NOTICE

This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or 

positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data 

that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to 

facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of 

technical developments.

Assessment and Standards Division

Office of Transportation and Air Quality

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

U.S. Department of Energy

Coordinating Research Council

EPAct/V2/E-89: Assessing the Effect 

of Five Gasoline Properties on Exhaust 

Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles 

Certified to Tier 2 Standards

Final Report on Program Design and 

Data Collection

Appendix K

Detailed Measurement and 

Analysis Methods

EPA-420-R-13-004

April 2013
K-1 

A. QA OBJECTIVES FOR TESTING OF LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES

The QA objectives for precision, accuracy, and completeness are presented in Table 1. All 

measurements will be representative of the fuels, vehicle engine exhaust, and conditions being measured. 

Completeness equals number of tests performed divided by number of tests proposed times 100. 

TABLE 1. PRECISION, ACCURACY, AND COMPLETENESS OBJECTIVES FOR LIGHTDUTY ENGINES

Measurement Experimental Precision

Parameter (Method) Reference Conditions Std. Dev. Accuracy,% Completeness,%

HC SwRI and Dilute 0.04a ±15b >95

(FID) SAEa,b Exhaust

CO SwRI and Dilute 0.06b ±20b >95

(NDIR) SAEa,b Exhaust

CO2 SwRI and Dilute 4b ±5b >95

(NDIR) SAEa,b Exhaust

NOx SwRI and Dilute 0.08a ±10b >95

(CL) SAEa,b Exhaust

Particulate, 47 mm SwRI and Dilute 0.05a ±10b >95

(Gravimetric) SAEa,b Exhaust

Fuel Economy SwRI and Dilute 1a ±5b >95

(Carbon Balance) SAEa,b Exhaust

Aldehydes EPA(1,2) Dilute See Appendix K >95

(DNPH/HPLC) CRC(3) Exhaust

Alcohols EPA(1,2) Dilute See Appendix K >95 

(water impinger/GC-FID) CRC(3) Exhaust

________________________

a Precision experienced at SwRI, but precision is vehicle dependent.

b Accuracy goals were based on SwRI experience and SAE Technical Paper 790232, "Identification, Quantification 

and Reduction of Sources of Variability in Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Economy Measurements," N.J. Sheth and 

T.I. Rice, 1979.

c ±100% of defined detection limit; precision generally improves with increased sample concentration.
K-2 

B. SAMPLING METHODS

The sampling system is comprised primarily of the exhaust sampling system to which 

continuous measurement devices, a dilute exhaust bag sampler, impinger and cartridge samplers, 

and particle filters are attached. The sampling procedures employed for the determination of 

regulated and unregulated emissions for light-duty engines are identified below. In the event of 

errors, mishaps, or deviations from procedure, the project leader, Kevin Whitney is to be

notified. 

All procedures will be designed to maximize test-to-test repeatability. For example, the 

following steps will be taken:

• The position and angle of the vehicle cooling fan shall be consistent for each vehicle and 

each test.

• The airflow around the vehicle during tests shall be kept consistent.

• To the extent possible, the CARB laboratory correlation program will be used in support 

of this program’s QA procedures. 

• Sample side verification of exhaust analyzers will be performed monthly by sampling 

span gases from a sample bag.

• Sample flow proportionality will be verified after each emissions test. For PM samples, a 

proportionality statistic will be calculated. For other parameters, the constancy of tunnel 

flows will be verified.

• Duplicate vehicle coastdown checks from 70 to 30 mph will be performed following each 

sulfur purge procedure. 

• A check will be performed before, during, and at the end of each test to assure than 

manually controlled parameters are set and adhered to during each test. 

• Battery chargers will be utilized to maintain the state of battery charge of test vehicles 

between vehicle prep procedures and emissions tests.

• The LA92 driving cycle will be used for the vehicle prep procedures to match the driving 

cycle used in emissions tests.

• NOx analyzers will be equipped with NH3 traps to prevent contamination of NOx 

converters. 

B.1. Exhaust Gas Sampling System Description 

A Horiba selectable flow CVS system will be used to sample exhaust emissions. Test 

technicians first connect the vehicle exhaust pipe to the CVS inlet. While the vehicle operates on 

the dynamometer, an adjustable-speed turbine blower dilutes the exhaust with ambient air. This 

dilution prevents the exhaust moisture from condensing and provides controllable sampling 

conditions. A sample pump and a control system transfers diluted exhaust aliquots to several 

different Kynar bags during specific phases of each test run. Regulating needle valves maintain 

constant sample flow rates for the alcohol impingers and DNPH cartridges, and mass flow 

controllers maintain proper flow into the bags. Exhaust backpressure will be recorded 

continuously at the tailpipe during emissions testing. Table 2 summarizes the CVS system 

specifications.
K-3 

TABLE 2. CVS SPECIFICATIONS

Measurement 

Variable

Operating Range 

Expected in Field

Instrument 

Description Range Accuracy How Verified / Determined

Pressure 950 to 1050 millibar

Horiba VariableFlow Constant 

Volume Sampler

0 to 1500 

millibar

± 2 % 

reading Sensors calibrated 

and verified 

during installation.

Temperature 20 to 45 °C 0 to 100 °C ± 2 % 

reading

Volumetric Flow 

Rate 200 to 500 ft3

/min 150 to 1100 

ft3

/min

± 0.5 % 

reading

B.2. Dilute Exhaust Bag Sampling

The Kynar bags (sample and background) specified for HC speciation analysis will be 

removed from the Horiba sampling system, marked with a sample ID/custody label, and 

transported to the GC laboratory. Analysis of sample Bag 1 will begin immediately (within one 

hour) for the C1-C4 analysis and within four hours for the benzene-toluene and C5-C12 analysis. 

Times that analyses are started will be reported. For tests in which multiple test phases will be 

analyzed for HC speciation, analysis order shall be: Bag 1, Bag 3, Bag 2, Background Bags. 

B.3. Carbonyl Compound Sampling

Heated (235 ±15 ̊F) sample lines from the dilution tunnel carry sample gas to a cart 

which holds the DNPH sampling cartridges. The cart includes controls for the flow rate and 

measures the volume sampled. Thermocouples with electronic readouts allow recording of the 

gas temperature sampled, so coupled with the recorded barometric pressure, the volume sampled 

can be corrected to standard temperature and pressure.

Immediately following the end of the sampled test phase (within 15 minutes), the DNPH 

cartridge will be extracted with 5.0 ml acetonitrile in accordance with the manufacturer’s 

instructions. The extract will be promptly sealed and analyzed (within one hour), or stored at 

<40°

F for no longer than three calendar days until analysis. Every effort will be made to analyze 

the sample the same day. Samples and sampling media will be stored separately from calibration 

standards. 

B.4. Alcohol Sampling

Heated (235 ±15 ̊F) sample lines from the dilution tunnel carry sample gas to a cart 

which holds glass impingers filled with ultra-pure water. The cart includes controls for the flow 

rate and measures the volume sampled. Thermocouples with electronic readouts allow recording 

of gas temperature sampled, so coupled with the recorded barometric pressure, the volume 

sampled can be corrected to standard temperature and pressure. The impingers are maintained in 

an ice bath during sampling. 

Immediately following the end of the sampled test phase, the impinger contents will be 

carefully transferred to sealed containers and stored at <40°

F for no longer than six calendar days 

until analysis. Every effort will be made to analyze the samples on the same day as collection. 

Samples and sampling media will be stored separately from calibration standards.
K-4 

Ethanol recovery will be checked during every blank test conducted in this program. 

Recovery shall be ≥92 percent.

B.5. Filter Sampling and Weighing

Whatman Teflo filters with polypropylene support rings will be used for particulate

matter (PM) measurements. Particle filters are stored, conditioned, and weighed in a room at 

SwRI that strictly conforms to 40 CFR 86.1312 and Part 1065. A PM filter field blank will be 

tested daily. This field blank shall be a tared filter that is installed in a sample holder, then 

returned to the filter room for weighing by the same procedures as actual samples.

C. SAMPLE HANDLING AND CUSTODY

Only PM filters, bag, impinger, and cartridge samples involve manual handling, because 

gaseous emission measurements are made and recorded by the computer-controlled data system 

associated with the continuous sampling system. 

C.1. Particle Filters

Particle filters are managed by a bar code tracking system. Test I.D., date, time, and 

technician name are tracked with this system. This procedure is compliant with 40 CFR 86.1312 

and Part 1065. 

C.2. Bag Samples 

Because bag samples may be handled by multiple analysts, a bag sample tag is affixed to 

each sample or background bag. With this tag, progress and times of analysis can be recorded. 

A bag sample tag is shown in Figure 1. 
K-5 

BAG ANALYSIS

S A M P L E

Project No. 13363.01.101 

EPA Work Assignment 0-1 

Test No.: Date: / / 

Dyno 8 Operator: 

Bag Description

LA-92 Unified Cycle

□ Bag 1 End of Test:____ :_____ 

 

□ Bag 2 End of Test:____ :_____

□ Bag 3 End of Test:____ :_____

Analysis Required Analysis Start 

(Time)

Analyzed 

by:

□ C1-C4 speciation : 

□ Benz-Tol speciation :

□ C5-C12 speciation :

FIGURE 1. BAG SAMPLE TAG
K-6 

C.3. Cartridge and Impinger Samples

Sampling of carbonyl compounds is to be performed with DNPH cartridges, and 

alcohols, with liquid impingers, as described above. Tracking of sample times and extraction 

times will be made by recording times on the cartridge tag (Figure 2) and impinger data sheet 

(Figure 3).

ALDEHYDE DNPH CARTRIDGE

Project No. 13363.01.101 

EPA Work Assignment 0-1 

Test No.: Date: / / 

Dyno 8 Analyst: 

Bag Description

LA-92 Unified Cycle

□ Bag 1 End of Test:____ :_____ 

□ Bag 2 End of Test:____ :_____

□ Bag 3 End of Test:____ :_____

Cartridge Extraction 

Required within 15 min 

Extraction 

(Time)

Analyst 

Initials:

□ Bag 1 : 

□ Bag 2 :

□ Bag 3 :

□ Background :

FIGURE 2. DNPH CARTRIDGE TAG
K-7 

Project 13363.01.101 Date: / / Dyno 8 

Initials:

Test Number: DNPH Cartridge Alcohol Impinger

Sample Background Sample Background

Test 

Cycle:

Temp: Temp: Temp: Temp:

Barameter, 

“Hg:

Counts: Counts: Counts: Counts:

End Time:

Sx 1° Sx 2° Sx 1° Sx 2°

Test 

Cycle:

Temp: Temp: Temp: Temp:

Barameter, 

“Hg:

Counts: Counts: Counts: Counts:

End Time:

Sx 1° Sx 2° Sx 1° Sx 2°

Test 

Cycle:

Temp: Temp: Temp: Temp:

Barameter, 

“Hg:

Counts: Counts: Counts: Counts:

End Time:

Sx 1° Sx 2° Sx 1° Sx 2°

FIGURE 3. IMPINGER AND CARTRIDGE SAMPLING DATA SHEET

D. ANALYTICAL METHODS

The analytical procedures employed for the determination of regulated and unregulated emissions 

for light-duty engines are given below. In the event of errors, mishaps, or deviations from 

procedure, the project leader, Kevin Whitney is to be notified. 

D.1. Filter Weighing

 The chamber in which the PM filters are conditioned and weighed conforms to 40 CFR 

86.1339 and Part 1065 without deviation. 

D.2. Gaseous Analyzers

Horiba analytical benches equipped with either MEXA 7000-Series analyzers are used to 

determine NMHC, CO, NOX, and CO2 concentrations in dilute exhaust. Sample pumps transfer 

the dilute exhaust from Kynar bags to each analyzer as commanded by the control system. Each 

analyzer used for these measurements is accurate to ±2 percent. Table 3 provides a summary of 

the emissions analyzers to be used. 
K-8 

TABLE 3. EMISSION ANALYZER SPECIFICATIONS

Measurement 

Variable

Expected 

Operating 

Range

Instrument Mfg., 

Model / Type

Instrument 

Range(s) Accuracya How Verified / Determined 

THC 0 - 100 ppmC

Horiba FIA-220

or FIA-726LE

/ FID

0 - 10 ppmC 

0 - 50 ppmC 

0 - 1000 ppmC

± 1.0 % FS 

or ± 2.0 % 

of the 

calibration 

pointa

Gas divider with 

protocol 

calibration gases at 

11 points 

(minimum) spaced 

throughout span 

(including zero)

NOX 0 - 100 ppm

Horiba CLA-220 

or CLA-750LE

/ CL

0 - 30 ppm

0 - 100 ppm

0 - 300 ppm

Low CO 0 - 50 ppm

Horiba AIA-210 

or AIA-721LE

/ NDIR

0 - 10 ppm 

0 - 50 ppm 

CO 0 - 1000 ppm

Horiba AIA-220

or AIA-721A

/ NDIR

0 - 1000 ppm

CO2 0 - 1.5 %

Horiba AIA-220

or AIA-722

/ NDIR

0 - 4 %

a

The most stringent accuracy specification applies for each calibration point.

E. QUALITY CONTROL

SwRI verifies performance of each analyzer through a series of zero and calibration gas 

challenges. Each zero and calibration gas must conform to certain specifications and/or be 

NIST-traceable. Table 4 summarizes the applicable QA/QC checks. If all calibration gases and 

QA/QC checks meet their specifications, then SwRI will infer that the emissions analyzers meet 

Table 1 accuracy specifications.

SwRI verifies all new Standard Reference Material (SRM) or other NIST-traceable 

reference gas concentrations with an emissions analyzer that has been calibrated within the last 

30 days. The operator will first zero the analyzer with a certified zero grade gas and then span it 

with a NIST SRM (or equivalent) three times to ensure stability and minimal analyzer drift.

The operator will then introduce the new reference gas into the analyzer and record the 

concentration, followed by reintroduction of the NIST SRM to ensure that the analyzer span 

point does not drift more than ±0.1 percent of span point. The operator will repeat these last two 

steps until three consistent values are obtained. The mean of these three determinations must be 

within one percent of its NIST SRM concentration. SwRI will then consider the reference gas as 

suitable for emissions analyzer calibrations.
K-9 

For chemical evaluations, QC measures are generally specified in the analytical method. 

A summary of actions taken to ensure data quality for analytical procedures is presented in 

Table 5. 

TABLE 4. EMISSION ANALYZER QA/QC CHECKS

QA/QC Check When Performed / 

Frequency

Expected or

Allowable Result

Response to Check 

Failure or Out of 

Control Condition

NIST-traceable calibration gas 

verifications

Prior to being put 

into service

Average of three readings must 

be within ±1% of verified NIST 

SRM concentration

Identify cause of any 

problem and correct; 

discard bottle and 

replace if necessary

Zero-gas verification against NIST 

certified zero gases

Prior to being put 

into service

HC < 1 ppmC

CO < 1 ppm

CO2 < 400 ppm

NOx < 0.1 ppm

O2 between 18 and 21%

Discard bottle and 

replace

Gas divider linearity verification Monthly

All points within ±2% of linear 

fit

FS within ±0.5% of known 

value

Identify cause of any 

problem and correct; 

replace gas divider if 

necessary

Analyzer calibrations Monthly

All values within ±2% of point 

or ±1% of FS;

Zero point within ±0.2% of FS

Identify cause of any 

problem and correct; 

recalibrate analyzer

Wet CO2 interference check Monthly

CO 0 to 300 ppm, interference ≤ 

3 ppm

CO > 300 ppm, interference ≤ 

1% FS

NOX analyzer interference check Monthly CO2 interference ≤ 3%

NOX analyzer water quench check Once, before each 

phase of program Proper opreration

NOX analyzer converter efficiency 

check Monthly NOx converter efficiency > 95%

TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF QA/QC CHECKS FOR ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

Procedure Type Blank Field 

Blank

Duplicate 

Analysis

Continuing 

Calibration 

Check

Holding 

Time

Preservation 

During 

Storage

Light 

Alcohols

GC-FID 1 per batch 1 per 

day

1 per 10 

samples

1 per 10 

samples

6 days Keep at 

<4◦F

Aldehydes 

and 

Ketones

HPLC-UV 1 per batch 1 per 

day

1 per 10 

samples

1 per 10 

samples

15 minutes to 

extraction; 3 

days

Keep at 

<4◦F

HC 

Speciation

GC-FID 1 per day n/a no end of day 1 hour for C2-

C4 Analysis

protect from 

UV light

Particulate 

Matter 

Mass

Gravimetric Reference 

filter every 

2 hours

n/a At least three 

measurements 

on each filter

Monthly 

reference 

check

Filters may be 

out of chamber 

only ≤ 1 hr

Temperature 

and humidity 

control
K-10 

F. INSTRUMENT/EQUIPMENT TESTING, INSPECTION, AND MAINTENANCE

Gaseous analyzers conform to 40 CFR 86.1311 without deviation. Internal QC checks 

and corrective actions are summarized in Table 6. 

TABLE 6. INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS AND CORRECTIVE 

ACTION

EQUIPMENT 

AND/OR 

MEASUREMENT

OPERATIONAL CHECK CONTROL LIMIT(S)

(reference no.)

CORRECTIVE 

ACTION

Driver's aid Speed agreementa EPA(29) Repair and/or 

recalibrate

CVS

Propane recoveryb ±2%(25,29)

Check for leaks and 

by procedural 

assessment

Speed, RPMa ±5%(25,29) Check speed sensor 

and recalibrate rpm

Engine 

Dynamometer Load and Speed, RPMa Federal Register(25) Check and/or repair 

load cell and rpm 

indicator; recalibrate

CO bag analyzer CaSO4 and ascarite 

conditioning column Blue indicator of CaSO4

(25,29)

Change CaSO4 and 

ascarite column soon 

after CaSO4 indicator 

turns color. Leakcheck before 

continuing bag 

analysis.

NOx bag analyzer Percent efficiency of NO2 to 

NO converterb

Percent efficiency greater 

than 90%(25,29) Repair analyzer

Sampling bags Leak-check bags before and 

after each test

Bag holds gauge vacuum 

pressure of 27.6 in. Hg

Discard bag and note 

finding in test results. 

Repeat test as 

applicable.

HFID analyzer

Leak-check sampling systema Flowmeter float is at zero 

position

Correct leak before 

sample analysis

Sample gas temperature 

immediately before heated 

filter and before the HFIDa 375±10°F

(25,29)

Locate sampling line 

heating problem and 

correct before 

conducting sample 

analysis

Zero and span before each 

rangec

Zero at 0.0 of full- scale and 

span to set value(25,29)

Determine problem 

and adjust zero and 

span accordingly

Pre-analysis and postanalysis zero and span of 

each rangec

Zero and span drift- limit of 

2% of full- scale chart 

deflection(25,29) Repeat test

Pre-analysis and postanalysis tunnel HC backgroundsc

Continuous tunnel and bag 

HC backgrounds agree to 

within l% of full-scale chart 

deflection(25,29)

Determine cause for 

discrepancy and 

correct
K-11 

TABLE 6. INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS AND CORRECTIVE 

ACTION

EQUIPMENT 

AND/OR 

MEASUREMENT

OPERATIONAL CHECK CONTROL LIMIT(S)

(reference no.)

CORRECTIVE 

ACTION

47 mm filter 

sampling system

Leak-check sampling systema Flowmeter float is at zero 

position

Correct leak before 

particulate sampling

Sampling ratec Flowrate constant ±5% 

throughout test

Check for leaks or 

restrictions on 

sampling line and 

filter

47 mm reference 

filters Weight tolerancec ±1% of the nominal filter 

loading(27) Reweigh all filters 

being conditioned

Particle Dilution 

Tunnel

Particle sampling zone 

temperaturec 125°F or less Increase level of sample dilution

Aldehydes and 

ketones

Leak-check sampling systemc Flowmeter float is at zero 

position

Correct leak before 

sample collection

Sampling ratec Flowrate constant ±5% 

throughout test

Check for leaks or 

restrictions on 

sampling line and 

filter

Dry gas meter volumed Compare to flowmeter 

estimate

Recalibrate or replace 

dry gas meter

Aldehydes and 

ketones

Sample identificationc Date, project, cycle, and test 

no. if designated Correct labeling

Sample preparationc Within 15 minutes of end of 

sampled phase Void sample

Sample analysisc Within 3 days of end of 

sampled date Void sample

HC, CO, NOx, and 

CO bag analyzers

Leak-check analyzer 

sampling systema

Flowmeter float at zero 

position

Correct leak before 

bag analysis

Zero and span before each 

rangec

Zero at 0.0 of full-scale and 

span to set value(25,29)

If not adjustable using 

analyzer zero and 

gain control within 

specified limits, repair 

analyzer

Pre-analysis and postanalysis zero and span of 

each rangec

Zero and span drift limit of 

2% of full-scale meter 

reading(25,29) Repeat bag analysis

In the event of out of specification conditions, equipment should be repaired and 

recalibrated. If a significant delay will result, the project leader, Kevin Whitney is to be notified.

G. INSTRUMENT/EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND FREQUENCY

Sampling and analytical methodologies and test procedures adhere to Title 40 CFR Parts 

86 and 600 requirements. All equipment calibrations are conducted according to the schedules 

in 40 CFR § 86.116. Table 7 summarizes the relevant calibrations, Title 40 CFR citations, and 

their frequencies. Calibrations and QA/QC checks are discussed in more detail below.
K-12 

TABLE 7. EQUIPMENT CALIBRATIONS SUMMARY

Equipment Description Title 40 CFR 

Procedure Calibration Frequency

CO analyzer § 86.121 Monthly 

CO2 analyzer § 86.122 Monthly 

HC analyzer § 86.124 Monthly 

NOX analyzer § 86.123 Monthly 

Chassis dynamometer § 86.118 Daily

CVS system § 86.119 Weekly

Speciated Hydrocarbons EPA (41) Each Sample Set

Alcohols EPA (39) Each Sample Set

Aldehydes and Ketones EPA (1, 2, 3) Each Sample Set

Analytical equipment in the chemistry laboratories is calibrated at least once daily, with a 

calibration verification performed at the end of the batch.

G.1. Gas Meter Calibrations 

 All gas meters, selected from the list of routinely used instruments given in the recall 

database, are calibrated to conform to 40 CFR 86.1320. Any necessary correction is made by 

mechanically adjusting the meter and recalibrating.

G.2. Gaseous Analyzers

 The gaseous analyzers to be utilized in this program are discussed in the following 

sections.

G.2.1. Hydrocarbon Analyzers 

The HC analyzers used in this testing program are calibrated in conformance with 40 

CFR 86.1321. 

G.2.2. Carbon Monoxide Analyzers 

The CO analyzers used in this testing program are calibrated in conformance with 40 

CFR 86.1322 and 40 CFR 89.320. 

G.2.3. Oxides of Nitrogen Analyzers

The NOx analyzers used in this testing program are calibrated in conformance with 40 

CFR 86.1323 and 40 CFR 89.321. 
K-13 

G.2.4. Carbon Dioxide Analyzers 

The carbon dioxide (CO2) analyzers used in this testing program are calibrated in 

conformance with 40 CFR 86.1324 and 40 CFR 89.322. 

G.2.5. Methane Analyzers

The methane analyzers used in this testing program are calibrated in conformance with 

40 CFR 86.1325, without deviation. 

G.3. Analyzer Gases

The gases used for instrument calibration conform to 40 CFR 86.114 and 40 CFR 89.312 

without deviation. 

SwRI verifies each new working zero air (or N2) cylinder’s impurities to ensure that it is 

suitable for emissions analyzer zero checks. Comparisons between a certified Vehicle Emission 

Zero (VEZ) Gas (or equivalent) and the candidate zero gas will serve this purpose. SwRI will 

employ an emissions cart (or suite of instruments) that has been calibrated within the last 30 days 

for this procedure. The operator will zero the analyzers with certified VEZ gas and span them 

with NIST-traceable reference gases to ensure stability and minimal analyzer drift. The operator 

will then introduce the candidate cylinder’s zero gas to the sample train and record the HC, CO, 

CO2, and NOx values. The results must fall within specified ranges for the zero gas to be deemed 

suitable for instrumental analyzer calibrations.

Prior to the monthly exhaust emission analyzer calibrations, SwRI verifies the calibration 

gas divider linearity with an HC analyzer known to have a linear response and a HC span gas. 

The operator will first zero and then span the instrument such that the span occupies 100 meter 

or chart divisions. The operator will operate the divider in each of its settings in descending 

order and compare the observed results with a linear scale. The difference between the 

commanded and observed concentrations must be within ±2.0 percent of the commanded 

concentration. Also, this difference must be less than ±0.5 percent of the span value. 

NIST-traceable calibration gases, in conjunction with a verified gas divider and zero gas, 

will create individual gas concentrations with which to challenge each instrumental analyzer. 

The gas divider will generate 11 concentrations in 10 percent increments from 0 to 100 percent 

of each analyzer’s span. Analyzer response at each point must be within ±2.0 percent of the 

concentration or ±1.0 percent of span, whichever is more stringent. Zero gas response must be 

within ±0.2 percent of span (the CFR requires ±0.3 percent). If any point is outside these limits, 

operators will generate a new calibration curve.
K-14 

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Unregulated Emissions from Vehicles Using Middle-Distillate Fuels," Interim Report to the Environmental 

Protection Agency under Contract 68-02-2497, Report No. EPA 600/2-80-068, April 1980.

2. Dietzmann, H.E., Smith, L.R., et al, "Analytical Procedures for Characterizing Unregulated Pollutant 

Emissions from Motor Vehicles," EPA Report 600/2/79-17, February 1979.

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CAPE-30-81, Coordinating Research Council, Inc., May 1985.

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presented at Congress Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, February 1980.

6. Based on data provided by EPA/RTP (Peter A. Gabele, May 5, 1982).

7. Personal communication with Gail Hutchins, Gailbraith Laboratories, May 17, 1982.

8. Swarin, S.J., and Williams, R.L., "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Benzo(a)pyrene in Diesel 

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1977.

11. Federal Register, Vol. 42, No. 124, Tuesday, June 28, 1977.

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14. Bykowski, B. B., "Characterization of Diesel Emissions as a Function of Fuel Variables," Final Report, 

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Various Fuels," Final Report, Contract 68-03-2440, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1979.
K-15 

16. Federal Register, Volume 42, No. 124, Part III, June 28, 1977.

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18. Instruction Manual/Bulletin No. 21-78-220IM "Sierra 220 In-Stack Cascade Impactors and Cyclone Preseparator," 

Sierra Instruments, Inc., Carmel Valley, CA 93924.

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