### 1 T echnical Support Document for 2008 Ozone NAAQS Designations



## New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT
Nonattainment Area Designation f or the
20 08 Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard s

The t able below identifies the areas and associated counties or parts of counties in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT, PA Combined Statistical Area that EPA is designating as the
New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT no n attain ment area for the 2008 o zone national ambient air quality standard s (20 08 NAAQS)

. This area is also called the New York City nonattainment area in various portions of this TSD.

In accordance with section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act, EPA must designate a n area ( county or part of a county) “nonattainment” if it is violating the 2008 ozone NAAQS or if it is contributing to a violation of
the 2008 ozone NAAQS in a nearby area. The technical analyses supporting the boundaries fo r the New
York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT Nonattainment Area is provided below.

Table 1 New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA and EPA’s Attainment Designations
for the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT (by State)

State State 's Recommend ation s for

Count ies in the CSA EPA’s Determination by County

Pennsylvania Pike

– Attainment Pike

- Attainment

New York Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk, Westchester

– nonattainment in NYC area. Dutchess, Putnam, Orange

- attainment in Poughkeepsie area
Ulster

– Attainment in Kingston

area Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk, Westchester

– nonattainment in NYC area. Dutchess, Putnam, Orange

- attainment in Poughkeepsie area
Ulster

– attainment in Kingston

area

Connecticut Fairfield, New Haven

- nonattainment in NYC area
Litchfield

– nonattainment in
Greater Connecticut area
Middlesex from Greater
Connecticut

– nonattainment in
the NYC area Fairfield, New Haven

, Middlesex

– nonattainment in

NYC are a Litchfield

– nonattainment in
Greater Connecticut area

New Jersey Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, Union

– nonattainment in the NYC area

Warren (in the Allentown metro area)

– nonattainment in the

NYC area Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, Union

, Warren

– nonattainment in the

NYC area

### 2 The New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA also includes Indian country of the
Shinnecock Indian Nation , which is in Suffolk County in New York State. The Shinnecock Indian Nation did not submit a designations recommendation for the 2008 ozone standards. EPA is designating this Tribe’s Indian country with the same designation as Suffolk County, that is, nonattainment

.

Figure 1 is a map of the New York

– Newark

– Br idgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA and the New York

Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area. The map provides other relevant information including the locations and design values of air quality monitors, county and other jurisdictional boundaries, as well as the CSA/CBSA boundary, existing nonattainment or maintenance boundary for 1997 ozone NAAQS, major transportation arteries.

Additional data tables follow at the end of the TSD.

Each State made recommendations regarding whether all or part of the counties located within their State should be included as part of the desig nated nonattainment area. The analysis below provides a

state

- by

- state technical analysis of the basis for the nonattainment area boundar ies.

Our decision relies on our analysis of whether and which monitors are violating the 20 08 o zone NAAQS

, based on certified air quality monitoring data from 2008

- 2010 and an evaluat ion of whether nearby areas are contributing to such violations. EPA has evaluated contribution s from nearby areas

### 3 based on a weight of evidence analysis considering the factors i dentified below

. EPA issued guidance

on December 4, 2008 that identified these factors as ones EPA would consider in determining
nonattainment area boundaries and recommend ed that s tates consider these factors in making their designations recommendations to EPA

. 1



### 1. A ir quality data ( including the design value calculated for each FRM or FEM monitor in the

area ) ; 2. Emissions and emissions

- related data ( including location of sources and population , amount of
emissions and emissions controls , and urban growth patterns) ; 3. M eteorology (weather/transport patterns) ; 4. G eography and topography (mountain ranges or other basin boundaries) ; 5. J urisdictional boundaries (e.g., counties, air districts, existing nonattainment areas, Indian
country , metropolitan planning organiz ations (MPOs))

Ground

- level ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Because
NOx and VOC emissions from a broad range of sources over a wide area typically contribute to
violations of the ozone standard s , EPA believes it is important to consider whether there are contributing emissions from a broad geographic area. Accordingly, EPA chose to examine the 5 factors wi th respect

to the larger of the Combined Statistical Area (CSA) or Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) associated with the violating monitor(s)

. 2 

### All data and information used by EPA in this evaluation are the latest available to EPA and/or provided to EPA by states or tribes.

In EPA’s designations guidance for the 2008 ozone NAAQS EPA recommend ed examining

CSA/C B SA s because certain factors used to establish CSAs and C B SAs are similar to the factors EPA is using in this technical analysis to determine if a nearby area is contributing to a violation of the 20 08

o zone NAAQS

. EPA used the same basic approach in the designation process for the 1997 o zone NAAQS. Where a violating monitor is not located in a CSA or C B S A, EPA ’s guidance recommend ed using the boundary of the county containing the violating monitor as the starting point for considering the nonattainment area’s boundary.

1 The December 4, 2008 guidance memorandum “Area Designations for the 2008 Revised Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards” refers to 9 factors. In this technical support document we have grouped the emissions

- related factors together under the heading of “Emissions and Emissions

- Related Data

, ” which results in 5 categories of factors.

2 Lists of CBSAs and CSAs and their geographic components are provided at www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/metrodef.html . The lists are periodically updated by the Office of Management and Budget. EPA used the most recent update, based on 2008 population estimates, issued on December 1, 2009 (OMB Bulletin No. 10

- 02).

### 4 Technical A nalysis for the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA

On March 12, 2009, New York State recommended that the entire counties of Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Quee ns, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk and Westchester be designated as nonattainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS based on air quality data from 2006

- 2008. New York State provided an update to the original recommendation on October 26, 2011 based on air quality data from 2008

- 2010. This area includes the same counties designated as nonattainment for the 1997 ozone standard. These data are from Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors sited and operated in accordance with 40 CFR Part
58. New York also requested that EPA designate the counties of Dutchess, Putnam, Orange and Ulster
Counties in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport, NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA as attainment.

Connecticut requested that th e entire state be designated as nonattainment, with Fairfield and New
Haven Counties in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA be kept in the New
York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area; that Middlesex County in

Gr eater Connecticut be included in the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT
nonattainment area; but Litchfield County in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA
CSA , be designated as nonattainment in the Greater Connecticut nonattai nment area.

New Jersey requested that its counties presently in the nonattainment area of New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT for the 1997 ozone standard remain in a New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area for the 2008 standard. Th ese counties are: Bergen, Essex, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Morris, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, and Union Counties in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA , plus Warren County in the Allentown metropolitan area

. New Jersey also asked that Ocean and Mercer Counties in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA be included in the Philadelphia nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard, just as they were for the 1997 ozone standard designations.

Pennsylvania requested that Pike County, in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA, be designated as attainment, as they were for the 1997 ozone standard designations.

This multi

- factor analysis is not needed for the following areas wher e the states have asked EPA to designate areas as nonattainment in the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT
nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard: Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, Richmond, Rockland, Suffolk and Westchester i n New York; Bergen, Essex, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Morris, Passaic, Somerset, Sussex, and Union Counties in New Jersey; and
Fairfield and New Haven Counties in Connecticut. For these counties, EPA will approve the states’ request as these counties are remai ning in the same area
as for the 1 997 ozone standard designations, they are in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY

- NJ

CT

- PA CSA and based on the reasoning that EPA will approve states’ requests for areas to be
nonattainment within their states. EPA has received no comments that these areas should be attainment for the 2008 ozone standard designations.

### 5 EPA will also approve Warren County in New Jersey as nonattainment in the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard as requested by New Jersey . S ince the rest of its metropolitan area is in Pennsylvania and will be designated as attainment,
there is no effect of New Jersey’s request on other states’ attainment designations , so EPA will concur with New Jersey’s request for nonattainment. EPA did not receive any comments recommending that Warren County should be designated as attainment.

The multi

- factor analysis will deal with the following counties : New York’s Dutchess, Orange, Putnam and Ulster Counties, New Jersey’s Ocean and Mercer Counties,
Connecticut’s Litchfield and Middlesex Counties , and Pennsylvania’s Pike County.

Factor Assessment



## Factor 1: Air Quality Data

For this factor, we considered 8

- hour ozone design values (in ppm) for a ir quality monitors in the New
York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA based on data for the 2008

- 2010 period (i.e., the 2010 design value, or DV), which are the most recent years with fully

- certified air quality data. A monitor’s DV is the metric or statistic that indicates whether that monitor attains a specified air quali ty standard. The 2008 ozone NAAQS is met when the annual fourth

- highest daily maximum 8

- hour average concentration, averaged over 3 years is 0.075 ppm or less. A DV is only valid if minimum data completeness criteria are met. See 40 CFR part 50 Appendix P. Where several monitors are located in a county (or a designated nonattainment area or maintenance area), the DV for the county or area is determined by the monitor with the highest level.

The 2010 DVs for the ozone NAAQS for the c ounties in the New Y ork

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ,
CT , PA CSA and nearby surrounding area are listed below. Design values over the 2008 ozone NAAQS are also marked on the map at Figure 1.

Table 2. Air Quality Data

County State Recommended
Nonattainment? 2010 8

- hour Ozone DV (ppb)

Bergen, NJ Yes 76

Bronx, NY Yes 72

Dutchess, NY No 75

Essex, NJ Yes

-- Fairfield, CT Yes 81

Hudson, NJ Yes 77

Hunterdon, NJ Yes 78

Kings, NY Yes

--

Litchfield, CT Yes

– in the Greater
Connecticut area

--

Mercer, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia TSD 78

Middlesex, CT Yes 77

Middlesex, NJ Yes 78

### 6 Monmouth, NJ Yes 80

Morris, NJ Yes 75

Nassau, NY Yes

-- New Haven, CT Yes 76

New York, NY Yes 73

Ocean, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia TSD 81

Orange, NY No 73

Passaic, NJ Yes 74

Pike, PA No

-- Putnam, NY No 75

Queens, NY Yes 74

Richmond, NY Yes 75

Rockland, NY Yes

-- Somerset, NJ Yes

-- Suffolk, NY Yes 84

Sussex, NJ Yes

-- Union, NJ Yes

-- Warren, NJ Yes

-- Westchester, NY Yes 77



### Suffolk and Westchester counties located in the NY State portion of the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport, NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA have monitors with 2010 DVs above the level of the 2008 ozone NAAQS. Both of these counties are currently part of the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island,

NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area for the 1997 ozone NAAQS. These areas must be designated nonattainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS.

No other counties in the New York State portion of the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT

, PA CSA are violating the 2008 ozone s tandard, including those counties adjoining the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT CSA. All of Connecticut’s counties with monitors have v iolations of the ozone standard and are proposed to be designated as nonattainment. New Jersey’s is not requ esting any of its counties to be designated as attainment, so this factor is not relevant.

Counties without a monitor or with a monitor meeting the 2008 ozone NAAQS in the New York portion
of the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA may need to be included as part of the 2008 NAAQS nonattainment area because they are contributing to a violation of the standard in another
county. Connecticut requested that Litchfield County be designated as nonat tainment, but placed
outside the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard. For these counties, we will analyze contribution in the remaining four factors.

Ocean and Mercer Counties in New Jersey a nd Middlesex County in Connecticut were requested by their states to be included in the nonattainment areas upwind of them, not in the metropolitan areas they are assigned to . The evaluation of Ocean and Mercer Counties is described in more detail in the Philadelphia area TSD. The evaluation of Middlesex County, Connecticut will continue in the remaining four factors.

### 7 New York’s Dutchess , Putnam, Orange and Ulster Counties have no violations of the new 2008 ozone standard. Pike County, Pennsylvania, does not have an ozone monitor, but the nearest counties upwind of Pike County, to its west and southwest, do not violate the 2008 ozone sta ndard. Evaluation of these counties will continue in the remaining four factors.



## Factor 2: Emissions and Emissions

- Related Data

EPA evaluated emissions of ozone precursors ( NO
x 

### and VOC ) and other emissions

- related data that provide information on area s con tributing to violating monitors, based on data from the following

sources:

Emissions Data

EPA evaluated county

- level emission data for NO

x 

### and VOC derived from the 200 8 National Emissions Inventory (NEI), version 1.5

. This is the most recently avai lable NEI. (See http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2008inventory.html ) Significant emissions levels in a nearby area indicate the potential for the area to contribute to observed violations. We will also consider any additional information we receive on changes to emissions levels that are not reflected in recent inventories. These changes include emissions reductions due to permanent and enforceable emissions controls that will be in place b efore final designations are issued and emissions increases due to new

sources.

Population density and degree of urbanization

EPA evaluated the population and vehicle use characteristics and trends of the area as indicators of the probable location and magnitude of non

- point source emissions . These include ozone

- creating
emissions from on

- road and off

- road vehicles and engines, consumer products, residential fuel combustion, and consumer services. Areas of dense population or commercial development are an indicator of area source and mobile source NO
x 

### and VOC emissions that may contribute to ozone formation. Rapid population or VMT growth (see below) in a county on the urban perimeter signifies increasing integration with the core urban area, and indic ates that the associated area source and mobile source emissions may be appropriate to include in the nonattainment area. Table 5 shows the population, population density, and population growth information for each county in the area.

Source s : U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for 20 10 as of August 4, 2011 ( http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.STO5& prodType=table )



### .

EPA has assembled data into a chart that ranks the counties in and around the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA for t he following statistics:

E missions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs); population, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), emissions density for NOx and VOC, population density, VMT density, VMT percentage growth, population growth and perce ntage population growth.

### 8 Table_2 Rankings of Counties in and Around the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY

- NJ

- CT

- PA
CSA

As noted in Table 1, four states requested that several counties be excluded from the New York

Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area. Table 2 is helpful for evaluating the request that EPA exclude these counties from the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

CT nonattainment area: In New York, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange and Ulster, and in Pennsylvania, Pike County, and in Connecticut, Litchfield County.

Table 2 lists the counties in and around the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA, rank ordered for several factors that EPA uses to determine the appropriateness of contribut ing to the
nonattainment of the ozone standard in the nonattainment area.

As seen in this table, Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Litchfield, Pike and Ulster Counties are more commonly ranked with counties outside the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport CSA than wi th the counties in the core of the CSA. This is particularly obvious when factors such as emissions, population and vehicle miles traveled are compared using density of these factors per square miles. For example, Rockland County is a small county within , but on the edge of, the NYC nonattainment area. However, Rank Nox Emissions VOC Emissions Population VMT Rank Nox Density VOC Density Pop Density VMT Density Rank % VMT Grow th Pop Grow th Percent Pop Grow

1 Suffolk Suffolk Kings Suffolk 1 New York New York New York New York 1 Wayne Suffolk Pike

2 Hudson Queens Queens Nassau 2 Hudson Kings Kings Bronx 2 Pike Ocean Monroe

3 Queens Kings New York Hartford 3 Kings Bronx Bronx Kings 3 New Haven Middlesex Ocean

4 New York New York Suffolk Westchester 4 Queens Queens Queens Queens 4 Hartford Bronx Lehigh

5 Kings Nassau Bronx Bergen 5 Bronx Hudson Hudson Hudson 5 Lackawanna New York Northampton

6 Fairfield Westchester Nassau Fairfield 6 Union Richmond Richmond Union 6 Fairfield Kings Wayne

7 Nassau Bronx Westchester Middlesex 7 Essex Union Essex Essex 7 Monroe New Haven Orange

8 Essex Fairfield Fairfield New Haven 8 Richmond Nassau Union Nassau 8 Lehigh Lehigh Atlantic

9 Middlesex Bergen Bergen Queens 9 Bergen Essex Nassau Bergen 9 Bucks Hartford Middlesex

10 New Haven Middlesex Hartford Monmouth 10 Nassau Bergen Bergen Richmond 10 Hampden Fairfield Somerset

11 Hartford Bucks New Haven Morris 11 Middlesex Middlesex Middlesex Middlesex 11 Berkshire Northampton Rockland

12 Union Hartford Middlesex Bucks 12 Northampton Westchester Passaic Westchester 12 Hudson Monroe Burlington

13 Bergen New Haven Essex Essex 13 Mercer Suffolk Westchester Suffolk 13 Union Orange Dutchess

14 Westchester Ocean Hudson Burlington 14 Westchester Passaic Mercer Passaic 14 Essex Bucks New London

15 Bucks Monmouth Monmouth Kings 15 Fairfield Rockland Rockland Mercer 15 Bergen Hudson Middlesex

16 Northampton Essex Bucks Bronx 16 Suffolk Mercer Fairfield Monmouth 16 Middlesex Somerset Warren

17 Monmouth Morris Ocean Orange 17 Passaic Lehigh Suffolk Rockland 17 Passaic Rockland Suffolk

18 Orange Union Union Union 18 New Haven Fairfield New Haven Fairfield 18 Mercer Burlington New Haven

19 Morris Orange Passaic New York 19 Rockland Bucks Monmouth New Haven 19 Monmouth Westchester Richmond

20 Bronx Burlington Morris Ocean 20 Lehigh Monmouth Hartford Morris 20 Morris Richmond Hunterdon

21 Lehigh Hampden Richmond Hampden 21 Monmouth Morris Somerset Putnam 21 Somerset Atlantic Bronx

22 Burlington Lehigh Hampden Mercer 22 Bucks New Haven Morris Hartford 22 Burlington Morris Hartford

23 Ocean Hudson Burlington Somerset 23 Hartford Somerset Bucks Somerset 23 Northampton Bergen Fairfield

24 Mercer Atlantic Orange New London 24 Morris Hartford Lehigh Lehigh 24 Ocean Dutchess Bucks

25 Hampden Richmond Mercer Lehigh 25 Somerset Ocean Northampton Bucks 25 Atlantic Mercer Hudson

26 Richmond Dutchess Lehigh Passaic 26 Hampden Northampton Ocean Hampden 26 Hunterdon New London Morris

27 New London Passaic Somerset Atlantic 27 Lackawanna Putnam Hampden Burlington 27 Warren Union Mercer

28 Somerset New London Rockland Dutchess 28 Putnam Hampden Burlington Northampton 28 Sussex Monmouth Litchfield

29 Passaic Somerset Northampton Putnam 29 Orange Atlantic Lackawanna Ocean 29 Washington Pike Putnam

30 Lackawanna Northampton Dutchess Rockland 30 Burlington Orange Atlantic Orange 30 New York Passaic Sullivan

31 Rockland Rockland Atlantic Hudson 31 Ocean Burlington Orange Atlantic 31 Bronx Middlesex New York

32 Atlantic Mercer New London Ulster 32 Warren Lackawanna Middlesex Hunterdon 32 Kings Litchfield Westchester

33 Dutchess Monroe Lackawanna Northampton 33 New London Middlesex Putnam Lackawanna 33 Queens Hampden Union

34 Monroe Lackawanna Litchfield Lackawanna 34 Middlesex New London New London Warren 34 Nassau Hunterdon Sussex

35 Ulster Ulster Ulster Berkshire 35 Hunterdon Monroe Washington New London 35 Richmond Warren Ulster

36 Berkshire Wayne Monroe Hunterdon 36 Atlantic Washington Dutchess Middlesex 36 Westchester Wayne Kings

37 Hunterdon Berkshire Middlesex Richmond 37 Monroe Dutchess Warren Dutchess 37 Suffolk Sussex Bergen

38 Middlesex Litchfield Sussex Monroe 38 Washington Warren Hunterdon Washington 38 Rockland Ulster Monmouth

39 Warren Putnam Berkshire Warren 39 Dutchess Hunterdon Sussex Monroe 39 Putnam Putnam Passaic

40 Greene Middlesex Hunterdon Middlesex 40 Sussex Sussex Monroe Sussex 40 Orange Nassau Hampden

41 Putnam Sussex Washington Sussex 41 Greene Wayne Litchfield Berkshire 41 New London Sullivan Washington

42 Litchfield Sullivan Warren Litchfield 42 Pike Pike Ulster Ulster 42 Dutchess Washington Greene

43 Sussex Hunterdon Putnam Washington 43 Berkshire Berkshire Berkshire Litchfield 43 Ulster Lackawanna Lackawanna

44 Pike Pike Sullivan Columbia 44 Ulster Litchfield Pike Pike 44 Columbia Greene Nassau

45 Washington Washington Columbia Greene 45 Litchfield Ulster Columbia Columbia 45 Greene Queens Queens

46 Wayne Warren Pike Sullivan 46 Columbia Columbia Sullivan Greene 46 Sullivan Columbia Columbia

47 Columbia Columbia Wayne Pike 47 Wayne Sullivan Greene Wayne 47 Delaware Delaware Delaware

48 Sullivan Delaware Greene Wayne 48 Sullivan Greene Wayne Sullivan 48 Litchfield Berkshire Essex

49 Delaware Greene Delaware Delaware 49 Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware 49 Middlesex Essex Berkshire

### 9 when the density per square mile of its emissions, population and vehicle miles traveled are compared with other counties’, it is clear that Rockland is more densely settled and is more like Westc hester, which has a violating monitor as well as the other nearby counties in the existing New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area, since Rockland County has more emissions and traffic per square mile than the counties adjoini ng it on the outer edge of the CSA.

Some of these counties have higher emissions and traffic than counties in the core of the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY

- NJ

- CT

- PA CSA, but when the density of the emissions, population and
vehicle miles traveled is evaluated, as in Table 2, these counties are found near the bottom of the list and are have lower values by density compared to areas in the core of the CSA.

Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC)

County State
Recommended
Nonattainment? NO

x (tpy) VOC (tpy)

Suffolk, NY Yes 39,737 55,566

Hudson, NJ Yes 32,087 11,073

Queens, NY Yes 31,661 47,240

New York, NY Yes 30,058 45,066

Kings, NY Yes 26,731 47,212

Fairfield, CT Yes 24,983 22,700

Nassau, NY Yes 24,574 37,235

Essex, NJ Yes 22,235 15,376

Middlesex, NJ Yes 20,820 21,598

New Haven, CT Yes 20,789 19,705

Union, NJ Yes 19,833 14,042

Bergen, NJ Yes 19,221 22,310

Westchester, NY Yes 18,692 27,906

Monmouth, NJ Yes 13,910 16,492

Orange, NY No 12,423 13,320

Morris, NJ Yes 11,963 15,282

Bronx, NY Yes 11,643 26,550

Ocean, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia

TSD 9,909 19,572

Mercer, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia
TSD 9,909 8,160

### 10 Richmond, NY Yes 9,273 10,254

Somerset, NJ Yes 7,379 8,712

Passaic, NJ Yes 7,270 9,687

Rockland, NY Yes 6,529 8,375

Dutchess, NY No 5,900 9,922

Hunterdon, NJ Yes 4,558 4,626

Middlesex, CT Yes 4,484 5,130

Warren, NJ Yes 4,483 3,925

Putnam, NY No 3,736 5,428

Litchfield, CT Yes

– Greater
Connecticut

area 3,429 6,115

Sussex, NJ Yes 3,132 4,892

Pike, PA No 2,793 4,489

Area wide: 464,148 567,960



### Population information

County State
Recommended
Nonattainment? 2010 Population 2010 Population Density (1000

pop/sq mi) Absolute change in population (2000

- 2010) Population % change (2000

- 2010)

New York, NY Yes 1,585,873 69.56 45,263 +3%

Kings, NY Yes 2,504,700 37.11 38,943 +2%

Bronx, NY Yes 1,385,108 32.36 51,389 +4%

Queens, NY Yes 2,230,722 20.24 539 0%

Hudson, NJ Yes 634,266 11.79 24,782 +4%

Richmond, NY Yes 468,730 7.52 23,318 +5%

Essex, NJ Yes 783,969 6.06 (8,350)

- 1%

Union, NJ Yes 536,499 5.09 13,359 +3%

Nassau, NY Yes 1,339,532 4.31 3,459 0%

Bergen, NJ Yes 905,116 3.73 19,636 +2%

Middlesex, NJ Yes 809,858 2.55 57,056 +8%

Passaic, NJ Yes 501,226 2.55 10,402 +2%

Westchester, NY Yes +3%

### 11 949,113 1.99 23,442

Mercer, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia TSD 366,513 1.60 14,979 +4%

Rockland, NY Yes 311,687 1.56 24,278 +8%

Fairfield, CT Yes 916,829 1.41 32,348 +4%

Suffolk, NY Yes 1,493,350 1.39 69,686 +5%

New Haven, CT Yes 862,477 1.39 37,492 +5%

Monmouth, NJ Yes 630,380 1.30 13,290 +2%

Somerset, NJ Yes 323,444 1.06 24,558 +8%

Morris, NJ Yes 492,276 1.02 20,928 +4%

Ocean, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia TSD 576,567 0.76 62,913 +12%

Orange, NY No 372,813 0.45 29,694 +9%

Middlesex, CT Yes 165,676 0.43 10,061 +6%

Putnam, NY No 99,710 0.41 3,643 +4%

Dutchess, NY No 297,488 0.36 16,521 +6%

Warren, NJ Yes 108,692 0.30 5,745 +6%

Hunterdon, NJ Yes 128,349 0.29 5,807 +5%

Sussex, NJ Yes 149,265 0.28 4,655 +3%

Litchfield, CT Yes

– see Greater
Connecticut 189,927 0.20 7,313 +4%

Pike, PA No 57,369 0.10 10,759 +23%

Area wide: 22,177,524 1.84 697,908 +3%



### While Dutchess, Orange and Pike Counties are increasing in population faster than many other counties
in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA, this fact is overwhelmed by the other
data in Table 2 that show these areas emissions and traffic are not contributing to nonattainment in the
New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area as much as other counties nearer the violating monitors. Overall , these factors show that Dutchess, Putnam, Orange

, Ulster , Pike
and Litchfi eld Counties are not like the core count ies of the New York City area

.

Ocean and Mercer Counties have emissions fairly typical of counties in the CSA, but the location of these counties and where they are relative to emissions that affect them are more important factors.

Traffic and commuting pattern

EPA evaluated the commuting patterns of residents in the area, as well as the total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) for each county . In combination with the population/population density data and the

### 12 location of main transportation arteries (see above), this information helps identify the probable location
of non

- point source emissions. A county with high VMT and/or a high num b er of commuters is generally an integral part of an urban area and indicates the presence of motor vehicle emissions that may contribute to ozone formation. Rapid population or VMT growth in a county on the urban perimeter signifies increasing integration with the core urban area, and indicates that the associated area source and mobile source emissions may be appropriate to include in the nonattainment area. Table 4 shows traffic and commuting pattern data, including total 2005 VMT and 10

- year VMT growth, number of commuters in each county who drive to another county within the a rea , the percent of total commuters in each county who commute to other counties within the area, and the total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for each county.

Table 4 . Traffic and Commuting Patterns

.

Dutchess, Orange

, Putnam

, Ulster , Pike and Litchfield Coun ties are on the edge of the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport CSA and have a large number of commuters transiting into the core of the New
York

– Newark

– Bridgeport CSA. However, the number of commuters is less than counties in the core
of the CSA t hat the states requested that EPA designate as the NYC nonattainment area, and previous nonattainment areas, e.g., carbon monoxide and particulate matter, which are strongly affected by mobile sources, have not included these outlying counties in the past NYC nonattainment areas. Based
on data from the U.S. Census Bureau estimates for 2000

, County

- to

- County Worker Flow found at http://www.census.gov/hhes/commuting/data/commuting.html used here.

Vehicle data and commuting patterns

County State
Recommended
Nonattainment? 2008 VMT (million miles) Number commuting to or within any violating
counties % commuting to or within any violating counties

Suffolk, NY Yes 18,230 495,594 74%

Nassau, NY Yes 10,908 57,742 9%

Westchester, NY Yes 8,309 291,504 69%

Bergen, NJ Yes 8,037 284,046 67%

Fairfield, CT Yes 7,803 378,743 90%

Middlesex, NJ Yes 7,494 247,103 68%

New Haven, CT Yes 7,248 353,015 91%

Queens, NY Yes 7,179 30,638 3%

Monmouth, NJ Yes 6,066 234,477 80%

Morris, NJ Yes 5,495 25,593 11%

Essex, NJ Yes 4,941 48,882 15%

Kings, NY Yes 4,511 21,196 2%

Bronx, NY Yes 4,339 39,805 10%

### 13 Orange, NY No 4,180 14,509 10%

Union, NJ Yes 4,143 45,149 19%

New York, NY Yes 4,007 30,750 4%

Ocean, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia TSD 3,834 182,776 87%

Mercer, NJ Yes

– see Philadelphia TSD 3,306 142,459 87%

Somerset, NJ Yes 3,116 43,474 29%

Passaic, NJ Yes 2,877 64,487 31%

Dutchess, NY No 2,830 18,155 14%

Putnam, NY No 2,786 23,996 50%

Rockland, NY Yes 2,486 26,607 20%

Hudson, NJ Yes 2,241 156,937 59%

Hunterdon, NJ Yes 1,889 36,829 59%

Richmond, NY Yes 1,835 8,793 5%

Warren, NJ Yes 1,530 9,290 18%

Middlesex, CT Yes 1,394 60,254 75%

Sussex, NJ Yes 1,305 7,652 11%

Litchfield, CT Yes

– see Greater
Connecticut 1,258 25,872 28%

Pike, PA No 689 1,127 6%

Area wide: 146,267 3,407,454 36%



### Ocean and Mercer Counties have more commuters that work in their own county or travel to the rest of the Philadelphia CSA than to the New York City CSA as seen in the 2000 County

- to

- County Worker
Flow

.



## Factor 3: Meteorology (weather/transport patterns)

EPA evaluated available meteorological data to help determine how meteorological conditions, such as weather, transport patterns and stagnation conditions, would affect the fate and transport of precursor emissions contributing to ozone formation. This report uses the 3 2

- year average summer surface

- level
wind direction for the design value county and for the counties in the Poughkeepsie area.

The prevailing winds during the ozone season have a strong southwesterl y component, indicating that
the counties in and north o f the Poughkeepsie area do not, almost all cases, affect the air quality at the peak monitors in Connecticut, Westchester County and on Long Island. The location of the

### 14 Poughkeepsie area counties outside the line of high ozone concentrations along the nor theast corridor of major cities is additional evidence that the Poughkeepsie area counties are not part of the ozone problem
in the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area. We are also using these wind roses for surrounding counties.

Summer

COUNTY STATE NNE ENE ESE SSE SSW WSW WNW NNW

Dutchess NY 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.11

Putnam NY 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.22 0.19 0.13 0.11

Ulster NY 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.19 0.21 0.09 0.19 0.10 Orange NY 0.11 0.11 0.06 0.09 0.23 0.16 0.14 0.11



### Litchfield County is on the northern edge of the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA and is in the prevailing downwind direction from the core counties and violating monitors in the

CSA.

Middlesex County in Connecticut is a violating county east and northeast of the core counties of the

CSA , which has the second highest 2010 design values in Connecticut outside the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA CSA. Previously, Middlesex County had the highest design value in
Connecticut during the last round of ozone nonattainment designations. For that reason, Connecticut requested that Middlesex County be included in a New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Isla nd, NY

- NJ

CT nonattainment area. This time, Connecticut wants to continue with the previous designation, but the higher design value county staying with the upwind nonattainment area is also a good reason.

Pike County is west, and generally upwind of

, the central core counties of the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT , PA area.



## Factor 4: Geography/topography (mountain ranges or other air basin boundaries)

The geography/topography analysis evaluates the physical features of the land that might affect the airshed and, therefore, the distribution of ozone over the area

.

While the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport , NY, NJ, CT, PA CSA does have some variation in topography, and land use , as well as many water bodies separating its constituent parts, there are no geographical or topographical barriers significantly limiting air pollution transport within its air shed. Therefore, this factor did not play a significant role in this evaluation

.



## Factor 5: Jurisdictional boundaries

Once the ge neral areas to be included in the nonattainment area were determined, EPA consider ed existing jurisdictional boundaries for the purposes of providing a clearly defined legal boundary and carrying out the air quality planning and enforcement functions for n onattainment areas. Examples of jurisdictional boundaries include existing/prior nonattainment areas for ozone or other urban

- scale pollutants, counties, air districts, townships, metropolitan planning organizations, state lines, urban growth boundary, etc. Where existing jurisdictional boundaries are not adequate to describe the nonattainment area, other clearly defined and permanent landmarks or geographic c oordinates were
considered.

### 15 Dutchess, Putnam, Orange, Ulster, Pike , Ocean, Mercer and Litchfield Counties have previously been designated as separate from the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT eight

- hour nonattainment area for the 1997 ozone standard and the states have requested that EPA continue those
affiliations.

The states have asked that EPA include all the counties previously included in the nonattainment area for the 1997 eight

- hour ozone standard, including Warren and Middlesex (CT) counties

, in the New York City nonattanment area for the 2008 eight

- hour ozo ne standard.

Connecticut requested that EPA retain the boundaries for its nonattainment areas to be the same as for the 1997 ozone standard designations, which moved Middlesex County into the New York

- N orthern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainmen t area. The boundaries of the one

- hour ozone
nonattainment areas in Connecticut are dif ferent from the eight

- hour designation for the 1997 ozone
standard . N ot keeping the same eight

- hour standard designations would mean three sets of
nonattainment area bo undaries. Connecticut wants to “ avoid unnecessary confusion among Connecticut’s regulated community and the general public that may otherwise result from having three
distinct nonattainment area boundaries within Connecticut for the 2008 8

- hour ozone NAAQ S .” EPA has determined that this is the most important factor for determining which nonattainment area
Connecticut ’s counties are to be in which Connecticut nonattainment area. This factor would be important to the Litchfield area as well, since it is a r ecent addition to the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport CSA and placing it in the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area would be a new boundary, different from the nonattainment area boundary for the
1997 ozone standard nonatta inment area.

Dutchess, Putnam and Orange Counties are not part of the same transportation planning organization as
much of the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area. Dutchess, Putnam and Ulster Counties are part of the Poughkeepise

- Newburgh Transportation Management Area. Dutchess, Putnam and Orange Counties are the Poughkeepsie 1997 ozone nonattainment area and Ulster County was not part of the Poughkeepsie area. This also supports keeping the Poughkeepsie area and
Ul ster County as separate from the New York City area, even if they are part of the New York City

based CSA.

Pike County is not part of the transportation planning area for areas in New York, New Jersey o r Connecticut, but is part of the Northeast Pennsylva nia Rural Transportation Planning Organization with four other rural Pennsylvania counties.

The New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT area also includes the Indian country of
the Shinnecock Indian Nation. A s defined at 18 U.S.C. 1151 , “Ind ian country” refers to: “(a) all land within the limits of any Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States Government, notwithstanding the issuance of any patent, and, including rights

- of

- way running through the reservation, (b) all depe ndent Indian communities within the borders of the United States whether within the original or subsequently acquired territory thereof, and whether within or without the limits of a state, and (c) all Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished, including rights

- of

- way running through the same.” EPA recognizes the sovereignty of tribal governments, and has attempted to take the desires of the tribes into account in establishing appropriate nonattainment area
boundaries. In th is case, the Shinnecock Indian Nation’s Indian country is being designated nonattainment as part of the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment

area.

### 16 

## Conclusions

Based on the assessment of factors described above, EPA has concluded that no counties in New York

State meet the requirements for be ing added to the previously existing New York

– Northern New Jersey

– Long Island, NY, NJ, CT ozone nonattainment area , whi ch will have the same boundaries as the area designated for the 2008 eight

- hour ozone standard. The nonattainment area requested by the states includes all counties with violating monitors and the coun ties with the highest emissions densities in the

New Y ork

– Newark

– Bridgeport CSA.

Four counties, Dutchess, Putnam and Orange in the Poughkeepsie Area, and Ulster County, are included
in the New York

– Newark

– Bridgeport CSA, but t he density of these areas’ emissions and vehicle

usage s are not of the le vel of the other counties in the CSA that are in New York’s p roposed New York

Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area. These four counties and Litchfield County are generally not upwind of the proposed New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

CT nonattainment area . T he downwind peak monitors are northeast and east of the center of the
nonattainment area: on Long Island, in Westchester County and in Connecticut . And the four counties are north of the peak ozone areas. Thus, EPA will continue with these four counties outside the New
York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area as they have much less
influence on ozone in the nonattainment area than counties in the nonattainment area.

Ocean and Mercer Counties are affected more strongly by emissions from counties in the Philadelphia area than the New York area, so they should be part of the P hiladelphia area. They are also part of the present Philadelphia nonattainment area. Details are in the Philadelphia TSD.

Middlesex County, Connecticut was part of the previous New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island,

NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area as a county downwind of the NYC area because of its higher ozone design values than the rest of Connecticut and will remain so based on EPA’s analysis

.

Pike County is generally upwind of the nonattaining monitors in New Jersey, New York and
Connecticut , but its small emissions density and distance from the violating counties makes Pike County not a likely contri butor of much ozone to the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT
area. These factors

, combined with the lack of violating monitors in nearby Pennsylvania and western New Jersey, support Pennsylvania’s request for Pike County to remain separat e from the New York

Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT nonattainment area.

Air quality data and the analysis of the factors in this report support New York , New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania ’s request s that the boundaries from the 1997 ozone NAAQS are appropriate for the
nonattainment boundaries of the New York

- Northern New Jersey

- Long Island, NY

- NJ

- CT eight

- hour
ozone nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone standard.