IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2018-WC-00019-COA

HAZEL SMITH APPELLANT

v.

HOWARD INDUSTRIES, INC. (SELF INSURED) APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 12/15/2017

TRIBUNAL FROM WHICH

APPEALED:

WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

COMMISSION

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: H. ALEXANDER BRINKLEY

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: RICHARD LEWIS YODER JR.

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 12/18/2018

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE IRVING, P.J., GREENLEE AND TINDELL, JJ.

IRVING, P.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Hazel Smith appeals the decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission

(Commission), asserting that two of its findings are unsupported by substantial evidence: (1)

that Smith was capable of performing the substantial acts of her usual employment; and (2)

that Smith was not permanently and totally disabled, but rather only suffered a partial, fifty

percent loss of industrial use to her right upper extremity. We find that the Commission’s

decision is supported by substantial evidence; therefore, we affirm.

FACTS

¶2. At the time of the events giving rise to this appeal, Smith was employed as a final

assembler at Howard Industries Inc. She was sixty years old and had worked at Howard for

approximately twenty years. She reached the eleventh grade in high school and did not
obtain her GED. Prior to her employment at Howard, she worked various labor jobs,

including as a shirt inspector at a factory in Arkansas; as a manager at a Pizza Hut; inspector

of rice, sugar, and flour bags; and as an assistant manager at a resort. Her job as a final

assembler at Howard consisted generally of pulling wire off of spools and then using a

crimping gun to put leads on the wires. This job required Smith to repetitively grasp and pull

the crimping gun and to lift bins containing parts that weighed more than twenty pounds. 

She fell into the pay grade of 11.3 and earned $12.56 per hour, which came to an average

weekly wage of $807.

¶3. On August 5, 2013, while operating the crimping gun, Smith felt a sharp, shooting

pain throughout her arm. She immediately reported the injury to her supervisor and sought

medical care, where she learned that she had sustained an injury to her right upper extremity. 

She also went on to develop bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Following her injury, Smith

returned to Howard and continued to work in a different capacity—driving a forklift—until

she had the first of several surgeries by Dr. Rocco Barbieri on December 18, 2013.1 On

November 10, 2014, Dr. Barbieri diagnosed Smith with a four percent upper-extremity

impairment, determined that she had reached maximum medical improvement (MMI), and

summarized the findings of a functional capacity exam, which he approved and adopted in

determining the work limitations to be placed on Smith:

1 Dr. Barbieri performed one surgery to treat her carpal tunnel syndrome and two

surgeries to treat her thumb injury.

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A Functional Capacity Exam was performed by Drayer Physical Therapy and

it demonstrated findings that the patient was recommended for a light duty

level of work which [is] really no lifting more than 20 pounds and some

specifics on avoiding paths that would require balance on uneven surfaces due

to preexisting problem with polio. She also should avoid a combination of

repetitive forceful grasping and vibration, as well as sustained posturing of the

wrists greater than 30 degrees of flexion as this may worsen her carpal tunnel.

My opinion, at this time, is that this Functional Capacity Evaluation is in line

with what I perceived the patient being able to do regarding her work activities

and I will release her to work with these restrictions of light duty limitations. 

Essentially, she will not be allowed to lift or carry more than 20 pounds, will

avoid unusual postures of the wrist or sustained repetitive gripping actions.

Smith returned to Howard in September 2016. Her job title and pay grade stayed the same

as prior to her injury, but her pay was raised to $12.96 per hour due to a company-wide

increase. She was offered a new job that allegedly fell within her medical restrictions. This

job consisted of pulling rubber tips off of threads. Smith testified that she attempted the job

but was unable to pull the rubber tips off due to the immobility of her thumb. She was

accompanied by John Risher, Howard’s environmental and safety manager. When Smith

informed Risher that she was unable to properly grip the rubber tips due to her thumb, he

moved her to another job. She burned her arm and was subsequently sent home and told that

someone from Howard would call her; however, she has not heard from Howard since that

date. Smith contends that she searched for work elsewhere but was unsuccessful.

¶4. Smith timely filed a petition to controvert on February 19, 2015. On February 1,

2017, an administrative judge (AJ) conducted a hearing to determine the existence and extent

of permanent disability and any applicable penalties and interest. The parties stipulated that

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Smith’s August 5, 2013 injury was work-related, that she began accruing disability on

December 18, 2013, and that she reached MMI on November 10, 2014. The parties also

stipulated that Smith’s average weekly wage was $807.

¶5. During the hearing, Smith testified regarding the requirements of her job. Pete Mills,

a vocational rehabilitation counselor, testified that he went to Howard and observed several

different positions. He developed a list of three different jobs that he believed fell within Dr.

Barbieri’s medical restrictions for Smith and issued a report including that information. 

Mills also conducted a job survey, wherein he analyzed Smith’s past work history and

education level and determined what types of jobs might be available to her. On January 12,

2017, ten days before the hearing, he composed a list of four openings for which Smith might

be suited: openings at Red Lobster, Krystal, IHOP, and TGI Fridays. The pay for each of

these positions was $7.25 per hour. Mills testified that on the day before the hearing, he went

online and found that the TGI Fridays and IHOP positions had been filled. Despite this,

Mills opined that he felt that Smith was able to find employment with a company other than

Howard. Mills further opined that Smith had not been effectively conducting her job search;

specifically, Mills testified that Smith had been writing “light duty” on each of her

applications—which deterred potential employers—and there was inconsistency in the rate

at which she was submitting applications.

¶6. Risher testified that Smith was unable to return to her pre-injury position as a final

assembler due to the medical restrictions imposed by Dr. Barbieri. He stated that the job that

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Smithwas offered when she brieflyreturned in September 2016—removing rubber tips—fell

within those restrictions. On cross-examination, Risher conceded that the duties required by

the job removing rubber tips might require repetitive gripping actions, which fell outside of

Dr. Barbieri’s restrictions for Smith; however, Risher maintained that the job could be done

with either hand. Risher further testified that the other two jobs on Mills’s list were not

offered to Smith because she told him she could not do the work.

¶7. Following the hearing, the AJ issued an order finding that Smith had sustained a 50%

industrial loss of use to her right upper extremity and that she consequently could not

perform the substantial acts of her usual employment. The AJ ordered Howard to pay Smith

permanent disability benefits of $449.12 beginning November 11, 2014, for a period of 100

weeks as compensation, with 10% interest added to each installment as provided by

Mississippi Code Annotated section 71-3-37(5) (Rev. 2011).

¶8. Smith appealed the AJ’s findings, arguing that she erred in finding that Smith only

suffered a 50% loss of industrial use to her right upper extremity and in performing a loss of

wage-earning-capacity analysis to decide the industrial loss of use of a scheduled member,

which is inconsistent with existing workers’ compensation law. The Commission adopted

the AJ’s findings in relevant part and affirmed its finding that Smith suffered a 50% loss of

industrial use to her right upper extremity; however, it amended the AJ’s order to find that

although Smith had suffered a loss of industrial use in excess of her medical impairment

rating, she was capable of performing the substantial acts of her usual employment. Smith

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filed this timely appeal.

DISCUSSION

¶9. Smith asserts two issues on appeal; however, because our analysis necessarilyinvokes

both issues, we discuss them together. The standard of review regarding workers’

compensation matters is well-settled in Mississippi caselaw:

In workers’ compensation cases, this Court’s review is limited to determining

whether the Commission’s decision was supported by substantial evidence,

was arbitrary and capricious, was beyond the scope or power of the agency to

make, or violated constitutional or statutory rights. The Commission is the

ultimate fact-finder and judge of the credibility of witnesses; therefore, we

may not reweigh the evidence that was before the Commission. When the

Commission’s decision is supported bysubstantial evidence, it must be upheld.

This remains true even though we might have reached a different conclusion

were we the trier of fact. Furthermore, we are reminded that workers’

compensation law is to be liberally and broadly construed, resolving doubtful

cases in favor of compensation so that the beneficent purposes of the act may

be accomplished.

Howard Indus. Inc. v. Hardaway, 191 So. 3d 1257, 1261-62 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

¶10. As the Commission notes in its order, this is a scheduled-member case. “Mississippi

Code Annotated section 71-3-17 (Supp. 2014) provides two avenues for a claimant seeking

compensation for loss of a scheduled member. Subsection (a) applies to claims for

permanent total disability, whereas subsection (c) applies when . . . the claimant seeks

permanent partial disability benefits.” Hardaway, 191 So. 3d at 1265-66 (¶24). 

Determination of whether a claimant has suffered permanent total disability or permanent

partial disability controls which analysis we conduct in order to calculate benefits.

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¶11. Here, Smith contends that she suffered permanent total disability and argues that both

the AJ and the Commission erred in finding that she only sustained a 50% industrial loss of

use of her right upper extremity. Smith maintains that despite her 4% medical impairment

rating, she suffered a 100% industrial loss of use of her right upper extremity such that she

has been rendered permanently and totally disabled. In support of her argument, Smith

points to both her testimony and Risher’s testimony that she was unable to return to the job

she held pre-injury. Smith also argues that Howard presented no vocational testimony to

show that Smith was employable post-injury. Howard, in contrast, argues that the evidence

presented shows that Smith was not totally disabled: Mills, the vocational expert, located

three jobs inside Howard and four jobs outside Howard that purportedly fell within Smith’s

medical restrictions. Howard maintains that Smith offered no evidence to suggest that she

was unable to perform these jobs, aside from her own self-serving testimony that she was

simply incapable of doing them.

¶12. This Court in Howard Industries Inc. v. Satcher, 183 So. 3d 907, 912 (¶14) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2016), set forth the requirements for establishing a prima facie case of permanent total

disability where, as here, the claimant has only suffered a partial medical loss:

To establish a prima facie case for permanent total disability, the claimant has

the burden to show he has sought and been unable to find work in the same or

other employment. The claimant must show he took reasonable efforts to find

other employment. The claimant can also establish a prima facie case for total

disability if, after reaching MMI, the claimant reports back to the employer for

work and the employer refuses to reinstate or rehire him. After the claimant

makes out a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to rebut or

refute the claimant’s evidence by showing the claimant’s efforts were not

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reasonable or were a sham. The issue of whether a claimant’s permanent

disability is partial or total is a question of fact determined by the evidence as

a whole, including both lay and medical testimony.

(Citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “To determine the reasonableness of the

claimant’s job search, factors are examined such as job availability, economics of the

community, the claimant’s skills and background, and the nature of the disability.” Id. at 913

(¶17). “Another consideration in determining disability is wage-earning capacity. Factors

examined for loss of wage-earning capacityinclude the amount of education and training that

the claimant has had, inability to work, failure to be hired elsewhere, and the continuance of

pain.” Id. “In order to be deemed permanently totally disabled under Mississippi Code

Annotated section 71-3-17(a) (Rev. 2000), a claimant must show something more than an

inability to return to the job existing at the time of injury.” Flowers v. Crown Cork & Seal

USA Inc., 168 So. 3d 1009, 1018 (¶27) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013). 

¶13. Based on the above caselaw, it is this Court’s opinion that the Commission and AJ

correctly concluded that Smith was not permanently and totally disabled. Although Smith

testified at trial that she was unable to perform the jobs offered to her upon her return to

Howard in September 2016, this testimony, combined with her contention that she is

unemployable, is not sufficient to overcome the high burden of showing that the

Commission’s decision was unsupported by substantial evidence.

¶14. We note, as the Commission also properlynoted, that a rebuttable presumption oftotal

occupational loss arises where a permanent partial disability renders the claimant unable to

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continue in the position she held at the time she sustained her work-related injury, “subject

to other proof of the claimant’s ability to earn the same wages which the claimant was

receiving at the time of injury.” Meridian Prof’l Baseball Club v. Jensen, 828 So. 2d 740,

747 (¶21) (Miss. 2002). This presumption arises “when the claimant establishes that he has

made a reasonable effort but has been unable to find work in his usual employment, or makes

other proof of his inability to perform the substantial acts of his usual employment.” Id. at

747-48 (¶21). The employer may rebut this presumption by pointing to “all the evidence

concerning wage-earning capacity, including education and training which the claimant has

had, his age, continuance of pain, and any other related circumstances.” Id. at 748 (¶21).2

¶15. Here, Smith contends that the Commission’s decision that she was able to perform the

substantial acts of her usual employment is unsupported by substantial evidence. However,

we disagree. Smith relies on the fact that Risher, Howard’s representative, conceded that she

could not return to the job she held pre-injury as proof that she was unable to perform the

substantial acts of her usual employment. However, Mississippi caselaw is clear that “‘usual

employment’ is broader in scope than the job [that the claimant] held at the time of injury.” 

Id. at 747 (¶20). “Usual employment in this context means the jobs in which the claimant

2 Of note is the fact that “there is a difference between the job-search requirement for

a claim for permanent total disability benefits under subsection (a) and the job-search

requirement for a claim for permanent partial disability benefits under subsection (c). A

claim made under subsection (a) is subject to the most rigorous test for disability, which

requires convincing medical proof of total disability and a legitimate job search for suitable

employment.” Hardaway, 191 So. 3d at 1266 (¶25) (internal quotation marks omitted).

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has past experience, jobs requiring similar skills, or jobs for which the worker is otherwise

suited by his age, education, experience, and any other relevant factual criteria.” Id.

¶16. We note that Smith failed to provide any evidence or testimony that she was, in fact,

unable to perform the job presented to her in September 2016 when she returned to Howard

for a few hours. All we have to rely upon is her own testimony that she was unable to

perform the job. In contrast, we have testimony from both Risher and Mills that the job

offered to Smith—removing rubber tips—fell within her medical restrictions. Smith

provided insufficient evidence to overcome the high burden of showing that the

Commission’s decision was unsupported by substantial evidence with respect to this issue. 

As such, we affirm the Commission’s finding that she was capable of performing the

substantial acts of her employment.

¶17. Section 71-3-17(c) (Rev. 2011) provides the following:

In case of disability partial in character but permanent in quality, the

compensation shall be sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66-2/3%) of the

average weekly wages of the injured employee, subject to the maximum

limitations as to weekly benefits as set up in this chapter, which shall be paid

following compensation for temporary total disability paid in accordance with

paragraph (b) of this section, and shall be paid to the employee as follows:

Member Lost Number Weeks Compensation

(1) Arm 200

. . . . 

¶18. As previously stated, the AJ ordered Howard to pay Smith $449.12 per week for a

period of 100 weeks. She included the following analysis in her order:

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[Smith] applied for the four positions [that] were identified in the vocational

report - Red Lobster; Krystal; IHOP; and TGI Fridays. All of those positions

offered $7.25 per hour. At the time of her injury, Smith was making $12.56

per hour with the Employer. If Smith had actually been hired by one of those

employers, she would have suffered a $5.31 per hour loss of wages, which

calculates to a $212.40 loss per week or an approximate 42% loss of wages. 

If overtime were considered, Smith would lose about half of her weekly

income by taking one of the four positions identified by the vocational expert.

We find substantial evidence supporting the Commission’s finding that Smith was not totally

and permanently disabled and that she suffered only a 50% industrial loss of a scheduled

member. Therefore, it follows that Smith was not entitled to 450 weeks of compensation for

permanent-total disability or 200 weeks of compensation for loss of a scheduled member. 

The order of the Commission awarding Smith $449.12 for one hundred weeks is

AFFIRMED.

LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, CARLTON, FAIR, WILSON,

GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS AND TINDELL, JJ., CONCUR.

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