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312 Nebraska Reports

YOCHUM V. YOCHU

Cite as 312 Neb. 535

Heather K. Yochum, now known as 

Heather K. Underwood, appellant, 

v. Chad C. Yochum, appellee.

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed September 30, 2022. No. S-21-563.

1. Divorce: Judgments: Appeal and Error. The meaning of a divorce 

decree presents a question of law, in connection with which an appellate 

court reaches a conclusion independent of the determination reached by 

the court below.

2. Contempt: Appeal and Error. In a civil contempt proceeding where 

a party seeks remedial relief for an alleged violation of a court order, 

an appellate court employs a three-part standard of review in which (1) 

the trial court’s resolution of issues of law is reviewed de novo, (2) the 

trial court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error, and (3) the trial 

court’s determinations of whether a party is in contempt and of the sanction to be imposed are reviewed for abuse of discretion.

3. Attorney Fees: Contempt: Appeal and Error. A trial court’s decision 

awarding or denying attorney fees in a contempt proceeding will be 

upheld on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.

4. Judgments: Words and Phrases. A judicial abuse of discretion 

requires that the reasons or rulings of the trial court be clearly untenable insofar as they unfairly deprive a litigant of a substantial right and 

a just result.

5. Damages: Evidence: Proof. A plaintiff’s evidence of damages may not 

be speculative or conjectural and must provide a reasonably certain basis 

for calculating damages.

6. ____: ____: ____. The question whether the evidence of damages is 

“reasonably certain” is a question of law, and not as a matter to be 

decided by the trier of fact.

7. Evidence: Records: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. An appellate record 

typically contains the bill of exceptions, used to present factual evidence 

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

11/18/2022 09:05 AM CST
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Cite as 312 Neb. 535

to an appellate court, and the transcript, used to present pleadings and 

orders of the case to the appellate court.

8. Evidence: Records: Appeal and Error. A bill of exceptions is the only 

vehicle for bringing evidence before an appellate court; evidence which 

is not made a part of the bill of exceptions may not be considered.

9. ____: ____: ____. Before an appellate court can consider evidence bearing upon an issue of fact, evidence must have been offered at the trial 

court and embodied in the bill of exceptions.

10. Divorce: Contempt. When a party willfully violates a decree, coercive 

and remedial sanctions are appropriate.

11. Contempt. Civil contempt proceedings are instituted to preserve and 

enforce the rights of private parties to a suit when a party fails to comply with a court order made for the benefit of the opposing party.

12. Contempt: Costs: Attorney Fees. Costs, including reasonable attorney 

fees, can be awarded in a contempt proceeding when there has been a 

finding of contempt.

13. Attorney Fees. The decision to award attorney fees is a matter of 

discretion.

Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Susan 

I. Strong, Judge. Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and in part 

reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

Ryan Mick Swaroff, of Swaroff Law, L.L.C., for appellant.

Jeanelle S. Kleveland, of Kleveland Law Office, for appellee.

Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, 

Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.

Miller-Lerman, J.

NATURE OF CASE

The district court for Lancaster County found that Heather 

K. Yochum, now known as Heather K. Underwood, was in 

contempt of court orders contained in the divorce decree 

from Chad C. Yochum. Specifically, it found that for the tax 

years 2014 and 2019, she willfully violated the dependency 

tax exemption provisions of her marital dissolution decree 

and the order in modification. Heather appeals the findings of 
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Cite as 312 Neb. 535

contempt, the amount of damages awarded to Chad, and attorney fees. We reverse the district court’s order finding Heather 

in contempt for taking tax exemptions for the 2014 tax year, 

but affirm with respect to her filing for 2019. We vacate the 

award of $3,975 awarded to Chad for tax year 2014, because 

he was not harmed in 2014. We also vacate $600 in damages awarded to Chad for the 2019 tax year for lack of proof. 

Finally, we reverse the award of attorney fees to Chad and 

remand the cause for further proceedings with respect to the 

amount of Chad’s attorney fees.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

On March 7, 2011, the district court entered a decree dissolving the marriage of Heather, the appellant, and Chad, the 

appellee. The parties have four children together. In 2016, the 

decree of dissolution was modified as to child support obligations, custody, and specific parenting time. In 2020, Chad 

filed an application for order to show cause, alleging that 

Heather was in contempt of the district court’s prior orders 

because she claimed dependency tax exemptions on her federal taxes in 2014 and 2019. The district court for Lancaster 

County held hearings on three dates in the fall of 2020 and 

a fourth date in June 2021. In October 2020, Heather filed a 

motion for Chad to show cause why he should not be found 

in contempt of court for allegedly failing to pay his portion 

of childcare expenses during 2019. The record may be summarized as follows:

2011 Decree.

The 2011 decree awarded Heather physical custody of the 

parties’ minor children, and Chad received reasonable rights 

of parenting time set forth in the parenting plan. It provided 

that Chad pay child support to Heather and subjected him to 

income withholding. The attached property settlement also 

provided that “in the event [Chad] fails to pay any support 

as such failure is certified each month by the Clerk of the 
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Lancaster County District Court in which court-ordered support is delinquent in an amount equal to the support due and 

payable for a one-month period of time,” he would be required 

to show cause why such payment was not made or face a warrant for his arrest. Critical to the arguments made in this litigation, the decree provided:

7. DEPENDENCY EXEMPTIONS: Commencing the 

year 2011, [Chad] shall have the right to claim [two 

of the minor children] as dependents on his State and 

Federal Taxes. At such time as there are three (3) minor 

children, [Heather] shall claim two (2) of the children 

in even-numbered years, and [Chad] shall claim one (1) 

child in even-numbered years. In odd-numbered years, 

[Heather] shall claim one (1) minor child and [Chad] 

shall claim two (2) children. At such time as there are 

two (2) minor children, each party shall claim one (1) 

child. When there is only one minor child, the parties 

shall alternate the dependency exemption with [Heather] 

claiming the minor child in all even-numbered years 

and [Chad] claiming the minor child[] all odd-numbered 

years. [Chad] shall only be entitled to claim any of the 

minor children for dependency exemption purposes in 

any year so long as he is current on his child support, 

child care, and medical care obligations at the end of 

the appropriate tax year. [Heather] agrees to not make 

any conflicting claim for said exemptions and shall upon 

request execute an IRS form 8332 releasing all right to 

claim said exemption.

8. CHILD CARE: The parties shall each pay 50% [of] 

the work related child care costs incurred on behalf of the 

minor children, and [Chad] shall reimburse [Heather], as 

necessary, for child care expenses within fifteen (15) days 

of receipt of the statement for the same. [Heather] shall be 

allowed to claim the child care expense as a deduction on 

her taxes each year.

(Emphasis supplied.)
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YOCHUM V. YOCHU

Cite as 312 Neb. 535

2016 Order in Modification.

On July 27, 2016, the district court entered an order in 

modification which, inter alia, modified the amount of Chad’s 

child support obligations. The order of modification did not 

provide for any changes to the parties’ dependency tax exemptions and childcare obligations and stated that “[a]ny provisions not herein modified from prior orders remain in full force 

and effect.”

2014 Dependent Tax Exemption.

Chad offered as an exhibit a notice of penalty he received 

from the Internal Revenue Service after both he and Heather 

had claimed the same two minor children for the tax year 

2014.

Chad testified, and the record reflects, that in 2014, he 

had an automatic wage withholding for his child support. 

However, a payment history report from the Department 

of Health and Human Services (DHHS) showed that on 

December 31, 2014, Chad owed $557.79. Chad and Heather 

testified that Chad did not meet his child support obligations 

for a period of several weeks in 2013 because he lost his 

job, and the amount owed shown on the DHHS report at the 

end of 2014 reflected what remained of his prior arrearage. 

The DHHS report showed that Chad’s consistent payments 

throughout 2014 applied to satisfy the present month’s child 

support obligation, and DHHS applied any remaining money 

from Chad’s payments to the balance in arrears carried forward from past months.

Heather had testified at depositions taken in July 2016 

that she believed Chad could not take the 2014 dependency 

exemption, because he was not “current” on child support. 

She testified that she had talked to child support enforcement 

and obtained a copy of the payment history report for that 

year. Because Chad did not have a zero balance at the end 

of 2014, she filed her taxes believing he could not take the 

exemption.
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Cite as 312 Neb. 535

2019 Dependent Tax Exemption.

With respect to the 2019 tax year, the payment history report 

from DHHS showed that Chad had a credit on December 31, 

2019, of $114.85 for child support. Chad testified about a 

timing issue, specifically that the account showed a credit, 

because there are periods of time where there are credits and 

periods of time where money is owed, depending on how 

many pay periods are in a month. He testified that in January 

or early February 2020, he sent a text message to Heather 

reminding her that he could claim the two minor children 

on the taxes for the 2019 tax year. He received no response. 

He testified that he sent a text message to Heather in August 

2020 asking why she used the child tax deduction and that she 

stated she forgot.

Chad testified at the October 2020 trial that he lost a $2,000 

tax credit because he could not claim one child in 2019 and 

that he subsequently lost out on a coronavirus relief payment 

of $500. He explained that the 2019 coronavirus relief package 

would have given him an additional payment for each child 

under the age of 17 and requested that Heather repay the relief 

money as well as the tax credit.

Daycare.

Chad testified on cross-examination that the children 

attended daycare from 2010 to 2018, and he conceded that he 

had never paid childcare expenses to Heather or to the childcare facilities. He claimed he had never received any statement 

or receipt from Heather regarding expenses for daycare or 

childcare. He acknowledged two text message conversations 

and agreed that Heather had previously told Chad that he owed 

half of childcare expenses. Chad testified that he thought daycare expenses were free for Heather because of her work for 

the childcare providers. He testified that he believed that daycare continued to be free as a benefit of Heather’s employment 

and that that was their understanding at the time of the divorce. 

He testified that he did not receive an invoice to pay daycare 

expenses until late 2020.
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Cite as 312 Neb. 535

Heather testified that she had provided Chad three daycare 

receipts over the years and that she alone paid for daycare 

from 2011 through 2018. Heather testified that she stopped 

providing Chad receipts, because he would get angry and call 

her names. Heather testified that she received “Title 20” and 

$5,000 per year of daycare costs from her employer. Heather 

did not provide any exhibits showing receipts she sent to Chad 

prior to October 2020, which date was proximate to Heather’s 

filing for contempt for Chad’s alleged failure to pay childcare. 

Heather offered exhibits 21 and 22, which included attachments to an October 5, 2020, text message sent by Heather to 

Chad. The attachments were represented as reflecting daycare 

expenses. After her benefits, Heather claimed to have paid 

childcare expenses of $946 in 2016, $1,135.95 in 2017, and 

$757.28 in 2018. Exhibits 21 and 22 were excluded from evidence as hearsay.

District Court Order.

At the conclusion of the evidence, the district court found 

Heather in contempt for taking incorrect dependency exemptions in 2014 and 2019. The court noted that Chad fell behind 

in 2013 when he lost his job. In June 2021, the court issued an 

order finding Heather in willful and contumacious contempt 

of the decree, sentencing her to 30 days in jail, with the ability to avoid jail time by making $200 monthly payments to 

Chad for 24 months. The court ordered Heather to pay a total 

judgment of $10,075, which was composed of $3,975 in additional taxes Chad paid in 2014, a $2,000 tax refund he lost for 

2019, $500 and $600 2020 coronavirus relief payments, and 

$3,000 in attorney fees. Heather appeals.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Heather claims, summarized and restated, that the district 

court erred when it found that Heather was in willful and contumacious contempt of the decree and order in modification. 

She also claims that the district court abused its discretion with 

respect to damages and attorney fees awarded to Chad.
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YOCHUM V. YOCHU

Cite as 312 Neb. 535

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

[1] The meaning of a divorce decree presents a question 

of law, in connection with which an appellate court reaches 

a conclusion independent of the determination reached by the 

court below. Vyhlidal v. Vyhlidal, 311 Neb. 495, 973 N.W.2d 

171 (2022).

[2] In a civil contempt proceeding where a party seeks remedial relief for an alleged violation of a court order, an appellate 

court employs a three-part standard of review in which (1) the 

trial court’s resolution of issues of law is reviewed de novo, (2) 

the trial court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error, 

and (3) the trial court’s determinations of whether a party is in 

contempt and of the sanction to be imposed are reviewed for 

abuse of discretion. Id.

[3,4] A trial court’s decision awarding or denying attorney 

fees in a contempt proceeding will be upheld on appeal absent 

an abuse of discretion. See Becher v. Becher, 311 Neb. 1, 970 

N.W.2d 472 (2022). A judicial abuse of discretion requires that 

the reasons or rulings of the trial court be clearly untenable 

insofar as they unfairly deprive a litigant of a substantial right 

and a just result. Id.

ANALYSIS

Heather claims that the district court erred when it found 

that she was willfully in contempt of court because she had 

claimed dependency exemptions on her federal income taxes 

for the years 2014 and 2019. She also challenges the amounts 

of damages and attorney fees awarded to Chad. Heather 

contends that the language of the decree, unchanged by the 

subsequent order in modification, permitted Chad to claim 

the minor children for dependency exemption purposes only 

“so long as he is current on his child support, child care, and 

medical care obligations at the end of the appropriate tax 

year” and that he was not “current.” Brief for appellant at 14 

(emphasis omitted). Below, we examine whether Chad was 

current on these obligations at the end of the 2014 and 2019 
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Cite as 312 Neb. 535

tax years and conclude that Chad was not current in 2014 but 

was current in 2019 and thereby entitled to the dependency tax 

exemption for 2019, but not 2014. We also adjust the damages 

awarded to Chad and remand the issue of attorney fees to the 

district court.

2014 Tax Year.

With respect to 2014, Heather argues that Chad was in 

arrears on child support payments and was not “current” at the 

end of the year—and thus not entitled to claim the dependent 

tax exemption—and was not harmed with respect to his liability for the 2014 tax year. We agree with Heather’s argument.

Chad does not contest that he owed a balance on December 

31, 2014, but argues that because he had not missed monthly 

payments in 2014, he was “current.” We conclude that “current” in the context of this decree means fully paid and up to 

date. Chad was not “current” at the end of the 2014 tax year.

The testimony was consistent that Chad had an automatic 

wage withholding, except for 6 weeks in 2013 when he lost 

his job. Exhibits at trial, including child support payment history reports from DHHS, confirmed this testimony. When Chad 

missed several child support payments in 2013, his account fell 

into arrears. As Chad resumed his regular payments, each payment applied first to the pending month’s child support obligation. Money remaining after the pending month’s support obligation served to reduce the amount in arrears, and the arrearage 

decreased until Chad became fully caught up in 2016. On 

December 31, 2014, Chad owed a balance of $557.79, largely 

composed of the arrearage incurred in 2013 for failure to pay 

child support.

Chad argues that he was “current” under the decree, because a 

balance of $557.79 was not enough to trigger enforcement proceedings. As authority, he cites Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1718.01(4) 

(Reissue 2016), which provides:

No obligor whose child support payments are automatically withheld from his or her paycheck shall be regarded 
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or reported as being delinquent or in arrears if (a) any 

delinquency or arrearage is solely caused by a disparity 

between the schedule of the obligor’s regular pay dates 

and the scheduled date the child support is due, (b) the 

total amount of child support to be withheld from the 

paychecks of the obligor and the amount ordered by the 

support order are the same on an annual basis, and (c) the 

automatic deductions for child support are continuous and 

occurring.

Section 43-1718.01 concerns child support enforcement. This 

case is not an enforcement action. Instead, we are called upon 

to follow the language of the decree. See Vyhlidal v. Vyhlidal, 

311 Neb. 495, 973 N.W.2d 171 (2022). Even if § 43-1718.01 

could provide context for the meaning of certain words used 

in the decree, it is factually inapplicable here because Chad’s 

arrearage is not a timing issue “solely caused by a disparity 

between the schedule of the obligor’s regular pay dates and the 

scheduled date the child support is due.” Chad’s arrearage was 

not caused solely by bureaucratic lag or timing discrepancies; 

the reason he was not current was because of events in 2013. 

Under the plain language of the decree, because Chad was not 

current on his child support obligations at the end of the 2014 

tax year, he was not entitled to claim the dependency exemption on his federal taxes.

The record shows that Heather was informed by DHHS 

reports that Chad was in arrears on December 31, 2014, and 

thus, Chad was not “current.” Appropriately, she filed her taxes 

and claimed the dependency exemption for the 2014 tax year. 

The district court erred when it held Heather in willful and 

contumacious contempt of court for having taken child tax 

exemptions in her tax filings for 2014. We reverse this portion 

of the order of the district court. Further, based on our ruling, 

because Chad was not harmed with respect to his tax liability 

for the 2014 tax year, we vacate the damage award of $3,975 

to which Chad was not entitled.
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Cite as 312 Neb. 535

2019 Tax Year.

With respect to 2019, Heather claims that the district court 

erred when it found her in contempt for taking the dependent 

tax credit for 2019. Specifically, Heather claims that Chad was 

not current on paying his portion of childcare expenses and 

thus not entitled to the exemptions. We find no merit to this 

claim of error.

Heather testified that she paid work-related childcare 

expenses for the children over the years, and Chad admitted 

that he had never paid Heather for daycare, because he believed 

it was a benefit of Heather’s employment. However, turning to 

the decree which controls our analysis, the question for the trial 

court and for us on appeal is whether Chad failed to “reimburse 

[Heather], as necessary for child care expenses within fifteen 

(15) days of receipt of the statement for the same.”

The record before us has no evidence that Heather timely 

submitted childcare expense statements to Chad prior to 

December 31, 2019, as anticipated by the decree or that such 

statements remained unpaid at the end of December 2019. 

Heather’s requests for reimbursement for childcare expenses 

submitted to Chad after December 31, 2019, are not encompassed by the assignments of error in this appeal. The record of 

admitted evidence does not prove a failure by Chad to timely 

pay childcare, and we note merely incidentally that DHHS payment history reports demonstrate that on December 31, 2019, 

Chad had a child support credit of $114.85.

Given the admitted evidence, Chad established that Heather 

took the dependency exemption for 2019, even though Chad 

was current on his obligations under the decree and order 

in modification. The district court did not err when it found 

Heather in contempt of the decree, because she took the dependency exemptions for the 2019 tax year. We affirm this portion 

of the district court’s order.

Damages for 2019 Tax Year.

Because we have concluded that Chad was entitled to the 

dependency exemption for 2019, we must consider the damages 
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he may have suffered as a consequence of being deprived of 

the exemption in 2019. Specifically, although there was evidence that Chad did not receive a $500 coronavirus relief payment, Heather claims that Chad did not adduce evidence of the 

second 2020 relief payment, and the district court erred when 

it included an extra $600 in damages for Chad that was unsupported by the evidence at trial. We agree with Heather that the 

record lacks evidence related to a hypothetical $600 payment 

and vacate the award of $600.

[5,6] We have often stated that a plaintiff’s evidence of damages may not be speculative or conjectural and must provide 

a reasonably certain basis for calculating damages. Pribil v. 

Koinzan, 266 Neb. 222, 665 N.W.2d 567 (2003). We have consistently framed the question whether the evidence of damages 

is “reasonably certain” as a question of law, and not as a matter 

to be decided by the trier of fact. Id.

[7-9] Here, to evaluate whether the evidence of Chad’s 

claimed damages is reasonably certain, we must examine the 

evidence in the record. An appellate record typically contains 

the bill of exceptions, used to present factual evidence to an 

appellate court, and the transcript, used to present pleadings 

and orders of the case to the appellate court. In re Estate of 

Radford, 297 Neb. 748, 901 N.W.2d 261 (2017). A bill of 

exceptions is the only vehicle for bringing evidence before an 

appellate court; evidence which is not made a part of the bill 

of exceptions may not be considered. Id. Before this court can 

consider evidence bearing upon an issue of fact, evidence must 

have been offered at the trial court and embodied in the bill 

of exceptions. Smick v. Langvardt, 216 Neb. 778, 345 N.W.2d 

830 (1984). Specifically, we must consider whether the bill 

of exceptions contains any evidence which contributed to the 

lower court’s decision either through exhibits, through judicial 

notice, or as a result of a stipulation or admission by the parties. See In re Estate of Radford, supra.

The parties do not dispute that Chad lost a $2,000 refund 

he would have received if he had claimed a dependent on his 
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Cite as 312 Neb. 535

2019 taxes. Chad also testified at the October 5, 2020, hearing 

that he lost a $500 payment from the federal coronavirus relief 

package. However, although Chad did not testify to a second 

relief payment, the district court nevertheless awarded Chad 

$1,100 to reflect $500 and $600 coronavirus relief payments. 

Although there was some argument by counsel for Chad relative to the $600 stimulus opportunity, the record does not contain evidence, judicial notice, or stipulation or admission of the 

parties that Chad lost a $600 relief payment which may have 

been available later in 2020. Accordingly, we reverse the award 

of the additional $600 in damages to Chad because it exceeded 

the evidence in the record.

Attorney Fees.

Finally, Heather assigns error to the district court’s award of 

$3,000 for Chad’s attorney fees, noting that Chad had submitted an affidavit that indicated his attorney fees were $2,031.44.

[10-12] We have explained that when a party willfully violates a decree, coercive and remedial sanctions are appropriate. See Vyhlidal v. Vyhlidal, 311 Neb. 495, 973 N.W.2d 171 

(2022). Civil contempt proceedings are instituted to preserve 

and enforce the rights of private parties to a suit when a party 

fails to comply with a court order made for the benefit of the 

opposing party. Id. Costs, including reasonable attorney fees, 

can be awarded in a contempt proceeding when there has been 

a finding of contempt. Id.

[13] The decision to award attorney fees is a matter of discretion. See Becher v. Becher, 311 Neb. 1, 970 N.W.2d 472 

(2022). Because we reverse the portion of the order which 

found Heather in contempt related to the 2014 dependency 

exemption and we vacate the damage awards of $3,975 and 

$600 to Chad, we believe the district court should exercise its 

discretion anew in light of these outcomes. Accordingly, we 

reverse the award of attorney fees and remand the cause for 

reconsideration and recalculation of attorney fees in light of 

this opinion.
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CONCLUSION

For the reasons above, we conclude that Heather was not 

in contempt of the decree when she took a dependency tax 

exemption for 2014, and we reverse the order of the district 

court which found Heather in contempt regarding the 2014 tax 

exemption and vacate the award to Chad of $3,975 occasioned 

by this incorrect ruling. We affirm the order finding Heather 

in contempt with respect to the 2019 tax year. We vacate the 

award of $600 in damages to Chad for a lost coronavirus relief 

payment for the 2019 tax year which was unsupported by the 

record. We reverse the award of attorney fees to Chad and 

remand the cause with directions to award Chad reasonable 

attorney fees, and for further proceedings in conformity with 

this opinion.

Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and 

in part reversed and remanded 

for further proceedings.