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Filed 5/31/24 Hooters of America, LLC v. Superior Court CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

HOOTERS OF AMERICA, LLC,

Petitioner,

v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

Respondent;

ARLENE GARCIA et al.,

Real Parties in Interest.

E082896

(Super.Ct.No. RIC2003305)

OPINION

ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for writ of mandate. Godofredo Magno, 

Judge. Petition denied.

Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, Mark F. Lovell and Carlos Bacio for 

Petitioner.

No appearance for Respondent.
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Perona, Langer, Beck & Harrison, Alvin Chang, Todd Hamilton Harrison, Jennifer 

S. Baskaron and Brennan S. Kahn for Real Parties in Interest.

I. INTRODUCTION

In this writ proceeding, defendant and petitioner Hooters of America, LLC (HOA) 

challenges the trial court’s order denying its motion for summary adjudication of two 

causes of action in a civil complaint alleging violations of the Fair Employment and 

Housing Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, § 12920 et seq.)1 brought by plaintiffs and real parties 

in interest Arlene Garcia (Garcia) and Brandi Smith (Smith). Plaintiffs alleged they were 

subjected to various acts in violation of the FEHA while employed as servers in a 

restaurant jointly owned and operated by HOA; MS Foods, LLC (MS Foods); and 

Mahmood Saifie (Saifie).

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In December 2023, the trial court granted a motion for summary adjudication in 

favor of HOA with respect to eight causes of action alleged in the operative complaint on 

the basis that HOA was a franchisor and, as a result, not vicariously liable for the acts or 

omissions of the other named defendants pursuant to Patterson v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC

(2014) 60 Cal.4th 474. However, the trial court denied summary adjudication on the 11th 

cause of action for aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA (§ 12940, subd. (i)), and 

on the 12th cause of action for violation of the unfair competition law (UCL) (Bus. & 

1

 Undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.

2

 MS Foods and Saifie are not parties to this writ proceeding.
3

Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.). HOA petitions for a writ of mandate seeking to compel the 

trial court to vacate its order denying summary adjudication on these causes of action.

HOA argues the trial court erred because it “misapplied the law” by ruling that a 

franchisor may be held liable for aiding and abetting under the FEHA “based on the 

allegation the franchisor failed to take action by not terminating a franchise agreement.” 

On this basis, we issued an order to show cause on HOA’s petition. However, upon 

further review, we conclude that the record does not support HOA’s characterization of 

its motion for summary adjudication or the trial court’s order. Instead, the record shows 

that the trial court concluded that HOA’s evidence failed to meet its initial burden as the 

moving party and denied summary adjudication on that basis. Upon review of the record, 

we agree with the trial court that HOA failed to satisfy its initial burden as the moving 

party seeking summary adjudication and, as a result, we deny HOA’s writ petition. 

II. BACKGROUND

A. Operative Complaint

According to the operative complaint, plaintiffs were employed as servers in a 

restaurant owned and operated by HOA, MS Foods, and Saifie. Plaintiffs allege they

were subjected to various forms of abuse and harassment in violation of the FEHA until 

they were terminated in 2020. Plaintiffs alleged that all named defendants were liable 
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under various theories of joint and vicarious liability in support of eight causes of action 

for direct violations of the FEHA.

3

In addition, the 11th cause of action alleged that HOA was liable for aiding and 

abetting the other defendants’ purported violations of the FEHA. Specifically, plaintiffs 

alleged that HOA provided “substantial assistance” to the other defendants in the 

commission of FEHA violations by: “(1) providing [MS Foods] with training, 

(2) providing [Saifie and MS Foods] with policies and/or procedures to follow to avoid 

legal liability, (3) providing [Saifie and MS Foods] with legal, administrative, human 

resources and/or investigatory support so to assist [MS Foods] in avoiding liability for 

unlawful acts in the workplace, (4) refusing to individually investigate complaints of 

harassment and/or retaliation it was placed on notice of despite its ability to and/or 

(5) refusing to exercise its rights to revoke [Saifie and MS Foods’s] license as a 

franchisee despite its ability to per its franchise agreement . . . .”

Finally, the 12th cause of action alleged that defendants were also liable for 

violations of the UCL based upon their unlawful conduct in violation of the FEHA.

B. HOA’s Motion for Summary Judgment and/or Adjudication

In September 2023, HOA filed a motion for summary judgment. HOA submitted 

a separate statement identifying 148 facts in support of this request, as well as an 

3

 Specifically, both plaintiffs alleged causes of action for sexual harassment, 

failure to take reasonable steps to prevent sexual harassment, wrongful termination, 

retaliation, and negligent retention. Garcia also alleged three additional causes of action 

for disability discrimination, failure to accommodate, and failure to participate in the 

interactive process. Additional causes of action for assault and battery were also alleged, 

but only against Saifie.
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appendix of exhibits consisting of hundreds of pages of evidentiary documents. As an 

alternative to summary judgment, HOA requested summary adjudication of three issues. 

The first issue identified in HOA’s notice of motion was the essential element of duty 

with respect to the eight causes of action alleging direct or vicarious liability for 

violations of the FEHA. The second and third issues requested summary adjudication of

the 11th cause of action for aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA and of the 12th

cause of action for violation of the UCL. Despite identifying three distinct issues for 

adjudication, HOA’s separate statement did not differentiate which facts supported 

adjudication of each issue, instead repeating verbatim the same 148 facts proffered in 

support of summary judgment and citing to the same evidence for each issue.

In its memorandum of points and authorities, HOA cited 20 of its 148 facts in 

support of its arguments regarding summary adjudication of the 11th cause of action for 

aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA. Specifically, HOA cited to facts setting forth 

that: (1) Smith never complained directly to HOA regarding any issues related to her 

employment; (2) Garcia submitted a complaint regarding her employment directly to 

HOA by calling a customer hotline; (3) Garcia submitted a second complaint directly to

HOA through a website intended to receive customer feedback; (4) the website expressly 

directed employees to confirm whether they were employed by HOA or were employed 

by an independent franchisee, but also represented that HOA would “attempt to forward 

your comments to your employer” in the case of franchisee employees; (5) HOA’s 

franchise business director received both of Garcia’s complaints; (6) HOA’s franchise 

business director forwarded both of Garcia’s complaints to Saifie; (7) HOA’s in-house 
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counsel responded directly to Garcia regarding her complaints, advising that she worked 

for an independent franchisee but that HOA would investigate her allegations; and (8) 

both Smith and Garcia resigned from their employment without further communication 

with HOA.

Plaintiffs opposed HOA’s motion for summary judgment and each request for 

summary adjudication. In response to HOA’s separate statement, plaintiffs conceded that 

HOA was a franchisor and that the restaurant location where plaintiffs worked was 

operated by MS Foods pursuant to a franchise agreement. Plaintiffs also conceded that 

Smith never communicated directly with HOA regarding any of her employment-related 

complaints. However, plaintiffs purported to dispute the majority of the 148 facts HOA 

claimed to be undisputed.

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 Plaintiffs also proffered 60 additional facts, which they 

claimed showed a triable issue precluding summary judgment or summary adjudication.

C. Hearing and Order

On December 12, 2023, the trial court held a hearing on HOA’s motion. In 

advance of the hearing, the trial court issued an extensive tentative ruling, granting 

summary adjudication in favor of HOA on the issue of duty with respect to the eight

causes of action for direct or vicarious liability for violations of the FEHA. However, the 

trial court denied the requests for summary adjudication of the 11th cause of action for 

aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA and of the 12th cause of action for violation 

of the UCL. With respect to these causes of action, the trial court concluded that HOA 

4

 Specifically, plaintiffs purported to dispute 135 of the 148 facts offered by 

HOA.
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had failed to meet its initial burden to present evidence to show it was entitled to 

judgment in its favor.

At the hearing, in response to the trial court’s tentative ruling, HOA argued for the 

first time that it was entitled to judgment on the pleadings with respect to the 11th cause 

of action for aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA. Specifically, HOA now 

claimed that the sole theory of aiding and abetting liability alleged in the operative 

complaint was HOA’s failure to act and that, “[i]f that’s what it’s based on, it fails as a 

matter of law even without any evidence.” In response to this argument, plaintiffs noted 

that HOA’s characterization of the pleading was inaccurate, and that the operative 

complaint specifically alleged proactive conduct as part of the factual basis for their 11th 

cause of action.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court indicated it was unpersuaded by 

either party’s argument, made no comments regarding the new ground for summary 

adjudication of the 11th cause of action raised by HOA, and adopted the tentative ruling 

as its final ruling on the motion. HOA filed a petition for writ of mandate, seeking

review of the trial court’s denial of summary adjudication on the 11th cause of action for 

aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA and on the 12th cause of action for violation 

of the UCL.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Review on Petition for Writ of Mandate Is Appropriate

As a preliminary matter, we disagree with plaintiffs’ suggestion that the issues 

raised in HOA’s petition do not warrant review by way of writ prior to entry of judgment. 
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“An order denying a motion for summary adjudication may be reviewed by way of a 

petition for writ of mandate. Where the trial court’s denial of a motion for summary 

judgment will result in trial on nonactionable claims, a writ of mandate will issue. 

Likewise, a writ of mandate may issue to prevent trial of nonactionable claims after the 

erroneous denial of a motion for summary adjudication.” (Butte Fire Cases (2018) 24 

Cal.App.5th 1150, 1157.) Writ review of such orders may also be appropriate “when the

order disposes of a large and important portion of the case and intervention by writ will 

substantially simplify future proceedings” (Quidel Corp. v. Superior Court (2020) 57 

Cal.App.5th 155, 163) or “to ‘obviate a duplicative expenditure of resources for the 

courts and the parties.’ ” (Noe v. Superior Court (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 316, 324).

Here, HOA’s petition presented questions which, if resolved in its favor, would 

have potentially precluded trial on a nonactionable claim and disposed of a large portion 

of the pending civil litigation. Further, despite our conclusion that HOA has not shown 

entitlement to relief on the merits, resolution of some of the legal issues presented by the 

parties will substantially simplify future proceedings and obviate the unnecessary 

expenditure of resources in the trial court. Thus, we disagree with plaintiffs’ suggestion 

that we should deny relief simply on the basis that the issues raised in HOA’s petition are 

not appropriate for review at this stage.

B. Aiding and Abetting Liability Under the FEHA

The central dispute in this writ proceeding involves only the 11th cause of action 

for aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA. While HOA also challenges the trial 

court’s denial of summary adjudication on the 12th cause of action for violation of the 
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UCL, the parties concede, and we agree, that this cause of action is merely derivative of 

the 11th cause of action in the context of this case.

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In a summary adjudication proceeding, “[t]he law identifies the kinds of facts 

which are material to the case” (Andalon v. Superior Court (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 600, 

604), and material facts are those facts which “are criterial, are elements of a cause of 

action, and define the cause of action in the circumstances of the case” (Carlsen v. 

Koivumaki (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 879, 884, fn. 6). Thus, we first determine the 

essential elements necessary to establish a cause of action for aiding and abetting in 

violation of the FEHA. (§ 12940, subd. (i).)

1. The Essential Elements of the Cause of Action

The FEHA “ ‘provides that it is an unlawful employment practice for “any person 

to aid, abet, incite, compel or coerce the doing of any of the acts forbidden” by the FEHA

. . . .’ ” (Reno v. Baird (1998) 18 Cal.4th 640, 655; § 12940, subd. (i).) Unlike other 

provisions of the FEHA, the aiding and abetting provision applies to “any person” and 

5

 The UCL is intended to provide “an equitable means through which both public 

prosecutors and private individuals can bring suit to prevent unfair business practices and 

restore money or property to victims of these practices.” (Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed 

Martin Corp. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134, 1150.) It “sets out three different kinds of business 

acts or practices that may constitute unfair competition: the unlawful, the unfair, and the 

fraudulent.” (Rose v. Bank of America, N.A. (2013) 57 Cal.4th 390, 394.) A violation of 

the FEHA may constitute an “unlawful” practice giving rise to liability under the UCL. 

(Herr v. Nestle U.S.A., Inc. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 779, 790.) However, when a plaintiff 

proceeds based upon conduct that is allegedly “unlawful,” “[a] ‘violation of another law 

is a predicate for stating a cause of action under the UCL’s unlawful prong.’ ” (Graham 

v. Bank of America, N.A. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 594, 610.) In this case, violations of 

the FEHA are the only alleged bases for liability under the UCL. And the trial court’s 

summary adjudication order left aiding and abetting liability as the only possible basis to 

find HOA in violation of a provision of the FEHA.
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“individuals and entities who are not the plaintiff’s employer may be liable under FEHA 

for aiding and abetting the plaintiff’s employer’s violation of FEHA.” (Smith v. BP 

Lubricants USA Inc. (2021) 64 Cal.App.5th 138, 146 (Smith).)

However, “[t]he FEHA does not provide a definition of ‘aiding and abetting.’ ” 

(Fiol v. Doellstedt (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1318, 1325 (Fiol).) As such, courts have 

looked to the common law definition to define the essential elements for liability under 

the statute. (Fiol, at p. 1325; Alch v. Superior Court (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 339, 389,

fn. 48 (Alch) [“Because FEHA provides no definition of aiding and abetting, courts have 

used the common law definition . . . .”].) In doing so, the courts have generally

concluded that a cause of action for aiding and abetting under the FEHA requires

showing that: (1) the plaintiff’s employer subjected the plaintiff to violations of the 

FEHA; (2) the defendant knew that the employer’s conduct was in violation of the 

FEHA; and (3) the defendant gave “substantial assistance or encouragement” to the 

employer in violating the FEHA. (Smith, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th at p. 146; Alch, at 

p. 389.) “ ‘Additionally, causation is an essential element of an aiding and abetting 

claim, i.e., plaintiff must show that the aider and abettor provided assistance that was a 

substantial factor in causing the harm suffered.’ ” (American Master Lease LLC v. Idanta 

Partners, Ltd. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1451, 1476 (American); Navarrete v. Meyer
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(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1276, 1286 (Navarrete) [The encouragement or assistance must 

be “ ‘ “ ‘a substantial factor in causing the resulting tort . . . .’ ” ’ ”].)6

2. The Element of Substantial Assistance

HOA does not dispute the essential elements of a cause of action for aiding and 

abetting liability under the FEHA. However, HOA argues in its petition, supporting 

memorandum, and traverse that “[i]naction . . . cannot, as a matter of law, be construed as 

providing substantial assistance,” and the trial court erred to the extent it concluded that 

“inaction” can form the basis of aiding and abetting liability. We address this argument 

before evaluating the merits of HOA’s summary adjudication motion because it presents 

a question of law that we review de novo. (Cuiellette v. City of Los Angeles (2011) 

194 Cal.App.4th 757, 765 [“What plaintiff had to show in order to prevail on his FEHA 

claim is a question of statutory interpretation that we review de novo.”]; Atkins v. City of 

Los Angeles (2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 696, 715 [same].) As we explain, HOA’s proffered 

6

 The parties point out that there is some ambiguity with respect to whether a 

showing of specific intent is also an essential element of a cause of action for aiding and 

abetting. We note that several published decisions have also acknowledged this 

ambiguity but have declined to resolve it. (See Nasrawi v. Buck Consultants LLC (2014) 

231 Cal.App.4th 328, 345 [observing that “some cases suggest that a plaintiff . . . must 

plead specific intent to facilitate the underlying tort” but declining to definitively resolve 

the issue]; Liapes v. Facebook, Inc. (2023) 95 Cal.App.5th 910, 927 [same] (Liapes).) 

However, HOA did not address this purported element as a basis for granting summary 

adjudication in the trial court proceedings. Accordingly, we decline to resolve the 

question in this writ proceeding, as it cannot serve as the basis for granting or denying the 

relief requested in the petition. (White v. Smule, Inc. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 346, 364 

[“Even if we may affirm a summary judgment on a ground not relied upon by the trial 

court, it must be a ‘ground that the parties had an adequate opportunity to address in the 

trial court . . . .’ ”].)
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interpretation of the substantial assistance element of a cause of action for aiding and 

abetting is overly broad and contrary to established case authority.

In making its argument, HOA principally relies on a statement taken from Fiol

that “[m]ere knowledge that a tort is being committed and the failure to prevent it does 

not constitute aiding and abetting.” (Fiol, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th at p. 1326.) The 

statement itself is not controversial and has been repeatedly cited as an accurate 

representation of the law. (See Austin B. v. Escondido Union School Dist. (2007) 

149 Cal.App.4th 860, 879; Contreras v. Dowling (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 394, 417, fn. 12.) 

However, the principle that a defendant is not liable for the mere failure to prevent 

another’s tortious conduct is a far cry from the sweeping interpretation advanced by HOA 

that all omissions (i.e. “inaction”) are categorically excluded as a basis for liability under 

an aiding and abetting theory.

The statement set forth in Fiol is drawn from the “ ‘general rule’ ” that “ ‘one 

owes no duty to control the conduct of another’ ” (Fiol, supra, 50 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1326), and this “ ‘ “no duty to aid rule” ’ ” is “ ‘a fundamental and long-standing rule 

of tort law . . . .’ ” (Seo v. All-Makes Overhead Doors (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1193, 

1202-1203; Brown v. USA Taekwondo (2021) 11 Cal.5th 204, 216). However, it is an 

equally fundamental principle of tort law that tortious conduct may consist of either an 

act or an omission. (Rest.2d Torts, § 6; KFC Western, Inc. v. Meghrig (1994) 

23 Cal.App.4th 1167, 1181 [“ ‘ “[T]ortious conduct” denotes that conduct, whether of act 

or omission, which subjects the actor to liability under the principles of the law of 

torts.’ ”].) HOA has cited no authority for the proposition that the general “no duty to aid 
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rule” operates to effectively modify the equally well-established understanding that 

tortious conduct may consist of an act or omission, and we see no reason to adopt such an 

interpretation here.

Moreover, California courts have held that an omission or “inaction” may support 

a finding of substantial assistance for purposes of an aiding and abetting claim in a 

variety of factual scenarios. An omission may constitute substantial assistance where the 

omission is itself independently tortious. (Saunders v. Superior Court (1994) 

27 Cal.App.4th 832, 846 [“Liability may also be imposed on one who aids and abets . . .

if the person . . . gives substantial assistance to the other in accomplishing a tortious 

result and the person’s own conduct, separately considered, constitutes a breach of duty 

to the third person.”]; American, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1477 [Aiding and abetting 

may arise “when the aider and abettor commits an independent tort.”].) Likewise, a 

decision not to act may constitute substantial assistance when considered in combination 

with other affirmative acts or representations. (See Schulz v. Neovi Data Corp. (2007) 

152 Cal.App.4th 86, 94-95 [A defendant’s decision to take no action to stop its payment 

processing services from being used in the operation of an illegal lottery can constitute 

substantial assistance where the defendant also gave assurances that it would continue 

providing its services despite knowledge of the operation’s illegality.].) And the failure 

to exercise a reserved discretionary right to prevent known tortious conduct by another 

may constitute substantial assistance. (Liapes, supra, 95 Cal.App.5th at p. 927 [A social 

media website’s decision to permit advertisers to engage in discriminatory practices on its 
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platform, “despite . . . retaining the discretion to reject ads that include [discriminatory] 

restrictions,” may constitute substantial assistance.].)

Thus, whether an act or omission constitutes substantial assistance for the purpose 

of establishing an aiding and abetting claim is highly contextual and depends on the facts 

of each case. In our view, HOA’s suggestion that any conduct that constitutes “inaction” 

cannot, as a matter of law, constitute substantial assistance represents an unwarranted 

extension of the “no duty to aid rule,” well beyond the rule’s intended application or its 

application in actual practice. Instead, the question of whether the “no duty to aid rule”

set forth in Fiol applies to preclude aiding and abetting liability must be determined based 

upon the specific allegations and facts of each case.

C. HOA Was Not Entitled to Judgment on the Pleadings

We next address HOA’s contention that the trial court erred because HOA was 

entitled to summary adjudication as a matter of pleading. According to HOA, the 

operative complaint disclosed that plaintiffs’ 11th cause of action “rests solely on 

[HOA’s] alleged inaction”; there are “no allegations in the Complaint to support a theory 

. . . that [HOA] encouraged or supported” the alleged FEHA violations; and, as a result, 

the no duty to aid rule set forth in Fiol can be applied to this case based upon the 

pleadings alone “without any evidence.” We conclude that the trial court had discretion 

to disregard that argument based upon the procedural history of this case and further 

conclude that, even if the trial court had considered the merits of that argument, HOA 

would not have been entitled to adjudication in its favor based upon the pleadings.
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1. General Legal Principles and Standard of Review

“ ‘ “Summary adjudication motions are ‘procedurally identical’ to summary 

judgment motions.” ’ ” (Blue Mountain Enterprises, LLC v. Owen (2022) 74 Cal.App.5th

537, 548.) “ ‘The procedure for resolving a summary judgment motion presupposes that 

the pleadings are adequate to put in issue a cause of action . . . . However a pleading may 

be defective in failing to allege an element of a cause of action . . . . In such a case, the 

moving party need not address a missing element or, obviously, respond to assertions 

which are unintelligible or make out no recognizable legal claim.” (Stolz v. Wong 

Communications Limited Partnership (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1811, 1817 (Stolz).)

Thus, “[a] summary judgment motion necessarily includes a test of the pleadings 

and can become a motion for judgment on the pleadings.” (Stolz, supra, 25 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 1817; Wood v. Riverside General Hospital (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1113, 1119 [“A 

motion for summary judgment may effectively operate as a motion for judgment on the 

pleadings.”]; Prue v. Brady Co./San Diego, Inc. (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 1367, 1375 

[same].) Normally, “ ‘[a] judgment on the pleadings in favor of the defendant is 

appropriate when the complaint fails to allege facts sufficient to state a cause of action. 

[Citations.] A motion for judgment on the pleadings is equivalent to a demurrer and is 

governed by the same de novo standard of review.’ ” (People ex rel. Harris v. Pac 

Anchor Transportation, Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 772, 777.)

However, in seeking summary judgment or adjudication, the “moving party must 

state with specificity each of the grounds of law upon which it is relying in alleging that 

the action has no merit” (Juge v. County of Sacramento (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 59, 67); 
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and, “[a]s a general matter, a trial court hearing a summary [adjudication] motion is only 

obligated to consider the grounds for summary [adjudication] that are ‘identified in the 

moving papers’ ” (Pereda v. Atos Jiu Jitsu LLC (2022) 85 Cal.App.5th 759, 766). 

Consideration of alternative grounds for summary adjudication that are not identified in 

the moving papers is a matter within the discretion of the trial court (Pereda, at p. 766; 

San Diego Watercrafts, Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 308, 315-316 

[trial court has discretion to consider evidence not referenced in separate statement of 

moving party as alternative ground for granting summary judgment]), and we review the 

decision to consider or not consider such grounds for abuse of discretion (Brown v. El 

Dorado Union High School Dist. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 1003, 1019).

2. Application

In this case, the record shows that HOA never argued the inadequacy of the 

operative complaint as a basis for granting summary judgment or summary adjudication

in its moving papers.

7

 The first time HOA made this argument was at the hearing on 

summary judgment, and the record shows that the trial court elected not to address this 

new argument when adopting its tentative ruling as the final ruling on the motion.

By waiting until the hearing on summary adjudication to raise an entirely new 

ground for granting its motion, HOA deprived the trial court of the benefit of written 

briefing on the issue; prevented plaintiffs from having a meaningful opportunity to 

7

 Instead, HOA argued that: “[p]laintiffs cannot establish that HOA knew that 

MS Foods’ conduct violated the FEHA”; plaintiffs “cannot . . . prov[e] concerted activity 

between HOA and MS Foods to commit FEHA violations”; and that there was a “lack of

. . . evidence” to support an aiding and abetting claim.
17

consider the argument and prepare a response (Pereda, supra, 85 Cal.App.5th at p. 766 

[Consideration of a new argument is appropriate only where “doing so does not deny the 

opposing party due process because that party ‘ “has notice of and an opportunity to 

respond to those grounds.” ’ ”]); and deprived plaintiffs of the opportunity to timely seek 

amendment of the complaint to cure any purported pleading defects (see Laabs v. City of 

Victorville (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1242, 1253 [Generally, a plaintiff seeking leave to 

amend the complaint must do so prior to the hearing on a motion for summary 

judgment.]). Under the circumstances, we see no basis to conclude the trial court abused 

its discretion in declining to consider HOA’s belated request for judgment on the 

pleadings as an alternative ground for granting HOA’s motion.

Normally, our consideration of HOA’s argument would end at this point. 

Appellate courts “are not obliged to consider arguments or theories . . . that were not 

advanced by [a party] in the trial court” or “possible theories that were not fully 

developed or factually presented to the trial court . . . .” (DiCola v. White Brothers 

Performance Products, Inc. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 666, 676.) And we are “ ‘loath to 

reverse a judgment on grounds that the opposing party did not have an opportunity to 

argue and the trial court did not have an opportunity to consider.’ ” (Meridian Financial 

Services, Inc. v. Phan (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 657, 700 (Meridian).) However, we have 

discretion to consider an issue “where the relevant facts are undisputed and could not 

have been altered by the presentation of additional evidence.” (American Indian Health 

& Services Corp. v. Kent (2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 772, 789.) We exercise our discretion to 

consider whether HOA was entitled to judgment on the pleadings in this case because the 
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sufficiency of the allegations in the operative complaint presents a pure question of law 

that cannot be altered by the presentation of additional evidence, the parties have now 

had an opportunity to fully brief this issue, and addressing the issue will aid the parties 

and the trial court in future proceedings.

Nevertheless, we conclude that HOA’s contention that the operative complaint 

“confirm[s] that [plaintiffs’] basis for aiding and abetting rests solely on [HOA’s] alleged 

inaction” is unsupported by the record. In making this argument, HOA selectively 

identifies paragraphs from a portion of the operative complaint entitled “general 

allegations” to argue that the aiding and abetting cause of action alleged by plaintiffs is 

premised “solely” on alleged inaction. However, HOA omits other allegations that 

clearly contradict its desired characterization.

Specifically, plaintiffs alleged that HOA provided “substantial assistance” to the 

other defendants in the commission of FEHA violations by: “(1) providing [MS Foods] 

with training, (2) providing [Saifie and MS Foods] with policies and/or procedures to 

follow to avoid legal liability, (3) providing [Saifie and MS Foods] with legal, 

administrative, human resources and/or investigatory support so to assist [MS Foods] in 

avoiding liability for unlawful acts in the workplace, (4) refusing to individually 

investigate complaints of harassment and/or retaliation it was placed on notice of despite 

its ability to and/or (5) refusing to exercise its rights to revoke [Saifie and MS Foods’s] 

license as a franchisee despite its ability to per its franchise agreement . . . .” Thus, the 

operative complaint on its face shows that plaintiffs alleged a combination of omissions 

and affirmative conduct as the basis for aiding and abetting liability.
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Under a fair reading of the operative complaint, HOA’s failure to terminate its 

franchise agreement is only one of multiple acts and omissions alleged to constitute 

substantial assistance in support of the aiding and abetting cause of action. Because the 

operative complaint alleges a combination of omissions and affirmative acts as the basis 

for aiding and abetting liability, the allegations do not, on their own, establish that the “no 

duty to aid rule” set forth in Fiol applies to this case. As such, HOA was not entitled to 

judgment on the pleadings, and we proceed to analyze the propriety of the trial court’s 

order denying summary adjudication.

D. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Denying Summary Adjudication

1. Standard of Review and Issues Framed by the Pleadings

“Appellate courts independently review an order granting summary judgment or 

summary adjudication. [Citation] In performing this independent review, appellate 

courts apply the same three-step analysis as the trial court.” (Moreno v. Visser Ranch,

Inc. (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 568, 578; Mosley v. Pacific Specialty Ins. Co. (2020) 

49 Cal.App.5th 417, 422 (Mosley).) “ ‘First, we identify the issues framed by the 

pleadings. . . . [¶] Second [], we determine whether the moving party’s showing has 

established facts which negate the opponent’s claim and justify a judgment in movant’s 

favor. [Citations.] [¶] . . . [T]he third and final step is to determine whether the 

opposition demonstrates the existence of a triable, material factual issue.’ [Citation.] 

[W]e construe the moving party’s affidavits strictly, construe the opponent’s affidavits 

liberally, and resolve doubts about the propriety of granting the motion in favor of the 

party opposing it.’ ” (Mosley, at pp. 422-423.)
20

As we have already detailed, the only cause of action at issue in this writ 

proceeding is the 11th cause of action for aiding and abetting violations of the FEHA,

which involves showing at least four essential elements: (1) the plaintiff’s employer 

subjected the plaintiff to violations of the FEHA; (2) the defendant knew that the 

plaintiff’s employer’s conduct violated the FEHA; (3) the defendant gave “substantial 

assistance or encouragement” to the plaintiff’s employer in violating the FEHA; (4) the 

assistance or encouragement was a substantial factor in causing the violation of the 

FEHA. (Smith, supra, 64 Cal.App.5th 138 at p. 146; Alch, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 389; American, supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1476; Navarrete, supra, 237 Cal.App.4th

at p. 1286.) These were elements to which HOA was called upon to respond in seeking 

summary adjudication.

2. HOA Failed To Meet Its Initial Burden on Summary Adjudication

“ ‘To carry its initial burden when the motion is directed to the plaintiff’s case 

rather than an affirmative defense, a defendant must present evidence that either 

“conclusively negate[s] an element of the plaintiff’s cause of action” or “show[s] that the 

plaintiff does not possess, and cannot reasonably obtain,” evidence necessary to establish 

at least one element of the cause of action.’ ” (Campbell v. FPI Management, Inc. (2024) 

98 Cal.App.5th 1151, 1162; Gray v. La Salle Bank, N.A. (2023) 95 Cal.App.5th 932, 

947.) In moving for summary adjudication, HOA attempted to meet this burden in three 

ways: (1) negating the element of knowledge of MS Foods or Saifie’s FEHA violations; 

(2) negating the essential element of substantial assistance; and (3) arguing that plaintiffs 
21

did not possess evidence necessary to show substantial assistance. As explained below, 

HOA failed to satisfy its initial burden with respect to each of these grounds.

a. The evidence presented failed to negate the essential element of 

knowledge

With respect to the essential element of knowledge, HOA’s own facts showed that 

Smith never communicated any employment-related complaints directly to HOA; but, it 

conceded that Garcia communicated directly with HOA regarding employment-related 

complaints, and further conceded that HOA’s franchise business director and in-house 

counsel were aware of Garcia’s complaints. In our view, these facts, even if accepted as 

true and left undisputed, are not sufficient to negate the essential element of knowledge 

entitling HOA to summary adjudication.

We agree that the facts permit a reasonable inference that HOA lacked knowledge 

of FEHA violations against Smith. However, this showing did not entitle HOA to 

summary adjudication given the procedural posture of this case. “A motion for summary 

adjudication shall be granted only if it completely disposes of a cause of action, an 

affirmative defense, a claim for damages, or an issue of duty.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, 

subd. (f)(1).) Additionally, “[a] motion for summary adjudication tenders only those 

issues or causes of action specified in the notice of motion, and may only be granted as to 

the matters thus specified.” (Schmidlin v. City of Palo Alto (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 728, 

743-744.) In this case, negating knowledge of FEHA violations against Smith would not 

dispose of the cause of action because Garcia is also a plaintiff in this cause of action. 

Additionally, HOA’s notice in this case requested only summary adjudication of the 
22

entire 11th cause of action for aiding and abetting and did not request adjudication of any 

issues short of disposing of the entire cause of action. Thus, even assuming that the 

evidence presented would preclude Smith from prevailing at trial, this would not entitle 

HOA to summary adjudication.

HOA argues that its evidence was still sufficient to negate the essential element of 

knowledge because Garcia’s communications constituted “mere allegations” and not 

“conclusive proof that [a] provisio[n] of the FEHA [has] been violated,” such as 

information that the employer has been found in violation of the FEHA by a tribunal or 

fact finder. In our view, the exacting evidentiary showing suggested by HOA is 

extraordinary and unwarranted in this case.

8

 Nevertheless, we need not discuss the point

in detail because, even assuming such a showing is required to establish the element of 

knowledge, HOA’s evidence would still be insufficient to satisfy its burden as the 

moving party seeking summary adjudication.

In trying to conclusively negate an essential element of the plaintiff’s case, a 

defendant seeking summary adjudication “initially ‘must present evidence that would 

require a reasonable trier of fact not to find an underlying material fact more likely than 

not . . . .’ ” (Bushling v. Fremont Medical Center (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 493, 507; 

8

 Even where the trier of fact is required to find actual knowledge, this “does not 

mean that the [trier of fact] [cannot] rely exclusively on circumstantial evidence to 

support such a finding. The only limit on the [trier of fact’s] reliance on inferences from 

circumstantial evidence to establish actual knowledge is that those inferences may not be 

speculative or conjectural.” (People v. ConAgra Grocery Products Co. (2017) 

17 Cal.App.5th 51, 84-85.) An inference of actual knowledge is reasonable when the 

“circumstantial evidence must suggest that the defendant must have known of the matter 

. . . .” (RSB Vineyards, LLC v. Orsi (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1089, 1098.)
23

Zamora v. Security Industry Specialists, Inc. (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 1, 33 [“ ‘ “ ‘ “[T]he 

burden rests with the moving party to negate the plaintiff’s right to prevail on a particular 

issue.” ’ ” ’ ”], italics omitted.) Thus, in the context presented here, HOA’s burden was 

to present evidence that would permit a jury to conclude that HOA lacked the necessary 

knowledge of a FEHA violation.

Yet all HOA did as the moving party was present the declaration of its franchise 

business director stating that he had received Garcia’s complaints and initiated an 

investigation into her allegations. However, showing that HOA had knowledge of certain 

facts does not constitute a showing that HOA lacked knowledge of other, unmentioned 

facts. The director did not attest that Garcia’s complaints were the only source of 

information he had related to her claims. Nor did HOA attempt to show that this director 

was the only person working for HOA who may have obtained information regarding 

Garcia’s claims.

9

 Thus, HOA’s evidence was insufficient to negate the element of 

knowledge, regardless of the strength of the evidence plaintiffs may be required to 

produce in order to meet their burden at the time of trial.

In its traverse, HOA directs our attention to additional evidence not mentioned in 

its moving papers and argues that its lack of knowledge can also be inferred from this 

9

If anything, HOA’s evidence was susceptible to reasonable inferences to the 

contrary. HOA’s own facts suggest that its in-house counsel was also a potential 

recipient of information related to Garcia’s claims; the franchise business director was in 

direct communication with Saifie; and the franchise business director undertook an 

unspecified investigation into Garcia’s compaints. Certainly, the fact that the franchise 

business director conducted an investigation gives rise to a reasonable inference that he 

had more than one source from which to obtain information regarding Garcia’s 

complaints.
24

evidence. However, “ ‘[t]he court’s assessment of whether the moving party has carried 

its burden . . . occurs before the court’s evaluation of the opposing party’s papers. . . . 

[T]he burden on the motion does not initially shift as a result of what is, or is not, 

contained in the opposing papers. . . . [T]his conclusion applies with equal force on 

appeal.’ ” (Mosley, supra, 49 Cal.App.5th at pp. 434-435 [“[I]f the defendant . . . fails to 

meet [its] initial burden . . . , it is unnecessary to examine the plaintiff’s opposing 

evidence; the motion must be denied.”]; Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 850; Union 

Pacific Railroad Co. v. Ameron Pole Products LLC (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 974, 979 

[same].) We observe that all of the additional evidence HOA references in its traverse 

was produced by plaintiffs in opposition to summary judgment. Thus, the trial court was 

not required to consider this evidence in assessing whether HOA met its initial burden,

and we decline to do so here.

10

10

 While it is true that “gaps in a [moving] party’s evidentiary showing may 

certainly be filled by the opposing party’s evidence” (Salma v. Capon (2008) 

161 Cal.App.4th1275, 1289; Villa v. McFerren (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 733, 750-751), we 

decline to do so in this case for two reasons. First, despite receiving a tentative ruling 

expressing the view that HOA’s evidence failed to meet its initial burden, HOA never 

argued that its deficient showing could be cured by reference to opposition evidence; and 

a party forfeits a claim of error by failing to “raise or develop [an] argument in the trial 

court.” (LAOSD Asbestos Cases (2023) 87 Cal.App.5th 939, 955; Bitner v. Department 

of Corrections & Rehabilitation (2023) 87 Cal.App.5th 1048, 1065; Meridian, supra, 67 

Cal.App.5th at p. 704.) Second, HOA made no reference to this evidence in its petition, 

instead raising this point for the first time in its traverse; and in a writ proceeding, a 

petitioner will generally be deemed to have waived an argument that is made for the first 

time in a traverse. (People v. Superior Court (Tapia) (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 394, 405,

fn. 23; Golden Door Properties, LLC v. County of San Diego (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 467, 

559 [“Fairness militates against allowing an appellant to raise an issue for the first time in 

a reply brief because consideration of the issue deprives the respondent of the opportunity 

to counter the appellant by raising opposing arguments about the new issue.”].)
25

b. The evidence presented failed to negate the essential element of 

substantial assistance

Likewise, the record does not show that HOA presented any evidence to negate 

each theory of substantial assistance alleged in the operative complaint. In its moving 

papers, HOA cited to the same facts showing that Garcia communicated directly with 

HOA on two occasions to make employment-related complaints; HOA’s franchise 

business director received and then forwarded these communications to Saifie; and 

HOA’s in-house counsel corresponded directly with Garcia to inform her that HOA 

would conduct an investigation. We fail to see how these facts address the material 

allegations of the operative complaint, which alleged that HOA provided substantial 

assistance by: “(1) providing [MS Foods] with training, (2) providing [Saifie and MS 

Foods] with policies and/or procedures to follow to avoid legal liability, (3) providing 

[Saifie and MS Foods] with legal, administrative, human resources and/or investigatory 

support so to assist [MS Foods] in avoiding liability for unlawful acts in the workplace, 

(4) refusing to individually investigate complaints of harassment and/or retaliation it was 

placed on notice of despite its ability to and/or (5) refusing to exercise its rights to revoke 

[Saifie and MS Foods’s] license as a franchisee despite its ability to per its franchise 

agreement . . . .”

Even if we had been persuaded by HOA’s argument that “inaction” could not 

constitute substantial assistance as a matter of law, this would only have disposed of the 

last two theories of substantial assistance alleged in the pleading. It would not have 

relieved HOA of the burden to present evidence to negate the first three theories alleging
26

affirmative conduct, such as the provision of training, policies, procedures, and 

administrative support designed to assist MS Foods and Saifie in avoiding legal liability 

for FEHA violations. In both its petition and traverse, HOA has made no effort to direct 

our attention to any such evidence addressing these allegations.11 Nor has our 

independent review of the evidence submitted in support of summary adjudication 

revealed any such evidence.

12

“ ‘If a plaintiff pleads several theories, the defendant has the burden of 

demonstrating there are no material facts requiring trial on any of them. “The moving 

defendant whose declarations omit facts as to any such theory . . . permits that portion of 

the complaint to be unchallenged.” ’ ” (Tesselle v. McLoughlin (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th

156, 163.) In such circumstances, the defendant has failed to meet his burden and 

summary judgment must be denied regardless of the plaintiff’s showing in opposition. 

(Id. at pp. 161-162; Jameson v. Desta (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1144, 1165 [“Having 

failed to address . . . allegations pertaining to [a] theory of liability, [defendant] failed to 

11

 HOA’s verified petition did not identify any facts or evidence presented with 

its motion for summary adjudication directed towards these allegations; its accompanying 

memorandum did not include any facts related to these allegations in its factual summary 

or argument; and its traverse also failed to identify any facts or evidence related to these 

allegations.

12

 In fact, HOA’s proffered facts admitted that it provided “certain training and 

assistance” to franchisees, provided “manuals, guidelines, [and] training” to franchisees, 

and made exemplar employee handbooks and “other guidance materials for reference 

purposes only” available for franchisees. HOA did not attach these documents to its 

motion, instead providing only the disclaimer pages advising that franchisee use of its 

materials were optional and not required or mandated. Thus, there was no evidence upon 

which the trial court could rely to conclude that HOA’s training and materials did not 

provide the assistance or encouragement alleged in the operative complaint.
27

carry his ‘initial burden of production to make a prima facie showing of the nonexistence 

of any triable issue of material fact.’ ”].) Because HOA’s motion for summary 

adjudication entirely neglected to address three pleaded theories, HOA failed to meet its 

initial burden to negate the essential element of substantial assistance.

c. The evidence presented failed to show the absence of evidence

Finally, we conclude that HOA failed to satisfy its initial burden to the extent it 

sought to obtain summary adjudication based upon plaintiffs’ purported lack of evidence 

to prove their claims.

“[R]ather than affirmatively disproving or negating an element . . . , a defendant 

moving for summary [adjudication] has the option of presenting evidence reflecting the 

plaintiff does not possess evidence to prove that element.” (Leyva v. Garcia (2018) 

20 Cal.App.5th 1095, 1102 (Leyva); Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 854.) While merely 

arguing the absence of evidence may be sufficient to obtain summary adjudication in 

federal practice (see Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London v. Superior Court (1997) 

56 Cal.App.4th 952, 958; Krantz v. BT Visual Images, L.L.C. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 164, 

170-171 (Krantz)), “[n]o California case has concluded that a party moving for summary 

judgment can simply argue there is an ‘absence’ of facts to support the opposing party’s 

case” (Schieding v. Dinwiddie Const. Co. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 64, 81).

Instead, California law “still diverges from federal law” in that it “continues to 

require a defendant moving for summary judgment to present evidence, and not simply 

point out that the plaintiff does not possess, and cannot reasonably obtain, needed 

evidence.” (Aguilar, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 854; Krantz, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at 
28

pp. 173-174 [“There must be some ‘affirmative showing’ . . . that plaintiff could not 

obtain such evidence before summary judgment [is] proper.”].) This evidentiary showing 

“may ‘consist of’ the deposition testimony of the plaintiff’s witnesses, the plaintiff’s 

factually devoid discovery responses, or admissions by the plaintiff in deposition or in 

response to requests for admission that he or she has not discovered anything that 

supports an essential element of the cause of action.” (Leyva, supra, 20 Cal.App.5th at 

p. 1102; Chavez v. Glock, Inc. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 1283, 1302; Cassady v. Morgan,

Lewis & Bockius LLP (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 220, 240.) However, “[a]rgument alone is 

insufficient.” (Cassady, at p. 240.) 

Here, HOA merely asserted in its moving papers that “HOA never encouraged, 

supported, or assisted MS Foods or Saifie in committing any alleged FEHA violations. 

The lack of such evidence dooms Plaintiff’s aiding and abetting claim.” HOA did not 

cite to any facts set forth in its separate statement and did not cite to any evidence in its 

appendix of evidentiary exhibits to support its assertion. Nor does our review of the 

record disclose that HOA attached any discovery responses, deposition testimony or other 

evidence that would suggest plaintiffs admitted the absence of evidence to prove the 

substantial assistance element of the cause of action. HOA merely asserted the absence 

of evidence and proceeded as if making the assertion was sufficient to shift the burden to 

plaintiffs. This was not sufficient to satisfy HOA’s initial burden as the moving party 

seeking summary adjudication, and plaintiffs were under no obligation to identify or 

produce any evidence in response.
29

As the moving party seeking summary adjudication, HOA bore the burden to 

either produce evidence to negate an essential element of plaintiffs’ claim or produce 

evidence to show that plaintiffs did not possess, and could not reasonably obtain,

evidence to prove their claim. Because we agree with the trial court that HOA failed to 

meet its initial burden as the moving party, we need not address whether the evidence 

presented in opposition by plaintiffs showed a genuine dispute of fact. (Mosley, supra,

49 Cal.App.5th at p. 435; Y.K.A. Industries, Inc. v. Redevelopment Agency of City of San 

Jose (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 339, 353-354; Dix v. Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. (2020) 

56 Cal.App.5th 590, 604-605.) As such, the trial court did not err in denying HOA’s 

request for summary adjudication of the 11th cause of action for aiding and abetting 

violations of the FEHA or the 12th cause of action for violation of the UCL.

IV. DISPOSITION

The petition for writ of mandate is denied. The previously ordered stay is vacated 

upon issuance of the remittitur (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.490(d)), and plaintiffs shall 

recover their costs of this writ proceeding (id. at rules 8.490(d), 8.493(a)(1)).

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

FIELDS

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

MENETREZ

J.