NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

WESLEY STEVEN BOHANNON, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

No. 21-10270 

D.C. No. 

3:19-cr-00039-CRB-1 

MEMORANDUM* 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Charles R. Breyer, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 13, 2023

Submission vacated February 24, 2023

Resubmitted August 30, 2023

San Francisco, California

Before: MILLER, SANCHEZ, and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges.

Wesley Bohannon appeals his conviction for possession of child 

pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(a)(4)(B), (b)(2). We have 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm. 

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

AUG 30 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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“We review the district court’s denial of [a] motion to suppress de novo and 

the district court’s underlying factual findings for clear error.” United States v. 

Wilson, 13 F.4th 961, 967 (9th Cir. 2021). “We review for clear error a 

magistrate’s finding of probable cause to issue a search warrant, and give ‘great 

deference’ to such findings.” United States v. Krupa, 658 F.3d 1174, 1177 (9th Cir. 

2011) (quoting United States v. Hill, 459 F.3d 966, 970 (9th Cir. 2006)). 

1. The district court did not err in denying Bohannon’s motion to suppress 

the evidence acquired as a result of Microsoft’s initial report to the National Center 

for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC). Assuming without deciding that 

Bohannon had a reasonable expectation of privacy in his OneDrive file, we 

conclude that the private-search exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant 

requirement applies. Under the private-search exception, “an antecedent private 

search excuses the government from obtaining a warrant to repeat [a] search but 

only when the government search does not exceed the scope of the private one.” 

Wilson, 13 F.4th at 968. 

In ruling on the motion to suppress, the district court did not expressly make 

a finding on whether a Microsoft employee viewed the contents of Bohannon’s file 

before the file was sent to NCMEC. We therefore remanded this case “for the 

limited purpose of allowing the district court to make additional findings and to 

determine whether a Microsoft employee viewed the contents of Bohannon’s 
3 

OneDrive file before the file was forwarded to NCMEC.” Dkt. No. 44. On remand, 

the district court found that a Microsoft employee indeed viewed the file. Thus, 

even assuming that NCMEC qualifies as a government actor, the private-search 

exception excused it from obtaining a warrant to inspect the contents of 

Bohannon’s file. 

The district court’s finding was not clearly erroneous. When Microsoft sent 

its alert to NCMEC, it wrote “Yes” in response to the form question, “Did 

Reporting ESP view entire contents of uploaded file?” And the government 

introduced declarations from Sean Davis, Head of Digital Safety Operations at 

Microsoft, and Alon Brown, Partner Director of Microsoft’s Digital Trust and 

Safety Team, stating that the response on the form indicates that “someone at 

Microsoft reviewed the image at issue before it was transmitted to NCMEC.”

Bohannon presented no evidence contradicting those declarations. Instead, he

argues that, because neither Davis nor Brown held their respective positions when 

the file was sent to NCMEC in 2017, their declarations shed no light on what 

Microsoft’s reporting practice was at the relevant time. But even if the declarations 

speak only to Microsoft’s current practice, it is reasonable to infer, based on the 

plain language of the report, that Microsoft meant the same thing by answering 

“Yes” in 2017 that it does today. At a minimum, the district court did not clearly 

err in drawing that common-sense inference. Finally, as the district court noted in 
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denying Bohannon’s motion for reconsideration, the government also provided 

supplemental evidence that two Microsoft employees manually reviewed 

Bohannon’s file and confirmed it contained child pornography. 

Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in denying Bohannon’s motion 

for an evidentiary hearing. As the preceding discussion demonstrates, there was no 

“genuine issue of material fact requiring an evidentiary hearing.” United States v.

Henderson, 241 F.3d 638, 649 (9th Cir. 2000), as amended (Mar. 5, 2001). 

Bohannon also argues that the private-search exception does not apply 

because Microsoft did not “freely ma[ke] [the file] available” to NCMEC but 

instead did so only under legal compulsion. United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 

109, 119 (1984). Although Microsoft was obligated to make a report to NCMEC, it 

was not obligated to search for files or include the file in its report. 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 2258A(b)(4), (f). The private-search exception therefore applies. See United

States v. Rosenow, 50 F.4th 715, 730 (9th Cir. 2022) (Insofar as electronic service 

providers “are free to choose not to search their users’ data . . . , when they do 

search, they do so of their own volition.”), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 786 (2023).

2. The magistrate did not clearly err in finding probable cause to issue the 

warrant authorizing the search of Bohannon’s OneDrive account. See Krupa, 658 

F.3d at 1177. A search warrant must be supported by probable cause, which 

requires only a “fair probability” that evidence of a crime will be found in the place 
 5 

to be searched. Id. (quoting Hill, 459 F.3d at 970). Bohannon argues that, because 

the underlying affidavit did not say when Microsoft first detected child 

pornography in his file, there was no way for the magistrate to know how much 

time had passed since the file was discovered and thus no way for the magistrate to 

assess the likelihood that the file still existed in the OneDrive account. But the 

affidavit stated that the investigating officer had been assigned the report from 

NCMEC only two days earlier. And the affidavit suggested that the user of the 

OneDrive account had not been notified of the government’s investigation. Given 

that information, a magistrate could draw a “practical, common-sense” conclusion 

that there was a fair probability that child pornography would be found in the 

OneDrive account. United States v. Gourde, 440 F.3d 1065, 1066 (9th Cir. 2006)

(en banc) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983)).

AFFIRMED.