{"id":326661,"date":"2023-05-26T12:34:57","date_gmt":"2023-05-26T16:34:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=326661"},"modified":"2023-09-29T12:53:15","modified_gmt":"2023-09-29T16:53:15","slug":"jet-propulsion-laboratory-history","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jpl\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory History"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>Jet Propulsion Laboratory<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jpl\/\">JPL Home<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>About JPL<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jpl\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-history\/\">History<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/timeline\/\" rel=\"noopener\">JPL Achievements<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.jobs\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Careers<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/media-information\/press-kits\" rel=\"noopener\">Press Kits<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-media-contacts\">Media Contacts<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-doing-business-with-jpl\/\">Doing Business with JPL<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Missions<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-current-missions\/\">Current<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-past-missions\/\">Past<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-future-missions\/\">Future<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-news\">News<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Multimedia<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/images\" rel=\"noopener\">Images<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/videos\" rel=\"noopener\">Video<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/podcasts\/on-a-mission\/\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Visit JPL<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/events\/tours\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Tours<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/virtual-tour\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Virtual Tour<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t<div class=\"padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-page-intro hds-page-intro-banner width-full maxw-full padding-0 hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe History of JPL\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe origins of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory date back to the 1930s, when Caltech professor Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n oversaw pioneering work in rocket propulsion. After unsuccessful and sometimes hazardous experiments, several graduate students led by Frank Malina, along with rocket enthusiasts from the Pasadena area, moved their work off campus.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1615\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?w=1615\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 56% 15%; object-position: 56% 15%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp 2231w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=237,300 237w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=768,974 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=807,1024 807w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=1211,1536 1211w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=1615,2048 1615w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=315,400 315w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=473,600 473w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=710,900 710w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=946,1200 946w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?resize=1577,2000 1577w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1615px) 100vw, 1615px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-meet-the bg-carbon-90 maxw-full width-full padding-y-5 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-meet-the\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-x-0 minh-4\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"label line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory Directors<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-sm link-external-true\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 color-spacesuit-white-important\" >\n\t\t\t\tSee All                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-left-0 hds-meet-the-container padding-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-cards hds-meet-the-slider grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-theodore-von-karman-1881-1963\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-theodore-von-karman-1881-1963.width-1024-e1695250960817.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, Former Jet Propulsion Laboratory Director, 1938\u20131944\" style=\"transform: scale(1.3); transform-origin: 69% 29%; object-position: 69% 29%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-theodore-von-karman-1881-1963.width-1024-e1695250960817.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-theodore-von-karman-1881-1963.width-1024-e1695250960817.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-theodore-von-karman-1881-1963.width-1024-e1695250960817.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-theodore-von-karman-1881-1963.width-1024-e1695250960817.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-theodore-von-karman-1881-1963\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Theodore van K\u00e1rm\u00e1n<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1938\u20131944<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-frank-j-malina-1912-1981\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-frank-j.-malina-1912-1981.width-1024.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Frank J. Malina, Former Acting Jet Propulsion Laboratory Director, 1944\u20131946\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 52% 38%; object-position: 52% 38%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-frank-j.-malina-1912-1981.width-1024.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-frank-j.-malina-1912-1981.width-1024.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-frank-j.-malina-1912-1981.width-1024.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-frank-j.-malina-1912-1981.width-1024.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-frank-j-malina-1912-1981\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Frank J. Malina<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">Acting, 1944\u20131946<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-louis-g-dunn-1908-1979\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-louis-g.-dunn-1908-1979.width-1024.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Louis G. Dunn, Former JPL Director\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 93% 1%; object-position: 93% 1%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-louis-g.-dunn-1908-1979.width-1024.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-louis-g.-dunn-1908-1979.width-1024.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-louis-g.-dunn-1908-1979.width-1024.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-louis-g.-dunn-1908-1979.width-1024.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-louis-g-dunn-1908-1979\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Louis G. Dunn<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1946\u20131954<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-william-h-pickering-1910-2004\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-william-h.-pickering-1910-2004.width-1024-e1695250710586.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. William H. Pickering, Former JPL Director\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 59% 6%; object-position: 59% 6%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-william-h.-pickering-1910-2004.width-1024-e1695250710586.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-william-h.-pickering-1910-2004.width-1024-e1695250710586.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-william-h.-pickering-1910-2004.width-1024-e1695250710586.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-william-h.-pickering-1910-2004.width-1024-e1695250710586.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-william-h-pickering-1910-2004\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. William H. Pickering<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1954\u20131976<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-bruce-c-murray-1931-2013\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-bruce-c.-murray-1931-2013.width-1024.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Bruce C. Murray, Former JPL Director, 1976\u20131982\" style=\"transform: scale(1.3); transform-origin: 49% 3%; object-position: 49% 3%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-bruce-c.-murray-1931-2013.width-1024.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-bruce-c.-murray-1931-2013.width-1024.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-bruce-c.-murray-1931-2013.width-1024.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-bruce-c.-murray-1931-2013.width-1024.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-bruce-c-murray-1931-2013\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Bruce C. Murray<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1976\u20131982<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/gen-charles-h-terhune-1916-2006\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/gen.-charles-h.-terhune-1916-2006.width-1024.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Gen. Charles H. Terhune, Former Acting JPL Director\" style=\"transform: scale(1.5); transform-origin: 55% 15%; object-position: 55% 15%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/gen.-charles-h.-terhune-1916-2006.width-1024.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/gen.-charles-h.-terhune-1916-2006.width-1024.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/gen.-charles-h.-terhune-1916-2006.width-1024.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/gen.-charles-h.-terhune-1916-2006.width-1024.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/gen-charles-h-terhune-1916-2006\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Gen. Charles H. Terhune<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">Acting, 1982<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-lew-allen-jr-1925-2010\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-lew-allen-jr.-1925-2010.width-1024-e1695250751245.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Lew Allen Jr., Former JPL Director\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 55% 40%; object-position: 55% 40%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-lew-allen-jr.-1925-2010.width-1024-e1695250751245.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-lew-allen-jr.-1925-2010.width-1024-e1695250751245.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-lew-allen-jr.-1925-2010.width-1024-e1695250751245.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-lew-allen-jr.-1925-2010.width-1024-e1695250751245.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-lew-allen-jr-1925-2010\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Lew Allen, Jr.<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1982\u20131990<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-edward-c-stone-1936\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-edward-c.-stone-1936-.width-1024.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Edward C. Stone, Former JPL Director, 1991\u20132001\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 55% 10%; object-position: 55% 10%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-edward-c.-stone-1936-.width-1024.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-edward-c.-stone-1936-.width-1024.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-edward-c.-stone-1936-.width-1024.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/dr.-edward-c.-stone-1936-.width-1024.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-edward-c-stone-1936\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Edward Stone<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1991\u20132001<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-charles-elachi-1947\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2015-elachi-lights-portrait.width-1024.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Charles Elachi, Former JPL Director\" style=\"transform: scale(1.9); transform-origin: 50% 23%; object-position: 50% 23%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2015-elachi-lights-portrait.width-1024.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2015-elachi-lights-portrait.width-1024.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2015-elachi-lights-portrait.width-1024.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2015-elachi-lights-portrait.width-1024.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-charles-elachi-1947\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Charles Elachi<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2001\u20132016<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-michael-watkins-2016\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/watkins-lg.width-1024-e1695250885133.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Michael Watkins\" style=\"transform: scale(1.6); transform-origin: 46% 40%; object-position: 46% 40%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/watkins-lg.width-1024-e1695250885133.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/watkins-lg.width-1024-e1695250885133.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/watkins-lg.width-1024-e1695250885133.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/watkins-lg.width-1024-e1695250885133.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/faces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\/dr-michael-watkins-2016\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Michael Watkins<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2016\u20132021<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/executive-council\/laurie-leshin-director-of-jpl\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-leshin.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Dr. Laurie Leshin, Director of JPL\" style=\"transform: scale(1.7); transform-origin: 50% 20%; object-position: 50% 20%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-leshin.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-leshin.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-leshin.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/dr-leshin.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/executive-council\/laurie-leshin-director-of-jpl\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Dr. Laurie Leshin<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2022\u2013present<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav hds-carousel-nav-next display-flex margin-right-auto margin-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-left-0 margin-right-0\" aria-label=\"Next Person\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is a leader in robotic space exploration, sending rovers to Mars, probes into the farthest reaches of the solar system, and satellites to advance understanding of our home planet. JPL also operates the NASA Deep Space Network, enabling navigation and data return throughout the solar system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Managed by the California Institute of Technology and based in Pasadena, JPL is NASA\u2019s only federally-funded research and development center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>JPL is the result of a Caltech graduate student\u2019s research into rocket propulsion in the late 1930s. Funded by the U. S. Army during and after World War II, the Laboratory developed the U.S.\u2019s first guided ballistic missile, the Corporal. JPL led the U.S. into space with Explorer 1, the first U.S. satellite, and joined NASA shortly after the agency formed in 1958. JPL spacecraft have flown to every planet in the solar system, the Sun, and into interstellar space in a quest to better understand the origins of the universe, and of life.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-featured-link-list bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link-list\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-22\">\n\t\t\t\tLearn More\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/missionswebnisar-pgkg4tl.original.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 35% 74%; object-position: 35% 74%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/missionswebnisar-pgkg4tl.original.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/missionswebnisar-pgkg4tl.original.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/missionswebnisar-pgkg4tl.original.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/missionswebnisar-pgkg4tl.original.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">More JPL History<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black\">Read more about JPL's history as a leader in robotic space exploration<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/history\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia04495.width-1600.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"This artist's concept of the Voyager spacecraft with its antennapointing to Earth.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.6); transform-origin: 27% 28%; object-position: 27% 28%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia04495.width-1600.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia04495.width-1600.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia04495.width-1600.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia04495.width-1600.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">JPL's Achievements<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black\">Learn about JPL's historic "firsts" in this interactive timeline<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/timeline\/\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia20704.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"This illustration depicts NASA's Juno spacecraft in orbit above Jupiter.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 82% 7%; object-position: 82% 7%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia20704.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia20704.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia20704.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia20704.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">Documentary Series<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black\">"JPL and the Space Age" uses rare archival footage and interviews in the retelling of many of humanity\u2019s first steps out into the cosmos<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/who-we-are\/documentary-series-jpl-and-the-space-age\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In its first decade with NASA, JPL specialized in lunar and planetary exploration. Its Mariner 2 mission was the first successful planetary mission; Surveyor 1 achieved the first successful U.S. soft landing on the Moon; Mariner 9 was the first successful planetary orbiter and photographed nearly the entire surface of Mars in 1971. The 1977 Voyager mission sent two spacecraft to visit the outer planets. Still operating, they are the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>JPL diversified into Earth science and astronomy missions in the 1970s and \u201880s. The 1978 Seasat mission pioneered spaceborne synthetic aperture radar, the technology basis for the upcoming NASA\/ISRO NISAR mission. JPL developed the Hubble Space Telescope\u2019s Wide Field and Planetary Camera 1 and 2, and was the U.S. implementer for the US\/UK\/Netherlands Infrared Astronomical Survey (IRAS) mission. The Laboratory provided a number of instruments to NASA\u2019s Earth Observing System, and working with the French space agency, it has pioneered and sustained spaceborne measurement of sea level since the early 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In astronomy, JPL developed and operated the Spitzer infrared telescope and developed the Kepler exoplanet hunting mission in the 2000s. It also built the Mid-Infrared Instrument, MIRI, for the James Webb Space Telescope.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1152\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"This artist's concept shows NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg 4533w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/pia20913.jpg?resize=2000,1125 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">This artist’s concept shows NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA\/JPL-Caltech<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>JPL has been a pioneer of robotic mobility. Mars Pathfinder delivered the first successful planetary rover to Mars in 1997. JPL sent the twin Mars Exploration Rovers to Mars in 2003, and the much larger Mars Science Laboratory\/Curiosity rover in 2011. The Laboratory\u2019s Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, delivered NASA\u2019s first planetary helicopter to Jezero Crater in 2021, further expanding robotic mobility for science. Perseverance also left sample containers on the surface of Mars for a future Mars Sample Return mission to retrieve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>JPL\u2019s Galileo mission was the first to orbit an outer planet, among other things showing that Jupiter\u2019s moon Europa is likely to have a subsurface ocean. In 1997, JPL launched the joint NASA\/ESA Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn, which excited scientists by demonstrating that there was liquid water inside the tiny moon Enceladus. These two findings broadened the idea of a \u201chabitable zone,\u201d because the presence of liquid water is necessary for life as we know it to exist. The Laboratory\u2019s next outer planet mission is Europa Clipper, expected to begin its exploration of the Jovian moon in 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-wide\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1506\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"NASA's Perseverance Mars rover took a selfie with the Ingenuity helicopter, using its WASTON camera on its robotic arm.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.3); transform-origin: 100% 43%; object-position: 100% 43%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg 12341w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=300,221 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=768,565 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=1024,753 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=1536,1130 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=2048,1506 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=400,294 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=600,441 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=900,662 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=1200,883 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jpegpia24542.jpg?resize=2000,1471 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover took a selfie with the Ingenuity helicopter, seen here about 13 feet (3.9 meters) from the rover. This image was taken by the WASTON camera on the rover’s robotic arm on April 6, 2021.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/MSSS<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-card-grid padding-top-7 padding-bottom-3 padding-x-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid\">\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-sm line-height-sm\">Other NASA Centers<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"margin-0 padding-0\">Learn more about NASA's other centers.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cards-included grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Ames Research Center<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg 4256w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=768,511 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=1024,681 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=1536,1022 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=2048,1363 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=400,266 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=600,399 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=900,599 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=1200,798 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/ames_center_aerial.jpeg?resize=2000,1331 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/johnson\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Johnson Space Center<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"767\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg 6000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=768,575 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=1024,767 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=1536,1150 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=2048,1534 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=600,449 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=900,674 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=1200,899 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=2000,1498 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Goddard Space Flight Center<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/goddard-center.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/goddard-center.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/goddard-center.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/goddard-center.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/goddard-center.jpg?resize=400,266 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/goddard-center.jpg?resize=600,399 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/goddard-center.jpg?resize=900,599 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/marshall\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Marshall Space Flight Center<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"703\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg?resize=300,206 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg?resize=768,527 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg?resize=1024,703 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg?resize=400,275 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg?resize=600,412 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/msfc-202100212_orig.jpg?resize=900,618 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is a leader in robotic space exploration, sending rovers to Mars, probes into the farthest reaches of the solar system, and satellites to advance understanding of our home planet. JPL also operates the NASA Deep Space Network, enabling navigation and data return throughout the solar system. Managed by the California Institute […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":326695,"parent":86973,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[2860,2671],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[8605],"coauthors":[12651],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory History","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jpl\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-history\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jpl\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-history\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp"},"articleSection":"NASA Centers & Facilities","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}],"creator":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA History","Jet Propulsion Laboratory"],"dateCreated":"2023-05-26T16:34:57Z","datePublished":"2023-05-26T16:34:57Z","dateModified":"2023-09-29T16:53:15Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Jet Propulsion Laboratory History\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/jpl\/jet-propulsion-laboratory-history\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-05-26T16:34:57Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA History,Jet Propulsion Laboratory\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Jet Propulsion Laboratory\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":3,"time_ago":"1 year","featured_image":{"id":326695,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg.webp","title":"1958-january-explorer-01-team-0.jpg","alt":"William Pickering, the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, scientist James Van Allen and rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun hold up a model of the Explorer 1 spacecraft during a press conference for the satellite's successful launch into space.","caption":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/326661"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/51"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/326661\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":514105,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/326661\/revisions\/514105"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/86973"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/326695"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=326661"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=326661"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=326661"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=326661"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=326661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}