# APPENDIX C

2002 Emissions Inventory Methodology & Documentation 

# Owensboro Ozone Maintenance Area

PROPOSED UPDATEDMAINTENANCE EMISSIONS BUDGET OWENSBORO

OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA DAVIESS ANDA PORTIONOF HANCOCKCOUNTIES

## 2002 OZONE PRECURSOR EMISSIONS INVENTORY

METHODOLOGY FORTHE DEVELOPMENT OF UPDATED OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA PLANS FOR KENTUCKY OZONE MAINTENANCE AREAS

AS REQUIRED BY THE CLEANAIRACT

FORTHE OWENSBORO OZONE MAINTENANCE AREA LOCATEDWITHIN (DAVIESS COUNTVAND A PORTION OF HANCOCK COUNTY)

Prepared by THE KENTUCKY DIVISION FORAIR QUALITY

John S. Lyons Director

Submitted by THE KENTUCKY ENVIRONMENTAL ANDPUBLIC PROTECTION CABINET Teresa J . HilI Secretary July 2007TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 .0 BACKGROUND &EMISSIONS SUMMARY .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .1 1 .1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .1 1 .2 Emissions Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .2 1 .3 References, Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 .5 2.0 POINT SOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 2.1 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 2.2 Methodology and Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 2 .2.1 Reviewof Existing Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 .2 2 .2.2 Source Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ..2.2 2.2 .3 Data Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2 .2 2.2.4 Data Compilation . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 2.2.5 Emission Calculations. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 2.3 Summary of Point Source Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4 2 .3.1 Owensboro Ozone Maintenance Area . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4 2.4 References, Section 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .2.7 3.0 AREA SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3 .1 Introduction & Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3 .2 Methodology &Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3 .2.1 Source Category Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3 .2 .2 Emission Estimation Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1 3 .3 Summary of Area Source Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .3.2 ii3.4 Discussion of the Area Source Categories . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . """"" . "" 3 "2 3.4.1 Gasoline Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2 3 .4.1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """"" 3.3 3 .4.1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4 3 .4.1 .3 Vehicle Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5 3.4.1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .3 .5 3.4.1 .5 Aircraft Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6 3.4.1 .6 Petroleum

Vessel Loading &Unloading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.8 3.4.2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.8 3.4.2 .1 Dry Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9 3.4.2.2 Surface Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.10 3 .4.2.3 Surface Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.12 3.4.2.3.1 Architectural Surface Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .3 .12 3.4.2.3.2 Automobile Refmishing. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.14 3.4.2.3.3 Traffic Markings . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.15 3.4.2.3 .4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.16 3.4.2 .4 Graphic Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.16 3.4.2 .5 Cutback Asphalt Paving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.17 3.4.2.6 Emulsified Asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.18 3 .4.2.7 Pesticide Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.18 3 .4.2.8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.19 3 .4.3 Waste Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .21 3.4.3.1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ..3.21 3.4.3.2 Industrial Wastewater . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. ..3 .22 3.4.3.3 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage &Disposal . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . ..3 .22 3.4.3.4 Municipal Landfills . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .3.23 3.4.3 .5 Solid Waste Incineration . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .3.24 3.4 .3 .5.1 On-Site Incineration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.24 3.4.3.5.2 Open Burning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.26 3.4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.28 3.4.5 Bioprocess Emission Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.28 3.4.5.1 Bakeries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.28 3.4.5.2 Breweries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.29 3.4.5.3 Wineries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .29 3.4.5.4 Distilleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .29 3.4.5.5 Silage Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .29 3.4.6 Other Area Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .30 3.4.6.1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .30 3.4.6.1 .1 Forest Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.30 3.4.6.1 .2 Structure Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.31 3.4.6.1 .3 Slash & Prescribed Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.33 3.4.6.1 .4 Agricultural Burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.33 3.4 .6.1 .5 Orchard Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.33 iii3.4.6.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .3.33 3 .5 References, Section 3 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . .. . . . .3.40

4.0 NON-HIGHWAY MOBILE EMISSIONS. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 4.2 Methodology &Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 .1 4 .3 Summary of Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .4.1 4 .4 Discussion of Nonroad Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 4 .4.1 Other Nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1 4 .4.2 Aircraft Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 4 .4.2.1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 4.4.2.2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis and Military Aircraft . .4.5 4.4.3 Locomotives. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .4.8 4.4.3.1 Line Haul Locomotives . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .4.9 4.4.3.2 Yard Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.10 4.5 References, Section 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.14 5.0 HIGHWAYVEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 5 .1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 .1 5 .2 Emissions Estimation Process . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .5.1

5 .3 5 .4 5.2.1 Overviewof Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1 5.2.2 Inputs to MOBILE6 .2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 5.2.2.1 Run Section Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 5 .2.2 .2 Scenario Section Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . """ . """5 .4 References, Section 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . ..5.5

iv6

.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..6.1 6 .1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1 6 .2 Methodology . .: . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1 6 .3 Summary of Biogenic Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1 6 .3.1 Ozone Maintenance Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .1 6 .4 References, Section 6 . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 .3 Appendix A Point Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix B Area Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix C Non-Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix D Highway Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Information Appendix E Biogenic Emissions Inventory Information1 .0 BACKGROUND AND EMISSIONS SUMMARY

1 .1 BACKGROUND In accordance with the Clean AirAct Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, a November 6, 1991, Federal Register notice designated Owensboro as marginal nonattainment for the 1-hour ozone standard effective on January 6, 1992. In a November 3, 1994, Federal Register notice, the U .S. EPAapproved the redesignation of Owensboro from marginal nonattainment to attainment for the 1- hour ozone standard effective on January 3, 1995. On April 30, 2004 (69 FR 23858), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designated and classified areas for the 8-hour ground-level ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) . These areas are required to submit a 10- year maintenance plan under section 110(a)(1) ofthe CAAifthey also were a nonattainment area, or an attainment/unclassifiable area with a section 175A maintenance plan, under the 1-hour ozone standard. This document presents Kentucky's 2002 ozone precursor emissions inventory for the Owensboro ozone maintenance area, which includes Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County. This inventory was developed based on EPA guidance, direct consultation with EPA personnel, and previous emission inventory development experience. The inventory includes reactive volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides ofnitrogen (NOX), andcarbon monoxide (CO) emissions for area, point, non-highway mobile, highway mobile and biogenic sources. The point source inventory was developed using the Division's existing emissions inventory database (i .e., TEMPO)

. The existing TEMPOdatabase was updated using questionnaires and annual surveys completed by the sources. Maintenance area population information is provided in Table 1-1 . The data provided in Table 1-1 is vital to many emission calculation procedures used to develop the emissions inventory, particularly for area and nonroad mobile sources. These data are frequently referenced throughout this document .TABLE 1-1

2002 POPULATION Owensboro Maintenance Area

COUNTY APPORTIONMENT' 

### FACTOR Daviess 1 .000 TOTAL POPULATION APPORTIONED UhATIUN APPORTIONMENT COUNTY

FACTOR POPULATION 91,694 1 .000 91,694 Hancock* 0 .050 8,573 0 .226 1,937 Total 100,267 93,631 * Denotes only a portion of the county 1 .2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY In preparing this inventory, several other agencies contributed information to the Division necessary for completing emission calculations . The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' provided information essential for completing the mobile emissions portionofthis document . The Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet2 and the State Data Center3 provided valuable population information used primarily in the preparation of the area source inventory. Within the maintenance areas, VOC, NO, and COemissions were calculated forpoint, area, nonroad mobile, onroad mobile and biogenic sources. The Division's existing point source emissions inventory database (TEMPO) was used to produce point source information. This database is updated annually for Title Vmajor and minor sources and on a varying schedule for other sources. Acopy ofthe point source inventory survey is included as Appendix A . Area source emissions were generally calculated based on current population, employment, and commoditydata. Population related informationwas provided by theState Data Center3 andthe Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet .2 Highway vehicle emissions were estimated by using Mobile6 .2 generated emission factors and dailyvehicle miles traveled (DVMT) estimates. DVMTs and speed information were obtained fromthe Kentucky Transportation Cabinet' . TheVOCemissions calculated in this document are for thoseVOCemissions determined by EPA to be photochemically reactive. All identified nonreactive VOCemissions were addressed. Specifically, perchloroethylene emissions from drycleaning and surface cleaning have been removed -1 .2-

### fromthe area source emissions found in this document .

A summary of the VOC, CO, and NO,, emissions in tons per summer day for the nonattainment area is provided in Table 1-2. This document includes emissions data with preexisting controls in place . These emission control measures includeautobody refinishing, consumer solvent use, architectural surface coating, traffic markings, and open burning; fuel andengine control measures related to on-road and non-road mobile sources including Phase 11 of the RFGprogram, alongwith requirements onvehicle refueling and reducedevaporative emissions; and engine control measures include the National Low EmissionVehicle program, alongwith requirements on nonroad diesel engines, small nonroad engines (lawnmowers and garden equipment), and outboard marine engines. Point source emissions are described in Section 2 with supporting information in Appendix A . Section 3 documents the area source inventory process with supporting information in Appendix B . Non-highway mobile emissions are discussed in Section 4 with supporting information in Appendix C

. Mobile source emissions are discussed in Section 5 with supporting information in Appendix D

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2.1 INTRODUCTION ANDSCOPE This section documents the development of the 2002 point source emissions inventory for the Owensboro Area, which includes Daviess County and a portionof Hancock County. For the purposeof this inventory, point sources are defined as stationary commercial or industrial operations that emit 10 tons or more per year of volatile organic compounds (VOC) or 100 tons or more of nitrogen oxides (NOx) or carbon monoxide (CO) . Due to the lower cut-offsize for VOCsources, the majority ofpoint sources in each maintenance area have VOCemissions; therefore, most ofthis section is dedicated to these sources. This point source inventory consists of actual emissions for the 2002, and includes sources in the ozone maintenance counties. Emissions from

point sources are presented using two emission rate formats: annual (TYR) and daily (TSD) rates. Although not specifically required, annual emission rates are provided in order to assist the review

agency and the public in performing comparison checks against the existing TEMPOS database. In addition, the annual emission rate identifies point sources impacting on each area. The remainder of this chapter is divided three parts. Section 2 .2 describes the approach used in developing and compiling the point source listing for the ozone maintenance areas. Section 2.3 presents an overall summary ofthe point source VOC, NO, and COemissions. Section 2.4 lists the references used in preparing this section. 2.2 METHODOLOGYANDAPPROACH This section describes the methodology and approach used in developing information for the 2002 point source inventory. The purpose for including this section is to provide sufficient detail to the review agency and the public to assist themin determining the adequacy ofthis inventory based on the most recent guidance. In addition, specific elements of the methodology and approach are being described in order to minimize the need for later clarifications. The development activities for the 2002 point source emission inventory were initiated in the spring of2004. The approach used in compiling the point source listing and emissions data was based on guidance issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.' .2 As mentioned previously, the Kentucky Division for Air Quality (DAQ was the agency -2.1-responsible for development of the 2002 emissions inventory for the maintenance areas in Kentucky.

Data collection activities began in the spring of2004. Since Kentucky alreadyhad an existing emissions database of air pollution sources in thestate, a thorough review ofthis database formed thestarting point for overall inventory development . A brief description of the methodology and approach used to accomplish these tasks is presented in the following subsections. 2 .2.1 Review

of Existing Database The review

ofthe Division's TEMPOS database allowed personnel to identify which sources in a given geographical area would need to be updated for this inventory effort . Also, a reviewof each source in the existing systemprovided information on whether specific sources had been updatedduring the normal yearly update or if they would need to be updated separately. 2.2.2 Source Survey Point source emission surveys were mailed to appropriate point sources (Please see related survey information in Appendix A) . The surveys were designed to have the facilities update specific information as outlined in EPA guidance. In some instances follow-up telephone calls were made to clarify responses given by sources. 2 .2.3 Data Evaluation The next step in developing the point source inventory was to evaluate the collected data. All information received fromthe sources was checked by emission inventory personnel to ensure that the responses were within reasonable levels. Another aspect ofdata evaluation was the application ofrule effectiveness for sources subject to regulatory emission limitations and a seasonal adjustment factor for facilities not operating on auniform schedule. Afactor of 80 percent was applied to the control device efficiency to adjust the resulting emission estimates to account for rule effectiveness. The rule effectiveness factor, pursuant to EPA Region 4 guidance,3 was applied to VOC, CO, and NO,, annual emissions totals and is therefore also reflected in daily emissions. Seasonal adjustment was applied only to daily emission totals.2.2.4 Data Compilation

Oneofthe final steps in developing the point source inventory involves submitting thedata in an acceptable format . Division personnel routinely submit point source data to EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) database. 2.2.5 Emission Calculations Point source emissions were calculated using the following equations and variables. Appendix A contains point source emissions informationutilized to calculate the point source emissions (Pleasesee emissions information in Appendix A) . Information requested by a source to be confidential in accordance with applicable laws is omitted fromthe Appendix A . 1 . Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness CTEFFN CTEFFN CTEFF RE (1 - ((CTEFF)(RE))

Actual Control Efficiency Adjusted for Rule Effectiveness Actual Control Efficiency Rule Effectiveness = .80 2 . Actual Process Rate for Typical Summer Day

CPROD NPROD = ((FUELP) (ATHJ) / 100) / ((DWK) (WKYR) ( .25)) VPROD CPROD, NPROD, and VPROD = Actual Process Rate forTypical Summer Day for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively FUELP ATHJ DWK WKYR (Actual) Annual Process Rate = Total Throughput

Summer Seasonal Activity Number of Days PerWeek Source is in Operation Number of Weeks Per Year Source is in Operation 3. Actual Emissions for Typical Summer Day

CATND NATND = ((-PROD) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 VATND CATND, NATND, and VATND = Typical Summer Day Emissions for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively -2.3-PROD = CPROD, NPROD, or VPRODas Appropriate

EF = Emission Factor 4 . Annual Actual Emissions

CATNY NATNY = ((FUELP) (EF) (CTEFFN)) / 2000 VATNY CATNY, NATNY, and VATNY = Annual Emissions for CO, NOx, and VOC, respectively FUELP = (Actual) Annual Process Rate =Annual Throughput EF = Emission Factor 2.3 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 2.3 .1 OWENSBOROOZONE MAINTENANCE AREA This inventory includes VOC CO, and NO,, point source emissions for the Owensboro ozone maintenance area. County level point source emission totals are provided in Table 2-1 . Additionally, information in Appendix Acatalogues point source emissions by facility, by county, and provides a county total . These tables lists the facilities; the facility identification numbers; SIC codes4, and the 2002 annual emissions, adjusted for rule effectiveness, in tons per year ; and the 2002 daily emissions with seasonal adjustments, in tons per summer day.~ 00 ; O O\ O~ O N r-+ O O MO O O75 I~ O O v~ l~ M ~ O O , ~ O - M O O N O O O O~ O O ~ t~ N N O O kn O ~ O N N O ~-- ~ O O O O O O O ~ O O O vi ~O ~ M O O ~p M 00 O N `r O

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.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory GuidanceforImplementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards "QS) and Regional Haze Regulations . EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005,which references Emission Inventory Requirementsfor Post-1987 OzoneState Implementation Plans . EPA-450/4-88- 019 . Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. December 1988. 2 . U .S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidancefor Implementation ofOzone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005, which references Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors ofOzone, Volume I : General GuidanceforStationary Sources. EPA-450/4-91- 016 . Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NorthCarolina. May 1991 . 3. Telecon. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Ms. YasminYorker, February 4, 1992, concerning rule effectiveness. 4. Executive Office ofthe President, Office of Management and Budget . Standard Industrial Classification Manual . Order no. PB 87-100012. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 . 1987. 5. Kentucky Division for Air Quality's TEMPOPoint Source Database for the Year 2002.3.0 AREA SOURCES

3.1 INTRODUCTIONANDSCOPE This section documents the development ofthe 2002 area source maintenance plan emissions for the Owensboro ozone maintenance area (i .e., Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County) . Area sources include non-traditional sources whose emissions are too small to be treated as stationary point sources. The emissions documented in this section are presented on an annual basis and for a typical summer day during the ozone season. Including this introduction and scope, Section 3 is organized into four other subsections. Section 3.2 describes the approach takento estimate emissions fromeach source category. Section 3.3 provides asummaryofthe area source emissions in the maintenance areas. Information explaining the calculations used to derive the area source emissions is discussed in Section 3.4. The references used in developing the area source portion of the inventory are located in Section 3.5. 3.2 METHODOLOGYANDAPPROACH 3.2.1 Source Category Identification The majority of area source categories considered in this inventory were identified from Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventoriesfor Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume L1 In addition, the U .S. EPA's Emission Inventory Improvement Program(EIIP) guidance22 was consulted and utilized where feasible. Emissions estimates for some area source categories are not included in the inventory. Agricultural and slash burning, snowmobiles, and orchard heaters are not commonplace in Kentucky and therefore do not warrant inclusion. Rationale for not including these categories is discussed later in this narrative. 3.2 .2 Emission Estimation Approach Generally, area source emissions arecalculated usingfactors based on one offour criteria for the inventoried areas: (a) population (per-capita), (b) commodity consumption, (c) level-of-activity, or (d) employment . These calculations are further explained in Section 3.4.3.3 SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS Table 1-3 contains the contribution ofeach maintenance area for each area source category and provides an emissions total for that area. 3.4 DISCUSSION OF THE AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES Subsections 3.4.1 through 3.4 .6 contain the descriptions for individual area source types and the methods used to calculate emissions for each. Calculations used to determine emissions are included within the narrative. 3.4.1 . Gasoline Distribution. Four categories are included under gasoline distribution: (a) Storage tank breathing losses; (b) Tank trucks in transit; (c) Tank truck unloading; and (d) Vehicle refueling. Vehicle refueling emissions are included in the Highway Mobile Source Inventory (Section 5) in the Mobile6 .2 modeling runs. Retail gasoline service station sales in 2002, for both the state and individual counties, were obtained fromthe 2002 Economic Census Retail Trade publication for Kentucky.6 The 2002 taxable gasoline sales were only available for the state andwere obtained from the Kentucky Revenue Cabinet's Motor Fuels Tax Section.' The 2002 statewide gasoline sales were segregated to the county level using 1997 retail tradesales information . 2072.35 million gallons of gasoline were sold in Kentucky in 2002. Emission factors were obtained fromTables 5.2-5 and 5.2-7 ofAP-42, Volume 1.2' 22 To calculate the emissions of VOCfromany of the sources noted above, it was necessary to determine the total sales, in gallons, of gasoline in each maintenance area. Only the Census Retail Trade publication

b lists county and state gasoline sales. Therefore, the percentage ofcounty gasoline sales relative to the statewide gasoline in 2002 was calculated. State sales were obtained from Table 1 ofthe Census Retail Trade publication,6 andcounty sales obtained from Table 3 ofthat document . This percentage was applied to the total state taxable gasoline sales in 2002 to determine county gasoline sales in 2002. After the county gasoline sales in 2002 were determined, specific methods were used to calculate the emissions of VOC fromeach of the categories listed . The calculations and procedures described in EPAguidance, 1 were utilized. County-specific gasoline marketing data are shownin Table 3-1 .

-3.2-Table 3-1 Gasoline Marketing Data 2002 Gasoline Sales County 1000 Gallons Daviess 52,673 Hancock* ~ 1474 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3.4.1 .1 Storage Tank Breathing Losses County gasoline sales were multiplied by the emission factor found in Table 5.2-7 of AP-42, Volume 1 .2 Tons of VOC emissions per year were converted to tons per typical summer day in accordance with Section 5.9 of reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor (SAF) was determined by adding the total gasoline sales for June, July, and August of 2002--then dividing that total by the total state gasoline sales for 2002. This dividend was then divided by 0 .25 to determine the percentage of activity, which occurred during those months since it was noted that the activity level for that quarter was higher than the other quarters. The denominator represents the uniformseasonal rate since one quarter or season equals 0 .25 . So ifthe total gasoline sales forJune, July, and August is one quarter of thetotal annual sales, then the SAF equals 0 .25 / 0.25, or 1 .00

. The seasonal adjustment factor applied for the gasoline marketingwas 1 .049. The activity days perweek were considered to be 7.The formula for this calculation is as follows: (June + July + August Monthly Gasoline Gallon Totals)/(Year-End Gasoline Gallon Total) 0.25 The calculations used to determine emissions from storage tank breathing losses are as follows. TPY - County Sales x 1 .0 lbs. x 1 ton

(gallons) 1000 (gal) ) (2000 lbs) TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (7 x 52) The emissions, by county, produced by storage tank breathing losses are shown in Table 3-2.

-3.3 -Table 3-2 Summary of Emissions From Gasoline Breathing Losses Annual VOC Daily VOC I Emissions Emissions County (tons/year) (tons/day) D aviess 26.34 0 .08 Hancock* 0 .741 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.1 .2 Tank Trucks in Transit Since some gasoline is delivered to bulk plants rather than delivered directly to service stations frombulk terminals, the amount of gasoline transferred in any area may exceed the total gasoline consumption, due to the additional trips involved. Reference 1 makes the following statements relating to this matter :

"A nationwide average ofroughly 25percent ofall gasoline consumed goes through bulk plants. Hence, gasoline distribution in an area could be multiplied by 1 .25 to estimate gasoline transported . " and "Emissions fromtank trucks in transit, however, will generally be minimal, in most areas. Hence, agreat deal ofeffort is notwarranted in making this adjustment. " Based on these statements, and in the absence of specific bulk plant throughput information, 2002 county gasoline sales were multiplied by 1 .25 to obtain the total gasoline transported in 2002. Per EPA EIIP guidance22, the midpoints ofthetypical AP-42Table 5.2-5 emission factors for tank trucks or bulk tanks loaded with product and return with vapor were determined, combined, and applied to gasoline transported in each county to determine the emissions ofVOC peryear . The yearly emissions were then converted to tons per typical summer day . Theseasonal adjustment factor used for tank breathing losses was 1 .049. The activity days per week were considered 6 . The calculation used to figure emissions fromtank trucks in transit are as follows. TPY = (County Gas x 1 .25) x .060 lbs. x 1 ton

Sales IOOOgals. ( 2000 lbs) -3 .4-(gallons)

TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (6x 52) The emissions, by county, produced by tank trucks in transit are provided in Table 3-3. Table 3-3 Summary of Emissions From Tank Trucks In Transit Annual VOC Daily VOC n Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear (tonslda ) Daviess 1 .98 0 .01 Hancock* 0 .06 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.1 .3. Vehicle Refueling The emissions for vehicle refueling have been calculated by Mobile6 .2 and are included in the Mobile Source Emissions Inventory in Section 5, but are not listed separately. 3 .4.1 .4 Tank Truck Unloading To calculate theemissions ofVOCproduced by tank truck unloading, thedivision performed a review ofgasoline stations located in the ozone maintenance areas. The following assumptions were made. For the ozone maintenance areas (i .e., Marshall County and a portion of Livingston County, Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County, Edmonson County, Fayette and Scott Counties, Boyd County and a portion ofGreenup County) 90% of the gasoline throughput was subject to submerged filling and the remaining 10% of the gasoline throughput was subject to splash filling techniques. Based on these assumptions, the fraction of gallons of gasoline throughput using each fill method was multiplied by the appropriate emission factors fromTable 5.2-7 of AP-42, Volume lz to derive emissions. Rule penetration was implicitly applied by allocating the gasoline throughput for each fill method . The yearly emissions were converted to tons per typical summer day in accordance with Section 5.9 of Reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .049 for gasoline marketing was -3.5-applied. The activity days per week for tank truck unloading was 6 .1 The calculations used to determine emissions fromthis category are as follows.

Submerged Fill TPY = ( Apportioned x .90 x (7 .3 lbs. ) x 1 ton (County Sales 1000 gals (2000lbs) (gallons) 

## TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (6x 52)

Splash Fill TPY = Apportioned x .10 x (11 .5 lbs.) x 1 ton ((County Sales ) 1000gals (2000

_ 1bs) (gallons) TSD = (TPYx SAF) / (6x 52) Total Tank Truck UnloadingAnnual Emissions = Submerged Fill Annual + Splash Fill Annual Total Tank Truck Unloading Summer Daily Emissions = Submerged Fill Daily + Splash Fill Daily The emissions, by county, produced by tank truck unloading are shown in Table 3-4. Table 3-4 Summary of Emissions From Tank Truck Unloading Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions Coun tons/ ear) (tons/da ) Daviess 203.32 0 .69 Hancock* 5.69 0 .02 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3 .4.1 .5 Aircraft Refueling Emissions from this category occur when vapor-laden air in a partially empty fuel tank is displaced to the atmosphere when the tank is refilled. The quantity ofvapor displaced depends on the fuel temperature, fuel true vapor pressure, fuel molecular weight, aircraft fuel tank temperature and fuel dispensing rate. The most commonly used types of aircraft fuels in the United States fall into three categories: -3 .6-- Jet kerosene, primarily used by commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft,

- Jet Naphtha, used primarily by military aircraft, and

- Aviation Gasoline, primarily used by aviation reciprocating engines. Based on federal guidance found in Volume I,' emissions from aircraft refuelingwere estimated bymultiplying apportionedfuel sales data7, for each type ofaircraft by thecorresponding calculated fuel emission factors. Local fuel sales were obtained by apportioning state-level fuel sales to airports based on flight activities (LTOs) reported in Kentucky Airport Master Records33 compiled by the Kentucky Division of Aeronautics for general aviation aircraft and Airport Activity Statistics32 for commercial aircraft . Emissions were calculated for GeneralAviation Refueling andfor RefuelingwithJet Kerosene. Emissions for Jet Naptha, used in military aircraft, were not calculated because the Petroleum Marketing Annual 200226 did not list this type of fuel . However, the absence of emissions for jet naphtha refueling is not considered a significant problem since its true vapor measure is such that any calculated emissions would be negligible. The calculated annual tons of VOCemissions were multiplied by aseasonal adjustment factor and then divided by the number of activity days per week, in this case 365 . The seasonal adjustment factor for jet kerosene is .93 and for aviation gasoline is 1 .19 . The seasonal adjustment factors were calculated based on fuel sales data provided in the Petroleum MarketingAnnual 200226 for thesummer quarter. Emission factorswere developed usingthe following method, pursuant toVolume I guidance.' (12.46)(S)(P)(M) EF = T where: EF = emission factor in pounds VOCper 1,000gallonsfuel throughput

S - saturationfactor of 1 .45 (fromTable 4 .4-1 ofAP-42) P -fuel true vapor pressure in psia (fromTable 4.3-2 ofAP-42) at 90°F = .021 psia for jet kerosene at 90°F = 8

.8psiafor aviation gasoline RVP 10 M =fuel molecular weight in lb/lbmol (fromTable 4.3-2 ofAP-42) at 60°FforJet Kerosene = 130 at 60°Ffor Aviation Gasoline RVP 10 = 66 T =study temperature in °R (°F + 460 degrees) The calculations used to estimate emissions fromaircraft refueling are as follows. -3.7-TPY = EF xApportioned County Fuel Sales

TSD = (TPYx SAF) 1365 The VOC emissions, by county, fromaircraft refueling are found in Tables 3-5 and 3-6 . Airport information used to calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-7. Table 3-5 Summary of Emissions From General Aviation Refueling Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear) (tons/day ) Daviess 0 .98 0 Hancock* 0 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.

Table 3-6 Summary of Emissions From Commercial Aircraft Refueling Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions Coun (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) Daviess 0 0 Hancock* 0 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county.

Table 3-7 Aircraft Fuel Commercial General Aviation Coun Jet Fuel 1000 Gallons Gasoline

1000 Gallons Daviess 38 103 Hancock* 0 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.1 .6 PetroleumVessel Loading &Unloading This category is included in the Point Source Inventory, Section 2. -3.8-3

.4.2 Stationary Source Solvent Evaporation The following eight subcategories are included in this area source category. All of these emit Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) because of their solvent usage. They are: (1) Dry Cleaning; (2) Surface Cleaning; (3) Surface Coating; (4) Graphic Arts ; (5) Cutback Asphalt Paving; (6) Pesticide Applications ; and, (7) Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use. Each of the previous-mentioned subcategories is discussed individually in the following subsections. 3.4.2.1 Dry Cleaning Dry cleaning operations vary in size, type of service, and type of solvent used. Industrial, commercial, and self-service facilities clean not only personal clothing, but also uniforms, linens, drapes, andother fabric materials. Per previous EPAguidance23, since emissions for coin operated and commercial/industrial drycleaning are considered to be nonreactive (i .e., perchloroethylene emissions) _onl y other solvent emissions are reflected in the VOCemissions provided for dry cleanin Annual tons ofVOCwere calculated by multiplying the per capita emission factor by the county population. Rule penetration is implicitly applied by usingthe distinct per capita emission factors for each type of dry cleaning facility. Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal guidance.' The methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOCemission factorsby an area's population to estimate the dry cleaning emissions :

Mineral Spirits &other solvent facilities: 1 .1 lb/capita/yr Thecalculated annual tons ofVOCemissions were then divided by the product ofthe number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For dry cleaning, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round andthe activity days perweek was 5.' -3.9-The calculations for this category are as follows:

TPY = Other Solvents x 1 ton TSD = TPY/ (5 x 52) (EFxpopulation) 2000 lbs) Population statistics for the counties examined were obtained from information provided by the Kentucky State Data Center3,4 and are found in Table 3-8. Table 3-8 Area Population Information

Population Apportionment 2002 County Factor Population Daviess 1 91694 Hancock* 0 .226 1937 *Denotes only a portion of the county. Emissions fromdry cleaning activities are provided for individual counties in Table 3-9 . Table 3-9 Summary of Emissions From Drycleaning Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear (tons/da ) Daviess 50.35 0 .19 Hancock* 1 .07 1 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. 3.4.2.2 Surface Cleaning Surface cleaning or degreasing is a physical method ofremoving grease, wax, or dirt frommetal, glass, and fabric surfaces by exposing the material to an organic solvent . Degreasing activity is one of the many production steps associated with industrial categories involving metal furniture, primary metals, fabricated products, machinery, electric equipment, and instrumentation. In addition, there are many miscellaneous degreasing operations associated with auto repair shops, gasoline stations, and maintenance shops. There are three types of degreasers: small cold cleaners, open topvapordegreasers, and conveyorized vapor degreasers. Surface operations, which include cold cleaning, manufacturing, and vapor in-line cleaning and others use organic solvents as roomtemperature liquids. Uses include wiping, spraying, or dipping -3.10-parts in the solvent . In open top vapor degreasing, cleaning takes place by exposing the part to solvent

vapor. Conveyorized vapor degreasing entails the same activity as open top degreasing except that the parts to be cleaned continuously move in and out of the degreaser . Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating VOCemissions for this area source category. It involves multiplying the following per capita VOCemission factors by an area's population to estimate total surface cleaning emissions. Per EPAguidance24, to avoid double counting, point source degreasing emissions were subtracted from the area source surface cleaning VOC emissions as appropriate. Surface Cleaning Total : 4.3 lb/capita/yr Cold Cleaning Auto Repair : 2.5 lb/capita/yr Manufacturing: 1 .1 lb/capita/yr Vapor &In-Line Cleaning Electronics &Electrical : 0 .21 lb/capita/yr Other: 0 .49 lb/capita/yr Emissions per typical summer dayfor this area source category were calculated using section 5.9 ofthe federal guidance document .' The calculated annual tons of VOCdivided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For surface cleaning, as found in Table 5.8-1,' no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniformyear round and the activity days per week was 6 . Emissions were calculated using the following method. Cold Cleaning Auto Repair 1 ton ~. 24 TSD = TPY/ x 52 TPY =((EFx population) x 20001bs)) 77 ___ (6 ) + Cold Cleaning Manufacturing 1 ton * 24 TSD - TPY/ (6 x 52) TPY =((EFxpopulation) x 2000lbs)) ,77 ___ - + Vapor & In-Line 1 ton *. 24

___ TSD = TPY/ (6x 52) ((EF x population) x 2000lbs) 77 Area Source Surface Cleaning VOC Emissions (TSD) = TSD - Pt. Source Surface Cleaning VOC Emissions -3.11 -Per EPAguidance25, perchloroethylene emissions have been removedfromthe surface cleaning

emissions by reducing the emissions by 23 percent. Surface cleaning emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-10. Population information is provided in Table 3-8 and perchloroethylene removal and double counting information for surface cleaning is provided in Appendix B

. Table 3-10

Summary of Emissions** From Surface Cleaning Operations Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear) ( tons/da y) Daviess 60.88 0 .20 IHancock* ~ 3.20 0 . 01 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. **Perchloroethylene emissions have been removed from the surface cleaning emissions by reducing the VOCemissions by 23 percent per EPA's May1993 Helms guidance memorandumz5. 3.4.2.3 Surface Coating Surface coatings include paints, enamels, varnishes, lacquers and other product finishes. All of these products includeeither a water-based or solvent-based liquid carrier, which generally evaporates in the drying or curing process. VOCemissions result fromthe evaporation ofthe paint solvent and any additional solvent used to thin the paint . Substantial emissions also result from the use ofsolvents in cleaning the surface prior to painting and in cleaning painting equipment after use. Surface Coating operations are separated into two groups, industrial and nonindustrial . Industrial surface coating operations for such products as appliances, automobiles, paper, fabric and cans are included in the point source inventory. Non-industrial surface coating includes refinishing of automobiles, architectural coating, and traffic paints and are inventoried as area sources. 3.4.2.3.1 Architectural Surface Coating Architectural surface coatings, often called "trade paints," are used primarily by homeowners -3 .12-and painting contractors to coat the interior/exterior ofhouses and buildings andon the surfaces ofother

structures such as pavements, curbs, or signs. Coatingmaterials areapplied to surfaces by spray, brush, roller, and dryat ambient conditions. Architectural coatings differ fromindustrial coatings, which are applied to manufactured products andare usuallyoven cured . Painting contractors and homeowners are the major users of architectural coatings . Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculatingVOCemissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOC emission factor by an area's population to estimate the architectural surface coating emissions: Architectural Surface Coating: 4 .61b/capita/yr (Represents reactive VOC) . Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained from the University ofLouisville, Urban Data Center.3,4 Solvent use, which accounts for 25 to 40percent of all solvent loss associated with architectural surface coating, is included in this per capita factor . Solvents used in architectural surface coatings or thinning and cleanup contain almost 100percent reactive compounds. Emissions per typical summer day for this area source were calculated using Section 5.9 of Reference 1 . The calculated annual tons ofVOCwere multiplied by an appropriate seasonal adjustment factor andthen divided by the product ofthe number ofactivity days per week andthe number ofweeks in ayear. For architectural surface coatingthe seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3 and the activity days per week was 7.1 The following calculation was used to estimate emissions from architectural surface coating.

TPY = (EFx Population) x I ton (2000lbs) 

## TsD = (TPYx sAF) i(7x 52) Architectural surface coating emissions are provided in Table 3-11 . Table 3-11 Summary of Emissions** From Architectural Surface Coating

Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions Coun (tons/ ear) tons/da ) Daviess 210 .90 0

.75 -3.13 -Hancock* 4.46 0 .02 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions reflect a 20%

emission reduction. 3.4.2.3.2 Automobile Refmishing Automobile refinishing is the repainting ofworn or damaged automobiles, light duty trucks, and other vehicles. Surface coating during manufacturing is not considered refinishing. In automobile refinishing, lacquers and enamels are usually sprayed in paint booths. Since vehicles contain heat sensitive plastics and rubber, the solvent borne coatings are used in lowtemperature ovens. Paint booths may be equipped with paint arresters or water curtains to handle overspray. Solvents used in auto body refinishing will consist almost entirely of reactive VOC . Federal guidance' provided the methodologythe division used for calculating VOCemissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following VOCper capita emission factor by an area's population to estimate auto body emissions: Auto Body Refinishing: 2.3 lb/capita/yr According to federal guidance, because auto body refinishing may be generally expected to relate to human activity, such a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates for this area source category. Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained fromstate references.3,4 Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal guidance' . The calculated annual tons of VOCdivided by the product ofthe number ofactivity days per week and by the number ofweeks in a year . For auto body refinishing no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round

. The activity days per week was 5 . The calculations used to figure yearly and daily VOC emissions for this category are as follows. TPY = (EF xpopulation) x ]ton (2000lbs) TPD = TPY/ (S x 52) Auto body refinishing emissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-12. Population information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8 . -3.14-Table 3-12 Summary of Emissions** From Automobile Refinishing Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) Daviess 105.45 0 .41 Hancock* 2.23 0 .01 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Per a federal rule for this area category, the VOCemissions reflect a 37% emission reduction. 3.4.2.3.3 Traffic Markings Traffic paints are used to mark pavement . These markings include dividing lines for traffic lanes, parking space markings, crosswalks, arrows, and other markings. These markings are usually applied by state or local highway maintenance crews or by contractors during road construction. VOC emissions result fromthe evaporationof organic solvents during and shortly after theapplication ofthe marking paint . Traffic paint emissions are included in the area source inventory the emissions are not from any specific plant, but instead emanate fromthe roadways and surfaces where markings are applied. Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculatingVOCemissions for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following VOCper capita emission factor by an area's population to estimate traffic marking emissions. Traffic marking: 0

.51b/capita/yr Accordingto federal guidance, becausetraffic marking emissions maybe generally expected to relate to human activity, such a population based approachwill provide reasonable emission estimates for this area source category. The activity level was considered 5 days per week . No seasonal adjustment factor was applied for this category since none was provided in Volume I guidance. The calculations used to derive yearly and dailyVOCemissions for this category are as follows. -3.15 -TPY = (EFx populatfon) x ]ton (2000lbs) TPD = TPY/ (S x 52) Traffic marking emissions are provided in Table 3-13. Population statistics for individual areas are provided in Table 3-8. Table 3-13 Summary of Emissions** From Traffic Markings Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear) tons/da Daviess 22.83 0 .09 ~Hancock* I 0 .48 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOCemissions reflect a 20%

emission reduction. 3.4.2 .3.4 Other Small Industrial Surface Coating Industrial surface coating includes the coating, during manufacture, of magnet wire, automobiles, cans, metal coils, paper, fabric, metal and wood furniture, and miscellaneous products. According to federal guidance,' to the maximumextent possible, small industrial surface coating operations should be treated as point sources. Therefore, the division will include small industrial surface coating emissions in the point source emissions inventory. 3.4.2 .4 Graphic Arts The graphic arts or printing industry consists of approximately 60,000 facilities (SIC 27) nationwide. About halfofthese establishments are in-house printing services in nonprinting industries. Printing newspapers, books, magazines, fabrics, wall coverings, and other materials, is considered a graphic arts application. Five types of printing are used in the industry: letterpress, flexography, lithography, (roto)gravure, and screen process printing. Solvent use is an integral part of the process and is the primary source of VOC emissions. Associated cleanup operations also require the use ofsolvents, thereby contributing to VOCemissions for the industry. All solvents used in the graphic arts industry are considered reactive. Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculatingVOCemissions -3 .16-for this area source category. This methodology involves multiplying the following per capita VOC

emission factor by an area's population to estimate VOCemissions fromgraphic art facilities, which emit less than 100tons : Graphic Arts: 1 .3 lb/capita/yr In accordance with federal guidance,' any emissions associated with point source graphic arts facilities, which emit under 100 tons per year, should be subtracted fromthe area source inventory. Graphic arts emissions frompoint sources greater than or equal to 100 tons per year should not be subtracted, since they have already been excluded fromthe area source graphic arts emission factor of 1 .3 lb/person/yr . Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained fromstate references.3,4 Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal guidance.' The calculated annual tons of VOCwere then divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year. For graphic arts no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since the activity was considered uniform year round andthe activity days per week was 5.1 Calculations for this category are as follows: TPY - (EFx Population) -Point Source x l ton ( Emissions ) (2000 lbs) TPD = TPY/ (S x 52) Graphic arts emissions are provided in Table 3-14. Population information is provided in Table 3-8. Table 3-14 Summary of Emissions From Graphic Arts County Daviess Hancock* Annual VOC'

Emissions (t ons/year) 59.60 Daily VOCI

Emissions (tons/da 0 .23 1 .26 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 0

3 .4.2 .5 Cutback Asphalt Paving Cutbackasphalt is a type ofliquefied road surface that is prepared by blending or "cutting back" asphalt cement with various kinds of petroleum distillates. Cutback asphalt is used as a pavement sealant, tack coat, and as a bonding agent between layers ofpaving material . VOCs are emitted as the cutback asphalt cures and the petroleumdistillates evaporate. -3 .17-According to federal guidance,' because paving operations maybegenerally expected to relate

to human activity, a population based approach will provide reasonable emission estimates for this area source category. The emission factor used for this category is as follows. Cutback Asphalt Paving: 0 .371b/capita/yr The activity level was considered to be 5 days per week. The calculations for estimating emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY = (EFxpopulation) x 1 ton (2000lbs) TPD = TPY/ (S x 52) Cutback asphalt emissions are provided in Table 3-15. Population for individual counties is found in Table 3-8

. Table 3-15

Summary of Emissions From CutbackAsphalt Paving Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear) (tons/day) Daviess 16.96 0 .07 ~Hancock* 0 .36 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3 .4.2.6 Emulsified Asphalt Emissions from emulsified asphalts were not calculated. Any emissions fromthis category would have been negligible since emulsified asphalt is water based. 3.4.2.7 Pesticide Application Pesticides broadly include any substances used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or microorganisms. Pesticides fall into three basiccategories: synthetics, nonsynthetics (petroleum products), and inorganics . Formulations are commonly made by combining synthetic materials with various petroleumproducts . The synthetic pest killingcompounds in such formulation are labeled as "active" ingredients, and the petroleumproduct solvents acting as carriers or diluents for the active ingredients are labeled "inert ." Neither of these toxicologic designations, active or inert, should be interpreted as indicators of photochemical reactivity; these designations refer only to their toxicological action. -3.18-The federal procedures document' described an emissions estimation process whichrequires the

quantity and types of pesticides used in a study area. Contacts with both the Kentucky Department of Agriculture8 and the University of Kentucky9 revealed that such data is not available. The Kentucky Division for Air Quality requested the useofan alternative method on September 30, 1989.1° Since the largest single source of pesticide use is through agricultural application, the alternative method links pesticide application to harvested acreage. Utilizing the alternative method, VOCemissions were determined by multiplyingan emission rate oftwo pounds ofVOCper harvested acre by an area's 2002 harvested acreage.21 The product was then multiplied by a factor of 0 .9 to approximate the amount that evaporated and can be considered photochemically reactive VOC . This alternative method was approved by the U .S. EPA, Region 4 on November 7, 1989.11" The yearly emissions were then converted to tons emitted per typical summer day in accordance with Section 5.9 of reference 1 . The seasonal adjustment factor was 1 .3, and the activity days per week was 6. The calculations for estimating emissions for this category are as follows. TPY = ((Harvestedx Emission) x 0 .9) x ]ton Acres Factor(lbs) (2000lbs) TPD = (TPYx SAF) / (6x 52) The emissions, by county, produced by pesticide application are shown in Table 3-16. 2002 harvested acre information2l used to calculate emissions for this category are found in Table 3-17. Table 3-16 Summary of Emissions From Pesticide Application Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions Coun (tons/ ear (tons/day ) Daviess 153.97 0 .64 Hancock* 4 .931 0.02 *Denotes only a portion of the county.

Table 3-17 Harvested Acres 2002

Harvested County Acres Daviess I 171075~

-3.19-Hancock*

3 .4.2.8 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use Many commercial/consumer products in common use contain VOCs. Some examples are household and automobile cleaners and polishes. These products have varying VOCcontent and the quantities used aredifficult to estimate; therefore, the resulting VOCemissions areconsidered to be an area source. EPA guidance22, ' provided the methodology the Division used for calculating the VOC emissions for this area source category. The EPA EIIP22 per capita emission factor for commercial/consumer solvent use of 7.84 lb/capita/yr includes emissions fromhousehold products (cleaners, laundry detergents) ; personal care products (e.g., toiletries, aerosol products) ; automotive aftermarket products (e.g., rubbingcompounds, windshield washing fluids, polishes and waxes) ; nonindustrial adhesives and sealants; pesticide products (home or business) ; and miscellaneous products. Population statistics for all areas examined were obtained fromstate references.3~4 Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document .' The calculated annual tons ofVOCwas divided by the product of the number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For commercial/consumer solvent use, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round andthe activitydays per week were 7. The calculations for estimating emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY = (EFx Population) x 1 ton (lbs) (2000lbs) TPD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Commercial/Consumer solvent useemissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-18. Population information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-8. *Denotes only a portion of the county. 5475

Table 3-18 Summary of Emissions** From Consumer Solvent Usage County Annual VOC

Emissions (tons/year) Daily VOC

Emissions tons/day) -3 .20-Daviess 359 .44 0

.99 Hancock* 7.59 ~ 0

.02~ *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Per a federal rule for this area source category, the VOC emissions reflect a 20%

emission reduction. 3.4.3 Waste Management Practices The handling and management of solid and liquid wastedepends on such factors as thetype of waste generated andthe formand composition ofthe waste. The following methods ofwaste disposal were examined in this inventory: (1) Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) ; (2) Industrial Waste Water Treatment ; (3) Hazardous Waste (TSDFs) ; (4) Municipal Landfills; and (5) Solid Waste Incineration -- On-site Incineration and Open Burning 3.4.3.1 Publicly Owned Treatment Works Federal guidance indicates that research has shown that approximately 85%of all volatile pollutants discharged to unacclimated wastewater treatment systems are stripped to the ambient air. Additionally, the concentration ofvolatile organiccompounds found in POTW influent has been shown to be directly proportional to the industrial contribution to a POTW . Federal guidance' provided the methodology the division used for calculating the VOC emissions for this area source category. The methodology involves multiplyingthe following emission factor by the number of gallons of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW : 1 .1 x 10-4 ( .000110lbs. of VOCemitted per gallon of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW . The amount of industrial wastewater discharged to a POTW was obtained fromthe Kentucky Division of Water. 12 Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal guidance.' The calculated annual tons ofVOCwas multiplied by an appropriate seasonal adjustment factor andthen divided by the product ofthe number ofactivity days perweek andthe number ofweeks in a year . For POTW

a seasonal adjustment factor of 1 .4. was applied and the number of activity days perweek were 7. -3.21 -TPY = (Industrial Wastewater x EF) x 1 ton Flow(gallons) (lbs) (2000 lbs) TPD = (TPYxSAF) / (7 x 52) POTW VOCemissions are provided for individual counties in Table 3-19. Additionally, total industrial wastewater discharge information to POTW for individual areas is provided in Table 3-20 . Table 3-19 Summary of Emissions From

POTW` Annual VOC V ~OC-DDaaily VOC

VOC i' n Emissions slo j s E missions Emi ssions Ssions U County r

(tons/ ,ear (t

(tons/da aviess , 9 19.5533 .OF

0 0 .085 ~Hancock 01 0 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.

Table 3-20 Industrial Discharge Into POTW POTW (Million : Gallon Pe Coun Year) Daviess : : : 355.02 ~Hancock* 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.3.2 Industrial Wastewater The first step in estimating emissions from this category was to determine what facilities should be treated as point sources. Radian provided guidance" on how to determine what sources should be treated as point sources and what sources could be inventoried as area sources. The County Business Patterns5 was used to determine the number of facilities within a given SIC code and the number of employees by facility within that code. In order to determine the number ofemployees for a particular SICcode a conversion from the NAICS code to the SICcodewas completed, since the county business patterns now

uses the NAICS code. However, a review ofthedata indicates that there are no facilities -3 .22-in Edmonson County with the appropriate NAICS codes. Therefore no emissions are included for this

category. 3.4.3.3. Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) This is a relatively new inventory category. In view ofthe confusion, and resultant frustration, regarding emission estimates from TSDFs, the Division forAir Qualityconsidered theallowance ofone ton of VOC

peryear per facility in order to report any figures for the inventory. However, such a blind apportionment of emissions undermined the intent ofthe inventory. Assistance had been requested from Radian, in performing emission calculations for this category. However, in a letter received from Steve McCary, U.S. EPA, Region 4 on November 12, 1992, sufficient guidance is not available to inventory emissions from TSDFs at this time. It is expected that most emissions fromthese sources will be reported in the point source inventory. 3.4.3.4. Municipal Landfills VOC emissions are produced from municipal solid waste landfills by three mechanisms: volatilization, chemical reaction, and biological decomposition of liquid and solid compounds into other chemical species. Based on EPAguidance,' since Kentucky has an average precipitation level over 23 inches, an emission factor of 13.6 tons of VOCper million tons of refuse in place plus an additional factor of 2.6 tons per year. No seasonal adjustment was appliedsince this activity is considered uniform according to Volume I guidance. The amount of refuse in-place at facilities located in the maintenance areas in Kentucky was obtained in a municipal solid waste survey developed by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality.16 The calculations used to estimate emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY = tons ofmunicipal x (13. 6tons VOC) x (2.6) (solid waste 1,000, 000tons) ofwaste TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) A summary of emissions for this category maybefound in Table 3-21 . Thetons of solidwaste impounded are found in Table 3-22. Table 3-21 -3 .23-Summary of Emissions From Municipal Landfills Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear) tons/day ) Daviess 61 .93 0 .17 Hancock* 0 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county.

Table 3-22 Tons of Solid Waste In Municipal Landfills

Landfill Waste County tons/ ear Daviess 1751334 Hancock* 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.3.5 Solid Waste Incineration Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid materials from industrial, commercial, or residential sources. The materials may be combustible or non-combustible and are often burned to reduce bulk, unless direct burial is either available or practical . The solid wastedisposal category includes on-site refuse disposal by residential, industrial, and commercial/institutional sources. On-site incineration is confined burning of waste leaves, landscape refuse, or other refuse or rubbish. Open burning is the unconfined burning of solid waste material . 3.4.3.5.1 On-Site Incineration Afederal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons of solid waste burned in on-site incineration. The amount of waste incinerated by residential, commercial/institutional and industrial sources was multiplied by the appropriate VOC, NO,,, and CO emission factors obtained froma federal reference document .2 The waste generation factors for on-site incineration appropriate for Region 4 are: 4 tons per 1000 population per year for residential sources; 23 tons per 1000 population per year for commercial/institutional sources; and 395 tons per 1000 manufacturing employees per year for -3 .24-industrial sources. The emission factors applied for on-site incineration are: 1 .7 for VOC, 60 for CO,

and 11 for NO, . The emission factors are in pounds ofpollutant per ton of solid waste incinerated. Population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined for onsite incineration were obtained from state references.4'S Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document.' The calculated annual tons of VOCwere divided by the product ofthe number of activity days per week and the number ofweeks in a year . For on-site incineration, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activitywas considered uniform year round and activity days perweek were 7. Calculations for estimating emissions from this category are as follows. Residential TPY = (4 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton ( o waste x pop. (lbs)) ( 20001bs) 1000pop . TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) CommerciaPlnstitutional TPY = (23 Tons county) x EF x 1 ton (o waste x pop . (lbs)) (2000 lbs) 1000pop. TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Industrial TPY = (395 tons x # employees) x EF) x 1 ton 

## (100o mfg in mfgSICs (bs)) (2000lbs) employees 20-39 TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) On-site incineration emissions are provided for the former ozone maintenance areas in Table 3- 23. Manufacturing employee information for individual areas is provided in Table 3-24. Table 3-23 Summary of Emissions From On-Site Incineration Annual Daily Annua Dail Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear (tons/da ) (tons/ ear) tons/da ) (tons/ ear) tons/da ) -3.25 -Daviess 4.10 0 .01 144.87 0 .4 26.56 0

.07 Hancock* 0

.26 0 9.00 0 .02 1 .65 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.

Table 3-24 Manufacturing Employee Population

Manufacturing Employment Coun Em lo ees) Daviess 5958 ~Hancock* 625 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3 .4.3.5.2 Open Burning A federal guidance document' provides waste generation factors to estimate the tons of solid waste burned in open burning . The amount of waste burned by residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial sources was multiplied by theappropriate VOC, NO,,, and COemission factors obtained froma federal reference document .2 The waste generation factors for open burning appropriate for Region 4are: 450tons per 1000rural population per year for residential sources; 24tons per 1000 rural population per year for commercial/institutional sources; and 160 tons per 1000 manufacturing employees per year for industrial sources. The emission factors applied for open burning are: 30for VOC, 85 for CO, and 6 for NO, . The emission factors are in units of pounds ofpollutant per ton of solid non-agricultural waste burned. For an example of how the above information is utilized for this area source category, please see 3.4.3 .5.1 regarding on-site incineration. Rural population statistics and manufacturing employment information for all areas examined for open burning were obtained fromstate references.3.4 In January 1998, Kentucky adopted revisions to the open burning regulation to prohibit most types ofopen burningin moderate ozone nonattainment areaswithin Kentucky during the period of May - September when ozone is most likely. The emission reduction credit taken for this control measure is calculated as 80%

. A copy of the regulation outlining this prohibition is included in Appendix F. Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal -3 .26-guidance document .' The calculated annual tons of VOC was then divided by the product of the

number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For open burning, no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round and activity days per week was 7. Emissions for this category were calculated as follows. Residential TPY = 450 Tons county

o waste x pop 1000 rural population TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Commercial/Institutional TPY = 24 Tons county

o waste x pop

. 1000 rural population TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Industrial x EF) x 1 ton (2000 lbs)

x EF x 1 ton (2000lbs) 

# > >

TPY = 160 tons x # employees

1000 mfg in mfg SICs employees 20-39 TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) xEF x I ton (lbs) (2000lbs)

Open burningemissions are provided for the moderate ozone maintenance areas in Table 3-25. Manufacturing employee and rural population information is provided in Table 3-26. Table 3-25 Summary of Emissions From Open Burning of Solid Waste AAnnual Daily Annua Dail Annual Dailyl VOC VOC CO CO NOx N x on :Emissions I : Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions En si, s Em is i County t s/ r

n ea 7 ons/ ear) tons/day) (tons/vear) (tol (tons/dayl Daviess 1855.122 1 00.551 524.49

1 1 .44 1 37 .021 0

.101 -3 .27-Hancock* 13.76 0 .04 38.97 0 .11 2 75 0 . 01 *Denotes only a portion of the county.

Table 3-26 Rural Population

2002 Rural County o

pulation Daviess 24024 Hancock* 1725 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.4 Small Stationary Source Fossil Fuel Use The category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters, and other heating units too small to be considered point sources. Afederal guidance document' indicates that it maynot beworthwhile for an agency to performthe detailed procedures to calculate emissions for this entire fuel combustion category if: (1) its primary concern is updating the VOC inventory and (2) if an existing inventory already includes combustion. Since thedivision meets the aforementioned conditions it did not calculate emissions for this area source category. 3 .4.5 Bioprocess Emissions Sources Bioprocess emissions sources include those sources whose emissions result frombiological processes (e.g. fermentation) . Source categories include bakeries, breweries, distilleries, wineries, and silage storage. 3.4.5.1 Bakeries The methodology used to estimate emissions from bakeries was prepared by Radian Corporation. '8 A reviewof County Business Patterns 1990,5 provided the number ofbakeries listed under retail bakeries (SIC 546) and larger manufacturing bakeries (SIC2051) . For the purposes ofthis inventory, except for one large bakery located in Daviess County, all bakeries in the maintenance areas -3.28 -

### were considered area sources and their emissions were calculated using Radian's guidance. Afactor of

.155 tons VOC/yr/1000 population was applied to county populations. This activity was considered uniform year round and activity days per week were 6 .1 The calculations used to determine source emissions fromthis category are as follows. Area Source Emissions Point Source Emissions TPY = .155 tons xpopulation + lbs produced x EF x 1 ton (1000pop) ) ((1000 lbs ) ) (2000 lbs) TSD = TPY/ (6x 52) Bakery emissions are shown in Table 3-27. Population information necessary for calculating these emissions is found in Table 3-8 . Table 3-27 Summary of Emissions From

Bakeries Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) Daviess 14.21 0.05 Hancock* 0 .30 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.5.2 Breweries Areview

of County Business Patterns' showed no breweries in former ozone maintenanceareas in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 3.4.5.3 Wineries Basedon EPAguidance,' a review of County Business Patternss showed no wineries located in former maintenance areas in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 3.4.5.4 Distilleries Emissions for this category are included in the point source portion of this inventory. 3.4.5.5 Silage Storage -3 .29-EPAguidance' stated that this was not a required source category. Since emissions from silage would be typically during the winter months, this category was not inventoried. 3.4.6 Other Area Sources Sources included in this category are miscellaneous combustion sources and leaking underground storage tanks. 3.4.6.1 Miscellaneous Combustion Sources Several types offires and burning activities potentially contribute to this subcategory. They are as follows: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Forest Fires; Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning; Agricultural Burning

; Structure Fires; and, Orchard Heaters. The division calculated emissions for forest fires and structure fires. The remaining miscellaneous combustion activities were found not to be widespread in Kentucky and therefore were not addressed. 3 .4.6.1 .1 Forest Fires A federal guidance document' provided the methodology the division used for calculating emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount ofmaterial consumed by multiplying the number of acres burned in each area examined by a fuel loading factor (i .e., material consumed per acre of land burned) . A fuel loading factor of 6 .6 tons of material consumed peracre burned and the number ofacres burned in each area examined was obtained from the Kentucky Division ofForestry. 13 Appropriate emission factors fromafederal reference document2are: 24 for Total Hydrocarbons (THC), 140for CO, and 4for NOx. However, according to another federal reference document, 14 only 79.71 percent oftheTHCemissions derived from theaboveTHCemission factor are reactive. Therefore, theVOCemission factor utilized for this area source category was 19.13. This VOC emission factor information is based on information derived from a federal reference -3 .30-

### document ." The emission factors are in units ofpounds per ton of material burned.

Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using a federal guidance document .' The calculated annual tons ofVOCemissions was divided by the product ofthe number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For forest fires no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year round andthe activity days per week was 7. The calculations used to determine emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY - (# ofAcres Consumed x Tons of Growth) x E_F x 1 ton (per County per Acre (lbs)) (2000 lbs) consumed TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Forest fire emissions are provided in Table 3-28. Additionally, acreage burned for individual areas is provided in Table 3-29. Table 3-28 Summary of Emissions From

Forest Fires Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/year ) (tons/da (tons/ ear (tons/da ) tons/ ear (tons/da ) Daviess 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. Table 3-29 Acreage Burned By Forest Fires 2002 Forest Fires County Acres Burned Daviess 0 Hancock* ~ 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4.6.1 .2 Structure Fires Federal guidance' provided the methodologythedivision used for calculating emissions for this area source category. This methodology involves estimating the amount of material consumed by multiplying the number ofstructure fires occurring in each area examined by a fuel loadingfactor (i .e., -3.31 -material consumed per structure fire) . Afuel loading factor of6 .8 tons of material consumed per fire was provided in a federal guidance document' and information on the number of structure fires which occurred in Kentucky in 2002 was derived by assuming an average of6 fires per 1000 population in an area in accordance with Volume I guidance. Based on federal guidance,' the emission factors applied are: 11 for VOC, 60 for CO, and 1 .4 for NO,, . The emission factors are in units ofpounds per ton of material burned. Emissions per typical summer day for this area source category were calculated using federal guidance. 1 The calculated annual tons ofVOCemissions were divided by the product ofthe number of activity days per week and the number of weeks in a year . For structure fires no seasonal adjustment factor was applied since activity was considered uniform year roundandthe activity days perweek were 7. The calculations used to estimate emissions fromthis category are as follows. TPY = (6 ares x population) x 6 .8 tons of x EF x 1 ton ( 1000pop

. (material burned) (lbs)) (2000 lbs)

perfire TSD = TPY/ (7 x 52) Structure fire emissions are provided in Table 3-30 . The data used to calculate these emissions is located in Table 3-31 . Table 3-30 Summary of Emissions From Structure Fires Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx [ Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions j Coun n Cou (tons/year) (tons/da tons/ ear) tons/da ftnns~year), ns ear), (;ons;Wal,) D i avies v s 20.57 0 .06 112.201 0 .311 0 01 co ii Hancock* 0

.45 0 2.45 0 .01 0.06 . 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. Table 3-31 Number of Structure Fires

Number of County Structure

Fires -3.32-Daviess 550 Hancock* 12 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 3.4 .6 .1 .3 Slash Burning and Prescribed Burning Information received fromthe Kentucky Division ofForestry' 9revealed that these activities are not widespread in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 3 .4.6.1 .4 Agricultural Burning information received from the Kentucky Division of Forestryt9 showed that this is not a widespread practice in Kentucky and emissions for this category were not inventoried. 3.4.6.1 .5 Orchard Heaters The use of orchard heaters are not commonly used in Kentucky. Therefore, this category was not inventoried. 3.4.6.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks Leaking underground storage tanks typically do not become quantifiable sources of VOC air emissions until excavation and remediation efforts are initiated. Remediation efforts vary widely depending upon the type of contaminant, magnitude of the leak and the extent of groundwater contamination, if any

. Methodology developed by Radian Corporation3l was used to derive emissions from this category. An emission factor of 28 Ibs per remediation was used in estimating these emissions. Remediation information was obtained from the Division of Waste Management's Leaking Underground Storage Tank Branch.3° Calculations to estimate emissions for a typical summer dayfrom this category are as follows. TSD = # of Remediations x EF lbs x 1 ton Per Remediation 2000 lbs. Emissions for this area source are located in Table 3-32. Remediation information used to calculate these emissions are located in Table 3-33. -3.33 -Table 3-32 Summary of Emissions From Leaking Underground Storage Tanks

Annual VOC Daily VOC Emissions Emissions County tons/ ear (tons/da ) Daviess - p ~Hancock* - p *Denotes only a portion of the county. Table 3-33 Number of Remediations

Number o Coun Remediations Daviess p Hancock* p *Denotes only a portion ofthe county.Table 3-34 Summary of Area Source Emissions

ource Categ

ory Annual **VOC Emissions (tons/year) ( Daily

**VOC Emissions tons/day Annual CO

Emissions (tons/year) Daily

CO Emissions tons/da Annual

NOx Emissions tons/ ear) D

: N Emissi~ tons/d Daviess County Gasoline Breathing 26.34 0.08 Gasoline Transit 1 .58 0 .01 Total Gas Unloading 203.32 0 .69 Total Air Refueling 0 .98 0 Solvent Dry Cleaning 50.43 0 .19 Surface Cleanin

g Degreasing 60.88 0 .20 Architectural Surface Coating 210 .90 0

.75 Auto Refinishing 105.45 0 .41 Traffic Markings 22.83 0 .09 Grap hic Arts 59.60 0 .23 Cutback Asphalt Paving 16.96 0 .07 Pesticide A

pplication 153.97 0 .64 Commercial/Consumer Use 359 .44 0

.99 POTW 19.53 0 .08 Ind. Wastewater 0 0 Munici p al Landfills 61 .93 0 .17 Total Onsite 4 .10 0

.01 144.87 0 .40 2b.56 0 Total Open Burning Bakeries 185.12 14.21 0

.51 0 .05 524.49

0 1 .44

0 37.02

0 0 Forest Fires 0 0 0 0 0 Structure Fires 20.57 0 .06 112.20 0 .31 2

.62 0 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks Total Daviess Emissions 0 1578.14 0

5.23 0

781 .56 0

2.15 0

66.2 0 Portion of Hancock County* Gasoline Breathing 0 .74 0 Gasoline Transit 0 .06 0 Total Gas Unloading Total Air Refueling 5.69 0 0

.02 0 .C Solvent D Cleaning 1 .07 0_--- Surface Cleanin

g Degreasin 3.20 01 Architectural Surface Coating** 4.46 0 .02 Auto Refinishing

** 2.23 0 .01 Traffic Markings 0 .48 0 Gra hic Arts _ 1 .26 0 -3.35-ource Categ o ry Annual **VOC Emissions (tons/ ear Daily

**VOC Emissions (tons/da ) Annual CO

Emissions (tons/ ear) Daily

CO Emissions (tons/da Annual

NOx Emissions (tons/ ear) Emissi~

(tons/d Cutback Asp

halt Pavin

g 0 .36 0 Pesticide A plication 4 .93 0

.02 Commercial/Consumer Use 7.59 0 .02 _ POTW 0 0 Ind. Wastewater 0 0 Munici pal Landfills 0 0 Total Onsite 0 .26 0 9 .00 0

.02 1 .65 Total O pen Burning 13.76 0 .04 38.97 0 .11 2.75 0 Bakeries 0 .30 0 0 0 0 Forest Fires 0 0 0 0 0 Structure Fires 0 .45 0 2 .45 0

.01 0

.06 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 0 0 0 0 0 Total Portion of Hancock Emissions 46.84 0 .14 50.42 0 .14 4

.46 0 Grand Total Emissions 1624.98 5.37 831 .98 :2 :2 j9 - _ 0 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. **Per federal rules for certain area source categories, the VOCemissions reflect applicable emissions reductions .3.5 REFERENCES FORSECTION 3

1 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions Inventory Guidance for Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze Regulations. EPA-454/R-05-001 . Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August 2005, which references Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume 1. EPA-450/4-91-016. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. May 1991 . 2 . U .S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I : Stationary Point and Area Sources. AP-42 . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. January 1995. 3. Kentucky Cabinetfor Economic Development Cabinet . 2000Kentucky Deskbook of Economic Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky. Population for Counties by Urban and Rural Areas: 2000 . 4 . Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development Cabinet and the University of Louisville, State Data Center . 2002 Population Statistics. 5. U

.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2002 County Business Patterns, Kentucky. CBP/00-19

. Washington, D

.C. November 2004. 6 . U .S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2002 Economic Census Retail Trade, Geographic Area Series-Kentucky. EC97R44A-KY. Washington, D .C. May 2005. 7. The Kentucky Revenue Cabinet's Motor Fuels Tax Section. Taxable gasoline gallons for Kentucky for calendar year 2002. Frankfort, Kentucky. 8. Telecon. Ernest Collins, Manager, Technical Support Branch, Division of Environmental Services - Pesticides, Kentucky Department of Agriculture to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Availability of state or county statistics on the types and amounts of pesticides used. December 19, 2005. 9. Telecon. Dr . Lee Townsend, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality. Availability of state or county statistics on the types and amounts ofpesticides used. January 4, 2006. 10. Correspondence from the Kentucky Division for Air Quality to the U .S. EPA, Region 4

. Request for the use ofan alternative method for estimating theVOCemissions frompesticides. September 30, 1989. 11 . Correspondence fromBruce P. Miller, U .S. EPA, Region 4, to the Kentucky Division for Air Quality . Approval of method for estimating the emissions of VOCs from pesticide use. November 7, 1989. -3 .37-12. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for

Environmental Protection, Division of Water . 2002 POTW industrial discharge information was obtained. 13. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. 2002 Forest acreage burned in Kentucky wasobtained. April 2003. 14. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4 . 1980 Area Source Emissions Inventory - Louisville, Kentucky AQCR (VOC/NOX)

. EPA-904/9-18-074. Atlanta, Georgia . September 1981 . 15. U .S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Emissions Species Manual, Volume I, Volatile Organic Compound Species Profiles. EPA-450/2-88-003a. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. April 1988. 16. Survey ofMunicipal Solid Wastelandfills conducted by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality pursuant to EPA regulations regarding such landfills. Obtained the 2000 tons of solid waste contained in Municipal SolidWaste Landfills in Kentucky. Submittal to EPA December 1998. 17. Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Categorization of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Emissions, April 24, 1992. 18. Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, VOCEmissions fromBakeries, April 24, 1992. 19. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry. Correspondence confirming the lack of activity for slash Burning, Prescribed Burning, and Agricultural Burning, August 3, 1992. 20 . Ramendra Dutta, Supervisor, Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Waste Management . Underground storage tank corrective action plans for 2002 ozone season. 21 . National Agricultural Statistics Service Website (1vww .nass.usda. ~ov/ky/) . 2002 Kentucky harvested acreage obtained. 22. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Inventory Improvement Program(EIIP) Guidance - Technical Documents for Area Source Emissions Inventory Preparation . 23. Previous EPA Region 4 guidance provided, during the preparation of 15% VOC plans, to exclude perchloroethylene emissions fromdry cleaning VOCemissions. 24. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency emission inventory guidance provided to address double counting ofsurface cleaning emissions - EPA's "Example Emission Inventory Documentation -3 .38-for Post-1987 Ozone State Implementation Plans (SIPs)", October 1989.

25. U .S. Environmental Protection Agency May 13, 1993, Helms guidance memorandum regarding the removal of perchloroethylene emissions fromdegreasing VOCemissions. 26. U

.S. Department of Energy, 2002 Petroleum MarketingAnnual, August 2003, DOE/EIA-0487 (2002), Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil &Gas, Washington, DC 20585. 27. U

.S. Department ofCommerce, U .S. Census Bureau, Paint and Allied Products: 2002, page 2, MA325F(02)-1, July 2003. 28. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Table 1 : Annual Estimates ofthe Population for the United States and States, and for Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005, December 22, 2005. 29 . Eastern Research Group, Traffic Markings, Volume III : Chapter 14, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, page 14.4-4, May 1997. 30 . U .S. Environmental Protection Agency, Background Document for the Surface Impoundment Modeling System(SIMS), Version 2.0, EPA-450/4-90-019b, September 1990 . 31 . Radian Corporation, Technical Memorandum, Emissions fromLeaking Underground Storage Tanks, May 5, 1992. 32. U

.S. Department ofTransportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AirportActivity Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, Washington, DC 20591 . 33. Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records were obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft .4

.0 NON-HIGHWAY EMISSIONS 4.1 INTRODUCTION This section documents the development of the 2002 nonroad emissions inventory for the Owensboro ozone maintenance area (i .e., Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County) . Nonroad sources include motorized vehicles and equipment, which are normally not operated on public roadways to provide transportation. The study and regulation ofnonroad emission sources were mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 . 4 .2 METHODOLOGY ANDAPPROACH Nonroad emissions were calculated in accordance with EPA's Mobile Volume IV' and EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) development guidance5. For this inventory, nonroad emissions have been divided into three categories. Separate emission categories include aircraft, locomotives, and other nonroad (i .e ., Non-Highway) sources. Methodologies for each of these categories are discussed separately. 4.3 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS Table 4-1 summarizes the inventory results for the other nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) source emissions . Tables 4-2 and 4-3 summarize emissions from aircrafts. Tables 4-5 and 4-6 summarize emissions from locomotives. Table 4-8 summarizes emissions from all non-highway mobile emission categories. 

### 4.4 DISCUSSION OF NONROAD CATEGORIES 4.4 .1 Other Nonroad (i .e., Non-Highway) Sources Emissions for the other nonroad source categories (e.g., construction and agricultural equipment) were estimated using EPA's Nonroad Model (Core Model Version 2005a, February 2006) in accordance with EPA Region 4 directionb and EPA's NEI guidance5. As for inputs for the nonroad model RVP and temperature information was provided in accordance with EPAVolume IV guidance' and EPARegion 4 direction6 (See Appendix G for nonroad model output andAppendix F -4.1-for more information on temperature determinations)

. The model provided county level ton per day (tpd) emission estimates for base year 2002 and for the projection years of2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020 . Where necessary county level emissions were allocated to a portion of a county as follows: Portion of County Emissions = (Nonroad Model County Level Emissions * Fraction ofPopulation in Portion of County) The emissions for this category are provided in Table 4-1 . Table 4-1 Summary of Emissions Other Non-Highway Mobile Sources "Annual Daily **Annual Daily "Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/y

ear)

. (tons/day) tons/ ear) (tons/day) tons/ ear) (tons/da ) Daviess 0 2.99 0 24.89 0 3.07 Hancock* 0 0 .19 0 0 .77 0 0 .12 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. **Annual other non-highway emissions not provided. 4 .4 .2 Aircraft Emissions Emissions fromaircraft have been determined in accordance with EPA's Volume IV' and NEIS guidance for nonroad mobile sources. Thebasic methodologydetermines aircraft fleet make-up and level of activity and then calculates air pollutant emissions on an annual basis. Preparing an emissions inventory for aircraft focuses on the emission characteristics ofthis source relative to the vertical column of air that ultimately affects ground level pollutant concentrations. This portion of the atmosphere, which begins at the earth's surface and is simulated in air quality models, is often referred to as the mixing zone. The aircraft operations of interest within this layer are defined as the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle . The cycle begins when the aircraft approaches the airport on its descent fromcruising altitude, lands, and taxis to the gate. It continues as the aircraft taxis back out to the runway for subsequent takeoff and climbout as it heads back up to cruising altitude. Thus, the five specific operating modes in a LTO are: -4.2-0 Approach Taxi/idle-in Taxi/idle-out Takeoff Climbout Most aircraft go through a similar sequence during a complete operating cycle. Helicopters may combine certain modes such as takeoff and climbout . The LTO cycle provides a basis for calculating aircraft emissions. During each mode of operation, the aircraft engines operate at afairly standard powersetting for a given aircraft category. Emissions for one complete cycle for agiven aircraft can be calculated by knowing emission factors for specific aircraft engines at those power settings. Then, if the activity of all aircraft in the modeling zone can be determined for the inventory period, the total emissions can be calculated. 4 .4.2.1 Emissions for Commercial Aircraft Commercial aircraft include those used for scheduled service transporting passengers, freight, or both. Commercial aircraft typically are the largest source of aircraft emissions. Although they makeup less than halfof all aircraft in operation around a metropolitan area their emissions usually represent a large fraction of the total because oftheir size and operating frequency. Pursuant to the EPA NEI guidance', a computerized database (i .e., FAA's Emissions Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS Version 4 .12) was utilized to calculate emissions for commercial aircraft . The EDMS database was developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (Please see Appendix G for Emissions output fromthe EDMS model) . Annual average temperature inputs, for EDMS, were obtained fromNOAA's 2002 Climatological Data Annual Summary for Kentucky. The EDMS model includes information on the engines mounted on specific aircraft with emission factors fro each of the engines, in addition to a menu-driven procedure for calculating aircraft emissions. Pursuant to EPA's Volume IV guidancel and EIIP guidance7, commercial LTO annual -4.3-informationwas obtained fromthe FAAdocument entitled, AirportActivityStatistics ofCertificated

RouteAir Carriersfor 20023 . FleetAssumptions Made in Estimating CommercialAircraft Emissions Usingthe EDMS model In accordance with guidance fromthe U .S. EPA7, the following substitution was made for a commercial aircraft at the Owensboro Airport. CERTAIN SPECIFIC FINAL EDMS AIRCRAFT MISSINGAIRCRAFT # of LTOs SUBSTITUTE FALCON 1 FALCON 100

Seasonal Adjustment to Daily Emissions Local airports in Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were contacted by telephone to determine the airport activity levels during the 2002 summer quarter. Based on these contacts, the following seasonal adjustment factors were multiplied by the annual emissions (TYR) divided by 365days ofoperation to determine typical summer dayemissions (TSD) . The seasonal adjustment factors for aircraft that were applied to the annual emissions are as follows: Typical Summer Seasonal Day Emissions (TSD) = (Annual Emissions (TYR) X Adjustment Factor) / 365 The following seasonal adjustment factors (SAJ) were applied to annual emissions for 

### commercial, general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports : Owensboro-Daviess County Airport in Daviess County, KY- SAJ Factor of 1 .03 for all types ofaircrat Converting from

Total Hydrocarbons (THC) To Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) The U.S. EPArecognized that it may be necessary to determine the level of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from aircraft engines. Since the emission factors for exhaust HC contained in this document represent total hydrocarbons (THC), the following illustrates the method -4.4-

### that was recommended and utilized for converting THCto VOCemissions .

Commercial THCTo VOCConversions Commercial aircraft fleets are dominated by turbineengines. Therefore, a single correction factor, pursuant to U

.S . EPAVolume IV guidance', was utilized to convert THC to VOCemissions for commercial aircraft as follows.

VOc COMMERCIAL - THC COMMERCIAL X 1 .0947 (5-14) Total emissions for commercial aircraft operating in ozone maintenanceareas are included in Table 4-2 and Appendix G . Airport documentation (i .e., LTOs) used to calculate these emissions is provided in Table 4-4. Table 4-2 Summary of Emissions From Commercial Aircraft Annual Daffy Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County .(tons/year) , (tons/da ) (tons/ ear (tons/day) (tons/ ear) (tons/day) Daviess 0 .77 0 11 .99 - 0 .04 1 .57 0 Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 01 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 4.4.2.2 Emissions for General Aviation, Air Taxis, and Military Aircraft Landing at Non-Military Airports For the purpose of creating an emissions inventory, business aircraft are combined with general aviation aircraft because of their similar size, use frequency, and operating profiles . In this inventory methodologythey are referred to simply as general aviation. Similarly, air taxis aretreated much like the general aviation category because they are typically the same types ofaircraft . Military aircraft landing at non-military airports are also inventoried and were addressed much like air taxi and general aviation aircraft . As for military aircraft landing at military air bases, no military air bases were identified to be located in any of Kentucky's ozone maintenance counties. -4.5-Alternative, Fleet-Average Procedure Pursuant to U

.S. EPA Volume IV guidance', an alternative, fleet-average procedure was utilized to estimate emissions for general aviation, air taxi and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports. This procedure involves multiplying the number LTOs for each type ofaircraft by thefollowing emission factors. Basedon September and October 1992 telephone conversations with Joe Mangino, of the Radian Corporation, and Steve McCary, U .S. EPA Region 4, in the absence of fleet average emission factors for military aircraft landing at non-military airports air taxi factors were utilized. This is the same approach that EPA followed in preparing its 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI)5 for these types of aircraft . The calculation for deriving emissions for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports is shown below . Annual Aircraft Emissions = (Number of LTOs X Fleet Average Emission Factors) / 2000 General Aviation Fleet-Average Emission Factors:

HC 0 .394 pounds per LTO CO 12.014 pounds per LTO NOX 0 .065 pounds per LTO S020 .010 pounds per LTO Since air taxis have fewer of the smallest engines in their fleet and more turboprop and turbojet engines, their emission factors are somewhat different . Air Taxi Fleet-Average Emission Factors: (utilizedfor the military aircraft landing at non-military airports)

HC 1 .234 pounds per LTO CO28.130 pounds per LTO NOX 0 .158 pounds per LTO SOZ 0 .015 pounds per LTO

-4.6-Airport activity for general aviation aircraft, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at nonmilitary airports was obtained fromthe 2002 Kentucky Airport Master Records4 provided by the Kentucky Division of Aeronautics, and direct contact with local airports. Seasonal Adjustment to Daily Emissions Based on information obtained fromtelephone inquiries made to local airports, the same seasonal adjustment factor was also applied to general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft (landing at non-military airports) annual emissions in the same manner as it was applied for commercial aircraft at this same airport (Please refer to page 4.5) . General Aviation and Air Taxi THCto VOCConversions Since the alternative, fleet-average procedure was used for general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports, a single conversion factorwas used for each aircraft category as follows. In concert with EPA's 1999 NEIs and EPA guidance' the THC to VOC conversion factor for military aircraft was utilized to better reflect military aircraft VOCemissions7.

VOCGAFLEET = THCGAFLEET X 0 .9708 (5-18) VOCAT FLEET - THCAT FLEET X0 .9914 (5-21) VOCATFLEET used for Military Aircraft =THCAT FLEET X 1 .100003 (5-21) Total emissions for general aviation, air taxis, and military aircraft landing at non-military airports are provided in Table 4-3. Airport activity data used to calculate these emissions can be found in Table 4-4

.Table 4-3 Summary of Emissions From From General Aviation, Air Taxi, &Military Aircraft (Non-Military Airports)

Annual Dail y Annual Dail y Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/y

ear) (tons/day tons/ ear (tons/day) (tons/ ear) (tons/da ) Daviess 7.55 0 .02 223.87 0 .68 1 .21 0 Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. Table 4-4 Airport Activity Levels Commercial General Aircraft Air Tax' Aviation Military County LTOs LTOs LTOs LTOs Daviess 228 867 32458 1187 Hancock* 0 0 OT

# - 0 

# 1 *Denotes only a portion of the county. 4 .4.3 Locomotives Emissions for railroad locomotives within Kentucky's ozone maintenance areas were calculated based upon December 1997 line haul andyard emission factorss. EPAutilized these same more recent emission factors in developing locomotive emissions for the 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI)5. EPAprovided guidance to the Division in utilizing the newer locomotive emission factors8. Railroad locomotives used in the United States are primarily of two types : electric and diesel-electric. Electric locomotives are powered by electricity generated at stationary power plants and distributed by either a third rail or overhead catenary system . Emissions are produced only at the electrical generation plant, which is considered a point source and therefore not of interest here. Diesel-electric locomotives, on the other hand, use a diesel engine and an alternator or generator to produce the electricity required to power its traction motors. Emissions produced by these diesel engines are of interest in the non-highway emission inventory development . Emissions for hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (S02), and -4.8-

### particulate matter (PM) fromthis source are covered in this chapter.

Railroads can be separated into three classes based on size: Class 1, Class II, and Class III . Class I railroads represent the largest railroad systems in the country . Because oftheir size, Class I railroads operate over a large geographic area. Also, they carry most of the interstate freight and carry most of the passenger service. They are required to keep detailed records of their operations and to report yearly to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) . Class II and III railroads represent the remainder of the rail transportation system and generally operate within smaller, localized areas. These smaller railroads are not subj ect to thesame reporting requirements, and their record-keeping may be less extensive. Also, their fleet of locomotives tends to be older, with the Class I railroads buying almost all ofthe new locomotives. Locomotives within each of the Classes can perform two different types ofoperations: line haul andyard (or switch) . Line haul locomotives generally travel betweendistant locations, such as fromone city to another. Yard locomotives are primarily responsible for moving rail cars within a particular railway yard. Overviewof Recommended Inventory Methodology 4.4.3.1 Line Haul Locomotives For Class I, II, and III line haul locomotives, emissions were calculated by multiplying the amount of fuel consumed in the inventory area by the appropriate emission factors. Line Haul Locomotive Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors Fuel Consumption Line haul locomotive fuel consumption information for Kentucky's ozone maintenance counties was supplied directly to the Division for Air Quality pursuant to a Division railroad questionnaire that was mailed in April 5, 2000 to all railroads operating in the ozone maintenance areas (Pleasesee a copy ofthe 2000 railroad questionnaire which is included in Appendix G) . The questionnaire also requested information regarding the number ofyard locomotives operating in the ozone maintenance counties. -4.9-Emission Factors - Line Haul With the line haul fuel consumption informationobtained from thequestionnaire, emissions were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet average emission factors for each pollutant (converted to pounds pergallon offuel burned (lbs/gal)) . The EPArecommended default emission factorsg that were utilized for all line haul locomotives are as follows.

Line Haul Locomotive Emission Factors Emission Factor Pollutant (g/gal) HC 10 CO 26.6 NOx 270 PM 6 .7 * g/gal emission factors converted to lbs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by .0022046. 4 .4 .3 .2 Yard Locomotives The recommended method for yard locomotives was same method used for line haul locomotives. With the line yard locomotive fuel consumption information obtained from the questionnaire, inventory area emissions were determined by multiplying that value by the fleet average emission factors for each pollutant (converted to pounds pergallon offuel burned (lbs/gal)) . Emissions for yard locomotives are calculated using the following formula: Yard Locomotive Inventory Area Emissions = Fuel Consumption x Emission Factors Yard Locomotive Emission Factors The EPArecommended default emission factors8 that were utilized forall yard locomotives are as follows.

-4.10-Emission Factor Pollutant (.g/gal) HC 21 CO 38.1 NO 362 PM 9 .2 g/gal emission factors converted to lbs/gal by multiplying the g/gal emission factor by .0022046

. Seasonal Considerations Line and Yard Locomotives

Based on telephone conversations with James Hou2, Region 4 EPA, during March 2006 and Volume IV guidance', activity for railroad locomotives is considered to be uniform throughout the year. Additionally, the number ofdays of operation was assumed to be 365. Therefore, typical summer day emissions for line haul and yard locomotives were derived by using the following equation. Typical Summer Day Emissions (TSD) =Annual Locomotive Emissions (TYR) / 365 days Converting from

Total Hydrocarbons (THC) to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) For Line and Yard Locomotives

in accordance with Volume IV guidance, the following THCto VOCconversion factor was used to determine the VOCemissions for line and yard locomotives.

VOC Locomotive =THCFID Locomotive x 1 .005 Emissions for line haul locomotives are provided in Table 4-5 and emissions for yard locomotives are provided in Table 4-6. Activity data (i .e., fuel consumed) used to calculate locomotive emissions can be found in Table 4-7. Total Non-Highway emissions are provided in Table 4-8. -4.11-Table 4-5 Summary of Emissions From From Line Haul Locomotives Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear) (tons/da y) (tons/y

ear) (tons/da tons/ ear) (tons/da y ) Daviess 5.70 0 .02 15.08 0 .04 153.06 0 .42 Hancock* 1 .81 0 4 .80 0

.01 48.72 0 .13 *Denotes only a portion ofthe county. Table 4-6 Summary of Emissions From From Yard Locomotives Annual Daily Annual Daily Annual Daily VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions Emissions County (tons/ ear) (tons/day) (tons/year) (tons/day) tons/ ear tons/da Daviess 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hancock* 0 0 0 0 0 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county. Table 4-7 Locomotive Fuel Information

Line Haul Yard Locomotive Locomotive Fuel Fuel County (Gallons) (Gallons) Daviess 514287 0 Hancock* 163699 0 *Denotes only a portion of the county.Table 4-8 Summary of Emissions From Non-Highway Mobile Sources

oun ty [Categ ory "Annua

VOC Emissions (tons/ ear Dail

VOC Emissions (tons/day)

) **Annual CO Emissions (tons/ ear) Dail

CO Emissions (tons/day) **Annual

NOx Emissions tons/ ear Daily

NOx Emissions (tons/day

) Daviess Other Non-Hi ghwa y 0 2.99 0 24.89 0 3.07 Daviess Locomotive 5.70 0.02 15.08 0 .04 153.06 0 .42 Daviess Aircraft 8.32 0.02 235.86 0 .72 2.78 0 Daviess Emissions 14.02 3.03 250 .94 25.65 155.84 3.49 Hancock* Other Non-Highwa y 0 0

.19 0 0 .77 0 0 .12 Hancock* Locomotive 1 .81 0 4 .80 0

.01 48.72 0 .13 Hancock* Aircraft 0 0 0 0 0 Hancock Portion Emissions 1 .81 0 .19 4.80 0 .78 48.72 0 .25 Grand Total Emissions 15.83 3.22 255.74 26.43 204.56 3 .74 *Denotes only a portion of the county. **Annual other non-highway emissions not reflected in Table 4-8.4

.5 REFERENCES FORSECTION4 1 . U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Procedures for the Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised), U .S. EPA, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI and Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, RTP, NC, 1992. 2 . E-mail communication, James Hou, US EPA, Region 4, to Joe Forgacs, Kentucky

Division for Air Quality concerning procedures for inventorying other nonroad engine categories, March 6, 2006. 3. U

.S. Department ofTransportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AirportActivity Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers for 2000, Office of Management Systems, Washington, DC 20591 . 4 . Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Aeronautics Division - 2002 Airport Master Records

were obtained for general aviation, air taxi, and military aircraft . 5 . U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for 1999. 6 . Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, regarding nonroad emission inventory

development, Summer and Fall 2002. 7. Communications with Dale Aspy, EPARegion 4, and Ken Petche, EPAOMS, regarding

aircraft emission inventory development, Fall 2002. 8. Communications with Dale Aspy, EPA Region 4, and Chuck Moulis, EPA OMS,

regarding locomotive emission inventory development, Fall 2002.5.0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES

5.1 INTRODUCTION This section documents the development of the 2002 highway mobile source emissions inventory for the Owensboro Area, which includes Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County. The inventory addresses highway vehicles using gasoline and diesel . The inventory estimates are for a typical weekday during the summer ozone season (March - October), but more specifically for the summer quarter (i .e ., June, July, and August) . In conjunction with Sierra Research, Inc.', the U .S. Environmental Protection Agency provided guidance for the preparation of this portion ofthe inventory. Z Thetransportation models used to generate dailyvehicle miles traveled (DVMT) were run by the Division of Mass Transportation, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet . Emission factors for highway vehicle classes were obtained fromEPA's MOBILE6.2 highway mobile source emission factor estimation model . MOBILE6.2 runs for the maintenance areas were performed by the Kentucky Division for Air Quality. The highwayvehicles inventory discussion is divided into three primary sections. Section 5.2 addresses the emissions estimation process using the MOBILE6 .2 model .3 Section 5.3 addresses the mobile emissions for each inventoried ozone maintenance area. Mobile source references arefound in Section 5.4. 5.2 EMISSIONS ESTIMATION PROCESS 5.2.1 Overviewof Highway Vehicle Emissions Estimates Highway vehicle emission estimates for the maintenance areas were calculated using the DVMT estimates and EPA's mobile source emission factor estimation model - MOBILE6 .2. The emission factors produced by the MOBILE6 .2 model in grams/mile (g/mile) were multiplied by the DVMT estimates to generate total emissions . Emission estimates were calculated for VOC, NO,, and CO . Estimates ofVOCemissions were made forvehicle exhaust, evaporative, refueling, resting, and running losses . The only sources of NOX and CO emissions were vehicle exhaust losses . Highway vehicle emission estimates were calculated for base year 2002 and the projection years of 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020 . The agencies principally involved in producing thehighway vehicle emission estimates were the Division of Planning, Department of Highways,

Kentucky Transportation Cabinet ; and the Kentucky Division for Air Quality . The Division of Planning provided thefollowing mobile source information for ozone maintenance areas: (1) Road classifications, 2) DailyVehicle Miles Traveled per road classification per county; and (3) Estimated average speeds for each road classification. The Division for Air Quality conducted all of the MOBILE6

.2 model runs . The inputs used to run the MOBILE6.2 model are described and presented in Section 5.2 .2. Mobile source highway 2002 emissions are summarized in Table 5-1 . 5.2.2 Inputs to MOBILE6 .2 The chiefinputs to the MOBILE6 .2 model can be grouped into twomain categories : the run section and thescenario section . Unless otherwise specified, national default values are used in the MOBILE6.2 model . Thevalues used for each grouping in the area analysis are presented below and justified (Please seeAppendix D for mobile model input and output information) . 5.2.2.1 Run Section Data

The run section is similar to the one-time data section from the MOBILE5 model . In general, the two main values specified in the run section are the Reid Vapor Pressure for conventional gasoline (identified as "Fuel RVP") and the minimumand maximumsummer temperatures. Minimum and maximum

summer temperature data will vary dependingon the area in Kentucky (Please see Appendix D for temperature information) . 5.2.2.2 Scenario Section Data This part of Mobile6

.2 allows the specification of data for several parameters that can be varied to evaluate many different mobile source emission scenarios. Theseparameters are described below : Scenario Record - This parameter is used to indicate a title. For Kentucky's MOBILE6.2 model runs, the road classification is specified. The 12 road classifications (6rural, 6 urban) that were used for the MOBILE5 model are also used for the MOBILE6.2 model runs . A thirteenth road classification, Ramp, is a new component in the MOBILE6.2 model and isincluded in these runs.

Calendar Year - Thecalendar years for theanalysis was 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020

. Evaluation Month - Avalue of 7 was used to denote a summer MOBILE6 .2 model run. Average Speed - For each of the highway road classifications, a single speed was applied. Speed data was supplied by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet . In the MOBILE6

.2 model, there are four main speedcategories : freeway, arterial, local, and ramp. For the 13 road classifications used in Kentucky's MOBILE6 .2 model runs, each need to be assigned one ofthe four speed categories. The 12 road classifications are broken down into 3 freeway road classifications, 8 arterial road classifications, and 1 local road classification. It should be noted that Rural Local has aspeed category ofArterial, as advised by EPA . Specific default speed data are used for specific speed categories. Unless specific local speeds are available, the default local speed of 12.9 mile per hour is used. For the average speed component, it should be noted that additional data are indicated for the 3 freeway road classifications.4 Vehicle miles Traveled (VMT) distribution data are represented with 4 percentages: freeway, arterial, local, and ramp. For freeways, studies estimate that freeway and ramp represent 92% and 8%of all freeway VMT, respectively. Unless local data are available for the freeway category, the user needs to indicate "92.0 0 .0 0 .08 .011 . Local data for VMT distribution can be used, if available. For example, the VMT distribution maybe "92.4 0 .0 0 .0 7.6" . Local data mayeven indicate that VMT distribution data are not needed for any ofthe freeway road classifications . The VMT distribution data will not be indicated in the Mobile6 .2 input file for a freeway road classification unless DVMT data are associated with it . The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet has supplied local data for VMT distribution for this emissions inventory that is different from the default values of"92.0 0

.0 0.0 8.0" . Please see Appendix Dfor more-detailed highway mobile input file and DVMT information.5.3 Summary of Highway Vehicle Emissions Highwayvehicleemission estimates were calculated by multiplyingthe Mobile6 .2 generated emission factors by the DVMT. Typical Summer Day (TSD)emission totals are listed by county and summarized in Table 5-l . TABLE 5-1 SUMMARY OF HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS Owensboro Area 2002 HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 2002 VNIT * 2002 EF COUNTY TOTAL VOCTSD** TOTAL CO TSD** TOTAL NO,, TSD** DAVIESS 3.98 42.24 5 .97 HANCOCK* 0 .10 1 .29 0 .18 TOTAL * 4 .080 43 .53 6.15 Denotes only a portion of the county. **Multiply tons per summer (TSD) emissions by 365 to estimate annual emissions.5.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION5

1 . Sierra Research, Inc., MOBILE6On-RoadMotor Vehicle Emissions Model : 5-Day Training Course, Atlanta, Georgia . February 4-8, 2002. 2. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency. User's Guide to MOBILE6 - Mobile Source Emission Factor Model . EPA420-R-02-001 . Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, Michigan. January 2002. 3. U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Instructions provided with the mobile model - MOBILE6

. 4 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Dale Aspy, Region 4 . Electronic mail correspondence with Joe Forgacs, Kentucky Division for Air Quality . Correction in MOBILE6model to accurately reflect "Freeway" component . September 9, 2002.6

.0 BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 6 .1 BACKGROUND This section documents the development of the biogenic emissions for the Owensboro Area, which includes Daviess County and a portion of Hancock County. Biogenic emissions are those emissions that are the result of natural processes occurring in vegetation and soils, and marine ecosystems, as a result of geological activity in the formof geysers or volcanoes, as a result of meteorological activity such as lightning, and fromfauna, such as ruminants and termites. In accordance with EPAguidance', the 2002 biogenic emissions presented were obtained andderived from county-specific biogenic emission estimates that EPA developed to assist states with the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) . 6 .2 METHODOLOGY EPAestimated the biogenic emissions for Kentucky counties using the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System- Version 2 (BEIS2.2) . Maintenance area biogenic emissions were obtained from the following EPAweb site: ftp://ftp epa gov/Emislnventory/prelim2002nev'biocenicl . Daily biogenic emissions were determined as follows: Summer Seasonal Adjustment Factor = (Summer County Emissions (June-August) /Annual County Emissions) / .25 Summer Day Emissions= (Annual County Emissions * Summer Seasonal Adjustment Factor) /365 For portions of counties the area apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 was utilized to apportion emissions. 6 .3 SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 6 .3.1 Ozone Maintenance Areas Biogenic emissions for the ozone maintenance areas can be found in Table 6-1 and also in Appendix E. References for biogenic emissions are provided in Section 6 .4. -6.1-TABLE 6-1

SUMMARY OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS** OWENSBOROOZONE MAINTENANCE AREA 

### COUNTY VOC VOC NOx NOx EMISSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS (tons/yr) (tons/day) (tons/yr) (tons/day) Daviess 4900.31 30.48 241 .09 0 .98 *Hancock 265.82 1 .65 9.43 0 .04 Total Emissions 5166.13 32.13 250 .52 1 .02 *Denotes only a portion of a county. **NEI biogenic emissions have been apportionedto the portion ofacountybased on the area apportionment factor provided in Table 1-1 .6

.4 REFERENCES FORSECTION 6 1 . U

.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's estimate of 2002 Biogenic Emissions to assist states with the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) . Biogenic annual emission estimates are available at : ftp:i%ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/prelim2002nei,/biogenic/ . For more information please contact Marc Houyoux, with EPA's Emission Factors and Inventory Group, at (919) 541-3649.