Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before 

any court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the 

case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

Y.B. (Mother): 

ROBERT J. HENKE

AMY KAROZOS DCS Central Administration

Greenwood, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana 

PATRICK M. RHODES

Indiana Department of Child Services

Indianapolis, Indiana 

 

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE TERMINATION OF )

THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF: )

V.B. (Minor Child) and Y.B. (Mother), )

)

Appellant, )

)

vs. ) No. 49A02-1111-JT-1133

)

THE INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD )

SERVICES and CHILD ADVOCATES, INC., )

)

Appellee and Co-Appellee. )

APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Gary Chavers, Judge Pro-Tempore and

The Honorable Larry Bradley, Magistrate 

Cause No. 49D09-1107-JT-26401 
2

August 9, 2012

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

DARDEN, Senior Judge

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Y.B. (“Mother”) appeals the termination of her parental rights as to her minor 

child, V.B.1

We affirm.

ISSUE

Whether there was clear and convincing evidence to support the 

termination of Mother’s parental rights.

FACTS

V.B., Mother’s tenth child, was born on September 29, 2009. At the time of 

V.B.’s birth, three of Mother’s children were involved in a pending CHINS case and

Mother’s rights to her six other children had been terminated in October 1999. All nine 

of the older children were removed from Mother’s care due to her abuse of crack cocaine,

and the three involved in the CHINS case at the time of V.B.’s birth were additionally

removed for domestic violence in the home involving Father.

2

 

 

1

 The trial court also involuntarily terminated the parental rights of R.B. (“Father”). Father appealed 

separately, and in an unpublished decision, this court affirmed the trial court’s judgment terminating 

Father’s parental rights. He will only be discussed as necessarily related to the presentation of the facts

herein. DCS’s brief jointly addresses Father’s arguments from his appeal and Mother’s arguments from 

this appeal. 

2

 The nine older children are not part of this appeal but will be discussed as necessary in the presentation 

of the facts. 
3

On October 2, 2009, when V.B. was only three days old and still at Wishard 

Hospital, the Marion County Department of Child Services (“DCS”) filed a petition 

alleging V.B. to be a child in need of services (“CHINS”) due to Mother’s substance 

abuse issues, Mother’s failure to complete services in her pending CHINS case, and her 

history of relationships that involved domestic violence. Subsequently, V.B. was placed 

in the temporary custody of DCS. 

On November 3, 2009, the trial court held a pretrial hearing on the CHINS 

petition. Mother appeared in person and with counsel. In an amended CHINS petition, 

DCS and Mother stipulated that (1) V.B. was a CHINS; (2) Mother had an extensive 

history with DCS, including a pending CHINS and termination case concerning three of 

her older children3and a prior termination of her parental rights as to six of her other 

children due to substance abuse issues; (3) at the time of removal, she was residing at the 

Julian Center due to domestic violence in her home; and (4) she lacked stable housing at 

the time.

The trial court found V.B. to be a CHINS and entered a parental participation 

decree ordering Mother to, among other things, “[s]ecure and maintain a legal and stable 

source of income”; [o]btain and maintain suitable housing”; “[p]articipate in and 

successfully complete a homebased counseling program with the child and successfully 

complete any recommendation of the counselor”; “[c]omplete age-appropriate parenting 

classes”; “[s]ubmit to random drug testing”; “establish paternity as to [V.B.]”; participate 

 

3

 On March 21, 2011, the trial court involuntarily terminated Mother’s parental rights as to the three 

children involved in those proceedings. Mother appealed the trial court’s decision therein, and this court 

affirmed the decision of the trial court in an unpublished opinion.
4

in supervised visitation with V.B.; participate in and successfully complete drug 

treatment if any screens are positive; and continue with mental health treatment. (DCS’s 

Ex. 6). 

In February 2010, Mother tested positive for alcohol and marijuana. The trial 

court ordered Mother’s visits to be suspended if she tested positive again. 

In May 2010, Mother’s visits with V.B. were suspended due to a positive drug 

screen, and she was placed back in an intensive out-patient program “IOP” due to this 

positive screen. Thereafter, Mother started attending Narcotics Anonymous and 

Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Mother also began domestic violence classes even 

though she believed she did not need to participate in those classes. Additionally, Mother 

participated in the Goodwill Workforce program and signed up to take classes to receive 

her GED. At that time, Mother and Father were living together. 

In the summer of 2010, Mother had at least seven positive drug screens. Mother 

told DCS that some of her drug screens were positive in the summer of 2010 because her 

neighbor had put cocaine in seafood salads during their feud. Later, she changed her 

story regarding the positive drug screens and alleged that cocaine was an ingredient in her 

diet pills; but, she refused to release the diet pills for testing.

In September 2010, the court ordered Mother to complete a domestic violence 

assessment because the police were called to Mother and Father’s home six times in June 

2010 due to domestic violence. One month later, Mother got a protective order against 

Father. The court noted that Mother had weekly visits with V.B. Over several months, 
5

Mother had seven positive drug screens, but due to three consecutive negative screens, 

her visits with V.B. were not suspended. 

On December 7, 2010, the trial court held a permanency hearing where Mother 

appeared with counsel. DCS alleged the following concerning Mother: she had 

completed the IOP; her last positive drug screen was in July 2010; she did not submit to 

drug screening in October or the week before the hearing; Mother was participating in 

domestic violence treatment; she was unemployed; she had contact with Father even 

though there was a no contact order in place; her home-based counseling program was 

going to close out unsuccessfully; and, DCS was requesting the trial court to suspend 

Mother’s supervised visitation with V.B. After considering DCS’s recommendation, the 

trial court ordered that the plan for permanency be changed from reunification to 

termination and adoption. 

Mother subsequently tested positive for cocaine twice in June 2011; thereafter, 

DCS ceased all services, except for visits, based on the positive drug screens. Mother 

failed to complete all her drug screens, home-based counseling, and/or home-based 

therapy. 

DCS filed a petition for involuntary termination of Mother’s parental rights on 

July 11, 2011. The trial court held a termination hearing on October 19, 2011. During 

the hearing, Julie Lisek, the lead staffer for Chemical Dependency and family counseling, 

testified that she began working with Mother in the trauma IOP in January 2010. 

Although Mother successfully completed the program, Lisek testified that Mother had 

difficulty and struggled to refrain from using alcohol and cocaine. Lisek stated that 
6

“[Mother] would test negative several times and then test positive . . . however in the 

early part of her treatment she tested pretty regularly positive for [ ] especially alcohol, 

particularly alcohol.” (Tr. 214). Lisek diagnosed Mother with both alcohol and cocaine 

dependence. In the prognosis section of Mother’s discharge report, Lisek classified 

Mother’s chances for successful recovery as “guarded”. (Tr. 217). Lisek testified that 

“guarded” indicates that a client might not be completely ready to stop abusing drugs or 

alcohol. (Tr. 217).

John Buckingham, a family case manager with DCS, was assigned V.B.’s case on 

April 13, 2010. Buckingham testified that at the end of 2010 he contacted Mother 

regarding her positive drug screens and Mother stated, “[Y]eah I may have smoked up 

with my sister.” (Tr. 60). In the summer of 2011, Buckingham contacted Mother again 

about her positive drug screens and Mother admitted, “[Y]eah I’m using, I’m testing 

positive I might as well use.” (Tr. 60). Buckingham further testified that it was 

important for Mother to be sober while parenting V.B. He expressed his concerns about 

Mother’s ability to make good decisions and said, “[S]ubstance abuse can lead to decline 

in making good decisions.” (Tr. 61-62). 

Dishawn Adams, Mother’s home-based therapist, testified that he worked with 

Mother from February to July 2011. Adams testified that he did not recommend that 

Mother receive unsupervised visitation or temporary trial in-home visitation with V.B.

due to her continued positive drug screens. He further testified that Mother’s abuse of

drugs could lead her to “neglect [her] children or forget what their needs are.” (Tr. 230).
7

T. Carolyn Doss, Mother’s home-based therapist from January to July 2010, 

testified that she had always been concerned about the relationship between Mother and 

Father. She testified that Mother and Father had “many episodes of domestic abuse” and 

that “they were both pretty physical.” (Tr. 112). She further testified that the police were 

called to Mother and Father’s house six times between June 13 and June 19, 2010 due to 

domestic violence. Furthermore, Doss testified that Mother had admitted to the abusive 

relationship. She told Doss that she had gotten into an argument and fight with Father. 

Also, Mother admitted to Doss that she and Father would strike each other.

Doss further testified that she wrote a discharge report on July 27, 2010, wherein 

she recommended against V.B. returning to Mother in fear of V.B.’s safety in Mother’s 

home. She came to this conclusion because of domestic violence in the home and 

Mother’s temper. Doss revealed that “when [Mother] gets angry she really gets angry 

and she says lots of things. She calls people names, even her kids.” (Tr. 118). 

Nancy Dean-Robbins, a case manager at Families First, testified that she received 

Mother’s case in September of 2010. She testified that Mother’s treatment plan was “to 

stay sober, find employment and stable housing.” (Tr. 124). Dean-Robbins further 

testified that Mother completed her IOP while she was working with her; however, 

initially Mother did not find stable employment or housing. Dean-Robbins testified that 

Mother stayed with different friends; her deceased brother’s house; and, finally she ended 

up living at Father’s house. Additionally, Mother told Dean-Robbins that she had gotten 

a protective order against Father because she was in fear of him.
8

Lisa Krieg, a home-based case manager with Families First, took over Mother’s 

case two weeks before the termination hearing. Krieg testified that since she had been 

managing Mother’s case, she had scheduled two supervised visits between Mother and 

V.B. and Mother canceled both. Krieg testified that Mother canceled one visit because 

she had started a new job and the other because she had broken her ankle.

Mark Bass, V.B.’s Guardian ad Litem, recommended adoption as V.B.’s 

permanency plan. Specifically, he testified that he recommended that V.B.’s foster 

parents adopt her because V.B. had bonded with her foster parents in the two years that 

she had resided there; the foster parents were willing to adopt her; her parents had not 

completed all of the court-ordered services; and, removal from the foster home would 

harm V.B. Bass further testified that although he had set up a plan for Mother to receive 

unsupervised visitation with V.B., it never occurred because Mother continued to use 

drugs and did not follow the protective order in regards to Father. 

Mother testified that when V.B. was born she was undergoing CHINS proceedings 

with three of her older children and acknowledged that her parental rights to those three 

children were eventually terminated. Mother admitted to having been addicted to cocaine 

but asserted that she had been clean for approximately seven or eight months. She also 

admitted that three of her children had tested positive for crack cocaine at birth. 

Concerning Mother’s relationship with Father, she testified that they “had a good 

relationship and then it got rocky.” (Tr. 19). Mother testified that Father never hit her 

but that he had shoved her. Mother further testified that the three older children had been 

removed from her care due to domestic violence. Although Mother sought out a 
9

domestic violence advocate on her own, she claimed that she only got a protective order 

against Father “[be]cause DCS told [her] to get one.” (Tr. 20). She asserted that she did 

not need the protective order and that she had gotten it in order to get her children back. 

During her testimony, Mother admitted that she had last seen Father in July or August 

2011. Due to this contact, they were arrested because they both had protective orders 

against each other. 

On October 24, 2011, the trial court entered its order terminating Mother’s 

parental rights. The trial court found, in pertinent part, as follows: 

7. A substance abuse assessment, resulting in a referral for outpatient 

treatment, was made. [Mother’s] history of cocaine use start[ed] in 1994. 

[Mother] also reported to a home based therapist that she commenced 

drinking alcohol and using marijuana at the age of fourteen. 

. . . .

10. [Mother] used cocaine after completion of her treatment program, 

and tested positive for cocaine on June 15th and June 20th, 2011.

. . . .

12. [Mother] denied at trial that she has tested positive for cocaine 

during [V.B.’s] CHINS case. 

. . . .

29. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in 

[V.B.’s] removal and continued placement outside the home will not be 

remedied by her mother. [Mother] has relapsed since completing substance 

abuse treatment. She has had continued contact with [Father] after 

completing domestic violence classes, and does not believe she needs the 

protective order which will expire this month. Completion of those 

services failed to remedy conditions of a long history of substance abuse, or 

domestic violence. She has not been able to successfully complete home 

based services in the time [V.B.’s] case has lingered, and she has 

undergone services in past CHINS cases. [Mother] never reached the point 
10

of parental fitness to justify unsupervised visits with [V.B.], let alone the 

fitness required to care for her full time. [Mother’s] pattern and history of 

substance abuse and [DCS] involvement, along with her propensity to place 

blame on others, leads the court to conclude that there is a reasonable 

probability that [Mother’s] behavior will not change in the future. 

. . . .

40. Continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the 

well-being of [V.B.] Without successfully addressing substance abuse and 

domestic violence issues, the parents cannot prov[ide] a safe environment 

with appropriate parenting and free of neglect. Continuation of the parentchild relationship at this point only poses a barrier to obtaining permanency 

for [V.B.] through adoption. 

(App. 12-14). 

DECISION

Mother contends that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that 

her parental rights should be terminated. Specifically, she argues that DCS did not prove 

that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in V.B.’s removal or 

the reasons for placement outside Mother’s home would not be remedied or that the 

continuation of the parent-child relationship between Mother and V.B. poses a threat to 

V.B.’s well being. 

The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects a parent’s 

right to establish a home and raise her child. In re I.A., 903 N.E.2d 146, 152 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2009). These rights afforded to parents may be terminated when a parent is unable 

or unwilling to meet her parental responsibilities. Id. The rationale behind the 

termination of parental rights is not to punish parents but to protect the children. Id. 

“The law makes [it] abundantly clear that termination of a parent’s relationship with a 
11

child is an extreme measure to be used only as a last resort when all other reasonable 

efforts to protect the integrity of the natural relationship between parent and child have 

failed.” In re H.T., 901 N.E.2d 1118, 1122 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).

Although parental rights are constitutionally protected, they “are not absolute and 

must be subordinated to the best interests of the child when evaluating the circumstances 

surrounding termination.” McBride v. Monroe County Office of Family & Children, 798 

N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Therefore, a trial court should not wait until a 

child is irreversibly harmed such that her physical, mental, and social development is 

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. Id. 

When reviewing the termination of parental rights on appeal, we will neither 

reweigh the evidence nor assess the credibility of witnesses. In re Involuntary 

Termination of Parental Rights of S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 879 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). We 

will consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment and the reasonable 

inferences drawn therefrom. Id. Since the trial court has entered findings of facts and 

conclusions of law, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. Id. First, we must 

determine whether the evidence supports the findings. Id. Second, we must establish 

whether the findings support the conclusions of law. Id. In deferring to the trial court, 

we will set aside its judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly 

erroneous. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous if the findings of fact do not support the 

conclusions or the conclusions of law do not support the judgment. Id. 

When DCS seeks to terminate parental rights, it must plead and prove in relevant 

part:
12

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that

resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement 

outside the home of the parents will not be remedied. 

(ii) There is a reasonable probability the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of 

the child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been 

adjudicated a child in need of services[.]

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove these allegations by clear and convincing 

evidence. I.A., 903 N.E.2d at 153.

Since subsection (b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, DCS is only required to 

prove one of the three elements by clear and convincing evidence. Id. While the trial 

court found the first two prongs of subsection (B) to be true, only one was needed to 

terminate Mother’s parental rights. Id. Thus, we will only address whether DCS has 

established that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in removal 

will not be remedied. 

Mother asserts that DCS failed to prove that Mother did not successfully remedy

the issues that resulted in V.B.’s removal. To determine whether the conditions are likely 

to be remedied, “the trial court must assess a parent’s ability to care for her children as of 

the date of the termination proceeding and take into account any evidence of changed 

conditions.” In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). “However, the trial 

court should also take into account the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct as a means of 

determining the probability of future detrimental behavior.” Id. In doing so, trial courts 
13

may properly consider “evidence of a parent’s criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, 

history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of adequate housing and 

employment.” I.A., 903 N.E.2d at 154. 

In addition, in determining whether conditions will be remedied, the trial court 

may also take into account the services offered to a parent by DCS and the parent’s 

response to those services. Id. Furthermore, “DCS is not required to provide evidence 

ruling out all possibilities of change; rather, it need establish only that there is a 

reasonable probability the parent’s behavior will not change.” Id. 

Here, DCS removed V.B. from the hospital when she was only three days old and, 

thereafter, initiated CHINS proceedings. At that time, Mother had a CHINS case pending 

concerning three of her other children because she was abusing crack cocaine and 

domestic violence was occurring in her home. Furthermore, her parental rights as to six 

of her other children had previously been terminated due to substance abuse issues. 

Mother was ordered to complete certain services in this case, but failed to successfully 

complete her home-based services. Although Mother completed an IOP, she did not stop 

abusing drugs and has blamed others for her positive drug screens. Consequently, DCS 

ceased all services in July 2011 due to Mother’s positive drug screens. Moreover, 

Mother continued to have contact with Father even after completing domestic violence 

classes. 

The evidence shows that Mother admitted to being addicted to crack cocaine. 

Mother told a home-based therapist that she began drinking alcohol and using marijuana 

at age fourteen. Mother has participated in substance abuse treatment programs many 
14

times since 1988, but she has relapsed after each program. She testified that three of her 

children tested positive for cocaine at birth. In the summer of 2011, Mother admitted to 

DCS that she was still using cocaine after completion of her treatment program. 

However, during the termination hearing Mother denied that she had tested positive for 

cocaine during V.B.’s CHINS case. 

Service providers testified regarding their concerns surrounding Mother’s history 

of drug use. Specifically, Lisek, a case manager at Families First, diagnosed Mother with 

alcohol and cocaine dependence and opined that Mother may not be entirely ready to stop 

abusing drugs and alcohol. One of Mother’s home-based therapists testified that he did 

not recommend unsupervised visitation or temporary trial in-home visitation between 

Mother and V.B due to Mother’s history of drug use. 

Additionally, there is evidence that Mother and Father were involved in domestic 

violence during the pendency of the CHINS proceedings in this case. The police visited 

Mother and Father’s home six times between June 13 and June 19, 2010 due to domestic 

violence. Although at trial Mother denied that she needed a protective order, she had told 

a case worker earlier that she was in fear of Father. Mother also admitted to one of her 

home-based therapists that she and Father would hit each other, even though she told 

other service providers there had been no violence or abuse between them. Even after 

completing domestic violence classes, Mother has had continued contact with Father. 

Despite having mutual protective orders, Mother and Father were discovered together in 

July 2011 and both were arrested. DCS was concerned that Mother would continue to 

have a relationship with Father due to his financial support of her. 
15

Furthermore, Mother does not have adequate employment. Mother styles hair for 

a living, but she only makes a minimal income from it. In addition, although it appears 

that Mother had an appropriate home at the time of the hearing, she still must rely on 

others to assist her financially with maintaining the home. 

We find that DCS established its allegations against Mother by clear and 

convincing evidence. Such evidence supports the trial court’s findings that the conditions 

that resulted in the removal of V.B. will not be remedied; therefore, we cannot say the 

trial court’s judgment is clearly erroneous. 

Affirmed. 

FRIEDLANDER, J., and BROWN, J., concur.