APPENDIX C 

2002 Emissions Inventory 

Methodology & Documentation 

Owensboro Ozone Maintenance Area 

PROPOSED UPDATED MAINTENANCE EMISSIONS BUDGET 

OWENSBORO OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

DAVIESS AND A PORTION OF HANCOCK COUNTIES 
2002 OZONE PRECURSOR EMISSIONS INVENTORY 

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UPDATED 

OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA PLANS FOR KENTUCKY OZONE 

MAINTENANCE AREAS 

AS REQUIRED BY THE CLEAN AIR ACT 

FOR THE OWENSBORO OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

LOCATED WITHIN 

(DAVIESS COUNTV AND A PORTION OF HANCOCK COUNTY) 

Prepared by 

THE KENTUCKY DIVISION FOR AIR QUALITY 

John S. Lyons 

Director 

Submitted by 

THE KENTUCKY ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC PROTECTION CABINET 

Teresa J. HilI 

Secretary 

July 2007 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1 .0 BACKGROUND & EMISSIONS SUMMARY ..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1.1 

1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .1 

1 .2 Emissions Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .2 

1 .3 References, Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . ..1 .5 

2.0 POINT SOURCES. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . ... .. ...... ...... ........... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .1 

2.1 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .... .. ..... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .1 

2.2 Methodology and Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ... .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .1 

2.2 .1 Review of Existing Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.2 

2.2 .2 Source Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...... ..2.2 

2 .2 .3 Data Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ..2 .2 

2.2 .4 Data Compilation . . ... .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .3 

2.2 .5 Emission Calculations. . .. .. . . .... . ..... . ..... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .3 

2.3 Summary of Point Source Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .4 

2.3 .1 Owensboro Ozone Maintenance Area . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .4 

2 .4 References, Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. . . . ...2 .7 

3.0 AREA SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . ... .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 

3.1 Introduction & Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 

3.2 Methodology & Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 

3.2 .1 Source Category Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 

3.2 .2 Emission Estimation Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . .3 .1 

3.3 Summary of Area Source Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ..... . . . .3 .2 

ii 
3.4 Discussion of the Area Source Categories . . .... .. . ... .. . ... .. .... .. .... .. ..... . . . ... . . . . """"" . ""3"2 

3.4.1 Gasoline Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .2 

3.4 .1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """"" 3.3 

3.4 .1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .4 

3.4 .1 .3 Vehicle Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .3 .5 

3.4 .1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . .3 .5 

3.4 .1 .5 Aircraft Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. . ... .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .6 

3.4.1 .6 Petroleum Vessel Loading & Unloading . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 

3.4 .2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 

3 .4 .2 .1 Dry Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .9 

3 .4 .2 .2 Surface Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .10 

3.4 .2 .3 Surface Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .12 

3.4 .2 .3 .1 Architectural Surface Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .3 .12 

3.4 .2 .3 .2 Automobile Refmishing.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .3 .14 

3.4 .2 .3 .3 Traffic Markings . . . . ... . . . . .. . ... .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .15 

3.4 .2 .3 .4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating ... .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.16 

3 .4 .2 .4 Graphic Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .16 

3 .4 .2 .5 Cutback Asphalt Paving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .17 

3 .4 .2 .6 Emulsified Asphalt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .18 

3.4 .2 .7 Pesticide Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .18 

3.4 .2 .8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.19 

3.4 .3 Waste Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .21 

3.4 .3 .1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .... 3 .21 

3.4 .3 .2 Industrial Wastewater. .... .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ..... . ....3 .22 

3.4 .3 .3 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage & Disposal . . . . . .. .. . ... . . ..... . . . .. 3.22 

3.4 .3 .4 Municipal Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .... .. .... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. ...... ..... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .3 .23 

3.4 .3.5 Solid Waste Incineration . . . . . ... . ..... . ...... .... .. .... .. .... . . ...... . . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .3 .24 

3 .4.3 .5 .1 On-Site Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .24 

3 .4 .3 .5 .2 Open Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .26 

3.4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.28 

3.4.5 Bioprocess Emission Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.28 

3.4.5.1 Bakeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.28 

3.4.5.2 Breweries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.29 

3.4.5.3 Wineries . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .29 

3.4.5.4 Distilleries . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .29 

3.4.5.5 Silage Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .3 .29 

3.4.6 Other Area Sources. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .30 

3.4.6.1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .3 .30 

3.4.6 .1 .1 Forest Fires . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 

3.4.6.1 .2 Structure Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.31 

3 .4 .6.1 .3 Slash & Prescribed Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.33 

3 .4 .6.1 .4 Agricultural Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.33 

3 .4.6.1 .5 Orchard Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.33 

iii 
3.4 .6 .2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. .. .3 .33 

3.5 References, Section 3 .. .. .... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . ... . . .3 .40 

4.0 NON-HIGHWAY MOBILE EMISSIONS... .. .. .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 

4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. .. ...... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 

4.2 Methodology & Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... .. .... . . . . .. . . . ... .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 

4.3 Summary of Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .4 .1 

4.4 Discussion of Nonroad Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 

4.4 .1 Other Nonroad (i .e ., Non-Highway) Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 

4.4 .2 Aircraft Emissions . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .2 

4.4 .2 .1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .3 

4.4 .2 .2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis and Military Aircraft . .4 .5 

4.4 .3 Locomotives .. . . . . .... . . ... . . ... .. . . . . .. . ... .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .. . ... .. ....4 .8 

4.4 .3 .1 Line Haul Locomotives . . . . . ... . ..... . . . ........... ...... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .4 .9 

4.4 .3 .2 Yard Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .10 

4.5 References, Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .14 

5 .0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .1 

5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 

5.2 Emissions Estimation Process . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. ..... . . ..... .. . . . . . .5 .1 

5.3 

5.4 

5.2 .1 Overview of Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .1 

5.2 .2 Inputs to MOBILE6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .2 

5.2 .2 .1 Run Section Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .2 

5.2 .2.2 Scenario Section Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .2 

Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """ . """5.4 

References, Section 5 . . ... .. . . .. .. .... .. ...... ..... . ..... . ...... ...... ...... ...... .... .. ..... . ...... ...... . . ..5.5 

iv 
6.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . ..6.1 

6.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1 

6.2 Methodology . .:. . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1 

6.3 Summary of Biogenic Emissions.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1 

6.3 .1 Ozone Maintenance Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ..... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1 

6.4 References, Section 6 . . . . . . ... . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3 

Appendix A Point Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix B Area Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix C Non-Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix D Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information 

Appendix E Biogenic Emissions Inventory Information 
1 .0 BACKGROUND AND EMISSIONS SUMMARY 

1 .1 BACKGROUND 

In accordance with the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, a November 6, 1991, 

Federal Register notice designated Owensboro as marginal nonattainment for the 1-hour ozone 

standard effective on January 6, 1992. In a November 3, 1994, Federal Register notice, the U.S . 

EPA approved the redesignation of Owensboro from marginal nonattainment to attainment for the 1-

hour ozone standard effective on January 3, 1995. On April 30, 2004 (69 FR 23858), the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated and classified areas for the 8-hour ground-level 

ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). These areas are required to submit a 10-

year maintenance plan under section 110(a)(1) of the CAA if they also were a nonattainment area, or 

an attainment/unclassifiable area with a section 175A maintenance plan, under the 1-hour ozone 

standard . This document presents Kentucky's 2002 ozone precursor emissions inventory for the 

Owensboro ozone maintenance area, which includes Daviess County and a portion of Hancock 

County. This inventory was developed based on EPA guidance, direct consultation with EPA 

personnel, and previous emission inventory development experience . The inventory includes 

reactive volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), and carbon monoxide (CO) 

emissions for area, point, non-highway mobile, highway mobile and biogenic sources. 

The point source inventory was developed using the Division's existing emissions inventory 

database (i .e., TEMPO). The existing TEMPO database was updated using questionnaires and 

annual surveys completed by the sources. 

Maintenance area population information is provided in Table 1-1 . The data provided in 

Table 1-1 is vital to many emission calculation procedures used to develop the emissions inventory, 

particularly for area and nonroad mobile sources. These data are frequently referenced throughout 

this document. 
TABLE 1-1 

2002 POPULATION 

Owensboro Maintenance Area 

COUNTY APPORTIONMENT' 

FACTOR 

Daviess 1 .000 

TOTAL POPULATION APPORTIONED 

UhATIUN APPORTIONMENT COUNTY 

FACTOR POPULATION 

91,694 1 .000 91,694 

Hancock* 0.050 8,573 0.226 1,937 

Total 100,267 93,631 

* Denotes only a portion of the county 

1.2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY 

In preparing this inventory, several other agencies contributed information to the Division 

necessary for completing emission calculations . The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' provided 

information essential for completing the mobile emissions portion of this document. The Kentucky 

Economic Development Cabinet2 and the State Data Center 3 provided valuable population 

information used primarily in the preparation of the area source inventory. 

Within the maintenance areas, VOC, NO, and CO emissions were calculated for point, area, 

nonroad mobile, onroad mobile and biogenic sources. 

The Division's existing point source emissions inventory database (TEMPO) was used to 

produce point source information. This database is updated annually for Title V major and minor 

sources and on a varying schedule for other sources. A copy of the point source inventory survey is 

included as Appendix A. 

Area source emissions were generally calculated based on current population, employment, 

and commodity data. Population related information was provided by the State Data Center3 and the 

Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet.2 

Highway vehicle emissions were estimated by using Mobile6.2 generated emission factors 

and daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) estimates. DVMTs and speed information were obtained 

from the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' . 

The VOC emissions calculated in this document are for those VOC emissions determined by 

EPA to be photochemically reactive. All identified nonreactive VOC emissions were addressed. 

Specifically, perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning and surface cleaning have been removed 

-1 .2- 
from the area source emissions found in this document. 

A summary of the VOC, CO, and NO,, emissions in tons per summer day for the 

nonattainment area is provided in Table 1-2 . This document includes emissions data with preexisting controls in place. These emission control measures include autobody refinishing, consumer 

solvent use, architectural surface coating, traffic markings, and open burning; fuel and engine control 

measures related to on-road and non-road mobile sources including Phase 11 of the RFG program, 

along with requirements on vehicle refueling and reduced evaporative emissions; and engine control 

measures include the National Low Emission Vehicle program, along with requirements on nonroad 

diesel engines, small nonroad engines (lawnmowers and garden equipment), and outboard marine 

engines. 

Point source emissions are described in Section 2 with supporting information in Appendix 

A. Section 3 documents the area source inventory process with supporting information in Appendix 

B. Non-highway mobile emissions are discussed in Section 4 with supporting information in 

Appendix C. Mobile source emissions are discussed in Section 5 with supporting information in 

Appendix D. Biogenic emissions are documented in Section 6 and Appendix E. 
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1.3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1 

1 . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled, 2002 . Frankfort, Kentucky. 

2. Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet, 2002 Kentucky Deskbook of Economic Statistics, 

Frankfort, Kentucky. 

3 . University of Louisville, State Data Center, 2002 Population Statistics, Louisville, Kentucky. 
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2.0 POINT SOURCES 

2.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 

This section documents the development of the 2002 point source emissions inventory for the 

Owensboro Area, which includes Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County. For the purpose of 

this inventory, point sources are defined as stationary commercial or industrial operations that emit 10 

tons or more per year of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or 100 tons or more of nitrogen oxides 

(NOx) or carbon monoxide (CO). Due to the lower cut-off size for VOC sources, the majority of point 

sources in each maintenance area have VOC emissions; therefore, most of this section is dedicated to 

these sources. This point source inventory consists of actual emissions for the 2002, and includes 

sources in the ozone maintenance counties . 

Emissions from point sources are presented using two emission rate formats: annual (TYR) and 

daily (TSD) rates. Although not specifically required, annual emission rates are provided in order to 

assist the review agency and the public in performing comparison checks against the existing TEMPOS 

database. In addition, the annual emission rate identifies point sources impacting on each area. 

The remainder of this chapter is divided three parts. Section 2.2 describes the approach used in 

developing and compiling the point source listing for the ozone maintenance areas. Section 2.3 presents 

an overall summary of the point source VOC, NO, and CO emissions. Section 2 .4 lists the references 

used in preparing this section. 

2.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH 

This section describes the methodology and approach used in developing information for the 

2002 point source inventory. The purpose for including this section is to provide sufficient detail to the 

review agency and the public to assist them in determining the adequacy of this inventory based on the 

most recent guidance. In addition, specific elements of the methodology and approach are being 

described in order to minimize the need for later clarifications. 

The development activities for the 2002 point source emission inventory were initiated in the 

spring of 2004. The approach used in compiling the point source listing and emissions data was based 

on guidance issued by the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency.' .2 

As mentioned previously, the Kentucky Division for Air Quality (DAQ was the agency 

-2.1- 
responsible for development of the 2002 emissions inventory for the maintenance areas in Kentucky. 

Data collection activities began in the spring of 2004. Since Kentucky alreadyhad an existing emissions 

database of air pollution sources in the state, a thorough review of this database formed the starting point 

for overall inventory development. A brief description of the methodology and approach used to 

accomplish these tasks is presented in the following subsections. 

2.2 .1 Review of Existing Database 

The review of the Division's TEMPOS database allowed personnel to identify which sources in a 

given geographical area would need to be updated for this inventory effort . Also, a review of each 

source in the existing system provided information on whether specific sources had been updated during 

the normal yearly update or if they would need to be updated separately. 

2 .2 .2 Source Survey 

Point source emission surveys were mailed to appropriate point sources (Please see related 

survey information in Appendix A). The surveys were designed to have the facilities update specific 

information as outlined in EPA guidance. In some instances follow-up telephone calls were made to 

clarify responses given by sources. 

2.2 .3 Data Evaluation 

The next step in developing the point source inventory was to evaluate the collected data. All 

information received from the sources was checked by emission inventory personnel to ensure that the 

responses were within reasonable levels . 

Another aspect of data evaluation was the application of rule effectiveness for sources subject to 

regulatory emission limitations and a seasonal adjustment factor for facilities not operating on a uniform 

schedule. A factor of 80 percent was applied to the control device efficiency to adjust the resulting 

emission estimates to account for rule effectiveness. The rule effectiveness factor, pursuant to EPA 

Region 4 guidance, 3 was applied to VOC, CO, and NO,, annual emissions totals and is therefore also 

reflected in daily emissions. Seasonal adjustment was applied only to daily emission totals . 
2.2 .4 Data Compilation 

One of the final steps in developing the point source inventory involves submitting the data in an 

acceptable format . Division personnel routinely submit point source data to EPA's National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI) database. 

2.2 .5 Emission Calculations 

Point source emissions were calculated using the following equations and variables. Appendix A 

contains point source emissions information utilized to calculate the point source emissions (Please see 

emissions information in Appendix A). Information requested by a source to be confidential in 

accordance with applicable laws is omitted from the Appendix A. 

1 . Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness 

CTEFFN 

CTEFFN 

CTEFF 

RE 

(1 - ((CTEFF)(RE)) 

Actual Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness 

Actual Control Efficiency 

Rule Effectiveness = .80 

2. Actual Process Rate for Typical Summer Day 

CPROD 

NPROD = ((FUELP) (ATHJ) / 100) / ((DWK) (WKYR) (.25)) 

VPROD 

CPROD, NPROD, and VPROD = Actual Process Rate for Typical Summer Day 

for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively 

FUELP 

ATHJ 

DWK 

WKYR 

(Actual) Annual Process Rate = Total Throughput 

Summer Seasonal Activity 

Number of Days Per Week Source is in Operation 

Number of Weeks Per Year Source is in Operation 

3 . Actual Emissions for Typical Summer Day 

CATND 

NATND = ((-PROD) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 

VATND 

CATND, NATND, and VATND = Typical Summer Day Emissions for CO, NOx, 

and VOC, respectively 

-2 .3- 
PROD = CPROD, NPROD, or VPROD as Appropriate 

EF = Emission Factor 

4. Annual Actual Emissions 

CATNY 

NATNY = ((FUELP) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 

VATNY 

CATNY, NATNY, and VATNY = Annual Emissions for CO, NOx, and VOC, 

respectively 

FUELP = (Actual) Annual Process Rate = Annual 

Throughput 

EF = Emission Factor 

2.3 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 

2 .3 .1 OWENSBORO OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

This inventory includes VOC CO, and NO,, point source emissions for the Owensboro ozone 

maintenance area. County level point source emission totals are provided in Table 2-1 . Additionally, 

information in Appendix A catalogues point source emissions by facility, by county, and provides a 

county total. These tables lists the facilities ; the facility identification numbers; SIC codes4, and the 

2002 annual emissions, adjusted for rule effectiveness, in tons per year; and the 2002 daily emissions 

with seasonal adjustments, in tons per summer day. 
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2 .4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2 

1 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance forImplementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards "QS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina . August 2005, which references Emission 

Inventory Requirements for Post-1987 Ozone State Implementation Plans. EPA-450/4-88-

019. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina . 

December 1988 . 

2. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation 

of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005, which references 

Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and 

Precursors of Ozone, Volume I: General Guidance for Stationary Sources. EPA-450/4-91-

016. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina . 

May 1991 . 

3 . Telecon. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Ms. Yasmin Yorker, February 4, 

1992, concerning rule effectiveness . 

4 . Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. Standard Industrial 

Classification Manual. Order no. PB 87-100012 . National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Virginia 22161 . 1987. 

5 . Kentucky Division for Air Quality's TEMPO Point Source Database for the Year 2002. 
3.0 AREA SOURCES 

3.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 

This section documents the development of the 2002 area source maintenance plan emissions for 

the Owensboro ozone maintenance area (i .e ., Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County). Area 

sources include non-traditional sources whose emissions are too small to be treated as stationary point 

sources. The emissions documented in this section are presented on an annual basis and for a typical 

summer day during the ozone season. 

Including this introduction and scope, Section 3 is organized into four other subsections . 

Section 3 .2 describes the approach taken to estimate emissions from each source category. Section 3.3 

provides a summary of the area source emissions in the maintenance areas. Information explaining the 

calculations used to derive the area source emissions is discussed in Section 3 .4 . The references used in 

developing the area source portion of the inventory are located in Section 3 .5 . 

3.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH 

3.2 .1 Source Category Identification 

The majority of area source categories considered in this inventory were identified from 

Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of 

Ozone, Volume L 1 In addition, the U.S . EPA's Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) 

guidance22 was consulted and utilized where feasible. Emissions estimates for some area source 

categories are not included in the inventory. Agricultural and slash burning, snowmobiles, and orchard 

heaters are not commonplace in Kentucky and therefore do not warrant inclusion. Rationale for not 

including these categories is discussed later in this narrative. 

3 .2 .2 Emission Estimation Approach 

Generally, area source emissions are calculated using factors based on one of four criteria for the 

inventoried areas: (a) population (per-capita), (b) commodity consumption, (c) level-of-activity, or 

(d) employment. These calculations are further explained in Section 3 .4 . 
3.3 SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS 

Table 1-3 contains the contribution of each maintenance area for each area source category and 

provides an emissions total for that area. 

3 .4 DISCUSSION OF THE AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES 

Subsections 3 .4 .1 through 3 .4.6 contain the descriptions for individual area source types and the 

methods used to calculate emissions for each. Calculations used to determine emissions are included 

within the narrative. 

3.4 .1 . Gasoline Distribution . 

Four categories are included under gasoline distribution : (a) Storage tank breathing losses ; (b) 

Tank trucks in transit; (c) Tank truck unloading; and (d) Vehicle refueling. Vehicle refueling emissions 

are included in the Highway Mobile Source Inventory (Section 5) in the Mobile6.2 modeling runs. 

Retail gasoline service station sales in 2002, for both the state and individual counties, were 

obtained from the 2002 Economic Census Retail Trade publication for Kentucky.6 The 2002 taxable 

gasoline sales were only available for the state and were obtained from the Kentucky Revenue Cabinet's 

Motor Fuels Tax Section.' The 2002 statewide gasoline sales were segregated to the county level using 

1997 retail trade sales information. 2072 .35 million gallons of gasoline were sold in Kentucky in 2002. 

Emission factors were obtained from Tables 5 .2-5 and 5 .2-7 of AP-42, Volume 1

.2' 22 

To calculate the emissions of VOC from any of the sources noted above, it was necessary to 

determine the total sales, in gallons, of gasoline in each maintenance area. Only the Census Retail 

Trade publication b lists county and state gasoline sales. Therefore, the percentage of county gasoline 

sales relative to the statewide gasoline in 2002 was calculated. State sales were obtained from Table 1 

of the Census Retail Trade publication,6 and county sales obtained from Table 3 of that document. This 

percentage was applied to the total state taxable gasoline sales in 2002 to determine county gasoline 

sales in 2002 . After the county gasoline sales in 2002 were determined, specific methods were used to 

calculate the emissions of VOC from each of the categories listed . The calculations and procedures 

described in EPA guidance, 1 were utilized . County-specific gasoline marketing data are shown in Table 

3-1 . 

-3.2- 
Table 3-1 

Gasoline Marketing Data 

2002 

Gasoline Sales 

County 1000 Gallons 

Daviess 52,673 

Hancock* ~ 1474 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses 

County gasoline sales were multiplied by the emission factor found in Table 5.2-7 of AP-42, 

Volume 1.2 Tons of VOC emissions per year were converted to tons per typical summer day in 

accordance with Section 5 .9 of reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor (SAF) was determined by 

adding the total gasoline sales for June, July, and August of 2002--then dividing that total by the total 

state gasoline sales for 2002. This dividend was then divided by 0.25 to determine the percentage of 

activity, which occurred during those months since it was noted that the activity level for that quarter 

was higher than the other quarters. The denominator represents the uniform seasonal rate since one 

quarter or season equals 0.25. So if the total gasoline sales for June, July, and August is one quarter of 

the total annual sales, then the SAF equals 0.25 / 0 .25, or 1 .00. The seasonal adjustment factor applied 

for the gasoline marketing was 1 .049. The activity days per week were considered to be 7.The formula 

for this calculation is as follows: 

(June + July + August Monthly Gasoline Gallon Totals)/(Year-End Gasoline Gallon Total) 

0.25 

The calculations used to determine emissions from storage tank breathing losses are as follows. 

TPY - County Sales x 1.0 lbs. x 1 ton 

(gallons) 1000 (gal) 

) 

(2000 lbs) 

TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (7 x 52) 

The emissions, by county, produced by storage tank breathing losses are shown in Table 3-2 . 

-3 .3 - 
Table 3-2 

Summary of Emissions From 

Gasoline Breathing Losses 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

I 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) (tons/day) 

Daviess 26 .3 4 0.08 

Hancock* 0.741 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit 

Since some gasoline is delivered to bulk plants rather than delivered directly to service 

stations from bulk terminals, the amount of gasoline transferred in any area may exceed the total 

gasoline consumption, due to the additional trips involved. Reference 1 makes the following 

statements relating to this matter : 

"A nationwide average of roughly 25 percent of all gasoline consumed goes through 

bulk plants . Hence, gasoline distribution in an area could be multiplied by 1.25 to 

estimate gasoline transported. " and "Emissions from tank trucks in transit, however, 

will generally be minimal, in most areas. Hence, a great deal of effort is not warranted 

in making this adjustment. " 

Based on these statements, and in the absence of specific bulk plant throughput information, 2002 

county gasoline sales were multiplied by 1 .25 to obtain the total gasoline transported in 2002. Per EPA 

EIIP guidance22, the midpoints of the typical AP-42 Table 5.2-5 emission factors for tank trucks or bulk 

tanks loaded with product and return with vapor were determined, combined, and applied to gasoline 

transported in each county to determine the emissions of VOC per year. The yearly emissions were then 

converted to tons per typical summer day. The seasonal adjustment factor used for tank breathing losses 

was 1 .049. The activity days per week were considered 6. The calculation used to figure emissions 

from tank trucks in transit are as follows. 

TPY = (County Gas x 1 .25) x .060 lbs. x 1 ton 

Sales IOOOgals. ( 2000 lbs) 

-3 .4- 
(gallons) 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (6 x 52) 

The emissions, by county, produced by tank trucks in transit are provided in Table 3-3. 

Table 3-3 

Summary of Emissions From 

Tank Trucks In Transit 

n Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear (tonslda ) 

Daviess 1 .98 0.01 

Hancock* 0.06 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .1 .3 . Vehicle Refueling 

The emissions for vehicle refueling have been calculated by Mobile6.2 and are included in the 

Mobile Source Emissions Inventory in Section 5, but are not listed separately. 

3.4.1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading 

To calculate the emissions of VOC produced by tank truck unloading, the division performed a 

review of gasoline stations located in the ozone maintenance areas. The following assumptions were 

made. 

For the ozone maintenance areas (i .e ., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County, 

Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County, Edmonson County, Fayette and Scott 

Counties, Boyd County and a portion of Greenup County) 90% of the gasoline throughput was 

subject to submerged filling and the remaining 10% of the gasoline throughput was subject to 

splash filling techniques . 

Based on these assumptions, the fraction of gallons of gasoline throughput using each fill 

method was multiplied by the appropriate emission factors from Table 5 .2-7 of AP-42, Volume lz to 

derive emissions. Rule penetration was implicitly applied by allocating the gasoline throughput for each 

fill method . The yearly emissions were converted to tons per typical summer day in accordance with 

Section 5.9 of Reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .049 for gasoline marketing was 

-3.5- 
applied. The activity days per week for tank truck unloading was 6.1 The calculations used to 

determine emissions from this category are as follows . 

Submerged Fill 

TPY = (Apportioned x .90 x (7.3 lbs. ) x 1 ton (County Sales 1000 gals (2000 lbs) (gallons) 

TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (6 x 52) 

Splash Fill 

TPY = Apportioned x .10 x (11.5 lbs.) x 1 ton ((County Sales ) 1000 gals (2000 _1b s) (gallons) 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) / (6 x 52) 

Total Tank Truck Unloading Annual Emissions = Submerged Fill Annual + Splash Fill Annual 

Total Tank Truck Unloading Summer Daily Emissions = Submerged Fill Daily + Splash Fill Daily 

The emissions, by county, produced by tank truck unloading are shown in Table 3-4 . 

Table 3-4 

Summary of Emissions From 

Tank Truck Unloading 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

Coun tons/ ear) (tons/da ) 

Daviess 203.32 0.69 

Hancock* 5.69 0.02 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .1 .5 Aircraft Refueling 

Emissions from this category occur when vapor-laden air in a partially empty fuel tank is 

displaced to the atmosphere when the tank is refilled. The quantity of vapor displaced depends on the 

fuel temperature, fuel true vapor pressure, fuel molecular weight, aircraft fuel tank temperature and fuel 

dispensing rate. The most commonly used types of aircraft fuels in the United States fall into three 

categories: 

-3 .6- 
- Jet kerosene, primarily used by commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft, 

- Jet Naphtha, used primarily by military aircraft, and 

- Aviation Gasoline, primarily used by aviation reciprocating engines. 

Based on federal guidance found in Volume I,' emissions from aircraft refueling were estimated 

by multiplying apportioned fuel sales data7, for each type of aircraft by the corresponding calculated fuel 

emission factors. Local fuel sales were obtained by apportioning state-level fuel sales to airports based 

on flight activities (LTOs) reported in Kentucky Airport Master Records33 compiled by the Kentucky 

Division of Aeronautics for general aviation aircraft and Airport Activity Statistics 32 for commercial 

aircraft. Emissions were calculated for General Aviation Refueling and for Refueling with Jet Kerosene. 

Emissions for Jet Naptha, used in military aircraft, were not calculated because the Petroleum 

Marketing Annual 200226 did not list this type of fuel . However, the absence of emissions for jet 

naphtha refueling is not considered a significant problem since its true vapor measure is such that any 

calculated emissions would be negligible. 

The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were multiplied by a seasonal adjustment factor 

and then divided by the number of activity days per week, in this case 365. The seasonal adjustment 

factor for jet kerosene is .93 and for aviation gasoline is 1 .19. The seasonal adjustment factors were 

calculated based on fuel sales data provided in the Petroleum Marketing Annual 200226 for the summer 

quarter. Emission factors were developed using the following method, pursuant to Volume I guidance.' 

(12.46)(S)(P)(M) 

EF = T 

where: EF = emission factor in pounds VOC per 1,000 gallons fuel throughput 

S - saturation factor of 1 .45 (from Table 4.4-1 of AP-42) 

P - fuel true vapor pressure in psia (from Table 4.3-2 of AP-42) 

at 90°F = .021 psia for jet kerosene 

at 90°F = 8.8 psia for aviation gasoline R VP 10 

M =fuel molecular weight in lb/lbmol (from Table 4.3-2 of AP-42) 

at 60°Ffor Jet Kerosene = 130 

at 60°Ffor Aviation Gasoline R VP 10 = 66 

T = study temperature in °R (°F + 460 degrees) 

The calculations used to estimate emissions from aircraft refueling are as follows. 

-3.7- 
TPY = EF x Apportioned County Fuel Sales 

TSD = (TPY x SAF) 1365 

The VOC emissions, by county, from aircraft refueling are found in Tables 3-5 and 3-6. Airport 

information used to calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-7. 

Table 3-5 

Summary of Emissions From 

General Aviation Refueling 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear) (tons/day) 

Daviess 0.98 0 

Hancock* 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-6 

Summary of Emissions From 

Commercial Aircraft Refueling 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

Coun (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) 

Daviess 0 0 

Hancock* 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-7 

Aircraft Fuel 

Commercial General Aviation 

Coun 

Jet Fuel 

1000 Gallons 

Gasoline 

1000 Gallons 

Daviess 38 

103 

Hancock* 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4.1 .6 Petroleum Vessel Loading & Unloading 

This category is included in the Point Source Inventory, Section 2 . 

-3.8- 
3.4 .2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation 

The following eight subcategories are included in this area source category. All of these emit 

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) because of their solvent usage. They are: 

(1) Dry Cleaning; 

(2) Surface Cleaning; 

(3) Surface Coating; 

(4) Graphic Arts ; 

(5) Cutback Asphalt Paving; 

(6) Pesticide Applications ; and, 

(7) Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use. 

Each of the previous-mentioned subcategories is discussed individually in the following 

subsections. 

3 .4 .2 .1 Dry Cleaning 

Dry cleaning operations vary in size, type of service, and type of solvent used. Industrial, 

commercial, and self-service facilities clean not only personal clothing, but also uniforms, linens, 

drapes, and other fabric materials. Per previous EPA guidance23, since emissions for coin operated and 

commercial/industrial dry cleaning are considered to be nonreactive (i .e ., perchloroethylene emissions) 

_only other solvent emissions are reflected in the VOC emissions provided for dry cleanin 

Annual tons of VOC were calculated by multiplying the per capita emission factor by the county 

population . Rule penetration is implicitly applied by using the distinct per capita emission factors for 

each type of dry cleaning facility. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance.' The methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOC emission factors by an 

area's population to estimate the dry cleaning emissions : 

Mineral Spirits & other solvent facilities : 1 .1 lb/capita/yr 

The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were then divided by the product of the number of 

activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For dry cleaning, no seasonal adjustment 

factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per week was 

5.' 

-3 .9- 
The calculations for this category are as follows : 

TPY = Other Solvents x 1 ton TSD = TPY/ (5 x 52) 

(EF x population) 2000 lbs) 

Population statistics for the counties examined were obtained from information provided by the 

Kentucky State Data Center 3,4 and are found in Table 3-8 . 

Table 3-8 

Area Population Information 

Population 

Apportionment 2002 

County Factor Population 

Daviess 1 91694 

Hancock* 0.226 1937 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Emissions from dry cleaning activities are provided for individual counties in Table 3-9. 

Table 3-9 

Summary of Emissions From 

Drycleaning 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear (tons/da ) 

Daviess 50.35 0.19 

Hancock* 1 .071 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .2 .2 Surface Cleaning 

Surface cleaning or degreasing is a physical method ofremoving grease, wax, or dirt from metal, 

glass, and fabric surfaces by exposing the material to an organic solvent. Degreasing activity is one of 

the many production steps associated with industrial categories involving metal furniture, primary 

metals, fabricated products, machinery, electric equipment, and instrumentation. In addition, there are 

many miscellaneous degreasing operations associated with auto repair shops, gasoline stations, and 

maintenance shops. There are three types of degreasers: small cold cleaners, open top vapor degreasers, 

and conveyorized vapor degreasers . 

Surface operations, which include cold cleaning, manufacturing, and vapor in-line cleaning and 

others use organic solvents as room temperature liquids. Uses include wiping, spraying, or dipping 

-3.10- 
parts in the solvent. In open top vapor degreasing, cleaning takes place by exposing the part to solvent 

vapor. Conveyorized vapor degreasing entails the same activity as open top degreasing except that the 

parts to be cleaned continuously move in and out of the degreaser. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions 

for this area source category . It involves multiplying the following per capita VOC emission factors by 

an area's population to estimate total surface cleaning emissions. Per EPA guidance24, to avoid double 

counting, point source degreasing emissions were subtracted from the area source surface cleaning VOC 

emissions as appropriate. 

Surface Cleaning Total: 4.3 lb/capita/yr 

Cold Cleaning 

Auto Repair : 2 .5 lb/capita/yr 

Manufacturing: 1 .1 lb/capita/yr 

Vapor & In-Line Cleaning 

Electronics & Electrical : 0.21 lb/capita/yr 

Other: 0.49 lb/capita/yr 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using section 5.9 

of the federal guidance document.' The calculated annual tons of VOC divided by the product of the 

number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For surface cleaning, as found in 

Table 5.8-1,' no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year 

round and the activity days per week was 6. 

Emissions were calculated using the following method. 

Cold Cleaning 

Auto Repair 1 ton ~. 24 TSD = TPY/ x 52 

TPY =((EF x population) x 20001bs)) 77 ___ (6 ) 

+ 

Cold Cleaning 

Manufacturing 1 ton * 24 TSD - TPY / (6 x 52) 

TPY =((EF x population) x 2000lbs)) ,77 ___ - 

+ 

Vapor & In-Line 1 ton *. 24 ___ TSD = TPY / (6 x 52) 

((EF x population) x 2000lbs) 77 

Area Source Surface Cleaning VOC Emissions (TSD) = TSD - Pt. Source Surface Cleaning VOC 

Emissions 

-3 .11 - 
Per EPA guidance25, perchloroethylene emissions have been removed from the surface cleaning 

emissions by reducing the emissions by 23 percent. Surface cleaning emissions are provided for 

individual counties in Table 3-10. Population information is provided in Table 3-8 and 

perchloroethylene removal and double counting information for surface cleaning is provided in 

Appendix B. 

Table 3-10 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Surface Cleaning Operations 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear) (tons/day) 

Daviess 60.88 0.20 

IHancock* ~ 3 .20 0. 01 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

**Perchloroethylene emissions have been removed from the surface 

cleaning emissions by reducing the VOC emissions by 23 percent per 

EPA's May1993 Helms guidance memorandumz5 . 

3.4 .2 .3 Surface Coating 

Surface coatings include paints, enamels, varnishes, lacquers and other product finishes . All of 

these products include either a water-based or solvent-based liquid carrier, which generally evaporates 

in the drying or curing process. 

VOC emissions result from the evaporation of the paint solvent and any additional solvent used 

to thin the paint. Substantial emissions also result from the use of solvents in cleaning the surface prior 

to painting and in cleaning painting equipment after use. 

Surface Coating operations are separated into two groups, industrial and nonindustrial. 

Industrial surface coating operations for such products as appliances, automobiles, paper, fabric and 

cans are included in the point source inventory. Non-industrial surface coating includes refinishing of 

automobiles, architectural coating, and traffic paints and are inventoried as area sources. 

3.4 .2 .3 .1 Architectural Surface Coating 

Architectural surface coatings, often called "trade paints," are used primarily by homeowners 

-3 .12- 
and painting contractors to coat the interior/exterior of houses and buildings and on the surfaces of other 

structures such as pavements, curbs, or signs . Coating materials are applied to surfaces by spray, brush, 

roller, and dry at ambient conditions. Architectural coatings differ from industrial coatings, which are 

applied to manufactured products and are usually oven cured. Painting contractors and homeowners are 

the major users of architectural coatings . 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions 

for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOC 

emission factor by an area's population to estimate the architectural surface coating emissions: 

Architectural Surface Coating: 4.61b/capita/yr (Represents reactive VOC) . Population statistics 

for all areas examined were obtained from the University of Louisville, Urban Data Center. 

3,4 Solvent 

use, which accounts for 25 to 40 percent of all solvent loss associated with architectural surface coating, 

is included in this per capita factor . Solvents used in architectural surface coatings or thinning and 

cleanup contain almost 100 percent reactive compounds. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source were calculated using Section 5 .9 of 

Reference 1 . The calculated annual tons of VOC were multiplied by an appropriate seasonal adjustment 

factor and then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks 

in a year. For architectural surface coating the seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3 and the activity days 

per week was 7.1 

The following calculation was used to estimate emissions from architectural surface coating. 

TPY = (EF x Population) x I ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TsD = (TPY x sAF) i (7 x 52) 

Architectural surface coating emissions are provided in Table 3-11 . 

Table 3-11 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Architectural Surface Coating 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

Coun (tons/ ear) tons/da ) 

Daviess 210.90 0.75 

-3 .13 - 
Hancock* 4.46 0.02 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions 

reflect a 20% emission reduction. 

3.4 .2 .3 .2 Automobile Refmishing 

Automobile refinishing is the repainting of worn or damaged automobiles, light duty trucks, and 

other vehicles . Surface coating during manufacturing is not considered refinishing. In automobile 

refinishing, lacquers and enamels are usually sprayed in paint booths . Since vehicles contain heat 

sensitive plastics and rubber, the solvent borne coatings are used in low temperature ovens . Paint 

booths may be equipped with paint arresters or water curtains to handle overspray. Solvents used in 

auto body refinishing will consist almost entirely of reactive VOC. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions 

for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following VOC per capita 

emission factor by an area's population to estimate auto body emissions: 

Auto Body Refinishing: 2.3 lb/capita/yr 

According to federal guidance, because auto body refinishing may be generally expected to 

relate to human activity, such a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates 

for this area source category. Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from state 

references. 

3,4 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance'. The calculated annual tons of VOC divided by the product of the number of activity days per 

week and by the number of weeks in a year. For auto body refinishing no seasonal adjustment factor 

was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round. The activity days per week was 5. 

The calculations used to figure yearly and daily VOC emissions for this category are as follows. 

TPY = (EF x population) x ]ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (S x 52) 

Auto body refinishing emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-12. Population 

information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8. 

-3.14- 
Table 3-12 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Automobile Refinishing 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) 

Daviess 105 .45 0.41 

Hancock* 2.23 0.01 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Per a federal rule for this area category, the VOC emissions reflect a 

37% emission reduction. 

3.4 .2 .3 .3 Traffic Markings 

Traffic paints are used to mark pavement. These markings include dividing lines for traffic 

lanes, parking space markings, crosswalks, arrows, and other markings. These markings are usually 

applied by state or local highway maintenance crews or by contractors during road construction . VOC 

emissions result from the evaporation of organic solvents during and shortly after the application of the 

marking paint. Traffic paint emissions are included in the area source inventory the emissions are not 

from any specific plant, but instead emanate from the roadways and surfaces where markings are 

applied. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions 

for this area source category . This methodology involves multiplying the following VOC per capita 

emission factor by an area's population to estimate traffic marking emissions. 

Traffic marking: 0.51b/capita/yr 

According to federal guidance, because traffic marking emissions maybe generally expected to 

relate to human activity, such a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates 

for this area source category. The activity level was considered 5 days per week . No seasonal 

adjustment factor was applied for this category since none was provided in Volume I guidance. 

The calculations used to derive yearly and daily VOC emissions for this category are as follows. 

-3 .15 - 
TPY = (EF x populatfon) x ]ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (S x 52) 

Traffic marking emissions are provided in Table 3-13. Population statistics for individual areas 

are provided in Table 3-8 . 

Table 3-13 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Traffic Markings 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear) tons/da 

Daviess 22.83 0.09 

~Hancock* I 0.48 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

**Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions 

reflect a 20% emission reduction. 

3.4.2 .3 .4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating 

Industrial surface coating includes the coating, during manufacture, of magnet wire, 

automobiles, cans, metal coils, paper, fabric, metal and wood furniture, and miscellaneous products. 

According to federal guidance,' to the maximum extent possible, small industrial surface coating 

operations should be treated as point sources. Therefore, the division will include small industrial 

surface coating emissions in the point source emissions inventory. 

3 .4 .2 .4 Graphic Arts 

The graphic arts or printing industry consists of approximately 60,000 facilities (SIC 27) nationwide. About half of these establishments are in-house printing services in nonprinting industries. 

Printing newspapers, books, magazines, fabrics, wall coverings, and other materials, is considered a graphic arts application . Five types of printing are used in the industry: letterpress, flexography, 

lithography, (roto)gravure, and screen process printing. 

Solvent use is an integral part of the process and is the primary source of VOC emissions. Associated cleanup operations also require the use of solvents, thereby contributing to VOC emissions for the industry . All solvents used in the graphic arts industry are considered reactive. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOC emissions 

-3 .16- 
for this area source category . This methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOC 

emission factor by an area's population to estimate VOC emissions from graphic art facilities, which 

emit less than 100 tons : 

Graphic Arts: 1 .3 lb/capita/yr 

In accordance with federal guidance,' any emissions associated with point source graphic arts 

facilities, which emit under 100 tons per year, should be subtracted from the area source inventory. 

Graphic arts emissions from point sources greater than or equal to 100 tons per year should not be 

subtracted, since they have already been excluded from the area source graphic arts emission factor of 

1 .3 lb/person/yr . 

Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from state references. 

3,4 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance.' The calculated annual tons of VOC were then divided by the product of the number of 

activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For graphic arts no seasonal adjustment 

factor was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per week 

was 5 .1 Calculations for this category are as follows: 

TPY - (EF x Population) -Point Source x l ton 

( Emissions ) (2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (S x 52) 

Graphic arts emissions are provided in Table 3-14. Population information is provided in Table 

3-8 . 

Table 3-14 

Summary of Emissions From 

Graphic Arts 

County 

Daviess 

Hancock* 

Annual VOC' 

Emissions 

(t ons/year) 

59.60 

Daily VOCI 

Emissions 

(tons/da 

0.23 

1 .26 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

0 

3.4 .2 .5 Cutback Asphalt Paving 

Cutback asphalt is a type of liquefied road surface that is prepared by blending or "cutting back" 

asphalt cement with various kinds of petroleum distillates. Cutback asphalt is used as a pavement 

sealant, tack coat, and as a bonding agent between layers of paving material . VOCs are emitted as the 

cutback asphalt cures and the petroleum distillates evaporate. 

-3 .17- 
According to federal guidance,' because paving operations maybe generally expected to relate 

to human activity, a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates for this area 

source category. The emission factor used for this category is as follows. 

Cutback Asphalt Paving: 0.371b/capita/yr 

The activity level was considered to be 5 days per week. The calculations for estimating 

emissions from this category are as follows. 

TPY = (EF x population) x 1 ton 

(2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (S x 52) 

Cutback asphalt emissions are provided in Table 3-15. Population for individual counties is 

found in Table 3-8. 

Table 3-15 

Summary of Emissions From 

Cutback Asphalt Paving 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear) (tons/day) 

Daviess 16.96 0.07 

~Hancock* 0.36 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .2 .6 Emulsified Asphalt 

Emissions from emulsified asphalts were not calculated. Any emissions from this category 

would have been negligible since emulsified asphalt is water based. 

3 .4 .2 .7 Pesticide Application 

Pesticides broadly include any substances used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents, 

fungi, weeds, or microorganisms. Pesticides fall into three basic categories: synthetics, nonsynthetics 

(petroleum products), and inorganics . Formulations are commonly made by combining synthetic 

materials with various petroleum products . The synthetic pest killing compounds in such formulation 

are labeled as "active" ingredients, and the petroleum product solvents acting as carriers or diluents for 

the active ingredients are labeled "inert ." Neither of these toxicologic designations, active or inert, 

should be interpreted as indicators of photochemical reactivity; these designations refer only to their 

toxicological action . 

-3.18- 
The federal procedures document' described an emissions estimation process which requires the 

quantity and types of pesticides used in a study area. Contacts with both the Kentucky Department of 

Agriculture8 and the University of Kentucky9 revealed that such data is not available. 

The Kentucky Division for Air Quality requested the use of an alternative method on September 

30, 1989 .1° Since the largest single source of pesticide use is through agricultural application, the 

alternative method links pesticide application to harvested acreage. Utilizing the alternative method, 

VOC emissions were determined by multiplying an emission rate of two pounds of VOC per harvested 

acre by an area's 2002 harvested acreage.21 The product was then multiplied by a factor of 0.9 to 

approximate the amount that evaporated and can be considered photochemically reactive VOC. This 

alternative method was approved by the U.S . EPA, Region 4 on November 7, 1989.11" The yearly 

emissions were then converted to tons emitted per typical summer day in accordance with Section 5 .9 of 

reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3, and the activity days per week was 6 . The 

calculations for estimating emissions for this category are as follows. 

TPY = ((Harvested x Emission) x 0.9) x ]ton 

Acres Factor(lbs) (2000lbs) 

TPD = (TPY x SAF) / (6 x 52) 

The emissions, by county, produced by pesticide application are shown in Table 3-16. 2002 harvested 

acre information2l used to calculate emissions for this category are found in Table 3-17. 

Table 3-16 

Summary of Emissions From 

Pesticide Application 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

Coun (tons/ ear (tons/day) 

Daviess 153 .97 0.64 

Hancock* 4.93 1 0 .02 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-17 

Harvested Acres 

2002 

Harvested 

County Acres 

Daviess I 171075~ 

-3.19- 
Hancock* 

3.4 .2 .8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use 

Many commercial/consumer products in common use contain VOCs. Some examples are 

household and automobile cleaners and polishes . These products have varying VOC content and the 

quantities used are difficult to estimate ; therefore, the resulting VOC emissions are considered to be an 

area source . 

EPA guidance 22, ' provided the methodology the Division used for calculating the VOC 

emissions for this area source category. The EPA EIIP22 per capita emission factor for 

commercial/consumer solvent use of 7.84 lb/capita/yr includes emissions from household products 

(cleaners, laundry detergents) ; personal care products (e.g ., toiletries, aerosol products); automotive 

aftermarket products (e .g ., rubbing compounds, windshield washing fluids, polishes and waxes) ; nonindustrial adhesives and sealants; pesticide products (home or business); and miscellaneous products. 

Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from state references.3~4 Emissions 

per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance 

document.' The calculated annual tons of VOC was divided by the product of the number of activity 

days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For commercial/consumer solvent use, no seasonal 

adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per 

week were 7. The calculations for estimating emissions from this category are as follows . 

TPY = (EFx Population) x 1 ton 

(lbs) (2000 lbs) 

TPD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Commercial/Consumer solvent use emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-18. 

Population information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8 . 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

5475 

Table 3-18 

Summary of Emissions** From 

Consumer Solvent Usage 

County 

Annual VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/year) 

Daily VOC 

Emissions 

tons/day) 

-3 .20- 
Daviess 359.44 0.99 

Hancock* 7.59~ 0.02~ 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

**Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions 

reflect a 20% emission reduction. 

3.4 .3 Waste Management Practices 

The handling and management of solid and liquid waste depends on such factors as the type of 

waste generated and the form and composition of the waste. The following methods of waste disposal 

were examined in this inventory: 

(1) Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW); 

(2) Industrial Waste Water Treatment; 

(3) Hazardous Waste (TSDFs) ; 

(4) Municipal Landfills; and 

(5) Solid Waste Incineration -- On-site Incineration and Open Burning 

3.4 .3 .1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works 

Federal guidance indicates that research has shown that approximately 85% of all volatile 

pollutants discharged to unacclimated wastewater treatment systems are stripped to the ambient air. 

Additionally, the concentration of volatile organic compounds found in POTW influent has been shown 

to be directly proportional to the industrial contribution to a POTW. 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating the VOC 

emissions for this area source category. The methodology involves multiplying the following emission 

factor by the number of gallons of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW: 

1 .1 x 10-4 (.000110 lbs. of VOC emitted per gallon of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW. 

The amount of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW was obtained from the Kentucky 

Division of Water. 

12 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance.' The calculated annual tons of VOC was multiplied by an appropriate seasonal adjustment 

factor and then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks 

in a year. For POTW a seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .4 . was applied and the number of activity days 

per week were 7 . 

-3 .21 - 
TPY = (Industrial Wastewater x EF) x 1 ton 

Flow (gallons) (lbs) (2000 lbs) 

TPD = (TPY x SAF) / (7 x 52) 

POTW VOC emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-19 . Additionally, total 

industrial wastewater discharge information to POTW for individual areas is provided in Table 3-20. 

Table 3-19 

Summary of Emissions From 

POTW` 

Annual VOC 

V ~OC 

-DDaaily VOC 

i' VOC 

n 

Emissions 

slo j 

s 

Emissions Emissions 

U Ssions County 

r 

(tons/ ,ear 

(t 

(tons/da 

aviess 

, 9 

19.5533 

0 .OF 

0.085 

~Hancock 01 

0 

0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-20 

Industrial Discharge Into POTW 

POTW 

(Million 

: 

Gallon Pe 

Coun Year) 

Daviess 

::: 

355.02 

~Hancock* 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4 .3 .2 Industrial Wastewater 

The first step in estimating emissions from this category was to determine what facilities should 

be treated as point sources. Radian provided guidance" on how to determine what sources should be 

treated as point sources and what sources could be inventoried as area sources. The County Business 

Patterns5 was used to determine the number of facilities within a given SIC code and the number of 

employees by facility within that code. In order to determine the number of employees for a particular 

SIC code a conversion from the NAICS code to the SIC code was completed, since the county business 

patterns now uses the NAICS code. However, a review of the data indicates that there are no facilities 

-3 .22- 
in Edmonson County with the appropriate NAICS codes . Therefore no emissions are included for this 

category. 

3.4 .3 .3 . Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) 

This is a relatively new inventory category . In view of the confusion, and resultant frustration, 

regarding emission estimates from TSDFs, the Division for Air Quality considered the allowance of one 

ton of VOC per year per facility in order to report any figures for the inventory. However, such a blind 

apportionment of emissions undermined the intent of the inventory. 

Assistance had been requested from Radian, in performing emission calculations for this 

category . However, in a letter received from Steve McCary, U.S . EPA, Region 4 on November 12, 

1992, sufficient guidance is not available to inventory emissions from TSDFs at this time. It is expected 

that most emissions from these sources will be reported in the point source inventory. 

3.4 .3 .4 . Municipal Landfills 

VOC emissions are produced from municipal solid waste landfills by three mechanisms: 

volatilization, chemical reaction, and biological decomposition of liquid and solid compounds into other 

chemical species. Based on EPA guidance,' since Kentucky has an average precipitation level over 23 

inches, an emission factor of 13 .6 tons of VOC per million tons of refuse in place plus an additional 

factor of 2.6 tons per year. No seasonal adjustment was applied since this activity is considered uniform 

according to Volume I guidance. 

The amount of refuse in-place at facilities located in the maintenance areas in Kentucky was 

obtained in a municipal solid waste survey developed by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality. 

16 

The calculations used to estimate emissions from this category are as follows. 

TPY = tons of municipal x (13. 6 tons VOC) x (2.6) 

(solid waste 1, 000, 000 tons) 

of waste 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

A summary of emissions for this category maybe found in Table 3-21 . The tons of solid waste 

impounded are found in Table 3-22. 

Table 3-21 

-3 .23- 
Summary of Emissions From 

Municipal Landfills 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear) tons/day) 

Daviess 61 .93 0.17 

Hancock* 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-22 

Tons of Solid Waste 

In Municipal Landfills 

Landfill 

Waste 

County tons/ ear 

Daviess 1751334 

Hancock* 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .3 .5 Solid Waste Incineration 

Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid materials from industrial, commercial, or 

residential sources. The materials may be combustible or non-combustible and are often burned to 

reduce bulk, unless direct burial is either available or practical. 

The solid waste disposal category includes on-site refuse disposal by residential, industrial, and 

commercial/institutional sources. On-site incineration is confined burning of waste leaves, landscape 

refuse, or other refuse or rubbish. Open burning is the unconfined burning of solid waste material . 

3.4 .3 .5 .1 On-Site Incineration 

A federal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons of solid 

waste burned in on-site incineration. The amount of waste incinerated by residential, 

commercial/institutional and industrial sources was multiplied by the appropriate VOC, NO,,, and CO 

emission factors obtained from a federal reference document.2 

The waste generation factors for on-site incineration appropriate for Region 4 are: 4 tons per 

1000 population per year for residential sources; 23 tons per 1000 population per year for 

commercial/institutional sources; and 395 tons per 1000 manufacturing employees per year for 

-3 .24- 
industrial sources. The emission factors applied for on-site incineration are: 1 .7 for VOC, 60 for CO, 

and 11 for NO,. The emission factors are in pounds of pollutant per ton of solid waste incinerated. 

Population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined for onsite incineration were obtained from state references.4'S Emissions per typical summer day for this area 

source category were calculated using a federal guidance document.' The calculated annual tons of 

VOC were divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a 

year. For on-site incineration, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered 

uniform year round and activity days per week were 7. Calculations for estimating emissions from this 

category are as follows. 

Residential 

TPY = (4 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton 

( o waste x pop. (lbs) ) ( 20001bs) 

1000 pop. 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

CommerciaPlnstitutional 

TPY = (23 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton 

(o waste x pop . (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 

1000 pop. 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Industrial 

TPY = (395 tons x # employees) x EF) x 1 ton 

(100o mfg in mfg SICs (bs)) (2000 lbs) 

employees 20-39 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

On-site incineration emissions are provided for the former ozone maintenance areas in Table 3- 

23 . Manufacturing employee information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-24. 

Table 3-23 

Summary of Emissions From 

On-Site Incineration 

Annual Daily Annua Dail Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear (tons/da ) (tons/ ear) tons/da ) (tons/ ear) tons/da ) 

-3.25 - 
Daviess 4.10 0.01 144.87 0.4 26.56 0.07 

Hancock* 0.26 0 9.00 0.02 1 .65 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

Table 3-24 

Manufacturing Employee Population 

Manufacturing 

Employment 

Coun Em lo ees) 

Daviess 5958 

~Hancock* 625 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4 .3 .5 .2 Open Burning 

A federal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons of solid 

waste burned in open burning. The amount of waste burned by residential, commercial/institutional, 

and industrial sources was multiplied by the appropriate VOC, NO,,, and CO emission factors obtained 

from a federal reference document.2 The waste generation factors for open burning appropriate for 

Region 4 are: 450 tons per 1000 rural population per year for residential sources; 24 tons per 1000 rural 

population per year for commercial/institutional sources; and 160 tons per 1000 manufacturing 

employees per year for industrial sources. The emission factors applied for open burning are: 30 for 

VOC, 85 for CO, and 6 for NO,. The emission factors are in units of pounds of pollutant per ton of 

solid non-agricultural waste burned. For an example of how the above information is utilized for this 

area source category, please see 3 .4 .3 .5 .1 regarding on-site incineration . 

Rural population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined 

for open burning were obtained from state references.3 .4 

In January 1998, Kentucky adopted revisions to the open burning regulation to prohibit most 

types of open burning in moderate ozone nonattainment areas within Kentucky during the period of May 

- September when ozone is most likely . The emission reduction credit taken for this control measure is 

calculated as 80%. A copy of the regulation outlining this prohibition is included in Appendix F. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal 

-3 .26- 
guidance document.' The calculated annual tons of VOC was then divided by the product of the 

number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For open burning, no seasonal 

adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and activity days per 

week was 7 . Emissions for this category were calculated as follows. 

Residential 

TPY = 450 Tons county 

o waste x pop 

1000 rural 

population 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Commercial/Institutional 

TPY = 24 Tons county 

o waste x pop. 

1000 rural 

population 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Industrial 

x EF) x 1 ton 

(2000 lbs) 

x EF x 1 ton 

(2000 lbs) 

> 

> 

TPY = 160 tons x # employees 

1000 mfg in mfg SICs 

employees 20-39 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

xEF x I ton 

(lbs) (2000lbs) 

Open burning emissions are provided for the moderate ozone maintenance areas in Table 3-25. 

Manufacturing employee and rural population information is provided in Table 3-26. 

Table 3-25 

Summary of Emissions From 

Open Burning of Solid Waste 

AA nnual Daily Annua Dail Annual Dailyl 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx N 

on x :Emissions 

: I 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions En 

si, 

Em is i s 

County 

t 

s/ r 

7 n ea ons/ ear) tons/day) (tons/vear) 

(tol 

(tons/dayl 

Daviess 1855 .122 1 00 .551 1 524.49 1 .44 1 37 .02 1 0.101 

-3 .27- 
Hancock* 13 .76 0.04 38.97 0.11 2 75 0. 01 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-26 

Rural Population 

2002 

Rural 

County opulation 

Daviess 24024 

Hancock* 1725 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

3.4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use 

The category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters, and other heating units too small to be 

considered point sources. A federal guidance document' indicates that it may not be worthwhile for an 

agency to perform the detailed procedures to calculate emissions for this entire fuel combustion 

category if: (1) its primary concern is updating the VOC inventory and (2) if an existing inventory 

already includes combustion . Since the division meets the aforementioned conditions it did not calculate 

emissions for this area source category. 

3.4 .5 Bioprocess Emissions Sources 

Bioprocess emissions sources include those sources whose emissions result from biological 

processes (e.g . fermentation). Source categories include bakeries, breweries, distilleries, wineries, and 

silage storage. 

3.4.5.1 Bakeries 

The methodology used to estimate emissions from bakeries was prepared by Radian 

Corporation. '8 A review of County Business Patterns 1990,5 provided the number of bakeries listed 

under retail bakeries (SIC 546) and larger manufacturing bakeries (SIC 2051). For the purposes of this 

inventory, except for one large bakery located in Daviess County, all bakeries in the maintenance areas 

-3.28 - 
were considered area sources and their emissions were calculated using Radian's guidance. A factor of 

.155 tons VOC/yr/1000 population was applied to county populations. This activity was considered 

uniform year round and activity days per week were 6.1 

The calculations used to determine source emissions from this category are as follows. 

Area Source Emissions Point Source Emissions 

TPY = .155 tons x population + lbs produced x EF x 1 ton 

(1000 pop) ) ((1000 lbs ) ) (2000 lbs) 

TSD = TPY / (6 x 52) 

Bakery emissions are shown in Table 3-27 . Population information necessary for calculating 

these emissions is found in Table 3-8. 

Table 3-27 

Summary of Emissions From 

Bakeries 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) 

Daviess 14.21 0 .05 

Hancock* 0.30 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3 .4 .5 .2 Breweries 

A review of County Business Patterns' showed no breweries in former ozone maintenance areas 

in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 

3.4 .5 .3 Wineries 

Based on EPA guidance,' a review of County Business Patterns s showed no wineries located in 

former maintenance areas in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 

3.4.5.4 Distilleries 

Emissions for this category are included in the point source portion of this inventory. 

3.4 .5 .5 Silage Storage 

-3 .29- 
EPA guidance' stated that this was not a required source category . Since emissions from silage 

would be typically during the winter months, this category was not inventoried. 

3 .4.6 Other Area Sources 

Sources included in this category are miscellaneous combustion sources and leaking 

underground storage tanks. 

3.4 .6 .1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources 

Several types of fires and burning activities potentially contribute to this subcategory. They are 

as follows: 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

Forest Fires; 

Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning; 

Agricultural Burning; 

Structure Fires; and, 

Orchard Heaters. 

The division calculated emissions for forest fires and structure fires. The remaining 

miscellaneous combustion activities were found not to be widespread in Kentucky and therefore were 

not addressed. 

3.4 .6 .1 .1 Forest Fires 

A federal guidance document' provided the methodology the division used for calculating 

emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount of material 

consumed by multiplying the number of acres burned in each area examined by a fuel loading factor 

(i .e ., material consumed per acre of land burned) . A fuel loading factor of 6.6 tons of material 

consumed per acre burned and the number of acres burned in each area examined was obtained from the 

Kentucky Division of Forestry. 

13 Appropriate emission factors from a federal reference document2 are: 

24 for Total Hydrocarbons (THC), 140 for CO, and 4 for NOx. However, according to another federal 

reference document, 14 only 79.71 percent of the THC emissions derived from the above THC emission 

factor are reactive. Therefore, the VOC emission factor utilized for this area source category was 19.13. 

This VOC emission factor information is based on information derived from a federal reference 

-3 .30- 
document." The emission factors are in units of pounds per ton of material burned. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal 

guidance document.' The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions was divided by the product of the 

number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For forest fires no seasonal 

adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per 

week was 7 . The calculations used to determine emissions from this category are as follows. 

TPY - (# of Acres Consumed x Tons of Growth) x E_F x 1 ton 

(per County per Acre (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 

consumed 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Forest fire emissions are provided in Table 3-28. Additionally, acreage burned for individual 

areas is provided in Table 3-29. 

Table 3-28 

Summary of Emissions From 

Forest Fires 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year ) (tons/da (tons/ ear (tons/da ) tons/ ear (tons/da ) 

Daviess 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

Table 3-29 

Acreage Burned By Forest Fires 

2002 

Forest Fires 

County Acres Burned 

Daviess 0 

Hancock* ~ 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3 .4.6.1 .2 Structure Fires 

Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating emissions for this 

area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount of material consumed by 

multiplying the number of structure fires occurring in each area examined by a fuel loading factor (i .e ., 

-3 .31 - 
material consumed per structure fire). A fuel loading factor of 6.8 tons of material consumed per fire 

was provided in a federal guidance document' and information on the number of structure fires which 

occurred in Kentucky in 2002 was derived by assuming an average of 6 fires per 1000 population in an 

area in accordance with Volume I guidance. Based on federal guidance,' the emission factors applied 

are: 11 for VOC, 60 for CO, and 1 .4 for NO,,. The emission factors are in units of pounds per ton of 

material burned. 

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal 

guidance. 1 The calculated annual tons of VOC emissions were divided by the product of the number of 

activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For structure fires no seasonal adjustment 

factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and the activity days per week were 

7. The calculations used to estimate emissions from this category are as follows. 

TPY = (6 ares x population) x 6.8 tons of x EF x 1 ton ( 1000 pop. (material burned) (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 

per fire 

TSD = TPY / (7 x 52) 

Structure fire emissions are provided in Table 3-30. The data used to calculate these emissions 

is located in Table 3-31 . 

Table 3-30 

Summary of Emissions From 

Structure Fires 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

[ 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

j 

Coun n

Cou 

(tons/year) (tons/da tons/ ear) tons/da ftnns~year), ns ear), (;ons;Wa l,) D 

i 

avies 

v s 

20.57 0.06 112 .201 0.311 0 01 

ii co 

Hancock* 0.45 0 2.45 0.01 0 .06 

. 

0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 3-31 

Number of Structure Fires 

Number of 

County 

Structure 

Fires 

-3.32- 
Daviess 550 

Hancock* 12 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

3.4.6.1 .3 Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning 

Information received from the Kentucky Division of Forestry' 9 revealed that these activities are 

not widespread in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 

3.4 .6 .1 .4 Agricultural Burning 

information received from the Kentucky Division of Forestryt9 showed that this is not a 

widespread practice in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 

3.4 .6 .1 .5 Orchard Heaters 

The use of orchard heaters are not commonly used in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was 

not inventoried. 

3 .4 .6 .2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 

Leaking underground storage tanks typically do not become quantifiable sources of VOC air 

emissions until excavation and remediation efforts are initiated. Remediation efforts vary widely 

depending upon the type of contaminant, magnitude of the leak and the extent of groundwater 

contamination, if any. 

Methodology developed by Radian Corporation3l was used to derive emissions from this 

category . An emission factor of 28 Ibs per remediation was used in estimating these emissions. 

Remediation information was obtained from the Division of Waste Management's Leaking 

Underground Storage Tank Branch.3° Calculations to estimate emissions for a typical summer day from 

this category are as follows. 

TSD = # of Remediations x EF lbs x 1 ton 

Per Remediation 2000 lbs . 

Emissions for this area source are located in Table 3-32. Remediation information used to 

calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-33 . 

-3 .33 - 
Table 3-32 

Summary of Emissions From 

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 

Annual VOC Daily VOC 

Emissions Emissions 

County tons/ ear (tons/da ) 

Daviess - p 

~Hancock* - p 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

Table 3-33 

Number of Remediations 

Number o 

Coun Remediations 

Daviess p 

Hancock* p 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 
Table 3-34 

Summary of Area Source Emissions 

ource Category 

Annual 

**VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/year) ( 

Daily 

**VOC 

Emissions 

tons/day 

Annual CO 

Emissions 

(tons/year) 

Daily 

CO 

Emissions 

tons/da 

Annual 

NOx 

Emissions 

tons/ ear) 

D: 

N 

Emissi~ 

tons/d 

Daviess County 

Gasoline Breathing 26.34 0 .08 

Gasoline Transit 1 .58 0.01 

Total Gas Unloading 203.32 0.69 

Total Air Refueling 0.98 0 

Solvent Dry Cleaning 50.43 0.19 

Surface Cleaning Degreasing 60.88 0.20 

Architectural Surface Coating 210.90 0.75 

Auto Refinishing 105.45 0.41 

Traffic Markings 22.83 0.09 

Graphic Arts 59.60 0.23 

Cutback Asphalt Paving 16.96 0.07 

Pesticide Application 153 .97 0.64 

Commercial/Consumer Use 359.44 0.99 

POTW 19.53 0.08 

Ind . Wastewater 0 0 

Municipal Landfills 61 .93 0.17 

Total Onsite 4.10 0.01 144.87 0.40 2b.56 0 

Total Open Burning 

Bakeries 

185.12 

14 .21 

0.51 

0.05 

524 .49 

0 

1 .44 

0 

37.02 

0 

0 

Forest Fires 0 0 0 0 0 

Structure Fires 20.57 0.06 112.20 0.31 2.62 0 

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 

Total Daviess Emissions 

0 

1578.14 

0 

5 .23 

0 

781 .56 

0 

2.15 

0 

66.2 0 

Portion of Hancock County* 

Gasoline Breathing 0.74 0 

Gasoline Transit 0.06 0 

Total Gas Unloading 

Total Air Refueling 

5.69 

0 

0.02 

0 

.C Solvent D Cleaning 1 .07 0 _--- 

Surface Cleaning Degreasin 3 .20 01 

Architectural Surface Coating

** 4.46 0.02 

Auto Refinishing** 2 .23 0.01 

Traffic Markings 0.48 0 

Gra hic Arts _ 1 .26 0 

-3.35- 
ource Category 

Annual 

**VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/ ear 

Daily 

**VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/da ) 

Annual CO 

Emissions 

(tons/ ear) 

Daily 

CO 

Emissions 

(tons/da 

Annual 

NOx 

Emissions 

(tons/ ear) 

Emissi~ 

(tons/d 

Cutback Asphalt Paving 0.36 0 

Pesticide A plication 4.93 0.02 

Commercial/Consumer Use 7.59 0.02 

_ 

POTW 0 0 

Ind. Wastewater 0 0 

Municipal Landfills 0 0 

Total Onsite 0.26 0 9.00 0.02 1 .65 

Total Open Burning 13 .76 0.04 38 .97 0.11 2 .75 0 

Bakeries 0.30 0 0 0 0 

Forest Fires 0 0 0 0 0 

Structure Fires 0.45 0 2.45 0.01 0.06 

Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 0 0 0 0 0 

Total Portion of Hancock Emissions 46.84 0.14 50 .42 0.14 4.46 0 

Grand Total Emissions 1624.98 5 .37 831 .98 :2:2 j9 - _ 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Per federal rules for certain area source categories, the VOC emissions reflect applicable 

emissions reductions . 
3.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3 

1 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation 

of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 

August 2005, which references Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for 

Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume 1. EPA-450/4-91-016 . Research 

Triangle Park, North Carolina. May 1991 . 

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 

Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP-42. Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. January 1995. 

3 . Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development Cabinet. 2000 Kentucky Deskbook of Economic 

Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky. Population for Counties by Urban and Rural Areas: 2000. 

4. Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development Cabinet and the University of Louisville, State 

Data Center . 2002 Population Statistics . 

5 . U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2002 County Business Patterns, 

Kentucky. CBP/00-19. Washington, D.C. November 2004. 

6. U.S . Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2002 Economic Census Retail Trade, 

Geographic Area Series-Kentucky. EC97R44A-KY. Washington, D.C . May 2005 . 

7. The Kentucky Revenue Cabinet's Motor Fuels Tax Section. Taxable gasoline gallons for 

Kentucky for calendar year 2002. Frankfort, Kentucky. 

8 . Telecon. Ernest Collins, Manager, Technical Support Branch, Division of Environmental 

Services - Pesticides, Kentucky Department of Agriculture to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division 

for Air Quality. Availability of state or county statistics on the types and amounts of pesticides 

used. December 19, 2005. 

9 . Telecon. Dr. Lee Townsend, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky to Joe 

Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Availability of state or county statistics on the 

types and amounts of pesticides used. January 4, 2006 . 

10 . Correspondence from the Kentucky Division for Air Quality to the U.S. EPA, Region 4. 

Request for the use of an alternative method for estimating the VOC emissions from pesticides . 

September 30, 1989. 

11 . Correspondence from Bruce P. Miller, U.S . EPA, Region 4, to the Kentucky Division for Air 

Quality. Approval of method for estimating the emissions of VOCs from pesticide use. 

November 7, 1989 . 

-3 .37- 
12. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for 

Environmental Protection, Division of Water. 2002 POTW industrial discharge information 

was obtained. 

13 . Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Natural 

Resources, Division of Forestry . 2002 Forest acreage burned in Kentucky was obtained. April 

2003 . 

14. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4. 1980 Area Source Emissions 

Inventory - Louisville, Kentucky AQCR (VOC/NOX). EPA-904/9-18-074. Atlanta, Georgia. 

September 1981 . 

15. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. Air Emissions Species Manual, Volume I, Volatile 

Organic Compound Species Profiles. EPA-450/2-88-003a. Research Triangle Park, North 

Carolina. April 1988. 

16 . Survey of Municipal Solid Waste landfills conducted by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality pursuant to EPA regulations regarding such landfills. Obtained the 2000 tons of solid waste contained in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Kentucky. Submittal to EPA December 1998 . 

17. Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Categorization of Industrial Wastewater 

Treatment Emissions, April 24, 1992. 

18. Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, VOC Emissions from Bakeries, April 24, 1992. 

19 . Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. Correspondence confirming the lack of activity for slash Burning, Prescribed Burning, and Agricultural Burning, August 3, 1992. 

20. Ramendra Dutta, Supervisor, Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Waste Management. Underground storage tank corrective action plans for 2002 ozone season . 

21 . National Agricultural Statistics Service Website (1vww .nass.usda. ~ov/ky/) . 2002 Kentucky harvested acreage obtained. 

22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) Guidance - Technical Documents for Area Source Emissions Inventory Preparation. 

23 . Previous EPA Region 4 guidance provided, during the preparation of 15% VOC plans, to exclude perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning VOC emissions. 

24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emission inventory guidance provided to address double counting of surface cleaning emissions - EPA's "Example Emission Inventory Documentation 

-3 .38- 
for Post-1987 Ozone State Implementation Plans (SIPs)", October 1989. 

25 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency May 13, 1993, Helms guidance memorandum regarding 

the removal of perchloroethylene emissions from degreasing VOC emissions. 

26 . U.S . Department of Energy, 2002 Petroleum Marketing Annual, August 2003, DOE/EIA-0487 

(2002), Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil & Gas, Washington, DC 20585 . 

27 . U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S . Census Bureau, Paint and Allied Products: 2002, page 2, 

MA325F(02)-1, July 2003 . 

28. U.S . Census Bureau, Population Division, Table 1 : Annual Estimates of the Population for the 

United States and States, and for Puerto Rico : April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005, December 22, 

2005 . 

29. Eastern Research Group, Traffic Markings, Volume III: Chapter 14, Emission Inventory 

Improvement Program, page 14.4-4, May 1997. 

30. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Background Document for the Surface Impoundment 

Modeling System (SIMS), Version 2.0, EPA-450/4-90-019b, September 1990. 

31 . Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Emissions from Leaking Underground Storage 

Tanks, May 5, 1992. 

32. U.S . Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airport Activity Statistics 

of Certificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, Washington, DC 

20591 . 

33 . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records were 

obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft . 
4.0 NON-HIGHWAY EMISSIONS 

4.1 INTRODUCTION 

This section documents the development of the 2002 nonroad emissions inventory for the 

Owensboro ozone maintenance area (i .e ., Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County). 

Nonroad sources include motorized vehicles and equipment, which are normally not operated on 

public roadways to provide transportation. The study and regulation of nonroad emission sources 

were mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

4.2 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH 

Nonroad emissions were calculated in accordance with EPA's Mobile Volume IV' and 

EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) development guidance 5 . For this inventory, nonroad 

emissions have been divided into three categories. Separate emission categories include aircraft, 

locomotives, and other nonroad (i .e ., Non-Highway) sources. Methodologies for each of these 

categories are discussed separately. 

4.3 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS 

Table 4-1 summarizes the inventory results for the other nonroad (i .e ., Non-Highway) source 

emissions . Tables 4-2 and 4-3 summarize emissions from aircrafts. Tables 4-5 and 4-6 summarize 

emissions from locomotives. Table 4-8 summarizes emissions from all non-highway mobile 

emission categories. 

4.4 DISCUSSION OF NONROAD CATEGORIES 

4.4.1 Other Nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) Sources 

Emissions for the other nonroad source categories (e.g., construction and agricultural 

equipment) were estimated using EPA's Nonroad Model (Core Model Version 2005a, February 

2006) in accordance with EPA Region 4 direction b and EPA's NEI guidance 5 . As for inputs for the 

nonroad model RVP and temperature information was provided in accordance with EPA Volume IV 

guidance' and EPA Region 4 direction 6 (See Appendix G for nonroad model output and Appendix F 

-4.1- 
for more information on temperature determinations) . 

The model provided county level ton per day (tpd) emission estimates for base year 2002 and 

for the projection years of 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. Where necessary county level 

emissions were allocated to a portion of a county as follows: 

Portion of County Emissions = (Nonroad Model County Level Emissions * Fraction of Population 

in Portion of County) 

The emissions for this category are provided in Table 4-1 . 

Table 4-1 

Summary of Emissions 

Other Non-Highway Mobile Sources 

"Annual Daily **Annual Daily "Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) . (tons/day) tons/ ear) (tons/day) tons/ ear) (tons/da ) 

Daviess 0 2.99 0 24.89 0 3 .07 

Hancock* 0 0.19 0 0.77 0 0.12 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. **Annual other non-highway emissions not 

provided. 

4.4.2 Aircraft Emissions 

Emissions from aircraft have been determined in accordance with EPA's Volume IV' and 

NEIS guidance for nonroad mobile sources. The basic methodology determines aircraft fleet make-up 

and level of activity and then calculates air pollutant emissions on an annual basis. 

Preparing an emissions inventory for aircraft focuses on the emission characteristics of this 

source relative to the vertical column of air that ultimately affects ground level pollutant 

concentrations . This portion of the atmosphere, which begins at the earth's surface and is simulated 

in air quality models, is often referred to as the mixing zone. The aircraft operations of interest 

within this layer are defined as the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle. The cycle begins when the 

aircraft approaches the airport on its descent from cruising altitude, lands, and taxis to the gate. It 

continues as the aircraft taxis back out to the runway for subsequent takeoff and climbout as it heads 

back up to cruising altitude. Thus, the five specific operating modes in a LTO are : 

-4.2- 
0 

Approach 

Taxi/idle-in 

Taxi/idle-out 

Takeoff 

Climbout 

Most aircraft go through a similar sequence during a complete operating cycle. Helicopters 

may combine certain modes such as takeoff and climbout. 

The LTO cycle provides a basis for calculating aircraft emissions. During each mode of 

operation, the aircraft engines operate at a fairly standard power setting for a given aircraft category. 

Emissions for one complete cycle for a given aircraft can be calculated by knowing emission factors 

for specific aircraft engines at those power settings . Then, if the activity of all aircraft in the 

modeling zone can be determined for the inventory period, the total emissions can be calculated. 

4.4 .2 .1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft 

Commercial aircraft include those used for scheduled service transporting passengers, freight, 

or both. Commercial aircraft typically are the largest source of aircraft emissions. Although they 

makeup less than half of all aircraft in operation around a metropolitan area their emissions usually 

represent a large fraction of the total because of their size and operating frequency. 

Pursuant to the EPA NEI guidance', a computerized database (i .e., FAA's Emissions 

Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS Version 4.12) was utilized to calculate emissions for 

commercial aircraft . The EDMS database was developed by the Federal Aviation Administration 

(FAA) (Please see Appendix G for Emissions output from the EDMS model). Annual average 

temperature inputs, for EDMS, were obtained from NOAA's 2002 Climatological Data Annual 

Summary for Kentucky. The EDMS model includes information on the engines mounted on specific 

aircraft with emission factors fro each of the engines, in addition to a menu-driven procedure for 

calculating aircraft emissions. 

Pursuant to EPA's Volume IV guidance l and EIIP guidance7, commercial LTO annual 

-4.3- 
information was obtained from the FAA document entitled, AirportActivity Statistics of Certificated 

Route Air Carriers for 20023. 

Fleet Assumptions Made in Estimating Commercial Aircraft Emissions Using the EDMS model 

In accordance with guidance from the U.S . EPA7, the following substitution was made for a 

commercial aircraft at the Owensboro Airport. 

CERTAIN SPECIFIC FINAL EDMS AIRCRAFT 

MISSING AIRCRAFT # of LTOs SUBSTITUTE 

FALCON 1 FALCON 100 

Seasonal Adjustment to Daily Emissions 

Local airports in Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were contacted by telephone to 

determine the airport activity levels during the 2002 summer quarter. Based on these contacts, the 

following seasonal adjustment factors were multiplied by the annual emissions (TYR) divided by 

365 days of operation to determine typical summer day emissions (TSD). The seasonal adjustment 

factors for aircraft that were applied to the annual emissions are as follows: 

Typical Summer Seasonal 

Day Emissions (TSD) = (Annual Emissions (TYR) X Adjustment Factor) / 365 

The following seasonal adjustment factors (SAJ) were applied to annual emissions for 

commercial, general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports : 

Owensboro-Daviess County Airport in Daviess County, KY- SAJ Factor of 1 .03 for all 

types of aircrat 

Converting from Total Hydrocarbons (THC) To Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) 

The U.S . EPA recognized that it may be necessary to determine the level of volatile organic 

compounds (VOC) emitted from aircraft engines. Since the emission factors for exhaust HC 

contained in this document represent total hydrocarbons (THC), the following illustrates the method 

-4 .4- 
that was recommended and utilized for converting THC to VOC emissions . 

Commercial THC To VOC Conversions 

Commercial aircraft fleets are dominated by turbine engines. Therefore, a single correction 

factor, pursuant to U.S . EPA Volume IV guidance', was utilized to convert THC to VOC emissions 

for commercial aircraft as follows. 

VOc COMMERCIAL - THC COMMERCIAL X 1 .0947 (5-14) 

Total emissions for commercial aircraft operating in ozone maintenance areas are included in 

Table 4-2 and Appendix G. Airport documentation (i .e ., LTOs) used to calculate these emissions is 

provided in Table 4-4 . 

Table 4-2 

Summary of Emissions From 

Commercial Aircraft 

Annual Daffy Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County .(tons/year), (tons/da ) (tons/ ear (tons/day) (tons/ ear) (tons/day) 

Daviess 0.77 0 11 .99 

- 

0.04 1 .57 0 

Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 01 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

4.4 .2 .2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis, and Military Aircraft Landing at 

Non-Military Airports 

For the purpose of creating an emissions inventory, business aircraft are combined with 

general aviation aircraft because of their similar size, use frequency, and operating profiles . In this 

inventory methodology they are referred to simply as general aviation. Similarly, air taxis are treated 

much like the general aviation category because they are typically the same types of aircraft. Military 

aircraft landing at non-military airports are also inventoried and were addressed much like air taxi 

and general aviation aircraft . As for military aircraft landing at military air bases, no military air 

bases were identified to be located in any of Kentucky's ozone maintenance counties . 

-4.5- 
Alternative, Fleet-Average Procedure 

Pursuant to U.S . EPA Volume IV guidance', an alternative, fleet-average procedure was 

utilized to estimate emissions for general aviation, air taxi and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports . This procedure involves multiplying the number LTOs for each type of aircraft by 

the following emission factors. Based on September and October 1992 telephone conversations with 

Joe Mangino, of the Radian Corporation, and Steve McCary, U.S. EPA Region 4, in the absence of 

fleet average emission factors for military aircraft landing at non-military airports air taxi factors 

were utilized . This is the same approach that EPA followed in preparing its 1999 National 

Emissions Inventory (NEI)5 for these types of aircraft . The calculation for deriving emissions for 

general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports is shown below. 

Annual Aircraft Emissions = (Number of LTOs X Fleet Average Emission Factors) / 2000 

General Aviation Fleet-Average Emission Factors: 

HC 0.394 pounds per LTO 

CO 12.014 pounds per LTO 

NOX 0.065 pounds per LTO 

S02 0.010 pounds per LTO 

Since air taxis have fewer of the smallest engines in their fleet and more turboprop and 

turbojet engines, their emission factors are somewhat different. 

Air Taxi Fleet-Average Emission Factors: 

(utilized for the military aircraft 

landing at non-military airports) 

HC 1 .234 pounds per LTO 

CO 28.130 pounds per LTO 

NOX 0.158 pounds per LTO 

SOZ 0.015 pounds per LTO 

-4.6- 
Airport activity for general aviation aircraft, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports was obtained from the 2002 Kentucky Airport Master Records 4 provided by the 

Kentucky Division of Aeronautics, and direct contact with local airports . 

Seasonal Adjustment to Daily Emissions 

Based on information obtained from telephone inquiries made to local airports, the same 

seasonal adjustment factor was also applied to general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft 

(landing at non-military airports) annual emissions in the same manner as it was applied for 

commercial aircraft at this same airport (Please refer to page 4.5). 

General Aviation and Air Taxi THC to VOC Conversions 

Since the alternative, fleet-average procedure was used for general aviation, air taxis, and 

military aircraft landing at non-military airports, a single conversion factor was used for each aircraft 

category as follows . In concert with EPA's 1999 NEIs and EPA guidance' the THC to VOC 

conversion factor for military aircraft was utilized to better reflect military aircraft VOC emissions7 . 

VOCGA FLEET = THCGA FLEET X 0.9708 (5-18) 

VOCAT FLEET - THCAT FLEET X 0.9914 (5-21) 

VOCAT FLEET used for Military Aircraft = THCAT FLEET X 1 .100003 (5-21) 

Total emissions for general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military 

airports are provided in Table 4-3 . Airport activity data used to calculate these emissions can be 

found in Table 4-4. 
Table 4-3 

Summary of Emissions From 

From General Aviation, Air Taxi, & Military Aircraft (Non-Military Airports) 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/year) (tons/day tons/ ear (tons/day) (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) 

Daviess 7.55 0.02 223 .87 0.68 1 .21 0 

Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

Table 4-4 

Airport Activity Levels 

Commercial General 

Aircraft Air Tax' Aviation Military 

County LTOs LTOs LTOs LTOs 

Daviess 228 867 32458 1187 

Hancock* 0 0 OT - 01 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

4.4 .3 Locomotives 

Emissions for railroad locomotives within Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were 

calculated based upon December 1997 line haul and yard emission factorss . EPA utilized these same 

more recent emission factors in developing locomotive emissions for the 1999 National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI)5 . EPA provided guidance to the Division in utilizing the newer locomotive emission 

factors8 . 

Railroad locomotives used in the United States are primarily of two types : electric and 

diesel-electric . Electric locomotives are powered by electricity generated at stationary power plants 

and distributed by either a third rail or overhead catenary system. Emissions are produced only at the 

electrical generation plant, which is considered a point source and therefore not of interest here. 

Diesel-electric locomotives, on the other hand, use a diesel engine and an alternator or generator to 

produce the electricity required to power its traction motors. Emissions produced by these diesel 

engines are of interest in the non-highway emission inventory development. Emissions for 

hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (S02), and 

-4.8- 
particulate matter (PM) from this source are covered in this chapter. 

Railroads can be separated into three classes based on size : Class 1, Class II, and Class III. 

Class I railroads represent the largest railroad systems in the country. Because of their size, Class I 

railroads operate over a large geographic area. Also, they carry most of the interstate freight and 

carry most of the passenger service. They are required to keep detailed records of their operations 

and to report yearly to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). 

Class II and III railroads represent the remainder of the rail transportation system and 

generally operate within smaller, localized areas. These smaller railroads are not subj ect to the same 

reporting requirements, and their record-keeping may be less extensive. Also, their fleet of 

locomotives tends to be older, with the Class I railroads buying almost all of the new locomotives. 

Locomotives within each of the Classes can perform two different types of operations : line 

haul and yard (or switch). Line haul locomotives generally travel between distant locations, such as 

from one city to another. Yard locomotives are primarily responsible for moving rail cars within a 

particular railway yard. 

Overview of Recommended Inventory Methodology 

4.4 .3 .1 Line Haul Locomotives 

For Class I, II, and III line haul locomotives, emissions were calculated by multiplying the 

amount of fuel consumed in the inventory area by the appropriate emission factors. 

Line Haul Locomotive 

Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors Fuel Consumption 

Line haul locomotive fuel consumption information for Kentucky's ozone maintenance 

counties was supplied directly to the Division for Air Quality pursuant to a Division railroad 

questionnaire that was mailed in April 5, 2000 to all railroads operating in the ozone maintenance 

areas (Please see a copy of the 2000 railroad questionnaire which is included in Appendix G). The 

questionnaire also requested information regarding the number of yard locomotives operating in the 

ozone maintenance counties . 

-4.9- 
Emission Factors - Line Haul 

With the line haul fuel consumption information obtained from the questionnaire, emissions 

were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet average emission factors for each pollutant 

(converted to pounds per gallon of fuel burned (lbs/gal)) . The EPA recommended default emission 

factorsg that were utilized for all line haul locomotives are as follows. 

Line Haul Locomotive Emission Factors 

Emission Factor 

Pollutant (g/gal) 

HC 10 

CO 26.6 

NOx 270 

PM 6.7 

* g/gal emission factors converted to lbs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by 

.0022046. 

4.4.3 .2 Yard Locomotives 

The recommended method for yard locomotives was same method used for line haul 

locomotives. With the line yard locomotive fuel consumption information obtained from the 

questionnaire, inventory area emissions were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet 

average emission factors for each pollutant (converted to pounds per gallon of fuel burned (lbs/gal)) . 

Emissions for yard locomotives are calculated using the following formula: 

Yard Locomotive 

Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors 

Yard Locomotive Emission Factors 

The EPA recommended default emission factors8 that were utilized for all yard locomotives 

are as follows . 

-4.10- 
Emission Factor 

Pollutant (.g/gal) 

HC 21 

CO 38 .1 

NO 362 

PM 9.2 

g/gal emission factors converted to lbs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by 

.0022046. 

Seasonal Considerations Line and Yard Locomotives 

Based on telephone conversations with James Hou2, Region 4 EPA, during March 

2006 and Volume IV guidance', activity for railroad locomotives is considered to be uniform 

throughout the year. Additionally, the number of days of operation was assumed to be 365 . 

Therefore, typical summer day emissions for line haul and yard locomotives were derived by 

using the following equation. 

Typical Summer Day Emissions (TSD) = Annual Locomotive Emissions (TYR) / 365 days 

Converting from Total Hydrocarbons (THC) to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) 

For Line and Yard Locomotives 

in accordance with Volume IV guidance, the following THC to VOC conversion 

factor was used to determine the VOC emissions for line and yard locomotives. 

VOC Locomotive = THCFID Locomotive x 1 .005 

Emissions for line haul locomotives are provided in Table 4-5 and emissions for yard 

locomotives are provided in Table 4-6 . Activity data (i .e ., fuel consumed) used to calculate 

locomotive emissions can be found in Table 4-7. Total Non-Highway emissions are provided in 

Table 4-8 . 

-4.11- 
Table 4-5 

Summary of Emissions From 

From Line Haul Locomotives 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/da tons/ ear) (tons/day) 

Daviess 5.70 0.02 15.08 0.04 153 .06 0.42 

Hancock* 1 .81 0 4.80 0.01 48.72 0.13 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 4-6 

Summary of Emissions From 

From Yard Locomotives 

Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily 

VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 

Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions 

County (tons/ ear) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) tons/ ear tons/da 

Daviess 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county. 

Table 4-7 

Locomotive Fuel Information 

Line Haul Yard 

Locomotive Locomotive 

Fuel Fuel 

County (Gallons) (Gallons) 

Daviess 514287 0 

Hancock* 163699 0 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 
Table 4-8 

Summary of Emissions From 

Non-Highway Mobile Sources 

ounty [Category 

" Annua 

VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/ ear 

Dail 

VOC 

Emissions 

(tons/day) ) 

**Annual 

CO 

Emissions 

(tons/ ear) 

Dail 

CO 

Emissions 

(tons/day) 

**Annual 

NOx 

Emissions 

tons/ ear 

Daily 

NOx 

Emissions 

(tons/day) 

Daviess Other Non-Highway 0 2.99 0 24.89 0 3 .07 

Daviess Locomotive 5.70 0 .02 15.08 0.04 153 .06 0.42 

Daviess Aircraft 8 .32 0 .02 235.86 0.72 2 .78 0 

Daviess Emissions 14.02 3 .03 250.94 25.65 155.84 3 .49 

Hancock* Other Non-Highway 0 0.19 0 0.77 0 0.12 

Hancock* Locomotive 1 .81 0 4.80 0.01 48 .72 0.13 

Hancock* Aircraft 0 0 0 0 0 

Hancock Portion 

Emissions 1 .81 0.19 4.80 0.78 48.72 0.25 

Grand Total Emissions 15.83 3.22 255.74 26.43 204.56 3.74 

*Denotes only a portion of the county . 

**Annual other non-highway emissions not reflected in Table 4-8 . 
4.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4 

1 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Procedures for the Emission Inventory 

Preparation, Volume IV : Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), U.S . EPA, 

Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI and Office of Air Quality Planning & 

Standards, RTP, NC, 1992 . 

2. E-mail communication, James Hou, US EPA, Region 4, to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky 

Division for Air Quality concerning procedures for inventorying other nonroad engine 

categories, March 6, 2006. 

3 . U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airport Activity 

Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, 

Washington, DC 20591 . 

4. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records 

were obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft . 

5. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for 1999 . 

6. Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, regarding nonroad emission inventory 

development, Summer and Fall 2002 . 

7. Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, and Ken Petche, EPA OMS, regarding 

aircraft emission inventory development, Fall 2002. 

8 . Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, and Chuck Moulis, EPA OMS, 

regarding locomotive emission inventory development, Fall 2002 . 
5.0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES 

5.1 INTRODUCTION 

This section documents the development of the 2002 highway mobile source emissions 

inventory for the Owensboro Area, which includes Daviess County and a portion of Hancock 

County. The inventory addresses highway vehicles using gasoline and diesel . The inventory 

estimates are for a typical weekday during the summer ozone season (March - October), but more 

specifically for the summer quarter (i .e ., June, July, and August). 

In conjunction with Sierra Research, Inc.', the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency 

provided guidance for the preparation of this portion of the inventory. Z 

The transportation models used to generate daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) were run by 

the Division of Mass Transportation, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Emission factors for 

highway vehicle classes were obtained from EPA's MOBILE6.2 highway mobile source emission 

factor estimation model. MOBILE6.2 runs for the maintenance areas were performed by the 

Kentucky Division for Air Quality. 

The highway vehicles inventory discussion is divided into three primary sections. Section 5.2 

addresses the emissions estimation process using the MOBILE6.2 model.3 Section 5 .3 addresses the 

mobile emissions for each inventoried ozone maintenance area. Mobile source references are found 

in Section 5 .4 . 

5.2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATION PROCESS 

5.2 .1 Overview of Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates 

Highway vehicle emission estimates for the maintenance areas were calculated using the 

DVMT estimates and EPA's mobile source emission factor estimation model - MOBILE6.2 . The 

emission factors produced by the MOBILE6.2 model in grams/mile (g/mile) were multiplied by the 

DVMT estimates to generate total emissions . Emission estimates were calculated for VOC, NO,, 

and CO. Estimates of VOC emissions were made for vehicle exhaust, evaporative, refueling, resting, 

and running losses . The only sources of NOX and CO emissions were vehicle exhaust losses . 

Highway vehicle emission estimates were calculated for base year 2002 and the projection years of 

2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The agencies principally involved in producing the 
highway vehicle emission estimates were the Division of Planning, Department of Highways, 

Kentucky Transportation Cabinet; and the Kentucky Division for Air Quality. The Division of 

Planning provided the following mobile source information for ozone maintenance areas : (1) Road 

classifications, 2) Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled per road classification per county ; and (3) Estimated 

average speeds for each road classification. The Division for Air Quality conducted all of the 

MOBILE6.2 model runs . 

The inputs used to run the MOBILE6.2 model are described and presented in Section 5 .2 .2 . 

Mobile source highway 2002 emissions are summarized in Table 5-1 . 

5.2 .2 Inputs to MOBILE6.2 

The chief inputs to the MOBILE6.2 model can be grouped into two main categories : the run 

section and the scenario section. Unless otherwise specified, national default values are used in the 

MOBILE6.2 model. The values used for each grouping in the area analysis are presented below and 

justified (Please see Appendix D for mobile model input and output information). 

5.2 .2 .1 Run Section Data 

The run section is similar to the one-time data section from the MOBILE5 model . In 

general, the two main values specified in the run section are the Reid Vapor Pressure for 

conventional gasoline (identified as "Fuel RVP") and the minimum and maximum summer 

temperatures . Minimum and maximum summer temperature data will vary depending on the area in 

Kentucky (Please see Appendix D for temperature information) . 

5.2 .2 .2 Scenario Section Data 

This part of Mobile6.2 allows the specification of data for several parameters that can be 

varied to evaluate many different mobile source emission scenarios. These parameters are described 

below: 

Scenario Record - This parameter is used to indicate a title . For Kentucky's MOBILE6.2 

model runs, the road classification is specified. The 12 road classifications (6 rural, 6 urban) 

that were used for the MOBILE5 model are also used for the MOBILE6.2 model runs . A 

thirteenth road classification, Ramp, is a new component in the MOBILE6 .2 model and is 
included in these runs. 

Calendar Year - The calendar years for the analysis was 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 

and 2020. 

Evaluation Month - A value of 7 was used to denote a summer MOBILE6.2 model run. 

Average Speed - For each of the highway road classifications, a single speed was applied . 

Speed data was supplied by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 

In the MOBILE6.2 model, there are four main speed categories : freeway, arterial, local, and 

ramp. For the 13 road classifications used in Kentucky's MOBILE6.2 model runs, each need 

to be assigned one of the four speed categories. The 12 road classifications are broken down 

into 3 freeway road classifications, 8 arterial road classifications, and 1 local road 

classification . It should be noted that Rural Local has a speed category of Arterial, as advised 

by EPA. 

Specific default speed data are used for specific speed categories. Unless specific local 

speeds are available, the default local speed of 12.9 mile per hour is used. 

For the average speed component, it should be noted that additional data are indicated for the 

3 freeway road classifications .4 Vehicle miles Traveled (VMT) distribution data are 

represented with 4 percentages: freeway, arterial, local, and ramp. For freeways, studies 

estimate that freeway and ramp represent 92% and 8% of all freeway VMT, respectively . 

Unless local data are available for the freeway category, the user needs to indicate "92.0 0.0 

0.08.011 . 

Local data for VMT distribution can be used, if available. For example, the VMT 

distribution may be "92.4 0.0 0.0 7.6". Local data may even indicate that VMT distribution 

data are not needed for any of the freeway road classifications . The VMT distribution data 

will not be indicated in the Mobile6.2 input file for a freeway road classification unless 

DVMT data are associated with it . The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet has supplied local 

data for VMT distribution for this emissions inventory that is different from the default 

values of "92.0 0.0 0 .0 8 .0". Please see Appendix D for more-detailed highway mobile input 

file and DVMT information. 
5.3 Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions 

Highway vehicle emission estimates were calculated by multiplying the Mobile6.2 generated 

emission factors by the DVMT. Typical Summer Day (TSD) emission totals are listed by county and 

summarized in Table 5-l . 

TABLE 5-1 

SUMMARY OF HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 

Owensboro Area 

2002 HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 

2002 VNIT * 2002 EF 

COUNTY TOTAL VOC TSD** TOTAL CO TSD** TOTAL NO,, TSD** 

DAVIESS 3.98 42.24 5.97 

HANCOCK* 0.10 1.29 0.18 

TOTAL 

* 

4.080 43.53 6.15 

Denotes only a portion of the county. 

**Multiply tons per summer (TSD) emissions by 365 to estimate annual emissions. 
5.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5 

1 . Sierra Research, Inc., MOBILE6 On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions Model: 5-Day Training 

Course, Atlanta, Georgia. February 4-8, 2002. 

2 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. User's Guide to MOBILE6 - Mobile Source 

Emission Factor Model. EPA420-R-02-001 . Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, 

Michigan. January 2002. 

3 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Instructions provided with the mobile model -

MOBILE6. 

4. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Dale Aspy, Region 4. Electronic mail 

correspondence with Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Correction in 

MOBILE6 model to accurately reflect "Freeway" component. September 9, 2002. 
6.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 

6.1 BACKGROUND 

This section documents the development of the biogenic emissions for the Owensboro Area, 

which includes Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County. Biogenic emissions are those 

emissions that are the result of natural processes occurring in vegetation and soils, and marine 

ecosystems, as a result of geological activity in the form of geysers or volcanoes, as a result of 

meteorological activity such as lightning, and from fauna, such as ruminants and termites . In 

accordance with EPA guidance', the 2002 biogenic emissions presented were obtained and derived 

from county-specific biogenic emission estimates that EPA developed to assist states with the 

Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR). 

6.2 METHODOLOGY 

EPA estimated the biogenic emissions for Kentucky counties using the Biogenic Emissions 

Inventory System - Version 2 (BEIS2.2). Maintenance area biogenic emissions were obtained from 

the following EPA web site : ftp://ftp epa gov/Emislnventory/prelim2002nev'biocenicl . Daily biogenic 

emissions were determined as follows: 

Summer Seasonal 

Adjustment Factor = (Summer County Emissions (June-August) / Annual County Emissions) / .25 

Summer Day Emissions= (Annual County Emissions * Summer Seasonal Adjustment Factor) /365 

For portions of counties the area apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 was utilized to 

apportion emissions. 

6.3 SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 

6.3 .1 Ozone Maintenance Areas 

Biogenic emissions for the ozone maintenance areas can be found in Table 6-1 and also in 

Appendix E. References for biogenic emissions are provided in Section 6.4. 

-6 .1- 
TABLE 6-1 

SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS** 

OWENSBORO OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

COUNTY VOC VOC NOx NOx 

EMISSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS 

(tons/yr) (tons/day) (tons/yr) (tons/day) 

Daviess 4900.31 30.48 241 .09 0.98 

*Hancock 265 .82 1 .65 9.43 0.04 

Total Emissions 5166.13 32.13 250.52 1 .02 

*Denotes only a portion of a county. 

**NEI biogenic emissions have been apportioned to the portion of a county based on the 

area apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 . 
6.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6 

1 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's estimate of 2002 Biogenic Emissions 

to assist states with the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR). Biogenic 

annual emission estimates are available at: 

ftp:i%ftp .epa.gov/EmisInventory/prelim2002nei,/biogenic/ . For more information please contact 

Marc Houyoux, with EPA's Emission Factors and Inventory Group, at (919) 541-3649.