IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Lebanon County :

: No. 597 C.D. 2016

v. : Submitted: July 1, 2016

:

Charles Hoyer, :

Appellant :

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

HONORABLE ROCHELLE S. FRIEDMAN, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

BY JUDGE WOJCIK FILED: December 7, 2016

Charles Hoyer (Requester), pro se, appeals from an order of the Court 

of Common Pleas of Lebanon County (trial court) that affirmed in part and 

reversed in part a final determination of the Pennsylvania Office of Open Records 

(OOR). The trial court determined OOR erred by failing to consider Lebanon 

County’s (County) statement of denial based on Section 708(b)(16) of the Rightto-Know Law (RTKL),

1 which exempts records relating to criminal investigations

from disclosure. After in camera review, the trial court concluded some of the 

records qualified for exemption. As for the remaining records, the trial court 

directed copies be provided to Requester within 10 days. Requester argues the trial 

court erred by considering the criminal investigation exemption, and it violated the 

law by denying information Requester needed for his criminal appeals. In 

 

1 Act of February 14, 2008, P.L. 6, 65 P.S. §67.708(b)(16).
2

addition, he claims the County violated the trial court’s order by resending records

already furnished. Upon review, we affirm.

Requester, who is an inmate at the State Correctional Institution at 

Laurel Highlands,2filed a request with the County seeking “[c]opies of all emails 

in the account of [Assistant District Attorney] Megan Ryland-Tanner [(ADA 

Ryland-Tanner)] that are in the [C]ounty server for January 26, 2012.” Certified 

Record (C.R.), Item No. 1, Petition for Review, Exhibit B (Request Form).

The County invoked its right to a 30-day extension to respond to the 

request. C.R., Item No. 1, Petition for Review, Exhibit C. Then, on February 6, 

2015, the County denied the request, indicating that no records responsive to the 

request existed in the County’s possession, custody or control. C.R., Item No. 1, 

Petition for Review, Exhibit D. 

Requester appealed to OOR challenging the denial. Requester 

asserted emails exist, and he included a copy of one email from ADA RylandTanner from January 26, 2012. C.R., Item No. 1, Petition for Review, Exhibit E. 

Requester also submitted a letter from the County stating the County has been 

archiving email since January 2011. OOR’s Final Determination, 3/25/2015, at 2. 

On March 5, 2015, the date the record closed, the County submitted a 

position statement indicating a secondary search revealed its email server contains 

two email addresses for ADA Ryland-Tanner, one active email address and one 

 

2 Requester was convicted of numerous counts of sexual offenses against minors,

including indecent assault with a person less than 13 years of age, corruption of minors, 

endangering the welfare of children, indecent assault forcible compulsion, indecent assault 

without the consent of other, indecent assault with a person less than 16 years of age, and 

indecent assault of a person unconscious. Trial Court Opinion, 12/29/15, at 2 n.2; Appellee’s 

Brief at 3. 
3

stale email address. The County explained that the stale email address was the 

only email address located in response to the initial request. Upon locating the 

active email address, the County provided several emails to Requester. But, it 

denied other emails claiming they are exempt from disclosure under Section 

708(b)(16) of the RTKL because the records relate to criminal investigations.3 

C.R., Item No. 1, Petition for Review, Exhibit F. The County also provided an 

affidavit of the County Open Records Officer stating that the County released all

emails constituting public records in the County’s possession to Requester.

4

 

OOR determined that the County waived Section 708(b)(16) of the 

RTKL as a defense. Although the County raised this defense in its position 

statement filed on March 5, 2015, OOR explained that the County was required to 

raise the defense by March 2, 2015 – the last day to file an appeal. See Section 

1101(a)(1) of the RTKL, 65 P.S. § 67.1101(a)(1) (if a written request is denied, the 

requester may file an appeal within 15 business days of the agency’s response). 

Without considering this defense, OOR granted Requester’s appeal, in part, and 

dismissed it as moot, in part. Specifically, OOR directed the County “to provide 

all emails responsive to the request.” C.R., Item No. 1, Petition for Review, 

 

3 Once the County asserted that the request implicated criminal investigative records, the 

matter should have been submitted for determination to the County appeals officer. Section 

503(d)(2) of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §67.503(d)(2) (“The district attorney of a county shall designate 

one or more appeals officers to hear appeals under Chapter 11 relating to access to criminal 

investigative records in possession of a local agency of that county. The appeals officer 

designated by the district attorney shall determine if the record requested is a criminal 

investigative record.). However, because the matter was already before OOR, that did not occur. 

4 On March 17, 2015, Requester provided additional information in support of his 

position, which OOR refused to consider on the basis it was submitted after the record closed on 

March 5, 2015. OOR’s Final Determination at 2-3.
4

Exhibit A (OOR’s Final Determination), at 6 (emphasis added). OOR dismissed 

the remainder of the request as moot on the basis that the County provided some of 

the requested emails. 

From this decision, the County then filed a petition for review with 

the trial court. The trial court held a de novo hearing, at which Requester was 

permitted to participate by video conference. The trial court allowed the parties to 

supplement the record and present oral argument and post-hearing briefs. The 

County provided all emails for the trial court’s in camera review. 

The County argued the withheld emails are not subject to disclosure 

under the RTKL because they constitute criminal investigative materials under 

Section 708(b)(16) of the RTKL and the County is prohibited from providing them 

to Requester under the Criminal History Record Information Act (CHRIA).5 More 

particularly, the County asserted that the emails identify the names of juvenile 

victims of sex crimes and other exempt information related to criminal 

investigations. The County further argued OOR erred by refusing to consider this 

defense. In opposition, Requester responded he is entitled to the emails to perfect 

his legal arguments in his appeal of his criminal convictions. On this basis, he 

asserted that the County’s denial of the emails constituted a violation of Brady v. 

Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). 

Based upon the arguments and evidence adduced at the hearing and 

after in camera inspection of the documents at issue, the trial court affirmed the 

determination of OOR, in part, and reversed, in part. Specifically, the trial court 

determined OOR erred in failing to consider the County’s statement of denial 

 

5

18 Pa. C.S. §§9101-9183.
5

based on Section 708(b)(16) of the RTKL. Of the documents submitted for in 

camera review, the trial court designated certain documents as “Criminal 

Investigation Information” and exempted them from disclosure. The trial court 

directed copies of the remaining documents be provided to Requester within 10 

days. Trial Court Order, 12/29/15, at 2.

In the opinion filed in support, the trial court reasoned that, although 

the County did not base its initial denial on Section 708(b)(16) of the RTKL, the 

County was unaware of the existence of the disputed emails at that time. An 

agency does not automatically waive a basis for nondisclosure simply because that 

basis was not raised in the initial response denying access. Moreover, the trial 

court found the County timely raised the defense prior to the close of the record 

before OOR on March 5, 2015. Therefore, the trial court determined OOR erred 

by not considering this defense. 

As to the merits of the denial, the trial court determined the records 

are exempt under Section 708(b)(16) of the RTKL because they “contain criminal 

investigative materials regarding victim and witness information and information 

regarding the progress of a criminal matter.” Trial Court Opinion, 12/29/15, at 15. 

In addition, because RTKL must be read in conjunction with other laws, the trial 

court held the emails are protected under CHRIA, which prohibits the 

dissemination of investigative and treatment information. Section 9106 of CHRIA, 

18 Pa. C.S. §9106. 
6

Requester timely appealed to the Superior Court, which then 

transferred the case here.

6,7

 On appeal,8 Requester contends the trial court erred by 

affirming in part and reversing in part the decision of OOR, which he claims

properly granted access to all emails in the account of ADA Ryland-Tanner on 

January 26, 2012. Requester asserts that the trial court committed an obstruction 

of justice and violated Brady by denying records related to his alleged wrongful 

criminal conviction. In addition, he claims the County violated the trial court’s 

directive to surrender certain emails not previously released to him by resending 

previously-released emails.9 

 

6

This Court maintains exclusive jurisdiction of appeals from final orders of the courts of 

common pleas in RTKL matters. See Section 762(a)(3) of the Judicial Code, 42 

Pa. C.S. §762(a)(3); Section 1302(a) of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §67.1302(a).

7

The trial court also directed Requester to file a concise statement of errors complained 

of on appeal pursuant to Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b), which he did. In response, on March 24, 2015, the 

trial court entered an order advising that all issues raised in the statement were fully addressed in 

the order and opinion of December 29, 2015. 

8 Our standard of review is limited to determining whether the trial court committed an 

error of law, violated constitutional rights, or abused its discretion. SWB Yankees LLC v. 

Wintermantel, 999 A.2d 672, 674 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), aff'd, 45 A.3d 1029 (Pa. 2012). “‘The 

scope of review for a question of law under the [RTKL] is plenary.’” Id. (quoting Stein v. 

Plymouth Township, 994 A.2d 1179, 1181 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010)). 

9

To the extent the County suggests Requester’s failure to file a reproduced record may 

result in dismissal of his appeal pursuant to Pa. R.A.P. 2188, we disagree. Requester was 

granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis. Consequently, pursuant to Rule 2151(b) of the 

Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, Pa. R.A.P. 2151(b), he was not required to 

reproduce the record. Moreover, Rule 2188 provides if an appellant fails to file a “required 

reproduced record within the time prescribed by these rules . . . an appellee may move for 

dismissal of the matter.” Pa. R.A.P. 2188. Technically, the County did not actually move for 

dismissal, but merely noted the possibility of dismissal in its brief. 
7

We first address the procedural issue of whether the County waived 

the criminal investigation defense. OOR refused to consider application of the 

criminal investigation exemption on the basis that the County did not cite this 

exemption in its written response to Requester. Indeed, the County initially denied 

the request because it could not locate any responsive records. However, upon 

further investigation and discovery of a second email account, the County found 

responsive emails, but it claimed some were exempt under the criminal 

investigation exception. 

Section 903 of the RTKL provides:

If an agency's response is a denial of a written request for 

access, whether in whole or in part, the denial shall be 

issued in writing and shall include:

(1) A description of the record requested.

(2) The specific reasons for the denial, including a 

citation of supporting legal authority.

(3) The typed or printed name, title, business address, 

business telephone number and signature of the openrecords officer on whose authority the denial is issued.

(4) Date of the response.

(5) The procedure to appeal the denial of access under 

this act.

65 P.S. § 67.903. 

In Levy v. Senate of Pennsylvania, 65 A.3d 361, 380 (Pa. 2013) 

(Levy I), our Supreme Court held an agency does not waive reasons for nondisclosure simply because they were not addressed in the initial written response. 

65 A.3d at 380. As the Court explained, although Section 903 requires agencies to 

include “[t]he specific reasons in its initial written denial,” the section does not 

specify that an agency must include “all” reasons, nor does it indicate that any 

reasons not listed are waived. Id. 
8

On remand, this Court added that “an agency must raise all its 

challenges before the factfinder closes the record. This will allow efficient receipt 

of evidence from which facts may be found to resolve the challenges.” Levy v. 

Senate of Pennsylvania, 94 A.3d 436, 441 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied, 106 A.3d 

727 (2014) (Levy II). 

Moreover, our Supreme Court holds the common pleas courts “are the 

ultimate finders of fact and that they are to conduct full de novo reviews of appeals 

from decisions made by the RTKL appeals officers, allowing for the adoption of 

the appeals officer's factual findings and legal conclusions when appropriate.” 

Bowling v. Office of Open Records, 75 A.3d 453, 469 (Pa. 2013). “As to factual 

disputes, the trial court may exercise functions of a fact-finder and has the 

discretion to rely upon the record created below or to create its own.” 

Chambersburg Area School District v. Dorsey, 97 A.3d 1281, 1288 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2014). Indeed, “[w]here the record before OOR is inadequate to determine 

whether requested material is exempt from disclosure, [the reviewing court] has 

discretion to permit a party to enlarge the record on appeal and to consider 

additional evidence.” Pennsylvania State Police v. Grove, 119 A.3d 1102, 1105 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 2015), appeal granted, 133 A.3d 292 (Pa. 2016). Where “the initial 

reviewing court must act as a fact-finder,” such as when it conducts an in camera

review of unredacted copies of the requested documents, “an agency must raise all 

its challenges before the close of evidence before the court.” Levy II, 94 A.3d at 

441. 

Here, although the County did not initially deny the emails on 

criminal investigation grounds, the County was not precluded from raising the 

defense before the fact-finder. See Levy I; Levy II. The County raised the criminal 
9

investigative exemption defense before the close of evidence before OOR. See 

Levy II, 94 A.3d at 442. More importantly, the agency raised the defense before 

the close of evidence before the trial court. In this matter, the trial court, not OOR 

was the fact-finder. See Section 1302 of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §67.1302; 

Chambersburg, 97 A.3d at 1288. Prior to the trial court hearing, Requester was 

well aware of the County’s asserted criminal investigation defense. The trial court 

afforded both parties the opportunity to present oral and written arguments in

support of their positions and to supplement the record. The trial court also 

conducted an in camera inspection of the emails. As the parties were given the full 

opportunity to assert their positions and present additional evidence in the trial 

court proceeding, any alleged procedural defects that occurred before OOR were 

cured.10 Thus, we conclude the trial court did not err in considering the criminal 

investigation exemption. 

Next, we turn to the merits of the claimed exemption. Requester 

argues the trial court erred by reversing OOR’s final determination upon finding 

that the County proved the emails were not subject to disclosure because the 

documents are protected by the criminal investigation exemption under the RTKL

and CHRIA.

“Unless otherwise provided by law, a public record . . . shall be 

accessible for inspection and duplication in accordance with this act.” Section 701 

of the RTKL, 65 P.S. §67.701. Section 102 of the RTKL, 67 P.S. §67.102, defines 

“public record” as a record that: “(1) is not exempt under section 708; (2) is not 

 

10 A de novo review entails full consideration of a case another time; the court is 

“substituted for . . . the prior decision maker, and redecide[s] the case.” Forest Area School 

District v. Shoup, 621 A.2d 1121, 1125 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993). Any procedural defects that take 

place before a de novo review are rendered irrelevant. Id.
10

exempt from being disclosed under any other Federal or State law or regulation or 

judicial order or decree; or (3) is not protected by a privilege.” 

The agency receiving the RTKL request bears the burden of proving 

the record is exempt by a preponderance of the evidence. Section 708(a) of the 

RTKL, 65 P.S. §67.708(a). The preponderance of the evidence standard, which is 

“the lowest evidentiary standard, is tantamount to a more likely than not inquiry.” 

Delaware County v. Schaefer ex rel. Philadelphia Inquirer, 45 A.3d 1149, 1156 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 2012) (en banc). 

Of relevance here, Section 708(b)(16) of the RTKL exempts from 

disclosure: 

A record of an agency relating to or resulting in a 

criminal investigation, including:

 (i) Complaints of potential criminal conduct other than 

a private criminal complaint.

 (ii) Investigative materials, notes, correspondence, 

videos and reports.

 (iii) A record that includes the identity of a confidential 

source or the identity of a suspect who has not been 

charged with an offense to whom confidentiality has 

been promised.

 (iv) A record that includes information made 

confidential by law or court order.

 (v) Victim information, including any information that 

would jeopardize the safety of the victim.

 (vi) A record that, if disclosed, would do any of the 

following:

(A) Reveal the institution, progress or result of a 

criminal investigation, except the filing of criminal 

charges.

(B) Deprive a person of the right to a fair trial or 

an impartial adjudication.

(C) Impair the ability to locate a defendant or 

codefendant.

(D) Hinder an agency's ability to secure an arrest, 

prosecution or conviction.
11

(E) Endanger the life or physical safety of an 

individual.

65 P.S. § 67.708(b)(16) (emphasis added). 

Examples include incident reports and victims’ names and addresses. 

Pennsylvania State Police v. Office of Open Records, 5 A.3d 473 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2010) (en banc), appeal denied, 76 A.3d 540 (Pa. 2013). If a record is exempt 

under Section 708(b), it is not a “public record” subject to disclosure under the 

RTKL. 65 P.S. §67.102; Saunders v. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, 

48 A.3d 540, 543 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). 

In addition, the RTKL must be read in conjunction with other laws, 

including CHRIA. Grove, 119 A.3d at 1108. Section 9106(c)(4) of CHRIA 

provides:

Investigative and treatment information shall not be 

disseminated to any department, agency or individual 

unless the department, agency or individual requesting 

the information is a criminal justice agency which 

requests the information in connection with its duties, 

and the request is based upon a name, fingerprints, 

modus operandi, genetic typing, voice print or other 

identifying characteristic.

18 Pa. C.S. §9106(c)(4). CHRIA defines “[i]nvestigative information” as 

“[i]nformation assembled as a result of the performance of any inquiry, formal or 

informal, into a criminal incident or an allegation of criminal wrongdoing and may 

include modus operandi information.” 18 Pa. C.S. §9102. 

However, 

The mere fact that a record has some connection to a 

criminal proceeding does not automatically exempt it 

under Section 708(b)(16) of the RTKL or CHRIA. Coley 

v. Philadelphia District Attorney's Office, 77 A.3d 694, 

697–98 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013) (while witness statements 

were exempt as investigative under Section 708(b)(16) 
12

and CHRIA, immunity agreement with witness was not 

exempt unless its contents were shown to be investigative 

information). The types of records that we have held 

protected from RTKL disclosure under Section 

708(b)(16) and CHRIA as investigative are records 

created to report on a criminal investigation or set forth 

or document evidence in a criminal investigation or steps 

carried out in a criminal investigation. 

Grove, 119 A.3d at 1108 (emphasis added). 

Examples of investigative information include reports of death 

investigations, criminal complaint files, witness statements, incident reports. Id.; 

see Hunsicker v. Pennsylvania State Police, 93 A.3d 911, 912 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014)

(report of death investigation); Barros v. Martin, 92 A.3d 1243, 1245–46, 1249–50 

(Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied, 97 A.3d 745 (Pa. 2014) (criminal complaint file, 

confession, polygraph test, forensic lab reports, internal police review documents 

and witness statements); Coley, 77 A.3d at 697 (witness statements); Pennsylvania 

State Police, 5 A.3d at 479 (police incident report setting forth notes of witness 

interviews and reporting whether investigative tasks had been carried out); 

Mitchell v. Office of Open Records, 997 A.2d 1262, 1266 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) 

(memorandum setting forth facts concerning execution of search warrant).

Here, the County asserted the emails identify the names of juvenile 

victims of sex crimes and other information related to criminal investigations. 

Acting as fact-finder, the trial court conducted an in camera review of the emails to 

determine if the documents were protected from disclosure. The trial court 

examined all responsive emails, those disclosed and those withheld, to determine if 

they were protected by exemption. The trial court identified some of the emails as 

containing “criminal investigative materials regarding victim and witness 

information and information regarding the progress of a criminal matter” and 
13

determined their disclosure would constitute a violation of Section 708(b)(16) and 

CHRIA. Trial Court Opinion at 15 (emphasis added). As such information is 

exempt from disclosure, we discern no error. 

As for Requester’s allegations regarding obstruction of justice or 

Brady violations, such arguments are misplaced. In Brady, the United States 

Supreme Court held that the prosecution's suppression of evidence favorable to the 

defendant violates due process. 373 U.S. at 85, 86. However, that is not the legal 

question before us. The question is whether emails of ADA Ryland-Tanner related 

to criminal investigations are “public records” subject to disclosure under the 

RTKL. See Coley, 77 A.3d at 696 n.5. We conclude they are not. 

Finally, as for Requester’s claim that the County violated the trial 

court’s order by resending certain emails, his argument is unavailing. The County 

previously provided Requester with responsive emails that qualify as public 

records. Following the trial court’s order, the County again furnished Requester 

with these same emails simply to assure all emails ordered for release were 

provided to him. We are hard-pressed to see how repetition of emails violated the 

trial court’s order or caused Requester any harm. Requester was not entitled to the 

emails that qualified for exemption as they do not constitute public records. 

Accordingly, we affirm. 

MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Lebanon County :

: No. 597 C.D. 2016

v. : Submitted: July 1, 2016

:

Charles Hoyer, :

Appellant :

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 7

th day of December, 2016, the order of the Court of 

Common Pleas of Lebanon County, dated December 29, 2015, is AFFIRMED.

__________________________________

MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge