1

Filed: October 6, 2011

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON

MICHAEL ARKEN,

DALE CANNON, ROBYN CARRICO,

CAROL YOUNG, JOHN HAWKINS,

LESLIE HUNTER, RICK MULLINS,

S. M. RUONALA, PATRICIA THOMPSON-WESTOVER,

and MYRNA WILLIAMS,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

CITY OF PORTLAND,

WESTERN OREGON UNIVERSITY,

PORTLAND SCHOOL DISTRICT, 

CITY OF GRESHAM, LINN COUNTY, 

UNIVERSITY OF OREGON, 

PORTLAND COMMUNITY COLLEGE, 

MULTNOMAH COUNTY, 

CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT 13J, 

FOREST GROVE SCHOOL DISTRICT #15, 

and PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT BOARD,

Defendants-Respondents.

(CC 060100536; SC S058881 (Control))

RUTH ROBINSON,

GERALD BUTTON, NORMAN FABIAN,

BECKY HANSON, RENE REULET,

LINDA GRAY, LAREN FERRELL,

STUART GILLETT, ROBERT PEARSON, GARY REESE, 

and BRUCE JOHNSON, 

Petitioners-Respondents,

 

v.

PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT BOARD,

Respondent-Appellant,
2

and

STATE OF OREGON,

CITY OF PORTLAND, 

PORTLAND SCHOOL DISTRICT, 

CITY OF GRESHAM, LINN COUNTY, 

PORTLAND COMMUNITY COLLEGE, 

MULTNOMAH COUNTY, 

CENTRAL CATHOLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT 13J, 

and FOREST GROVE SCHOOL DISTRICT #15,

Intervenors-Appellants.

(CC 060504584; SC S058882)

On certified appeals from the Court of Appeals on appeals from judgments of the 

Circuit Court for Multnomah County, Henry Kantor, Judge.

Argued and submitted January 6, 2011.

Gregory A. Hartman, Bennett, Hartman, Morris & Kaplan, LLP, Portland, argued 

the cause for plaintiffs-appellants Michael Arken et al. With him on the briefs were 

Michael J. Morris and Aruna A. Masih.

William F. Gary, Harrang Long Gary Rudnick P.C., Eugene, argued the cause for 

defendants-respondents City of Portland et al. With him on the briefs was Sharon A. 

Rudnick.

Joseph M. Malkin, Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, LLP, Pro Hac Vice, San 

Francisco, California, argued the cause for respondent-appellant Public Employees 

Retirement Board. With him on the briefs were Townsend Hyatt and Sarah C. Marriott, 

Pro Hac Vice.

James S. Coon, Swanson, Thomas & Coon, Portland, argued the cause for 

petitioners-respondents Ruth Robinson et al. With him on the briefs was Gene 

Mechanic.

Joseph M. Malkin, Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, LLP, Pro Hac Vice, San 

Francisco, California filed the briefs for defendant-respondent Public Employees 

Retirement Board. With him on the briefs were Townsend Hyatt and Sarah C. Marriott, 

Pro Hac Vice.
3

Jeremy D. Sacks, Stoel Rives LLP, Portland, filed the briefs for defendantsrespondents Western Oregon University and University of Oregon. With him on the 

briefs was Amy Edwards.

William F. Gary, Harrang Long Gary Rudnick P.C., Eugene, filed the briefs for 

intervenors-appellants City of Portland et al. With him on the briefs was Sharon A. 

Rudnick.

Amy Edwards, Stoel Rives LLP, Portland, filed the briefs for intervenor-appellant 

State of Oregon. With her on the briefs was Jeremy D. Sacks.

Before De Muniz, Chief Justice, and Durham, Balmer, Kistler, Walters, and 

Linder, Justices.*

DE MUNIZ, C. J.

The judgment of the circuit court in Arken, et al. v. City of Portland, et al., Case 

No. 0601-00536, is affirmed. The judgment of the circuit court in Robinson, et al. v. 

Public Employees Retirement Board, Case No. 0605-04584, is reversed, and the case is 

remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.

*Landau, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
1

1 DE MUNIZ, C. J.

2 These two cases are before this court on certified appeals from the Court of 

3 Appeals. ORS 19.405. Both cases involve the Public Employees Retirement Board's 

4 (PERB or the Board) revision or reduction of benefits with respect to so-called "Window 

Retirees."15 These cases involve the Board's efforts to recoup overpayments of benefits to 

6 retirees that were predicated on a 20 percent earnings credit for calendar year 1999 that 

7 the Board approved by order in 2000. PERB has sought to recoup these overpayments to 

8 the Window Retirees through an overpayment recovery mechanism set out in ORS 

238.715.29 PERB has done so in two steps. First, in an order issued by the Board on 

10 January 27, 2006, the Board established a general method for the recovery of 

11 overpayments made to PERS members based on the 20 percent crediting order. 

12 Subsequently, the Board made individualized recovery determinations based on the 

individual circumstances of each affected PERS member.313

 

1

The term "Window Retirees" has been used by the parties to this litigation 

to refer to public employees who are Tier One members of the Public Employees 

Retirement System (PERS), who retired under the Money Match retirement allowance 

formula, and who retired with an effective retirement date on or after April 1, 2000, and 

before April 1, 2004. A Tier One member is a PERS member who joined PERS before 

January 1, 1996. Money Match refers to one of the three formulas for calculating a PERS 

member's service retirement allowance. These terms are discussed in more detail below. 

2

The pertinent provisions of ORS 238.715 are set out below, ___ Or at ___ 

(slip op at 65-66.)

3

To provide a general understanding of the magnitude of the repayment 

amounts that would be required of the Window Retirees, PERS staff issued a Benefit 

Adjustment Letter Draft on February 24, 2006, that set out the effects for a hypothetical 

"John Doe" window retiree who assumably retired on April 1, 2000, with $132,211.00 in 

his retirement account (based on the 20 percent earnings credit allocation for 1999). The 
2

The Arken plaintiffs4and the Robinson petitioners51 both filed challenges to 

 

adjustments that would be generated under that hypothetical were tabulated as follows:

Retirement date: April 1, 2000

Recalculated payment start date: September 1, 2006

Account balance at retirement (with 20 percent earnings crediting in 

1999)

$132,211.00

Recalculated account balance at retirement (11.33 percent earnings 

crediting in 1999)

$122,700.00

Monthly benefit at retirement (your retirement date was April 1, 2000) $2,200.00

Recalculated monthly benefit at retirement (11.33 percent earnings 

crediting in 1999)

 $2,042.00

Current monthly benefit, including any cost-of living adjustments 

(COLAs) made since your retirement date

 $2,335.00

Recalculated monthly benefit (starting September 1, 2006). This 

includes annual COLAs made and COLAs restored by the Strunk case 

through August 1, 2006

 $2,346.00

The Benefit Adjustment letter then explained that for this "John Doe" 

window retiree the amount of overpaid benefits would have been $9,313.00, for which 

there were two options provided for repayment. This “John Doe” window retiree would 

then have the option to repay the $9,313.00 in a lump sum, which would result in his 

monthly benefit amount being adjusted to $2,346.00 beginning September 1, 2006. 

Alternatively, this "John Doe" window retiree would have the option to repay the 

overpayment by having his monthly benefit adjusted using the Actuarial Reduction 

Method which would result in a reduction of the current monthly benefit amount to 

$2,317.00 (a reduction of $29.00 per month). Under either option, an annual COLA 

would then be applied to the benefit payment each August 1.

From our review of the record in these proceedings, the consequences 

projected for this "John Doe" window retiree are consistent with the amounts that were 

ultimately determined by PERB for individual Window Retirees. 

4

The Arken plaintiffs (appellants in this court) are a group of individual 
3

1 PERB's January 7, 2006, Order Adopting Repayment Methods. That order established 

2 the methods that PERB intended to use to recover what PERB had determined to be 

3 overpayments to the Window Retirees. That order provided in part that earnings on Tier 

4 One member regular accounts for 1999 would be recalculated at an earnings rate of 11.33 

5 percent and that benefit payments to Window Retirees who had regular member accounts 

6 in 1999 would be adjusted consistently with the recalculated earnings rate. That order 

7 relied on PERB's authority to recover overpayments set out in ORS 283.715, and the 

8 order provided that the overpayments could be repaid either in a lump sum or by an 

9 actuarial reduction of monthly benefits payments. The order further provided that cost of 

10 living adjustments (COLAs) would be applied to those recalculated benefit payments 

 

public employees who were Tier One members of PERS who retired under the Money 

Match retirement allowance formula whose effective date of retirement was on or after 

April 1, 2000, and before April 1, 2004 -- i.e., Window Retirees. While the Arken

plaintiffs have not been certified as class representatives for all Window Retirees, the 

issues raised by their claims appear to apply similarly to the Window Retirees 

collectively. The Arken defendants (respondents in this court) include: defendant Public 

Employees Retirement Board; state defendants Western Oregon University and the 

University of Oregon; and, a group of nonstate defendant local government employers 

comprised of the City of Portland, Portland School District, City of Gresham, Linn 

County, Portland Community College, Multnomah County, Central School District 13J, 

and Forest Grove School District #15. 

5

The Robinson petitioners (respondents in this court) are a group of 

individual public employees who serve as class representatives for public employees who 

were Tier One members of PERS who retired under the Money Match retirement 

allowance formula whose effective date of retirement was on or after April 1, 2000, and 

before April 1, 2004 -- i.e., Window Retirees. The Robinson respondents (appellants in 

this court) include: respondent Public Employees Retirement Board; intervenor State of 

Oregon; and a group of nonstate intervenor local government employers comprised of the 

City of Portland, Portland School District, City of Gresham, Linn County, Portland 

Community College, Multnomah County, Central School District 13J, and Forest Grove 

School District #15. 
4

1 beginning in 1999 and continuing into the future. 

2 Although the trial court did not consolidate these two cases, it determined 

3 that the cases raised interrelated issues concerning the effects of PERS legislation enacted 

in 2003 (the "2003 PERS reform legislation").64 The trial court therefore decided motions 

5 filed in these cases together and issued opinions that were filed in both cases.

6 The Arken plaintiffs raised claims based on four theories, including breach 

7 of contract, promissory estoppel, wage claim, and declaratory and injunctive relief under 

8 the Administrative Procedures Act (APA). The trial court granted summary judgment in 

9 favor of the Arken defendants on all four claims. 

10 The Robinson petitioners challenged the Board's January 27, 2006, order as 

11 an order in other than a contested case under ORS 183.484, alleging that the order 

12 violated Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 67, Section 14b(1) (discussed more fully below). 

13 The Robinson petitioners contended that Section 14b(1) provides the exclusive methods 

14 to recover erroneously paid retirement benefits to petitioners. They also alleged that the 

15 order violates ORS 238.715 because PERB failed to comply with the terms of that 

16 statute. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the Robinson petitioners 

17 on both of their claims for relief.

 

6

In 2003, the Legislative Assembly amended a number of statutory 

provisions related to the operation of the PERS system and affecting PERS benefits, 

including Oregon Laws 2003, chapters 3, 67, 68, and 625. Collectively, these 

amendments to the PERS statutes are referred to as the "2003 PERS reform legislation." 

We use that term as a general referent to the efforts of the 2003 Legislative Assembly to 

effectuate changes to the PERS system, but we cite more specifically to particular 

enactments when appropriate.
5

1 For the reasons set out below, we determine that the trial court correctly 

2 granted summary judgment to the Arken defendants on all four of the claims raised by the 

3 Arken plaintiffs. We further determine that the trial court erred in granting summary 

4 judgment to the Robinson petitioners on their claims for relief. Because we conclude that 

5 PERB correctly applied ORS 238.715 to recoup overpayments that were made to the 

6 Window Retirees based on the 20 percent earnings credit for 1999, we also determine 

7 that the trial court erred in denying PERB's cross-motion for summary judgment.

8 I. BACKGROUND

9 Before addressing the specific claims and arguments presented in these 

10 cases, we believe it is important to review the factual and legal circumstances that gave 

11 rise to the PERB order that is challenged in these proceedings. Oregon has provided its 

12 public employees with a retirement plan (PERS) as a contractual benefit of public 

13 employment since 1945. PERB administers PERS and acts as trustee for the Public 

14 Employment Retirement Fund (PERF or the fund). ORS 238.601; ORS 238.660(1). 

15 PERB sets employer contribution rates, adopts actuarial equivalency factors and assumed 

16 earnings rates, establishes reserve accounts, and allocates annual earnings to accounts and 

17 reserves. ORS 238.225; ORS 238.255; ORS 238.605; ORS 238.607; ORS 238.670; 

18 Strunk v. PERB, 338 Or 145, 157, 108 P3d 1058 (2005). The Oregon Investment Council 

19 (OIC) invests the assets of the fund. Each year, PERB allocates the annual investment 

20 earnings of the fund from the previous year to member, employer, and reserve accounts. 

21 Every PERS member has a PERS member account, which includes the member's 

22 contributions to PERS and earnings that PERB has credited to those contributions.
6

1 Public employees who joined PERS before January 1, 1996, are commonly 

2 denominated as Tier One members. Tier One members are entitled to a guaranteed 

3 minimum annual rate of return on their regular member accounts equal to the system's 

4 assumed earnings rate. ORS 238.255. The assumed rate is set by the Board based on 

5 advice from an actuary. ORS 238.605; ORS 238.670(2). The assumed earnings rate has 

6 been 8 percent for all time periods relevant to these cases. On retirement, PERS Tier One 

7 members receive a monthly service retirement allowance calculated according to one of 

8 three formulas: pension plus annuity (only available to members who contributed to 

9 PERS before August 21, 1981), full formula, or Money Match. ORS 238.300. At 

10 retirement, a PERS member is entitled to receive a service retirement allowance based on 

11 the formula that produces the highest pension amount.

12 For many retirees, including the retirees involved in this litigation, the 

13 Money Match formula results in the highest pension amount. Under the Money Match 

14 formula, a member's monthly service retirement allowance is calculated by determining 

15 the sum of the actuarial equivalent of the member's account balances at retirement (the 

16 annuity component) and then adding a sum in an equal amount that is charged to the 

employer, i.e., the "match" (the pension component).717 The resulting service retirement 

18 allowance therefore amounts to twice the actuarial equivalent of the member's account 

19 balances at retirement.

 

7

The actuarial equivalent of the member's account balances is determined 

using mortality information to calculate the monthly service retirement allowance to be 

paid to the member based upon the remaining life expectancy of the member at the time 

the member retires. 
7

1 Member accounts are credited annually as of December 31 of each calendar 

2 year. PERB reviews changes in the value of the fund and allocates earnings to various 

3 accounts within the fund on an "equal crediting" basis -- i.e., earnings are allocated on the 

4 same percentage share to funds in each account. In years in which the earnings on the 

5 fund equal or exceed the assumed earnings rate, PERB is statutorily required to "set aside 

6 * * * such part of the income as [PERB] may deem advisable, not exceeding seven and 

7 one-half percent of the combined total of such income, which moneys so segregated shall 

8 remain in the fund and constitute therein a reserve account." ORS 238.670(1) (1999). 

9 During the time period relevant to this litigation, ORS 238.255 (1999) also charged 

10 PERB with maintaining a "gain-loss" reserve to provide assets to pay member benefits at 

11 the assumed earnings rate in years in which annual fund earnings were not sufficient to 

do so.812 Finally, PERB also is charged with establishing employer contribution rates to 

13 fund the retirement system. ORS 238.225. Employer contribution rates are comprised of 

14 the employer's normal cost of the members' service retirement allowances and the amount 

15 necessary to amortize any unfunded actuarial liability (UAL). The normal costs 

16 component is based on an actuarial estimate of the amount needed to pay service 

17 retirement allowances to current members in the future. That amount is then adjusted 

 

8

Substantial statutory modifications to PERS were enacted in 2003 to 

address fiscal concerns that had emerged. Those modifications are addressed in detail 

throughout this opinion. The contingency fund provisions set out in ORS 238.670(1) 

(1999) and the "gain-loss" reserve provisions set out in ORS 238.255 (1999) are 

significant because they affected the 1999 earnings crediting decision made by PERB that 

is central to this case. Consequently, we cite here specifically to the 1999 versions of 

those statutes.
8

1 based on the difference between an employers' account balance and the projected future 

2 service retirement allowances. If an actuarial surplus exists, the employer contribution 

3 rate is adjusted downward. If the employer has a UAL, PERB adds an additional, 

4 amortized amount to the employer's normal cost rate.

5 On March 27, 2000, PERB issued an earnings allocation order crediting 

6 Tier One members' regular accounts with 20 percent earnings for the 1999 calendar year. 

7 In setting that earnings allocation order, PERB did not fund a contingency reserve and 

8 allocated only limited funds to the gain-loss reserve. The City of Eugene and several 

9 other public employers timely challenged PERB's 1999 earnings allocation order and also 

timely challenged their employer contribution rate orders for 1998 and 2000.910 On July 

11 31, 2001, the trial court granted the public employers' motion for partial summary 

12 judgment, holding that PERB had abused its discretion by allocating excessive earnings 

13 to member accounts while not allocating funds to the contingency reserve and not 

14 adequately funding the gain-loss reserve. See City of Eugene v. PERB, 339 Or 113, 118-

15 19, 117 P3d 1001 (2005), on recons, 341 Or 120, 137 P3d 1288 (2006) (City of Eugene 

16 I). The trial court vacated each of the challenged orders and directed PERB to issue new 

orders consistent with the judgment. Id. at 119.10 17 PERS's Fiscal Services Division 

18 subsequently recalculated the earnings credit for 1999 and concluded that, if PERB had 

 

9 City of Eugene v. PERB, Marion County Circuit Court Case Nos. 99C12794, 00C-16173, 99C-12838, 99C-20235.

10 This court ultimately dismissed the appeal of the trial court decision as 

moot, City of Eugene I, 339 Or at 128, and later vacated the trial court decision on 

mootness grounds as well. City of Eugene v. PERB, 341 Or 120, 137 P3d 1288 (2006).
9

1 properly funded the contingency reserve and the gain-loss reserve, the proper 1999 

2 earnings credit for member accounts would have been 11.33 percent. Strunk, 338 Or at 

3 216; City of Eugene I, 339 Or at 127.

4 Before PERB issued a new earnings allocation crediting order for 1999, 

5 however, the Legislative Assembly amended the PERS statutes by enacting the 2003 

6 PERS reform legislation. As this court noted in Strunk, the PERS reform legislation 

7 effectively codified the 11.33 percent figure as the correct 1999 crediting decision. 338 

8 Or at 216-17. In Strunk v. PERB, this court also approved the finding of this court's 

9 appointed Special Master that the contingency reserve should be funded and that a 

10 reasonable funding level for the "gain-loss" reserve called for by ORS 238.255 (1999) 

11 was a level that would fund projected Tier One guaranteed earnings credits for a 30-

12 month period, and this court expressly set out and agreed with the Special Master's 

13 determinations as follows:

14 "'In 1999, the fund earned approximately $7.5 billion, or 24.89 

15 percent of its value. [PERB credited 20 percent to Tier One regular 

16 accounts for that year.] PERB allocated approximately $1.3 billion to the 

17 gain-loss reserve, which left it funded at approximately 72 percent of [its] 

18 new 30-month goal. After PERB allocated 1999 earnings, the gain-loss 

19 reserve had a positive balance of $4.744 billion.

20 "'If PERB had fully funded the contingency reserve for 1999 by 

21 crediting 7.5 percent of the fund's earnings as authorized by ORS 

22 238.670(1) and, if PERB had fully funded the gain-loss reserve according 

23 to its 30-month goal, approximately 11.33 percent would have been 

24 available for crediting to Tier One accounts.'"

25 Strunk, 338 Or at 214-15 (alterations in original; footnote omitted). 

26 At the time that the legislature enacted the PERS reform legislation, the 
10

1 court challenges to PERB's 1999 earnings allocation crediting order in the City of Eugene 

2 litigation meant that the 1999 crediting decision was potentially subject to reversal. Id. at 

3 217. As part of the PERS reform legislation, the legislature enacted provisions addressed 

4 directly to the Window Retirees in Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 67, section 10, as 

amended by Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 625, section 13 (Section 10),11 5 which provided, 

6 in pertinent part:

7 "(1) Notwithstanding ORS 238.360, cost of living increases for a 

8 service retirement allowance that is payable to or on account of members 

9 described in subsection (5) of this section may be made only as provided by 

10 this section.

11 "(2) The Public Employees Retirement Board shall calculate a 

12 revised service retirement allowance for a service retirement allowance that 

13 is payable to members described in subsection (5) of this section. The 

14 revised service retirement allowance shall be calculated as follows:

15 "(a) The board shall establish a member account balance for the 

16 member as of the member's effective date of retirement, determined as 

17 though the regular member account for the member had been credited with 

18 11.33 percent earnings for calendar year 1999.

19 "(b) The board shall calculate a service retirement allowance for the 

20 member as of the member's effective date of retirement using the member 

21 account balance established under paragraph (a) of this subsection. The 

22 board shall make the calculation under ORS 238.300, section 4, chapter 68, 

23 Oregon Laws 2003, and such other provisions of this chapter as may be 

24 applicable to the calculation of the service retirement allowance of the 

25 member or as may provide for increases or decreases in the service 

26 retirement allowance of the member.

27 "* * * * *

28 "(d) The board shall adjust the revised service retirement allowance 

29 calculated under paragraph (b) or (c) of this subsection for each calendar 

30 year after the member's effective date of retirement based on the cost of 

 

11 We refer to this statutory provision as Section 10.
11

1 living adjustment provided for in ORS 238.360.

2 "(3) The board shall calculate a fixed service retirement allowance 

3 for members described in subsection (5) of this section. The fixed service 

4 retirement allowance shall be the amount that is payable to or on account of 

5 the member on July 1, 2003, or on the member's effective date of 

6 retirement, whichever is later. The fixed service retirement allowance may 

7 not be adjusted under ORS 238.360.

8 "(4) The service retirement allowance payable to or on account of 

9 members described in subsection (5) of this section shall be the greater of 

10 the revised service retirement allowance calculated under subsection (2) of 

11 this section or the fixed service retirement allowance calculated under 

12 subsection (3) of this section.

13 "(5) The provisions of this section apply to members who:

14 "(a) Established membership in the Public Employees Retirement 

15 System before January 1, 1996, as described in ORS 238.430;

16 "(b) Receive a service retirement allowance calculated under ORS 

17 238.300 (2)(b)(A); and

18 "(c) Have an effective date of retirement that is on or after April 1, 

19 2000, and before April 1, 2004."

20 As part of the PERS reform legislation, the legislature also enacted Oregon Laws 2003, 

21 chapter 67, section 14b, as amended by Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 625, section 31 

(Section 14b),12 22 which provided:

23 "(1) If the Public Employees Retirement Board is required to correct 

24 one or more of the erroneous benefit calculation methods identified in City 

25 of Eugene et al. v. State of Oregon, Case Nos. 99C-12794, 00C-16173, 

26 99C-12838 and 99C-20235, the board shall recover the cost of benefits 

27 erroneously paid to retired members as a result of those erroneous benefit 

28 calculations by one or both of the following methods:

29 "(a) The board may withhold cost of living increases under ORS 

30 238.360 from a retired member whose benefit is greater than the correctly 

31 calculated benefit of the member until such time as the member's benefit is 

 

12 We refer to this statutory provision as Section 14b.
12

1 equal to the correctly calculated benefit.

2 "(b) The board may treat all or part of the present value of the 

3 benefits erroneously paid and payable to retired members as a result of the 

4 erroneous benefit calculations as an administrative expense of the Public 

5 Employees Retirement System, to be paid exclusively from future income 

6 of the Public Employees Retirement Fund, and to be amortized over an 

7 actuarially reasonable period not to exceed 15 years.

8 "(2) In no event may the cost of erroneous benefit calculation 

9 methods identified in City of Eugene et al. v. State of Oregon be considered 

10 an employer liability or charged to employers through employer 

11 contributions.

12 "(3) Nothing in this section creates any contract right in any 

13 member of the Public Employees Retirement system."

14 These two statutory provisions constitute the focal points of the litigation in these cases; 

15 we discuss them in greater detail below. 

16 After the legislature enacted the PERS reform legislation, PERB and the 

17 employers involved in the City of Eugene litigation entered into a settlement agreement 

18 that provided, in part:

19 "[E]xcept in the event of a supervening change in law (such as by a 

20 legislative enactment or further court order):

21 "* * * * *

22 "1.3 The new 1999 earnings allocation order * * * will provide 

23 that the appropriate earnings allocation to Tier [One] regular member 

24 accounts is 11.33 [percent], that 7.5 [percent] of the 1999 earnings should 

25 have been allocated to the contingency reserve established by ORS 

26 238.670(1) and that the gain-loss reserve created by ORS 238.670(3) 

27 should have been funded to the full extent of the former PERB's policy to 

28 maintain a gain-loss reserve sufficient to credit the assumed interest rate to 

29 Tier [One] regular member accounts during a period of 30 months of 0 

30 [percent] earnings."

31 Following settlement of the City of Eugene litigation, PERB entered a revised earnings 
13

1 crediting order setting the 1999 earnings credit allocation for Tier One regular member 

2 accounts at 11.33 percent pending the outcome of the then still pending litigation 

challenges to the 2003 PERS reform legislation.13 3

4 On March 8, 2005, this court issued its opinion in Strunk v. PERB 

5 upholding the constitutionality of much of the PERS reform legislation. In Strunk, this 

6 court did determine, however, that Tier One PERS members have a statutory contract 

7 right to annual COLAs on their regular member accounts. 338 Or at 221-22. This court, 

8 therefore, invalidated the COLA freeze mechanism that the legislature had included as a 

9 part of its attempt to recoup what it deemed to be overpayments to the affected members' 

10 regular accounts caused by the erroneous 20 percent earnings allocation determination 

11 that had originally been made by PERB for 1999. Id. at 225. 

12 On August 11, 2005, this court decided City of Eugene I, concluding that 

13 the 2003 PERS reform legislation had effectively codified 11.33 percent as the legally 

14 correct earnings credit allocation for 1999, thus affirming, legislatively, the trial court 

15 ruling in City of Eugene. In dismissing the City of Eugene case as moot, this court noted 

16 that PERB had already issued a revised 1999 earnings credit allocation order on April 12, 

17 2004, which superseded the original 20 percent earnings allocation determination and 

18 replaced it with the 11.33 percent earnings allocation determination.

19 Finally, on January 27, 2006, PERB issued its "Order Adopting Repayment 

 

13 Individual PERS members who had intervened in the City of Eugene 

litigation did not agree to the settlement and continued with an appeal; the appeal, 

however, was ultimately dismissed by this court as moot in light of the 2003 PERS 

reform legislation. See ___ Or at ___ n 10 (slip op at 8 n 10). 
14

1 Methods," which is the order challenged in these consolidated cases. In that order, PERB 

2 established the methods that it intended to use to recover what PERB determined to be 

3 overpayments made to Window Retirees based on the erroneous 20 percent earnings 

4 allocation determination that was temporarily in effect when the Window Retirees retired. 

5 The PERB Order Adopting Repayment Methods provides, in pertinent part:

6 "This matter came before the Board at its regularly scheduled 

7 meeting on January 27, 2006. As a result of Oregon Supreme Court 

8 decisions in Strunk v. PERB, 338 Or 145, 108 P3d 1058 (2005), and City of 

9 Eugene v. PERB, 339 Or 113, 117 P3d 1001 (2005), and the settlement 

10 agreement between the parties in the latter case, the Board previously 

11 determined that the earnings on Tier One member regular accounts for 1999 

12 should be reallocated at an earnings rate of 11.33 percent, instead of the 20 

13 percent rate that originally was used. That reallocation, together with the 

14 effect of eliminating the so-called 'COLA freeze' as required by Strunk, 

15 results in a recalculation of benefit payments made to persons who had Tier 

16 One member regular accounts that received earnings crediting for 1999. 

17 This recalculation will affect Tier One members who retired on or after 

18 April 1, 2000, and before April 1, 2004, other persons who received or are 

19 receiving benefits based on those 1999 Tier One account balances, and 

20 former members or beneficiaries who withdrew their accounts prior to the 

21 earnings reallocation (referred to collectively as 'recipients' hereafter). 

22 These recipients have received benefits in excess of the amounts they were 

23 entitled to under ORS chapter 238.

24 "ORS 238.715 requires the Board to collect amounts paid in excess 

25 of the benefit amounts recipient is entitled to under ORS chapter 238."

26 The challenged order also provides for various ways in which the amounts determined by 

27 PERB to be "overpayments" could be repaid, including repaying the "overpayments" in a 

28 lump sum or, if the retiree is receiving monthly benefits, repaying the "overpayments" by 

actuarial reduction of their monthly payment pursuant to ORS 238.715.14 29

 

14 The express terms of PERB's order addressed to the repayment options are 

set out at ___ Or at ___ (slip op at 67). 
15

1 With that historical factual and legal background in mind, we turn to the 

2 issues and arguments involved in the claims asserted by the parties in these cases. We 

3 first address the issues presented in the Arken case.

4 II. ARKEN

5 A. Breach of Contract Claim

6 1. Reach and Effect of Strunk Decision

7 As a threshold matter, the Arken plaintiffs contend that this court in Strunk

8 effectively determined both that the Window Retirees are entitled to receive retirement 

9 benefits based on the erroneous 20 percent earnings credit allocation initially made by 

10 PERB for calendar year 1999 and that the Window Retirees are also entitled to receive 

11 annual COLA increases on those benefits. The Arken plaintiffs base that claim on their 

12 reading of certain passages of this court's decision in Strunk. We disagree.

13 The Arken plaintiffs begin by noting that this court in Strunk stated that the 

14 "fixed service retirement allowance" called for by Section 10 of the 2003 PERS reform 

15 legislation "itself represents a determined allowance -- that is, an allowance expressly 

16 determined by the legislature." Strunk, 338 Or at 223 (emphasis in original). The Arken

17 plaintiffs then rely on the immediately following discussion in Strunk, in which this court 

18 noted:

19 "In light of that legislative determination, the 'fixed' service retirement 

20 allowance cannot be said to transfer to the affected member any funds to 

21 which the member (again in the legislature's determination) was not 

22 entitled. As such, the 'fixed' service retirement allowance falls within the 

23 scope of the promise set out in ORS 238.360(1) (2001) -- that is, that PERB 

24 annually apply a COLA to each affected member's allowance (in years in 

25 which the CPI warrants such a COLA) -- because the allowance represents 
16

1 funds that the member, by legislative determination, is 'entitled to receive.'"

2 338 Or at 223. The Arken plaintiffs contend that this discussion constitutes a 

3 determination by this court that the PERS reform legislation constituted an explicit 

4 statutory promise to Window Retirees that they would receive the "fixed service 

5 retirement allowance" (based upon the initial PERB earnings crediting allocation of 20 

6 percent for calendar year 1999) and receive COLA increases on that retirement allowance 

7 as well for as long as the Window Retirees received retirement benefits.

8 It is clear, however, that the Legislative Assembly did not make such a 

9 statutory promise. The 2003 PERS reform legislation provided that the original service 

10 retirement allowance for the Window Retirees should be recalculated in one of two ways: 

11 a "revised retirement service allowance" and a "fixed retirement service allowance." 

12 And, as this court expressly noted in Strunk, those two service retirement allowance 

13 calculations were intended by the legislature to be designed to recoup what the legislature 

14 "deemed to be overpayments to the affected members' regular accounts in 1999." Id. at 

15 220. The "fixed" allowance retained the 20 percent earnings credit for 1999, but 

16 eliminated COLAs until a member's retirement benefit based on the "fixed" allowance 

17 was surpassed by that based on the "revised" allowance. The "revised" allowance 

18 reduced the 1999 earnings credit to 11.33 percent, but continued to provide COLAs.

19 In Section 10, the legislature clearly and expressly tied the availability of 

20 the "fixed service retirement allowance" to the COLA freeze that it intended to use as an 

21 overpayment recoupment mechanism. Consequently, we conclude that the only 

22 reasonable interpretation of that part of the 2003 PERS reform legislation is that, in 
17

1 enacting Section 10, the legislature intended only that the Window Retirees receive 

2 retirement benefits based on the 20 percent earnings crediting decision for a "short" 

3 period of time -- i.e., until the "revised service retirement allowance" (based upon the 

4 11.33 percent earnings crediting allocation, with COLAs) caught up. Thus, in enacting 

5 the 2003 PERS reform legislation, the legislature did not promise the Window Retirees 

6 long-term retirement benefits based upon the 20 percent earnings crediting allocation and 

7 COLAs.

8 The Arken plaintiffs read this court's decision too broadly. This court's 

9 discussion of the "fixed service retirement allowance" in Strunk must be understood in 

10 the context of the precise issue that was before the court in Strunk. 

11 In Strunk, this court addressed the "fixed service retirement allowance" 

12 only in the context of that allowance coupled with the suspensions of COLAs as the 

13 legislature's choice of a method of recouping overpayments. This court's discussion 

14 about the "fixed service retirement allowance" constituting an allowance that the 

15 legislature had determined the members were entitled to receive can only be read to reach 

16 as far as whether the "fixed service retirement allowance" was a determined allowance to 

17 which a COLA must attach under the terms of ORS 238.360. Whether the legislature 

18 intended to and did promise the Window Retirees long-term retirement benefits based 

19 upon the 20 percent earnings crediting allocation augmented by COLAs was not before 

20 this court in Strunk.

21 Indeed, this court expressly noted the limited reach of its holding in Strunk. 

22 For example, this court clarified:
18

1 "Put another way, the legislature took what it deemed to be 

2 restorative action, but used as the mechanism for doing so an adjustment 

3 that implicated the COLA provision of the PERS contract. Our conclusion 

4 that that particular legislative action amounted to a breach of the PERS 

5 contract, however, implies nothing about PERB's -- or, for that matter, the 

6 legislature's -- authority to recover amounts determined to have been paid 

7 from the fund in error."

8 338 Or at 224 n 58. In addition, in concluding the discussion about the COLA 

9 suspension mechanism employed by the legislature, this court specifically noted that the 

10 effect of the court's decision "is that petitioners will be returned -- at least for the time 

11 being -- to the same position in which they would have been if the legislature had not 

12 enacted the COLA suspension." Id. at 225 (emphasis added; footnote omitted). Those 

13 caveats negate any suggestion that this court's decision in Strunk can or should be 

14 interpreted to have the far-reaching effect that the Arken plaintiffs advocate, and we 

15 decline to extend that decision beyond the specific issues addressed there. Thus, we find 

16 no merit in the first argument presented by the Arken plaintiffs.

17 The Arken plaintiffs further contend, however, that the remedy that this 

18 court established in Strunk effectively means that the statutory text of Section 10 leaves 

19 no room for PERB to apply ORS 238.715 to recover any purported overpayments to 

20 Window Retirees based upon the erroneous 20 percent earnings credit allocation for 

21 1999. The Arken plaintiffs base their arguments on the text of Section 10, the remedy 

22 they understand this court provided in the Strunk case, and the legislative history that 

23 they provide concerning the 2003 PERS reform legislation.

24 The Arken plaintiffs note that this court in Strunk stated:

25 "under what we deem to be unique circumstances, we conclude that the 
19

1 prudent dispositional action is to invalidate the offending statutory wording. 

2 Accordingly, we declare that part of Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 67, section 

3 10(3), that provides, '[t]he fixed service retirement allowance may not be 

4 adjusted under ORS 238.360,' to be void."

5 338 Or at 225. Based upon that statement, the Arken plaintiffs contend that the terms of 

6 Section 10 must be read to provide the Window Retirees with a statutory promise enacted 

7 by the legislature to provide retirement benefits based upon the original 20 percent 

8 earnings credit allocation for calendar year 1999 with COLAs attached. The Arken

9 plaintiffs contend that the dispositional language in Strunk set out above had the legal 

10 effect of stripping out the last sentence of Section 10(3) and leaving the remainder of the 

11 legislatively enacted provisions in place for all purposes -- including establishing an 

12 entitlement for Window Retirees to long-term retirement benefits calculated on a 20 

13 percent earnings credit allocation for 1999 with COLAs attached.

14 That argument, however, ignores a number of important contextual matters. 

15 First, the argument takes the statement from Strunk quoted above out of context and 

16 views it in isolation, which leads to an overly broad understanding of the effect this court 

17 intended. As we previously noted, the very next sentence of this court's opinion in Strunk

18 states that the effect of the court's action "is that petitioners will be returned -- at least for 

19 the time being -- to the same position in which they would have been if the legislature 

20 had not enacted the COLA suspension." Id. at 225 (emphasis added). Those emphasized 

21 terms demonstrate that this court's decision in Strunk did not establish the entitlement for 

22 Window Retirees that the Arken plaintiffs urge.

23 That conclusion is further buttressed by the explicit caveat set out in Strunk
20

1 noted above -- viz., that the court's determination that the COLA suspension mechanism 

2 the legislature used to recover overpayments to the Window Retirees in Section 10 

3 breached the PERS contract "implies nothing about PERB's -- or for that matter, the 

4 legislature's -- authority to recover amounts determined to have been paid from the fund 

5 in error." Id. at 224 n 58. The position urged by the Arken plaintiffs now is to give this 

6 court's decision in Strunk precisely the effect that this court stated it did not intend. In 

7 summary, our decision in Strunk did not have the effect the Arken plaintiffs now urge, 

8 and we do not agree that the Window Retirees have a statutory contract right based on 

9 Section 10 to the retirement benefits claimed by the Arken plaintiffs. Once that mistaken 

10 view is corrected, as we determine it must be, the proper analysis of Section 10 applies as 

11 follows.

12 2. Whether the 2003 PERS Reform Legislation means ORS 238.715 cannot 

13 be applied to Window Retirees

14 In interpreting the terms of a statute, the court will examine the text and 

15 context of the statute and consider the legislative history of the statute where that 

16 legislative history is useful in determining the meaning of the terms used. State v. 

17 Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009). However, it is also important to note 

18 that the goal is to discern what the legislature that enacted the statute in question had in 

19 mind at the time the legislature enacted the statue at issue. See, e.g., Holcomb v. 

20 Sunderland, 321 Or 99, 105, 894 P2d 457 (1995) ("The proper inquiry focuses on what 

21 the legislature intended at the time of enactment and discounts later events."). 

22 Furthermore, as we noted in Strunk, it is particularly important to ascertain the intent of 
21

1 the correct legislature when analyzing statutes to determine whether they constitute a 

2 statutory contract, because the fundamental purpose behind such contracts is to bind 

3 future legislative action. Strunk, 338 Or at 189. 

4 Here, the terms of Section 10 manifest the 2003 legislature's intent to 

5 restrict the retirement benefits that the Window Retirees would otherwise receive based 

6 on PERB's erroneous 20 percent earnings credit allocation for calendar year 1999. That 

7 intent is clear in the legislature's express coupling of the "fixed service retirement 

8 allowance" established in Section 10(3) with the COLA suspension included in that same 

9 subsection. Thus, the express terms of Section 10(3) show that the legislature that 

10 enacted it intended it as a limitation on the retirement benefits that Window Retirees 

11 should receive. See Gaines, 346 Or at 171 (words used by legislature to give expression 

to its wishes are best evidence of legislative intent).15 12

13 Context and the legislative history of Section 10 support that determination 

14 as well. First, it is significant that Section 10(3) is embedded in a statute that is 

15 addressed, for the most part, to establishing the terms under which cost-of-living 

16 increases are to be provided for service retirement allowances for Window Retirees. 

17 Section 10(1) states:

18 "Notwithstanding ORS 238.360, cost of living increases for a service 

19 retirement allowance that is payable to or on account of members described 

 

15 The fact that this court subsequently struck down the COLA suspension 

mechanism in Strunk does not affect our analysis of the legislature's intent in enacting the 

statute because the relevant inquiry is addressed to the intent of the legislature at the time 

that it enacted the statute in question. See Holcomb, 321 Or at 105 (noting proper inquiry 

is to discern purpose legislature had in mind at time statute enacted).
22

1 in subsection (5) of this section may be made only as provided by this 

2 section."

3 And Section 10(5) limits application of the section to those Tier One members of PERS 

4 who have an effective date of retirement between April 1, 2000 and April 1, 2004 -- i.e, 

5 the Window Retirees. Reading Section 10 as a whole, the goal of those statutory 

6 provisions was to establish a means by which the cost-of-living adjustment would be 

7 used to reduce the overall payout of retirement benefits to Window Retirees from what 

8 they otherwise would receive by excluding those retirement benefits from the normal 

9 application of COLAs under ORS 238.360. Those contextual provisions demonstrate 

10 that the terms of Section 10(2) and Section 10(3) were intended to establish a means of 

11 limiting the retirement benefits of Window Retirees, either by reducing the earnings 

12 credit allocation for calendar year 1999 to 11.33 percent and allowing COLAs to continue 

13 to apply to the reduced benefit amounts under ORS 238.360 (Section 10(2)), or by 

14 suspending COLAs on retirement service allowances calculated on the 20 percent 

15 earnings credit allocation (Section 10(3)). Those contextual clues reinforce our 

16 determination that Section 10(3) was not intended to and does not establish an 

17 entitlement for Window Retirees to receive long-term retirement benefits based on a 20 

18 percent earnings credit for calendar year 1999, including annual COLAs. 

19 Instead, Section 10 was intended to reduce retirement benefits that Window 

20 Retirees receive in order to "recoup" some of the retirement benefits that otherwise would 

21 be paid to them based on the 20 percent earnings credit allocation that the 2003 

22 legislature had determined was excessive. As noted above, PERB's original 20 percent 
23

1 earnings credit allocation for calendar year 1999 was challenged by several public 

2 employers in the City of Eugene litigation. In that litigation, the trial court determined 

3 that PERB had abused its discretion by allocating excessive earnings to member accounts 

4 while not allocating any funds to the contingency reserve and not adequately funding the 

5 gain-loss reserve. In light of that trial court ruling, PERS recalculated the earnings credit 

6 for 1999 and concluded that, if the contingency reserve and gain-loss reserve had been 

7 properly funded, the proper 1999 earnings credit allocation would have been 11.33 

8 percent. The 2003 Legislative Assembly enacted Section 10 in that context as part of the 

9 2003 PERS reform legislation. And in the preamble to HB 2003 (which became Oregon 

10 Laws 2003, chapter 67), the Legislative Assembly expressly declared its view that "some 

11 retirees are receiving benefits that exceed the benefits provided by law," thus indicating 

12 that the goal of the legislation was to remedy the effects of prior actions by PERB. 

13 Indeed, in that preamble, the legislature explicitly referred to the City of Eugene

14 litigation, stating that the legislation was intended to address the trial court's finding that 

15 PERB had abused its discretion "in failing to set aside adequate statutorily mandated 

16 reserves out of investment income while crediting imprudently large amounts of 

17 investment income to member accounts[.]" 

18 In light of the text, context, and this legislative history, we conclude that the 

19 2003 Legislative Assembly did not intend Section 10(3) to establish an entitlement for 

20 Window Retirees to receive retirement benefits based upon the 20 percent earnings credit 

21 allocation originally made by PERB for calendar year 1999. That conclusion is 

22 particularly significant in the circumstances presented here, because the terms of the 
24

1 statutory PERS contract are a matter of legislative intent and only statutory terms that 

2 "unambiguously evince[] an underlying promissory, contractual legislative intent" 

3 become a part of the statutory PERS contract. Hughes v. State of Oregon, 314 Or 1, 26, 

4 838 P2d 1018 (1992). The terms of Section 10 do not evince any such promissory intent 

5 on the legislature's behalf.

6 Although the foregoing addresses the Arken plaintiffs primary arguments 

7 under their first claim for relief, they also posit that, in enacting the PERS reform 

8 legislation, the Legislative Assembly intended for that legislation to constitute the only 

9 available methods for PERB to recover any overpayments to the Window Retirees. We 

10 now turn to that argument.

11 The Arken plaintiffs note that the PERS reform legislation was built around 

12 general principles that had been enunciated by Governor Kulongoski in "The Governor's 

13 Standards for Public Pension Reform," which was provided to the House Committee on 

14 PERS on April 17, 2003. The Arken plaintiffs assert that those general principles govern 

15 how the PERS reform legislation should be interpreted and support their contention that 

16 the reform legislation did not leave open any option for PERB to recover any 

17 overpayments to the Window Retirees under ORS 238.715.

18 The Governor's Standards for Public Pension Reform articulated two 

19 principles of primary import on which the Arken plaintiffs rely. The Governor urged that 

20 PERS reform should protect retirees by not reducing the benefits of people who had 

21 already retired and retaining what had already accrued in member accounts. Although 

22 those goals may have been important parts of the discussion by interested parties 
25

1 involved in the push for the 2003 PERS reform legislation, such generalized concepts do 

2 not override the actual terms of the statutes enacted, the specific circumstances 

3 surrounding enactment of the statute, or the more significant statements of the Legislative 

4 Assembly itself indicating the legislature's intent in enacting the statutory provisions at 

5 issue.

6 As the Arken defendants note, the express terms of the PERS reform 

7 legislation did not address the continuing vitality of ORS 238.715. The legislature 

8 certainly was aware of PERB's long-standing authority under ORS 238.715 to recover 

9 overpayments made to PERS members. The legislature did not, however, include in the 

10 2003 PERS reform legislation any provisions that directly address or directly negate 

11 PERB's authority under that statute. This court has noted that repeal of a statutory 

12 provision by mere implication is disfavored, see, e.g., State v. Langdon, 330 Or 72, 81, 

13 999 P2d 1127 (2000) (repeal of statute by implication not favored and must be 

14 established by plain, unavoidable, and irreconcilable repugnancy), and we discern no 

15 reason in this circumstance to depart from that general rule.

16 Furthermore, while it can be problematic to rely on a legislative omission, 

17 the enactment history of HB 2003 indicates that the legislature affirmatively chose to 

18 leave the authority provided by ORS 238.715 resident in PERB. As introduced in the 

19 2003 legislative session, HB 2003 expressly provided that the COLA freeze approach 

20 was "in lieu of, and not in addition to, any action of the board taken pursuant to ORS 

21 238.715." Those provisions were removed from the legislation during its consideration 

22 by the Legislative Assembly, however, and were not included in the enrolled version of 
26

1 HB 2003 that was enacted by the legislature. We agree with the Arken defendants that 

2 this enactment history adds additional support to the conclusion that the 2003 PERS 

3 reform legislation did not directly or indirectly eliminate the availability of the ORS 

4 238.715 overpayment recovery authority.

5 Finally, this result is consistent with the overall goals of the 2003 PERS 

6 reform legislation. As noted above, the legislature articulated in the preamble to HB 

7 2003 that the legislation was intended to remedy the effects of PERB's prior actions, 

8 including the erroneous crediting of large amounts of investment income to member 

9 accounts that had been identified in the City of Eugene litigation. In light of the 

10 foregoing, we conclude that the Legislative Assembly did not intend to eliminate sub 

11 silentio the authority of PERB to apply the overpayment recovery provisions of ORS 

12 238.715 to the Window Retirees. 

13 In sum, we conclude that the Arken plaintiffs' arguments that the 2003 

14 PERS reform legislation constituted a statutory promise that the Window Retirees are 

15 entitled to receive retirement benefits based on the 20 percent earnings credit allocation 

16 for 1999, including COLAs, are not well taken. And we further conclude that the 2003 

17 PERS reform legislation did not eliminate PERB's authority under ORS 238.715 to seek 

18 to recover overpayments to PERS members, including the Window Retirees. We 

19 therefore affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment against the Arken plaintiffs 

20 on their breach of contract claim.

21 B. Promissory Estoppel

22 We next consider the Arken plaintiffs' argument that PERB should be
27

1 precluded from applying ORS 238.715 to the Window Retirees based on the doctrine of 

2 promissory estoppel. The framework for plaintiffs' promissory estoppel argument is 

3 essentially that: (1) representations were made in notices to Window Retirees that future 

4 benefits would be based on the 20 percent earnings rate for 1999; (2) PERB reasonably 

5 expected Window Retirees to rely on these representations in making retirement 

6 decisions; and (3) Window Retirees did reasonably rely on these representations in 

7 making retirement decisions.

8 Although the Arken plaintiffs' claims follow the general contours of Oregon 

promissory estoppel law,16 9 promissory estoppel against a governmental entity, however, 

10 can be applied only in limited circumstances. For example, in Wiggins v. Barrett & 

11 Associates, Inc., 295 Or 679, 669 P2d 1132 (1983), this court set out the specific 

12 circumstances that supported application of promissory estoppel in that case. The court 

13 stated:

14 "(2) Can a municipality be bound by the promise of its agent acting 

 

16 In Coos County v. State of Oregon, 303 Or 173, 734 P2d 1348 (1987), this 

court described the essential elements of promissory estoppel in the following terms:

"The elements of equitable estoppel in Oregon were set out by this 

court in Oregon v. Portland Gen. Elec. Co., 52 Or 502, 528, 95 P 722 

(1908):

"'To constitute estoppel by conduct there must (1) be a false 

representation; (2) it must be made with knowledge of the facts; (3) the 

other party must have been ignorant of the truth; (4) it must have been 

made with the intention that it should be acted upon by the other party; (5) 

the other party must have been induced to act upon it: Bigelow, Estoppel 

(5 ed), 569, 570.'"

303 Or at 180-81. 
28

1 beyond the scope of his actual authority? We hold that the municipality 

2 may be bound if (a) the municipality clothes the agent with apparent 

3 authority, (b) the promise is one which the municipality could lawfully 

4 make and perform, (c) there is no statute, charter, ordinance, administrative 

5 rule, or public record that puts the agent's act beyond his authority, (d) the 

6 person asserting the authority has no reason to know of the want of actual 

7 authority, and (e) the municipality has accepted and retained the benefit 

8 received by the municipality in return for the promise."

9 Id. at 683. Although not every one of the circumstances noted in Wiggins will 

10 necessarily be required in every case to conclude that promissory estoppel may 

11 appropriately be applied to a governmental entity, a comparison of the circumstances 

12 present here to the factors identified in Wiggins reveals numerous reasons why 

13 promissory estoppel is inapplicable here.

14 First, as we have stated earlier, whether a promise is a part of the PERS 

15 statutory contract depends on the precise terms of the statutory provisions enacted by the 

16 Legislative Assembly. The fact that the representations on which plaintiffs rely were 

17 made by PERB, and not the Legislative Assembly, is telling. Indeed, as this court 

18 previously noted in Strunk, the legislature has not clothed PERB with apparent authority 

19 to determine the parameters of the PERS statutory contract -- rather, PERS is a statutory 

20 contract and there is "no Oregon statute indicating that the legislature intended to permit 

21 PERB or any other entity as a general matter to set or alter any terms of the PERS 

22 statutory contract." 338 Or at 175 (footnote omitted). 

23 Moreover, given our determination in Strunk that, in enacting Section 10, 

24 the Legislative Assembly "effectively codif[ied] the 11.33 percent figure as the correct 

25 1999 crediting decision[,]" 338 Or at 216 (footnote omitted), the purported promise by 
29

1 PERB to calculate their retirement benefits on a 20 percent crediting allowance for 1999 

2 is a promise that PERB could not lawfully make. In other words, we have already 

3 determined that there are statutory provisions that put such a promise beyond PERB's 

4 authority to make.

5 Finally, the Window Retirees had reason to know that PERB lacked the 

6 authority to make the alleged representations on which they rely. PERB's 1999 earnings 

7 crediting decision was timely challenged by the public employers involved in the City of 

8 Eugene litigation discussed earlier. As we stated in Strunk, "[a]s a result of the court 

9 challenges to PERB's 1999 crediting decision, that decision was potentially subject to 

10 reversal at the time that the legislature enacted Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 67, sections 9 

11 and 10, as amended by Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 625, section 13." Strunk, 338 Or at 

12 216-17. And, as the trial court noted, although the individual Window Retirees may not 

13 each have had personal knowledge about the vagaries of administrative and appellate 

14 court case law and procedure, they are charged with notice that the 1999 earnings 

15 crediting decision was subject to judicial review under ORS 183.484 and subject to 

16 potential reversal or change. As defendant PERB asserts, "Given that the 1999 earnings 

17 crediting decision was not yet final and was the subject of highly-publicized litigation, 

18 plaintiffs could not have reasonably relied on it." Similarly, this court has previously 

19 stated that the existence of a law in the public domain makes reliance on a contrary 

20 representation patently unreasonable, precluding estoppel. See Committee in Opposition 

21 v. Oregon Emergency Correc., 309 Or 678, 686, 792 P2d 1203 (1990) (so stating).

22 We thus conclude that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment 
30

1 against the Arken plaintiffs' second count of their contract claim for relief based on 

2 promissory estoppel.

3 C. Wage Claim

4 In their second claim for relief, the Arken plaintiffs assert that retirement 

5 benefits come within the scope of "wages" under ORS 652.610 and that the Arken

6 defendants violated the wage claim statutes by not timely paying Window Retirees the 

7 COLA increases on their retirement benefits that they contend were due based on this 

8 court's decision in Strunk. The Arken plaintiffs cite Kantor v. Boise Cascade Corp., 75 

9 Or App 698, 708 P2d 356 (1985), rev den, 300 Or 506 (1986) -- which in turn cites this 

10 court's decision in State ex rel Nilsen v. Ore. Motor Ass'n, 248 Or 133, 432 P2d 512 

11 (1967) -- and Allen v. County of Jackson County, 340 Or 146, 129 P3d 694 (2006), for 

12 the proposition that the term "wages" has been broadly construed to include pension 

13 benefits. The Arken plaintiffs further contend that PERB acts as the agent for the 

14 Window Retirees' actual employers for purposes of pension benefits, and that the public 

15 employers are ultimately liable for the cost of providing the benefits and wages that they 

16 allege they are due, citing Stovall v. State of Oregon, 324 Or 92, 922 P2d 646 (1996).

17 The Arken defendants generally take issue with whether PERS pension 

18 payments come within the scope of the wage claim statutes, asserting that the issues 

19 involved here do not revolve around employer actions in withholding contributions to a 

20 pension plan or in refusing to pay a private pension amount, which were the 

21 circumstances involved in Kantor, SER Nilsen, and Allen. The public-employer Arken

22 defendants further contend that, once employees retire, their former employers have no 
31

1 control over the issuance of retirement benefits checks, and when, as here, an employer 

2 has done nothing to cause an incorrect payment, the wage claim statutes should not be 

3 interpreted to apply to the employer. Defendant PERB, for its part, further contends that 

4 it is not an employer to whom the wage claim statutes apply.

5 It is unnecessary to address many of the issues raised by the parties under 

6 this claim because the major premise underlying the Arken plaintiffs' wage claim is 

7 incorrect. The Arken plaintiffs base their wage claim on their assertion that PERB did not 

8 timely pay them COLA increases on their retirement benefits, as they contend this court's 

9 decision in Strunk required. 

10 From our review of the record -- and none of the parties to this litigation 

11 contends otherwise -- it appears that when individual Window Retirees have actually 

12 retired they would have begun receiving retirement benefits under the 2003 PERS reform 

13 legislation based either on their "revised service retirement allowance" or their "fixed 

14 service retirement allowance," whichever was the larger amount. See Section 10(4). If 

15 they received retirement benefits based on a "revised service retirement allowance," they 

16 would have begun receiving benefits based upon an earnings credit allocation of 11.33 

17 percent for calendar year 1999, and they would also have received COLA increases on 

18 those benefits under Section 10(2). Consequently, no Window Retirees receiving 

19 retirement benefits based on a "revised service retirement allowance" would have been 

20 deprived of any COLA payments to which they were entitled, and they would have no 

21 basis to assert any wage claim based on an assertion that they had not received COLA 

22 payments. Indeed, we do not understand the Arken plaintiffs to assert that any Window 
32

1 Retiree who has received retirement benefits under the "revised service retirement 

2 allowance" provisions of Section 10 (if, in fact, there were any Window Retirees who 

3 have done so) has any basis for a wage claim.

4 Furthermore, Window Retirees who retired and began receiving retirement 

5 benefits under a "fixed service retirement allowance" under Section 10(3) would have 

6 begun receiving benefits based on the erroneous earnings credit allocation of 20 percent 

7 for calendar year 1999. They would have received retirement benefits based on that 20 

8 percent earnings credit allocation for calendar year 1999 from the date of their retirement 

9 until the time that PERB both issued the Order Adopting Repayment Methods on January 

10 27, 2006 (the order that is challenged in this case) and applied the repayment methods set 

11 out in that order to each of those Window Retirees through an individual determination. 

12 As we have discussed at length, we have determined that the Window Retirees were not 

13 entitled to receive long-term retirement benefits based on a 20 percent earnings credit 

14 allocation for 1999, including COLAs. This court's decision in Strunk determined only 

15 that the legislature's choice to eliminate COLAs on the "fixed service retirement 

16 allowance" was not a method available for the legislature to recoup overpayments. 

17 Consequently, the Window Retirees who have received retirement benefits based on a 

18 "fixed service retirement allowance" calculation have received retirement benefits for 

19 some period of time based on the erroneous 20 percent earnings credit allocation for 

20 calendar year 1999 -- and such payments contain an amount which constitutes an 

21 overpayment of the retirement benefits to which they are actually entitled.
33

That is what PERB determined in the order that is challenged in this case17 1

2 and the record shows that PERB has applied that order in a manner that is consistent with 

3 that determination. The individualized determination letters that PERB has issued to 

4 Window Retirees, at least as shown by those contained in the record of this proceeding, 

5 show how PERB has calculated overpayments to Window Retirees:

6 "After making the Strunk and Eugene recalculations, we determined 

7 that you have been overpaid benefits. We calculated the amount of 

8 overpayments as follows:

9 "1. We totaled the benefits that have been and will be paid to you 

10 from your retirement date * * * to the recalculation date * * *.

11 "2. We then totaled the monthly benefits you should have received 

12 after the Strunk and Eugene recalculations, including Cost of Living 

13 Adjustments (COLAs), from your retirement date * * * to the recalculation 

14 date * * *.

15 "3. The difference between what you were paid (number 1, above) 

 

17 PERB's January 27, 2006, order states:

"As a result of Oregon Supreme Court decisions in Strunk v. PERB, 338 Or 

145, 108 P3d 1058 (2005) and City of Eugene v. PERB, 339 Or 113, 117 

P3d 1001 (2005), and the settlement agreement between the parties in the 

latter case, the Board previously determined that the earnings on Tier One 

member regular accounts for 1999 should be reallocated at an earnings rate 

of 11.33 percent, instead of the 20 percent rate that originally was used. 

That reallocation, together with the effect of eliminating the so-called 

'COLA freeze' as required by Strunk, results in a recalculation of benefit 

payments made to persons who had Tier One member regular accounts that 

received earnings crediting for 1999. This recalculation will affect Tier 

One members who retired on or after April 1, 2000, and before April 1, 

2004, other persons who received or are receiving benefits based on those 

1999 Tier One account balances, and former members or beneficiaries who 

withdrew their accounts prior to the earnings reallocation (referred to 

collectively as 'recipients' hereafter). These recipients have received 

benefits in excess of the amounts they were entitled to under ORS chapter 

238." 
34

1 and what you should have been paid (number 2, above) is the overpayment 

2 amount."

3 Thus, PERB has recalculated retirement benefits for Window Retirees by revising the 

4 1999 earnings credit allocation from 20 percent to 11.33 percent as required by the 2003 

5 PERS reform legislation. PERB has also given those Window Retirees credit for COLA 

6 payments on the recalculated retirement benefits from the date that the Window Retirees 

7 retired through the recalculation date. PERB thus has paid the Window Retirees all the 

8 retirement benefits to which they are entitled under the PERS reform legislation and 

9 under this court's decisions in Strunk and City of Eugene. Consequently, we conclude 

10 there is no basis for any claim that Window Retirees were not timely paid all amounts 

11 they were due.

12 Although the Arken plaintiffs did aver in the trial court proceedings in this 

13 case that "PERS staff predicted that in some instances, the amount PERS owed certain 

14 retirees [for the not yet paid COLAs] would exceed the amounts owed by such retirees 

15 [for the overpayments]," they have made no showing in this record that PERB's 

16 prediction came to pass. The Arken plaintiffs cited PERB's Cross-Motion for Summary 

17 Judgment as the source for their contention, but in that motion PERB contended only as 

18 follows:

19 "First, PERS calculates the retroactive amount that it owes each 

20 affected member for the COLA freeze and other possible under-crediting 

21 identified in Strunk. Second, PERS calculates what amount, if any, the 

22 recipient owes PERS, based on recalculations using the correct 11.33 

23 percent 1999 earnings crediting. Some affected members may not receive 

24 any payment for the first element (the COLA freeze reversal) because the 

25 amount they owe PERS will exceed the COLA freeze repayment. For 

26 those members, their payments to PERS will be reduced by the COLA 
35

1 freeze repayment. Others may have the amount PERS owes for the reversal 

2 of the COLA freeze reduced by offsetting the recoupment. In either case, 

3 each affected member will receive the benefit of the Strunk decision. 

4 Plaintiffs conceded these facts, but try to paint the offset as a refusal by 

5 PERB to 'pay' the COLAs. Plaintiffs' MSJ, p 6. PERB has a right to offset 

6 the amount due to retirees by the amount they owe to PERS. See ORS 

7 238.715."

8 We do not view that as an admission by PERS that there necessarily were any PERS 

9 members who would be owed money by PERS after the recalculations were completed. 

10 And, based on the record developed in this case and shown to this court, we are unaware 

11 of any individuals for whom the COLA amounts they should receive based on the 11.33 

12 percent earnings credit allocation for 1999 are larger than the overpayments they have 

13 already received from the benefits that they have been given based on the 20 percent 

14 earnings credit allocation that was originally in place. The record shows only that the 

15 Window Retirees ended up owing overpayment amounts to PERS after they were 

16 credited with the COLA payments that had been frozen.

17 The essence of a wage claim is an assertion that one has not received 

18 payment from one's employer of "wages due and owing." ORS 652.120(1); Allen, 340 

19 Or at 155. We are persuaded that, at the end of the recalculations conducted by PERS, 

20 the Window Retirees were provided with the correct benefit amounts taking into 

21 consideration the effects of both the earnings credit allocation reduction and the 

22 reinstatement of COLAs on the correctly calculated benefit amounts. Here, we need not 

23 decide whether Oregon's wage claim statutes apply to a claim that a PERS retiree is 

24 receiving less in retirement benefits than the amount to which the retiree is entitled 

25 because we determine that the Window Retirees timely received their retirement benefits 
36

1 in the correct amount.

2 D. Declaratory and Injunctive Relief Under APA

3 The Arken plaintiffs also seek declaratory and injunctive relief under the 

4 APA. They contend that PERB's action under ORS 238.715 to recover alleged 

5 overpayments was improper, because PERB did not make individualized determinations 

6 that a member did, in fact, receive amounts in excess of the amounts to which the 

7 member was entitled, that PERB did not provide the required notice to members before 

8 reducing their benefits, and that PERB continued withholding of COLAs after Strunk was 

9 decided.

10 The Arken plaintiffs' first claim for declaratory relief essentially contends 

11 that PERB could not continue to withhold COLA payments from Window Retirees on 

12 benefit payments for calendar years 2003, 2004, and 2005, after this court's decision in 

13 Strunk without first determining in an individual case whether the COLA payments owed 

14 to the individual member exceeded the reduction in that member's benefit caused by the 

15 reduction in the earnings credit allocation to 11.33 percent. The Arken plaintiffs assert 

16 that, for those members who were ultimately determined to be owed money by PERS 

17 because the COLA payments they should have received were greater than the benefit 

18 reductions caused by the 2003 PERS reform legislation, the continued withholding of the 

19 COLA payments was "contrary to ORS Chapter 238, outside the range of discretion 

20 delegated to PERB, and contrary to the fiduciary obligations under ORS 238.660 to pay 

21 all benefits owing when owed." The Arken plaintiffs do not develop those arguments, 

22 however, and we do not find them persuasive.
37

1 We conclude that PERB acted reasonably and within its statutory authority 

2 in determining that the best course of action was to simultaneously calculate the 

3 reduction in benefits caused by the reduction in the 1999 earnings credit allocation and 

4 the effect of reinstituting the COLA payments, and then to determine whether individual 

5 members owed money to PERS due to an overpayment or were owed money by PERS 

6 because the COLA payment amounts were greater than the earnings credit reduction.

7 Defendant PERB notes that this court issued its decision in Strunk on 

8 March 8, 2005, and PERB contends that it acted with diligence to reverse the COLA 

9 freeze promptly following Strunk. PERB relates that, at its subsequent Board meetings in 

10 March, April, September, and October of 2005, the Board developed rule modifications 

11 and staffing needs and undertook a comprehensive review of the various implementation 

12 methods that could be used to implement this court's decision in Strunk and the other 

13 changes called for under the 2003 PERS reform legislation and the settlement of the City 

14 of Eugene litigation. PERB is charged with serving as a fiduciary for the fund under 

15 ORS 238.601, and the methodology PERB chose avoided the need to go through two (or 

16 more) costly and time-consuming recalculation efforts while still ensuring that the 

17 individual members received all the benefits to which they are entitled. Under those 

18 circumstances, PERB did not abuse its discretion in developing the methodology it used 

19 to implement the various changes it was required to make, including "delaying" 

20 implementation of this court's Strunk decision so that it occurred simultaneously with the 

21 other necessary changes. 

22 The Arken plaintiffs' second claim for declaratory relief is premised on their 
38

1 assertion that, under ORS 238.715(4), PERB was required to give members notice of the 

2 overpayment "[b]efore reducing a benefit to recover an overpayment or erroneous 

3 payment." The Arken plaintiffs present that argument as if the continued withholding of 

4 COLA payments by PERB is the functional equivalent of seeking to recover an 

5 overpayment. That argument is inapposite on the facts here. In continuing to withhold 

6 COLA payments until the comprehensive recalculation of benefits could be completed, 

7 PERB did not affirmatively reduce member benefits. Rather, PERB maintained the status 

8 quo. And, in those instances in which PERB determined that overpayments would be 

9 recovered from Window Retiree accounts, PERB provided the affected members with the 

10 requisite notice and an opportunity for a contested case proceeding to challenge the 

11 amounts that PERB had determined were owed. In fact, PERB issued a letter that 

12 accompanied the Order Adopting Repayment Methods (the order challenged in this case). 

13 In that letter, PERB notified the Window Retirees, including the plaintiffs in this case 

14 that: 

15 "PERS will send a letter to each affected recipient that details the benefits 

16 received to date, the amount of the overpayment (or underpayment), and the 

17 methods to repay PERS the amount of the overpayment. PERS will send 

18 individual letters at the time PERS recalculates the recipient's benefits. We 

19 anticipate this process will begin in April 2006 and take up to three years to 

20 complete." 

21 Plaintiffs' argument that PERB did not provide the required notice is misplaced.

22 Finally, the Arken plaintiffs' claim for injunctive relief is similarly without 

23 merit. As presented, the claim for injunctive relief is an alternative ground for relief 

24 based on the arguments presented under the other claims for relief. We have already 
39

determined those claims to be unavailing.18 1

2 III. ROBINSON

3 The Robinson petitioners (the Window Retirees) also challenge the PERB 

4 order issued on January 27, 2006, but from a different starting point. As noted above, the 

5 challenged PERB order required Window Retirees to repay overpayments they received 

6 based on the original 20 percent earnings allocation credited for 1999. The PERB order 

7 relied on PERB's authority pursuant to ORS 238.715 to recover overpayments directly 

8 from the Window Retirees. The Robinson petitioners sought both a declaration that the 

9 PERB order is unenforceable and an injunction prohibiting PERB from collecting any of 

10 the alleged overpayments except as permitted by Section 14b of the 2003 PERS Reform 

11 legislation (Oregon Laws 2003, chapter 67, section 14b, as amended by Oregon Laws 

2003, chapter 625, section 31).19 12

13 In asserting their claims, the Robinson petitioners necessarily acknowledge, 

14 or at least assume for the purposes of their argument, that the amounts at issue (the 

15 amounts the Window Retirees have received based on the erroneous 20 percent earnings 

16 allocation, above and beyond what they would have received based on the revised 11.33 

17 percent earnings allocation), constitute benefits erroneously paid to retired members as a 

 

18 The Arken plaintiffs also raise a second assignment of error asserting that 

the trial court erred in denying their motion for partial summary judgment on count one 

of their first claim for relief and on their second claim for relief. In support of that 

assignment of error, they rely on arguments that we have already addressed. We need not 

discuss those arguments further here; it is sufficient to state that we determine that the 

trial court did not err in denying plaintiffs' motion for partial summary judgment.

19 The full text of Section 14b is set out at ___ Or at ___ (slip op at 11-12).
40

1 result of erroneous benefit calculation methods identified in the City of Eugene litigation. 

2 That is so because Section 14b applies only to recovery of the "cost of benefits 

3 erroneously paid."

4 Section 14b sets out two mechanisms for recovering those costs. First, 

5 under Section 14b(1)(a), PERB "may withhold cost of living increases under ORS 

6 238.360 from a retired member whose benefit is greater than the correctly calculated 

7 benefit of the member until such time as the member's benefit is equal to the correctly 

8 calculated benefit." Second, under Section 14b(1)(b), PERB "may treat all or part of the 

9 present value of the benefits erroneously paid * * * as an administrative expense of 

10 [PERS], to be paid exclusively from future income of the [PERF], and to be amortized 

11 over an actuarially reasonable period not to exceed 15 years."

12 The trial court agreed with the Robinson petitioners that Section 14b 

13 applies to the benefits that the Window Retirees have already received based on the 20 

14 percent earnings allocation determination. The trial court concluded that PERB had erred 

15 in relying on ORS 238.715 to recover overpayments, reasoning that Section 14b was 

16 intended to and did set out the universe of available remedies for recovery of excess 

17 benefits paid to Window Retirees based on the 20 percent earnings allocation 

18 determination. In addition, the trial court determined that this court's decision in Strunk, 

19 which voided the prohibition on COLAs under Section 10 of the 2003 PERS reform 

20 legislation, necessarily signaled that the mechanism of withholding COLAs set out in 

21 Section 14b(1)(a) is similarly void. The trial court, therefore, determined that the only 

22 available mechanism for PERB to recover the costs of benefits erroneously paid to the 
41

1 Window Retirees was to treat those costs as PERS administrative expenses to be paid 

2 from future income of the PERF as provided in Section 14b(1)(b).

3 The net effect of treating the benefits erroneously paid to the Window 

4 Retirees as administrative expenses is that the costs of those benefits will be borne by all 

5 Tier One and Tier Two members of PERS with existing accounts as the administrative 

6 expenses are paid from future income of the PERF. That result was described in an 

7 exhibit that was presented to the PERB at its September 23, 2005, meeting, and made a 

8 part of the trial court record in this case:

9 "Normally, retirement allowances may not be treated as 

10 administrative expenses. Section 14b(1)(b) of HB 2003 * * * attempts to 

11 modify this rule. Assuming that HB 2003 validly amended the PERS 

12 statute to allow treatment of the benefit overpayments as administrative 

13 expenses, as qualified by Section 14b(2) * * * the excess benefits 

14 payments would be chargeable solely to earnings that would otherwise be 

15 credited to the remaining member regular accounts. Thus, Tier One and 

16 Tier Two members with existing regular accounts would subsidize the 

17 retirement allowances received and to be received by the so-called "window 

18 retirees" (those retiring between April 1, 2000 and March 31, 2004). This 

19 would likely result in the benefits payable in the future to those Tier One 

20 and Tier Two members to be lower than they otherwise would be.

21 "* * * * *

22 "Fiscal Analysis: Charging these overpayments to administrative 

23 expenses necessarily puts the burden of repayment on current members. 

24 Not only would their accounts be adjusted for the 1999 earnings over25 crediting, but their future earnings would be reduced to pay for the amounts 

26 overpaid to retired members because administrative expenses are charged 

27 first against available earnings in a calendar year and, if there are none, paid 

28 for by employers. Future earnings do not generally affect currently payable 

29 retirement, withdrawal, or death benefits, so the 'window retirees' would 

30 receive the full benefit of the 1999 earnings over-crediting and not 

31 contribute to its recovery."

32 (Footnote omitted.)
42

1 On appeal, the Robinson respondents (local government respondents and 

2 respondent PERB) contend that the trial court made numerous errors in concluding that 

3 Section 14b required the benefits erroneously paid to the Window Retirees to be charged 

4 as PERS administrative expenses. We turn first to the arguments raised by the Robinson

5 local government respondents and PERB contending that Section 14b does not apply to 

6 the overpayments made to the Window Retirees. 

7 A. Section 14b's Application to the Overpayments to Window Retirees Based on the 

8 20 Percent Earnings Allocation in 1999

9 The Robinson local government respondents and PERB contend that 

10 Section 14b does not apply because the overpayments are not the result of an "erroneous 

11 benefit calculation" identified in the City of Eugene litigation. Judge Lipscomb, the trial 

12 court judge in City of Eugene, certainly identified PERB's 20 percent earnings credit 

13 allocation as a significant issue involved in that litigation, and, in fact, all parties agree 

14 that one of the major determinations made by Judge Lipscomb in City of Eugene was that 

15 PERB erred in making the 20 percent allocation determination. Judge Lipscomb found 

16 that PERB abused its discretion and erred as a matter of law in not adequately funding the 

17 contingency reserve and the gain-loss reserve in 1999, and Judge Lipscomb instructed 

18 PERB to issue a new, corrected earnings allocation determination for calendar year 1999.

19 The more narrow issue presented by the Robinson respondents, however, is 

20 whether that earnings credit allocation determination comes within the parameters of the 

21 terms "one or more of the erroneous benefit calculation methods" identified in the City of 

22 Eugene litigation within the meaning of Section 14b. The Robinson respondents argue 
43

1 that there is a distinct difference between the 20 percent earnings credit allocation error

2 and errors such as using outdated actuarial factors and requiring employers to match 

3 earnings from the Variable Annuity Program in the money match calculation, which they 

4 agree are "erroneous benefit calculations" for purposes of Section 14b.

5 1. Plain meaning -- text and context of Section 14b

6 The Robinson respondents argue that the plain meaning of the terms of 

7 Section 14b distinguish between benefit calculation errors and overpayments resulting 

8 from the erroneous 1999 earnings credit determination. They rely in part on provisions in 

9 the preamble of HB 2003, which describe the City of Eugene litigation as having 

10 involved three different determinations by the trial court. The Robinson respondents note 

11 that the preamble describes the City of Eugene litigation as having found that PERB 

12 "paid benefits in excess of those authorized by law by: (a) Unlawfully 

13 using outdated mortality tables to calculate retirees' monthly benefits; (b) 

14 Unlawfully requiring employers to match earnings in the employees' 

15 variable accounts when those employees' pensions are calculated under the 

16 'money match formula'; and (c) Unlawfully abusing its discretion in failing 

17 to set aside adequate statutorily mandated reserves out of investment 

18 income while crediting imprudently large amounts of investment income to 

19 member accounts[.]" 

20 (Emphasis added.) The Robinson respondents contend that, because the first two 

21 categories use the term "calculate," those are the only categories contained within the 

terms "erroneous benefit calculation methods" as used in Section 14b.20 22 The Robinson

 

20 We note that the Robinson respondents emphasize the phrase "erroneous 

benefit calculations" rather than the phrase "erroneous benefit calculation methods," even 

though both phrases appear in Section 14b. We think, in fact, that the terms "erroneous 

benefit calculation methods" more accurately set out the subject matter of Section 14b 

because those are the terms used to describe the errors identified in the City of Eugene 
44

1 respondents also point to a similar difference in the terms used by Judge Lipscomb in the 

2 City of Eugene case to describe the errors that he found. Respondent PERB notes that the 

3 trial court's ORCP 67 B judgment refers to the PERB's error in requiring employers to 

4 match Variable Annuity Account earnings as an error that "caused benefits to be 

5 calculated" erroneously and refers to PERB's error in the use of outdated actuarial 

6 equivalency factors as causing PERB to have "calculated benefits" erroneously.

7 Although there is the linguistic distinction that the Robinson respondents 

8 note, their argument places an unwarranted emphasis on the term "calculate" as it is used 

9 in the preamble. First, the preamble itself describes three errors by PERB, not two, that 

10 led to payment of benefits to Window Retirees in excess of those authorized by law, 

11 including the error committed by PERB in failing to set aside adequate reserves while 

12 crediting imprudently large amounts of investment income to member accounts. Second, 

13 as the Robinson petitioners note, Section 14b provides that the section applies if PERB 

14 "is required to correct one or more of the erroneous benefit calculation methods identified 

15 in City of Eugene, et al." (Emphasis added.) The use of the terms "one or more" in 

16 referring to the errors identified in the City of Eugene litigation is telling when juxtaposed 

17 with the legislature's use of the terms "one or both" later in that same statutory section to 

18 identify the two cost recovery mechanisms provided in Section 14b(1)(a) and (b). 

19 Furthermore, neither the trial court judge involved in the City of Eugene case nor the 

20 legislature used the term "calculate" as precisely as the Robinson respondents assert. For 

 

litigation.
45

1 example, in its Opinion and Order issued October 7, 2002, the trial court stated in its 

2 conclusion: "Upon remand, the Board must issue new employer rate orders for 1998 and 

3 2000, and a new earnings allocation order for the 1999 investment year. These new 

4 orders will inevitably have a significant effect not only on the accounts of the petitioning 

5 employers, but also on each account in the system, including the accounts of individual 

6 members." We discern from that statement that the trial court understood the interrelated 

7 nature of the errors the court had found.

8 The earnings credit allocation is one of the basic building blocks for the 

9 calculation of PERS retirement benefits for those PERS members who have a regular 

10 member account in PERS. As this court stated in Strunk, "Every PERS member has a 

11 regular 'account' in PERS. The member's regular account consists of the member's 

12 contributions to the system and earnings that PERB has credited to those contributions." 

13 Id. at 158. This court also observed that, 

14 "[u]nder the Money Match [method of determining retirement benefits], a 

15 member's service retirement allowance is calculated by determining the 

16 sum of the actuarial equivalent of the member's account balances at 

17 retirement (the annuity component) and then adding a sum in an equal 

18 amount that is charged to the employer, i.e., the 'match' (the pension 

19 component)." 

20 Id. at 161. We agree with the Robinson petitioners that the earnings credit allocation 

21 determination is an integral part of the calculation of retirement benefits for all Tier One 

22 PERS members who retire under the Money Match method for determining a member's 

23 service retirement allowance, including the Window Retirees involved in this litigation.

24 As a conceptual matter, there is no real distinction between the types of 
46

1 errors the trial court found in the City of Eugene litigation. As the Robinson petitioners 

2 observe:

3 "All of the Eugene errors were of the same kind -- the use of an 

4 incorrect value in calculating retiree benefits: the wrong earnings credit (20 

5 % instead of 11.33%), the wrong actuarial factor (old instead of current) or 

6 the wrong employer contribution value (to match the variable account 

7 balance instead of regular account balance). Though appearing at different 

8 points in the overall calculation of benefits, they were all equally 

9 'calculation methods identified' in City of Eugene and covered by section 

10 14b."

11 The Robinson respondents concede that the outdated actuarial factor error and the error in 

12 requiring employers to match the variable account balance come within the scope of 

13 erroneous benefit calculation methods. We conclude, based on statutory text and context, 

14 that the earnings credit allocation error also qualifies as a benefit calculation 

15 methodological error.

16 2. Legislative history

17 The parties, citing this court's decision in Gaines, 346 Or 160, all also point 

18 to pieces of the extensive legislative history surrounding enactment of the PERS reform 

19 legislation that they contend support their respective views about the purported scope and 

20 meaning of Section 14b. Ultimately, however, the voluminous legislative history 

21 provides little clarity about the legislature's intent in enacting Section 14b. 

22 First, as the trial court noted below, the Governor, who advocated for the 

23 2003 PERS reform legislation, and the Legislative Assembly, which enacted the 

24 legislation, both were faced with difficult circumstances and an uncertain legal landscape. 

25 As the trial court stated, 
47

1 "The legislators and governor were faced with what seemed like insurmountable 

2 legal and financial problems and could not possibly have predicted how the 

3 Supreme Court would decide the Strunk and City of Eugene cases. They did their 

4 best to set up a legislative structure which would permit PERS to survive the 

5 differing potential outcomes and to be as fair as possible to the affected retirees, 

6 while not punishing the employers who at that point had prevailed in the early 

7 stages of City of Eugene."

8 Much of the legislative history presents generalities about the overall intent of the PERS 

9 reform legislative package, which are of little help in discerning the precise parameters of 

10 Section 14b.

11 Second, the proposed 2003 PERS reform legislation changed frequently 

12 during the legislative process, and much of the legislative history presented addresses 

13 versions of bills that the legislature ultimately did not enact. Those references to the 

14 legislative history, too, are not helpful in determining the scope and meaning of Section 

15 14b as it was ultimately enacted.

16 Third, and finally, the legislative history that is directly relevant to Section 

17 14b is confusing and conflicting, and in any event, not enlightening. For example, the 

18 Robinson respondents (PERB and local government employers) cite statements made by 

19 Senator Tony Corcoran, one of the carriers of HB 2003, who described the bill as having 

20 three major components, including correcting for the over-crediting of Tier One member 

21 accounts and correcting the errors identified in the City of Eugene litigation. They also 

22 cite statements by Deputy Legislative Counsel David Heynderickx, who noted that 

23 "Section 14b directs the board on how to recover the cost of erroneously paid benefits 

24 and tells them to do it in one or two ways or a combination * * * and that's of course in 

25 addition to the one that's already in the bill for the 1999 crediting." From these 
48

1 statements, the Robinson respondents contend that the Legislative Assembly clearly 

2 intended Section 10 (discussed earlier in addressing the claims raised by the Arken

3 plaintiffs) to be the only provision of the 2003 PERS reform legislation addressed to the 

4 1999 earnings allocation crediting determination and that Section 14b clearly did not 

5 address at all the effects of the 1999 earnings allocation crediting determination, but 

6 rather addressed only other errors that the trial court identified in the City of Eugene

7 litigation. Those statements are not conclusive and, in fact, are consistent with the 

8 determination that both Section 10 and Section 14b are addressed to the effects of the 

9 1999 earnings allocation crediting determination, albeit coming at those effects in 

10 different ways. 

11 For their part, the Robinson petitioners (the Window Retirees) refer us to 

12 comments presented to the Legislative Assembly by William F. Gary, counsel for 

13 Robinson local government respondents, who was also an active participant in the 

14 legislative hearings on the 2003 PERS reform legislation. Gary stated, 

15 "The court in the City of Eugene case identified a number of errors 

16 that the PERS Board made in administering the retirement system and told 

17 the board that it could not charge the cost of those errors to the employers. 

18 Section 14b provides two alternative methods for paying those costs." 

19 The Robinson petitioners assert that Gary did not limit his comments to the actuarial and 

20 variable account errors and that his comments must be read to include the 1999 earnings 

21 allocation crediting determination as well. Here, too, we do not find Gary's comments 

22 conclusive, and petitioners' reliance on them is not availing.

23 Inasmuch as we determine that the legislative history is inconclusive, we 
49

1 give it little weight and conclude that it does not alter our determination that the earnings 

2 credit allocation error comes within the scope of the erroneous benefit calculation 

3 methods identified in the City of Eugene litigation.

4 3. Redundancy between Section 10 and Section 14b

5 PERB presents an additional argument that it contends shows that Section 

6 14b of HB 2003 was not intended to reach any of the effects of the 1999 earnings 

7 allocation crediting determination. PERB asserts that "If Section 14b is interpreted as 

8 applying to the correction of the 1999 earnings overcrediting, it is redundant with Section 

9 10, which provides a clear remedy for this issue." PERB contends that interpreting 

10 Section 14b to apply to the earnings credit allocation error violates both the cardinal rule 

11 of statutory construction to give significance and effect to every part of a statute and the 

12 well-established principle to avoid interpretations of statutes that render portions of them 

13 redundant. See, e.g., Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Bean, 167 Or 535, 549, 119 P2d 575 (1941) 

14 (stating "'cardinal rule' of statutory construction that significance and effect shall, if 

15 possible, be accorded to every section, clause, word or part" of an act); State v. Young, 

16 196 Or App 708, 713, 103 P3d 1180 (2004), rev den, 338 Or 583 (2005) ("Well-worn 

17 principles of statutory construction counsel us to avoid, if possible, interpretations, that 

18 render portions of a statute redundant.").

19 The Robinson petitioners counter that those two statutory provisions are 

20 addressed to different concerns -- they note that Section 10 is addressed to determining 

21 the proper level of future benefits (i.e., by making changes in how future benefits will be 

22 calculated) and Section 14b is addressed by its terms to recovering the costs of benefits 
50

1 already paid erroneously. As the Robinson petitioners state: 

2 "Section 14b, by its terms, deals with two methods for 'recover[ing] 

3 the cost of benefits erroneously paid,' while Section 10 is forward looking, 

4 providing solely for the adjustment of ongoing retirement allowances by 

5 freezing future COLAs. Section 10 makes no provision for recovering the 

6 cost of past overpayments. Indeed it allows continuing, albeit reduced 

7 overpayments until the lack of COLAs allows the proper benefit amount to 

8 'catch up' with the actual payments."

9 We agree that the provisions of Section 10 and Section 14b are not 

10 redundant. Rather, they address different aspects of the effects of the 1999 earnings 

11 allocation crediting determination -- one looking forward and intended to establish the 

12 correct retirement service allowances for all Tier One members of PERS (Section 10) and 

13 one looking backward and intended to establish methods for recovering the costs of 

14 erroneously paid benefits already made to the Window Retirees (Section 14b). 

15 Furthermore, Section 14b provides two statutory mechanisms to recover the costs of 

16 erroneously paid benefits -- viz., the COLA freeze set out in Section 14b(1)(a) and the 

17 treatment of those costs as administrative expenses under Section 14b(1)(b). Although 

18 there may be overlap between some parts of Section 10 and Section 14b (most notably 

19 the similar COLA freeze provisions) we do not perceive the provisions as a whole to 

20 conflict or be redundant. Rather, they are complementary provisions addressed to 

21 different issues.

22 In sum, we conclude that Section 14b was intended by the legislature to 

23 provide for recovery of the costs of benefits erroneously paid to retired members as a 

24 result of erroneous benefit calculation methods identified in the City of Eugene litigation. 

25 We further conclude that the erroneous earnings credit allocation determination made by 
51

1 PERB in 1999 constitutes one of those erroneous benefit calculation methods. We 

2 therefore turn to analyzing the effects of Section 14b. 

3 B. Whether Section 14b Provides the Exclusive Statutory Remedy For the Erroneous 

4 1999 Earnings Credit Allocation

5 1. Statutory analysis

6 As an initial matter, we note that the Legislative Assembly used mandatory 

7 wording in Section 14b. Section 14b(1) states: 

8 "If the Public Employees Retirement Board is required to correct one 

9 or more of the erroneous benefit calculation methods identified in City of 

10 Eugene et al. v. State of Oregon, * * * the board shall recover the cost of 

11 benefits erroneously paid to retired members as a result of those erroneous 

12 benefit calculations by one or both of the following methods * * *."

13 (Emphasis added.) The legislature's choice of words is the best evidence of legislative 

14 intent. Gaines, 346 Or at 171. Consequently, as a preliminary matter, we conclude the 

15 terms of Section 14b set out a statutory requirement that PERB "shall" use one or both of 

16 the methods set out in that section to recover benefits erroneously paid to the Window 

17 Retirees -- and that those recovery methods are the only methods the legislature intended 

18 to authorize PERB to use.

19 Despite the legislature's clearly expressed policy, both PERB and the local 

20 government employers contend that the terms of Section 14b should not be interpreted to 

21 provide the exclusive methods for recovering benefits erroneously paid to the Window 

22 Retirees. We address their arguments serially.

23 PERB and the local governments both argue that, in context, the word 

24 "shall" in Section 14b should be interpreted as "may" and that Section 14b should, 
52

1 therefore, be seen to supplement rather than supplant PERB's authority to use ORS 

2 238.715 to recover benefit overpayments. They note that the legislature in its early 

3 deliberations on HB 2003 considered including an explicit statement that the Section 14b 

4 remedies were "in lieu of, and not in addition to, any action of the board taken pursuant to 

5 ORS 238.715." They assert that the Legislative Assembly's deletion of that provision 

6 from the enacted version of the bill shows that the legislature intended for PERB to retain 

7 authority under ORS 238.715 to recover any overpayments made to retired members. 

8 We are not persuaded. The legislature's omission of those terms is not sufficient to 

9 overcome the clear meaning of the mandatory terms that the legislature enacted. See 

10 ORS 174.010 ("In the construction of a statute, the office of the judge is simply to 

11 ascertain and declare what is, in terms or in substance, contained therein, not to insert 

12 what has been omitted, or to omit what has been inserted[.]").

13 The Robinson local government employers further contend that Section 14b 

14 by its terms is addressed only to recovering the costs of benefits erroneously paid to 

15 retirees. They then go on to contend that recovering the costs of such benefits does not 

16 equate to actually recouping the amount of benefits erroneously paid. The Robinson

17 local government employers observe that the two methods of cost recovery set out in 

18 Section 14b do not actually recover any overpayments that have already been made. 

19 Rather, as they correctly note, the COLA freeze in Section 14b(1)(a) gradually eliminates 

20 the overpayments prospectively, but does not recover overpayments already made. And 

21 treating such overpayments as an administrative expense as called for under Section 

22 14b(1)(b) provides a funding source for the cost of the overpayments (the funding source 
53

1 being PERF funds that would otherwise go to fund all other PERS retiree benefits); 

2 however, it does not recoup those overpayments or eliminate them.

3 Although those assertions about the actual effects of the cost recovery 

4 methods set out in Section 14b are accurate, we cannot ignore the fact that Section 14b 

5 states that "the board shall recover the cost of benefits erroneously paid" by one or both 

6 of the methods set out in subsections (1)(a) and (1)(b). We understand from the express 

7 terms used by the legislature that it intended Section 14b to set out how PERB would 

8 recover the costs of benefits erroneously paid to retired members based on errors 

9 identified in the City of Eugene litigation. The fact that the cost recovery methods that 

10 are established in Section 14b will not actually effectuate the intended cost recovery, as 

11 noted above, does not allow us to ignore the express statutory terms the legislature 

12 enacted. See ORS 174.010 (stating goal of statutory construction is "to ascertain and 

13 declare what is, in terms or in substance, contained therein, not to insert what has been 

14 omitted, or to omit what has been inserted"); State v. Vasquez-Rubio, 323 Or 275, 283, 

15 917 P2d 494 (1996) (court will not redraft statute to avoid even purportedly absurd 

16 result).

17 Finally, the local government employers also contend that the trigger for 

18 the application of Section 14b -- viz., that PERB be required to correct one or more of the 

19 erroneous benefit calculation methods identified in City of Eugene -- has never come to 

20 pass. In support of that proposition, the local government employers assert that the only 

21 way the trigger could be tripped was by a final court judgment imposing that 

22 requirement. The local government employers note that the City of Eugene litigation was 
54

1 resolved by settlement, rather than by final judgment, and that this court ultimately 

2 determined that the settlement mooted the litigation and vacated the trial court judgment 

3 that had been in place. They argue, therefore, that PERB has not been required to correct 

4 the errors. 

5 Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement that PERB entered into to 

6 resolve the City of Eugene litigation, PERB is bound to implement many of the terms of 

7 the judgment entered by the trial court. As noted, the Settlement Agreement itself states:

8 "PERB will implement the judgment entered in City of Eugene v. 

9 State of Oregon, Public Employees Retirement Board ("the judgment") as 

10 follows, except in the event of a supervening change in law (such as by a 

11 legislative enactment or further court order):

12 "* * * * *

13 "1.3 The new 1999 earnings allocation order * * * will provide that 

14 the appropriate earnings allocation to Tier [One] regular member accounts 

15 is 11.33%, that 7.5% of the 1999 earnings should have been allocated to the 

16 contingency reserve established by ORS 238.670(1), and that the gain-loss 

17 reserve created by ORS 238.670(3) should have been funded to the full 

18 extent of the former PERB's policy to maintain a gain-loss reserve 

19 sufficient to credit the assumed interest rate to Tier [One] regular member 

20 accounts during a period of 30 months of 0% earnings. * * * The order 

21 shall provide that if sections 5 or 10 of 2003 Or. Laws c. 67 are declared to

22 be invalid or unconstitutional by a final judgment entered by a court of 

23 competent jurisdiction or are repealed, or if a court of competent 

24 jurisdiction rules that PERB otherwise has failed to implement those 

25 provisions, then PERB will, within 30 days, adjust member accounts, the 

26 contingency reserve and the gain-loss reserve as described in this 

27 paragraph."

28 This court's decision in Strunk, which declared the COLA freeze provision 

29 of Section 10 to be invalid, provided the basis for paragraph 1.3 of the Settlement 

30 Agreement to be triggered. We conclude that PERB was required to correct one or more 
55

1 of the erroneous benefit calculation methods identified in City of Eugene and that the cost 

2 recovery provisions of Section 14b were triggered.

3 For the reasons that follow, however, we determine that neither of the cost 

4 recovery mechanisms that the legislature enacted in Section 14b(1) can be applied to the 

5 Window Retirees. We first address the treatment of these costs as administrative 

6 expenses as provided in Section 14b(1)(b).

7 2. Treating costs as administrative expenses under Section 14b(1)(b)

8 As noted, the trial court determined that the only available remedy was to 

treat these costs as an administrative expense.21 9 This mechanism, however, does not 

10 recover any of the overpayments made to the Window Retirees. Instead, the net result of 

11 that determination is to spread the burden of those costs to all current Tier One and Tier 

12 Two PERS members by reducing the moneys available in the PERF to fund reserve 

13 accounts and to fund member accounts. Although neither the trial court nor the parties 

14 address directly the legal ramifications of the diversion of funds from some PERS 

members to other PERS members, we conclude that it is necessary to do so.22 15

 

21 Up to this point in the analysis, we agree with how the trial court ruled in 

the underlying proceeding. In summary, at this juncture the trial court determined that 

the COLA freeze mechanism contained in Section 14b(1)(a) suffered from the same 

flaws that this court found with Section 10, which caused this court to determine the 

COLA freeze provisions of Section 10 to be invalid in Strunk. Consequently, the trial 

court determined that the only available cost recovery mechanism was to treat the costs as 

administrative expenses under Section 14b(1)(b).

22 The record shows that the PERB itself noted and considered the trust fund 

issues raised by treating the overpayments to Window Retirees as administrative 

expenses before issuing the order challenged in this case. PERB, however, did not 

resolve those trust fund issues. PERB instead determined that it should use the 
56

1 Fundamentally, the PERF is a trust fund to be used for the exclusive benefit 

2 of members and their beneficiaries. ORS 238.660(1) and (2) state, in part:

3 "(1) The Public Employees Retirement Fund is declared to be a trust 

4 fund, separate and distinct from the General Fund, for the uses and 

5 purposes set forth in this chapter and ORS chapter 238A and ORS 237.950 

6 to 237.980, and for no other use or purpose, except that this provision shall 

7 not be deemed to amend or impair the force or effect of any law of this state 

8 specifically authorizing the investment of moneys from the fund. Interest 

9 earned by the fund shall be credited to the fund. Except as otherwise 

10 specifically provided by law, the Public Employees Retirement Board 

11 established by ORS 238.630 is declared to be the trustee of the fund. * * * 

12 "(2) Until all liabilities to members and their beneficiaries are 

13 satisfied, assets of the fund may not be diverted or otherwise put to any use 

14 that is not for the exclusive benefit of members and their beneficiaries."

15 The express declaration of the PERF as a trust fund dates back at least to 

16 1953 (see Or Laws 1953, ch 200, §10) and it has been carried forward continuously to the 

17 present. ORS 238.660 declares PERF to be a trust fund, declares PERB to be a trustee of 

18 that fund with fiduciary obligations, and requires that fund assets may not be diverted 

19 from the exclusive benefit of members. How fund assets are to be used, how the amount 

20 of member benefits are to be determined, and how a member will benefit from the growth 

21 in value of the contributions that accumulate in that member's account are fundamental 

22 components of the PERS system. Consequently, we determine that the trust fund 

23 obligations imposed by ORS 238.660 are a part of the statutory PERS contract.

 

overpayment recovery mechanism set out in ORS 238.715 because that mechanism more

closely aligned recovering overpayment costs from those who had received the 

overpayments. Because we have determined that Section 14b mandates that PERB use 

either the administrative expense mechanism set out in Section 14b(1)(a) or the COLAfreeze mechanism set out in Section 14b(1)(b) to "recover" the overpayments, it is 

necessary for us to address and resolve the trust fund issues presented.
57

1 We note, that although a PERS member may not be entitled to any 

2 particular rate of growth in the member's account, beyond the assumed interest rate, the 

3 distribution of PERF earnings among the various accounts is a "zero-sum" matter: If 

4 overpayments beyond what should be charged are made to one account, then lesser 

5 amounts than should be allocated will be available for payments to other accounts. Here, 

6 if overpayments made to the Window Retirees are allocated as administrative expenses of 

7 the PERF, then a lesser amount of the PERF earnings will be available for distribution to 

8 the reserve accounts or to the accounts of all other PERS members with existing 

9 accounts. In other words, PERF earnings -- i.e., assets of the fund -- that have been 

10 generated based on contributions from Tier One and Tier Two members of PERS would 

11 be diverted from the benefit of those members and their beneficiaries to the exclusive 

12 benefit of the Window Retirees. Such a diversion would violate the trust obligation of 

13 the board to use fund assets for the benefit of those members whose contributions 

14 generated the fund assets.

15 We find support for this conclusion in long-standing, general trust 

16 principles. Generally, trusts are to be administered in accordance with the trust 

17 instrument, and trusts created by statute, like PERS, "are administered as express trusts, 

18 the terms of which are either set forth in the statute or are supplied by the default rules of 

19 general trust law." Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 4 comment g (2003). The 

20 Restatement (Third) makes clear that a trustee has a duty of impartiality and, "with 

21 respect to the various beneficiaries of the trust," must administer the trust "impartially 

22 and with due regard for the diverse beneficial interests created by the terms of the trust." 
58

1 Restatement (Third) § 79(1)(a).

2 The Restatement (Second) of Trusts (1959) more specifically states:

3 "If the trustee has made a payment out of trust property to one of 

4 several beneficiaries to which the beneficiary was not entitled, such 

5 beneficiary is personally liable for the amount of such overpayment, and his 

6 beneficial interest is subject to a charge for the repayment thereof, unless he 

7 has so changed his position that it is inequitable to compel him to make 

8 repayment."

9 Restatement (Second), § 254. In addition, a comment to that general statement further 

10 explains:

11 "e. Rights of trustee and of co-beneficiaries. If the trustee makes an 

12 overpayment out of the trust estate to one of several beneficiaries, the 

13 trustee is entitled to maintain a suit against the beneficiary who is overpaid 

14 and is entitled to a charge upon the beneficiary's interest for the amount of 

15 the overpayment, and he is under a duty to the other beneficiaries to 

16 maintain such a suit or to enforce such a charge, unless he has himself 

17 made good to the other beneficiaries or has paid into the trust the amount of 

18 the overpayment, for which he is himself personally liable."

19 Restatement (Second) § 254, comment e. ORS 238.660 incorporates those general trust 

20 principles into the operations of the PERS, by prohibiting the diversion of trust fund 

assets to favor one set of beneficiaries of the trust over another.23 21

22 We think it significant, too, that the diversion of assets from Tier One and 

 

23 ORS 238.660 serves to ensure that PERS will qualify as a tax-exempt 

governmental benefit plan. To qualify as a tax-exempt plan, the operation of PERS must 

comply with IRS nondiversion regulations, including 26 CFR § 1.401-2(a)(1), which 

provides, in part:

"Under section 401(a)(2) a trust is not qualified unless under the 

trust instrument it is impossible (in the taxable year and at any time 

thereafter before the satisfaction of all liabilities to employees or their 

beneficiaries covered by the trust) for any part of the trust corpus or income 

to be used for, or diverted to, purposes other than for the exclusive benefit 

of such employees or their beneficiaries."
59

1 Tier Two members to the Window Retirees, which was attempted by the 2003 PERS 

2 reform legislation, relates to overpayments to Window Retirees on their contributions and 

3 earnings of the PERF in 1999 and relates to benefits that will be available to all Tier One 

4 and Tier Two PERS members based upon work already performed by those members. 

5 As this court stated in Hughes, 

6 "[a]ccrued and accruing pension benefits are protected under Oregon Law. 

7 Oregon is in line with the theory of pensions which holds that pensions are 

8 a form of compensation and that employees acquire vested contractual 

9 rights in pension benefits." 

10 314 Or at 20 (citation omitted). In Hughes, this court held that a 1991 statutory 

11 amendment, which would have subjected PERS members’ retirement benefits to state and 

12 local taxation, breached the statutory PERS contract insofar as it applied to PERS 

13 retirement benefits accrued or accruing for work performed before the effective date of 

14 that 1991 legislation. Id. at 36.

15 We conclude that categorically treating the erroneous overpayments to all 

16 Window Retirees as an administrative expense violates well-established trust fund 

17 principles that are embedded in ORS 238.660 because that treatment favors the Window 

18 Retirees over other beneficiaries of PERS. Because those trust fund principles are part of 

19 the PERS statutory contract, that in turn violates the statutory contract rights of all Tier 

20 One and Tier Two members of PERS with existing member accounts. Therefore, we 

21 determine that the administrative expense mechanism for cost recovery set out in Section 

22 14b(1)(b) cannot be applied by PERB to all of the costs associated with the overpayments 
60

made to the Window Retirees.24 1

2 3. Section 14b(1)(a) COLA freeze

3 The COLA freeze mechanism in Section 14b(1)(a) is set out as an 

4 alternative means to recover the costs of the erroneous overpayments made to the 

5 Window Retirees. As a threshold matter, we note that the Robinson respondents (local 

6 government employers and PERB) contend that the arguments presented by the local 

7 government employers to support the COLA freeze set out in Section 14b were not 

8 preserved below. We conclude, however, that we need not decide that issue. We have 

9 determined, as set out above, that the legislature intended Section 14b to establish two 

10 exclusive methods of cost recovery for erroneous overpayments to the Window Retirees 

11 -- viz., the COLA freeze in Section 14b(1)(a) and the administrative expense treatment in 

12 Section 14b(1)(b). Consequently, in addressing whether PERB's decision to use the cost 

13 recovery mechanism provided in ORS 238.715 is lawful, we must first determine whether

14 the COLA freeze mechanism set out in Section 14b(1)(a) is a viable method of cost 

15 recovery. That is so because, if that COLA freeze mechanism is available, then by its 

16 terms, Section 14b requires PERB to use it as the method for cost recovery of 

17 overpayments to the Window Retirees. We turn, therefore, to the parties' arguments 

 

24 We note that this result comports with the express terms of ORS 

238.610(4), which provides: "Amounts payable as * * * retirement allowances shall not 

for any purpose be deemed expenses of the board * * * ." We further note that whether 

the terms of ORS 238.610(4) and the terms of the trust obligation imposed by ORS 

238.660 can be altered for contributions that will be made into the PERF based upon 

work to be performed in the future is an issue that is not before us, and we express no 

opinion on it.
61

1 regarding the legality of Section 14b's COLA freeze. 

2 As a starting point, this court addressed the COLA freeze of Section 10 in 

3 Strunk. In Strunk, this court invalidated that COLA freeze because it violated the 

4 statutory contract rights of PERS members. The Robinson local government respondents 

5 contend, however, that the terms of the COLA freeze in Section 14b are different enough 

6 from the terms of the COLA freeze set out in Section 10 that a different result should 

7 obtain. They note that Section 10 called for the establishment of a "fixed service 

8 retirement allowance" and then froze COLAs on that fixed service retirement allowance. 

9 They contend that Strunk determined that the fixed service retirement allowance was 

10 itself a legislatively "determined allowance" of what a retiree was entitled to receive. The 

11 same analysis does not apply here, they reason, because the Section 14b COLA freeze 

12 would apply only to retired members who are receiving benefits greater than their 

13 correctly calculated benefits.

14 The Robinson petitioners counter by arguing that the local government 

15 employers misunderstand or misstate the full reach of the COLA freeze provision in 

16 Section 14b. They contend that when the full implications of Section 14b's COLA freeze 

17 mechanism are considered, there is no material difference between the two COLA 

18 freezes. As support, the Robinson petitioners assert that the terms of Section 14b 

19 "authorize PERB to withhold COLAs on the entire benefit of any retired member who 

20 received an overpayment."

21 Section 14b(1)(a) provides:

22 "The board may withhold cost of living increases under ORS 
62

1 238.360 from a retired member whose benefit is greater than the correctly 

2 calculated benefit of the member until such time as the member's benefit is 

3 equal to the correctly calculated benefit."

4 We understand the terms of this statute, as the Robinson petitioners assert, to allow PERB 

5 to withhold COLAs on the member's benefit amount with no difference drawn between 

6 that part of the member's benefit that is correctly calculated and that part of the benefit 

7 that constitutes an overpayment. As the Robinson petitioners state, "Though some 

8 undefined part of the benefit named in section 14b may be overpayment, the statute 

9 freezes COLAs on the retiree's whole benefit, the great majority of which is not based on 

10 overcredited earnings." Although we do not agree that the statute itself mandates that 

11 COLAs be frozen on the entire benefit amount, the statute does authorize PERB to freeze 

12 COLAs on the entire benefit amount. To that extent, there is no material difference 

13 between the COLA freeze mechanism set out in Section 14b and the COLA freeze 

14 mechanism set out in Section 10 that this court invalidated in Strunk.

15 Consequently, we conclude that the COLA freeze mechanism set out in 

16 Section 14b is invalid for the same reasons that we struck the COLA freeze provision 

17 contained in Section 10 in Strunk. That conclusion then leads to the question: what is the 

18 appropriate remedy? Although Section 14b(1)(a) might be susceptible to a narrowing 

19 interpretation (e.g., one that would preserve the COLA freeze for only those portions of 

20 Window Retiree benefits that constitute overpayments), we conclude that such an 

21 interpretation is not plausible in this instance.

22 First, such an interpretation would mean that the Window Retirees would 

23 indefinitely receive benefits in an amount that exceeds the benefits to which they are 
63

1 entitled, because they would continue to receive their correctly calculated benefits with 

2 COLAs and they would also receive the additional overpayment amount (albeit without 

3 any COLA increase) in addition to their correct benefit amount. That would not accord 

4 with the legislature's intent in enacting Section 14b -- the legislature intended the 

5 provision to constitute a means to "recover the cost of benefits erroneously paid to retired 

6 members." Furthermore, rewriting the statutory provision to provide for overpayments to 

7 Window Retirees to continue into the indefinite future raises trust fund administration 

8 issues similar to those we discussed related to the treatment of overpayments as 

9 administrative expenses. Therefore, the correct remedy is to strike the COLA freeze 

10 mechanism set out in Section 14b in its entirety.

11 C. Availability of ORS 238.715 to Recover Costs of Overpayments to Window 

12 Retirees

13 Although we have determined that both of the means enacted by the 

14 legislature in Section 14b to recover the costs of benefits erroneously paid to the Window 

15 Retirees are invalid, that does not necessarily mean that PERB is without any authority to 

16 recover those costs. As we stated in Strunk in invalidating the COLA freeze mechanism 

17 contained in Section 10, "[o]ur conclusion that [the] particular legislative action 

18 amounted to a breach of the PERS contract, however, implies nothing about PERB's -- or, 

19 for that matter, the legislature's -- authority to recover payments determined to have been 

20 paid from the fund in error." 338 Or at 224 n 58. Here, too, our determination that the 

21 cost recovery methods set out in Section 14b are invalid does not necessarily mean that 

22 PERB is powerless to recoup the costs of benefits erroneously paid to the Window 
64

1 Retirees.

2 Indeed, in its brief in this court, PERB directly asserts that ORS 238.715 

3 authorizes the board to recoup the overpayments to the Window Retirees at issue in this 

4 proceeding. For their part, the Robinson petitioners assert that this court should not reach 

5 this issue because, in their view, this issue should be remanded to the trial court for 

6 decision.

7 The Robinson petitioners note that they did not move for summary 

8 judgment on their ORS 238.715 claim below, and, because the trial court ruled in their 

9 favor on their Section 14b claim, they assert that it was not necessary for the trial court to 

10 reach the ORS 238.715 claim. The Robinson petitioners acknowledge, however, that the 

11 trial court granted summary judgment to them on both of their claims for relief --

12 including their ORS 238.715 claim. They contend, nevertheless, that the ORS 238.715 

13 issue should be remanded to the trial court for further briefing because it was not 

14 necessary for the trial court to reach the issue and because the trial court did not set forth 

15 its analysis of the ORS 238.715 issue in its decision.

16 As we have noted, respondent PERB has directly raised the argument that 

17 ORS 238.715 provides PERB with explicit statutory authority to recoup the 

18 overpayments made to the Window Retirees. Inasmuch as the trial court reached the 

19 issue (albeit in a truncated manner) and respondent PERB has directly raised the issue in 

20 its briefing in this court, we think the issue is properly before us for resolution. 

21 As we previously observed, ORS 238.715 has remained in place throughout 

22 all the events discussed above. The legislature did not repeal or amend that statute in its 
65

effort to reform the PERS statutes in 2003.25 1 By its plain terms, ORS 238.715 applies to 

2 overpayments such as those made to the Window Retirees involved in this case.

3 ORS 238.715 provides, in part:

4 "(1) If the Public Employees Retirement Board determines that a 

5 member of the Public Employees Retirement System or any other person 

6 receiving a monthly payment from the Public Employees Retirement Fund 

7 has received any amount in excess of the amounts that the member or other 

8 person is entitled to under this chapter and ORS chapter 238A, the board 

9 may recover the overpayment or other improperly made payment by:

10 "(a) Reducing the monthly payment to the member or other person 

11 for as many months as may be determined by the board to be necessary to 

12 recover the overpayment or other improperly made payment; or

13 "(b) Reducing the monthly payment to the member or other person 

14 by an amount actuarially determined to be adequate to recover the 

15 overpayment or other improperly made payment during the period during 

16 which the monthly payment will be made to the member or other person.

17 "(2)(a) Any person who receives a payment from the Public 

18 Employees Retirement Fund and who is not entitled to receive that 

19 payment, including a member of the system who receives an overpayment, 

20 holds the improperly made payment in trust subject to the board's recovery 

21 of that payment under this section or by a civil action or other proceeding.

22 "(b) The board may recover an improperly made payment in the 

23 manner provided by subsection (1) of this section from any person who 

24 receives an improperly made payment from the fund and who subsequently 

25 becomes entitled to receive a monthly payment from the fund.

 

25 As we noted in our discussion of Section 10 above, the legislative history of 

HB 2003 shows that the originally introduced version of the bill contained terms 

providing that the COLA freeze provisions were "in lieu of, and not in addition to, any 

action of the board taken pursuant to ORS 238.715." The legislature, however, struck 

that provision from the final version of the bill, leaving the provisions and reach of ORS 

238.715 unaltered. Although we determined above that this legislative history was not 

sufficient to overcome the explicit terms used by the Legislative Assembly in Section 

14b, we note that this legislative history is consistent with our determination that the 

express terms of ORS 238.715 should be given effect.
66

1 "(c) The board may recover an improperly made payment by 

2 reducing any lump sum payment in the amount necessary to recover the 

3 improperly made payment if a person who receives an improperly made 

4 payment from the fund subsequently becomes entitled to receive a lump 

5 sum payment from the fund."

6 Not only does ORS 238.715 provide explicit authority to the board to recover 

7 overpayments, ORS 238.715(2) states that persons receiving overpayments hold the 

8 overpayment amounts in trust subject to the board's recovery. Furthermore, ORS 

9 238.715(8) provides that "[t]he remedies authorized under this section are supplemental 

10 to any other remedies that may be available to the board for recovery of amounts 

11 incorrectly paid from the fund to members of the system or other persons." Those 

12 statutory provisions not only authorize PERB to recover overpayments, they also set out a 

13 statutory means for the board to satisfy its trust obligations to ensure that all beneficiaries 

14 of PERS receive the retirement benefits they are due.

15 We conclude that the overpayment recovery authority granted to PERB in 

16 ORS 238.715 remains available for PERB to use to recover the overpayments made to 

17 the Window Retirees for three reasons. First, our conclusion is consistent with the 

18 legislatively stated intent in Section 14b to provide a means for PERB to recover the 

19 costs of overpayments made to the Window Retirees. Second, our conclusion comports 

20 with the legislative charge to the courts in ORS 174.010 to give effect to statutory 

21 provisions enacted by the Legislative Assembly by giving effect, in these circumstances, 

22 to the provisions of ORS 238.715. Third, our conclusion is also consistent with the trust 

23 fund principles set out in ORS 238.660 that prohibit PERB from categorically favoring 

24 some beneficiaries of PERS over other beneficiaries of PERS and that are part of the 
67

1 statutory PERS contract.

2 Our review of the challenged PERB order shows that it complies with the 

3 provisions of ORS 238.715. PERB's Order Adopting Repayment Methods first notes 

4 that, in light of this court's decisions in Strunk and City of Eugene, and the settlement 

5 agreement the board entered to resolve the City of Eugene litigation, the board had 

6 determined that the earnings on Tier One regular member accounts for 1999 should be 

7 reallocated at an earnings rate of 11.33 percent. The order further notes that this 

8 recalculation will affect Tier One members who retired on or after April 1, 2000, and 

9 before April 1, 2004 -- i.e., the Window Retirees -- among others. The order then states:

10 "ORS 238.715 requires the Board to collect amounts paid in excess of the 

11 benefit amounts recipient is entitled to under ORS chapter 238. ORS 238.715 

12 provides several methods by which the Board may recover such overpayments, but 

13 does not require the Board to make all of the methods available in every case.

14 "IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that each recipient who, based on the 

15 decisions in Strunk and City of Eugene, including the settlement agreement in the 

16 latter case, has received benefits in excess of amounts that the recipient is entitled 

17 to under ORS chapter 238, shall repay the amounts overpaid using one of the 

18 following methods:

19 "1. Each recipient shall repay the amounts overpaid in a single lump 

20 sum unless the recipient is receiving monthly payments.

21 "2. Any recipient receiving a monthly payment will repay the 

22 overpaid amounts by actuarial reduction of their monthly payment pursuant 

23 to ORS 238.715(1)(b), unless the recipient elects to repay the overpaid 

24 amount in a lump sum by paying that amount within the time allowed in the 

25 explanation to be provided to the recipient by PERS.

26 "3. If a recipient is due a payment from PERS other than a monthly 

27 payment, the amount overpaid shall be deducted from the recipient's next 

28 payment and subsequent payments, if any, until the amount overpaid is 

29 recovered."

30 The terms of the challenged order are within the authorizing provisions of ORS 238.715, 
68

and we conclude that the Robinson petitioners' assertion to the contrary is without merit.26 1

2 Because we determine that PERB correctly applied ORS 238.715 to recoup 

3 the overpayments made to the Window Retirees, we determine that the trial court erred 

4 both in granting the Window Retirees summary judgment on their ORS 238.715 claim 

5 and in denying PERB's cross-motion for summary judgment on that claim. On appeal, 

6 we determine that PERB properly can recoup the overpayments made to the Window 

7 Retirees under ORS 238.715, and we remand this case to the trial court for entry of 

8 judgment in favor of PERB on its cross-motion for summary judgment.

9 The judgment of the circuit court in Arken, et al. v. City of Portland, et al., 

10 Case No. 0601-00536, is affirmed. The judgment of the circuit court in Robinson, et al. 

11 v. Public Employees Retirement Board, Case No. 0605-04584, is reversed, and the case is 

12 remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.

 

26 The Arken and Robinson challenges to PERB's actions to recover the 

overpayments made to the Window Retirees are not the only challenges that have been 

made. We have also accepted certification of the appeal in Goodson v. PERB, S059056. 

Goodson presents several challenges to individual orders issued to certain Window 

Retirees that have determined the amounts of overpayments to be recovered and the 

methods of repayments to be used. The Goodson petitioners have asserted that the 

overpayment recovery orders are invalid for reasons that go beyond the question 

presented here as to whether the recovery of overpayments based on the 1999 earnings 

credit allocation are authorized by the terms of ORS 238.715. We address the additional

claims raised by the Goodson petitioners in our opinion issued today in Goodson v.

PERB, S059056.