UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : : v. : Case No.: 21- cr -158 : KYLE FITZSIMONS , : Re Document No.: 61 : Defendant. : MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
G RANTING IN P ART AND D ENYING IN P ART THE G OVERNMENT ’ S M OT ION IN L IMINE TO A DMIT E VIDENCE AS I NTRINSIC OR , I N THE A L TERNATIVE , P URSUANT TO F EDERAL R ULE OF E VIDENCE 404(b) I. BACKGROUND Defendant Kyle Fitzsimons is facing an eleven

- count indictment stemming from his actions at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021. 1 The charges against him include civil disorder; obstruction of an official proceeding; using a dangerous or deadly weapon on certain officers; two counts of inflicting bodily injury on certain officers ; assaulting, resisting, or impeding certain officers; entering and remaining in a restricted building or grounds; disorderly and disruptive conduct in a restricted building or grounds; engaging in physical violence in a restricted building or grounds; disorderly conduct in the Capitol grounds or buildings; and act of physical violence in the Capitol grounds or buildings. See 2d. Superseding Indictment, ECF No. 69. He is accused of having violently attacked law enforcement officers stationed at the tunnel entrance of the Lower West Terrace

— the location where some of the most viol ent acts of the day occurred —and of having physically injured some of those officers as part of an attempt to

1 The second superseding indictment was filed on May 18, 2022, but the arraignment has not yet taken place.2 obstruct the certification of the Electoral College vote

. See Gov’t’s Notice & Mot. Admit Evidence as Intrinsic or, in Alt., as “Other Acts” Evidence Pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) (“Gov’t Mot.”) at 2 –3, ECF No. 61. Trial is set to begin on June 13, 2022. See Am. Pretrial Order, ECF No. 63. In advance of trial, the Government has moved to introduce a series of statements made by Fitzsimons over the course of just over a year leading up to January 6, 2021, which it believes are probative of Fitzsimons’s motive and intent on January 6, 2021. See Gov’t Mot. at 5. Specifically, the Government seeks to introduce:

• Records of a threatening call and voicemail to a Congressional representative regarding the then-pending first impeachment of former President Trump in December 2019. See Ex . A to Gov’t Mot.

• Records of a call to the Congressional representative’s office in March 2020, in which he asked for the telephone number of Chinese President Xi Jinping and threatened to “go out on the streets and start talking to the Chinese people that I see” when it was not provided. See Ex. A to Gov’t Mot.

• Records of four calls made to two Congressional offices in December 2020 in which he referenced election fraud and indicated his belief that President Biden was not lawfully elected. See Gov’t Mot. at 4; Ex s. B, D to Gov’t Mot. 2

• A Facebook post from December 24, 2020 on the “Lebanon Maine Truth Seekers” page in which another individual relayed a message purportedly from Fitzsimons which stated that “this election was stolen” and putting out a call “for able bodies” to form a caravan and travel to D.C. on January 6, 2021. See Gov’t Mot. at 5; Ex. 12 to Pretrial Detenti on Hr’g. Fitzsimons has opposed the motion, arguing that the evidence is not intrinsic, is irrelevant to Fitzsimons’s conduct on January 6, 2021, and would be unfairly prejudicial. Def.’s Resp. to

2 The Government’s brief lists the date of one of those calls in which Fitzsimons left a voicemail for a Congressional office as 12/20/2020, but the corresponding exhibits B and D indicate that the correct date for that voicemail is 12/29/2020.3 Gov’t’s Mot. Lim. (“Def.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 66. For the following reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part the Government’s motion.
II. L EGAL S TANDARD “While neither the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure nor the Federal Rules of Evidence expressly provide for motions in limine , the Court may allow such motions ‘pursuant to the district court's inherent authority to manage the course of trials.’” Barnes v. District of Columbia , 924 F. Supp. 2d 74, 78 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Luce v. United States , 469 U.S. 38, 41 n.4 (1984)). “Motions in limine are des igned to narrow the evidentiary issues at trial.” Williams v. Johnson , 747 F. Supp. 2d 10, 14 (D.D.C. 2010). “[T]he trial judge’s discretion extends not only to the substantive evidentiary ruling, but also to the threshold question of whether a motion
in limine presents an evidentiary issue that is appropriate for ruling in advance of trial.” 1443 Chapin St., LP v. PNC Bank, N.A. , No. 08- cv -01532, 2012 WL 13225423, at *1 (D.D.C. Aug. 14, 2012). S till, s uch “pre- trial ruling[s], if possible, may generally be the better practice, for it permits counsel to make the necessary strategic determinations” prior to trial. United State s v. Jackson , 627 F.2d 1198, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1980). However, “a motion in limine should not be used to resolve factual disputes or weigh evidence.” C & E Servs., Inc. v. Ashland Inc. , 539 F. Supp. 2d 316, 323 (D.D.C. 2008) (citation omitted). “In evaluat ing the admissibility of proffered evidence on a pretrial motion in limine the court must assess whether the evidence is relevant and, if so, whether it is admissible, pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 402.” Daniels v. District of Columbia , 15 F. Supp. 3d 62, 66 (D.D.C. 2014). “Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. Under Rule 402, only relevant evidence is admissible. Fed. R.4 Evid. 402. Relevant evidence may still be excluded by a court if “its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403.
III. ANALYSIS Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) governs the use of “other crimes, wrongs, or acts” in trials, making such evidence inadmissible to prove t hat “on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with” a certain character trait, but allowing such evidence for other permissible purposes. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1– 2). Only acts “extrinsic” to the charged crime are subject to those limitation s, whereas “acts ‘intrinsic’ to the crime are not.” United States v. McGill , 815 F.3d 846, 879 (D.C. Cir. 2016). In other words, “Rule 404(b) only applies to truly ‘other’ crimes and bad acts; it does not apply to ‘evidence . . . of an act that is part o f the charged offense’ or of ‘uncharged acts performed contemporaneously with the charged crime . . . if they facilitate the commission of the charged crime.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Bowie , 232 F.3d 923, 929 (D.C. Cir. 2000) ). The Court disagrees with the Government’s argument that the December 2020 phone calls and Facebook post are “intrinsic” evidence but finds that the December 2020 phone calls are nonetheless admissible under Rule 404(b). However, the Court finds th at the December 2019 and March 2020 phone call s are inadmissible and will defer ruling on the December 2020 Facebook post.
A. Intrinsic Evidence Evidence is intrinsic when it “ is of an act that is part of the charged offense ” or is of

“ uncharged acts perform ed contemporaneously with the charged crime . . . if they facilitate the commission of the charged crime.” Bowie , 232 F.3d at 929. This Circuit has explicitly rejected5 the more permissive approach to defining intrinsic evidence embraced by other circuits “because ‘all relevant prosecution evidence explains the crime or completes the story’ to some extent, and the fact that ‘omitting some evidence would render a story slightly less complete cannot justify circumventing Rule 404(b) altogether.’” McGill , 815 F.3d at 879 (quoting Bowie , 232 F.3d at 929). To be “intrinsic,” evidence must be more than merely relevant to a charged crime, otherwise “Rule 404(b) would be a nullity.” Bowie , 815 F.3d at 929. The December 2020 calls and Facebook post 3 were m ade in the weeks leading up to January 6, 2021 and were therefore not “contemporaneous” with Fitzsimons’s actions on that day. See United States v. Oseguera Gonzalez , 507 F. Supp. 3d 137, 159 (D.D.C. 2020) (finding that evidence of the defendant’s uncharg ed involvement with an unlawful website domain that was deactivated “one month before ” charged offenses was not intrinsic); United States v. Thorne , No. 18- cr -389, 2020 WL 122985, at *13 (D.D.C. Jan. 10, 2020) (“ The well -established rubric in this Circuit for distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic evidence rests largely on temporal proximity . . . .”). Nor did the calls “facilitate” Fitzsimons’s unlawful conduct by helping to bring it about. See United States v. Roberson , No. CR 21-102, 2022 WL 35643, at *5 (D.D.C. Jan. 4, 2022) (noting that “facilitate” is limited to acts that “promote, help forward or assist in bringing about a particular end or result” (quoting Facilitate , Oxford English Dictionary (3d ed. 2009) ))

. The Government’s argument instead turns on the fact that the calls and posts are probat ive of one element of the obstruction of an official proceeding charge, which requires the Government to prove that “the defendant attempted to or did obstruct or impede any official

3 The Govern ment does not argue that the earlier phone calls from December 2019 and March 2020 are intrinsic evidence. Gov’t Mot. at 6 n.2.6 proceeding.” Gov’t Mot. at 5 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2)). The Government believes the messages show a clear link between Fitzsimons’s beliefs about election fraud and his willingness to use violence to overturn the election. There is no doubt that the calls and messages are relevant to that element , as Fitzsimons describes in his own words his disagreement with the 2020 election results and his intention to travel to Washington, D.C. on January 6, 2021 as a result . But the Court agrees with the defense that this is not enough to make the phone calls and post “intrinsic.” The statements are not themselves so directly connected with Fitzsimons’s later unlawful actions that they can be considered “direct evidence of a fact in issue.” Bow ie , 232 F.3d at 929 (citations omitted)

. “[E]vidence is not generally rendered intrinsic simply because it completes the story or explains the circumstances behind a charged offense.” United States v. Bell , 795 F.3d 88, 100 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The connection between Fitzsimons’s calls and Facebook post and his actions of attempting to forcibly storm the Capitol is not so direct as to clear this high bar. 4 The evidence is therefore more appropriately considered under Rule 404(b).
B. Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or bad acts is not admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) to prove that a person acted in accordance with a particular character trait, but it is admissible if offered for a purpose such as “proving motiv e, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake , or lack of accident.” See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b); United States v. Morrow , 2005 WL 3159572, at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 7, 2005); see also United States v. Pindell , 336 F.3d 1049, 1056 (D.C. Cir. 2003); United States v. Miller , 895 F.2d 1431, 1435

4 In another recent Capitol riot case, the Government attempted to admit a series of text messages with a codefendant regarding the Stop the Steal Rally as either intrinsic evidence or pursuant to Rule 404(b). See Gov’t’s Mot. Lim. at 14–15, United States v. Thompson , 1:21- cr 161, ECF No. 55. The Court admitted that evidence in part under Rule 404(b) rather than as intrinsic evi dence. See Order at 1 –2, United States v. Thompson , 1:21- cr -161, ECF No. 69.7 (D.C. Cir. 1990). This Circuit has made clear that Rule 404(b) “was intended not to define the set of permissible purposes for which bad- acts evidence may be admitted but rather to define the one impermissible purpose for such evidence.” Miller , 895 F.2d at 1436 (emphasis omitted). Courts conduct a two-part analysis to determine admissibility in the Rule 404(b) context. See Miller , 895 F.2d at 1435. First, the Court considers whet her the evidence is “probative of some material issue other than character.” United States v. Clarke , 24 F.3d 257, 264 (D.C. Cir. 1994); Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Then , if the eviden ce is relevant for a permissible purpose , the Court should conduct a balanci ng test under Rule 403 and exclude the evidence if its probative value “ is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury.” United States v. King , 254 F.3d 1098, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 403). The Court will conduct this two-step inquiry for each category of other acts that the government seeks to introduce. 1. December 2019 Phone Calls This category involves evidence of a phone call Fitzsimons made to the D.C. office of his Congressional representative and a voicemail left at the same representative’s local office on December 17, 2019. See Gov’t Mot. at 3. The calls referenced the first impeachment trial of President Trump, which was ongoing at th e time. Id

. His tone was described as aggressive , and he mentioned beliefs about the “deep state” in addition to expressing displeasure with the impeachment proceedings. Ex. A to Gov’t Mot. In addition, the record of the call quotes him as saying that if the Representative votes for impeachment, he would “give it to her hard” and that “we’re coming for her.” Id. The Government argues that these calls demonstrate “ Fitzsimons’ hostility towards Congress and his willingness to use threats, including threats of violence[,] in pursuit of his political beliefs. ” Gov’t Mot. at 9. In contrast, Fitzsimons characterizes them as a8 constituent reaching out to his representative on a current issue of public importance. Def.’s Opp’n at 5–6. Rule 404(b) “is qu ite permissive ,” United States v. Jenkins , 928 F.2d 1175, 1180 (D.C. Cir. 1991), and evidence will be allowed under 404(b) so long as it meets the low threshold of relevance to an issue “other than the defendant’s character or propensity.” Bowie , 232 F.3d 923, 930 (D.C. Cir. 2000). The calls have at least some relevance to Fitzsimons’s motive and intent on January 6 because they demonstrate his particular anger over Congressional actions Fitzsimons considered antagonistic to former President Trump. See United States v. Duran , 884 F. Supp. 558, 562 (D.D.C. 1995) (finding threatening statements made in a call to a U.S. Senator
were “ highly probative of motive and inten t to assassinate the President ”); United States v. Slatten , 395 F. Supp. 3d 45, 97 (D.D.C. 2019) (determining a contractor’s general “anti

- Iraqi animus” was relevant to the charge of murder of an Iraqi civilian); United States v. Gamarra , No. 17- cr -65, 2021 WL 1946348, at *3 (D.D.C. May 14, 2021) (holding that a defendant’s prior threat against a different sitting President three years earlier was relevant to the present charge of threatening the President). In other words, the calls tend to make Fitzsimon s’ s motive and intent to obstruct the certification of the election results —a fact “of consequence in determining the action”

— somewhat “more . . . probable than it would be without the evidence.” See Fed. R. Evid. 401 ; see also United States v. Foster , 986 F.2d 541, 545 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (“[T]here is no such thing as ‘highly relevant’ evidence or . . . ‘marginally relevant’ evidence. Evidence is either relevant or it is not.”). 5 The Court nevertheless determines that these calls should be excluded

5 Fitzsimons contends that the Government does not need this evidence to prove motive or intent in light of the “direct evidence” available in this case, namely, video footage of Fitzsimons “ pushing and grabbing against officers who were holding a police li ne in an arched entranceway on the lower west terrace of the Capitol Building.” Def.’s Opp’n at 9–10. The Court disagrees. The video evidence does not directly speak to Fitzsimons’s intent. Fitzsimons9 based o n the balancing test of Rule 403, under which “[t] he court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. Although the calls are relevant, their probative value is quite low. While the tone of the call was hostile, it is far from clear that Fitzsimons’s statements constitute a literal threat of violence rather than referencing the electoral consequences of the representative’s support for impeachment. See Ex. A to Gov’t Mot. (stating “we’ll swap you out in a heartbeat”). Moreover, Fitzsimons does not mention the certification of the Electoral College or even the upcoming election in these calls. Id. On th e other side of the scale, t here is a legitimate risk that these calls would portray Fitzsimons in a way that is unfairly prejudicial. In particular, F itzsimons’s references to the “deep state” risk suggesting to the jury that he is an unhinged political extremist. 6 The risk s of unfair prejudice and of complicating the presentation of evidence in this case substantially outweigh the slight probative value of these calls. Accordingly, the Government’s motion is denied with respect to the December 2019 ph one calls.

has not stipulated to his motive or intent, and even if he had “the prosecution is entitled to prove its case by evidence of its own choice .

. . a criminal defendant may not stipulate or admit his way out of the full evidentiary force of the case as the Government chooses to present it.” Old Chief v. United States , 519 U.S. 172, 186–87 (1997); see also United States v. Crowder , 141 F.3d 1202, 1207 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (applying this principle to other acts evidence related to knowledge and intent); Gamarra , 2021 WL 1946348, at *3 (“The threshold for admissibi lity is relevance, not necessity.”). 6 Fitzsimons has recently moved to waive his right to a jury trial. Although the portion of the Rule 403 balancing test “concerning unfair prejudice has a highly limited application, if any at all” in a bench trial, see Paleteria La Michoacana, Inc. v. Productos Lacteos Tocumbo S.A. De C.V. , No. 11- cv -1623, 2015 WL 13680822, at *1 (D.D.C. June 12, 2015), the slight potential for prejudice along with the risk of wasting time and undue delay would nonetheless substantia lly outweigh the slight probative value of this evidence in the context of a bench trial, as well.10 2. March 2020 Phone Call In the March 2020 phone call, Fitzsimons called the same Congressional office near the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, demanding the phone number of Chinese president Xi Jinping and threatening to “go out on the streets and start talking to the Chinese people that I see” if it was not given to him. Ex. A to Gov’t Mot. It does not appear that he referenced the upcoming election, any particular Congressional action, or even then -President Trump. Id. T he defense is the refore correct that the relevance of this conversation to Fitzsimons’s intent or motive on January 6, 2021 is highly tenuous. See Def.’s Opp’n at 7. Indeed, it is hard to see the probative value of this particular call at all other than “to prove that the defendant is a person of bad character and thus predisposed to commit the crime for which he is on trial,” which is, of

course, the exact inference prohibited by Rule 404(b). See United States v. Foskey , 636 F.2d 517, 523 (D.C. Cir. 1980). Still, a ssuming without deciding that this call would pass the low bar of Rule 404(b), the
Court determines that it doubtlessly fails the Rule 403 balancing test. The irrational nature of Fitzsimons’s demands and the racial animus he exp resses risk inflaming the jury against him. 7
See Old Chief , 519 U.S. at 180 (“ The term ‘unfair prejudice,’ as to a criminal defendant, speaks to the capacity of some concededly relevant evidence to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground dif ferent from proof specific to the offense charged . . . . commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.” (quotations omitted)) ; Foskey , 636 F.2d at 523 (“It is fundamental to American jurisprudence that ‘a defendant must be tried for what he did, not for who he is.’” (citation omitted)). Considering the charged nature of Fitzsimons’s statements in

7 Again, even in the event this matter is conducted as a bench trial, the risk of wasting time and undue delay also substantially outweigh the nearly nonexistent probative value of this call.11 this call and their highly attenuated connection to the charges in this case, the Court determines that the March 2020 phone call would be unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403 and denies the Government’s motion in that respect. 3. December 2020 Phone Calls The Court next considers a series of four phone calls to Congressional offices made in December 2020 , after President Biden had been elected but before the electoral college vote had been certified. Each of the four calls made reference to Fitzsimons’s belief that the election was illegitimate and fraudulent. See Gov’t Mot. at 4. During three of those calls, Fitzsimons spoke with a staffer and made comments such as calling the election “corrupt” and a “disgusting show of power by the elites” and stated , “this is going to be a Civil War.” Id. In a fourth call, Fitzsimons left a voicemail asking that th e Congressperson have the “courage” to dispute a “garbage election” and said that he would be in D.C. on January 6.
T hese calls directly link Fitzsimons’s beliefs about election fraud to his decision to travel to D.C. on January 6 and show that Fitzsimons was not there simply as a tourist or to support the outgoing President— he was there because of the certification of the electoral college vote. While Fitzsimons did not advocate or express the intent to engage in unlawful activity in the calls , his stat ements are directly relevant to what the Government claims is Fitzsimons’s motive and purpose that day: to obstruct the certification of the electoral college vote, by violence if
necessary. See Duran , 884 F. Supp. at 562 (holding that threatening statements made in a call to
a U.S. Senator w ere “highly probative of motive and intent to assassinate the President ”) ; Slatten , 395 F. Supp. 3d at 97 (finding evidence of defendant’s general “anti

- Iraqi animus” was relevant to the charge of murder of an Iraqi civilian); Gamarra , 2021 WL 1946348, at *3 (holding that the defendant’s prior threat against a different sitting President three years earlier12 was relevant to the present charge of threatening the President). “In order to be relevant, the Government’s proposed Rule 404(b) evidence does not have to prove the Defendant’s intent, it need only make it more probable that the Defendant possessed the requisite intent.” United
States v . Hite , 916 F. Supp. 2d 110, 117 (D.D.C. 2013). Fitzsimons’s clear opposition to the certification of the electoral college vote does exactly that. Nor is the evidence unfairly prejudicial. Merely demonstrating Fitzsimons’s politics is not enough to be unfairly prejudicial or substantially outweigh the probative value of the evidence , which is the standard for exclusion under Rule 403. See United States v. Cassell , 292 F.3d 788, 796 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“Unfair prejudice as used in Rule 403 is not to be equated with testimony simply adverse to the opposing party. Virtually all evidence is prejudicial . . . . The prejudice must be unfair.” (quoting Dollar v. Long Mfg., N.C., Inc. , 561 F.2d 613, 618 (5th Cir.1977) (alterations omitted)). The positions and actions Fitzsimons advocates are not themselves unlawful, which if anything could bolster the theory that he was there to peacefully and lawfully express his political views. In addition, “bad acts evidence is typically ‘not barred by Rule 403 where such evidence did not involve conduct any more sensational or disturbing than the crimes with which the defendant was charged.’” United States v. Wilkins , 538 F. Supp. 3d 49, 78 (D.D.C. 2021) (quoting United States v. Fuertes , 805 F.3d 485, 494 (4th Cir. 2015) (cleaned up)). Fitzsimons’s derogatory comments about the election and the President- elect are not “any more sensational or disturbing” than the charged offenses. Id. Any offensive implications in the calls pale in comparison to the severity of the violence Fitzsimons is accused of p articipating in that day

.13 Fitzsimons’s concern that a D.C. jury will consider his views distasteful and convict him on that basis is pure speculation and fails to account for vo ir dire and limiting instructions

. 8 See United States v. Weisz , 718 F.2d 413, 432 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (affirming “the value of voir dire as a means to identify prospective jurors who might be prejudiced against a defendant by the nature of evidence to be presented at trial”); United States v. Young , No. 12- cr -0042, 2013 WL 12430550, at *6 (D.D.C. July 22, 2013) (“The D.C. Circuit has consi stently minimized the residual risk of prejudice not by exclusion, but by issuing limiting instructions to the jury.”). This Court has already held that “[i ]f an impartial jury actually cannot be selected, that fact should become evident at the voir dire . The defendant will then be entitled to any actions necessary to assure that he receives a fair trial. ” Minute Order of Dec. 14, 2021 (quoting United States v. Haldeman , 559 F.2d 31, 63 (D.C. Cir. 1976) ). Fitzsimons’s generalized concerns about prejudice due to his political beliefs do not persuade the Court that t hese calls are unfairly prejudicial. The Rule 403 balance “should generally be struck in favor of admission when the evidence indicates a close relationship to the offense charged,” which is the case here. See United States v. Johnson , 802 F.2d 1459, 1464 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (quotations omitted). Accordingly, the Court will grant the Government’s motion with respect to the December 2020 phone calls. 4. December 2020 Facebook Post
T hat leaves the December 24, 2020 Facebook post made by another individual, purportedly on Fitzsimons’s behalf. The Government d id not attach the post to its motion or

8 And, should this case be tried as a bench trial, “the portion of the rule concerning unfair prejudice has a highly limited application, if any at all,” in that context. Paleteria La Michoacana, Inc. , 2015 WL 13680822, at *1.14 describe it in any depth, but the post was previously submitted to the Court in connection with Fitzsimons’s motion to revoke pretrial detention. See Ex. 12 to Pretrial Detention H r’g . The message reiterates Fitzsimons’s belief that the 2020 election was stolen and inquires about interest “in organizing a caravan to Washington D.C. for the Electoral College vote count on Jan. 6th, 2021.” Id. This post is relevant to Fitzsimons’s intent and motive for the same reasons the December 2020 phone calls were relevant , and if anything shows a more direct link between the certification and Fitzsimo ns’s desire to be in D.C. to contest what he believed was a stolen election. It is also not unfairly prejudicial for many of the same reasons. T he only aspect of the post that could potentially cause an unfairly prejudicial reflection on Fitzsimons’s cha racter is one sentence in which he expresses a n overtly conspiratorial belief

. See id. (“[W]e are being slow walked towards Chinese ownership by an establishment that is treasonous and all too willing to gaslight the public into believing the theft was so mehow the will of the people.”). Still, this sentence is not so provocative that it risks the jury deciding the case based on Fitzsimons’s propensity rather than his actions or that it cannot be overcome by voir dire and a limiting instruction

. Nonetheless, Fitzsimons raises the relevant point that because the post was made by an unidentified third party and the Government has not provided any indicia of reliability that it in fact originated with Fitzsimons

. See Def.’s Opp’n at 7. Whether a statement bears sufficient

“ indicia of reliability ” is generally considered in the context of admitting and weighing otherwise admissible hearsay evidence. 9 See, e.g. , Lacson v. U.S. Dep ’t of Homeland Sec. , 726 F.3d 170, 178 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (“Administrati ve agencies may consider hearsay evidence as long as it

9 Fitzsimons does not cite to any cases at all in support of this argument, whether related to Rule 404(b), 403, or hearsay, making the exact nature of this objection somewhat unclear.15 ‘bear [s] satisfactory indicia of reliability.’” (quoting Crawford v. U.S. Dep’ t of Agric. , 50 F.3d 46, 49 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (cleaned up)); Al -Bihani v. Obama , 590 F.3d 866, 879 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (“[T]he question a habeas court must ask when presented with hearsay is . . . what probative weight to ascribe to whatever indicia of reliability it exhibits.”); Fed. Trade Comm’n v. CCC Holdings Inc. , No. CV 08-2043, 2009 WL 10631282, at *1 (D.D.C. Jan. 30, 2009) (declining to consider hearsay that lacked indicia of reliability in a preliminary injunction motion). The Court perceives that the Facebook post may present a hearsay issue, or potentially risk misleading the jury even if technically admissible under a hearsay exception. But the Court declines to decide those issues without more information and the benefit of briefing from the parties. It will therefore defer ruling on the admissibility of the Facebook post and allow the parties to present any more specific arguments they may have at trial.
IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that the Government’s Motion in
Limine to Admit Evidence as Intrinsic or, in the Alternative, Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b ) (ECF No. 61 ) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART as follows:

• The Government’s motion to admit the December 2019 phone calls pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) is DENIED ;

• The Government’s motion to admit the March 2020 phone call is DENIED ;

• The Government’s motion to admit the December 2020 phone calls pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) is GRANTED ; and

• Ruling on the Government’s motion to admit the December 2020 Facebook post is DEFERRED

. SO ORDERED.

Dated: May 24, 2022 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS United States District Judge