Opinion issued August 27, 2013

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-11-00320-CV

———————————

OLGA DE LA CERDA-CABRERA, INDEPENDENT EXECUTRIX OF THE 

ESTATE OF ROSIE A. ZUNIGA, DECEASED, Appellant

V.

CHASE MANHATTAN BANK USA, N.A.; HULL & ASSOCIATES, P.C. 

A/K/A JAMES N. HULL & ASSOCIATES, P.C.; JAMES N. HULL; AND 

PALISADES COLLECTION, LLC, Appellees

On Appeal from the 61st District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 2009-65455

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This is an appeal from the trial court’s grant of a plea to the jurisdiction filed 

by appellees Chase Manhattan Bank USA, N.A., Hull & Associates, P.C. a/k/a 
2

James N. Hull & Associates, P.C., James N. Hull, and Palisades Collection, LLC. 

In three issues, appellant Olga de la Cerda-Cabrera, Independent Executrix of the 

Estate of Rosie A. Zuniga, Deceased1 contends: (1) dismissal of Zuniga’s suit for 

lack of jurisdiction was error, (2) this Court should declare Texas’ post-judgment 

garnishment statute2 unconstitutional, and (3) if the case is remanded to the trial 

court, this Court should hold that appellees are precluded from seeking attorney’s 

fees.

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Background

In 2001, Providian National Bank sued Zuniga in a Harris County justice 

court,

3 to collect on an outstanding credit card balance. Zuniga’s Original Answer 

admitted that she owed the debt and suggested a plan for paying off the balance. In 

September 2001, the court signed an agreed judgment between Zuniga and PNB by 

which PNB was to receive $2,103.88, plus interest and attorney’s fees from 

 1 Rosie A. Zuniga died during the pendency of this appeal. For ease of reference, 

we will refer to appellant as “Zuniga” unless expressly noted. 

2 Although Zuniga’s petition did not specify (by code name or section) which 

statute she contended was unconstitutional, Zuniga clarified on appeal that she is 

challenging sections 63.001–.008 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. 

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 63.001–.008 (West 2008).

3 Cause No. CV12C0015449, Justice Court, Precinct 1, Position 2, Harris County, 

Texas.
3

Zuniga. PNB thereafter assigned this judgment to Chase, which subsequently

assigned it to Palisades.

After six years,

4

a writ of garnishment was issued at Chase’s request against 

Zuniga’s bank, Bank of Texas. Bank of Texas was served and timely answered, 

admitting that Zuniga had on deposit at least $2,247.23. Zuniga was never served 

with citation in the garnishment action. Instead, Chase’s attorney, Hull, sent 

Zuniga by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested, a copy of the 

application for writ of garnishment, affidavits in support of the application, and a 

letter informing her that she had the right to regain possession of the property by 

filing a replevy bond or a motion to dissolve the writ with the court. A copy of the 

writ of garnishment, however, was not included in the materials provided to 

Zuniga. The green card that Zuniga signed indicates that she received the 

materials on October 20, 2007. On November 19, 2007, the justice court signed an 

agreed judgment (“Garnishment Judgment”) between Chase and Bank of Texas 

that awarded the captured funds to Chase, as PNB’s assignee. Zuniga neither 

answered nor contested the garnishment action despite actual notice of the 

proceeding.

 4 September 28, 2007.
4

Present Litigation

On October 9, 2009, nearly two years after the agreed Garnishment 

Judgment was signed, Zuniga filed suit against appellees in Harris County district 

court seeking to recover the garnished funds that she claimed included wrongfully 

seized supplemental security income (SSI). Her original petition alleged that 

appellees’ garnishment amounted to conversion, and violated state and federal debt 

collection statutes (Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act,

5 Debt Collection

Practices Act,

6 and the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act7

). Zuniga also 

sought to permanently enjoin appellees from filing suit anywhere in Texas to 

collect on any debts “that misrepresent the status of the debt.”8

The appellees moved for summary judgment based on their affirmative 

defenses of res judicata, collateral estoppel, and the compulsory counterclaim rule. 

Zuniga’s claims, they argued, were premised on the ground that some or all of the 

garnished amounts were SSI funds exempt from garnishment, and Zuniga could, 

and should have, raised that argument in the underlying 2007 garnishment action. 

Zuniga responded that the Garnishment Judgment was void because it violated 

 5 TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §§ 17.001–.926 (West 2011 & Supp. 2012).

6 TEX. FIN. CODE ANN. § 392.304(a)(8) (West 2006) (prohibiting misrepresentations 

of character, extent, and amount of consumer debt).

7 15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2)(a) (West 2009) (prohibiting misrepresentations of character, 

amount, or legal status of any debt).

8 Zuniga also sought to enjoin Palisades and Chase “from using Hull & Associates.”
5

federal law and because she was never served with process in the garnishment 

action. Zuniga also attached an affidavit in support of her response in which she 

denied having any “recollection of ever being served with citation.” 

Zuniga amended her petition to include claims pursuant to Texas’

Declaratory Judgment Act9 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

10 arguing that appellees’ 

garnishment action deprived her of due process in violation of section 1983, and 

seeking “a declaratory judgment that the Texas post-judgment garnishment statute, 

as implemented, violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and 

the Supremacy Clause.” 

Appellees replied to Zuniga’s response and, upon grant to supplement their 

summary judgment motion, addressed Zuniga’s new claims arguing that Zuniga’s 

response and affidavit were misleading because Zuniga, who had actual notice of 

the garnishment proceeding, contacted Chase’s attorney on several occasions 

regarding the proceedings and even retained an attorney to protect her interests in 

the garnishment action. Appellees also attached a copy of the materials provided 

to Zuniga that notified her of the proceedings, the green card she signed on 

October 20, 2007 indicating that she received the materials, and an affidavit from 

Hull attesting to the facts that Zuniga contacted his office twice in October 2007 to 

 9

 TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001–.009 (West 2008).

10 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2003) (providing private cause of action for violations of 

federal constitutional rights).
6

inquire about the garnishment proceeding, and that an attorney representing Zuniga 

contacted the office twice in early November 2007 to discuss the garnishment 

proceeding. 

On October 28, 2010, the trial court denied appellees’ motion for summary 

judgment.

Appellees thereafter filed a plea to the jurisdiction arguing that the trial court 

was without jurisdiction over Zuniga’s suit because, by her own admissions in 

response to appellees’ summary judgment motion, the suit was an impermissible 

collateral attack on the Garnishment Judgment. Appellees’ plea included, inter 

alia, their motion for summary judgment and attached exhibits, Zuniga’s response, 

and their reply and supplemental summary judgment motion with exhibits. 

Zuniga’s response asserted the same arguments previously raised in her response to 

appellees’ summary judgment motion, and argued further that because the 

Garnishment Judgment was void, it was a legal nullity and thus subject to 

collateral attack and that the trial court had jurisdiction over all of Zuniga’s claims.

The trial court granted the plea to the jurisdiction and this appeal followed.

Plea to the Jurisdiction

Zuniga contends that the trial court erred in dismissing her suit for lack of 

jurisdiction because the Garnishment Judgment was void, and therefore, subject to 

collateral attack at any time.
7

Standard of Review

The purpose of a plea to the jurisdiction is to dismiss a cause of action 

without regard to whether the claim has merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 

S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). A plea to the jurisdiction is reviewed under a de 

novo standard. Houston Mun. Emps. Pension Sys. v. Ferrell, 248 S.W.3d 151, 156 

(Tex. 2007). When a party relies on facts outside of a plaintiff’s petition, the 

appellate court reviews both the petition and the evidence attached to the plea to 

the jurisdiction. See Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555. A plea to the jurisdiction is the 

proper procedural tool to challenge a suit brought in one court when another court 

has exclusive jurisdiction. Jansen v. Fitzpatrick, 14 S.W.3d 426, 430–31 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.); see also Wilbourne v. HFE Dev. Corp.,

No. 03–08–00430–CV, 2009 WL 4757451, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 9, 

2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that plea to jurisdiction was improperly denied 

because declaratory judgment action was improper collateral attack); but see 

Dolenz v. Vail, 200 S.W.3d 338, 341 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.) (stating 

collateral attack on prior judgment may affect merits of party’s claim, but it is not 

jurisdictional issue); Herrera v. Household Fin. Corp. III, No. 04–08–00134–CV, 

2009 WL 1154704, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 29, 2009, no pet.) (mem. 

op.) (same). The only court with jurisdiction to hear a garnishment action is the 
8

court that issued the original judgment. King & King v. Porter, 252 S.W. 1022, 

1022 (Tex. 1923).

Garnishment Judgment is Not Void

Zuniga contends that the Garnishment Judgment is void because it (1) 

violates a federal statute exempting SSI funds from garnishment and (2) she was 

never properly served with process in the garnishment action. She also argues for 

the first time on appeal that the court that rendered the judgment did not have 

subject-matter jurisdiction over all of the captured funds.

“A collateral attack seeks to avoid the binding effect of a judgment in order 

to obtain specific relief that the judgment currently impedes.” PNS Stores, Inc. v. 

Rivera, 379 S.W.3d 267, 272 (Tex. 2012) (citing Browning v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 

336, 346 (Tex. 2005)). Only a void judgment may be collaterally attacked. 

Prostok, 165 S.W.3d at 346. “A judgment is void only when it is apparent that the 

court rendering the judgment had no jurisdiction of the parties, no jurisdiction of 

the subject matter, no jurisdiction to enter the judgment, or no capacity to act as a 

court.” Mapco, Inc. v. Forrest, 795 S.W.2d 700, 703 (Tex. 1990). When attacked 

collaterally, a judgment is presumed valid. Rivera, 379 S.W.3d at 273 (citing 

Stewart v. USA Custom Paint & Body Shop, Inc., 870 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1994)). 

That presumption disappears, however, when the record establishes a jurisdictional 

defect. Id. Generally, if a court acts contrary to a rule, statute, or even a 
9

constitutional provision, the judgment is not void, but “voidable” or “erroneous.” 

Mapco, 795 S.W.2d at 703. A judgment is “void,” and thus subject to collateral

attack, if there was a complete lack of service in violation of due process. Rivera,

379 S.W.3d at 274–75. Technical defects with regard to service of process, 

however, do not implicate due process and a judgment rendered under such 

circumstances is merely voidable, not void. Id.

Here, Zuniga argues that the Garnishment Judgment is void because 

appellees failed to strictly comply with the relevant statutory notice provisions. 

Zuniga does not, however, deny that she had actual notice of the 2007 garnishment 

proceeding. As the Supreme Court held in Rivera, technical defects in service that 

do not deprive a party of a meaningful opportunity to appear and answer, do not 

implicate due process concerns, and a judgment rendered under such circumstances 

is merely voidable, not void. Rivera, 379 S.W.3d at 274–75. Even assuming that 

the garnishment proceeding captured funds that are statutorily exempt from 

garnishment—Zuniga’s SSI funds—the judgment would not be void, merely 

voidable. Mapco, 795 S.W.2d at 703 (stating judgment resulting from court acts 

contrary to rule, statute, or constitutional provision is merely “voidable” or 

“erroneous”). 

The justice court that rendered the 2007 Garnishment Judgment also 

rendered the 2001 agreed judgment in favor of appellees. As such, the justice 
10

court had exclusive jurisdiction over the 2007 garnishment action. See King & 

King, 252 S.W. at 1022. Even assuming that Zuniga is correct and the 

Garnishment Judgment captured SSI funds that are exempt from garnishment, the 

judgment would only be erroneous or voidable; it does not deprive the court of 

jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the proceeding. Because the justice court 

that rendered the Garnishment Judgment had jurisdiction over both the parties and 

the subject-matter, and there is no indication that the court lacked jurisdiction to 

enter the judgment or the capacity to act as a court, we hold that the Garnishment 

Judgment is not void, but merely voidable, and as such, Zuniga may not 

collaterally attack the judgment. See Rivera, 379 S.W.3d at 275; Mapco, 795 

S.W.2d at 703 (stating judgment is void only when it is apparent that court 

rendering judgment lacked jurisdiction over parties or subject matter, had no 

jurisdiction to enter judgment, or no capacity to act as court).

We overrule Zuniga’s first issue.

Declaratory Judgment11

Zuniga’s second issue seeks this Court’s declaration that Texas’ postjudgment garnishment statute is unconstitutional. 

 11 Appellees argued in their appellate brief that Zuniga’s declaratory judgment 

claims were mooted by the death of Rosie Zuniga during the pendency of this 

appeal. The Court construed appellees’ argument as a motion to dismiss the 

appeal for want of jurisdiction and denied the motion in a separate order. 
11

When a litigant brings a declaratory judgment action challenging the 

constitutionality of a state statute, the statute requires that the Attorney General be 

served with a “copy of the proceedings” and that the Attorney General is entitled to 

be heard. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.006(b) (West 2008); Tex. 

Educ. Agency v. Leeper, 893 S.W.2d 432, 446 (Tex. 1994). Section 37.006, 

however, does not require that the Attorney General be made a party to the suit. 

Wichita Cnty. v. Robinson, 276 S.W.2d 509, 511 (Tex. 1954); cf. Motor Vehicle 

Bd. of the Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. El Paso Indep. Auto. Dealers Ass’n, Inc., 1 

S.W.3d 108, 110–11 (Tex. 1999) (holding that, although Attorney General was not 

required to be party to suit challenging constitutionality of state statute and had 

declined to participate, Attorney General had not waived right to appeal negotiated 

pretrial settlement because Attorney General was bound by judgment and its 

interests were affected by judgment). The failure to notify the Attorney General of 

the pendency of a declaratory judgment action in which the constitutional validity 

of a statute, ordinance, or franchise is challenged, however, deprives the trial court 

of jurisdiction to proceed. Scurlock Permian Corp. v. Brazos Cnty., 869 S.W.2d 

478, 483 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied) (citing Commerce 

Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Hampton, 577 S.W.2d 740, 741 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland 

1979, no writ) and Commissioners Court of Harris Cnty. v. Peoples Nat’l Util. Co.,

538 S.W.2d 228, 229 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1976, writ ref’d
12

n.r.e.)). The record before us on appeal contains no indication that the Attorney 

General was notified of Zuniga’s declaratory judgment action or given an 

opportunity to be heard in the case. As such, the record does not reflect that the 

trial court had jurisdiction over Zuniga’s claim. Scurlock Permian, 869 S.W.2d at 

483. Because the trial court did not have jurisdiction over the declaratory 

judgment claim, neither do we.

We overrule Zuniga’s second issue.

Attorney’s Fees

Having overruled Zuniga’s first and second issues, we are affirming the trial 

court’s judgment, and need not reach Zuniga’s third issue. 

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Jim Sharp

Justice 

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Sharp and Massengale.