{"id":540844,"date":"2023-10-05T13:22:35","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T17:22:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=540844"},"modified":"2024-01-30T14:20:31","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T19:20:31","slug":"plume-surface-interaction","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/plume-surface-interaction\/","title":{"rendered":"Plume Surface Interaction (PSI)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>STMD Game Changing Development<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 hds-secondary-navigation-has-breadcrumbs\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-breadcrumbs display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-flex flex-align-center\"><nav class=\"usa-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list\"><li class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/\" class=\"usa-breadcrumb__link\"><span>Home<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list-item usa-current\" aria-current=\"page\"><span>Plume Surface Interaction...<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/stmd-game-changing-development\/\">Game Changing Development<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/about-gcd\/\">About<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/game-changing-development-projects\/\">Projects<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/game-changing-development-program-news\/\">News<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-spacer\"> <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t<div class=\"padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-0 padding-bottom-8\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"page-heading-md display-block width-full margin-bottom-1\">Plume Surface Interaction (PSI)<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-6 padding-bottom-5 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg margin-0 padding-0\">The Plume-Surface Interaction (PSI) project is advancing the modeling and simulation of plume flow physics. The project aims to develop an integrated modeling, simulation, instrumentation capability, and testing approach to Plume Surface Interaction (PSI) definition in plume flow physics, erosion physics and ejecta dynamics. The team also aims to close the gaps in physics modeling that are first order to accurate prediction.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/game-changing-development-projects\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary link-external-false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"section-heading-md\">\n                                GCD Projects <span class=\"usa-sr-only\">about Plume Surface Interaction (PSI)<\/span>                            <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-left-0 desktop:padding-left-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-top-2 margin-right-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"label margin-0 color-carbon-50-important\">Lead Center<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg font-weight-bold margin-0 padding-0\">Marshall Space Flight Center<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-top-2 margin-left-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"label margin-0 color-carbon-50-important\">Introduced<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg font-weight-bold margin-0 padding-0\">May 2020<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-top-2 margin-right-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"label margin-0 color-carbon-50-important\">PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIST<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg font-weight-bold margin-0 padding-0\">Michelle Munk<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-top-2 margin-left-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"label margin-0 color-carbon-50-important\">Project Manager<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg font-weight-bold margin-0 padding-0\">Samantha Harris<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>NASA is advancing technology to help identify how rocket plumes interact with lunar and other planetary regolith upon touchdown to ensure safe landings for future exploration missions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Plume-Surface Interaction (PSI) Project is advancing both modeling and testing capabilities to understand exactly how rocket exhaust plumes affect a planetary landing site. This advanced modeling will help engineers evaluate the risks of various plumes on planetary surfaces, which will help them more accurately design landers for particular locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Safe and efficient landings often require the use of rocket engines to decelerate the landers to a soft touchdown on the surface. When the rocket plume of a lander interacts with planetary regolith, the landing site can be affected in several ways. The plume exhaust can erode the planetary surface, which can destabilize the lander. Another danger landers face is surface particles that are ejected from the area. These tiny particles can find their way inside a lander and damage important instrumentation and obscure visibility for radar and other optical ranging systems. Better understanding these types of risks will help engineers design landers to accommodate potentially risky situations.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module align wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\" id=\"image-carousel-slider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Computational simulation of craters resulting from InSight Mars lander engines impinging on regolith surface for a single 50 millisecond thrust cycle.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 52% 38%; object-position: 52% 38%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg 1296w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=1024,1024 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=900,900 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_2_0.jpg?resize=1200,1200 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Computational simulation of craters resulting from InSight Mars lander engines impinging on regolith surface for a single 50 millisecond thrust cycle.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Apollo Lunar Module plume impingement at a distance of 5 m above the landing surface. Image shows plume gas velocity vectors colored by velocity magnitude (blue = low, magenta = high) as well as streamlines indicating the strong upward flow direction under vacuum conditions.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.02); transform-origin: 62% 27%; object-position: 62% 27%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg 1564w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=300,157 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=768,402 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=1024,536 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=1536,803 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=400,209 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=600,314 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=900,471 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_1.jpg?resize=1200,628 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Apollo Lunar Module plume impingement at a distance of 5 m above the landing surface. Image shows plume gas velocity vectors colored by velocity magnitude (blue = low, magenta = high) as well as streamlines indicating the strong upward flow direction under vacuum conditions.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Apollo Lunar Module plume impingement at a distance of 30 m above the landing surface. Image shows plume gas density on a logarithmic scale (blue = low, magenta = high) indicating the large plume expansion envelope in a vacuum background.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png 1603w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=300,150 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=768,384 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=1024,512 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=1536,768 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=400,200 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=600,300 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=900,450 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/psi_web_image_3.png?resize=1200,600 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Apollo Lunar Module plume impingement at a distance of 30 m above the landing surface. Image shows plume gas density on a logarithmic scale (blue = low, magenta = high) indicating the large plume expansion envelope in a vacuum background.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How PSI Models Will Increase the Safety of Future Planetary Touchdowns<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The PSI project is advancing predictive modeling and simulation capabilities to understand the physics associated with the exhaust plume, erosion, and ejected particles from a landing site. This capability to simulate how a plume will affect a landing site will help engineers protect landers by more accurately evaluating the risks of targeted landing sites. With a better understanding of various landing sites, engineers will be able to tailor lander designs for particular sites, which will limit overdesigning and reduce building costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> The team will run three different ground tests with supersonic rocket exhaust plumes and regolith simulants to capture data on PSI effects. The tests will include a cold-flow test and a hot-fire test both in a 15-foot vacuum chamber. Additionally, the team will test a human-scale oxygen-methane engine and regolith simulant in the Plum Brook Station vacuum facility at NASA\u2019s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. This testing will significantly expand the data available to validate computational modeling, construct engineering models, and develop instrumentation related to plume surface interaction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, the PSI team will develop and test a prototype  compact radar, which will provide data on particles ejected from the landing site. The team will also use a camera system, called SCALPSS, to provide stereo imagery of crater formation during testing. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/first-commercial-moon-delivery-assignments-to-advance-artemis\">SCALPSS<\/a> will fly to the Moon on Intuitive Machines\u2019 lunar lander in late 2021. The data will ultimately help engineers understand how to design safer landers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The PSI project is managed by team members located at NASA\u2019s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla, NASA\u2019s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia and NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. With technical contributions from these centers, PSI could significantly reduce risks for current and future exploration landers. This includes Human Landing Systems and Commercial Lunar Payload Services for the Moon and the Sample Retrieval Lander and Mars Ascent Vehicle for Mars Sample Return, as well as vehicles supporting human exploration of the surface of Mars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Partners:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>PSI is working with universities on gas-particle interaction modeling, which will assist in accurately modeling ejected particles, dust and erosion under the lander. University partners under PSI include Johns Hopkins University, University of Central Florida, University of Michigan and University of California Davis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The PSI team will use the SCALPSS camera system during ground testing to provide stereo imagery of plume effects on a regular simulant test site.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 bg-spacesuit-white color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-news-automated\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-md\">Latest News<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/game-changing-development-program-news\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary link-external-false\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tMore NASA News                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col\"><div class=\"grid-row latest-news-items\"><div class=\"grid-col mobile:grid-col tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 latest-news-item latest-news-item-0 margin-bottom-2 -tablet:margin-bottom-0 desktop:margin-bottom-0 padding-right-0 tablet:padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/technology\/nasas-network-of-small-moon-bound-rovers-is-ready-to-roll\/\" class=\"tablet:grid-col latest-news-item news-item \"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200\"><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"display-block\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1\">5 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0\"><span>NASA\u2019s Network of Small Moon-Bound Rovers Is Ready to Roll<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg 3840w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/1-pia26164-cadre-b18-autonomous-drive.jpg?resize=2000,1125 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/a><\/div><div class=\"tablet:grid-col desktop:grid-col-5 grid-row latest-news-items\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/directorates\/stmd\/student-teams-to-help-fill-the-inflatable-void-with-latest-student-challenge\/\" class=\"tablet:grid-col latest-news-item news-item \"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200\"><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"display-block\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1\">3 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0\"><span>Student Teams to Help Fill the Inflatable Void with Latest Student Challenge \u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/gcd-bigidea-inflatablesgraphic-final.png?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-row padding-top-2 desktop:padding-top-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/armstrong\/nasa-selects-winners-of-third-techrise-student-challenge\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col padding-left-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t<div class=\"display-flex hds-news-item-bubble\"><div class=\"padding-right-3\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/fo-techrise-01242024.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/fo-techrise-01242024.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/fo-techrise-01242024.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/fo-techrise-01242024.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/fo-techrise-01242024.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black\">4 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1\">NASA Selects Winners of Third TechRise Student Challenge<\/p><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/marshall\/nasas-3d-printed-rotating-detonation-rocket-engine-test-a-success\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col padding-left-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t<div class=\"display-flex hds-news-item-bubble\"><div class=\"padding-right-3\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/09-27-2023-hf-12-062.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/09-27-2023-hf-12-062.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/09-27-2023-hf-12-062.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/09-27-2023-hf-12-062.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/09-27-2023-hf-12-062.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black\">2 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1\">NASA\u2019s 3D-printed Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine Test a Success<\/p><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/armstrong\/nasa-partners-continue-to-advance-space-tech-on-suborbital-flights\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col padding-left-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t<div class=\"display-flex hds-news-item-bubble\"><div class=\"padding-right-3\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/flightopportunities-bo-ns14.jpeg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/flightopportunities-bo-ns14.jpeg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/flightopportunities-bo-ns14.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/flightopportunities-bo-ns14.jpeg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/flightopportunities-bo-ns14.jpeg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black\">5 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1\">NASA, Partners Continue to Advance Space Tech on Suborbital Flights<\/p><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From NASA<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/stmd-game-changing-development\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Game Changing Development<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg 4267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=600,337 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/gcd_pcm_feature_photo1.jpg?resize=2000,1125 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/space-technology-mission-directorate\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Space Technology Mission Directorate<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Space Technology Mission Directorate. Technology drives exploration and the space economy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"525\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/stmd.jpg?w=525\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/stmd.jpg 525w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/stmd.jpg?resize=197,300 197w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/stmd.jpg?resize=263,400 263w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/stmd.jpg?resize=394,600 394w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/space-technology-mission-directorate\/lunar-surface-innovation-initiative\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>NASA’s Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/surface-power.png?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/johnson\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Johnson Space Center<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg 6000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=768,575 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=1024,767 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=1536,1150 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=2048,1534 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=600,449 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=900,674 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=1200,899 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/jsc2017e039526.jpg?resize=2000,1498 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>NASA is advancing technology to help identify how rocket plumes interact with lunar and other planetary regolith upon touchdown to ensure safe landings for future exploration missions. The Plume-Surface Interaction (PSI) Project is advancing both modeling and testing capabilities to understand exactly how rocket exhaust plumes affect a planetary landing site. This advanced modeling will [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":279,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[11404],"coauthors":[10860],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Plume Surface Interaction (PSI)","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/plume-surface-interaction\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/plume-surface-interaction\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""},"articleSection":"General","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Ivry Artis"}],"creator":["Ivry Artis"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":[],"dateCreated":"2023-10-05T17:22:35Z","datePublished":"2023-10-05T17:22:35Z","dateModified":"2024-01-30T19:20:31Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Plume Surface Interaction (PSI)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/plume-surface-interaction\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-10-05T17:22:35Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"General\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Ivry Artis\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":4,"time_ago":"7 months","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/540844"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/279"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/540844\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":561041,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/540844\/revisions\/561041"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=540844"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=540844"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=540844"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=540844"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=540844"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}