F I LED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

November 9, 2006

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

EVERETT YOUNG,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

DILLON COMPANIES, INC., a/k/a

KING SOOPERS, INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 05-1378

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Colorado

(D.C. No. 04-CV-0590-ZLW-MJW)

Andrew T. Brake, (Lee T. Judd on the briefs) Andrew T. Brake, P.C., Englewood,

Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

William A. Wright, Sherman & Howard L.L.C., Denver, Colorado (Raymond M. Deeny,

Sherman & Howard L.L.C., Colorado Springs, Colorado, with him on the brief), for

Defendant-Appellee.

Before LUCERO, O’BRIEN, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.

GORSUCH, Circuit Judge.

Everett Young seeks damages from his former employer, Dillon Companies, Inc.

(“Dillon”), alleging that his discharge violated Title VII, was inconsistent with the
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parties’ implied contract terms, and ran afoul of the doctrine of promissory estoppel. 

Finding that Mr. Young failed to identify a triable issue, the district court granted

summary judgment for Dillon on all counts. Our review confirms that, on the limited

record developed by plaintiff during discovery, entry of summary judgment was

appropriate.

I.

From August 2001 through January 2003, Mr. Young worked as a retail

investigator in various of Dillon’s King Soopers grocery stores in Colorado. At the time

Mr. Young accepted the job with Dillon, he received (and signed for) a personnel manual. 

Pertinently for our immediate purposes, the manual provided that “[a]ll time card, time

clock, or time and attendance entries must be accurately completed and reflect the true

hours worked,” and that “[r]ecording time on your time card, time clocks, or time and

attendance for work not performed will be considered in violation of this policy, leading

to disciplinary actions up to and including termination.” See Appellant’s App. at 123,

124. Upon taking the job, Mr. Young also received training during the course of which,

he asserts, he was instructed that “just sleeping on the job [would lead to] immediate

termination.” See id. at 91 [275:23-276:4]. 

On January 14, 2003, after nearly a year and a half of service as an investigator

policing those who would steal from Dillon’s grocery stores, Dillon fired Mr. Young on

the putative ground that he had engaged in “theft of time,” or seeking pay for hours not

actually worked. According to Dillon, security cameras revealed that, on January 11,
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2003, Mr. Young left more than two hours before his shift ended; failed to punch out

when he departed; and then, in Dillon’s so-called “transfer log” where employees record

their working hours every week, misrepresented that he had stayed until the end of his

shift. For his part, Mr. Young claims that he worked a full shift, innocently neglected to

punch out at the end of his shift, and returned to work later that night to punch out. Mr.

Young also asserts that he recorded the true time of his departure in the transfer log and

that, in any event, he was not sleeping on the job and therefore could not be properly

subjected to immediate termination. 

As of January 11, Mr. Young was already under investigation by Dillon because of

a store manager’s allegation that Mr. Young abused telephone privileges during work

hours. As part of that investigation, Jon Lesley, Mr. Young’s supervisor, began to review

store security video recordings reflecting Mr. Young’s on-the-job conduct. Viewing a

recording from King Soopers Store Number 6 in Colorado Springs, where Mr. Young

was assigned to work on January 11, 2003, from 2 p.m. to 10:30 p.m., Mr. Lesley

observed that at 8:00 p.m., Mr. Young put on his coat, collected his briefcase, and left the

“camera room” where, as part of his job, he was watching security video feeds from

various locations around the store. The store’s video recordings show that Mr. Young

proceeded to leave the store and head into the parking lot. Video from the camera room

further confirms that Mr. Young did not return there before the end of his shift at 10:30

p.m. 
 Mr. Young represents that Ms. Hammer showed the electronic time card reports 1

to Mr. Lesley, but the record citations he provides for this proposition fail to support this

assertion. See Appellant’s Br. at 11. The only pertinent record testimony suggests just

the opposite to be true – viz., while Mr. Lesley reviewed transfer log records, after

hearing from Ms. Hammer that she found no electronic time records for Mr. Young in the

10:30 p.m. “time slot,” he did not pursue the issue further. See Appellant’s App. at 104-

05 [72:8-73:22], 109-10 [100:20-101:8]. 

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After viewing the video, Mr. Lesley consulted Mr. Young’s time keeping records. 

Mr. Young was required to “punch out” at the close of every shift using an electronic

time card system. See Appellant’s App. at 55, 104 [70:13-16]. In addition, at the end of

each work week, Mr. Young was supposed to leave the store where he was working that

day fifteen minutes before the end of his shift, travel to his home store, and record the

hours he worked that week in the transfer log. See id. at 55, 74 [191:3-13]. Upon review,

Mr. Lesley found that, though January 11 represented the end of his work week, Mr.

Young did not fill out his transfer log at the close of his shift as directed. Instead, video

from Mr. Young’s home store showed that he appeared there at 5 a.m. the following day,

January 12, to complete his transfer log. In the log itself, Mr. Young represented that he

had worked until 10:30 p.m. the previous evening. 

Mr. Lesley also consulted an administrative assistant at Mr. Young’s home store,

Tina Hammer, about Mr. Young’s electronic time card entries for January 11. Ms.

Hammer apparently reported that the electronic time card system did not return any

departure time for Mr. Young in the 10:30 p.m. “time slot.” See id. at 104-05

[72:21-73:6]. Mr. Lesley apparently took this to mean that Mr. Young did not punch out

at all on the evening of January 11.1
 Mr. Young complains that Dillon should have retained additional video from the 2

night in question but does not argue intentional spoliation by Dillon; nor does he contend

that Dillon did anything other than follow its normal procedures with respect to the

preservation of such records. 

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Based on the facts he had before him – the video from Store 6, a review of Mr.

Young’s transfer log, video from his home store, and his consultation with Ms. Hammer

about the electronic time card records – Mr. Lesley concluded that Mr. Young had left

work early on January 11. Because store video feeds are “copied over” routinely, Mr.

Lesley proceeded to transfer for preservation onto a video tape what he considered to be

the relevant video reflecting Mr. Young’s conduct. Then, on January 14, 2003, Mr. 2

Lesley met with Mr. Young to discuss his findings. Mr. Young denied leaving early. 

When told that video showed him leaving at 8 p.m., Mr. Young replied that this “was

impossible.” See id. at 75 [193:14-19]. Mr. Young asserted that he punched out on the

electronic time card system at the end of his shift, “which would have been 10:30.” See

id. at 74 [192:22-23].

Mr. Lesley was unpersuaded and reported his belief that Mr. Young had left work

early to his supervisor, Jerry Riblett, King Soopers’ Director of Security. It is undisputed

that Mr. Lesley further supplied Mr. Riblett with a faithful account of Mr. Young’s

version of the events of the evening in question. Mr. Riblett, in turn, reviewed the

materials provided by Mr. Lesley, including the recorded video and transfer log;

concurred with Mr. Lesley’s findings; and proceeded to discuss the matter with Stephanie

Bouknight, King Soopers’ Manager of Labor and Employee Relations. Together, Mr.
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Riblett and Ms. Bouknight decided to terminate Mr. Young. Mr. Riblett conveyed the

decision to Mr. Lesley who, in turn, informed Mr. Young of his termination. 

This lawsuit followed. In his complaint, Mr. Young, an African American, alleged

that he was fired because of his race and that Dillon either breached its contract with him

or acted in a manner that contravenes the doctrine of promissory estoppel. During the

course of discovery, Mr. Young received, among other things, electronic time card

records reflecting that, while he did not punch out at his appointed departure time of

10:30 p.m. as Ms. Hammer reported to Mr. Lesley, he did in fact punch out later, at 11:58

p.m. At his deposition, Mr. Young testified that he realized that he had forgotten to

punch out after he arrived home and returned to the store to do so. See Appellant’s App.

at 82 [230:23-231:7]. He also testified that, between 8 and 10:30 p.m., he walked inside

and outside of the store checking on the security of, among other things, certain gas tanks

stored behind the building. See id. at 75 [195:4-11], 82 [232:18-25]. Mr. Young,

however, apparently did not share either of these points with Mr. Lesley prior to his

termination, but instead told Mr. Lesley merely that he didn’t “recall exactly what time”

he had punched out and that he “punched out at whatever time my shift was to end, which

would have been 10:30.” Id. at 74 [192:21-23]; see also id. at 75 [195:25-196:3] (“[A]ll I

could tell [Mr. Lesley] was whatever time I punched out is when I left at the end of my

shift. We weren’t talking about propane tanks or going to cars or nothing else of that

nature.”).
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After a hearing on defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the district court

issued an oral ruling for defendant on all of Mr. Young’s claims against Dillon. With

respect to plaintiff’s discrimination claim under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., the

district court held that: 

[T]he law is that the employer’s reasons do not have to be correct, they have to be

honestly believed and acted on in good faith. And in this case, we have a video

showing [Mr. Young] putting on his coat and leaving the place where he was

supposed to be at 8 o’clock. We have no indication, even though the video

continues, that he came back to that room. And all of this explanation about

checking propane and walking around the store was not adequately explained to

King Soopers initially when they asked him about leaving late. . . . [T]here is more

than adequate proffered testimony and reasons that defendant honestly believed

that he left early, lied about where he was, and if they did honestly believe, that is

sufficient.

 

See Appellant’s App. at 274-75. With respect to Mr. Young’s breach of contract claim,

the district court held that neither the employee manual nor the alleged statements during

training constituted an enforceable contract. Id. Finally, the district court dismissed Mr.

Young’s promissory estoppel claim “not only because [Mr. Young] has failed to identify

a policy in an employee manual that [Dillon] failed to follow, but because [Mr. Young]

could not have reasonably relied on the statement [allegedly made during] training that

the only terminable offense was sleeping on the job.” Id. at 276. 

II.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See Stover v.

Martinez, 382 F.3d 1064, 1070 (10th Cir. 2004). Summary judgment is appropriate if

“the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together
 The district court had jurisdiction over Mr. Young’s Title VII claims pursuant to 3

42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., and 28 U.S.C. § 1331. With respect to his state law claims,

the complaint alleges facts sufficient to invoke diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332, as well as the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. We

have jurisdiction over the appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

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with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). 

In conducting our analysis, we view all of the facts in the light most favorable to the

non-movant and draw all reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the

non-moving party. See Stover, 382 F.3d at 1070.3

A.

Where, as here, a Title VII plaintiff relies on indirect or circumstantial evidence to

show discrimination, we examine the claim under the familiar burden-shifting framework

set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See Kendrick v.

Penske Transp. Servs., Inc., 220 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir. 2000). Under McDonnell

Douglas, the plaintiff carries the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of racial

discrimination. See Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1226 (discussing McDonnell Douglas, 411

U.S. at 802-04). Once the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the

employer to articulate some legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse

employment action. Id. If the defendant makes this showing, the burden then shifts back

to the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s proffered justification is pretextual. Id. 

The parties agree that Mr. Young has made out a prima facie case of race

discrimination and that Dillon has put forth a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for
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Mr. Young’s termination. See Appellant’s Br. at 25-29; Appellee’s Br. at 22-23. Thus,

all that remains before us is to decide whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to

whether Dillon’s proffered reason for discharging Mr. Young was pretextual. That is to

say, we must determine whether there is evidence from which a reasonable fact finder

could conclude that Dillon fired Mr. Young on account of his race rather than, as Dillon

claims, because of his alleged attempt to get paid for hours not actually worked. To show

that the defendant’s proffered race-neutral reasons were actually a pretext for

discrimination, this Court has held that the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant’s

“proffered [race-neutral] reasons were so incoherent, weak, inconsistent, or contradictory

that a rational factfinder could conclude the reasons were unworthy of belief.” See

Stover, 382 F.3d at 1076. Mr. Young seeks to show pretext in a couple of different ways

meriting mention here. 

1.

Mr. Young argues that he worked until the completion of his shift, that Dillon’s

assertion otherwise is false, and that Dillon’s racial animus can be inferred from the

falsity of its proffered race-neutral reason for the termination. The Supreme Court has

recognized that “[i]n appropriate circumstances, the trier of fact can reasonably infer from

the falsity of the explanation that the employer is dissembling to cover up a

discriminatory purpose.” See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133,

147 (2000). “Thus, a plaintiff’s prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to

find that the employer’s asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to
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conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated.” Id. at 148 (emphases added). But

the nature and quantum of plaintiff’s proof is key, for the Supreme Court has also

explained that evidence about the falsity of an employer’s proffered race-neutral

explanation for termination will not “always be adequate to sustain . . . liability.” Id. at

148 (emphasis in original). 

Discussing the quantum of evidence required by Reeves, this Court has held that,

“[i]n drawing [a Reeves-type] inference, the factfinder must be able to conclude, based on

a preponderance of the evidence, that discrimination was a determinative factor in the

employer’s actions–simply disbelieving the employer is insufficient.” Miller v. Eby

Realty Group LLC, 396 F.3d 1105, 1111 (10th Cir. 2005) (emphasis added). This Court

has further explained, post-Reeves, that “[t]he relevant inquiry is not whether the

employer’s proffered reasons were wise, fair or correct, but whether it honestly believed

those reasons and acted in good faith upon those beliefs.” Rivera v. City and County of

Denver, 365 F.3d 912, 924-25 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and alteration

omitted); see also Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1231 (“[A] challenge of pretext requires us to

look at the facts as they appear to the person making the decision to terminate plaintiff.”). 

Thus, the relevant “falsity” inquiry is whether the employer’s stated reasons were held in

good faith at the time of the discharge, even if they later prove to be untrue, or whether

plaintiff can show that the employer’s explanation was so weak, implausible, inconsistent

or incoherent that a reasonable fact finder could conclude that it was not an honestly held

belief but rather was subterfuge for discrimination. See Rivera, 365 F.3d at 924-25. The
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reason for this rule is plain: our role is to prevent intentional discriminatory hiring

practices, not to act as a “super personnel department,” second guessing employers’

honestly held (even if erroneous) business judgments. See Jones v. Barnhart, 349 F.3d

1260, 1267 (10th Cir. 2004).

As the district court observed, Mr. Young offers no evidence that Mr. Riblett and

Ms. Bouknight honestly believed anything other than that Mr. Young had left work early,

that he intentionally misrepresented his time in the transfer log, and that he sought to

obtain pay for work he never performed. Nor does Mr. Young dispute that Mr. Riblett

and Ms. Bouknight had before them video showing him leaving the store early, not

returning to the camera room, and failing to complete his transfer log at his home store at

the end of his shift as instructed. 

Disputing none of this, Mr. Young emphasizes the electronic time card record

showing that he punched out at 11:58 p.m., as well as his deposition testimony explaining

that he was busy after 8 p.m. walking around inside and outside the store. This evidence

may very well cast doubt on Dillon’s conclusion that Mr. Young left early, but, as the

district court observed, there is no evidence that these facts were known to the relevant

decision makers within Dillon at the time they made their decision to fire Mr. Young. To

the contrary, the record indicates that the first time Mr. Riblett and Ms. Bouknight learned

of these claims was in the course of discovery in this litigation. The electronic time card

evidence unearthed during discovery was not presented to either decision maker before

they made the decision to terminate Mr. Young’s employment. Neither did Mr. Young
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come forward with an explanation of his whereabouts during the relevant time period

when he was interviewed by Mr. Lesley. Accordingly, while evidence amassed during

discovery may well suggest that Dillon’s beliefs about Mr. Young were wrong, they do

not suggest those beliefs were held in bad faith.

Nor are we pointed to facts suggesting that relevant evidence was deliberately

suppressed from the decision makers or ignored in order to further a discriminatory

purpose. It is undisputed that Mr. Lesley reviewed video and the transfer logs; inquired

with Ms. Hammer about the content of Mr. Young’s electronic time card records; passed

along her finding that there was no indication that Mr. Young punched out in the 10:30

p.m. “time slot”; offered Mr. Young a chance to respond to the facts as Mr. Lesley

understood them; and accurately reported his findings and Mr. Young’s responses to Mr.

Riblett and Ms. Bouknight. While in hindsight perhaps more might have been done, we

are given no reason on the record before us to conclude that the investigation’s limits

were the result of an improper racial animus.

The facts before us are very much like those we faced in Kendrick. There the

plaintiff was discharged for insubordination, including allegedly pushing a supervisor. 

See Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1224. For the purpose of ruling on the defendant’s motion for

summary judgment, we assumed that the plaintiff’s statement that he did not push his

supervisor was true. Id. at 1231. But the evidence also showed that the decision maker

believed – based on another employee’s report – that the plaintiff had, in fact, pushed his

supervisor. Id. at 1232. And we found no evidentiary basis suggesting that the decision
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maker came to this belief in bad faith. Id. at 1231-32. As a result, while the decision

maker’s conclusion about the plaintiff’s conduct may have been wrong, we saw no basis

on which a reasonable fact finder could have found that it was not honestly held. Id. We

find ourselves in much the same, if difficult, position in this case. 

Mr. Young argues that Plotke v. White, 405 F.3d 1092 (10th Cir. 2005), held that

pretext is sufficiently shown for summary judgment purposes whenever a plaintiff

demonstrates that the “true facts” associated with a termination differ from what the

employer honestly believed to be the case. Nothing in our panel opinion in Plotke,

however, purports to (or could) reverse our prior rulings in Kendrick and Rivera requiring

us to look to the facts as they appeared to the decision maker. Rather, we simply held in

Plotke that the plaintiff there had succeeded in presenting sufficient facts such that a

reasonable fact finder could conclude that the decision maker’s proffered good faith

reason for termination was spurious, given the facts known to the decision maker at the

time. See Plotke, 405 F.3d at 1103-08. In aid of that conclusion, we noted that the

defendant’s proffered reason for termination was generated only after the termination, a

factor that we have long held significant in assessing claims of pretext, id. at 1103, but

one that simply is not present here. We also pointed to evidence suggesting, inter alia,

that the defendant fabricated documentation relating to the termination and failed to

follow its own written termination procedures, and that other senior supervisors employed

by defendant believed there was no evidence of misconduct by the plaintiff. Id. at 1103-

08. Again, no evidence of this kind – evidence bearing directly on whether the defendant
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authorized a termination in good faith or instead sought to pursue a discriminatory

purpose through subterfuge – exists in the record before us.

2.

Mr. Young next argues that pretext can be inferred because Mr. Lesley is allegedly

biased against African Americans. In support of this claim, Mr. Young alleges that Mr.

Lesley has made certain statements that, we agree, evince a deep and repugnant racial

animus. With one exception we shall discuss shortly, however, Mr. Young’s assertions

do not concern statements he personally heard Mr. Lesley make. Rather, they concern

statements Mr. Lesley allegedly made to other employees and which were subsequently

conveyed, second-hand, to Mr. Young. That is, Mr. Young’s testimony rests on hearsay. 

Had counsel secured sworn statements or testimony from those employees who allegedly

heard Mr. Lesley’s remarks first-hand, this case might be in a very different posture. As

it is, however, we do not have direct testimony from the individuals to whom Mr. Lesley

allegedly made racist remarks; the defendant has lodged a hearsay objection to the

admission or consideration of these statements; and Mr. Young has pointed us to no

applicable exception to the hearsay rule. We are thus required to abide our precedent and

refrain from considering these matters on summary judgment. Starr v. Pearle Vision,

Inc., 54 F.3d 1548, 1555 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Today, we align ourselves with this line of
 Mr. Young also cites as evidence of racism Mr. Lesley’s investigative 4

techniques, such as rifling through his trash can and smelling his coffee cup (ostensibly

for alcohol). But Mr. Young fails to point us to evidence suggesting that Mr. Lesley

subjected similarly situated non-minority employees to any different (albeit zealous)

treatment.

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authority and hold that Rule 56 precludes the use of inadmissible hearsay testimony in

depositions submitted in support of, or in opposition to, summary judgment.”).4

The single racial epithet for which Mr. Young is able to provide first-hand

testimony concerns an episode when Mr. Lesley allegedly referred to an African

American store manager as a “monkey.” Dillon does not dispute that such a remark,

made in the context alleged, is a derogatory racial epithet. Instead, Dillon argues that,

even if a discriminatory bias is proven with respect to one of defendant’s employees,

there must be some evidence in the record suggesting that the plaintiff’s termination at

issue was infected by such bias; under this test, Dillon adds, Mr. Young’s claim fails

because he has not pointed to any evidence in the record suggesting that Mr. Lesley’s

alleged animus affected Mr. Young’s review and termination. 

Like the district court, we feel constrained by our precedent to agree. In Rea v.

Martin Marietta Corp., 29 F.3d 1450 (10th Cir. 1994), this Court expressly held that a

plaintiff who fails to show any connection between her supervisor’s discriminatory

comments about another employee and her own termination, without more, fails to satisfy

the burden imposed by Congress under Title VII of proving that the adverse action was

caused by unlawful discriminatory animus. Id. at 1457; see also English v. Colo. Dep’t of

Corr., 248 F.3d 1002, 1010 (10th Cir. 2001). In order to state a claim under Title VII, we
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have repeatedly explained that “the plaintiff must demonstrate a nexus between the

allegedly discriminatory statements and the defendant’s decision to terminate her.” Rea,

29 F.3d at 1457. And, to demonstrate such a causal nexus, we have held that the plaintiff

must show that “the allegedly discriminatory comments were directed at [her], her

position, or the defendant’s policy which resulted in the adverse action taken against the

plaintiff.” Id.; see also English, 248 F.3d at 1010.

To be sure, we have recognized that a racially biased investigator can issue reports

and recommendations influenced by his or her bias and thereby cause decision makers

who rely on those reports to fire an employee unlawfully – a situation in which the biased

investigator uses the supervisors as a cat’s paw to effect his or her own biased designs. 

See EEOC v. BCI Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Los Angeles, 450 F.3d 476, 487 (10th Cir.

2006); English, 248 F.3d at 1011; Kendrick, 220 F.3d at 1231. In order to succeed under

such a theory, however, a plaintiff must show that the allegedly biased investigator’s

discriminatory reports, recommendation, or other actions were the proximate cause of the

adverse employment action. See BCI, 450 F.3d at 487-88. Thus, we have held that an

unbiased supervisor can break the causal chain by conducting an “independent

investigation” of the allegations against an employee. See id. at 488. Here, we cannot

find the requisite causation given that Mr. Lesley merely conducted an investigation but

made no recommendation to the decision makers or otherwise participated in the decision

to terminate Mr. Young; he interviewed Mr. Young and transmitted Mr. Young’s version

of events to his superiors; and the relevant decision makers – who are not alleged to
 The parties agree that Mr. Young’s common law claims are governed by 5

Colorado law. See Appellant’s Br. at 14; Appellee’s Br. at 11-19. 

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harbor any racial animus – independently reviewed the video and timekeeping records for

themselves before making their termination decision. 

B.

It is undisputed that Mr. Young was hired for an indefinite period of time and,

thus, is an “at-will” employee under Colorado law, someone whose employment may be

terminated lawfully by either party without reason or notice. See Continental Air Lines,

Inc. v. Keenan, 731 P.2d 708, 711 (Colo. 1987). Nonetheless, in addition to his Title VII

claim, Mr. Young asserts that he was entitled as a matter of contract law or, alternatively,

under the doctrine of promissory estoppel, to certain warnings prior to his termination.5

In Evenson v. Colorado Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co., 879 P.2d 402, 408-

09 (Colo. Ct. App. 1993), the Colorado Court of Appeals recognized that statements

made to employees (there in an employee manual) prescribing when and how an

employee may be terminated are, under certain circumstances, enforceable as a matter of

implied contract even with respect to at-will employees. To ensure fairness and

predictability in the law of contract, however, Evenson imposes strict limits on when

Colorado courts will trump the parties’ express agreement and imply additional terms

between them. Among other things, the employer’s conduct must be understood as: (a)

conveying a willingness to be bound by the additional terms at issue; and (b) justifying

the employee in thinking that his or her initial or continued employment would constitute
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an acceptance of, and consideration for, the terms at issue. Id. at 409; see also Keenan,

731 P.2d at 711. 

To state a claim for promissory estoppel, the Colorado Supreme Court has held

that an employee must “demonstrate that the employer should reasonably have expected

the employee to consider [its offer to the employee to be] a commitment . . . to follow the

termination procedures, that the employee reasonably relied on the termination

procedures to his detriment, and that injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the

termination procedures.” Keenan, 731 P.2d at 712. The employee must also show that

the employer’s promise was “sufficiently specific so that the judiciary can understand the

obligation assumed and enforce the promise according to its terms.” Soderlun v. Pub.

Serv. Co. of Colo., 944 P.2d 616, 620 (Colo. Ct. App. 1997). If, however, a statement by

an employer is “merely a description of the employer’s present policies . . . it is neither a

promise nor a statement that could reasonably be relied upon as a commitment.” Id.;

accord George v. Ute Water Conservancy Dist., 950 P.2d 1195, 1199 (Colo. Ct. App.

1997).

Mr. Young claims he can satisfy the elements for implied contract or promissory

estoppel by virtue of three pieces of evidence. As the district court concluded, however,

none suffices as a matter of law.

First, Mr. Young points us to Ms. Bouknight’s deposition testimony as Dillon’s

corporate representative. There, Ms. Bouknight explained her understanding that an

employee who innocently fails to clock out “probably” will not be terminated for a first
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offense. See Appellant’s App. at 134 [42:2-11]. But we have no indication that the

substance of Ms. Bouknight’s after-the-fact deposition testimony was ever conveyed to

Mr. Young during the course of his employment. Without proof on this score, we cannot

treat these terms as having been impliedly conveyed and accepted for consideration by

the parties for purposes of an implied contract or reasonably relied upon for purposes of

promissory estoppel. 

Even assuming that Ms. Bouknight’s after-the-fact deposition testimony about her

beliefs and understandings might alone provide the basis for recovery under a breach of

implied contract or promissory estoppel theory, Mr. Young relies only on a snippet of her

testimony. He fails to note that Ms. Bouknight also specifically testified that there is no

mandatory progressive discipline system for intentional time keeping violations, and

termination follows immediately whenever the evidence suggests that an employee fails

to clock out with an intent to obtain pay for work never performed. See Appellant’s App.

at 189 [34:5-35:17] (noting that for intentional infractions of the time keeping policy,

“[t]here is no progressive discipline” and “[if] you steal from the company, you get

terminated from the company”). Thus, there is no indication that Dillon had done

anything to modify the at-will relationship with Mr. Young, at least with respect to an

intentional effort to cheat the time keeping system. 

Second, Mr. Young points us to a statement allegedly made by an unidentified

Dillon trainer indicating that, rather than being fired immediately for initial violations of

the terms of employment outlined in the Dillon training manual, “you get written up,” and
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that the only basis for immediate termination is “sleeping on the job.” See Appellant’s

App. at 91 [275:23-276:4]. But the employment manual provided to Mr. Young

specifically states that the “failure to follow the[] policies and procedures [contained in

the manual] may result in disciplinary action up to and including termination, which may

include discharge on the first offense.” See id. at 119 (emphasis added). The manual also

outlines the timekeeping procedures and adds that “recording time on your time card,

time clocks, or time and attendance for work not performed will be considered in

violation of this policy, leading to disciplinary actions up to and including termination.” 

Id. at 124. Mr. Young points us to no evidence suggesting that Dillon conveyed to him an

intent to be bound by the trainer’s alleged statements contradicting its policy manual, nor

is there any evidentiary basis for us to find that such statements, if made, were made in

such a way as to justify Mr. Young in thinking that they overrode the company’s policy

manual and that his employment constituted acceptance of the additional terms. See

Keenan, 731 P.2d at 711; Evenson, 879 P.2d at 408-09. Indeed, the evidence on this

score is very much to the contrary: Mr. Young conceded in his own deposition that it was

his clear understanding that the intentional falsification of time records was an offense

that would lead to immediate termination by Dillon. See Appellant’s App. at 85 [242:2-

6]. 

Third, Mr. Young points us to a putative admission by Mr. Lesley during his

deposition that he “failed to conduct a complete investigation.” See Appellant’s Br. at 22. 

In fact, however, Mr. Lesley only conceded that, had he seen Mr. Young’s time cards for
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himself (rather than rely on Ms. Hammer’s description of them) and noticed that Mr.

Young clocked out at 11:58 p.m., he “probably would have done a more in-depth

investigation.” See Appellant’s App. at 109-110 [100:20-101:1]. As with Ms.

Bouknight’s testimony, we have no evidence suggesting that Dillon ever conveyed

anything to Mr. Young during the course of his employment regarding the nature and

scope of any investigation to which he would be entitled for alleged violations of the

company’s time keeping policies. In addition, Mr. Lesley’s deposition testimony merely

indicates what additional process might have been due if certain additional information

had been before him. It does not, by itself, suggest that Mr. Lesley was obliged by any

company procedure (let alone by terms communicated to Mr. Young during his

employment) to seek out that additional information on his own initiative – that is, to

review the electronic punch cards himself rather than (as he did) rely on Ms. Hammer’s

description of their contents. At most, Mr. Lesley’s testimony can be read as a candid

after-the-fact acknowledgment that he wished he had not relied on Ms. Hammer but had

instead reviewed the electronic punch card data for himself, not as indicating that

company policy before-the-fact promised a different or more thorough investigation. 

While the result of the investigation into Mr. Young’s timekeeping practices may well

have been wrong, and while that would be something to be regretted by all involved, Mr.

Young has adduced no evidence in the record before us suggesting that he was entitled, as

a matter of implied contract or promissory estoppel, to an investigation any more

elaborate than the one he received.
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***

For the reasons discussed above, the district court’s entry of summary judgment in

favor of Dillon is AFFIRMED.