irrigation wells or 

install new ones, and install pumps and similar equipment 

in natural storage areas, such as retention ponds, for 

irrigation. Manatee County’s Water Conservation Rebate 

Program also promotes the conservation of drinking water, 

which in turn helps preserve the Bay and its tributaries. 

In addition, the rebate program recognizes those who 

modify existing landscape irrigation systems to use less 

water and those who retrofit an existing landscape with a 

Florida-friendly design. Such innovative designs decrease the 

need for water through proper plant selection, placement 

and micro-irrigation.

Retention ponds (shown here) are critical to primary treatment of stormwater runoff.

 26 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006

Firebush (Hamelia patens) is a native plant that blooms year 

round and attracts hummingbirds.
 	 	 	

Southwest Florida Water Management 

District (SWFWMD) Business Outreach

Water-Wise Landscaping

To call attention to the community efforts 

of good water stewards in the commercial, 

government and building industries, 

the Water-Wise Landscape Recognition 

Program spotlights new and retrofitted 

water-conserving commercial landscapes. 

SWFWMD initiated a program that 

recognizes the developers, builders, architects and 

landscape contractors who make decisions regarding new 

landscapes. From April 2000 to July 2004, approximately 

According to the U.S. 

Census Bureau, Florida is 

the country’s third-fastest 

growing state 

1,229,595 people moved to Florida from other states 

and countries. This equates to 793 people per day. The 

development industry is building to accommodate these 

new residents, all of whom rely on Florida’s precious water 

resources. This recognition program 

offers builders and developers incentives 

to construct homes and communities that 

are water-wise.

The largest development in the Bay 

region—Lakewood Ranch—recently won 

a national Award of Excellence as an ecologically friendly 

or “green” community for its use of energy-efficient 

appliances, skylights, insulation, sustainably harvested 

materials and Florida-friendly landscaping.

 

Florida Yards & Neighborhoods demonstration 

garden at Lakewood Ranch 

Coontie (Zamia pumila) is the only cycad native 

to Florida and is the host plant for Atala 

butterflies.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 27
Public Involvement

Solving Sarasota Bay’s problems is a long-term process, so 

residents need to be strongly motivated to maintain their 

commitment to the Bay. Getting residents involved in handson activities that promote personal interaction with the Bay 

and its resources is a powerful step. 

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) has motivated the 

community to take action by offering volunteer opportunities 

and grants. Scores of volunteers have helped through: 

• Volunteer planting at restoration sites

• Instruction during student field trips 

• Participation in associated programs and events

• Networking with civic and community associations

The interaction between civic organizations and the 

community has resulted in widespread grassroots action to 

restore and protect the Bay.

Students participate in restoration 

at the Powel Crosley Museum.

 28 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006

• Action Central Revitalization Committee 

• Azalea Park Homeowners’ Association

• Ballard Elementary School 

• Buccaneer Bay Homeowners’ Association

• Crosley Museum/SGI – USA Sarasota Chapter

• Daughtrey Elementary School

• 4-H Club and David Cohen Park 

• Dolphin Tower Condominium Association

• Glen Oaks Estates Homeowners’ Association

• King’s Gate Club

• Rose Street Pathway Volunteers 

• South Creek Homeowners’ Association

• St. Margaret of Scotland Episcopal Church

Florida Yards & Neighborhoods

Mini-Grant Recipients
 	 	 	

Bay Partners Grants Program

The purpose of the Bay Partners Grants is to promote 

environmental education, awareness and stewardship and to 

improve the overall quality of Sarasota Bay and its tributaries. 

The Bay Partners Grants awards fall under one of four 

categories: stormwater runoff prevention; habitat 

restoration and protection; recreational use and access; and 

Bay education and awareness.

The SBEP’s Bay Partners Grants Program has 

provided funds for many local schools, non-profits, 

government agencies, businesses, civic associations and 

environmental clubs. 

SBEP Florida Yards & Neighborhoods 

Mini-Grants Program

Since its inception in 1989, the Sarasota Bay Estuary 

Program (SBEP) has supported community-based projects 

in the form of grants. In 2004, the SBEP established a 

Florida Yards & Neighborhoods Mini-Grants Program to 

promote Florida-friendly landscaping for the preservation 

of the environment and to create a sense of place that 

will enhance the communities’ quality of life. The minigrants are available to neighborhoods, homeowners, civic 

associations, schools, religious organizations and ad-hoc 

neighborhood groups located in Sarasota and Manatee 

counties. Examples of projects are neighborhoods and 

schools creating Florida-friendly landscapes in community 

parks, schoolyards, playgrounds, right-of-ways, medians 

and neighborhood entryways. 

Students, parents and teachers from Ballard Elementary 

School plant native foliage on Beautify Ballard Day.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 29

Recent Recipients

of Bay Partners Grants

• American Littoral Society

• Aquarian Quest, Inc.

• Around the Bend Nature Tours

• Ballard Elementary School

• Booker High School

• Boys and Girls Club of Manatee County, Inc.

• Environmental Library Foundation

• Gulf Coast Heritage Association, Inc.

• G.WIZ Hands-on Science Museum

• Harllee Middle School

• Historic Spanish Point

• Keep Manatee Beautiful, Inc.

• Keep Sarasota Beautiful, Inc.

• Kinnan Elementary School

• Marie Selby Botanical Gardens

• Mote Marine Laboratory

• Pelican Man Bird Sanctuary

• Sarasota Garden Club

• Sea Breeze Elementary School

• School Board of Manatee County

• School Board of Sarasota County

• School in the Park

• Suncoast School for Innovative Studies

• Volunteer Services of Manatee County, Inc. 
Sarasota Bay Events

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) hosts public events 

to provide fun, educational forums about Sarasota Bay. 

The interaction and information provided at such events 

raises public awareness and promotes stewardship by creating 

environmental advocates within the community.

Jointly, with other government agencies 

and non-profit organizations, SBEP 

participates in Earth Day events, native 

plant sales and the Cortez Commercial 

Fishing Festival. A sampling of the more 

recent events hosted or sponsored by the 

SBEP include:

2003 Celebrate Water! Festival – 

A festival held on March 1, 2003 at the G.WIZ Handson Science Museum featured children’s activities and 

informative presentations promoting the need for water 

conservation and the value of Sarasota’s beautiful yet delicate 

Bay front. 

2003 EstuaryLive – 

Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, this science-based distance learning 

program is a national, annual event that celebrates 

National Estuaries Day. EstuaryLive offers students 

and other audiences around the world 

the opportunity to take a live and 

interactive classroom tour through eight 

sites within the National Estuarine 

Research Reserves (NERR) and the 

National Estuary Programs (NEP).

2004 Celebrate Sarasota Bay – 

This event was hosted by the SBEP at the 

Powel Crosley Museum to celebrate its new independent 

status and designation as a Special District in the State of 

Florida. The October 2004 event honored community 

partners who have stepped up to the challenge of protecting 

our Bay waters.

Each year, the SBEP 

hosts several 

National Estuaries Day 

events, along with 

native vegetation 

planting sessions. 

A P.I.E.R. Program field trip sponsored by SBEP

Kinnan Elementary students remove exotic plants.

 30 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

2005 National Estuaries Day – 

SBEP offered reduced ticket prices for Bay 

cruises on Sarasota Bay Explorers and admission 

to Mote Marine Aquarium.

2005 National Estuaries Day Restorations –

As part of the celebration of National 

Estuaries Day, SBEP took 136 local students to 

restoration sites to learn about exotic pest plant 

control first hand.

2005 Florida Native Plant Sale – 

In cooperation with the local Serenoa Chapter 

of the Florida Native Plant Society, offered 

the public an opportunity to purchase native 

plants and learn about Florida-friendly 

landscaping techniques.

2005 Florida native plant sale

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) perform for a Bay Explorers cruise 

on National Estuaries Day.

1. Air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)

2. Australian pine (Casuarinas spp.)

3. Arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum)

4. Beach naupaka or half flower (Scaevola spp.)

5. Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius)

6. Carrotwood (Cupaniopsis anacardioides)

7. Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrical spp.)

8. Melaleuca, paper bark (Melaleuca quinquenervia)

9. Rosary pea (Abrus precatorius)

10. Wedelia (Wedelia trilobata)

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 31

Top Ten Florida Invasive Plants
Environmental Education Programs

Since its inception, the Sarasota Bay Estuary Program 

(SBEP) has taken an active role in environmental education 

by publishing reports, developing curricula for schools and 

initiating community activities. In February 2003, SBEP 

launched an innovative education program aimed at 

educating and inspiring area students.

The P.I.E.R. Program which stands for 

Protection, Involvement, Education and 

Restoration, informs students about the 

local coastal ecology, promotes the 

benefits of stewardship and increases 

students’ environmental literacy. 

The P.I.E.R. Program is offered to public 

and private schools grades K – 12 in 

Manatee and Sarasota Counties. Students in 

science, environmental and oceanography classes or clubs are 

prime candidates for the P.I.E.R. Program. The program’s 

field trips provide hands-on activities, such as taking soil 

samples, observing weather patterns and identifying plants 

and animals. Field trips tie to the in-class curriculum lesson 

plans and activities of the P.I.E.R. Program’s Coastal 

Habitats Curriculum.

In addition to educating students, the P.I.E.R. Program 

provides local teachers with many free resources, including 

outdoor environmental education training workshops, a 

curriculum about coastal habitats, field trips to parks and 

restoration sites around Sarasota Bay and funding for High 

School environmental research projects. Since P.I.E.R. 

was launched, the program has hosted 147 field trips, 

educated 5,400 students and trained 

80 teachers in Manatee and Sarasota 

counties.

“Coastal Habitats,” an engaging 

curriculum developed in conjunction with 

Mote Marine Laboratory and Around 

the Bend Nature Tours, is aimed at 

students in grades K – 8. The curriculum 

provides lesson plans and activities about 

watersheds, habitats, wildlife, native and non-native plants, 

stormwater runoff and pollution. Each subject includes 

background information, resources, lesson plans and 

activities. Lessons correlate with the National Science 

Standards and Florida’s Sunshine State Standards. 

Teachers who participate 

in P.I.E.R. workshops 

gain knowledge and tools 

they need to conduct 

their own outdoor lessons 

and environmental 

education field trips.

Examining seaweed for marine 

life on a P.I.E.R. excursion

Students are eager to learn about fish and habitats.

 32 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

Pollution Prevention Outreach Program 

The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) has a new 

pollution prevention outreach program designed for early 

elementary school teachers and students. Geared to the 

learning levels of kindergarten and first-grade students, 

this self-administering 

program provides teachers 

with Pollution Prevention 

Recycling Kits on loan to 

use during environmental, 

conservation and 

communal responsibility 

units and lessons.

SBEP’s educational publications SBEP on the web

Water conservation lesson during a 

P.I.E.R. field trip

Public school recycling program 

sponsored by SBEP

Publications and Electronic Media

The SBEP provides a wealth of current scientific 

information and educational materials through its 

website (www.sarasotabay.org), newsletters, videos and 

associated websites including the Sarasota County Water 

Atlas (www.sarasota.wateratlas.org). The SBEP also has 

produced a series of brochures to educate the public on 

Bay issues and to provide information on recreational 

opportunities. Many of the brochures are available at 

local Tourist Information Centers and the SBEP office.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 33
Sarasota Bay was named an “estuary of national 

significance” in the Watershed Act of 1987. After 

official designation as a National Estuary Program 

in June 1989, a Policy Committee of local elected officials 

and high-ranking federal and state officials was established to 

oversee program operations. 

Policy Committee members first took action by establishing 

citizen, technical and management committees to assist in 

developing Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) activities 

and to institute these core policy themes:

• Make public awareness a high priority

• Seek the required level of funds from all available 

 sources to implement the program

• Increase overall visibility of the program

• Focus the program on action, not study, 

 whenever possible

In 1995, the Comprehensive Conservation and 

Management Plan (CCMP) recognized the success of the 

Program’s operations and committee structure when it called 

for the 1989 management structure to continue, indefinitely, 

as the mechanism for overseeing the implementation of 

the Bay’s restoration plan. The CCMP also called for an 

independent review of SBEP every three years. As a part of 

the 2001 triennial review of program performance, the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency recommended that SBEP 

“establish a more formal agreement with its stakeholders 

regarding the continued existence of, and commitment to” 

the SBEP office. The EPA also recommended that SBEP 

enter an agreement similar to Tampa Bay’s. 

In response, the SBEP staff drafted an Interlocal Agreement 

establishing itself as a special district in Florida. The 

Interlocal Agreement was filed in the courts on July 23, 

2004. Partners to the agreement are: Sarasota County, 

Manatee County, City of Sarasota, City of Bradenton, 

Town of Longboat Key, Florida Department of 

Environmental Protection and Southwest Florida Water 

Management District.

The Interlocal Agreement provides a formal commitment 

to the long-term financial support of the partners 

implementing the CCMP and establishes program 

milestones. Six Action Plans continue to guide SBEP’s Bay 

restoration and preservation efforts:

1. Wastewater treatment and reclamation

2. Stormwater treatment and prevention

3. Freshwater and saltwater wetlands

4. Fisheries and other living resources

5. Recreational use

6. Governance

Tom Dabney, SWFWMD governing board chair, and Richard Martin, 

then Mayor of Sarasota, celebrate Bay restoration in October 2004. 

Dr. Ernie Estevez, Center Director at Mote Marine 

Laboratory, speaks about the importance of preserving 

and restoring flows of fresh water to estuaries. 

 34 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

The establishment of a special district preserved the 

functions of the committees established in 1989 with one 

exception: Under the new status, the Policy Committee 

evolved into a bona fide Board of Directors with authority set 

forth under chapter 163 of Florida State law. Additionally, 

the Board’s membership expanded to include 

representation from the City of Bradenton and the Town 

of Longboat Key. 

The Interlocal Agreement also established a water 

quality management consortium composed of Bay 

stakeholders whose role is to address water quality 

issues in Bay segments verified as “impaired” by the 

Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). 

Additionally, the agreement calls for a revision of the 

CCMP sections related to water quality within two years 

of approval and a full revision of the plan within five. 

On October 1, 2004, the newly named Sarasota Bay 

Estuary Program separated operating functions from the 

City the Sarasota.

Technical Advisory Committee

Policy Committee

Marianne Barnebey, City of Bradenton

Bo Crum, U.S. EPA

Deborah Getzoff, FDEP

Pat Glass, Manatee County

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program Staff

Mark Alderson, Executive Director

Gary Raulerson, Senior Environmental Scientist

Julia Burch, Public Outreach Coordinator

Marian Pomeroy, Finance Director

Altesha Lazier, Secretary

William Clague, Attorney

van Zandt Marketing Services, Inc.

Marcia Heath, President

Jill Hochstetler, Director of Marketing

Chuck Carey, Creative Director (Chebacco Design & Communications)

Tom Cross Inc.

Patti Cross – Graphic & Layout Design

Photography credits: 

Pete Carmichael, Virginia Sanders, Julia Burch, 

Tom Cross, Gary Raulerson and Brie Willett

Citizens Advisory Committee

Jack Bispham

David Bulloch

Charles Edwards

Marcia Heath

Mark Hirsh

Sumner Hoffman

Wanda Kerr

Kathy King

Randall Clair, Longboat Key

Richard Meyers, SWFWMD

Ken Shelin, City of Sarasota

Jon Thaxton, Sarasota County

Management Committee

Felicia Burks

Theresa Connor

Juan Florensa

Lizanne Garcia

Eric Gasch

George Henderson

Charlie Hunsicker

Wanda Kerr

Seth Kohn

Cece McKiernan

Mike McNees

Spencer Simon

John Stevely

Linda Larsen

Pat Paterson

Annemarie Post

Thomas Price

Virginia Sanders

Rick Smith

Jonnie Walker

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 35

John Stevely

Gary Comp

Laura Ammeson

Chris Anastasiou

Jusy Ashto

Brett Blackburn

Greg Blanchard

Larry Beggs

Robert Brown

David Bulloch

Allen Burdett

Theresa Connor

Catherine Corbett

Jack Creighton

Robert Day

Kellie Dixon

Robert Duke

Charles Edwards

Brooke Elias

Ernie Estevez

Holly Greening

Michael Jones

Kristen Kaufman

George Kish

Ray Kurz

David Landers

Jeannie Lessman

Jay Leverone

Chuck Listowski

Daphne Macfarlan

Robert Mendoza

Sherri Swanson

Ari Nissanka

Matt Osterhoudt

Richard Pierce

Annemarie Post

Stephanie Powers

Rose Poynor

Bryan Pridgeon

Thoman Ries

Brad Robbins

Dianne Rosensweig

John Ryan

Steven Sauers

Steve Schield

Gary Serviss

Mark Shelby

Curtis Smith

Michael Solum

Daniel Somodi

Mark Sramek

George Tatge

David Tomasko

Javier Vargas

Amanda Weinkauf

Amber Whittle

Laird Wreford
Environmental 

Stewards Needed—

Call to Action

The Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBEP) is working to restore and protect the ecosystem that 

is, truly, an economic engine of our community. Your 

support is essential. Join us in addressing the range of 

environmental issues affecting Sarasota Bay. You can help 

in this important work by expanding our network of 

environmental stewards.

Join with others who share the vision to conserve, 

protect and preserve Sarasota Bay. Each inch of shoreline 

that is preserved is important. So is every Florida-friendly 

tree planted, and patch of seagrass restored. Your 

contribution counts.

So how can you help? 

A widespread, collaborative effort is necessary to make 

a positive difference in the health of Sarasota Bay. As 

individuals, you can do your part by being a responsible 

steward. Be sure to recycle, reduce the use of fertilizers, 

herbicides and pesticides in your yard, carpool, plant 

Florida-friendly landscapes and conserve water. These are 

a few simple efforts that can help make a positive impact 

in SBEP’s ultimate goal—to restore Sarasota Bay’s natural 

water heritage. 

You can get involved by contacting Sarasota Bay 

Estuary Program at 941.955.8085. Or email us at

info@sarasotabay.org to find out about current 

projects in which you can get involved.

Osprey 

(Pandion haliactus)

Brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) and double-crested cormarants (Phalacrocorax auritus) roost in red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle).

 36 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

What else can you do?

Public Lands

• Follow land preservation, land use and zoning issues 

 so that you can make informed decisions about 

 development and preservation

• Serve on planning or permitting boards that 

 oversee development

• Help maintain an existing public beach or 

 nature preserve

• Help a local community or conservation group raise 

 money to buy habitat for preservation

• Stay involved in your community

Home and Garden:

• Use fertilizers and pesticides sparingly

• Keep septic systems in good working order

• Pick up animal waste and dispose of it properly

• Minimize use of toxic household chemicals

• Take motor oil to approve disposal or recycling sites

• Plant Florida native plants in your yard to create 

 habitat and reduce stormwater contamination

 * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s 

Restoration Center, Silver Spring, MD

Removing Brazilian peppers (Schinus terebinthifolius)

at the Powel Crosley Museum

Bay Buddies volunteer event at Joan M. Durante Park 

 on Longboat Key

Payne Park in downtown Sarasota

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 37
Accretion – the build-up of land due to artificial or 

natural causes.

Algae – any of various primitive, chiefly aquatic, one-celled 

or multicellular plants that lack true stems, roots, and leaves 

but usually contain chlorophyll. Included among the algae 

are kelps and other seaweeds and the diatoms.

Algal bloom – a proliferation of algae in a body of water 

often associated with excess nutrients (especially phosphorus 

and nitrogen) in the water column and/or sediments.

Artificial reef – a manmade reef of sunken ships, cars, 

demolition spoil, military tanks, oil rigs or specially 

constructed modules deployed for the purpose of promoting 

marine life.

Bacteria – small single-celled organisms from the Moneran 

kingdom. They are known as prokaryotes, which are 

classified together because they lack nuclear membranes. 

They are the most primitive living beings, but help in the 

nitrogen cycle.

Bayou – a small, sluggish secondary stream or lake.

Coastal lagoon – a shallow body of water especially one that 

is separated from a sea by sandbars, barrier islands or coral 

reefs located on, near or bordering a coast or seashore.

Chlorophyll – a chemical mixture or compound found 

in the chloroplasts of plant cells that gives plants their 

green color. Plants use chlorophyll to convert the energy of 

sunlight to food in the process known as photosynthesis.

Creek – a natural stream or channel, normally smaller than 

and often flowing into a river.

Deep-well injection system – a process whereby liquid, 

usually either treated water or treated wastewater, is 

pumped underground.

Dredging – removing bottom material from a waterway.

Ecological/habitat restoration – altering an area in such a 

way as to reestablish an ecosystem’s structure and function, 

usually bringing it back to its original (pre-disturbance) state.

Ecosystem – an interdependent and dynamic system of living 

organisms with their physical and geographical environment.

Effluent – the liquid waste of sewage and industrial processing.

Embayment – indention in a shoreline forming a bay.

Enhancement – modification of a natural or created habitat 

to increase the level of one or more functions, typically to 

the detriment of other functions.

Erosion – the loosening, transporting, and wearing away of 

the land, chiefly by water or wind.

Estuarine habitat – the natural home or dwelling place of 

an organism that lives in an estuary.

Estuary – regions of interaction between rivers and 

nearshore ocean waters, where tidal action and river flow 

create a mixing of fresh water and saltwater. These areas may 

include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, and lagoons. 

These brackish water ecosystems shelter and feed marine 

life, birds, and wildlife.

Florida-friendly yard – landscaping principles utilized in 

Florida Yards and Neighborhoods Program, which has nine 

principles including 1) right plant, right spot, 2) water 

efficiently, 3) non-cypress mulch, 4) recycle or compost, 5) 

minimize fertilizer, 6) reduce chemical pest control, 7) reduce 

stormwater runoff, 8) plant with wildlife in mind by using 

native species, 9) utilize plants to protect shoreline instead of 

structures and do not use chemicals close to shoreline.

Groundwater – any water naturally stored underground 

in aquifers, or that flows through and saturates soil and 

rock, supplying springs and wells, often used as a drinking 

water source.

Habitat – the natural or unnatural environment of a plant 

or animal.

Hardbottom habitat – primary reef structures accreted 

from coquina mollusks, sand and shell marl which lithified 

parallel to ancient shorelines and have been expanded by 

colonies of polychaete worms and other invertebrate and 

macroalgal species.

Hardened shorelines/shore hardening – the artificial 

alteration of a shoreline, using seawalls, rubble, or other 

means; replacement of vegetation or otherwise natural 

shoreline with manmade structures.

Hydrology – the science of dealing with the occurrence, 

circulation, distribution, and properties of the waters of the 

Earth, and their reaction with the environment.

 38 	 	 Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006
 	 	 	

Impervious surface – any surface such as roads, rooftops 

or parking lots that does not allow water to soak into 

the ground.

Littoral zone – the portion of a body of fresh water 

extending from the shoreline lakeward to the limit of 

occupancy of rooted plants; a strip of land along the 

shoreline between the high and low water levels.

Mangrove – a salt-tolerant tree that grows along tropical 

coasts in salty ocean water, sending down roots from its 

branches that form a breeding place for marine life and aid 

in building up dry land.

Nitrogen pollution – pollution containing nitrogen which 

stimulates aquatic algal growth, thus robbing waters of 

oxygen-killing fish and other aquatic organisms. Nitrogen 

pollution comes from runoff of excess fertilizers, animal 

waste, and other diffuse sources, as well as from waste water 

treatment plants and other industries.

Non-point source pollution – diffuse pollution sources (i.e. 

without a single point of origin or not introduced into a 

receiving stream from a specific outlet). The pollutants are 

generally carried off the land by stormwater. Common nonpoint sources are agriculture, lawns and city streets.

Paulstrine – any inland wetland which lacks flowing water 

and contains ocean derived salts in concentrations of less 

than .05%. 

Point-source pollution – pollutants that are discharged 

or emitted from traceable, detectable and discrete 

sources such as sewage pipes or smokestacks. 

Pollution – contamination of soil, water or the atmosphere 

by the discharge of harmful substances.

Red tide – a bloom of dinoflagellates that causes reddish 

discoloration of coastal ocean waters. Certain dinoflagellates 

produce toxins (brevetoxin) that kill fish, contaminate 

shellfish and irritate the respiratory systems of people and 

other animals.

Runoff – a portion of precipitation on the land that 

ultimately reaches a body of water.

Salinity – any concentration of salt in water, usually 

measured in parts per thousand.

Salt marsh – a marine habitat that is usually wet with 

saltwater and contains shrubby vegetation and grasses.

Seagrass bed – a mass or growth of marine plants, generally 

found on the sea bottom in relatively shallow water.

Sediment – the soil, sand, minerals and organic material 

at the bottom of surface waters, such as streams, lakes 

and rivers. Sediments collecting in rivers, reservoirs, and 

harbors can destroy fish and wildlife habitat and cloud the 

water so that sunlight cannot reach aquatic plants. Loss of 

topsoil from farming, mining, or building activities can be 

prevented through a variety of erosion-control techniques.

Sound – a body of water, wider than a strait or channel, 

usually connecting larger bodies of water.

Stormwater runoff – precipitation that does not infiltrate 

into the ground or evaporate due to impervious land 

surfaces but instead flows onto adjacent land or water areas 

and is routed into drain/sewer systems.

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) – a calculation of 

the maximum amount of a pollutant that a waterbody 

can receive and still meet government established water 

quality standards and an allocation of that amount to the 

pollutants sources.

Tributary – a body of water, such as a creek or stream that 

supplies a larger body of water, such as a lake or estuary.

Wastewater – water that has been used for industrial 

or domestic purposes and is therefore contaminated 

with pollutants. 

Watershed – the land area from which surface runoff drains 

into a stream, channel, lake, reservoir, or other body of 

water; also called a drainage basin.

Water quality standards – the goals for a waterbody 

by designating its uses, setting criteria to protect those 

uses, and establishing provisions to protect waterbodies 

from pollutants.

Wetlands – a land inclusion that has a predominance of 

hydric (wet) soils; is inundated or saturated by surface 

or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient 

to support a prevalence of vegetation adapted to wet soil 

conditions under normal circumstances.

Sarasota Bay Estuary Program • State of the Bay 2006 39
Palmetto

53rd. Ave.

Cortez Rd.

Manatee Ave. W.

10th St.

Holmes Beach 

Anna 

Maria

75th St. 

est W

Tampa

Bay

Terra Ceia

Bay

Palma Sola

Bay

Longboat Pass

41

41

301

41

Bradenton

Emerson

Point

Robinson 

Preserve

Leffis Ke

Cortez

y

Sister Keys

Braden River

Manatee River

19

275

Anna Maria Sound

75

Coquina Beach

Sister Keys Preserve-Phase 1

Tampa Bay Reef

Bradenton Beach Pier Reef

Leffis Key Reef

B

h

N

th R

f

Sister Keys Preserve-Phase 2

Leffis Key Park-Phase 2

Leffis Key Park-Phase 1

1912 Cortez Schoolhouse

Grassy Point Preserve

Neil Preserve

Robinson Preserve

Perico Bayou Hydrologic Reconnection

FISH Preserve

Perico Trail

Wares Cre

ke

Ballard Elementary School

Bulkheads Reef

Emerson Point Preserve

Emerson Point Reef