IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs April 1, 2003

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CALVIN SCOTT

 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 99-03993, 94, 95, 96, 97 J. C. McLin, Judge

No. W2002-01324-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 8, 2003

The Appellant, Calvin Scott, was found guilty by a Shelby County jury of aggravated robbery, two

counts of especially aggravated robbery, and two counts of first degree murder. The trial court

sentenced Scott to an effective sentence of life plus twenty-two years. In this appeal as of right, Scott

raises the following issues for our review: (1) whether the State asserted sufficient race-neutral

explanations to support its exercise of peremptory challenges against four African-American jurors;

and (2) whether the trial court, after concluding that the State’s exercise of a peremptory challenge

was improper, should have dismissed the entire panel rather than reseating the juror. We conclude

that the State's use of its peremptory challenges was proper, and the trial court did not err by

reseating the challenged juror. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed.

DAVID G. HAYES,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GARY R.WADE, P.J., and THOMAS

T. WOODALL, J., joined.

Robert Wilson Jones, Shelby County Public Defender; W. Mark Ward, Assistant Shelby County

Public Defender, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Calvin Scott.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Michael Moore, Solicitor General; Renee W.

Turner, Assistant Attorney General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Glen Baity,

Assistant District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Factual Background

Although the evidence supporting the Appellant's conviction is not challenged on appeal, the

circumstances leading to the convictions are briefly recounted as follows. On January 22, 1999,

shortly after 3:00 p.m., the Appellant, then eighteen years old, and James Kneeland, armed with
1We note that the Appellant also challenges the removal of one Caucasian female, Noella Pazara. The

prosecutor attempted to remove Pazara for cause; however, this request was denied. Ultimately, the prosecutor used the

State’s first peremptory challenge to remove Pazara from the venire. He explained that she was excused “because of her

equivocal answers about whether or not she could accept the life without parole.” While Batson is not limited to the

exclusion of historically oppressed minorities, it does not appear that the Appellant argued that Pazara was challenged

solely on account of her race. Accordingly, Batson does not apply to the exclusion of Pazara from the venire. Even if

Batson did apply to the exclusion of Pazara, the prosecutor’s explanation was sufficiently race-neutral to withstand a

Batson challenge. 

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pistols, enteredProgressiveWheels, a wholesale custom wheel and tire business located in Memphis.

Brian Petty, the manager of the business, John Paul Young, an employee, and Allan Bozarth were

inside the business. The men were ordered to lay down on the floor, and their feet and hands were

bound with duct tape. The robbers demanded to know where the money was located, and the

Appellant asked about a safe. The victims informed the robbers that there was money in a desk

drawer, but there was no safe. The Appellant took “three, four hundred dollars” out of Petty’s

pocket. Then, one of the robbers shot Bozart and Young in the head execution-style, and both men

died as a result of their wounds. Petty was left unharmed and identified the Appellant at trial.

Furthermore, after the Appellant was developed as a suspect, he voluntarily gave a statement to the

police, in which he admitted that he shot the two victims and that he took their wallets and money.

According to the Appellant’s statement, he committed the acts under duress from a drug dealer, who

promised to pay the Appellant a large sum of money and spare his life. 

 

ANALYSIS

During voir dire of the prospective jurors, the State exercised five peremptory challenges

against four African-American females and one African-American male.1 While it is unclear from

the record, the State and the Appellant agree that, during the first round of challenges, the State

struck Jurors Noella Pazara and Alma Brown. Jurors Teresa Hyman, Lester Harmon, and Tracy

Price were challenged by the State during its second submission of peremptory challenges and,

during the third round of challenges, the State removed Juror Francine Sledge. All five AfricanAmericans were members of the venire during the first round of challenges. Defense counsel

objected to the jurors’ removal as being a possible violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89,

106 S. Ct. 1712, 1719 (1986) (holding that peremptory challenges may not be exercised in a

discriminatory manner). The trial court concluded that the State's reasons in exercising peremptory

challenges against four of the African-Americans were sufficiently race-neutral to permit exclusion.

However, the trial court concluded that the basis for challenging Tracy Price was not sufficient and

ordered her reinstated to the venire. The Appellant, an African-American, disputes the trial court's

ruling, arguing that:

(1) Challenging the jurors on back strikes seemed to raise a specter that the reasons

 were not legitimate, but racially motivated;
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(2) The trial judge failed to analyze the Batson challenge under the three-step process

required and failed to follow the mandate of the Tennessee Supreme Court by

articulating specific findings of fact as to each step; and 

(3) By rejecting the prosecutor’s race neutral reason for excluding the one

prospective black juror, the trial judge found that the prosecution had exercised its

peremptory challenges in an intentionally discriminatory manner. As such, the

proper remedy would have been to dismiss the venire and select a new jury from a

panel not previously associated with the case. 

The United States Supreme Court has consistently recognized that racially-based juror

exclusions affect and injure the integrity of the justice system. See Woodson v. Porter Brown

Limestone Co., 916 S.W.2d 896, 902 (Tenn. 1996) (citation omitted). Accordingly, in Batson, 476

U.S. at 89, 106 S. Ct. at 1719, the Court held that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment prevents a prosecutor from using peremptory strikes to challenge potential jurors "solely

on account of their race."

Batson provides a three step process for the evaluation of racial discrimination claims in jury

selection. First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor has exercised

peremptory challenges on the basis of race. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767, 115 S. Ct. 1769,

1770 (1995); Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-98, 106 S. Ct. at 1723-24. If the defendant satisfies this initial

burden, the burden then shifts to the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral explanation for excluding

the venire member in question. Purkett, 514 U.S. at 767, 115 S. Ct. at 1770; Batson, 476 U.S. at 97,

106 S. Ct. at 1723. Third, the trial court must determine whether the defendant has met his burden

of proving purposeful discrimination. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359, 111 S. Ct. 1859,

1866 (1993); Batson, 476 U.S. at 98, 106 S. Ct. at 1724. In making its determination of whether use

of a peremptory challenge was discriminatory, the trial court must articulate specific reasons for each

of its factual findings. Woodson, 916 S.W.2d at 906. The trial court's findings are imperative for

rarely will a trial record alone provide a legitimate basis from which to substitute an appellate court's

opinion for that of the trial court. Thus, on appeal, the trial court's finding that the State excused a

venire member for race-neutral reasons will not be reversed unless it is clearly erroneous. Id.

(citation omitted).

In the present case, the trial court found that:

I think there has been – according to what’s been stated, its shows a neutral

basis for the challenges. And I don’t show that there’s been any purposeful

discrimination, any showing of that – a prima facie showing of that, in accordance

with the Batson case. 

And there’s been reasons for each of the individuals being excluded. We’ve

stated those reasons. Those reasons have been stated on the record. I think they’re

legitimate reasons.
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So, my findings will be that there has not been a prima facie showing of

discrimination. I’m not going to exclude, number six, Ms. Tracy Price. I’ll call her

back to the jury. 

From this portion of the record, it could be concluded that the trial court found that the Appellant

had not made a prima facie showing of discrimination in accordance with the first prong of the

Batson analysis. However, the court would not have required the State's race neutral explanation for

the challenges had no prima facie showing been made. Id. at 905. Thus, we assume that the court

implicitly found that the Appellant had satisfied the first prong of Batson and then proceeded with

an analysis of the second and third prongs of Batson. Moreover, although the trial court's findings

are relatively sparse, we find the record sufficient from which to undertake our review.

“In reviewing the prosecutor's explanations, we acknowledge that ‘many of the judgments

made by counsel in picking a jury are purely intuitive and based upon inarticulable factors.’" State

v. Carroll, 34 S.W.3d 317, 320 (Tenn. Crim. App.), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 2000) (quoting

United States v. Bentley-Smith, 2 F.3d 1368, 1374 (5th Cir. 1993)). Accordingly, while subjective

considerations may not be susceptible to objective rebuttal or verification, they are permitted because

of the inherent nature of peremptory challenges, with the understanding that ultimate Batson findings

will largely turn on the evaluation of the credibility of counsel's explanations. Id. (citing BentleySmith, 2 F.3d at 1374). Notwithstanding, neutral explanations that are based on subjective

assessments, such as the juror's demeanor, must be carefully scrutinized. Id. (citing United States

v. Jenkins, 52 F.3d 743, 746 (8th Cir. 1995); United States v. Sherrills, 929 F.2d 393, 395 (8th Cir.

1991)). At this step, the crucial inquiry is the facial validity of the prosecutor's explanation.

Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 360, 111 S. Ct. at 1866. Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the

prosecutor's explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race-neutral. Id. Indeed, what Batson

means by a “legitimate reason” is not a reason that makes sense, but a reason that does not deny

equal protection. Purkett, 514 U.S. at 769, 115 S. Ct. at 1771 (citations omitted).

With these considerations, we conclude that the basis for the State's use of its peremptory

challenges against the four African-American jurors, ultimately excluded from the venire, was

sufficiently race-neutral to dispel any indicia of purposeful discrimination. The State provided the

court with several race-neutral explanations for the exercise of the peremptory challenges. With

regard to Alma Brown, she was challenged because “[h]er nephew was convicted of murder twelve

years ago.” The reason given for challenging Teresa Hyman was “her husband was killed by the

police – her ex-husband was killed by the police twelve years ago.” Lester Harmon was excused

because he “indicated that he knew something, or he heard something in the media about the case.

He couldn’t remember exactly what it was. The State [was] concerned about whether or not he

[knew] something, whether that information may [have been] used against the State.” Regarding

Francine Sledge, the State explained that she was removed from the venire because “[s]he’s worked

in rehabilitation, drug and alcohol situations, with teenagers. And I’m concerned about that there

may be sympathy for Mr. Scott, because of his age.” The State articulated valid, race-neutral reasons

for each of the jurors that it challenged. The trial court then found that the reasons were legitimate
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and non-discriminatory. We find that the trial court’s decision was not clearly erroneous. This issue

is without merit. 

The Appellant also contends the reseating of Juror Price was improper, in that the trial court

should have dismissed the entire panel, and a new jury should have been selected from a panel not

previously associated with the case. Although leaving the task of prescribing the appropriate remedy

for the unconstitutional exercise of a peremptory strike to the states, the Supreme Court identified

two possible remedies: reseating persons improperly struck and discharging the entire venire.

Batson, 476 U.S. at 99 n. 24, 106 S. Ct. at 1725 n. 24. In Woodson, 916 S.W.2d at 906-07, our

supreme court determined that the selection of an appropriate remedy is best left to the discretion

of the trial court. For guidance the court proposed two alternative remedies, i.e., the court may

exclude the entire venire and begin selection with a new panel or the juror should be reseated. Id.

at 907; see also State v. James E. Hathaway, No. 02C01-9702-CR-00082 (Tenn. Crim. App. at

Jackson, Dec. 30, 1997) (citing Jefferson v. State, 595 So. 2d 38, 41 (Fla. 1992); Commonwealth v.

Fruchtman, 633 N.E.2d 369, 373 (Mass.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 951, 115 S. Ct. 366 (1994); Jones

v. State, 683 A.2d 520, 529 (Md. 1996); Ezell v. State, 909 P.2d 68, 72 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995);

State ex rel. Curry v. Bowman, 885 S.W.2d 421, 425 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 866,

115 S. Ct. 184 (1994); Coleman v. Hogan, 486 S.E.2d 548, 550 (Va. 1997)). In the present case, the

trial court chose the latter method of recourse. We find this method of reparation quite appropriate.

The Batson inquiry was conducted outside the presence of Juror Price and the other potential jurors

and without their knowledge as to the nature of the proceedings. Furthermore, reseating her allowed

an African-American to remain on the jury. Accordingly, we find no error by the court's reseating

of Juror Price.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of conviction for the offenses of

aggravated robbery, two counts of especially aggravated robbery, and two counts of first degree

murder.

___________________________________ 

DAVID G. HAYES, JUDGE