Opinion filed December 9, 2021

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals __________

No. 11-19-00343-CR

__________

MITCHELL WAYNE ROBERTSON, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 35th District Court

Brown County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. CR26729

O P I N I O N

The jury convicted Mitchell Wayne Robertson of possession of a controlled 

substance in a drug-free zone and assessed his punishment at confinement in the 

Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for a period of 

thirty years after Appellant pleaded “true” to two prior felony convictions alleged 

for enhancement purposes. Appellant challenges his conviction and sentence in 

three issues. We affirm. 
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Background Facts

On September 29, 2018, James McMillian Sr. (McMillian Sr.) and James 

McMillian Jr. (McMillian Jr.) learned that Appellant stole McMillian Jr.’s 

lawnmower. Shortly after learning this information, McMillian Jr. located Appellant 

and confronted him about the lawnmower. Appellant admitted that he took the 

lawnmower and offered to take McMillian Jr. to the lawnmower. McMillian Sr. and 

Amber McMillian (McMillian), McMillian Jr.’s wife, accompanied McMillian Jr. to 

the location where Appellant had stored the lawnmower. As they were in route to 

the location, McMillian Sr. flagged down two police officers and asked them to 

follow him. 

McMillian Jr., McMillian Sr., and McMillian followed Appellant to 1115 

Santa Clara Drive, which turned out to be Appellant’s sister’s house. McMillian Jr.

and McMillian arrived at the location before McMillian Sr. and the police arrived.

Brownwood Police Officers Shade Tidwell and Ray Slayton were the first officers 

on the scene. Once Appellant realized that the police had arrived, he took off 

running. McMillian noticed that Appellant threw something down as he began 

running. 

Officer Slayton began pursuing Appellant on foot. The chase lasted around 

five minutes and ended with Officer Trever Sears, who arrived after Officer Slayton 

did, locating Appellant hiding in the laundry room of the Santa Clara residence.

Once the police officers were able to arrest Appellant, Officer Sears searched 

Appellant and found female jewelry in his pocket. After searching Appellant, 

officers transported Appellant to the Brown County Jail. Officer Slayton then found 

a green baggie located in the front yard of the Santa Clara residence.

Officer Tidwell knew that Appellant drove the pickup found at the Santa Clara 

residence because McMillian Jr. and Appellant’s sister confirmed to Officer Tidwell 

that the pickup was Appellant’s pickup. Officer Tidwell then conducted an 
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inventory search of Appellant’s pickup. Officer Tidwell inventoried all items within 

the cab and the bed of the pickup. However, Officer Tidwell did not inventory the 

locked toolbox in the bed of the pickup. Following the inventory, the police officers

had the pickup impounded. The State introduced evidence that showed that the 

Santa Clara Drive address was within 1,000 feet of Trigg Park.

In the days following Appellant’s arrest, Detective Kris Salazar began 

investigating Appellant’s case. Detective Salazar’s investigation into Appellant 

started as a potential theft investigation. Detective Salazar learned that Appellant 

had been driving the pickup, but the pickup was still registered to Donald Robertson

(Robertson), Appellant’s brother. Upon learning this information, Detective Salazar 

contacted Robertson and visited him at his residence. During this visit, Robertson 

informed Detective Salazar that Appellant had had Robertson’s permission to drive 

the pickup for the past several months. Robertson testified that he gave the pickup

to Appellant around Christmas 2017. However, it is unclear from the record whether 

Detective Salazar knew that Robertson had given Appellant the pickup, or whether 

Robertson was just allowing Appellant to temporarily use the pickup.

On October 4, 2018, Robertson agreed to meet with Detective Salazar at the 

impound lot where the pickup was taken following Appellant’s arrest. Robertson 

signed a consent form allowing Detective Salazar to search the pickup. However, 

Robertson did not have a key to the toolbox on the pickup. Additionally, Detective 

Salazar did not know that Robertson did not attach the toolbox to the pickup but,

rather, that Appellant had done so. At trial, a factual dispute arose as to who opened 

the lock on the toolbox. Detective Salazar testified that Robertson opened the 

toolbox, and Robertson testified that he did not remember opening it and believed 

the toolbox was already opened when he arrived at the impound lot. Once opened, 

Detective Salazar found two pipes, a baggie containing a crystalized substance, and 

a butane lighter.
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The green baggie discovered at the Santa Clara residence and the items seized 

from the toolbox were sent to the Abilene Crime Lab to test for the presence of any 

illegal substances. The test conducted on the crystal substance recovered from the 

toolbox revealed that the substance contained methamphetamine. Due to an Abilene 

Crime Lab policy, the green baggie from the Santa Clara residence was never tested.

However, Sarah McGregor, the crime lab analysist, noted that the green baggie had 

residue in it.

During trial, Appellant filed a motion titled “Motion to Suppress Or 

Alternatively Motion For 38.23 Instruction to the Jury.” The trial court took this 

motion under advisement and did not rule on the motion until the following day.

The trial court denied Appellant’s motion to suppress but granted Appellant’s 

request for an Article 38.23 jury instruction. 

Analysis

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence in his second and third 

issues. In Appellant’s second issue, he contends that the evidence was insufficient 

to establish his possession of the methamphetamine. In Appellant’s third issue, he 

contends that the evidence was insufficient to show that he possessed the narcotics 

in a drug-free zone.

We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard 

of review set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Brooks v. State, 323 

S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Polk v. State, 337 S.W.3d 286, 288–89 

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. ref’d). Under the Jackson standard, we review all 

of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any 

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a 

reasonable doubt. Jackson 443 U.S. at 319; Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). 
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When conducting a sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence admitted 

at trial, including pieces of evidence that may have been improperly admitted. 

Winfrey v. State, 393 S.W.3d 763, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Clayton v. State, 235 

S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We defer to the factfinder’s role as the 

sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight witness testimony is to be 

afforded. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899. This standard accounts for the factfinder’s 

duty to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw 

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; 

Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. When the record supports conflicting inferences, we 

presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict and defer to 

that determination. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. 

It is not necessary that the evidence directly prove the defendant’s guilt; 

circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing a 

defendant’s guilt, and circumstantial evidence can alone be sufficient to establish 

guilt. Carrizales v. State, 414 S.W.3d 737, 742 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citing 

Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). Each fact need not 

point directly and independently to guilt if the cumulative force of all incriminating 

circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. 

Because evidence must be considered cumulatively, appellate courts are not 

permitted to use a “divide and conquer” strategy for evaluating the sufficiency of the 

evidence. Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). Instead, 

appellate courts must consider the cumulative force of all the evidence. Villa v. 

State, 514 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).

In his second issue, Appellant asserts that the evidence at trial was insufficient 

to show that he intentionally or knowingly possessed methamphetamine. He 

contends that the evidence is insufficient because the methamphetamine recovered 

from the pickup’s toolbox was found five days after his arrest in an area that was not 
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readily accessible to Appellant. Appellant asserts that other people had access to the 

pickup and that others drove it.

A person is guilty of possession of a controlled substance if he or she 

intentionally or knowingly possessed the controlled substance. See TEX. HEALTH &

SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(a) (West Supp. 2021). The Health and Safety Code 

defines possession as “actual care, custody, control, or management.” Id. at 

§ 481.002(38).

To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must show 

(1) that the accused exercised control, management, or care over the substance and 

(2) that the accused knew the matter possessed was contraband. Poindexter v. State, 

153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), overruled in part on other grounds 

by Robinson v. State, 466 S.W.3d 166, 173 & n.32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); 

Hughitt v. State, 539 S.W.3d 531, 538 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2018), aff’d, 583 

S.W.3d 623 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). The evidence must establish that the accused’s 

connection with the drugs is more than just his fortuitous proximity to someone 

else’s drugs. Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 405–06; Hughitt, 539 S.W.3d at 538.

Texas courts have formulated the “affirmative links rule,” which provides 

that, “[w]hen the accused is not in exclusive possession of the place where the 

substance is found, it cannot be concluded that the accused had knowledge of and 

control over the contraband unless there are additional independent facts and 

circumstances which affirmatively link the accused to the contraband.” Poindexter, 

153 S.W.3d at 406 (alteration in original) (quoting Deshong v. State, 625 S.W.2d 

327, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981)); see Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 n.12 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (listing affirmative links recognized by courts); see also 

Tate v. State, 500 S.W.3d 410, 413–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Evans, 202 

S.W.3d at 162 n.12). The affirmative links rule is routinely employed to establish 

possession when the accused is not in exclusive possession of the place where the 
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drugs are found. Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 406. “This rule simply restates the 

common-sense notion that a person—such as a father, son, spouse, roommate, or 

friend—may jointly possess property like a house but not necessarily jointly possess 

the contraband found in that house.” Id.

The following links have been applied to infer knowledge relating to the 

contraband: (1) the accused’s presence when the search was executed; (2) whether 

the contraband was in plain view; (3) the accused’s proximity to and the accessibility 

of the contraband; (4) whether the accused was under the influence of a controlled 

substance when he was arrested; (5) whether the accused possessed other contraband 

or narcotics when arrested; (6) whether the accused made incriminating statements; 

(7) whether the accused attempted to flee; (8) whether the accused made furtive 

gestures; (9) whether there was an odor of contraband; (10) whether other 

contraband or drug paraphernalia was present; (11) whether the accused owned or 

had the right to possess the place where the drugs were found; (12) whether the place 

where the drugs were found was enclosed; (13) whether the accused was found with 

a large amount of cash; and (14) whether the conduct of the accused indicated a 

consciousness of guilt. Tate, 500 S.W.3d at 414 (citing Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 

n.12). It is not the number of links that is dispositive; rather, it is the logical force 

of all of the evidence, both direct and circumstantial, that is the determining factor.

Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162.

Detective Salazar testified as follows regarding what officers found in the 

toolbox: 

A glass bubble pipe, commonly used, in my training that I’ve seen, as 

a meth pipe. It had some burnt residue on there, and then there was a 

clear baggie tucked in one of the little sleeves, which contained a 

crystalized substance that, from my training, recognized to possibly be 

meth and a little butane lighter torch.
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Additionally, Detective Salazar found a second pipe within the toolbox, which he 

testified was a marihuana pipe.

According to Robertson, he gave Appellant the pickup in December 2017, and 

Appellant had been driving the pickup through the time of his arrest in September 

2018. Additionally, Appellant attached the locked toolbox to the pickup after he 

received it from Robertson. Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient 

to show that he possessed the drugs because the State did not disprove that the drugs 

were not in the possession of one of the many other people Appellant let drive the 

pickup. However, Robertson testified that he had no key to the locked toolbox and 

that Appellant did not allow other people to borrow the pickup “real often.”

Additionally, two witnesses testified about Appellant’s physical appearance 

at the time of his arrest. Officer Slayton testified that Appellant appeared as follows: 

He seemed -- he seemed skinny then. His face was sunk in. The little 

bit that I did speak with him, he spoke pretty quickly. During the 

movements in the back yard where -- where I was in pursuit, especially 

at the point where he was on the ground trying to get up, I’d say he had 

a lot of furtive and erratic movements . . . .

Officer Slayton indicated that these were all signs of methamphetamine use. 

McMillian Jr. testified that he had observed people under the influence of 

methamphetamine and there was “no doubt” in his mind Appellant was under the 

influence of methamphetamine. Specifically, McMillian Jr. stated that Appellant 

was “[k]ind of moving around a little fast -- fast movement.” Taken together, a 

reasonable jury could conclude that Appellant knowingly possessed the 

methamphetamine located within the locked toolbox. We overrule Appellant’s 

second issue. 

In Appellant’s third issue, he contends that the evidence was insufficient to 

show that he possessed the methamphetamine within a drug-free zone. Appellant 

asserts that “[t]he State should not be able to transport a controlled substance found 
9

miles away and five days later to a separate location for the only purpose of making 

a drug-free zone applicable.” Knowingly possessing a controlled substance within 

one thousand feet of playground enhances the punishment. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY 

CODE ANN. § 481.134(b)(1) (West Supp. 2021). It is irrelevant whether the 

defendant knew that he or she was in a drug-free zone when he or she possessed the 

drugs. White v. State, 509 S.W.3d 307, 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).

Here, the uncontradicted testimony from Gary Hurtado, the GIS Coordinator

for the City of Brownwood, established that the residence where Appellant’s pickup

was located when he was arrested was 885 feet from Trigg Park. Trigg Park contains 

various items of playground equipment. Thus, contrary to Appellant’s assertion, the 

pickup was not towed to a location within a drug-free zone, but rather the pickup

was present in a drug-free zone because that is the location where Appellant parked 

the pickup. 

Appellant also asserts that the drug-free zone enhancement should not apply 

because the drugs were not located within the drug-free zone when Detective Salazar 

found them. Bridges v. State, 454 S.W.3d 87 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2014, pet. 

ref’d), is instructive. In Bridges, the defendant was arrested within a drug-free zone, 

but the police did not discover that the defendant possessed methamphetamine until 

he was later searched at the police station. 454 S.W.3d at 88. The Amarillo Court 

of Appeals affirmed the conviction even though the police did not learn that the 

defendant possessed methamphetamine until after he was removed from the drugfree zone. Id. at 89. 

The circumstances in Bridges are nearly identical to the facts in this case. 

When police arrested Appellant, his pickup was within a drug-free zone. The police 

did not learn that the pickup contained methamphetamine until it was searched at the 

impound lot outside a drug-free zone. We have already determined that the evidence 

was sufficient to establish that Appellant possessed the methamphetamine found in 
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the pickup. A reasonable jury could have also found that Appellant possessed the 

methamphetamine within a drug-free zone based on the pickup’s location at the time 

of Appellant’s arrest. Therefore, we overrule Appellant’s third issue. 

Motion to Suppress

In his first issue, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by overruling his 

motion to suppress the contents of the toolbox. He contends that his right to privacy 

was violated when the police searched the toolbox attached to the pickup. 

Specifically, Appellant contends that Robertson lacked actual authority to consent 

to the search of the pickup and that Detective Salazar could not reasonably believe 

that Robertson had apparent authority to consent to a search of the pickup. 

Appellate courts review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an 

abuse of discretion. Arguellez v. State, 409 S.W.3d 657, 662 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2013). We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a 

bifurcated standard of review. Lerma v. State, 543 S.W.3d 184, 189–90 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2018) (citing Furr v. State, 499 S.W.3d 872, 877 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)); see 

Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). At a hearing on a 

motion to suppress, the trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility 

of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Lerma, 543 S.W.3d at 

190 (citing State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). Therefore, 

we afford almost complete deference to the trial court in determining historical facts. 

Id. (citing Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). “When 

a trial judge makes express findings of fact, an appellate court must examine the 

record in the light most favorable to the ruling and uphold those fact findings so long 

as they are supported by the record.” State v. Rodriguez, 521 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2017) (citing Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2010)). “The appellate court then proceeds to a de novo determination of the legal 

significance of the facts as found by the trial court—including the determination of 
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whether a specific search or seizure was reasonable.” Id. (citing Kothe v. State, 152 

S.W.3d 54, 62–63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)).

In denying the motion to suppress, the trial court stated that “the State had the 

right to rely on the -- either the actual or apparent authority of the brother.” Consent 

is an established exception to the warrant requirement. Id. at 10 (citing 

Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973)). A third party can consent to a 

search to the detriment of another’s privacy interest if the third party has actual 

authority over the place or thing to be searched. Id. at 19 (citing United States v. 

Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 170 (1974); Hubert v. State, 312 S.W.3d 554, 560 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2010)). “But actual authority is not necessarily a prerequisite for a valid 

consensual search. If an officer reasonably, though mistakenly, believes that a third 

party purporting to provide consent has actual authority over the place or thing to be 

searched, apparent authority exists.” Id. (citing Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 

186 (1990); Hubert, 312 S.W.3d at 561). “Apparent authority is judged under an 

objective standard: ‘Would the facts available to the officer at the moment warrant 

a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the consenting party had authority over 

the premises?’” Id. (quoting Limon v. State, 340 S.W.3d 753, 756 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2011)). 

Because of societal understanding and expectations, the driver of a vehicle 

typically has a superior right to consent to a search of the vehicle as compared to the 

occupants of a vehicle. State v. Copeland, 399 S.W.3d 159, 163–64 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2013). But “[a]fter a vehicle is stopped on a public roadway, events may 

transpire that change the positions of the occupants in the hierarchy of the vehicle 

and that would likely change society’s expectations with respect to which occupant 

controls the vehicle.” Id. at 164 (citing examples of events that “would likely change 

society’s expectations to include consideration of a passenger’s control over the 

vehicle as equal, and possibly superior, to that of the driver”). For example, the 
12

driver may give control of the vehicle to a passenger after he is arrested, and thus “a 

driver’s control may quickly and unexpectedly be relegated to another as 

circumstances change.” Id. at 164–65 (citing Welch v. State, 93 S.W.3d 50, 53 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2002)). 

Copeland involved a driver that consented to a search of a vehicle. 399 

S.W.3d at 160. However, a passenger claiming to be the owner of the vehicle 

objected to the search. Id. In Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 123 (2006), the 

U.S. Supreme Court held that a co-tenant of a residence may disallow police to 

search a residence after a fellow tenant has consented to a search. In Copeland, the 

Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that the holding in Randolph does not extend 

to vehicle occupants to permit an objecting vehicle occupant to disallow consent 

given by another occupant. 399 S.W.3d at 159–64. 

In Welch, after the driver gave control of the vehicle to a passenger post-arrest, 

the passenger gave police consent to search the vehicle. The Texas Court of 

Criminal Appeals concluded that the consent from the passenger was effective even 

though the driver, who was also the owner of the vehicle, had previously refused 

consent to search because at the time the passenger consented to the search, she had 

equal control and equal use of the vehicle. Welch, 93 S.W.3d at 52–53; see 

Copeland, 399 S.W.3d at 166 n.7 (discussing Welch).

Here the circumstances do not pit a driver’s non-consent against a passenger’s 

consent as was the case in Welch, but rather it pits the consent of the registered owner 

of a vehicle versus the non-consent of a driver that had been a permissive user of the 

vehicle for several months. This case requires us to determine if a reasonable officer 

would believe that Robertson, as the registered owner of the vehicle, had at least the 

apparent authority to give consent to a search of the vehicle if Roberston had given 

Appellant the use of the vehicle and Appellant refused to give consent for a search. 

We conclude that a registered owner in Robertson’s position would have at least 
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apparent authority to consent to a search of the vehicle even though Appellant had 

refused to give consent.

Robertson attempted to retrieve the pickup on multiple occasions after 

Appellant’s arrest. At the time that the police arrested Appellant, Robertson drove 

to the Santa Clara residence and spoke with police to see if he could take the pickup

with him without it being impounded. Following his attempted retrieval of the 

pickup on the day of Appellant’s arrest, Robertson called the police daily to see if 

he could retrieve the pickup after it was impounded. Robertson testified that he 

wanted to retrieve the pickup because “it’s in my name” and because he wanted to 

avoid the daily charges for the pickup to remain impounded. Robertson undertook 

these actions as the registered owner of the pickup irrespective of the fact that he had 

purportedly given the pickup to Appellant. 

A significant element of our analysis is the fact that the vehicle was 

impounded after Appellant’s arrest. Jerry Wetherholt, the tow truck driver that 

towed the pickup to the impound yard, testified that the registered owner is permitted 

to retrieve property from an impounded vehicle or to obtain the release of the vehicle 

from the impound yard. In that regard, the operator of a vehicle storage facility who 

receives an impounded vehicle that is towed to the facility must send a written notice 

to the registered owner of the vehicle. TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. § 2303.151(a) (West 

Supp. 2021). Furthermore, the registered owner of the vehicle is entitled to claim 

possession of the vehicle. See id. § 2303.154(b)(3) (noting that the failure of the 

owner to claim possession within thirty days of being provided notice of 

impoundment constitutes a waiver by that person of all right, title, or interest in the 

vehicle). After the methamphetamine was found, the impound yard released the 

vehicle to Robertson, and he continued to possess it at the time of trial.

As the registered owner of the impounded pickup, Robertson had at least the 

right to equal control of the vehicle as did Appellant and a greater right of possession
14

under the impound statutes. Thus, at a minimum, Robertson had apparent authority 

to consent to a search of the vehicle irrespective of Appellant’s prior refusal to give 

consent to search. See Copeland, 399 S.W.3d at 159–64; Welch, 93 S.W.3d at 52–

53. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in overruling Appellant’s motion to 

suppress. We overrule Appellant’s first issue. 

This Court’s Ruling

We affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

JOHN M. BAILEY

CHIEF JUSTICE

December 9, 2021

Publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J., 

Trotter, J., and Williams, J.