# Patent

## Title
Hand dryer

## Abstract

A hand dryer having a left-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used to dry a user's left hand and a right-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used separately to dry the user's right hand, the left-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air along a first direction—outwardly to the left of the dryer—and the right-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air in a second direction—outwardly to the right of the dryer—said first and second directions having a downward and/or forward component.

## Background
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the priority of United Kingdom Application No. 1114182.7, filed 17 Aug. 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of hand dryers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are various designs of hand dryer on the market, which are typically installed in public washrooms as an alternative to paper towels.
FIG. 1 illustrates one conventional style of hand dryer a, currently marketed and sold under the model name AB01, as part of the Dyson Airblade® range of hand dryers. It works by using a motor-driven fan to force air at high pressure through an opposing pair of narrow, slit-like nozzles b, c, each less than 1 mm wide, partially enclosed in a drying cavity d. This creates two opposing thin sheets, or “blades”, of high velocity (>100 m/s) air which act to strip water from the front and backs of a user's hands as they are ‘dipped’—palms flat—into the drying cavity d between the opposing nozzles b, c.
The hand dryer shown in FIG. 1 provides a “two-sided” drying action: both the front and back of the hands are dried at the same time.
Another conventional style of hand dryer e is shown in FIG. 2. In this style of hand dryer, a single, relatively large nozzle f is provided, rather than opposing nozzles. This single nozzle f directs drying air down onto the user's hands, which are held underneath the nozzle f to dry. The air is ejected at relatively low speed compared to the hand dryer a in FIG. 1: too low to drive significant amounts of water moisture from the hands.
Instead, the air is heated to promote evaporative drying of water moisture on the hands of the user. The drying action is a “hand-over-hand” action, requiring the user to rub the hands together under the nozzle f with the aim of encouraging the evaporative drying effect.
It is an object of the present invention to try to provide an improved hand dryer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention there is provided a hand dryer for drying one side of a user's hands at a time, the dryer having a left-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used to dry a user's left hand and a right-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used separately to dry the user's right hand, the left-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air along a first direction—outwardly to the left of the dryer—and the right-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air in a second direction—outwardly to the right of the dryer—said first and second directions having a downward and/or forward component.
The dryer of the present invention does not rely on a two-sided drying action. Instead, the dryer is arranged for drying one side of a user's hand at a time: opposing nozzles are not used to dry both sides of the hand simultaneously. This is advantageous, because the use of opposing nozzles on conventional two-sided hand dryers places a restriction on the overall depth of the machine: sufficient depth is required to accommodate both sets of opposing nozzles, a reasonable gap between the nozzles for admitting the hands, and also the supply ducting for the opposing nozzles. By removing the requirement for opposing nozzles, this restriction is likewise removed.
At the same time, the dryer of the present invention advantageously dries a user's individual hands separately. There is no requirement in normal use to rub the hands together in the vein of the “hand-over-hand” drying method used on some conventional dryers: indeed, this is actively discouraged by the provision of dedicated nozzle sections for each hand.
The left-hand nozzle section directs air along a first direction, whereas the right-hand nozzle section directs air along a second direction. Essentially, these two directions have a component to the left and right respectively—so the left-hand nozzle section directs air outwardly to the left of the dryer, whereas the right-hand nozzle directs air outwardly to the right of the dryer. In addition to this outward component, each of the first and second direction has a downward component and/or a forward component. So, for example, the first direction may have, in addition to the outward component, either a downward component only, a forward component only or both a downward and a forward component: in the latter case so that the air is directed forwardly and downwardly to the left or right of the dryer, as the case may be.
Directing the drying air to either side of the dryer helps to limit “splash-back” and “blow-back”—water and drying air being blown onto the user's face and body in use—which increases user comfort. At the same time, because the air is directed either outwardly and downwardly or outwardly and forwardly—or both—a user is able to bank his hands in use—thus making the drying action described above relatively comfortable—but still have the hands generally “square-on” to the oncoming airflow ejected through the nozzle sections. By “square-on” is meant substantially perpendicular to the oncoming flow, viewed from the front of the dryer.
Though not essential, it is advantageous for the drying air to be directed forwardly down onto the hands of the user i.e. so that the first and second directions each have both a downward and forward component. This allows the user to position his hands further from the wall in use, meaning that the nozzle sections themselves may be arranged closer in to the wall, minimising the depth of the dryer. In this sort of arrangement, the precise level of splash-back and blow-back can be effectively controlled within tolerable limits by controlling the diverging angle of the air jets in conjunction with the declination angle.
A preferred angle of divergence for the first and second direction is 100-120 degrees.
A preferred angle of declination is in excess of 50 degrees.
The left-hand nozzle section may be banked to the right and the right-hand nozzle section may be banked to the left, effectively so that the user is able to hold the hands at a corresponding banked attitude, yet maintain close proximity to the nozzle sections across the full width of each hand.
The banking of the left-hand and right-hand nozzles also allows the user comfortably to pitch his hands downward in use—again maintaining close proximity to the nozzle sections—increasing the effective depth between the nozzle sections and the wall. In combination with the removal of any requirement for opposing nozzles, this provides for a very shallow machine depth.
The nozzle sections are preferably banked at the same angle, in which case their relative orientation may conveniently be described with reference to the angle between the nozzle sections—herein referred to as the Relative Bank Angle. A steep (small) Relative Bank Angle will tend to favour the pass of the user's hands with palms upwards (and inwards). Conversely, a shallow (large) Relative Bank Angle will tend to favour the pass of the user's hand with palm facing downwards (and outwards), particularly if the hands are pitched downwards in normal use. A Relative Bank Angle of around 115 degrees is considered to offer a good compromise.
The nozzle sections may be arranged symmetrically either side of the centreline of the dryer, though this is not essential.
The nozzle sections may each comprise an elongate air slot (or equally separate elongate sections of the same continuous air slot) or a row of air nozzles, one or more of which may be elongate. In a preferred embodiment, these elongate slots or rows of nozzles may be are arranged in a V-configuration when viewed from the front of the dryer.
Each nozzle section may extends to span the width of a user's hand, for effective drying across the full hand span of the user. This promotes a drying action in which the user passes the open hand lengthwise across the respective nozzle section, first with the palm facing the nozzle sections and then—after turning over the hands—with the back of the hands facing the nozzle section (or vice versa). There is no requirement in normal use to rub the hands together in the vein of the “hand over hand” drying method used on some conventional dryers: indeed, this is actively discouraged by the provision of dedicated nozzle sections for each hand.
Though not essential, a preferred range of lengths for the nozzle sections is 100-150 mm. This tends to ensure that the nozzle sections will effectively extend across the majority of user's hands in use. The precise length will be a trade-off between, on the one hand, a compact design and, on the other hand, the usability of the dryer for users with relatively large hands. Accordingly, the preferred length may vary—for example by country. However, a length specification of 120 mm for the nozzle sections (with a tolerance of ±10 mm) generally offers a good compromise in most cases.
The nozzle sections may conveniently be provided on an underside of the dryer, in which case this underside may also be V-shaped when viewed from the front of the dryer.
A motor-driven fan will typically be provided to force drying air through the nozzle sections. In a preferred embodiment, the hand dryer is provided with a motor driven fan for forcing air through the nozzle sections at high speed: in excess of 100 m/s. This advantageously provides a momentum-drying action similar to the conventional two-sided hand dryer in FIG. 1 (which suffers the disadvantage that it must rely on opposing nozzles): as the user passes his hands underneath the nozzle sections, the high momentum airflow effectively strips water moisture from the user's hand.
The hand dryer may be provided with a drying cavity, but this is not essential and may be disadvantageous if the desire is to minimise the depth of the machine on the wall.
If the nozzle sections are arranged to direct air downwardly—so that in normal use the user is inserting his hands lengthwise underneath the nozzle sections from front-to-back, then a downwardly-pitched guide part may be provided behind each nozzle section for guiding the pitch of the user's hands in use, advantageously increasing the effective depth of the dryer on the wall. A preferred pitch for this guide part is 45 degrees. The guide part may be in the form of a continuous ramp surface, but this is not essential.
The guide part may be set back from the nozzles—preferably more than 5 mm—to help prevent the drying air laminating on the guide part in use.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a conventional two-sided hand dryer;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an alternative style of conventional hand dryer;
FIG. 3-5 are, respectively a perspective view, front view and side view of a hand dryer according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic front sectional view showing the principal interior components of the hand dryer in FIGS. 3-5;
FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view looking underneath the hand dryer shown in FIGS. 3-5;
FIGS. 8a and 8b are perspective views—looking down from above—illustrating normal use of the hand dryer shown in FIGS. 3-5;
FIGS. 9a and 9b are front views of the hand dryer shown in FIGS. 3-5, illustrating banking of the nozzle sections on the dryer;
FIG. 10 is a greatly simplified outline rear view of an aircraft, intended to illustrate the analogy between banking of the nozzle sections on a hand dryer, in the context of the present invention, and banking of an aircraft in flight;
FIG. 11 is a front perspective view of the hand dryer in FIG. 3-5—looking down from above—illustrating banking of the user's hands in use;
FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIG. 5, illustrating pitching of the user's hands in use;
FIG. 13 is a sectional view of part of the dryer in FIGS. 3-5, taken along the line A-A in FIG. 4;
FIG. 14 is a comparative view corresponding to FIG. 13, but showing an alternative configuration for the hand dryer;
FIGS. 15a and 15b are, respectively, front and side views of the hand dryer shown in FIG. 3-5, illustrating the direction of the drying airflow in use;
FIGS. 16a and 16b are, respectively, front perspective and side views of an alternative hand dryer, illustrating a different direction for the drying airflows;
FIG. 16c is a vector diagram of the direction vectors A, B in FIG. 16a; 
FIG. 17 is a front schematic view of an alternative hand dryer, incorporating a banked row of nozzles;
FIG. 18 is a front schematic view of a hand dryer incorporating rows of nozzles provided on a flat underside of the dryer;
FIG. 19 is a simplified perspective view of an alternative hand dryer, in which the drying air is directed forwardly towards the user, but not downwardly;
FIG. 20 is a side view of part of a hand dryer incorporating an alternative form of guide part behind the nozzle sections; and
FIG. 21 is a perspective view of an alternative hand dryer, which does not have any guide part behind the nozzle sections.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIGS. 3-5 each show a wall-mountable hand dryer 1, here illustrated in its normal wall-mounted orientation. FIG. 6 shows the principal interior components of the hand dryer 1, in highly schematic form.
The hand dryer 1 comprises a main casing 3, which houses a ducted fan 5. A motor 7 is provided inside the main casing to drive the fan 5, which draws air through intakes 9 on either side of the main casing 3 and forces the air at high speed (>100 m/s) out through two nozzle sections: a left-hand nozzle section 11, on the left-hand side of the dryer 1, and a right-hand nozzle section 13 on the right-hand side of the dryer 1. These nozzle sections 11, 13 are positioned on an underside 15 of the dryer 1, and run along a front lower edge of the main casing 3 so that they are spaced from the wall 17 a distance x in use (FIG. 5).
The nozzle sections 11, 13 are each in the form of an elongate air slot—less than 1 mm in width—arranged so that they are generally parallel with the wall (the elongate air slot 13 is shown in FIG. 7, looking from underneath the dryer 1). Because the nozzle sections are thin, the drying air is ejected through each of the slots 11, 13 in the form of thin sheets of air 11a, 13a (FIG. 5).
Each air slot 11, 13 is 120 mm in length: intended so that the corresponding ‘air-sheets’ 11a, 13a each span the width of a user's open hand.
In use, the hands are inserted lengthwise front-to-back underneath the nozzle sections 11, 13, and the high-speed air-sheets 11a, 13a are directed down onto the hands to ‘scrape’ water from the hands as they are subsequently withdrawn underneath the nozzle sections 11, 13.
The hands are dried one side at a time: first, the user passes his (or her) hands forth and back underneath the nozzle sections with the palm facing up towards the nozzle sections (referred to below as the “standard pass”). This is illustrated in FIG. 8a. Then—after turning over the hands—the user passes his (or her) hands forth and back underneath the nozzle sections with the back of the hands facing up towards the nozzle sections (referred to below as the “reverse pass”). This is illustrated in FIG. 8b. The “standard pass” and “reverse pass” may each be repeated, as required, and carried out in any order.
A conventional sensor arrangement (not shown) can be used to turn on the motor in response to the detection of a user's hands. The same sensor arrangement may be used subsequently to turn the motor off in response to a null detection, or else the motor may be operated on a timer. Use of a sensor arrangement is not essential: the dryer may alternatively be arranged for manual operation.
The left-hand nozzle section 11 is banked to the right and the right-hand nozzle section 13 is banked to the left. This is best illustrated in FIGS. 9a and 9b, which between them show the nozzle sections 11, 13 banked at an angle +μ and −μ about an axis A (also shown in FIG. 1)—analogous to the banking of an aircraft 21 about its Roll Axis, RA (FIG. 10). Viewed from the front of the hand dryer the nozzles have a V-configuration, symmetrical about the centerline of the dryer. The angle λ (=2μ) is referred to here as the Relative Bank Angle.
In use, the user banks his hands accordingly during both the standard pass and the reverse pass. This is illustrated in FIG. 11: here looking along the roll axis of the hands—again, analogous to the roll axis of an aircraft—at a section taken through the hands. This makes the drying action more comfortable for the user—particularly when the hands are passed underneath the nozzle sections with the palms facing upwards, which could be uncomfortable for a user if the hands were required to be held flat (roll angle of the hands=0°) in close proximity to the air slots 11, 13.
It is preferable for the user to pitch his hands downwards in use, because this increases the effective depth of the dryer 1 on the wall, reducing the tendency for the user's fingertips to come into contact with the wall 17, underneath the dryer 1. This pitching action of the hands is illustrated in FIG. 12, which for clarity shows the right hand only of the user, during a standard pass. Note that the effective depth y of the dryer can be expressed as x/cos θ, where θ is the pitch angle of the hands.
A downwardly-pitched guide part is provided behind each of the nozzle sections 11, 13 to help control the pitch angle, θ, of the hands in use. This guide part is in the form of a continuous ramp surface 19 which encourages the user to pitch his hands in order to avoid making contact with the ramp surface.
The user will generally pitch his hands in sympathy with the ramp surface 19, and so as a general rule the pitch of the ramp surface 19 can be set to provide the desired effective depth y for a given depth x according to the equation:

y=x/cos σ,

where σ is the pitch angle of the ramp surface 19.

For example, if the depth x is 200 mm, then the ramp surface 19 may be pitched at an angle of 45 degrees to provide an effective depth of approximately 280 mm.
Again, because the nozzle sections 11, 13 are banked, the user is able comfortably to hold his hands palm upwards in close proximity to the air slots 11, 13, even when the hands are pitched downwards at an angle, which otherwise would be quite uncomfortable for the user if the user were required to hold his hands flat (roll angle=0°).
The start of the ramp surface 19 is set back from the air nozzles to help prevent the airflow laminating on the ramp surface, which is undesirable for optimum performance (compare FIG. 13 with FIG. 14, the latter showing an arrangement in which the ramp surface is not set back: resulting in possible lamination of the airflow onto the ramp surface, particularly in use when airflow is deflected back off the user's hand). A set back of at least 5 mm is considered preferable.
The nozzle sections 11, 13 are arranged to direct airflow downwardly and/or forwardly—as well as outwardly either side of the dryer. Within these constraints, the precise direction of the drying airflow may vary, however—independently of the bank angle of the nozzle sections 11, 13. In the arrangement shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, for example, the air-sheets are directed outwardly and downwardly—but not forwardly towards the user (see FIGS. 15a and 15b). Blow back and spray back is limited as a consequence of the airflow being directed outwardly to the left and right of the dryer.
FIGS. 16a, 16b and 16c show a slightly different arrangement. Here, the left-hand nozzle section 11 is arranged to direct air outwardly along a first direction A—to the left of the dryer 1. Similarly, the right hand nozzle-section 13 is arranged to direct air outwardly along a second direction B—to the right of the dryer 1. However, the first and second directions A, B each have both a downward component Ad, Bd and a forward component Af, Bf. Consequently, drying air from the nozzle sections 11, 13 is directed forwards towards the user. This helps to space the user's hands from the wall in use; however, because the air-sheets 11a, 13a are directed outwardly to the left and right, the drying air tends to pass downwards either side of the user, nevertheless limiting blow-back and spray-back onto the user's face and body.
In general, the degree of blow-back and spray-back experienced by the user will depend both upon the angle of declination, β, and the angle of divergence, φ, of the first and second directions A, B. Relatively small angles of declination may be compensated for by relatively large angles of divergence and vice versa.
Though not essential in the arrangements shown in FIG. 15, for example, the angle of divergence of the air-sheets 11a, 13a corresponds specifically to the banking angle of the nozzle sections 11, 13 i.e. the drying air is ejected at a normal to the nozzle sections 11, 13. This means that the drying air impacts the hands “square-on”—looking along the roll axis of the hands—when the user banks the hands generally plane-parallel with the nozzle sections 11, 13.
FIG. 17 shows an alternative hand dryer 10, in which each nozzle section is in the form of a banked row of individual nozzles 23 arranged to direct the drying air outwardly and downwardly—but not forwardly in this particular case.
In the arrangement shown in FIG. 4, the underside of the dryer is V-shaped when viewed from the front of the dryer. This is not essential. FIG. 18 shows a different arrangement in which the nozzle sections—in the form of a row of individual nozzles 25—are provided on a flat underside of the hand dryer 100. Here the nozzle sections are not banked, either—but are instead provided in a flat configuration. The nozzles 25 are arranged to direct drying airflow outwardly and downwardly either side of the dryer, but a similar arrangement could alternatively be used to direct air forwardly and/or downwardly.
FIG. 19 shows an alternative hand dryer 1000 in which the drying air is directed forwardly and outwardly, but not downwardly. The nozzle sections comprise elongate air-slots 1100 and 1300, but could equally comprise a row of nozzles. In this sort of arrangement the precise level of splash-back and blow-back can be controlled via the angle of divergence, φ.
The guide part behind the nozzle sections need not be a continuous ramped surface.
FIG. 20 shows an arrangement which uses a ‘discontinuous’ guide part, formed by a series of ribs 25, collectively pitched at an angle σ.
FIG. 21 shows an alternative dryer 1000 with no guide part at all—similar in other respects to the arrangement shown in FIG. 3.

## Claims

1. A hand dryer for drying one side of a user's hands at a time, the hand dryer having a left-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used to dry a user's left hand and a right-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used separately to dry the user's right hand, the left-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air along a first direction—outwardly away from the dryer and to the left of the dryer—and the right-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air in a second direction—outwardly away from the dryer and to the right of the dryer—said first and second directions having a downward and/or forward component, wherein the left-hand nozzle section and the right-hand nozzle section are each in the form of an elongate air slot or row of nozzles, positioned at a front edge of a lowermost underside of the hand dryer.

2. The hand dryer of claim 1, in which the nozzle sections each extend to span the width of a user's open hand.

3. The hand dryer of claim 1, in which each nozzle section is an elongate air slot—less than 1 mm in width—and the dryer comprises a motor-driven fan arranged in fluid communication with the air slots for forcing airflow through the slots.

4. The hand dryer of claim 1, wherein the first and second direction each extends forwardly and downwardly at an angle of declination in excess of 50 degrees.

5. The hand dryer of claim 1, wherein the first and second directions diverge at an angle between 100 and 120 degrees.

6. The hand dryer of claim 1, in which the first and second direction both have a downward component and the dryer further comprises a downwardly pitched guide part positioned behind each nozzle section for guiding the pitch of the user's hands underneath the nozzle sections.

7. The hand dryer of claim 6, wherein the guide part is set back behind the nozzles.

8. The hand dryer of claim 7, wherein the guide part comprises a continuous ramp surface extending back to a wall in use.

9. The hand dryer of claim 6, wherein the guide part comprises a continuous ramp surface extending back to a wall in use.

10. A hand dryer for drying one side of a user's hands at a time, the hand dryer comprising a single pair of nozzle sections comprising a left-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used to dry a user's left hand and a right-hand nozzle section which, in normal use, is used separately to dry the user's right hand, the left-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air along a first direction—outwardly away from the dryer and to the left of the dryer—and the right-hand nozzle section being arranged to emit drying air in a second direction—outwardly away from the dryer and to the right of the dryer—said first and second directions having a downward and/or forward component, wherein the left-hand nozzle section and the right-hand nozzle section are each in the form of an elongate air slot or row of nozzles, positioned at a front edge of a lowermost underside of the hand dryer.