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ANNEX 26 

RESOLUTION MEPC.207(62) 

Adopted on 15 July 2011 

2011 GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIPS' BIOFOULING 

TO MINIMIZE THE TRANSFER OF INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES 

THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE, 

RECALLING Article 38 of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization 

concerning the functions of the Marine Environment Protection Committee relating to any 

matter within the scope of the Organization concerned with the prevention and control of 

marine pollution from ships, 

RECALLING ALSO that Member States of the International Maritime Organization made a 

clear commitment to minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species by shipping in 

adopting the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast 

Water and Sediments, 2004, 

RECALLING FURTHER that studies have shown biofouling on ships to be an important 

means of transferring invasive aquatic species which, if established in new ecosystems, may 

pose threats to the environment, human health, property and resources, 

NOTING the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, and that the transfer 

and introduction of aquatic invasive species through ships' biofouling threatens the 

conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, 

NOTING ALSO that implementing practices to control and manage ships' biofouling can 

greatly assist in reducing the risk of the transfer of invasive aquatic species, 

NOTING FURTHER that this issue, being of worldwide concern, demands a globally 

consistent approach to the management of biofouling, 

HAVING CONSIDERED, at its sixty-second session, the draft Guidelines for the control and 

management of ships' biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species, 

developed by the Sub-Committee on Bulk Liquids and Gases, 

1. ADOPTS the 2011 Guidelines for the control and management of ships' biofouling to 

minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species, as set out in the annex to the present 

resolution; 

2. REQUESTS Member States to take urgent action in applying these Guidelines, 

including the dissemination thereof to the shipping industry and other interested parties, 

taking these Guidelines into account when adopting measures to minimize the risk of 

introducing invasive aquatic species via biofouling, and reporting to the MEPC on any 

experience gained in their implementation; and 

3. AGREES to keep these Guidelines under review in light of the experience gained.
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ANNEX 

2011 GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF SHIPS'

BIOFOULING TO MINIMIZE THE TRANSFER OF INVASIVE AQUATIC SPECIES 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1 INTRODUCTION 

2 DEFINITIONS 

3 APPLICATION 

4 OBJECTIVES 

5 BIOFOULING MANAGEMENT PLAN AND RECORD BOOK 

 Biofouling Management Plan 

 Biofouling Record Book 

6 ANTI-FOULING SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 

 Choosing the anti-fouling system 

 Installing, re-installing, or repairing the anti-fouling system 

 Procedures for ship maintenance and recycling facilities 

7 IN-WATER INSPECTION, CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE 

 In-water inspection of ships 

 In-water cleaning and maintenance 

8 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 

9 DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION 

10 TRAINING AND EDUCATION 

11 OTHER MEASURES 

12 FUTURE WORK

 Research needs 

 Independent information needs 

APPENDIX 1 BIOFOULING MANAGEMENT PLAN AND RECORD BOOK 

– Format and content of Biofouling Management Plan 

APPENDIX 2 BIOFOULING MANAGEMENT PLAN AND RECORD BOOK 

– Biofouling Record Book Form 
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1 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 In the adoption of the International Convention for the Control and Management of 

Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004 (BWM Convention), Member States of the 

International Maritime Organization (IMO) made a clear commitment to minimizing the 

transfer of invasive aquatic species by shipping. Studies have shown that biofouling can also 

be a significant vector for the transfer of invasive aquatic species. Biofouling on ships 

entering the waters of States may result in the establishment of invasive aquatic species 

which may pose threats to human, animal and plant life, economic and cultural activities and 

the aquatic environment. 

1.2 While the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems 

on Ships, 2001 (AFS Convention) addresses anti-fouling systems on ships, its focus is on the 

prevention of adverse impacts from the use of anti-fouling systems and the biocides they 

may contain, rather than preventing the transfer of invasive aquatic species. 

1.3 The potential for invasive aquatic species transferred through biofouling to cause 

harm has been recognized by the IMO, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), several 

UNEP Regional Seas Conventions (e.g., Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the 

Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), 

and the Secretariat of the Pacific Region Environmental Program (SPREP). 

1.4 All ships have some degree of biofouling, even those which may have been recently 

cleaned or had a new application of an anti-fouling coating system. Studies have shown that 

the biofouling process begins within the first few hours of a ship's immersion in water. The 

biofouling that may be found on a ship is influenced by a range of factors, such as follows: 

.1 design and construction, particularly the number, location and design of 

niche areas; 

.2 specific operating profile, including factors such as operating speeds, ratio 

of time underway compared with time alongside, moored or at anchor, and 

where the ship is located when not in use (e.g., open anchorage or 

estuarine port); 

.3 places visited and trading routes; and 

.4 maintenance history, including: the type, age and condition of any 

anti-fouling coating system, installation and operation of anti-fouling 

systems and dry-docking/slipping and hull cleaning practices. 

1.5 Implementing practices to control and manage biofouling can greatly assist in 

reducing the risk of the transfer of invasive aquatic species. Such management practices 

can also improve a ship's hydrodynamic performance and can be effective tools in enhancing 

energy efficiency and reducing air emissions from ships. This concept has been identified by 

the IMO in the "Guidance for the development of a ship energy efficiency management plan 

(SEEMP)" (MEPC.1/Circ.683). 

1.6 These Guidelines for the control and management of ships' biofouling to minimize 

the transfer of invasive aquatic species (hereafter "the Guidelines") are intended to provide a 

globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling. As scientific and technological 

advances are made, the Guidelines will be refined to enable the risk to be more adequately 

addressed. Port States, flag States, coastal States and other parties that can assist in 

mitigating the problems associated with biofouling should exercise due diligence to 

implement the Guidelines to the maximum extent possible. 
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2 DEFINITIONS 

2.1 For the purposes of these Guidelines, the following definitions apply: 

AFS Convention means the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling 

Systems on Ships, 2001. 

Anti-fouling coating system means the combination of all component coatings, surface 

treatments (including primer, sealer, binder, anti-corrosive and anti-fouling coatings) or other 

surface treatments, used on a ship to control or prevent attachment of unwanted aquatic 

organisms. 

Anti-fouling system means a coating, paint, surface treatment, surface, or device that is 

used on a ship to control or prevent attachment of unwanted organisms. 

Biofouling means the accumulation of aquatic organisms such as micro-organisms, plants, 

and animals on surfaces and structures immersed in or exposed to the aquatic environment. 

Biofouling can include microfouling and macrofouling (see below). 

In-water cleaning means the physical removal of biofouling from a ship while in the water. 

Invasive aquatic species means a species which may pose threats to human, animal and 

plant life, economic and cultural activities and the aquatic environment. 

Marine Growth Prevention System (MGPS) means an anti-fouling system used for the 

prevention of biofouling accumulation in internal seawater cooling systems and sea chests 

and can include the use of anodes, injection systems and electrolysis. 

Member States means States that are Members of the International Maritime Organization. 

Macrofouling means large, distinct multicellular organisms visible to the human eye such as 

barnacles, tubeworms, or fronds of algae. 

Microfouling means microscopic organisms including bacteria and diatoms and the slimy 

substances that they produce. Biofouling comprised of only microfouling is commonly 

referred to as a slime layer. 

Niche areas mean areas on a ship that may be more susceptible to biofouling due to 

different hydrodynamic forces, susceptibility to coating system wear or damage, or being 

inadequately, or not, painted, e.g., sea chests, bow thrusters, propeller shafts, inlet gratings, 

dry-dock support strips, etc. 

Organization means the International Maritime Organization. 

Port State authority means any official or organization authorized by the Government of a 

port State to verify the compliance and enforcement of standards and regulations relevant to 

the implementation of national and international shipping control measures. 

Ship means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the aquatic environment and 

includes hydrofoil boats, air-cushion vehicles, submersibles, floating craft, fixed or floating 

platforms, floating storage units (FSUs) and floating production storage and off-loading units 

(FPSOs). 
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States means coastal, port or Member States as appropriate. 

Treatment means a process which may use a mechanical, physical, chemical or biological 

method to remove or render sterile, invasive or potentially invasive aquatic species fouling a 

ship. 

3 APPLICATION 

3.1 The Guidelines are intended to provide useful recommendations on general 

measures to minimize the risks associated with biofouling for all types of ships and are 

directed to States, shipmasters, operators and owners, shipbuilders, ship cleaning and 

maintenance operators, port authorities, ship repair, dry-docking and recycling facilities, ship 

designers, classification societies, anti-fouling paint manufacturers and suppliers and any 

other interested parties. A State should determine the extent that the Guidelines are applied 

within that particular State. 

3.2 A separate guidance document, based on these Guidelines, provides advice 

relevant to owners and/or operators of recreational craft less than 24 metres in length, using 

terminology appropriate for that sector. 

3.3 States should inform the Organization of any relevant biofouling regulations, 

management requirements or restrictions they are applying to international shipping. 

4 OBJECTIVES 

4.1 The objectives of these Guidelines are to provide practical guidance to States, ship 

masters, operators and owners, shipbuilders, ship repair, dry-docking and recycling facilities, 

ship cleaning and maintenance operators, ship designers, classification societies, anti-fouling 

paint manufacturers and suppliers and any other interested parties, on measures to minimize 

the risk of transferring invasive aquatic species from ships' biofouling. It is important that 

biofouling management procedures be effective as well as environmentally safe, practical, 

designed to minimize costs and delays to the ship, and based upon these Guidelines 

whenever possible. 

4.2 To minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species, a ship should implement 

biofouling management practices, including the use of anti-fouling systems and other 

operational management practices to reduce the development of biofouling. The intent of 

such practices is to keep the ship's submerged surfaces, and internal seawater cooling 

systems, as free of biofouling as practical. A ship following this guidance and minimizing 

macrofouling would have a reduced potential for transferring invasive aquatic species via 

biofouling. 

4.3 The management measures outlined within these Guidelines are intended to 

complement current maintenance practices carried out within the industry. 

5 BIOFOULING MANAGEMENT PLAN AND RECORD BOOK 

5.1 Implementation of an effective biofouling management regime is critical for 

minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species. The biofouling management measures 

to be undertaken on a ship should be outlined in a biofouling management plan, and records 

of biofouling management practices kept in a biofouling record book, as outlined below. 
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Biofouling Management Plan 

5.2 It is recommended that every ship should have a biofouling management plan. 

The intent of the plan should be to provide effective procedures for biofouling management. 

An example of a Biofouling Management Plan is outlined in appendix 1 of these Guidelines. 

The Biofouling Management Plan may be a stand-alone document, or integrated in part or 

fully, into the existing ships' operational and procedural manuals and/or planned maintenance 

system. 

5.3 The biofouling management plan should be specific to each ship and included in the 

ship's operational documentation. Such a plan should address, among other things, the 

following: 

.1 relevant parts of these Guidelines; 

.2 details of the anti-fouling systems and operational practices or treatments 

used, including those for niche areas; 

.3 hull locations susceptible to biofouling, schedule of planned inspections, 

repairs, maintenance and renewal of anti-fouling systems; 

.4 details of the recommended operating conditions suitable for the chosen 

anti-fouling systems and operational practices; 

.5 details relevant for the safety of the crew, including details on the 

anti-fouling system(s) used; and 

.6 details of the documentation required to verify any treatments recorded in 

the Biofouling Record Book as outlined in appendix 2. 

5.4 The biofouling management plan should be updated as necessary. 

Biofouling Record Book 

5.5 It is recommended that a Biofouling Record Book is maintained for each ship. The 

book should record details of all inspections and biofouling management measures 

undertaken on the ship. This is to assist the shipowner and operator to evaluate the efficacy 

of the specific anti-fouling systems and operational practices on the ship in particular, and of 

the biofouling management plan in general. The record book could also assist interested 

State authorities to quickly and efficiently assess the potential biofouling risk of the ship, and 

thus minimize delays to ship operations. The Biofouling Record Book may be a stand-alone 

document, or integrated in part, or fully, into the existing ships' operational and procedural 

manuals and/or planned maintenance system. 

5.6 It is recommended that the Biofouling Record Book be retained on the ship for the 

life of the ship. 

5.7 Information that should be recorded in a Biofouling Record Book includes the 

following: 

.1 details of the anti-fouling systems and operational practices used (where 

appropriate as recorded in the Anti-fouling System Certificate), where and 

when installed, areas of the ship coated, its maintenance and, where 

applicable, its operation; 
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.2 dates and location of dry-dockings/slippings, including the date the ship 

was re-floated, and any measures taken to remove biofouling or to renew 

or repair the anti-fouling system; 

.3 the date and location of in-water inspections, the results of that inspection 

and any corrective action taken to deal with observed biofouling; 

.4 the dates and details of inspection and maintenance of internal seawater 

cooling systems, the results of these inspections, and any corrective action 

taken to deal with observed biofouling and any reported blockages; and 

.5 details of when the ship has been operating outside its normal operating 

profile including any details of when the ship was laid-up or inactive for 

extended periods of time. 

5.8 An example of a Biofouling Record Book and information to be recorded is included 

as appendix 2 to these Guidelines. 

6 ANTI-FOULING SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 

6.1 Anti-fouling systems and operational practices are the primary means of biofouling 

prevention and control for existing ships' submerged surfaces, including the hull and niche 

areas. An anti-fouling system can be a coating system applied to exposed surfaces, 

biofouling resistant materials used for piping and other unpainted components, marine 

growth prevention systems (MGPSs) for sea chests and internal seawater cooling systems, 

or other innovative measures to control biofouling.

6.2 The anti-fouling system used should comply with the AFS Convention, where 

necessary. 

Choosing the anti-fouling system 

6.3 Different anti-fouling systems are designed for different ship operating profiles so it 

is essential that ship operators, designers and builders obtain appropriate technical advice to 

ensure an appropriate system is applied or installed. If an appropriate anti-fouling system is 

not applied, biofouling accumulation increases. 

6.4 Some factors to consider when choosing an anti-fouling system include the 

following: 

.1 planned periods between dry-docking – including any mandatory 

requirements for ships survey; 

.2 ship speed – different anti-fouling systems are designed to optimize 

anti-fouling performance for specific ship speeds; 

.3 operating profile – patterns of use, trade routes and activity levels, including 

periods of inactivity, influence the rate of biofouling accumulation; 

.4 ship type and construction; and 

.5 any legal requirements for the sale and use of the anti-fouling systems. 
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6.5 Consideration should also be given to the need for tailored, differential installation of 

anti-fouling coating systems for different areas of the ship to match the required performance 

and longevity of the coating with the expected wear, abrasion and water flow rates in specific 

areas, such as the bow, rudder, or internal seawater cooling systems and sea chest interiors. 

Installing, re-installing, or repairing the anti-fouling system 

6.6 Whether installing, re-installing or repairing the anti-fouling system, care should be 

taken in surface preparation to ensure all biofouling residues, flaking paint, or other surface 

contamination is completely removed, particularly in niche areas, to facilitate good adhesion 

and durability of the anti-fouling system. 

6.7 For sea chests the following should be considered when installing, re-installing, or 

repairing their anti-fouling systems: 

.1 inlet grates and the internal surfaces of sea chests should be protected by 

an anti-fouling coating system that is suitable for the flow conditions of 

seawater over the grate and through the sea chest; 

.2 care should be taken in surface preparation and application of any 

anti-fouling coating system to ensure adequate adhesion and coating 

thickness. Particular attention should be paid to the corners and edges of 

sea chests, blowout pipes, holding brackets and the bars of grates. Grates 

may require a major refurbishment type of surface preparation at each 

dry-docking to ensure coating durability; and 

.3 the installation of MGPSs is encouraged to assist in treating the sea chest 

and internal seawater piping as part of the biofouling management plan. 

A careful evaluation of the consequential effects of MGPSs should be made 

before installation, including potential effects on the ship and/or the 

environment and the existence of regulations affecting the use of MGPSs. 

6.8 Other niche areas can also be particularly susceptible to biofouling growth. 

Management measures for niche areas are outlined below. 

.1 Dry-docking support strips – Positions of dry-docking blocks and 

supports should be varied at each dry-docking, or alternative arrangements 

made to ensure that areas under blocks are painted with anti-fouling, at 

least at alternate dry-dockings. These areas should receive a major 

refurbishment type of surface preparation and be coated at each 

dry-docking that they are accessible. Where it is not possible to alternate 

the position of dry-docking support strips, e.g., in critical weight bearing 

areas such as under the engine-room, these areas should be specially 

considered and managed by other means, e.g., the application of 

specialized coatings or procedures. 

.2 Bow and stern thrusters – The body and area around bow, stern and any 

other thrusters prone to coating damage, should be routinely maintained at 

dry-dockings. Particular attention should be paid to any free flooding spaces 

which may exist around the thruster tunnel. The housings/recesses, and 

retractable fittings such as stabilizers and thruster bodies, should have an 

anti-fouling coating system of adequate thickness for optimal effectiveness. 
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.3 Edges and weld joints – Exposed edges on the hull, such as around bilge 

keels and scoops, and weld joints, should be faired and coated to ensure 

adequate coating thickness to optimize system effectiveness.

.4 Rudder hinges and stabilizer fin apertures – Recesses within rudder 

hinges and behind stabilizer fins need to be carefully and effectively 

cleaned and re-coated at maintenance dry-dockings. Rudders and 

stabilizer fins should be moved through their full range of motion during the 

coating process to ensure that all surfaces are correctly coated to the 

specification of the anti-fouling system. Rudders, rudder fittings and the 

hull areas around them should also be adequately coated to withstand the 

increased wear rates experienced in these areas. 

.5 Propeller and shaft – Propellers and immersed propeller shafts should be 

coated with fouling release coatings where possible and appropriate, to 

maintain efficiency and enable self-cleaning, so that the need for regular 

in-water cleaning and polishing is minimized. 

.6 Stern tube seal assemblies and the internal surfaces of rope guards – 

Exposed sections of stern tube seal assemblies and the internal surfaces of 

rope guards should be carefully painted with anti-fouling coating systems 

appropriate to the degree of water movement over and around these 

surfaces. 

.7 Cathodic protection (CP) anodes – Niche areas for biofouling can be 

minimized if: anodes are flush-fitted to the hull; a rubber backing pad is 

inserted between the anode and the hull; or the gap is caulked. Caulking 

the gap will make the seam or joint watertight. If not flush-fitted, the hull 

surface under the anode and the anode strap should be coated with an 

anti-fouling coating system suitable for low water flow to prevent biofouling 

accumulation. If anodes are attached by bolts recessed into the anode 

surface, the recess should be caulked to remove a potential niche. 

.8 Pitot tubes – Where retractable pitot tubes are fitted, the housing should 

be internally coated with an anti-fouling coating system suitable for static 

conditions. 

.9 Sea inlet pipes and overboard discharges – Anti-fouling coating systems 

should be applied inside the pipe opening and accessible internal areas. 

The anti-corrosive or primer coating selected should be appropriate to the 

specific pipe material if this material is different to the hull. Care should be 

taken in surface preparation and coating application to ensure good 

adhesion and coating thickness. 

Procedures for ship maintenance and recycling facilities 

6.9 Ship maintenance and recycling facilities should adopt measures (consistent with 

applicable national and local laws and regulations) to ensure that viable biofouling organisms 

or chemical and physical pollutants are not released into the local aquatic environment. 

These measures include the following: 

.1 capturing biological material to minimize the risk of organism survival and 

establishment and other impacts of biological material being released into 

the aquatic environment; 
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.2 treating and/or disposing of captured biological material in an 

environmentally appropriate manner; 

.3 scheduling of ships' arrival and departure at cleaning and maintenance 

facilities and at locations where ships are moored while waiting for cleaning 

and maintenance to minimize the risk of fouled ships contaminating other 

ships and the surrounding environment; 

.4 removing biofouling from all underwater surfaces of a ship when in 

dry-dock, including niche areas; and 

.5 lowering or extending retractable equipment such as stabilizers, thrusters, 

transducers and similar when a ship is in dry-dock or slipped, to permit 

access for the removal of biofouling from the equipment and its housing. 

7 IN-WATER INSPECTION, CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE 

7.1 Despite the use of effective anti-fouling systems and operational practices, 

undesirable amounts of biofouling may still accumulate during the intended lifetime of the 

anti-fouling system. To maintain a ship as free of biofouling as practical, it may be advisable 

for the ship to undertake in-water inspection, cleaning and maintenance. 

In-water inspection of ships 

7.2 In-water inspection can be a useful and flexible means to inspect the condition of 

anti-fouling systems and the biofouling status of a ship. In-water inspections should be 

undertaken periodically as a general means of routine surveillance, augmented by specific 

inspections as necessary to address any situations of elevated risk. Specific occasions 

when an in-water inspection may be appropriate, include the following: 

.1 before and after any planned period of inactivity or significant or unforeseen 

change to the ship's operating profile; 

.2 prior to undertaking in-water cleaning to determine the presence of known or 

suspected invasive aquatic species or other species of concern on the ship; 

.3 after a known or suspected marine pest or other species of concern is 

discovered in a ship's internal seawater cooling systems; and 

.4 following damage to, or premature failure of, the anti-fouling system. 

7.3 It is recommended that ship operators identify niche areas on the ship that may 

accumulate biofouling to enable these areas to be effectively targeted during inspections. 

Areas may include the following: 

- propeller thrusters and propulsion units; 

- sea chests; 

- rudder stock and hinge; 

- stabilizer fin apertures; 

- rope guards, stern tube seals and propeller shafts; 
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- cathodic protection anodes; 

- anchor chain and chain lockers; 

- free flood spaces inherent to the ships' design; 

- sea chest and thruster tunnel grates; 

- echo sounders and velocity probes; 

- overboard discharge outlets and sea inlets; and 

- areas prone to anti-fouling coating system damage or grounding (e.g., areas of 

the hull damaged by fenders when alongside, leading edges of bilge keels and 

propeller shaft "y" frames). 

7.4 Dive and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys can be practical options for 

in-water inspections although they do have limitations regarding visibility and available dive 

time compared with the area to be inspected, and difficulties with effectively accessing many 

biofouling prone niches. Such surveys should be undertaken by persons who are suitably 

qualified and experienced and familiar with biofouling and associated invasive aquatic 

species risks and the safety risks relating to in-water surveys. Regulatory authorities may 

have recommended or accredited biofouling inspection divers. 

In-water cleaning and maintenance 

7.5 In-water cleaning can be an important part of biofouling management. In-water 

cleaning can also introduce different degrees of environmental risk, depending on the nature 

of biofouling (i.e. microfouling versus macrofouling), the amount of anti-fouling coating 

system residue released and the biocidal content of the anti-fouling coating system. Relative 

to macrofouling, microfouling can be removed with gentler techniques that minimize 

degradation of the anti-fouling coating system and/or biocide release. Microfouling removal 

may enhance a ship's hull efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas 

emissions. It is, therefore, recommended that the ship's hull is cleaned when practical by 

soft methods if significant microfouling occurs. In-water cleaning can also reduce the risk of 

spreading invasive aquatic species by preventing macrofouling accumulation. 

7.6 It may be appropriate for States to conduct a risk assessment to evaluate the risk of 

in-water cleaning activities and minimize potential threats to their environment, property and 

resources. Risk assessment factors could include the following: 

.1 biological risk of the biofouling organisms being removed from the ship 

(including viability of the biofouling organisms or the ability to capture 

biofouling material); 

.2 factors that may influence biofouling accumulation, such as changes to the 

operating profile of the ship; 

.3 geographical area that was the source of the biofouling on the ship, 

if known; and 

.4 toxic effects related to substances within the anti-fouling coating system 

that could be released during the cleaning activity, and any subsequent 

damage to the anti-fouling coating system. 
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7.7 Personnel proposing to undertake in-water cleaning should be aware of any 

regulations or requirements for the conduct of in-water cleaning, including any regulations 

regarding the discharge of chemicals into the marine environment and the location of 

sensitive areas (such as marine protected areas and ballast water exchange areas). Where 

significant macrofouling growth is detected, it should be removed or treated (if this can be 

done without damaging the anti-fouling system) in accordance with such regulations. Where 

available, appropriate technology should be used to minimize the release of both anti-fouling 

coating or paint debris, and viable adult, juvenile, or reproductive stages of macrofouling 

organisms. The collected material should be disposed of in a manner which does not pose a 

risk to the aquatic environment. 

7.8 For immersed areas coated with biocidal anti-fouling coatings, cleaning techniques 

should be used that minimize release of biocide into the environment. Cleaning heavily 

fouled anti-fouling coating systems can not only generate biofouling debris, but prematurely 

depletes the anti-fouling coating system and may create a pulse of biocide that can harm the 

local environment and may impact on future applications by the port authority for the disposal 

of dredge spoil. Depleted anti-fouling coating systems on hulls will rapidly re-foul. In-water 

cleaning or scrubbing of hulls for the purpose of delaying dry-dockings beyond the specified 

service life of the coating is, therefore, not recommended. 

7.9 Immersed areas coated with biocide-free anti-fouling coating systems may require 

regular in-water cleaning as part of planned maintenance to maintain hull efficiency and 

minimize the risk of transferring invasive aquatic species. Cleaning techniques should be 

used which do not damage the coating and impair its function. 

7.10 Any maintenance or repair activities should take care not to impede future in-service 

cleaning and/or maintenance, e.g., care should be taken to ensure sea chest grates do not 

become welded shut during repair work. 

7.11 Care should be taken to ensure that any MGPSs installed are operating effectively 

to prevent accumulation of biofouling. 

7.12 Regular polishing of uncoated propellers to maintain operational efficiency will also 

minimize macrofouling accumulation. Uncoated propeller shafts may require cleaning at the 

same time as the propeller. As a ship's routine propeller polishing will involve the use of 

divers, it is recommended that this opportunity is taken to assess sea chests, and other 

similar areas, for macrofouling. 

7.13 Internal seawater cooling systems need to be regularly monitored to ensure effective 

biofouling control is maintained. Seawater cooling systems that operate while the ship is in port 

may be vulnerable to biofouling accumulation, and should be closely monitored. If seawater 

cooling systems become fouled, they should be appropriately treated. Any discharge of 

treated water from internal seawater cooling systems should be undertaken in accordance 

with applicable regulations. 

8 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 

8.1 Initial ship design and construction offers the most comprehensive, effective and 

durable means by which to minimize ship biofouling risks. In the design and construction of 

a ship, or when a ship is being significantly altered, the following should be taken into 

consideration: 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 13 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

.1 Small niches and sheltered areas should be excluded from the ship as far 

as practical, e.g., flush mounting pipes in sea chests. Where not practical, 

these should be designed so that they may be easily accessed for 

inspection, cleaning and application of anti-fouling measures. 

.2 Rounding and/or bevelling of corners, gratings and protrusions to promote 

more effective coverage of anti-fouling coating systems, and hinging of 

gratings to enable diver access. 

.3 Providing the capacity to blank off the sea chest and other areas, such as 

moon pools, floodable docks and other free flood spaces, for treatment 

and/or cleaning. 

8.2 Internal seawater cooling systems should be designed and made of appropriate 

material to minimize biofouling and constructed with a minimum of bends, kinks and flanges 

in seawater piping. 

8.3 To avoid creation of avoidable niches while ensuring effective safety and operation 

of the ship, where practical, particular attention should be given to avoidance of unfilled gaps 

in all skin fittings and the detailed design of the items as follows: 

.1 sea chests – minimize size and number, and use smooth surfaces to 

maximize flow efficiency, fit MGPS, and steam or hot water cleaning 

systems, grills and their opening arrangements designed for in-water 

inspection and maintenance; 

.2 retractable fittings and equipment – avoid external reinforcement (such as 

stiffeners) where possible, design for in-water inspection and maintenance; 

.3 tunnel thrusters – tunnels to be above light water line or accessible to 

divers, grills and their opening arrangements designed for in-water 

inspection, maintenance and operation; 

.4 sponsons and hull blisters – use fully enclosed in preference to free 

flooding types, with access provisions made for in-water inspection, 

cleaning and maintenance; 

.5 stern tube seal assemblies and rope guards – design for in-water 

inspection, cleaning and maintenance; and 

.6 immersible and seabed equipment – ensure facilities for equipment 

washdown during retrieval and enclosed washdown areas for cleaning of 

equipment on board, if necessary, are provided. 

9 DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION 

9.1 States are encouraged to maintain and exchange information relevant to these 

Guidelines through the Organization. Accordingly, States are encouraged to provide the 

Organization with the information related to the management of biofouling as follows: 

.1 copies of current regional, national and local laws, regulations, standards, 

exemptions or guidelines; 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 14 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

.2 technical and research information, including any studies on the impact and 

control of invasive aquatic species in ships' biofouling, and on the efficacy 

and practicality of environmentally protective in-water cleaning 

technologies; 

.3 education materials such as CD's, DVD's or printed materials; and 

.4 the location of and the terms of use for cleaning and maintenance services 

and facilities for ships and equipment that comply with these Guidelines. 

9.2 State authorities should provide ships with timely, clear and concise information on 

biofouling management measures and treatment requirements that are being applied to 

shipping and ensure these are widely distributed. Shipowners and operators should 

endeavour to become familiar with all requirements related to biofouling by requesting such 

information from their port or shipping agents or competent authorities (i.e. State authorities). 

State authorities should also provide ships with any available information on particular 

invasive aquatic species that may be present in a port and could attach to a ship as 

biofouling (e.g., if a particular species of concern is spawning) in a timely manner. 

9.3 Organizations or shipping agents representing shipowners and operators should be 

familiar with the requirements of State authorities with respect to biofouling management and 

treatment procedures, including information that will be needed to obtain entry clearance. 

Verification and detailed information concerning State requirements should be obtained by 

the ship prior to arrival. 

9.4 To monitor the effectiveness of these Guidelines, States, as part of the evaluation 

process could provide to the Organization details of records describing reasons why ships 

could not apply these Guidelines, e.g., design, construction or operation of a ship, particularly 

from the view point of ships' safety, or lack of information concerning the Guidelines. 

10 TRAINING AND EDUCATION 

10.1 Training for ships' masters and crews, in-water cleaning or maintenance facility 

operators and those surveying or inspecting ships as appropriate should include instructions 

on the application of biofouling management and treatment procedures, based upon the 

information contained in these Guidelines. Instruction should also be provided on the 

following: 

.1 maintenance of appropriate records and logs; 

.2 impacts of invasive aquatic species from ships' biofouling; 

.3 benefits to the ship of managing biofouling and the threats posed by not 

applying management procedures; 

.4 biofouling management measures and associated safety procedures; and 

.5 relevant health and safety issues. 

10.2 States and industry organizations should ensure that relevant marine training 

organizations are aware of these Guidelines and include this in their syllabuses as 

appropriate. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 15 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

11 OTHER MEASURES 

11.1 To the extent practical, States and port authorities should aim to ensure smooth flow 

of ships going in and out of their ports to avoid keeping ships waiting offshore so that 

anti-fouling systems can operate as effectively as possible. 

11.2 States may apply other measures on ships within their jurisdiction for the purpose of 

providing additional protection for their marine environment, or in emergency situations. 

In managing emergency situations for biofouling, States should consider the guidance 

document for ballast water emergency situations (BWM.2/Circ.17). 

11.3 States should take into account these Guidelines when developing other measures 

and/or restrictions for managing ships' biofouling.

11.4 Where other measures are being applied, States should notify the Organization of 

the specific requirements, with supporting documentation, for dissemination to other States 

and non-governmental agencies where appropriate. 

11.5 The application of other measures by States should not place the safety of the ship 

and crew at risk. 

12 FUTURE WORK 

Research needs 

12.1 States and other interested parties should encourage and support research into, and 

development of technologies for: 

.1 minimizing and/or managing both macrofouling and microfouling particularly 

in niche areas (e.g., new or different anti-fouling systems and different 

designs for niche areas to minimize biofouling); 

.2 in-water cleaning that ensures effective management of the anti-fouling 

system, biofouling and other contaminants, including effective capture of 

biological material; 

.3 comprehensive methods for assessing the risks associated with in-water 

cleaning; 

.4 shipboard monitoring and detection of biofouling; 

.5 reducing the macrofouling risk posed by the dry-docking support strips, 

(e.g., alternative keel block designs that leave less uncoated hull area); 

.6 the geographic distribution of biofouling invasive aquatic species; and 

.7 the rapid response to invasive aquatic species incursions, including 

diagnostic tools and eradication methods. 

12.2 Potential operational benefits of such technologies should also be highlighted and 

relevant information provided to the Organization. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 16 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

Independent information needs 

12.3 Summaries are needed of the different types of anti-fouling systems and other 

biofouling management measures currently available, how they work and their performance 

under different operating conditions and situations. This information could assist shipowners 

and operators when making decisions about the most appropriate coatings and coating 

systems for their ship type and activity. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 17 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

APPENDIX 1 

BIOFOULING MANAGEMENT PLAN AND RECORD BOOK 

Format and content of Biofouling Management Plan 

The following information should be considered when developing a Biofouling Management 

Plan (the Plan). It is important that the Plan be specific to each ship. 

The Plan may be a stand-alone document or integrated in part or full in the ships' operational 

and procedures manuals and/or planned maintenance systems. 

INTRODUCTION 

This section should contain a brief introduction for the ship's crew, explaining the need for 

biofouling management, and the importance of accurate record keeping. 

The Plan should state that it is to be available for viewing on request by a port State authority 

and should be written in the working language of the crew.

SHIP PARTICULARS 

At least the following details should be included: 

- Ship's name. 

- Flag. 

- Port of registry. 

- Gross tonnage. 

- Registration number (i.e. IMO number and/or other registration numbers, 

if applicable). 

- Regulation Length. 

- Beam. 

- Ship type (as classified by Lloyds Register – see Table 1). 

- International call sign and Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI). 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 18 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

Table 1: Ship types, as classified by Lloyd's Register 

anchor handling fire 

fighting tug/supply dredger lighthouse/tender roll on roll off 

anchor handling tug drill platform 

Liquid Natural Gas 

Carrier salvage tug 

anchor handling 

tug/supply drill ship 

Liquid Petroleum Gas 

Carrier 

seismographic 

research 

asphalt tanker ferry livestock 

semi-sub heavy lift 

vessel 

barge fire fighting tug 

meteorological 

research suction dredger 

bulk carrier 

fire fighting 

tug/supply 

naval auxiliary tanker 

supply 

bulk carrier with 

container capacity fish carrier naval vessel support 

bulk cement carrier fish factory 

oceanographic 

research 

tank barge 

bulk ore carrier fishery protection offshore safety tanker (unspecified) 

bunkering tanker fishing (general) 

passenger (cruise) trailing suction 

hopper dredger 

cable ship 

floating gas 

production 

passenger roll on roll 

off 

training 

chemical tanker 

floating production 

tanker 

patrol ship trawler (all types) 

combined bulk and 

oil carrier 

floating storage 

tanker pipe layer 

tug 

combined chemical 

and oil tanker 

fully cellular 

containership 

pollution control 

vessel tug/supply 

combined LNG and 

LPG Gas Carrier general cargo pontoon vehicle carrier 

combined ore and oil 

carrier 

general cargo with 

container capacity 

product tanker 

whaler 

crane barge grab dredger pusher tug wood-chip carrier 

crane ship hopper barge reefer yacht 

crude oil tanker hopper dredger research 

cutter suction 

dredger icebreaker research/supply ship 

diving support landing craft 

roll on roll off with 

container capacity 

INDEX 

A table of contents should be included. 

PURPOSE 

The purpose of the Plan is to outline measures for the control and management of ships' 

biofouling in accordance with the Guidelines for the control and management of ships' 

biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species (the Guidelines). It provides 

operational guidance for the planning and actions required for ships' biofouling management. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 19 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

DESCRIPTION OF THE ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS 

The Plan should describe the anti-fouling systems in place for different parts of the ship, 

including as follows: 

- type(s) of anti-fouling coating systems applied; 

- details of where anti-fouling systems are and are not applied or installed; 

- manufacturer and product names of all coatings or products used in the 

anti-fouling coating systems; and 

- anti-fouling system specifications (including dry film thickness for coatings, 

dosing and frequency for MGPSs, etc.) together with the expected effective life, 

operating conditions required for coatings to be effective, cleaning requirements 

and any other specifications relevant for paint performance. 

Previous reports on the performance of the ship's anti-fouling systems should be included, 

if applicable, and the AFS certificate or statement of compliance or other documentation 

should also be referenced, as appropriate. 

DESCRIPTION OF OPERATING PROFILE 

The Plan should describe the ship's operating profile that has determined the performance 

specifications of the ship's anti-fouling systems and operational practices, including: 

- typical operating speeds; 

- periods underway at sea compared with periods berthed, anchored or moored; 

- typical operating areas or trading routes; and 

- planned duration between dry-dockings/slippings. 

DESCRIPTION OF AREAS ON THE SHIP SUSCEPTIBLE TO BIOFOULING 

The Plan should identify the hull areas, niche areas and seawater cooling systems on the 

ship that are particularly susceptible to biofouling and describe the management actions 

required for each area. It should also describe the actions to be taken if the ship is operating 

outside of the desired operating profile, or if excessive unexpected biofouling is observed, 

and any other actions that can be taken to minimize the accumulation of biofouling on the 

ship. Table 1 provides an example of an action plan. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 20 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

Table 2: Biofouling management action plan 

Areas of the ship which are 

particularly susceptible to 

biofouling 

Management actions 

required for each area 

(e.g., inspections, cleaning, 

repairs and maintenance)

Management actions to 

be undertaken if ship 

operates outside its usual 

operating profile 

External hull surfaces: 

- Vertical sides 

- Flats 

- Boottop 

- Bow dome 

- Transom

 

Hull appendages and fittings: 

- Bilge keels 

- A-brackets 

- Stabilizer fins 

- CP anodes

 

Steering and propulsion: 

- Propeller 

- Propeller shaft 

- Stern tube seal 

- Anchor chain 

- Chain locker 

- Rope guard 

- Rudder 

- Bow/Stern thrusters 

- Propeller 

- Thruster body 

- Tunnel 

- Tunnel grates

 

Seawater intakes and 

internal seawater cooling 

systems: 

- Engine cooling system 

- Sea chests (identify 

 number and position) 

- Sea chest grate 

- Internal pipework and 

 heat exchanger 

- Fire-fighting system 

- Ballast uptake system 

- Auxiliary services system

 

A diagram of the ship should be included in the Plan to identify the location of those areas of 

the ship that are particularly susceptible to biofouling (including access points in the internal 

seawater cooling systems). If necessary these should show both side and bottom views of 

the ship. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 21 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE ANTI-FOULING SYSTEM

This section should contain a detailed description of the operation and maintenance of the 

anti-fouling system(s) used, including schedule(s) of activities and step-by-step operational 

procedures. 

Timing of operational and maintenance activities 

This section should stipulate the schedule of planned inspections, repairs, maintenance and 

renewal of the anti-fouling systems. 

In-water cleaning and maintenance procedures 

This section should set out planned maintenance procedures (other than for on board 

treatment processes) that need to be completed between dry-docking events to minimize 

biofouling. This should include routine cleaning or other treatments. Details should be 

provided on the treatment/cleaning to be conducted, the specification of any equipment 

required, details of the areas to which each specific treatment/cleaning is to be applied, 

step-by-step operational procedures where relevant and any other details relevant to the 

processes (e.g., chemicals required for treatment, any discharge standards). 

Operation of onboard treatment processes 

This section should provide specific advice about MGPS fitted, internal seawater cooling 

systems covered by the system and any not covered, and the associated maintenance and 

inspection schedule and procedures. This would include information such as when each 

MGPS is run, for how long and any cleaning/maintenance requirements of the system once 

use is finished. This section should also include advice for ship operators on procedures for 

biofouling management if the MGPS is temporarily out of operation.

SAFETY PROCEDURES FOR THE SHIP AND THE CREW 

Details of specific operational or safety restrictions, including those associated with the 

management system that affects the ship and/or the crew. 

Details of specific safety procedures to be followed during ship inspections. 

DISPOSAL OF BIOLOGICAL WASTE 

This section should contain procedures for the disposal of biological waste generated by 

treatment or cleaning processes when the cleaning is conducted by, or under the direct 

supervision of, the shipowner, master or crew. 

RECORDING REQUIREMENTS 

This section should contain details of the types of documentation to be kept to verify the 

operations and treatments to be recorded in the Biofouling Record Book as outlined in 

appendix 2. 

CREW TRAINING AND FAMILIARIZATION 

This section should contain information on the provision of crew training and familiarization. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 22 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

APPENDIX 2 

BIOFOULING MANAGEMENT PLAN AND RECORD BOOK 

Biofouling Record Book Form 

2011 Guidelines for the control and management of ships' biofouling to minimize the 

transfer of invasive aquatic species 

Period From: ............................ To: ............................................ 

Name of Ship ........................................................................................ 

Registration number*

 ............................................................................ 

Gross tonnage ...................................................................................... 

Flag ...................................................................................................... 

*

 Registration number = IMO number and/or other registration numbers. 

The ship is provided with a Biofouling Management Plan 

Diagram of ship indicating underwater hull form (showing both side and bottom views of the 

ship, if necessary) and recognized biofouling niches: 

1 Introduction 

The Guidelines recommend that a Biofouling Record Book is maintained for each ship, in 

which should be recorded the details of all inspections and biofouling management measures 

undertaken on the ship. 

2 Entries in the Biofouling Record Book 

The following information should be recorded in the Biofouling Record Book: 

2.1 After each dry-docking: 

a. Date and location that the ship was dry-docked. 

b. Date that ship was re-floated. 

c. Any hull cleaning that was performed while dry-docked, including areas 

cleaned, method used for cleaning and the location of dry-dock support 

blocks. 

d. Any anti-fouling coating system, including patch repairs, that was applied 

while dry-docked. Detail the type of anti-fouling coating system, the area 

and locations it was applied to, the coating thickness achieved and any 

surface preparation work undertaken (e.g., complete removal of underlying 

anti-fouling coating system or application of new anti-fouling coating system 

over the top of existing anti-fouling coating system). 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 23 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

e. Name, position and signature of the person in charge of the activity for the 

ship. 

2.2 When the hull area, fittings, niches and voids below the waterline have been 

inspected by divers: 

a. Date and location of ship when dive surveyed and reason for survey. 

b. Area or side of the ship surveyed. 

c. General observations with regard to biofouling (i.e. extent of biofouling and 

predominant biofouling types, e.g., mussels, barnacles, tubeworms, algae 

and slime). 

d. What action was taken, if any, to remove or otherwise treat biofouling. 

e. Any supporting evidence of the actions taken (e.g., report from the 

classification society or contractor, photographs and receipts). 

f. Name, position, signature of the person in charge of the activity. 

2.3 When the hull area, fittings, niches and voids below the waterline have been 

cleaned by divers: 

a. Date and location of ship when cleaning/treatment occurred. 

b. Hull areas, fittings, niches and voids cleaned/treated. 

c. Methods of cleaning or treatment used. 

d. General observations with regard to biofouling (i.e. extent of biofouling and 

predominant biofouling types, e.g., mussels, barnacles, tubeworms, algae 

and slime). 

e. Any supporting evidence of the actions taken (e.g., report from the 

classification society or contractor, photographs and receipts). 

f. Records of permits required to undertake in-water cleaning if applicable. 

g. Name, position and signature of the person in charge of the activity. 

2.4 When the internal seawater cooling systems have been inspected and cleaned or 

treated: 

a. Date and location of ship when inspection and/or cleaning occurred. 

b. General observations with regard to biofouling of internal seawater cooling 

systems (i.e. extent of biofouling and predominant biofouling types, 

e.g., mussels, barnacles, tubeworms, algae, slime).

c. Any cleaning or treatment undertaken. 

d. Methods of cleaning or treatment used. 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 24 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

e. Any supporting evidence of the actions taken (e.g., report from the 

classification society or contractor, photographs and receipts). 

f. Name, position and signature of the person in charge of the activity. 

2.5 For ships with a MGPS fitted: 

a. Records of operation and maintenance (such as regularly monitoring the 

electrical and mechanical functions of the systems). 

b. Any instances when the system was not operating in accordance with the 

biofouling management plan. 

2.6 Periods of time when the ship was laid up/inactive for an extended period of time: 

a. Date and location where ship was laid up. 

b. Date when ship returned to normal operations. 

c. Maintenance action taken prior to and following the period laid up. 

d. Precautions taken to prevent biofouling accumulation (e.g., sea chests 

blanked off). 

2.7 Periods of time when ship operating outside its normal operating profile: 

a. Duration and dates when ship not operating in accordance with its normal 

operating profile. 

b. Reason for departure from normal operating profile (e.g., unexpected 

maintenance required). 

2.8 Details of official inspection or review of ship biofouling risk (for ships arriving 

internationally, if applicable): 

a. Date and location of ship when inspection or review occurred. 

b. Port State authority conducting the inspection/review and details of 

procedures followed or protocol adhered to and inspector/s involved. 

c. Result of inspection/review. 

d. Name, position, signature of the person in charge of the activity for the ship. 

2.9 Any additional observations and general remarks: 

a. Since the ship was last cleaned, has the ship spent periods of time in 

locations that may significantly affect biofouling accumulation 

(e.g., fresh water, high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) or tropical ports). 
MEPC 62/24/Add.1 

Annex 26, page 25 

I:\MEPC\62\24-Add-1.doc 

Record of Biofouling Management Actions 

SAMPLE BIOFOULING RECORD BOOK PAGE 

Name of Ship: ....................................................................................... 

Registration number: ............................................................................ 

Date Item 

(number) 

Record of management actions Signature of officers 

in charge 

 

 Signature of master ....................................... 

***