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<p><img src="embedded:image1.jpg" alt="image1.jpg"><img src="embedded:image2.png" alt="image2.png"></p>
<p><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management Document</b></p>
<p><b>Importation of Papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) cultivar Solo from Colombia and Ecuador into the Continental the United States</b></p>
<p><b>July 22, 2009</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Health Programs (PHP)</b></p>
<p><b>Regulations, Permits and Manuals (RPM)</b></p>
<p><b>Contact Person: </b><i>Dorothy Wayson</i><b>
</b></p>
<p><b>Introduction</b></p>
<p>Currently, under The Code of Federal Regulations (7CFR § 319.56-25) papayas (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) Solo type are imported into the continental United States from specific locations in Brazil and countries in Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) if they meet certain phytosanitary conditions. Two draft pest risk analyses for papayas from Brazil in1996 and from Ecuador in 2000 were prepared by APHIS resulting in the importation of papayas into the United States since 1996. </p>
<p>In response to a request by the Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SESA) and the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) in Ecuador, the Centro de Excelencia Fitosanitaria (CEF) in Bogotá, Colombia conducted a draft pest risk assessment (CEF, 2006)
</p>
<p>The Centro de Excelencia Fitosanitaría (CEF) in Bogotá, Colombia also conducted a draft pest risk assessment in response to a request by the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA) (NPPO) in Bogotá, Colombia for authorization to export fresh papaya to the continental United States (CEF, 2007).  The draft PRAs developed by the ICA for the importation of papayas from Ecuador and Colombia were submitted to APHIS. 
</p>
<p>APHIS evaluated the draft PRAs and determined that they were thorough, accurate, and that the information and conclusions were consistent with our policies and standards for imports<b>. </b>Three pests of quarantine significance were identified, which could reasonably be expected to follow the pathways of papaya imported into the continental United States from Colombia.
</p>
<p>The pests of quarantine concern that can follow the importation pathway identified in the PRAs described above include:
</p>
<p><i>Anastrepha fraterculus </i>(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
</p>
<p><i>Ceratitis capitata</i> (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Mediterranean fruit fly
</p>
<p><i>Phoma caricae-papayae </i>(Tarr) Punithaligham (Diaporthales: Valsaceae)
</p>
<p>The pest risk assessments identified a cumulative pest risk potential of High for the fruit flies <i>Anastrepha fraterculus </i>and <i>Ceratitis capitata</i>; additionally, the pest risk potential of Medium was identified for the fungal plant pathogen <i>Phoma caricae-papayae </i>(CEF, 2006, 2007)<i>.  </i>According to the APHIS <i>Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments Version 5.02</i> (APHIS, 2000), pests receiving a rating of Medium or High may require specific phytosanitary measures in addition to standard port-of-arrival inspection.</p>
<p>APHIS will only allow the importation of commercial consignments of papayas. Standard industry practices provide additional phytosanitary security because export quality fruit is grown in registered production areas, and it is inspected, graded, culled and washed during the packing process. The papaya fruit will be imported into the United States without the peduncle under the same conditions as exports from Central America and Brazil as stated in 7CFR § 319.56-25.  </p>
<p>Standard industry practices include the following (Snell, 2007): Papayas are harvested, placed into field boxes and transported to the local packing facility.  Each fruit is hand washed and inspected for quality.  Some fruit is culled at this point. Fruit is treated with a fungicidal dip to retard spoilage, and then air dried. Fruit is sorted by ripeness for shipment to specific markets.  Riper fruit is sent to local markets, and the greener fruit is sent to export markets.  At the shipping facility for export, a more detailed inspection is conducted.  
</p>
<p class="body_Text"><b>Risk management measures</b></p>
<p>APHIS proposes that papaya from Colombia and Ecuador may be imported into the continental United States under the following conditions: </p>
<p>1)
Only commercial consignments of healthy papaya, <i>Carica papaya </i>cultivar Solo, may be imported.  All growers must be registered with the NPPO of the exporting country.</p>
<p>2)
Beginning at least 30 days before harvest and continuing through the completion of harvest, all trees in the field where the papayas were grown are kept free of papayas that are 1⁄2 or more ripe (more than 1⁄4 of the shell surface yellow), and all culled and fallen fruits are buried, destroyed, or removed from the farm at least twice a week.</p>
<p>3)
The papayas are treated with a hot water treatment consisting of 20 minutes in water at 48o C (118.4o F).  </p>
<p>4)
When packed, the papayas must be less than 1⁄2 ripe (the shell surface was no more than 1⁄4 yellow, surrounded by light green), and free of all quarantine pests.</p>
<p>5)
The papayas are safeguarded from exposure to fruit flies from harvest to export, including being packaged so as to prevent access by fruit flies and other injurious insect pests.  The package containing the papayas may not contain any other fruit, including papayas not qualified for importation into the United States.</p>
<p>6)
Beginning at least 1 year before harvest begins and continuing through the completion of harvest, fruit fly traps must be maintained in the field where the papayas were grown.  The traps must be placed at a rate of 1 trap per hectare and be checked for fruit flies at least once weekly by the NPPO.  Fifty percent of the traps are of the McPhail type, and fifty percent of the traps are of the Jackson type.  If the average Jackson trap catch is greater than 7 Medflies per trap per week, measures must be taken to control the Medfly population in the production area.  The NPPO keeps records of fruit fly detections for each trap, updates the records each time the traps are checked, and makes the records available to APHIS inspectors upon request.  The records must be maintained for at least 1 year.</p>
<p>7)
If the average Jackson trap catch exceeds 14 Medflies per trap per week, importations of papayas from that production area must be halted until the rate of capture drops to an average of 7 or fewer Medflies per trap per week.</p>
<p>8)
If the average McPhail trap catch is greater than 7 South American fruit flies (<i>Anastrepha fraterculus</i>) per trap per week, measures must be taken to control the South American fruit fly population in the production area.  If the average McPhail trap catch exceeds 14 South American fruit flies per trap per week, importations of papayas from that production area must be halted until the rate of capture drops to an average of 7 or fewer South American fruit flies per trap per week.</p>
<p>9)
All activities described in the above paragraphs (1 through 8) are carried out under the supervision and direction of the NPPO.
</p>
<p>10)
All consignments must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the NPPO stating that papayas were grown, packed, and shipped in accordance with the provisions of §319.56–25.
</p>
<p><b>Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the Pathway
</b></p>
<p>Cultural, chemical, or mechanical means (e.g., field sanitation, pre-harvest application of pesticides, resistant cultivars) should be used to eliminate pests from fields or prevent fruit infestation. Sanitation, such as removing and discarding fallen fruit and pesticide applications, as essential components of good agricultural practices, are mainstays of commercial fruit production (e.g., Kirk <i>et al</i>., 2001).</p>
<p>Establishing areas of low pest prevalence by monitoring and trapping fruit flies (<i>C. capitata</i> and <i>A. fraterculus</i>) and comparing populations to acceptable threshold levels has been used successfully in the management system for papaya imports from Brazil and Central America. (7CFR § 319.56-25). </p>
<p>Fruit should be sampled and inspected periodically during the growing season and after harvest, for quarantine pests, by the NPPO. The NPPO must certify that conditions outlined for growing, packing and shipping have been met prior to export (e.g. Brazil requirements 7CFR § 319.56-25), and certify that the papayas originated from low prevalence or fruit fly free areas or growing regions of the country.  
</p>
<p>Papayas must be less one-half ripe or one-fourth yellow and must be disinfested from fruit flies within 18 hrs of harvest (7CFR § 319.56-25).  This greatly reduces the risk of fruit flies being present in the papayas (Keck, 1942; Seo et al., 1983; Couey and Hayes, 1986).  Hot water treatment by immersion for 20 min at 48°C (118.4 °F) substantially reduces post-harvest decay and is also recommended for treatment of internal pests, such as fruit flies (Couey and Hayes, 1986).   Hot water treatment, at 48°C for 20 minutes is considered as a suitable post-harvest control measure for <i>Phoma caricae-papayae </i>(Nishijima, 1994)<i>.</i>  </p>
<p><b>Summary
</b></p>
<p>The phytosanitary requirements described above includes a systems approach for papayas that includes fruit fly trapping, pest management, cultural practices that maintain low pest prevalence and heat treatment to remove pests of concern from the pathway.  The risk management document concludes that based on the evaluation of effectiveness of these measures directed against the quarantine pests of concern, APHIS finds that the safeguards of 7 CFR § 319.56-25 and the additional mitigations described here will result in the effective removal of the pests of concern, identified by the pest risk analysis, from the pathway of the importation of papaya fruit from Colombia and Ecuador into the continental United States.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p class="default_Text"><b>Mitigation Measure</b></p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text"><b>Evidence for removal of pests from the pathway</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>1) Only commercial shipments may be imported.  </p>
<p>All growers must be registered with the NPPO of the exporting country.</p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Fruit in commercial orchards are grown using good agricultural practices which reduce pest populations.  </p>
<p class="default_Text">Registration of orchards allows trace back and removal from the export program of orchards with pest problems.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>2) All ripe, culled and fallen fruits are removed.
</p>
<p></p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Removal of ripe papayas and orchard sanitation reduces fruit fly populations (Mau and Kessing, 2007). </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>2) Papayas must be less than 1⁄2 ripe.</p>
<p class="default_Text"></p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Green papayas are poor hosts for some fruit flies.  Harvesting only green, unripe papayas reduces the possibility that <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> and <i>Anastrepha fraterculus</i> fruit flies are present in the fruit (Keck, 1942; Seo et al., 1983; Couey and Hayes, 1986).</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p class="default_Text">3) Papayas are treated with hot for 20 minutes at 48o C (118.4o F).  </p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">This treatment is effective in killing eggs of <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> in the papayas (Couey and Hayes, 1986).  Hot water treatment also reduces plant pathogens that may be present on the surface of the papayas.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p class="default_Text">6), 7), 8) If fruit fly trapping detections exceed trigger levels, all exports are stopped until fruit fly populations drop below trigger levels.  </p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Green papayas are poor hosts to <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> and <i>Anastrepha fraterculus</i>, high fruit fly populations are required for infestations to occur (Keck, 1942).  </p>
<p class="default_Text"></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p class="default_Text">1), 9) The papaya orchards must be inspected periodically by NPPO to ensure sanitary procedures are employed to exclude plant pests and diseases.</p>
</td>	<td><p class="default_Text">Regular inspections are recognized as part of a balanced pest management program (Kahn and Mathur 1999).</p>
<p class="default_Text">The relatively large size of all these pests would allow detection of these pests at least during some stages of their development (CABI 2006). </p>
<p class="default_Text">Multiple inspections help ensure that various stages of any pest will be present; this is particularly effective against those pests whose later life stages are larger and more readily detected (Borror <i>et al.</i> 1989).</p>
<p class="default_Text"></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>5) Papayas must be safeguarded from exposure to fruit flies from harvest to export, including being packaged so as to prevent access by fruit flies and other injurious insect pests.  </p>
<p></p>
</td>	<td><p>Packing within 24 hours of harvest in a pest exclusionary house and safeguarding during transit reduces the exposure of harvested papayas to infestation by maintaining a pest exclusionary barrier.</p>
<p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>10) Each shipment of papayas must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate of inspection issued by NPPO bearing the following declaration: “These papayas were grown in accordance with the conditions in §319.56–25 and were inspected and found free from pests.”</p>
</td>	<td><p>Requiring a Phytosanitary Certificate effectively ensures inspection by respective NPPO for pests of concern.  </p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Authors</b></p>
<p>Christie Bertone 
</p>
<p>Entomologist, CPHST-PERAL</p>
<p>Walter Gould
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager</p>
<p><b>References</b></p>
<p>APHIS.  2000. Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments. Version 5.02. Plant Protection and Quarantine, Riverdale, Maryland.</p>
<p>Borror, D. J., Triplehorn, C. A. and N. F. Johnson.  1989.  Introduction to the study of insects, 6 ed.  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, TX.</p>
<p>CABI.  2006. Crop Protection Compendium, 2006 Edition.  CAB International, Wallingford, UK.</p>
<p>CEF.  2006.  Importation of fresh papaya fruit, <i>Carica papaya</i> L., into the continental United States from Ecuador: a pathway-initiated risk assessment.  Centro de Excelencia Fitosanitaría, Bogotá, Colombia. </p>
<p>CEF.  2007.  Importation of fresh papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.), cultivar Solo, into the continental United States from Colombia: a pathway-initiated risk assessment.  Centro de Excelencia Fitosanitaría, Bogotá, Colombia.
</p>
<p>Couey, H. M., and C. F. Hayes. 1986.<b> </b>Quarantine procedure for Hawaiian papaya using fruit selection and a two-stage hot-water immersion. J. Econ. Entomol. 79:1307-1314.</p>
<p>Keck, C.B.  1942.  Infestation of mature green papayas by the Mediterranean fruit fly.  J. Econ. Entomol. 35: 802- 805.</p>
<p>Kirk, K., Bessin, R., Hartman, J., O’Leary, J. and Strang, J. 2001. Total quality assurance: apple production: best management practices. Kentucky Coop. Ext. Serv. ID-137.</p>
<p>Mau, R.F.L. and J.L.M. Kessing.  2007.  Ceratitis capitata. Crop Knowledge Master (database), University of Hawaii Extension Service.  Last accessed online Aug. 2007. <a href="http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm"><u>http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/ceratiti.htm</u></a></p>
<p>SESA.  2006.  Letter from Noemí Castro Portilla, Ing. Agr. Msc., Servicio Ecuatoriano de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SESA) to Wilmer Snell, USDA APHIS PPQ Phytosanitary Issues Management.  Subject:  Fruit fly monitoring and the presence of the <i>Toxotrypana</i> spp. in the monitored areas.  6 June 2006.  On file with USDA APHIS PPQ.</p>
<p>Nishijima, W.T.  1994.  Dry rot.  P59-60.  In Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. Eds.:  Ploetz, R.C., Zentmyer, G.A., Nishijima, W.T., Rohrbach, K.G., and Ohr, H.D.  APS Press.</p>
<p>Seo, S.T., C. Tang, S. Sanidad and T.H. Takenaka.  1983.  Hawaiian fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Variation of index of infestation with benzyl isothiocyanate concentration and color of the maturing papaya.  J. Econ. Entomol. 76: 535-538.</p>
<p>Snell, W.  2007.  Letter from Wilmer Snell to Craig Fedchock, USDA APHIS PPQ Phytosanitary Issues Management.  Subject:  Confirmatory Visit to Papaya Production Areas in the Valle de Cauca, Colombia.  13 March 2007.  On file with USDA APHIS PPQ.</p>
<p>USDA, 2006. Plant Protection and Quarantine Manual Regulating the Importation of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.  Last accessed online at <a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/port/FV_Chapters.htm on Feb 16"><u>http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/port/FV_Chapters.htm  on Feb 16</u></a>, 2006.</p>
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<div class="footer"><p class="footer">PAGE  </p>
<p class="footer">1</p>
<p class="header">Rev. 6
July 22, 2009

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