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Page **1** of **107 EO12866_New Fuel Pathways Rule under RFS2**  **2060 -**  **AR07 FRM**  **FRN_ 201**  **30204**

**ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY**

**40 CFR Part 80 [**  **EPA -**  **HQ -**  **OAR -**  **2011 -**  **0542; FRL -**  **9686 -**  **3 ]** 

**RIN 2060 -**  **AR07 Regulation of Fuels**  **and Fuel Additives: Identification of Additional Qualifying Renewable**

**Fuel Pathways under the Renewable Fuel Standard Program AGENCY:**  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). **ACTION:** Final Rule. **SUMMARY:** EPA is issuing a final rule identifying additional fuel pathway s that EPA has determined meet the biomass - based diesel, advanced biofuel or cellulosic biofuel lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction requirements specified in Clean Air Act section 211(o), the Renewable Fuel Standard Program, as amended by the Energy

Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EI SA). This final rule describes EPA’s evaluation of biofuels produced from camelina oil, energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass; it also includes an e valuation of renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstocks, as well as biodiesel from esterification, and clarifies our definition of renewable diesel. The inclusion of these pathway s creates additional opportunity and flexibility

for regulated parties to compl y with the advanced and cellulosic requirements of EI SA and provides the certainty necessary

for investments to bring these biofuels into commercial production from these new feedstocks. We are also finalizing two changes to Table 1 to § 80.1426 . The first change identifies*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **2** of **107** separate pathway s by

letter, to facilitate references to specific pathway s. The second change adds "rapeseed" to the existing pathway for renewable fuel made from canola oil. We are also correcting an inadvertent om ission to the proposal which incorrectl y omitted a pathway for producing naphtha from switchgrass and miscanthus; this pathway was included in the original RFS2 final rule. This final rule adds these pathway s to Table 1 to § 80.1426 as pathway s which hav e been determined to meet one or more of the GHG reduction thresholds specified in CAA 211(o), and assigns each pathway

a corresponding D - Code. Itallows producers or importers of fuel produced pursuant to these pathway s to generate Renewable Identificati on Numbers (RINs), providing that the fuel meets the other requirements specified in the RFS regulations to qualify it as renewable fuel. **DATES:** This rule is effective on [Insert date 60 day s from date of publication in the Federal Register ]. **FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:**  Vincent Camobreco , Office of Transportation and Air Quality ( MC6401A ), Environmental Protection Agency , 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20460 ; telephone number: (202) 564 - 9043 ; fax number: (202) 564 - 1686 ; email ad dress: camobreco.vincent@epa.gov . **SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION** : **Does This Action Apply to Me?** Entities potentially

affected by

this action are those involved with the production, distribution, and sale of transportation fuels, including gasoline and diesel fuel or renewable fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Regulated categories and entities affected by this action include:*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **3** of **107** Category NAI CS 1

Codes SI C 2

Codes Examples of Potentially Regulated Entities Industry Industry Industry Industry Industry Industry Industry 324110

325193 325199 424690 424710 424720 454319 2911

2869 2869 5169 5171 5172 5989 Petroleum Refineries Ethyl alcohol manufacturing Other basic organic chemical manufacturing Chemical and allied products merchant wholesalers Petroleum bulk stations and terminals Petroleum and petroleum products merchant wholesalers Other fuel dealers 1 North American Industry Classification S ys tem (NAI CS) 2 Standard Industrial Classification (SI C) s ys tem code. This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely

to be regulated b y this action. This table lists the ty pes of entities that EPA is now aware could be potentially regulated by

this action. Other ty

pes of entities not listed in the table could also be regulated. To determine whether your entity is regulated b y this action, yo u should carefully

examine the applicability criteria of Part 80, subparts D, E and F of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations. If you have any question regarding applicability of this action to a particular entity , consult the person in the preceding **FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT**  section above. **Outline of This Preamble** *** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **4** of **107** I. Executive Summary A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action B. Summary

of the Major Provisions of this Regulatory Action II. Id entification of Additional Qualifying Renewable Fuel Pathway s under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program A. Summary

of Comments on Invasive Species B. Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analy sis for Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, Jet Fuel, Heating Oil, Naphtha, and L iquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Produced from Camelina Oil C. Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analy sis for Ethanol, Diesel, Jet Fuel, Heating Oil , and Naphtha Produced from Energy Cane, Giant Reed, and Napier grass D. Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analy sis for Certain Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstocks Pathway s E. Esterification Production Process Inclusion for Specified Feedsto cks Producing Biodiesel III. Additional Changes to Listing of Available Pathway s in Table 1 of 80.1426 IV . Statutory

and Executive Order Reviews A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Rev iew B. Paperwork Reduction Act C. Regulatory

Flexibility

Act D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) F. Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments) G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health Risks and Safet y Risks H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy

Suppl y, Distribution, or Use I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Addre ss Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and L ow - Income Populations K. Congressional Review Act V. Statutory

Provisions and Legal Authorit y **I. Executive Summary**  **A. Purpose of th**  **is Regulatory Action**  In this rulemaking , EPA is taking final action to identify additional fuel pathway s that we have determined meet the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction requirements under the Renewable Fuel Standard ( RFS ) program. This final rule describes EPA’s evaluation of biofuels produced from camelina oil, which qual ify as biomass - based diesel or advanced biofuel, as well as biofuels*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **5** of **107** from energy

cane, giant reed, and napier grass, all of which qualify as cellulosic biofuel. This final rule also qualifies renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock made from certain qualifying feedstocks as cellulosic biofuel. Finally , this rule clarifies the definition of renewable diesel to explicitly

include jet fuel. This clarification offers additional market certaint y and opportunity

for renewable diesel producers. EPA is taking this action a s a result of changes to the RFS program in Clean Air Act (“CAA”) Section 211(o) required b y the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (“EISA” ). This rulemaking modifies the RFS regulations published at 40 CFR § 80.1400 et. seq . The RFS program regulations specify the t yp es of renewable fuels eligible to participate in the RFS program and the procedures b y which renewab le fuel producers and importers may generate Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”) for the qualifying re newable fuels they produce through approved fuel pathway s. See 75 FR 14670 (March 26, 2010); 75 FR 26026 (May 10, 2010); 75 FR 37733 (June 30, 2010); 75 FR 59622 (September 28, 2010); 75 FR 76790 (December 9, 2010); 75 FR 79964 (December 21, 2010); 77 FR 1320 (January 9, 2012); and 77 FR 74592 (December 17, 2012). By qualifying these new fuel pathway s, this rule provides opportunities to increase the volume of advanced, low - GHG renewable fuels

— such as cellulosic biofuels

— under the RFS program. EPA’s comprehensive anal ys es show significant lifecycle GHG emission reductions from these fuel ty

pes, as compared to the baseline gasoline or diesel fuel that they replace. **B. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action In Question**  This final rule describes EPA’s evaluation of: **Camelina oil** ( new feedstock)
 Biodiesel, and renewable diesel, (including jet fuel, and heating oil)

— qualifying to*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **6** of **107**

generate biomass - based diesel and advanced biofuel RINs
 Naphtha and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

— qualifying to generate advanced biofuel RINs **Energy cane ,**  **giant reed, and napier**  **grass cellulosic biomass** (new feedstocks)
 Ethanol, renewable diesel (including renewable jet fuel and heating oil), and renewable gasoline blendstock

— qualifyi ng to generate cellulosic biofuel RINs **Renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock** (new fuel t ypes)
 Produced from crop residue, slash, pre - commercial thinnings , tree residue, annual cover crops, and cellulosic components of separated y ard waste, separated food waste, and separated municipal solid waste (MSW)
 Using the following processes

— all utilizing natural gas, biogas, and/or biomass as the only process e nergy

sources — qualifying to generate cellulosic biofuel RINs : o Thermochemical p yrol ys is o Thermochemical gasification o Biochemical direct fermentation o Biochemical fermentation with catal yt ic upgrading o Any other process that uses biogas and/or biomass as th e only process energy sources This final rule adds these pathway s to Table 1 to § 80.1426. This final rule allows producers or importers of fuel produced under these pathway s to generate RINs in accordance with the RFS regulations, providing that the fuel meets other definitional criteria for renewable fuel. The inclusion of these pathway s creates additional opportunity and flexibility

for regulated parties to comply

with the requirements of EISA. Substantial investment has been made to*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **7** of **107** commercialize these new feedstocks, and the cellulosic biofuel industry in the United States continues to make significant advances in its progress towards large scale commercial production. Approval of these new feedstocks will help further the Congressional intent to expand the volumes of cellulosic and advanced biofuels. We are also finalizing two changes to Table 1 to 80.1426 that were proposed on July 1, 2011(76 FR 38844). The first change adds ID letters to pathway s to facilitate references to specific pathway s. The second change adds "rapeseed" to the existing pathway for renewable fuel made from canola oil. **I I**  **. Identification of Additional Qualifying**  **Renewable Fuel Pathways under**  **the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program**  This rule was originall y published in the Federal Register on January 5, 2012 as a direct final rule, with a parallel publication of a proposed rule. Although onl y a limited number of relevant adverse comments were received, EPA was required to issue a wi thdrawal notice of the direct final rule on March 5, 2012 (77 FR 13009) . A second comment period was not issued, since the simultaneous publication of the proposed rule provided an adequate notice and comment process. EPA has addressed the comments received in this final rule, although most of the anal ys is presented is simi lar to the information in the proposed rule. EPA is including all of the information again in this document to avoid potential confusion raised by the withdrawal process. In this action, E PA is issuing a final rule to identify in the RFS regulations additional renewable fuel production pathway s that we have determined meet the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction requirements of the RFS program. There are three critical components of a renewable*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **8** of **10 7**  fuel pathway : (1) fuel t yp e, (2) feedstock, and (3) production p rocess. Each specific combination of the three components, or fuel pathway , is assigned a D code which is used to designate the ty pe of biofuel and its compliance category under the RFS program . This final rule describes EPA’s lifecycle GHG evaluation of camelina oil, energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass. Determining whether a fuel pathway satisfies the CAA’s lifecy cle GHG reduction thresholds for renewable fuels requires a comprehensive evaluation of the lifecycle GHG emissions of the renewable fuel as compared to the lifecycle GHG emissions of the baseline gasoline or diesel fuel that it replaces. As mandated by CAA section 211(o), the GHG emissions assessments must evaluate the aggregate quantity of GHG emissions (including direct emissions and significant indirect emissions such as significant emissions from land use changes) related to the full fuel lifecycle, including all stages of fuel and feedstock production, distribution, and use by the ultimate consumer. In examining the full lifecycle GHG impac ts of renewable fuels for the RFS program, EPA considers the following:
 Feedstock production

– based on agricultural sector models that include direct and indirect impacts of feedstock production
 Fuel production

– including process energy requirements, impacts of an y raw materials used in the process, and benefits from co - products produced.
 Fuel and feedstock distribution

– including impacts of transporting feedstock from production to use, and transport of the final fuel to the consumer.
 Use of the fuel

– including combustion emissions from use of the fuel in a vehicle. Many of the pathway s evaluated in this rulemaking rely on a comparison to the lifecycle GHG anal ys is work that was done as part of the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Final*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **9** of **107** Rule, pub lished March 26, 2010. The evaluations here rel y on comparisons to the existing anal ys i e s presented in th e March 2010 final rule . EPA plans to periodically review and revise the methodology

and assumptions associated with calculating the GHG emissions from all renewable fuel pathway s. **A. Summary of Comments on Invasive Species**  In response to the proposed rule, EPA received comments hi ghlighting the concern that by approving certain new feedstock t ypes under the RFS program, EPA would be encouraging their introduction or expanded planting without considering their potential impact as invasive species. 1 The degree of concern expressed b y the commenters depended somewhat on the feedstock. As pointed out by the commenters, camelina and energy cane are not “native species , ” defined as “a species that, other than as a result of an introduction, historically occurred or currently

occurs in that ecosy stem.” The commenters asserted that there is a “potential risk posed by the non - native species camelina and energy cane.” In co ntrast, comments stated that Arundo donax (giant reed) and napier grass have been identified as invasive species in certain parts of the country . These commenters asserted that the Arundo donax and napier grass pose a “clear risk of invasion.” Commenters stated that EPA should not approve the proposed feedstocks until EPA has conducted an invasive species analy sis, as required under Executive Order (EO) 13112. EPA also received comments stating that Arundo donax is not “invasive” as defined b y EO 13112, since Arundo donax “only presents problems of invasiveness in riparian areas prone

1 Comment submitted by Jonathan Lewis, Senior Counsel, Climate Policy, Clean Air Task Force et al., dated February 6, 2012. Document ID # EPA - HQ - OAR - 2011 - 0542 - 0118.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **10** of **107** to torrential flooding... giant reed has been grown responsibly in numerous places...without problems of invasiveness.” 2 EO 13112 , 3 signed in February 199 9, calls for each Federal agenc y whose actions may affect the status of invasive species “ to the extent practicable and permitted by law ” :  identify such actions ;  subject to the availability of appropriations, and within Administration budgetary limits, use relevant programs and authorities to: (i) prevent the introduction of invasive species; (ii) detect and respond rapidly to and control populations of such species in a cost effective and environmentally sound manner; (iii) monitor invasive species populations accuratel y and reliabl y; (iv) provide for restoration of native species and habitat conditions in ecosy stems that have been invaded; (v) conduct research on invasive species and develop technologies to prevent introduction and provide for environmentally sound control of invasive species; and (vi) promote public education on invasive species and the means to address them; and
 not authorize, fund, or carry out actions that it believes are likel y to cause or promote the introduction or spread of invasive species in the United States or elsewhere unless, pursuant to guidelines that it has prescribed, the agency has determined and made public its determination that the benefits of such actions clearl y outweigh the potential harm caused b y invasive species; and that all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of harm will be taken in conjunction with the actions.
 Federal agencies shall pursue the duties set forth in this section in consultation with the 2 Comment submitted by R. Timothy Columbus and Christopher G. Falcone, Steptoe & Johnson LL P on behalf of The Chemtex Group, dated February 13, 2012. Document ID# EPA - HQ - OAR - 2011 - 0542 - 0124. 3 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR - 1999 - 02 - 08/pdf/99 - 3184.pdf*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **11** of **107** Invasive Species Council, consistent with the Invasive Species Management Plan and in cooperation with stak eholders, as appropriate, and, as approved b y the Department of State, when Federal agencies are working with international organizations and foreign nations. ” 5 The Executive Order defines “invasive species” as an alien species whose introduction does or is likely

to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.” The Executive Order calls for agencies to address the issue of invasive species “to the extent practicable and permitted by law,” in situations where agencies “authorize, fund, o r carry out actions that it believes are likely to cause or promote the introduction or spread of invasive species. ” In this rulemaking, EPA is determining whether certain biofuels meet the statutory requirements for renewable fuel, which is defined in terms of a specified percent reduction in a lifecycle emissions of GHGs compared to the lifecycle emissions for a baseli ne gasoline or diesel. The focus of this rulemaking is the lifecycle anal ys is for the production and use of biofuels, with cultivation of the crops used as feedstock as a critical component of the GHG lifecycle anal ys is of the biofuel. None of the feedstocks included in this rulemaking are currentl y on the Federal Noxious Weed L ist . 6 However, this list is not exhaustive and is generall y limited to species that are not currentl y in the U.S. or are incipient to the U.S. Arundo donax is listed as a noxious or invasive

5 EO 13112 § 2(a) - (b) (1999). 6 http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=Federal&statefips=&sort=sc . Accessed on March 28, 2012.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **12** of **107** species b y Texas , 7 Nevada , 8 and California , 9 and these states have programs in place to address invasive species concerns. Several other states also consider Arundo donax a plant of concern, 10 ,

, , and napier grass is currently not recommended in Florida because of invasive potential. 14 As discussed below, EPA’s lifecy cle anal ys is of the biofuel assumes that if these feedstocks are grown for biofuel production for the RFS program, they are controlled to grow within their intended borders. Based on this assumption, in the lifecycle analy sis EPA does not account for an y expenditures of energy or other sources of GHGs to remediate the spread of these species from the specific locations where it is grown as a renewable fuel feedstock for the RFS program. EPA is not in a position to estimate the magnitude of GHG emissions that might be associated with an y such remediation if the plants are not controlled in this manner at these locations. EPA is not ready at this time to make a determination about the percent reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions and whether it satisfies the threshold reduction in GHGs required under the Ac t, absent such an assumption. Therefore EPA believes it is prudent to require renewable fuel producers to demonstrate that the production of Arundo donax and napier grass as a feedstock for a renewable fuel is consistent with this assumption, as part of the pathway approved in this rulemaking. The information before us does not raise significant concerns about the threat of invasiveness and related GHG emissions for camelina and energy cane. Neither camelina nor energy

cane are listed on any

state invasi ve species or noxious weed lists, and therefore we are not requiring that this demonstration be made for these feedstocks. 7 See http://info.sos.state.tx.us/fids/200701978 - 1.html . Accessed on March 30, 2012. 8 See http://agri.nv.gov/nwac/PLANT_NoxWeedList.htm . Accessed on May 23, 2012 9 See http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/pqm/manual/pdf/107.pdf . A ccessed on March 30, 2012. 10 See http://www.gaeppc.org/list.cfm . Accessed on May 23, 2012. 14 IFAS Assessment of Non - native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas, 2009 .*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **13** of **107** As part of the registration, recordkeeping, and reporting (RRR) requirements of the RFS program, EPA will have to approve a risk mitigation plan, submitted by the producer, that demonstrates the production of Arundo donax or napier grass will not pose a significant risk of spread beyond the planting area of the feedstock used for production of the renewable fuel. In the alternative , EPA will have to determine, based on information and data submitted by the producer, that no risk mitigation plan is needed because under the circumstances present Arundo donax or napier grass do not pose a significant risk of spread bey ond the planting area of the feedstock used for production of the renewable fuel. Registration of the producer or importer will require either EPA approval of a risk mitigation plan or an EPA determination that no plan is needed based on the determination noted above. RI Ns may not be generated for that facility using that feedstock pathway absent such approval or determination. These RRR requirements are described in more detail below . Section 211(o) of the CAA defines renewable fuel as fuel produced from renewable biomass , and defines categories of renewable fuel in terms of reduction s in lifecycle GHG emissions compared to the baseline gasoline or diesel fuel. Section 211(o)(1) (B),(D),(E), (J). The definition of renewable biomass also specifies cert ain conditions that biomass must meet to be considered renewable biomass. Section 211(o)(1)(I). The definition s of renewable biomass and renewable fuel do not refer to the wide variet y of factors other than greenhouse gases that may relate to the impact of the biomass or the fuel on air quality, the environment, and various other impacts. Separately , Congress does specify that EPA is to consider these kinds of factors, including environmental impacts of the production and use of re newable fuels, in the context of determining the required volumes of renewable fuel for ye ars where Congress does not specify*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **14** of **107** specific volumes. Section 211(o)(2)(B)(ii). In addition , Congress mandated that EPA conduct certain studies and provide reports to Congress on air quality impacts and other issues besides greenhouse gas impacts associated with the RFS program. See CAA section 211(q), (v) and Section 204 of EI SA . Given the text and structure of section 211(o), EPA does no t consider environmental factors other than the lifecycle analy sis of GHG emissions and the definition of renewable biomass in determining whether a fuel produced from biomass is a renewable fuel for purposes of the RFS program . The requirements summarized above and discussed in more detail below are a reasonable way to implement this authority when considering Arundo donax and napier grass as a feedstock for renewable fuel under the RFS program. EPA developed those requirements recognizi ng there are a number of state, federal, and local mechanisms in place that could be used to reduce the potential invasive impacts of Arundo donax or napier grass . For example, if producers were to appl y for the Biomass Crop Assistance Pr ogram (BCAP), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) would require an environmental assessment that analyzes the risk of invasiveness. In addition, USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) can also impose restrictions on farmers interested in growing Arundo donax on CRP land. Other statutory and regulatory requirements are also in place that would restrict the growing patterns of these feedstocks for use in the RFS program. For example, as required by EI SA, an y crop used to produce fuel for the RFS program would have to meet the definition of renewable biomass, and could therefore onl y be planted on existing agricultural land. Furthermore, i nvasive species are controlled and regulated under various existing federal and state guidelines. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S ) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **15** of **107** Plant Protection Act (PPA). APHIS names the regulated weeds in the noxious weed regulations (7 CFR 360) in order to ensure transparency . L isted species may not be imported into the United States, or moved interstate, without a special permit. The risk posed b y potentially invasive feedstocks may be greatly reduced through the use of best practices. 17 Commenters referenced the voluntary best practices document developed jointly by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the NC State University

Cooperative Extension, and the Biofuel Center of North Carolina. Many of the recommendations developed in this document are similar to the best practices USDA describes for the management of similar energy crops such as switchgrass and miscanthus. 18 For example, both USDA and the North Carolina voluntary standards recommend developing manageme nt plans that avoid sites without buffer areas and production in floodplains. The risk of potentiall y invasive feedstocks is also controlled by some states. For example, in Florida, biomass plantings are governed by FL Rule 5B - 57.011. According to the rule, a permit for biomass plantings is required for two contiguous acres within one parcel of land for an y plant used for biomass production. The purpose of the permitting process is to control the introduction into, or movement within, Florida of pl ant species intended for biomass plantings. One provision of the process is that no biomass permit shall be issued for an y planting of plants on the state noxious weed list or the federal noxious weed list. In 2009 , a compan y, White Technologies LLC, app lied for and received a permit to grow 80 acres of Arundo donax under the Florida program.

17 Comment submitted by R. Timothy Columbus and Christopher G. Falcone, Steptoe & Johnson LLP on behalf of the Biofuels Center of North Carolina and the Institute for Sustainable and Renewable Resources , dated February 13, 2012. Document ID# EPA - HQ- OAR - 2011 - 0542 - 0123 18 See http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelp rdb1044768.pdf*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **16** of **107** Under Oregon State Statutes, Chapter 570, § 570.405 the Oregon Department of Agriculture may

establish control areas, if after careful investigation it determines that such areas are necessary

for the general protection of the horticultural, agricultural or forest industries of the state from diseases, insects, animals or noxious weeds. In March of 2011, the State created a control area for Arundo donax in Morrow and Umatilla Counties. The regulation, with restrictions, allowed for up to 400 acres of this giant reed grass to be grown in Morrow and Umatilla Counties for providing biomass for a test burn at the Portland General Electric Boardman Power Plant. Give n the potential for greenhouse gas emissions associated with the potential unintended spread of Arundo donax and napier grass, EPA be lieves it is prudent to require the growth, transport, and production of renewable fu els from these two feedstocks be conducted in a manner that is consistent with our lifecycle analy sis. As described in 80.1426(f)(14), 80.1450( b)(1)(viii)(A) , 80.1451(b)(T), and 80.1451(b)(U) , EPA is requiring that producers of fuel derived from Arundo donax and napier grass must submit a Risk Mitigation Plan to ensure that the production of Arundo donax or napier grass will not pose a significant risk of spread beyond the p lanting area of the feedstock used for production of the renewable fuel . EPA, after consulting with the appropriate responsible governmental agencies, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of the Interior, as well as State or regio nal regulatory

authorities with particular knowledge or authority to control potentially

invasive species, must approve the Risk Mitigation Plan prior to registration of the producer or importer and generation of RINs under the RFS program. Alternatel y, the producer or importer may submit information and data showing that no conservation plan is needed because under the circumstances present Arundo donax or napier grass do not pose a significant risk of spread*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **17** of **107** beyond the planting area of the feedstock use d for production of the renewable fuel . EPA, again after consultation with the appropriate governmental agencies listed above, must make this determination prior to registration of the renewable fuel producer. Risk Mitigation Plans should incorporate approaches that are already recognized as highl y effective. One highl y effective approach to risk mitigation is Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point or HACCP . 19 HACCP examines each phase of an invasive species pathway to identify risk reduction steps. Applied within a coordinated HACCP strategy or plan, these control and evaluation measures reinforce each other. To the extent appropriate, HACCP should be incorporated into a Risk Mitigation Plan. Also a s part of the Risk Mitigation/B iosecurit y Plan, the producer must demonstrate how the use of best management practices (BMPs), similar to the ones developed b y the Invasive Species Advisory Council 20 and USDA for miscanthus 21 and Arundo donax, 22 will be used b y the fe edstock grower and how such practices will minimize the potential spread of the renewable fuel feedstock. BMPs include the development of mitigation strategies and plans to minimize escape and other risks (e.g., minimize soil disturbance), incorporate des irable traits (e.g., sterility or reduced seed production), develop and put in place dispersal mitigation protocols prior to cultivation of biofuel plants in each region or ecos ys tem, develop multiple y ear eradication protocols for rapid removal of biofuel crops if they disperse beyond desired crop rotation period, and develop plans for earl y detection and rapid response (EDRR). 23 EDRR efforts should also be incorporated into a Risk Mitigation Plan; such efforts should demonstrate that the likelihood of inv asions will be halted while still localized,
19 See http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/pdf/HACCP%20Training%20Manual.pdf 20 See http://www.invasivespecies.gov/home_documents/BiofuelWhitePaper.pdf 21 See http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1044768.pdf 22 INSERT CITE 23 http://www. invasivespecies.gov/global/EDRR/EDRR_documents/Guidelines%20for%20Early%20Detection%20 &%20Rapid%20Response.pdf*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **18** of **107** identify and employ

cooperative networks, communication forums and consultation processes through which Federal, state, and local agencies can work with other stakeholders to reduce the risk of biological invasi on. Plans that implement HACCP, BMP, and EDRR risk reduction strategies are the most protective of environmental resources; therefore, Risk Mitigation Plans should include HACCP, EDRR , and BMPs. Furthermore, the Risk Mitigation Plan should include an on - g oing monitoring and reporting component. The monitoring should cover the planting locations prior to and during feedstock cultivation, as well as extend at least two y ears after the field is no longer used for feedstock production to ensure no remnants of Arundo donax or n apier grass survive. The area that needs to be monitored must also be approved by EPA, in consultation with the appropriate responsible agencies. The area to be monitored should be sufficient to detect an y potential spread of the feedst ock, both surrounding the field of production, feedstock storage sites, along the transportation route and around the biofuel production facility . The renewable fuel producer must also submit a number of documents such as a letter documenting all of the r elevant federal, state, regional, and local requirements related to invasive species, a cop y of all state and local growing permits received by the feedstock producer, and a communication plan for notifying federal, state, and local authorities if the feed stock is detected outside planted areas. EPA retains the discretion to require additional information as appropriate at the time of registration, which may be especially

appropriate when the agency considers the approval of a feedstock with risk of invasi veness.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **19** of **107 B.**  **Analysis of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Biodiesel, Renewable Diesel, Jet Fuel, Heating Oil, Naphtha, and**  **Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Produced from Camelina Oil**  The following sections describe EPA’s evaluation of camelina as a biofuel feedstock under the RFS program. As discussed previousl y this analysis relies on a comparison to the lifecycle GHG analy sis work that was done as part of the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Final Rule, published March 26, 2010 for soy bean oil biofuels. 1. Feedstock Production Camelina sativa (camelina) is an oilseed crop within the flowering plant family Brassicaceae that is native to Northern Europe and Central Asia. Camelina’s suitability to northern climates and low moisture require ments allows it to be grown in areas that are unsuitable for other major oilseed crops such as soy beans, sunflower, and canola/rapeseed. Camelina also requires the use of little to no tillage. 25 Compared to man y other oilseeds, camelina has a relativel y sh ort growing season (less than 100 day s), and can be grown either as a spring annual or in the winter in milder climates. 26 , 27 Camelina can also be used to break the continuous planting cycle of certain grains, effectively reducing the disease, insect, and weed pressure in fields planted with such grains (like wheat) in the following y ear. 28 Although camelina has been cultivated in Europe in the past for use as food, medicine,

25 Putnam, D.H., J.T. Budin, L.A. Field, and W.M. Breene. 1993. Camelina : A promising low - input oilseed. p. 314 - 322. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York 26 Moser, B.R., Vaughn, S.F. 2010. Evaluation of Alkyl Est ers from Camelina Sativa Oil as Biodiesel and as Blend Components in Ultra Low Sulfur Die sel Fuel. Bioresource Technology. 101:646 - 653 . 27 McVay, K.A., and P.F. Lamb. 2008. Camelina production in Montana. MSU Ext. MT200701AG (revised). http://msuextension.org/publica¬tions/AgandNaturalResources/MT200701AG.pdf. 28 Putnam et al., 1993*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **20** of **107** and as a source for lamp oil, commercial production using modern agricultural t echniques has been limited. 29 Inaddition to being used as a renewable fuel feedstock, small quantities of camelina (less than 5% of total U.S. camelina production) are currently used as a dietary supplement and in the cosmetics industry . Approximately 95 % of current US production of camelina has been used for testing purposes to evaluate its use as a feedstock to produce primarily jet fuel. 30 The FDA has not approved camelina for food uses, although it has approved the inclusion of certain quantities of c amelina meal in commercial feed. 31 Camelina is currentl y being grown on approximately 50,000 acres of land in the U.S., primarily in Montana, eastern Washington, and the Dakotas. 32 USDA does not sy stematicall y collect camelina production information; th erefore data on historical acreage is limited. However, available information indicates that camelina has been grown on trial plots in 12 U.S. states. 33 In response to the proposed rule, two commenters were supportive of the use of renewable feedstocks su ch as camelina oil to produce biofuels for aviation. One commenter noted that aviation is unique in its complete dependency upon liquid fuel - today

and into the foreseeable future. Another commenter noted that development of additional feedstocks and pr oduction pathway s should increase suppl y and ultimately move us closer to the day when

29 Lafferty, Ryan M., Charlie Rife and Gus Foster. 2009. Spring camelina production guide for the Central High Plains. Blue Sun Biodiesel special publication. Blue Sun Agriculture Research & Development, Golden, CO. http://www.gobluesun.com/upload/Spring%20Cam - elina%20Production%20Guide%202009.pdf . 30 Telephone conversation with Scott Johnson, Sustainable Oils, January 11, 2011. 31 See http://agr.mt.gov/camelina/FDAletter11 - 09.pdf . 32 McCormick, Margaret. “Oral Comments of Targeted Growth, Incorporated” Submitted to the EPA on June 9, 2009. 33 See https://www.camelinacompany.com/Marketing/PressRelease.asp x?Id=25*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **21** of **107** renewable jet fuels are price - competitive with legacy fossil fuels and help cut our dependence on foreign oil. EPA also received comment regarding a concern that EPA di d not adequatel y establish that camelina would only be grown on fallow land and therefore would not have a land use impact and that EPA overestimated the likel y yi elds in growing camelina and therefore underestimated the land requirements. In terms of the comment on camelina not being grown on fallow land, for the purposes of anal yz ing the lifecycle GHG emissions of camelina, EPA has considered the likely production pattern for camelina grown for biofuel production. Given the information currentl y avail able, camelina is expected to be primaril y planted in the U.S. as a rotation crop on acres that would otherwise remain fallow 34
. Because camelina has not y et been established as a commercial crop with significant monetary value, farmers are unlikely to ded icate acres for camelina production that could otherwise be used to produce other cash crops . Since camelina would therefore not be expected to displace another crop but rather maximize the value of the land through planting camelina in rotation , EPA does not believe new acres would need to be brought into agricultural use to increase camelina production. In addition, camelina currentl y has only limited high - value ni che markets for uses other than renewable fuels. Unlike commercial crops that are tracked b y USDA, camelina does not have a well - established, internationally traded market that would be significantl y affected b y an increase in the use of camelina to produ ce biofuels. For these reasons, which are described in more detail below, EPA has determined that production of camelina - based biofuels is not expected to result in significant GHG emissions related to direct land use change since it is expected to be gro wn on fallow land. Furthermore, due to the limited non - biofuel uses for camelina, production of camelina - based biofuels is not expected to have a

34 Fallow land here refers to cropland that is periodically not cultivated .*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **22** of **107** significant impact on other agricultural crop production or commodity markets (either camelina or other crop markets) and consequentl y would not result in significant GHG emissions related to indirect land use change. To the extent camelina - based biofuel production decreases the demand for alternative biofuels, some with higher GHG emissions, this biofuel could have some beneficial GHG impact. However, it is uncertain which mix of biofuel sources the market will demand so this potential GHG impact cannot be quantified. Commenters stated that EPA failed to justify wh y camelina would be grown on fallow land and thus result in no land use change. In the proposed rule, EPA provided a detailed description of the economics indicating wh y producers are most likely to grow camelina on land that would otherwise remain fallow. This anal ys is formed the basis for wh y it was reasonable and logical for camelina to be grown on acres that would otherwise remain fallow. Comments also indicated that EPA’s economic basis for assuming camelina would most likely be grown on fallow land was inadequate, especiall y if productio n of camelina was scaled up. However, the comment did not indicate any specific point of error in our economically based anal ys is. As we described in the proposed rule and discuss below, camelina is currentl y not a commercially raised crop in the United States, therefore the returns on camelina are expected to be low compared to wheat and other crops with established, commerciall y traded markets. 35 Therefore, EPA expects that initial production of camelina for biofuel production will be on land with the l owest opportunity

cost. Based on this logic, EPA believes camelina will be grown as a rotation crop, as discussed below, on dryland wheat acres replacing a period that the land would otherwise be left fallow. In the semi - arid regions of the Northern Gr eat Plains, dryland wheat farmers currently 35 See Shonnard, D. R., Williams, L., & Kalnes, T. N. 2010 . Camelina - Derived Jet Fuel and Diesel: Sustainable Advanced Biodiesel. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energ y, 382 - 392.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **23** of **107** leave acres fallow once every three to four ye ars to allow additional moisture and nutrients to accumulate (see Figure 1). Recent research i ndicates that introducing cool season oilseed crops such as camelina can provide benefits by reducing soil erosion, increasing soil organic matter, and disrupting pest cycles. Although long - term data on the effects of replacing wheat/fallow growing patterns with wheat/oilseed rotations is limited, there is some data that growing oilseeds in drier semi - arid regions y ear after ye ar can lead to reduced wheat yi elds. 36 However, the diversification and intensification of wheat - fallow cropping s ys tems can improve the long term economic productivit y of wheat acres by increasing soil nitrogen and soil organic carbon pools 37
. In addition, selective breeding is expected to reduce the potential negative impacts on wheat yi elds. 38 Additional research in this area is needed and if significant negative impacts on crop rotations are determined from camelina grown on fallow acres EPA would take that into account in future anal ys is. **Figure 1: Examples of Traditional Wheat and Camelina/Wheat Rotations** Example 1: Traditional Winter Wheat/Spring Wheat/Fallow Rotation

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year 0 Winter Wheat Pla nting Year 1 Winter
36 Personal communication with Andrew Lenssen, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, April 17, 2012. See also http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100413.htm . 37 See Sainju, U.M., T. Caesar - Tonthat, A.W. Lenssen, R.G. Evans, and R. Kohlberg. 2007. Long - term tillage and cropping sequence effects on dryland residue and soil carbon fractions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 71: 1730 - 1739. 38 See Shonnard et al., 2010; L afferty et al., 2009*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **24** of **107** Wheat Harvest Year 2 Spring Wheat Pla nting Spring Wheat Harvest Year 3 Winter Wheat Pla nting Example 2: Winter Wheat/Camelina/Spring Wheat Rotation

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year 0 Winter Wheat Pla nting Year 1 Winter Wheat Harvest Year 2 Camelina Pla nting Camelina Harvest Year 3 Spring Wheat Pla nting Spring Wheat Harvest Winter

Wheat Pla nting
Shaded cells indicate fallow months Hatched line cells indicate growing mo n ths As pointed out by

commenters, in the future camelina production could expand beyond what is currentl y assumed in this analysis. However, camelina would most likely not be able to compete with other uses of land until it becomes a commercial crop with a well - established*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **25** of **107** market value. EPA once again reiterates that we will continue to monitor the growing patterns associated with camelina to determine whether actual production is consistent with the assumptions used in this anal ys is. Consistent with EPA’s approach to all RFS2 feedstock pathway analy ses, we will periodically reevaluate whether our assessment of GHG impacts will need to be updated in the future based on the potential for significant changes in our anal ys es . a. Land Availabilit y USDA estimates that there are approximately 60 million acres of wheat in the U.S. 39 USDA and wheat state cooperative extension reports through 2008 indicate that 83% of US wheat production is under non - irrigated, dryland conditions. Of the approximately 50 million non - irrigated acres, at least 45% are estimated to follow a wheat/fallow rotation. Thus, approximately

22 million acres are potentially suitable for camelina production. However, according to industry

projections, only

about 9 million of these wheat/fallow acres have the appropriate climate, soil profile, and market access for camelina production. 40 Therefore, our anal ys is uses the estimate that only 9 million wheat/fallow acres are available for camelina production. One commenter stated that EPA assumed more than 8 million acres would be used to produce camelina, even though a recent paper stated that only 5 million acres would have the potential to grow camelina in a sustainable manner in a way that would not impact the food supply . This commenter misinterpreted EPA’s assumptions. EPA’s assessment is based on a three ye ar rotation cycle in which only one third of the 9 million available acres would be fallow in any given ye ar. In other words, EPA assumed only 3 million acres would be planted with
39 2009 USDA Baseline. See http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/oce091/ 40 Johnson, S. and McCormick, M., Camelina: an Annual Cover Crop Under 40 CFR Part 80 Subpart M, Memorandum, dated November 5, 2010*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **26** of **107** camelina in an y given ye ar . This number is less than the 5 million ac res the Shonnard et. al. paper states would be available annuall y for camelina planting. b. Projected Volumes Based on these projections of land availability , EPA estimates that at current yields (approximately

800 pounds per acre), approximately 100 mi llion gallons (MG) of camelina based renewable fuels could be produced with camelina grown in rotation with existing crop acres without having direct land use change impacts. Also, since camelina will likely be grown on fallow land and thus not disp lace an y other crop and since camelina currently does not have other significant markets, expanding production and use of camelina for biofuel purposes is not likely to have other agricultural market impacts and therefore, would not result in any significant indirect land use impacts. 41 Yields of camelina are expected to approach the yields of similar oilseed crops over the next few y ears, as experience with growing camelina improves cultivation practices and the application of existing technologies are more widel y adopted. 42 Yields of 1650 pounds per acre have been achieved on test plots, and are in line with expected yields of other oilseeds such as canola/rapeseed. Assuming average US yi elds of 1650 pounds per acre, 43 approximately

200 MG of camelina - based renewable fuels could be produced on existing wheat/fallow acres. Finally , if investment in new seed technology allows yields to increase to levels assumed b y Shonnard et al (3000 pounds per acre), approximately 400 MG of camelina -

41 Wheeler, P. and Guillen - Portal F. 2007. Camelina Production in Montana : A survey study sponsored by Targeted Growth, Inc. and Barkley Ag. Enterprises, LLP . 42 See Hunter, J and G. Roth. 2010. Camel ina Production and Potential in P ennsylvania , Penn State University Agronomy Facts 72. See http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/uc212.pdf . 43 Ehrensing, D.T. and S.O. Guy. 2008. Oilseed Crops -- Camelina. Oregon State Univ. Ext. Serv. EM8953 - E. See http://extension.oregonstate.e du/ catalog/pdf/em/em8953 - e.pdf; McVay & Lamb, 2008,*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **27** of **107** based renewable f

uels could be produced on existing acres. 44 Depending on future crop yi elds, we project that roughly

100 MG to 400 MG of camelina - based biofuels could be produced on currentl y fallow land with no impacts on land use 45
. We also received comments that we o verestimated long term camelina yi elds. The commentors stated that reaching yi elds of 3000 pounds per acre may be attainable, but previous trials do not suggest that yields could reach this level in ten y ears. As a point of clarification, we did not assume that yields would need to be 3000 pounds per acre for biodiesel produced from camelina oil to qualify

as an advanced biofuel. In the anal ys is presented below, EPA assumed yi elds of camelina would be 1650 pounds per acre. Since the use of camelina as a biofuel feedstock in the U.S. is in its infancy , it is reasonable to consider how yields will change over time. Furthermore, jet fuel contracts and the BCAP programs play a very important part in determining the amount of camelina planted, and th erefore interest in increasing yi elds. As the commenter noted, this yi eld assumption is within the range of potential yi elds of 330 - 2400 pounds per acre f

ound in the current literature. c. Indirect Impacts Although wheat can in some cases be grown in rotation with other crops such as lentils, flax, peas, garbanzo, and millet, cost and benefit analy sis indicate that camelina is most likely to be planted on soil with lower moisture and nutrients where other rotation crops are not viable. 46 Because e xpected returns on camelina are relatively uncertain , farmers are not expected to grow camelina on land that would otherwise be used to grow cash crops with well established prices

44 See Shonnard et al . , 2010 45 This assumes no significant adverse climate impacts on world agricultural yields over the analytical timeframe. 46 See Lafferty et al, 2009; Shonnard et al, 2010; Sustainable Oils Memo dated November 5, 2010,*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **28** of **107** and markets. Instead, farmers are most likel y to grow camelina on land that would otherwise be left fallow for a season. The opportunity cost of growing camelina on this ty pe of land is much lower. As previously

discussed, this ty

pe of land represents the 9 million acres currentl y being targeted for camelina production. Curre nt returns on camelina are relatively low ($13.24 per acre), given average yi elds of approximately 800 pounds per acre and the current contract price of $0.145 per pound. 47 See Table 1. For comparison purposes, the USDA projections for wheat returns are b etween $ 133 - $159 per acre between 2010 and 2020. 48 Over time, advancements in seed technology , improvements in planting and harvesting techniques, and higher input usage could significantly

increase future camelina yi elds and returns.

**Table 1: Camelina Costs and Return**  **s**

2010 Camelina 49 2022 Camelina 50 2030 Camelina 51 Inputs Rates Herbicides Glysophate (Fall) 16 oz. ( $0.39/oz) $7.00 $7.00 $7.00 Glysophate (Spring) 16 oz. ( $0.39/oz) $7.00 $7.00 $7.00 Post 12 oz ( $0.67/oz) $8.00 $8.00 $8.00 Seed Camelina seed $1.44/lb $5.76 $7.20 $7.20

47 Wheeler & Guillen - P ortal, 2007 48 See http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/273343/oce121_2_.pdf 49 See Sustainable Oils Memo dated November 5, 2010, 50 Based on yields technically feasible. See McVey and Lamb, 2008; Ehrenson & Guy, 2008. 51 Adapted from Shonnard et al, 2010.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **29** of **107** (4 lbs/acre) (5 lbs/acre) (5 lbs/acre) Fertilizer Nitrogen Fertilizer $1/pd $25.00 (25 lb/acre) $40.00

(40 lb/acre) $75

(75 lbs/acre) Phosphate Fertilizer $1/pd $15.00 (15 lb/acre) $15.00

(15 lb/acre) $15

(15 lb/acre) Sub - Total $67.76 $84.20 $119.20 Logistics Planting Trip $10.00 $10.00 $10.00 Harvest & Hauling $25.00 $25.00 $25.00 Total Cost $102.76 $119.20 $154.20 Yields lb/acre 800 1650 3000 Price $/lb $0.145 $0.120 $0.090 Total Revenue at avg prod/pricing $116.00 $198 $270 Returns $13.24 $78. 80 $115.80 While replacing the fallow period in a wheat rotation is expected to be the primary means by which the majority

of all domestic camelina is commerciall y harvested in the short - to medium - term, in the long term camelina may expand to other regions and grow ing methods. 52 For example, if camelina production expanded beyond the 9 million acres assumed available from wheat fallow land, it could impact other crops. However, as discussed above this is not likely to happen in the near term due to uncertainties in camelina financial returns. Camelina

52 See Sustainable Oils Memo dated November 5, 2010 for a map of the regions of the country where camelina is likely to be grown in wheat fallow conditions.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **30** of **107** production could also occur in areas where wheat is not commonly grown. For example, testing of camelina production has occurred in Florida in rotation with kanaf, peanuts, cotton, and corn. However, only

200 acres of camelina were harvested in 2010 in Florida. While Florida acres of camelina are expected to be higher in 2011, very little research has been done on growing camelina in Florida. For example, little is known about potential seedling disease in Florida or how camelina may

be affected differentl y than in colder climates. 53 Therefore, camelina grown outside of a wheat fallow situation was not considered as part of this anal ys is. The determination in this final rule is based on our projection that cameli na is likely to be produced on what would otherwise be fallow land. However, the rule applies to all camelina regardless of where it is grown. EPA does not expect that significant camelina would be grown on non - fallow land, and small quantities that may be grown elsewhere and used for biofuel production will not significantly impact our anal ys is. Furthermore, although we expect most camelina used as a feedstock for renewable fuel production that would qualify in the RFS program would be grown in the U.S., today ’s rule would apply

to qualifying renewable fuel made from camelina grown in any country . For the same reasons that pertain to U.S. production of camelina, we expect that camelina grown in other countries would also be produced on land that would otherwise be fallow and would therefore have no significant land use change impacts. The renewable biomass provisions under the Energy Independence and Security Act would prohibit direct land conversion into new agricultural land for camelina produ ction for biofuel internationally . Additionally , an y camelina production on existing cropland internationally would not be expected to have land use impacts beyond what was considered for international soybean production (soy bean oil is the expected

53 Wright & Marois, 2011.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **31** of **107** major feedstock source for US biodiesel fuel production and thus the feedstock of reference for the camelina evaluation). Because of these factors along with the small amounts of fuel potentially

coming from other countries, we believe that incorporating fuels produced in other countries will not impact our threshold anal ys is for camelina - based biofuels. d. Crop Inputs For comparison purposes, Table 2 shows the inputs required for camelina production compared to the FASOM agricultural input assumptions for soy beans. Since yields and input assumptions vary

by region, a range of values for soy bean production are shown in Table 2. The camelina input values in Table 2 represent average values , camelina input values will also vary by region, however, less data is available comparing actual practices by region due to limited camelina production. More information on camelina inputs is available in materials provided in the docket. **Table 2: In puts for Camelina and Soybean Production** 

Regarding crop inputs per acre, it should be noted that camelina has a higher percentage of oil per pound of seed than soy beans. Soy

beans are approximately

18% oil, therefore crushing one pound of so ybeans yi el ds 0.18 pounds of oil. In comparison, camelina is approximately 36% N2 O N/A 22 kg CO2 eq N/A 9 - 12 kg CO2 eq Nitr oge n Fe rti lizer 40 lbs 7 kg CO2 eq 3. 5 - 8. 2 lb s 1 - 3 kg CO2 eq Phosphorus Fe rti liz er 15 lbs 1 kg CO2 eq 5. 4 - 21. 4 lb s 0 - 2 kg CO2 eq Potassium Ferti lizer 10 lbs 0 kg CO2 eq 3. 1 - 24. 3 lb s 0 - 2 kg CO2 eq He rbi ci de 2. 75 lbs 3 kg CO2 eq 0. 0 - 1. 3 lb s 0 - 2 kg CO2 eq Pestic ide 0 lbs 0 kg CO2 eq 0. 1 - 0. 8 lb s 0 - 2 kg CO2 eq Di esel 3. 5 gal 5 kg CO2 eq 3. 8 - 8. 9 gal 7 - 20 kg CO2 eq Gas ol in e 0 gal 0 kg CO2 eq 1. 6 - 3. 0 gal 3 - 5 kg CO2 eq To tal 39 kg CO2 eq 21 - 47 kg CO2 eq **(p er**  **acre )**  **(per**

**mmbtu f ue**  **l) (p**  **er acre**  **) (p**  **er mmbtu f**  **ue l)**  **Came lina**  **Soybe an**  **s ( vari**  **es by re**  **gi on)**  **Inputs Emi**  **ssions Inputs**  **Emissi ons** *** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **32** of **107** oil, therefore crushing one pound of camelina yi elds 0.36 pounds of oil. The difference in oil yi eld is taken into account when calculating the emissions per mmBTU included in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, GHG emissions from feedstock production for camelina and soy beans are relativel y similar when factoring in variations in oil yields per acre and fertilizer, herbicide, pesticide, and petroleum use. In summary , EPA concludes that the agricultural inputs for growing camelina are similar to those for growing so y beans, direct l and use change impact s are expected to be negligible due to planting on land that would be otherwise fallow, and the lim ited production and use of camelina indicates no expected impacts on other crops and therefore no indirect land use impacts. e. Crushing and Oil Extraction We also looked at the seed crushing and oil extraction process and compared the lifecycle GHG emi ssions from this stage for so ybean oil and camelina oil. As discussed above, camelina seeds produce more oil per pound than so ybeans. As a result, the lifecycle GHG emissions associated with crushing and oil extraction are lower for camelina than so yb ean s, per pound of vegetable oil produced. Table 3 summarizes data on inputs, outputs and estimated lifecy cle GHG emissions from crushing and oil extraction. The data on so ybean crushing comes from the RFS2 final rule, based on a process model developed by USDA - ARS. 54 The data on camelina crushing is from Shonnard et al. (2010). **Table 3: Comparison of Camelina and Soybean Crushing and Oil Extraction**

54 A. Pradhan, D.S. Shrestha, A. McAloon, W. Yee, M. Haas, J.A. Duffield, H. Shapouri, September 2009, “Energy Life - Cycle Assessment of Soybean Biodiesel”, United States Department of Agriculture, Office of the Chief Economist, Office of Energy Policy and New Us es, Agricultural Economic Report Number 845*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **33** of **107**

**Item Soybeans**  **Cam elina**  **Units** Material Inputs Beans or Seeds 5.38 2.90 Lbs Energy Inputs Electricity 374 47 Btu Natural Gas & Steam 1,912 780 Btu Outputs Refined vegetable oil 1.00 1.00 Lbs Meal 4.08 1.85 Lbs GHG Emissions 213 64 gCO2e / lb refined oil 2. Feedstock Distribution, Fuel Distribution, and Fuel Use For this anal ys is, EPA projects that the feedstock distribution emissions will be the same for camelina and so ybean oil. To the extent that camelina contains more oil per pound of seed, as discussed above, the energy needed to move the camelina would be l ower than soy beans per gallon of fuel produced. To the extent that camelina is grown on more disperse fallow land than soy bean and would need to be transported further, the energy needed to move the camelina could be higher than so ybean. We believe the a ssumption to use the same distribution impacts for camelina as so yb ean is a reasonable estimate of the GHG emissions from camelina feedstock distribution. In addition, the final fuel produced from camelina is also expected to be similar in composition to the comparable fuel produced from soy beans, therefore we are assuming GHG emissions from the distribution and use of fuels made from camelina will be the same as emissions of fuel produced from so ybeans. 3. Fuel Production There are two main fuel production processes used to convert camelina oil into fuel. The*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **34** of **107** trans - esterification process produces biodiesel and a gl yc erin co - product. The hydrotreating process can be configured to produce renewable diesel either primaril y a s diesel fuel (including heating oil) or primaril y as jet fuel. Possible additional products from h ydrotreating include naphtha LPG, and propane. Both processes and the fuels produced are described in the following sections. Both processes use camelina oil as a feedstock and camelina crushing is also included in the anal ys is. a. Biodiesel For this anal ys is, we assumed the same biodiesel production facilit y designs and conversion efficiencies as modeled for biodiesel produced from soy bean oil and canola/ra

peseed oil. Camelina oil biodiesel is produced using the same methods as so ybean oil biodiesel, therefore plant designs are assumed to not significantly differ between fuels made from these feedstocks. As was the case for so yb ean oil biodiesel, we have not projected in our assessment of camelina oil biodiesel any significant improvements in plant technology . Unanticipated energy saving improvements would further improve GHG performance of the fuel pathway . The gl yc erin produced from camelina biodiesel produ ction is chemically equivalent to the gl yc erin produced from the existing biodiesel pathway s (e.g., based on soy oil) that were anal yz ed as part of the RFS2 final rule. Therefore the same co - product credit would apply to gl yc erin from camelina biodiesel as gl yc erin produced in the biodiesel pathway s modeled for the RFS2 final rule. The assumption is that the GHG reductions associated with the replacement of residual oil with gl yc erin on an energy equivalent basis represents an appropriate midrange co produc t credit of biodiesel produced gl yc erin. As part of our RFS2 proposal, we assumed the gl ycerin would have no value and would effectivel y receive no co - product credits in the soy biodiesel pathway . We received numerous*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **35** of **107** comments, however, asserting that the gl yc erin would have a beneficial use and should generate co - product benefits. Therefore, the biodiesel gl yc erin co - product determination made as part of the RFS2 final rule took into consideration the possible range of co - product credit results. The a ctual co - product benefit will be based on what products are replaced by the gl yc erin and what new uses develop for the co - product gl yc erin. The total amount of gl yc erin produced from the biodiesel industry

will actually

be used across a number of different markets with different GHG impacts. This could include for example, replacing petroleum gl yc erin, replacing fuel products (residual oil, diesel fuel, natural gas, etc.), or being used in new products that don’t have a direct replacement, but may

neverth eless have indirect effects on the extent to which existing competing products are used. The more immediate GHG reduction credits from gl yc erin co product use could range from fairl y high reduction credits if petroleum gl yc erin is replaced to lower reduct ion credits if it is used in new markets that have no direct replacement product, and therefore no replaced emissions. EPA does not have sufficient information (and received no relevant comments as part of the RFS2 rule) on which to allocate gly cerin use across the range of likel y uses. Therefore, EPA believes that the approach used in RFS2 of picking a surrogate use for modeling purposes in the mid - range of likel y gl yc erin uses, and the GHG emissions results tied to such use, is reasonable. The replace ment of an energy equivalent amount of residual oil is a simplifyingassumption determined b y EPA to reflect the mid - range of possible gl ycerin uses in terms of GHG credits. EPA believes that it is appropriatel y representative of GHG reduction credit acro ss the possible range without necessaril y biasing the results toward high or low GHG impact. G iven the fundamental difficult y of predicting possible gl yc erin uses and impacts of those uses man y ye ars into the future under evolving market conditions, EPA believes it is reasonable to use the more*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **36** of **107** simplified approach to calculating co - product GHG benefit s associated with gl yc erin production at this time . EPA will continue to evaluate the co - product credit associated with gl ycerine production in future rulemakings. Given the fact that GHG emissions from camelina - based biodiesel would be similar to the GHG emissions from soy bean - based biodiesel at all stages of the lifecy cle but would not result in land use change s as was the case for so y oil used as a feedstock, we believe biodiesel from camelina oil will also meet the 50% GHG emissions reduction threshold to qualify as a biomass based diesel and an advanced fuel. T herefore, EPA is including biodiesel produced from camelina oil under the same pathway s for which biodiesel made from soy bean oil qualifies under the RFS2 final rule. b. Renewable Diesel (Including Jet Fuel and Heating Oil), Naphtha, and LPG The same feedstocks currently used for biodiesel production can also be us ed in a hydrotreating process to produce a slate of products, including diesel fuel, heating oil (defined as No. 1 or No. 2 diesel), jet fuel, naphtha, LPG, and propane. Since the term renewable diesel is defined to include the products diesel fuel, jet f uel and heating oil, the following discussion uses the term renewable diesel to also include diesel fuel, jet fuel and heating oil. The yield of renewable diesel is relatively insensitive to feedstock source. 55 While any propane produced as part of the h ydrotreating process will most likely be combusted within the facility for process energy , the other co - products that can be produced (i.e., renewable diesel, naphtha, LPG) are higher value products that could be used as transportation fuels or, in the case of naphtha, a blendstock for production of transportation fuel. The hydrotreating process maximized for producing a diesel fuel replacement as the primary fuel product requires more overall material 55 Kalnes, T., N., McCall, M., M., Shonnard, D., R., 2010. Renewable Diesel and Jet - Fuel Production from Fats and Oils. Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals, Chapter 18, p. 475*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **37** of **107** and energy

inputs than transesterification to produce bi odiesel, but it also results in a greater amount of other valuable co - products as listed above. The h ydrotreating process can also be maximized for jet fuel production which requires even more process energy than the process optimized for producing a dies el fuel replacement, and produces a greater amount of co - products per barrel of feedstock, especially naphtha. Producers of renewable diesel from camelina have expressed interest in generating RINs under the RFS2 program for the slate of products resulting from the h ydrotreating process. Our lifecycle anal ys is accounts for the various uses of the co - products. There are two main approaches to accounting for the co - products produced, the allocation approach, and the displacement approach. In the allocation approach all the emissions from the hydrotreating process are allocated across all the different co - products. There are a number of way s to do this but since the main use of the co - products would be to generate RINs as a fuel product we allocate based on the energy content of the co - products produced. In this case, emissions from the process would be allocated equally to all the Btus produced. Therefore, on a per Btu basis all co - products would have the same emissions. The displacement approach would attribute all of the emissions of the hydrotreating process to one main product and then account for the emission reductions from the other co - products displacing alternative product production. For example, if the hydrotreating process is configured to maximize diesel fuel replacement production, all of the emissions from the process would be attributed to diesel fuel, but we would then assume the other co - products were displacing alternative products, for example, naphtha would displace gasoline, LPG woul d displace natural gas, etc. This assumes the other alternative products are not produced or used, so we would subtract the emissions of gasoline production and use, natural gas production and use, etc. This would show up as a GHG emission credit associated with the*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **38** of **107** production of diesel fuel replacement. To account for the case where RINs are generated for the jet fuel, naphtha and LPG in addition to the diesel replacement fuel produced, we would not give the diesel replacement fuel a displacement credi t for these co - products. Instead, the lifecycle GHG emissions from the fuel production processes would be allocated to each of the RIN - generating products on an energy content basis. This has the effect of tending to increase the fuel production lifecycl e GHG emissions associated with the diesel replacement fuel because there are less co - product displacement credits to assign than would be the case if RINs were not generated for the co products. 56 On the other hand, the upstream lifecycle GHG emissions as sociated with producing and transporting the plant oil feedstocks will be distributed over a larger group of RIN generating products. Assuming each product (except propane) produced via the camelina oil hydrotreating process will generate RINs results in higher lifecycle GHG emissions for diesel fuel replacement as compared to the case where the co - products are not used to generate RINs. This general principle is also true when the h ydrotreating process is maximized for jet fuel production. As a result, the worst GHG performance (i.e., greatest lifecy cle GHG emissions) for diesel replacement fuel and jet fuel produced from camelina oil via hydrotreating will occur when all of the co - products are RIN - generating (we assume propane will be used for process en ergy). Thus, if these fuels meet the 50% GHG reduction threshold for biomass based diesel or advanced biofuel when co - products are RIN - generating, they will also do so in the case when RI Ns are not generated for co - products. We have evaluated information about the lifecycle GHG emissions associated with the

56 For a similar discussion see page 46 of Stratton, R.W., Wong, H.M., Hileman, J.I. 2010. Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Alternative Jet Fuels. PARTNER Project 28 report. Version 1.1. PARTNER - COE - 2010 - 001. June 2010, http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/partner /reports/proj28/partner - proj28 - 2010 - 001.pdf*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **39** of **107** hydrotreating process which can be maximized for jet fuel or diesel replacement fuel production. Our evaluation considers information published in peer - reviewed journal articles and publicly available literature (Kalnes et al, 2010, Pearlson, M., N., 2011, 57 Stratton et al., 2010, Huo et al., 2008 58 ). Our analy sis of GHG emissions from the hydrotreating process is based on the mass and energy

balance data in Pearlson (2011) which anal yz es a hydrotreati ng process maximized for diesel replacement fuel production and a h ydrotreating process maximized for jet fuel production. 59 This data is summarized in Table 4. **Table 4: Hydrotreating Processes to Convert Camelina Oil into Diesel Replacement Fuel and Jet**  **Fuel 60**  Maximized for Diesel Fuel Production Maximized for Jet Fuel Production Units (per gallon of fuel produced) Inputs Refined camelina oil 9.56 12.84 Lbs Hy drogen 0.04 0.08 Lbs Electricity 652 865 Btu Natural Gas 23,247 38,519 Btu

57 Pearlson, M., N. 2011. A Techno - Economic and Environmental Assessment of Hydroprocessed Renewable Distillate Fuels. 58 Huo, H., Wang., M., Bloyd, C., Putsche, V., 2008. Life - Cycle Assessment of Energy and Green house Gas Effects of Soybean - Derived Biodiesel and Renewable Fuels. Argonne National Laboratory. Energy Systems Division. ANL/ESD/08 - 2. March 12, 2008 59 We have also considered data submitted by companies involved in the hydrotreating industry which is cla imed as confidential business information (CBI). The conclusions using the CBI data are consistent with the analysis presented here. 60 Based on Pearlson (2011), Table 3.1 and Table 3.2*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **40** of **107** Outputs Diesel Fuel 123,136 55,845 Btu Jet fuel 23,197 118,669 Btu Naphtha 3,306 17,042 Btu LPG 3,084 15,528 Btu Propane 7,454 9,881 Btu Table 5 compares lifecycle GHG emissions from oil extraction and fuel production for soy bean oil biodiesel and for camelina - based diesel and jet fuel. The lifecycle GHG estimates for camelina oil diesel and jet fuel are based on the input/output data summarized in Table 3 (for oil extraction) and Table 4 (for fuel production). We assume that the propane co - product do es not generate RINs; instead, it is used for process energy displacing natural gas. We also assume that the naphtha is used as blendstock for production of transportation fuel to generate RINs. In this case we assume that RI Ns are generated for the use of LPG in a way that meets the EISA definition of transportation fuel, for example it could be used in a nonroad vehicle. The lifecy cle GHG results in Table 5 represent the worst case scenario (i.e., highest GHG emissions) because all of the eligible co - pr oducts are used to generate RI Ns. This is because, as discussed above, lifecycle GHG emissions per Btu of diesel or jet fuel would be lower if the naphtha or LPG is not used to generate RINs and is instead used for process energy displacing fossil fuel su ch as natural gas . Supporting information for the values in Table 5, including key assumptions and data, is provided through the docket. 61 The key assumptions and data discussed in the docket include the emissions factors for natural gas, h ydrogen and grid average electricit y, and the energy allocation and displacement credits given to co - products. These data and assumptions are 61 See for example the spreadsheet with lifecycle GHG emissions calculations titled “Final Camelina Calculations for Docket” with document number EPA - HQ- OAR - 2011 - 0542 - 0046.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **41** of **107** based on the approach taken in the March 2010 RFS2 rule, as explained further below.

**Table 5: Fuel Production Lifecycle GHG Emissions (kgCO2e / mmBtu)**  **62**

Feedstock Production

Process RIN Generating Products Other Co products Oil Extraction Processing Total Soy bean Oil Trans Esterification Biodiesel Glycerin 14 (1) 13 Camelina Oil Trans Esterification Biodiesel Glycerin 4 (1) 3 Camelina Oil Hy drotreating

Maximized for Diesel Diesel Propane 4 8 12

Jet Fuel Naphtha LPG Camelina Oil Hy drotreating

Maximized for Jet Fuel Diesel Fuel Propane 4 11 14

Jet Fuel Naphtha LPG As discussed above, for a process that produces more than one RIN - generating output (e.g., the h ydrotreating process summarized in Table 5 which produces diesel replacement fuel, jet fuel, and naphtha) we allocate lifecycle GHG emissions to the RI N generat ing products on an energy equivalent basis. We then normalize the allocated lifecycle GHG emissions per mmBtu

62 Lifecycle GHG emissions are normalized per mmBtu of RIN - generating fuel produced. To tals may not be the sum of the rows due to rounding error. Parentheses indicate negative numbers. Process emissions for biodiesel production are negative because they include the glycerin offset credit.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **42** of **107** of each fuel product. Therefore, each RIN - generating product from the same process will be assigned equal lifecycle GHG emissions per mmBtu from fuel processing. For example, based on the lifecycle GHG estimates in Table 5 for the hydrotreating process maximized to produce jet fuel, the jet fuel and the naphtha both have lifecycle GHG emissions of 14 kgCO2e/mmBtu. For the same reasons, the lifec ycle GHG emissions from the jet fuel and naphtha will stay equivalent if we consider upstream GHG emissions, such as emissions associated with camelina cultivation and harvesting. Lifecy cle GHG emissions from fuel distribution and use could be somewhat di fferent for the jet fuel and naphtha, but since these stages produce a relativel y small share of the emissions related to the full fuel lifecycle, the overall difference will be quite small. Given that GHG emissions from camelina oil would be similar to the GHG emissions from soy bean oil at all stages of the lifecycle but would not result in land use change emissions (soy oil feedstock did have a significant land use change impact but still met a 50% GHG reduction threshold), and considering differences in process emissions between soy bean biodiesel and camelina - based renewable diesel, we conclude that renewable diesel from camelina oil will also meet the 50% GHG emissions reduction threshold to qualify as biomass based diesel and advanced fuel. Although some of the potential configurations result in fuel production GHG emissions that are higher than fuel production GHG emissions for soy bean oil biodiesel, land use change emissions account for approximately 80% of the soy

bean oil t o biodiesel lifecycle GHGs. Since camelina is assumed not to have land use change emissions, our analysis shows that camelina renewable diesel will qualify for advanced renewable fuel and biomass - based diesel RI Ns even for the cases with the highest lifec ycle GHGs (e.g., when all of the co - products are used to generate RINs.) Because the lifecycle GHG emissions for RIN - generating co - products are very similar, we can also conclude renewable gasoline blendstock and LPG produced from*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **43** of **107** camelina oil will also m eet the 50% GHG emissions reduction threshold. If the facility does not actuall y generate RINs for one or more of these co - products, we estimate that the lifecycle GHG emissions related to the RI N - generating products would be lower, thus renewable d iesel (which includes diesel fuel, jet fuel, and heating oil) from camelina would still meet the 50% emission reduction threshold. 4. Summary Current information suggests that camelina will be produced on land that would otherwise remain fallow. The refore, increased production of camelina - based renewable fuel is not expected to result in significant land use change emissions . For the purposes of this anal ys is, EPA is projecting there will be no land use emissions associated with camelina produ ction for use as a renewable fuel feedstock. However, while production of camelina on acres that would otherwise remain fallow is expected to be the primary means b y which the majority of all camelina is commercially harvested in the short - to medium - t erm, in the long term camelina may expand to other growing methods and lands if demand increases substantially beyond what EPA is currentl y predicting. While the impacts are uncertain, there are some indications demand could increase significantl y. For e xample, camelina is included under USDA’s Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) and there is growing support for the use of camelina oil in producing drop - in alternative aviation fuels. EPA plans to monitor the expansion of camelina production to v erify whether camelina is primarily grown on existing acres once camelina is produced at larger - scale volumes. Similarly , we will consider market impacts if alternative uses for camelina expand significantly beyond what was described in the above anal ys is. Just as EPA plans to periodically review and revise the methodology

and assumptions associated with calculating the GHG emissions from all*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **44** of **107** renewable fuel feedstocks, EPA expects to review and revise as necessary the anal ys is of camelina in the future. Taking into account the assumption of no land use change emissions when camelina is used to produce renewable fuel, and considering that other sources of GHG emissions related to camelina biodiesel or renewable diesel production have comparable GHG emissio ns to biodiesel from soy bean oil, we have determined that camelina - based biodiesel and renewable diesel should be treated in the same manner as so y - based biodiesel and renewable diesel in qualifying as biomass - based diesel and advanced biofuel for purposes of RIN generation, since the GHG emission performance of the camelina - based fuels will be at least as good and in some respects better than that modeled for fuels made from so yb ean oil. EPA found as part of the Renewable Fuel Standard final rulemaking th at so ybean biodiesel resulted in a 57% reduction in GHG emissions compared to the baseline petroleum diesel fuel. Furthermore, approximately 80% of the lifecycle impacts from soy bean biodiesel were from land use change emissions which are assumed to be no t significant for the camelina pathway considered. Thus, EPA is including camelina oil as a potential feedstock under the same biodiesel and renewable diesel (which includes diesel fuel, jet fuel, and heating oil) pathway s for which soy bean oil currentl y qualifies. We are also including a pathway for naphtha and LPG produced from camelina oil through hydrotreating. This is based on the fact that our analy sis shows that even when all of the co products are used to generate RINs the lifecycle GHG emissions for RIN - generating co - products including diesel replacement fuel, jet fuel, naphtha and LPG produced from camelina oil will all meet the 50% GHG emissions reduction threshold. We are also clarifying that two existing pathway s for RIN generation in the RFS regulations that list "renewable diesel" as a fuel product produced through a hy drotreating*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **45** of **107** process include jet fuel. This applies to two pathway s in Table 1 to §80.1426 of the RFS regulations which both list renewable diesel made from soy bean oil, oi l from annual covercrops, algal oil, biogenic waste oils/fats/greases, or non - food grade corn oil using hydrotreating as a process. If parties produce jet fuel from the h ydrotreating process and co - process renewable biomass and petroleum they can generate advanced biofuel RINs (D code 5) for the jet fuel produced. If they

do not co - process renewable biomass and petroleum they can generate biomass - based diesel RINs (D code 4) for the jet fuel produced. § 80.1401 of the RFS regulations currentl y defines non - ester renewable diesel as a fuel that is not a mono - alkyl ester and which can be used in an engine designed to operate on conventional diesel fuel or be heating oil or jet fuel. The reference to jet fuel in this definition was added b y direct final ru le dated May 10, 2010. Table 1 to §80.1426 identifies approved fuel pathway s by

fuel t ype, feedstock source and fuel production processes. The table, which was largel y adopted as part of the March 26, 2010 RFS2 final rule, identifies jet fuel and renewab le diesel as separate fuel types. Accordingl y, in light of the revised definition of renewable diesel enacted after the RFS2 rule, there is ambiguity regarding the extent to which references in Table 1 to “renewable diesel” include jet fuel. The original lifecycle analy sis for the renewable diesel from hydrotreating pathway s listed in Table 1 to §80.1426 was not based on producing jet fuel but rather other transportation diesel fuel products, namely a diesel fuel replacement. As discussed above, the hydro treating process can produce a mix of products including jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, LPG and propane. Also, as discussed, there are differences in the process configured for maximum jet fuel production vs. the process maximized for diesel fuel production and the lifecycle results vary depending on what approach is used to consider co - products (i.e., the allocation or displacement*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **46** of **107** approach). In cases where there are no pathway s for generating RINs for the co - products from the hydrotreating process it would be appropriate to use the displacement method for capturing the credits of co - products produced. This is the case for most of the original feedstocks included in Table 1 to §80.1426. 63 As was discussed previously, if the displacement approach is used when jet fuel is the primary

product produced it results in lower emissions th an the production maximized for diesel fuel production. Therefore, since the h ydrotreating process maximized for diesel fuel meets the 50% lifecycle GHG threshold for the feedstocks in question, the process maximized for jet fuel would also qualify . Thus, we are interpreting the references to “renewable diesel” in Table 1 to include jet fuel, consistent with o ur regulatory definition of “non - ester renewable diesel,” since doing so clarifies the existing regulations while ensuring that Table 1 to §80.1426 appropriatel y identifies fuel pathway s that meet the GHG reduction thresholds associated with each pathway . We note that although the definition of renewable diesel includes jet fuel and heating oil, we have also listed in Table 1 of section 80.1426 of the RFS2 regulations jet fuel and heating oil as specific co - products in addition to listing renewable diesel to assure clarity . This clarification also pertains to all the feedstocks already included in Table 1 for renewable diesel. **C. Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis for Ethanol, Diesel, Jet Fuel, Heating**  **Oil, and Naphtha Produced from Energy Cane**  **, Giant Reed, and Napier grass**  For this rulemaking, EPA considered the lifecycle GHG impacts of three new ty pes of high - yi elding perennial grasses similar in cellulosic composition to switchgrass and comparable

63 The exception is renewable gasoline blendstock produced from waste categories, but these would pass the lifecycle thresholds regardless of the allocation approach used given their low feedstock GHG impacts.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **47** of **107** in status as an emerging energy crop. The three grasses considered in this rulemaking are energy cane ( e.g., hy

brids of Saccharum officinarum , Saccharum spontaneum , Saccharum barberi Jeswiet, Saccharum sinense Roxb. amend. Jeswiet that have been bred to maximize their biomass content rather than sugar content) 64 , giant reed ( Arundo donax ), and napier grass ( pennisetum purpureum ), also known as elephant grass. In the proposed and final RFS2 rule, EPA anal yz ed the lifecycle GHG impacts of producing and using cellulosic ethanol and cellulosic Fischer - Tropsch diesel from switchgrass. The midpoint of the range of switchgrass result s showed a 110% GHG reduction (range of 102% - 117%) for cellulosic ethanol (biochemical process), a 72% (range of - 64% to - 79%) reduction for cellulosic ethanol (thermochemical process), and a 71% (range of - 62% to - 77%) reduction for cellulosic diesel (F T process) compared to the petroleum baseline. In the RFS2 final rule, we indicated that some feedstock sources can be determined to be similar enough to those modeled that the modeled results could reasonably

be extended to these similar feedstock ty pes. For instance, information on miscanthus indicated that this perennial grass will yield more feedstock per acre than the modeled switchgrass feedstock without additional inputs with GHG implications (such as fertilizer). Therefore in the final rule EPA con cluded that since biofuel made from the cellulosic biomass in switchgrass was found to satisfy the 60% GHG reduction threshold for cellulosic biofuel, biofuel produced from the cellulosic biomass in miscanthus would also comply . In the final rule we includ ed cellulosic biomass from switchgrass and miscanthus as eligible feedstocks for the cellulosic biofuel pathway s included in Table 1 to § 80.1426. We did not include other perennial grasses such as energy cane, giant reed, or napier

64 See https://www.crops.org/publications/jpr/abstracts/2/3/211?access=0&view=pdf and http://www.cpact.embrapa.br/eventos/2010/simposio_agroenergia/palestras/10_terca/Tarde/USA/4%20%20%208 - 10 - 2010%20Cold%20Tolerance.pdf*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **48** of **107** grass as feedstocks f

or the cellulosic biofuel pathway s in Table 1 at that time, since we did not have sufficient time to adequatel y consider them. Based in part on additional information received through the petition process for EPA approval of energy cane, giant reed, and na

pier grass pathway s, EPA has evaluated these feedstocks and is now including these three feedstocks in Table 1 to § 80.1426 as approved pathway s for cellulosic biofuel pathway s. As described in detail in the following sections of this preamble, because of the similarity of these feedstocks to switchgrass and miscanthus, EPA believes that new agricultural sector modeling is not needed to anal yz e them. We have instead relied upon the switchgrass analy sis to assess the relative GHG impacts of biofuel pro duced from energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass. As with the switchgrass anal ys is, we have attributed all land use impacts and resource inputs from use of these feedstocks to the portion of the fuel produced that is derived from the cellulosic compone nts of the feedstocks. Based on this analy sis and currently available information, we conclude that biofuel (ethanol, cellulosic diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and naphtha) produced from the cellulosic biomass of energy cane, giant reed, or napier grass has similar lifecycle GHG impacts to switchgrass biofuel and meets the 60% GHG reduction threshold required for cellulosic biofuel. 1. Feedstock Production and Distribution For the purposes of this rulemaking, energy cane refers to varieties of perenn ial grasses in the Saccharum genus which are intentionall y bred for high cellulosic biomass productivity but have characteristicall y low sugar content making them less suitable as a primary source of sugar as compared to other varieties of grass es commonly known as “sugarcane” in the Saccharum genus. Energy

cane varieties developed to date have low tolerance for cold temperatures but grow well in warm, humid climates. Energy cane originated from efforts to improve disease*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **49** of **107** resistance and hardiness of commercial sugarcane by crossbreeding commercial and wild sugarcane strains. Certain higher fiber, lower sugar varieties that resulted were not suitable for commercial sugar production, and are now being developed as a high - biomass energy crop. There i s currentl y no commercial production of energy cane. Current plantings are mainl y limited to research field trials and small demonstrations for bioenergy purposes. However, based in part on discussions with industry , EPA anticipates continued development o f energy cane particularl y in the south - central and southeastern United States due to its high yi elds in these regions. Giant reed refers to the perennial grass Arundo donax of the Poaceae family . Giant reed thrives in subtropical and warm - temperate areas and is grown throughout Asia, southern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and warmer U.S. states for multiple uses such as paper and pulp, musical instruments, rayon, particle boards, erosion control, and ornamental purposes. 65 , 66 Based in part on discussions with industry , EPA anticipates continued development of giant reed as an energy crop particularl y i n the Mediterranean region and warmer U.S. states. Napier grass is a tall bunch - ty pe grass that has traditionally been grown as a high yi elding forage crop across the wet tropics. There is a considerable body of agronomic research on the production of napier grass as a forage crop. More recentl y, researchers have investigated way s to maximize traits desirable in bioenergy crops . Practices have been developed b y USDA and other researchers to lower fertilization rates and increase biomass production. Based in part on discussions with industry , EPA anticipates continued development of napier grass as an energy crop particularl y i n Gulf Coast Region of the United States (more specificall y the
65 See http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ plants/graminoid/arudon/all.html 66 See Lewandowski, I., Scurlock, J.M.O., Lindvall, E., Christou, M. (2003). The development and current status of perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy crops in the US and Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy 25, 335 - 361.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **50** of **107** growing region includes Florida and southern portions of Texas, L ouisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi). 67 a. Crop Yields For the purposes of anal yzing the GHG emissions from energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass production, EPA examined crop yields and production inputs in relation to switchgrass to assess the relative GHG impacts. Current national yi elds for switchgrass are approximately

4.5 to 5 dry

tons per acre. Average energy cane yi elds exceed switchgrass yields in both unfertilized and fertilized trails conducted in the southern United States. Unfertilized yi elds are around 7.3 dry

tons per acre while fertilized trials show energy cane yields range from approximately

11 to 20 dry tons per acre. 68 , 69 Until recently there have been few efforts to improve energy

cane yields, but several energy cane development programs are now underway to further increase its biomass productivity . Giant reed field trials conducted in Alabama over a 9 - ye ar period showed an average yield of 15 dry tons per acre with no nitrogen fertilizer applied after the first y ear. 70 Fertilized field trials have shown yields around 13 to 28 dry tons per acre in Spain, and 12 dry

tons per acre in Ital y (based on annual yi elds of 3, 14, 17, 16, and 12). 71 High yi elds have been demonstrated with unimproved giant reed populations, and therefore there is 67 F or a map depicting the northern limit for sustained napiergrass production in the United States s ee Figure 1 in Woodard, K., R. and Sollenberger, L, E. 2008. Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida: Elephantgrass. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, U niversity of Florida. SS AGR 297. 68 See Bischoff, K.P., Gravois, K.A., Reagan, T.E., Hoy, J.W., Kimbeng, C.A., LaBorde, C.M., Hawkins, G.L. Plant Regis. 2008, 2, 211 - 217. 69 See Hale, A.L. Sugar Bulletin , 2010, 88, 28 - 29 70 Huang, P., Bransby, D., and Sladden, S. (2010). Exceptionally high yields and soil carbon sequestration recorded for giant reed in Alabama. Poster session presented at: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA 2010 International Annual Meetings, Green Revolution 2.0; 2010 Oct 31 – Nov 4; Long Beach, CA. 71 Mantineo, M., D ’ Agnosta, G.M., Copani, V., Patanè, C., and Cosentino, S.L. (2009). Biomass yield and energy balance of three perennial crops for energy use in the semi - arid Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research 114, 204 - 213.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **51** of **107** potential for increased biomass productivity through improved growing methods and breeding efforts. 72 Napier grass field trials have produced dry biomass yi elds exceeding 20 tons per acre per year in north - central Florida. Using currentl y available technology , average yields for full season napier grass should range from 14 to 18 tons per acre with future improvements expecte d. Yield depends greatl y on the ty pe of cultivar and the amount and distribution of rainfall and fertilization rates. There is potential for increased biomass productivity through improved growing methods and breeding efforts. 73 In general, the yields fo r all three of the energy grasses considered here will have higher yi elds than switchgrass, so from a crop yi eld perspective, the switchgrass anal ys is would be a conservative estimate when comparing against the energy cane, napier grass, and giant reed pathway s. Furthermore, EPA’s analy sis of switchgrass for the RFS2 rulemaking assumed a 2% annual increase in yi eld that would result in an average national yield of 6.6 dry tons per acre in 2022. EPA anticipates a similar yield improvement for energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass due to their similarity

as perennial grasses and their comparable status as energy crops in their earl y stages of development. Given this, our anal ysis assumes an average energy cane yi eld of 19 dry tons per acre in the southern United States by 2022 ; an average giant reed yield of approximately

18 dry tons per acre by

2022; and an average napier grass yi eld of approximately 20 dry tons per acre by

2022 74 . The ethanol yi eld for all of the grasses is approximately the same so the higher crop yi elds for energy cane, napier grass, and giant reed result directly in greater ethanol production compared to switchgrass per acre of production.
72 Lewandowski et al. 2003 73 Based on discussions with industry and USDA and Woodard and Sollenberger ( 2008 ) 74 These yields assume no significant adverse climate impacts on world agricultural yields over the analytical timeframe.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **52** of **107** Based on these yi eld assumptions, in areas with suitable growing conditions, energy cane would require approximately 26% to 47% of the land area required by switchgrass to produce the same amount of biomass, giant reed would require less than 40% of the land area required b y switchgrass to produce the same amount of biomass, and napier grass would require approximately

3 3% of the land area required b y s witchgrass to produce the same amount of biomass due to their higher yi elds. Even without yield growth assumptions, their currently higher crop yi eld rates means the land use required for these crops would be lower than fo r switchgrass. Therefore less crop area would be converted and displaced resulting in smaller land - use change GHG impacts than that assumed for switchgrass to produce the same amount of fuel. Furthermore, we believe energy cane and napier grass will have a similar impact on international markets as assumed for switchgrass. L ike switchgrass, energy cane and napier grass are not expected to be traded internationall y and their impacts on other crops are expected to be limited. Increased giant reed demand in the U.S. for biofuels is not expected to impact existing markets for giant reed, which are relativel y small niche markets (e.g., musical instrument reeds). b. L and Us e In EPA’s RFS2 anal ys is, switchgrass plantings displaced primarily soy beans and wheat, and to a lesser extent hay, rice, sorghum, and cotton. Energy cane and napier grass, with production focused in the southern United States, are likel y to be grown on land once used for pasture, rice, commercial sod, cotton or alfalfa, which would li kely have less of an international indirect impact than switchgrass because some of those commodities are not as widely traded as soy beans or wheat. Given that energy cane and napier grass will likely displace the least productive land first, EPA concludes that the land use GHG impact for energy cane and napier grass per gallon should be no greater and likel y less than estimated for switchgrass. Given that*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **53** of **107** giant reed is in early

stages of development as an energy crop, there is limited information on where it will be grown and what crops it will displace. We expect giant reed will displace the least productive land first and would likely have a similar or smaller indirect impact associated with crop displacement than what we assumed for switchgrass. Consi dering the total land potentially impacted b y all the new feedstocks included in this rulemaking would not impact these conclusions (including the camelina discussed in the previous section and the three energy grasses considered here). As discussed previ ously , the camelina is expected to be grown on fallow land in the Northwest, while energy grasses are expected to be grown mainly in the south on existing cropland or pastureland. In the switchgrass ethanol scenario done for the Renewable Fuel Standard fi nal rulemaking, total cropland acres increases by

4.2 million acres, including an increase of 12.5 million acres of switchgrass, a decrease of 4.3 million acres of so yb eans, a 1.4 million acre decrease of wheat acres, a decrease of 1 million acres of hay , as well as decreases in a variet y of other crops. Given the higher yi elds of the energy

grasses considered here compared to switchgrass, there would be ample land available for production without having an y adverse impacts bey ond what was considered for s witchgrass production. This analy sis took into account the economic conditions such as input costs and commodity

prices when evaluating the GHG and land use change impacts of switchgrass. One commenter stated that by assuming no land use change for giant reed, napier grass, energy cane and other feedstocks, the Agency may have underestimated the increase in GHG emissions that could result from breaking new land. According to the commenter, EPA assumed that these feedstocks will be grown on the least productive land without citing an y specific models or studies.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **54** of **107** The commenter appears to have misinterpreted EPA’s anal ys is. EPA did not assume these crops would be grown on fallow acres, nor di d EPA assume that switchgrass would only be produced on the least productive lands. EPA assumed these crops would be grown on acres similar to switchgrass, and therefore applied the land use change impacts of switchgrass anal yz ed in the final RFS2 rule. In the final RFS2, EPA provided detailed information on the ty pes of crops (e.g., wheat) that would be displaced b y dedicated switchgrass. This anal ys is took into account the economic conditions such as input costs and commodity prices when evaluating the GHG and land use change impacts of switchgrass. 75 c. Crop Inputs and Feedstock Transport EPA also assessed the GHG impacts associated with planting, harvesting, and transporting energy

cane, giant reed, and napier grass feedstocks in comparison to switch grass. Table 6 shows the assumed 2022 commercial - scale production inputs for switchgrass (used in the RFS2 rulemaking analy sis), average energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass production inputs (USDA projections and industry data) and the associated GHG emissions. Available data gathered by EPA suggest that energy cane requires on average less nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and pesticide than switchgrass per dry ton of biomass, but more herbicide, lime, diesel, and electricity per unit of biomass. Giant reed may require on average less nitrogen and insecticide than switchgrass, but more phosphorous, potassium, herbicide, diesel, and electricity per unit of biomass. Napier grass may require similar amounts of nitrogen fertilizer application as switc hgrass, less phosphorous, potassium and insecticide than switchgrass, but more herbicide, lime, diesel and electricit y per unit of biomass.

75 See Final Regulatory Impact Analysis Chapter 2 , February 2010.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **55** of **107** This assessment assumes production of all three new feedstocks uses electricity for irrigation given that growers will likely irrigate when possible to improve yields. Irrigation rates will vary depending on the timing and amount of rainfall, but for the p urpose of estimating GHG impacts of electricity

use for irrigation, we assumed a rate similar to what we assumed for other irrigated crops in the Southwest, South Central, and Southeast as shown in Table 6. Applying the GHG emission factors used in the RFS2 final rule, energy cane production results in slightly

higher GHG emissions relative to switchgrass production (an increase of approximately

4 kg CO 2 eq/mmbtu). Giant reed production results in slightly lower GHG emissions relative to switchgrass pro duction (a decrease of approximately 2 kg CO 2 eq/mmbtu). Napier grass production results in slightly higher GHG emissions relative to switchgrass production (an increase of approximately 6 kg CO 2 eq/mmbtu) .*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **56** of **107 Table 6: Production Inputs and GHG Emissions for Switchgrass, Energy Cane,**  **Giant Reed, and Napier grass (Biochemical**  **Ethanol), 2022 Switchgrass**  **Energy Cane Giant Reed**  **Napier grass**  **Em ission**  **Factors Inputs** 

**(per dry ton of biomass)**  **Em issions** 

**(per mmBtu fuel)**  **Inputs**

**(per dry ton of biomass)**  **Em issions** 

**(per mmBtu fuel)**  **Inputs**

**(per dry ton of**  **biom ass)**  **Em issions** 

**(per mmBtu fuel)**  **Inputs**

**(per dry ton of biomass)**  **Em issions** 

**(per mmBtu fuel)**  Nitrogen Fertilizer 3,29 kgCO 2 e/ ton of nitrogen 15.2 lbs 3.6 kgCO 2 e 8.4 lbs 2 kgCO 2 e 5 lbs 1 kgCO 2 e 10 lbs 2.4 kgCO 2 e
N 2 O N/A N/A 7.6 kgCO 2 e N/A 5.9 kgCO 2 e N/A 4.8 kgCO 2 e N/A 7.6 kgCO 2 e Phosphorus Fertilizer 1,12 kgCO 2 e / ton of phosphate 6.1 lbs 0.5 kgCO 2 e 3.2 lbs 0.3 kgCO 2 e 7.4 lbs 0.6 kgCO 2 e 1.1 lbs 0.1 kgCO 2 e

Potassium Fertilizer 743 kgCO 2 e / ton of potassium 6.1 lbs 0.3 kgCO 2 e 4.2 lbs 0.2 kgCO 2 e 7.4 lbs 0.4 kgCO 2 e 4.0 lbs 0.2 kgCO 2 e

Herbicide 23,45 kgCO 2 e / tons of herbicide 0.002 lbs 0.003 kgCO 2 e 1.0 lbs 1.8 kgCO 2 e 0.02 lbs 0.03 kgCO 2 e 0.4 lbs 0.6 kgCO 2 e Insecticide (average across regio ns) 27,22 kgCO 2 e / tons of pesticide 0.025 lbs 0.04 kgCO 2 e 0 lbs 0 kgCO 2 e 0 lbs 0 kgCO 2 e 0 lbs 0 kgCO 2 e*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **57** of **107** Li me 408 kgCO 2 e / ton of lime 0 lbs 0 kgCO 2 e 104.7 lbs 3.1 kgCO 2 e 0 lbs 0 kgCO 2 e 100 lbs 2.9 kgCO 2 e
Diesel 97 kgCO 2 e / mmBtu diesel 0.4 gal 0.8 kgCO 2 e 1.3 gal 2.4 kgCO 2 e 1.4 gal 2.5 kgCO 2 e 1.3 gal 2.2 kgCO 2 e Electricity (irrigation) 220 kgCO 2 e / mmBtu 0 kWh 0 kgCO 2 e 14.7 kWh 1.6 kgCO 2 e 1 0 kWh 1 kgCO 2 e 25 kWh 2.7 kgCO 2 e

**Total Emissions** 13 kgCO 2 e / mmBtu 17 kgCO 2 e / mmBtu 11 kgCO 2 e / mmBtu 19 kgCO 2 e / mmBtu Assumes 2022 switchgrass yield of 6.59 dry tons/acre and 92.3 gal ethanol/dry ton, 2022 energy cane yield of 19.1 dry tons/acre and 9 2 gal ethanol/dry ton, 2022 giant reed yield of 18 dry tons/acre and 92.3 gal ethanol/dry ton, and 2022 napier grass yield of 20 dry tons/acre and 92.3 gal ethanol/dry ton. More detail on calculations and assumptions is included in materials to the docket.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **58** of **107** GHG emissions associated with distributing energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass feedstock s are expected to be similar to EPA’s estimates for switchgrass feedstock because they are all herbaceous agricultural crops requiring similar transport, loading, unloading, and storage regimes. O ur anal ys is therefore assumes the same GHG impact for feedstock distribution as we assumed for switchgrass, although distributing energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass feedstocks could be less GHG intensive because higher yi elds could translate to shorter overall hauling distances to storage or biofuel production facilities per gallon or Btu of final fuel produced. 2. Fuel Production, Distribution, and Use Energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass are suitable for the same conversion processes as other cellulosic feedstocks, such as switchgrass and corn sto ver. Currently available information on energy

cane, giant reed, and napier grass composition shows that their hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content are comparable to other crops that qualify under the RFS regulations as feedstocks for the productio n of cellulosic biofuels. Based on this similar composition as well as conversion yield data provided by industry , we applied the same production processes that were modeled for switchgrass in the final RFS2 rule (biochemical ethanol, thermochemical ethano l, and Fischer - Tropsch (F - T) diesel 76 ) to energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass. We assumed the GHG emissions associated with producing biofuels from energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass are similar to what we estimated for switchgrass and other cellulosic feedstocks. EPA also assumes that the distribution and use of biofuel made from energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass will not differ significantl y from similar biofuel produce d from other cellulosic sources. As was done for the switchgrass case, this anal ys is

76 The F - T diesel process modeled applies to cellulosic diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, and naphtha.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **59** of **107** assumes energy

grasses grown in the United States for production purposes. If crops were grown internationally , used for biofuel production, and the fuel was shipped to the U.S., shipping the finished fuel to the U.S. could increase transport emissions. However, based on anal ys is of the increased transport emissions associated with sugarcane ethanol distribution to the U.S . considered for the 2010 final ru le, this would at most add 1 - 2% to the overall lifecycle GHG impacts of the energy

grasses. 3. Summary Based on our comparison of switchgrass and the three feedstocks considered here, EPA believes that cellulosic biofuel produced from the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin portions of energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass has similar or better lifecycle GHG impacts than biofuel produced from the cellulosic biomass from switchgrass. Our analy sis suggests that the three feedst ocks considered have GHG impacts associated with growing and harvesting the feedstock that are similar to switchgrass. Emissions from growing and harvesting energy cane are approximately

4 kg CO2eq/mmBtu higher than switchgrass, emissions from growing and harvesting giant reed are approximately 2 kg CO2eq/mmBtu lower than switchgrass, and emissions from growing and harvesting napier grass are approximately 6 kg CO2eq/mmBtu higher than switchgrass. These are small changes in the overall lifecycle, representing at most a 6% change in the energy

grass lifecycle impacts in comparison to the petroleum fuel baseline. Furthermore, the three feedstocks considered are expected to have similar or lower GHG emissions than switchgrass associated with other components of the biofuel lifecycle. Under a h ypothetical worst case, if the calculated increases in growing and harvesting the new feedstocks are incorporated into the lifecycle GHG emissions calculated for switchgrass, and other lifecycle components are projected as having similar GHG impacts to switchgrass*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **6 0**  of **107** (including land use change associated with switchgrass production), the overall lifecycle GHG reductions for biofuel produced from energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass still meet the 60% reduction threshol d for cellulosic biofuel, the lowest being a 64% reduction (for napier grass diesel produced through gasification and upgrading) compared to the petroleum baseline. We believe these are conservative estimates, as use of energy cane, giant reed, or napier grass as a feedstock is expected to have smaller land - use GHG impacts than switchgrass, due to their higher yi elds. The docket for this rule provides additional detail on the analysis of energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass as biofuel feedstocks. Alth ough this anal ys is assumes energy cane, giant reed, and napier grass biofuels produced for sale and use in the United States will most likely come from domestically

produced feedstock, we also intend for the approved pathway s to cover energy cane, giant re ed, and napier grass from other countries. We do not expect incidental amounts of biofuels from feedstocks produced in other nations to impact our assessment that the average GHG emissions reductions will meet the threshold for qualifying as a cellul osic biofuel pathway . Moreover, those countries most likely

to be exporting energy

cane, giant reed, or napier grass or biofuels produced from these feedstocks are likely to be major producers which ty pically use similar cultivars and farming techniques. T herefore, GHG emissions from producing biofuels with energy cane, giant reed, or napier grass grown in other countries should be similar to the GHG emissions we estimated for U.S. energy cane, giant reed, or napier grass, though they could be slightly

(and insignificantl y) higher or lower. For example, the renewable biomass provisions under the Energy Independence and Security Act would prohibit direct conversion of previously unfarmed land in other countries into cropland for energy grass - based renewable fuel production. Furthermore , an y energy

grass production on existing cropland internationally would not be*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **61** of **107** expected to have land use impacts bey ond what was considered for switchgrass production. Even if there were unexpected larger differences, E PA believes the small amounts of feedstock or fuel potentiall y coming from other countries will not impact our threshold anal ys is. Based on our assessment of switchgrass in the RFS2 final rule and this comparison of GHG emissions from switchgrass and ener gy cane, giant reed, and napier grass, we do not expect variations to be large enough to bring the overall GHG impact of fuel made from energy cane, giant reed or napier grass to come close to the 60% threshold for cellulosic biofuel. Therefore, EPA is inc luding cellulosic biofuel produced from the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin portions of energy

cane, giant reed, and napier grass under the same pathway s for which cellulosic biomass from switchgrass qualifies under the RFS2 final rule. **D. Lifecycle Gr**  **eenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis for Certain Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstocks Pathways**  In this rule, EPA is also adding pathway s to Table 1 to § 80.1426 for the production of renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock using sp ecified feedstocks, fuel production processes, and process energy sources. The feedstocks we considered are generall y considered waste feedstocks such as crop residues or cellulosic components of separated yard waste. These feedstocks have been identifi ed b y the industry as the most likely

feedstocks for use in making renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock in the near term due to their availability

and low cost. Additionally , these feedstocks have alread y been anal yz ed b y EPA as part of the RFS2 rulemaking for the production of other fuel t ypes. Consequently, no new modeling is required and we rel y on earlier assessments of feedstock production and distribution for assessing the likel y lifecycle impact on renewable gasoline and renewable ga soline blendstock. We have also relied on the petroleum gasoline baseline assessment from the RFS2*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **62** of **107** rule for estimating the fuel distribution and use GHG emissions impacts for renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock. Consequently, the only ne w anal ys is required is of the technologies for turning the feedstock into renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock. 1. Feedstock production and distribution EPA has evaluated renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock pathway s that utilize cellulosic feedstocks currentl y included in Table 1 to § 80.1426 of the regulations. The following feedstocks were evaluated:
 Cellulosic biomass from crop residue, slash, pre - commercial thinnings and tree residue, annual cover crops ;  Cellulosic components of separated yard waste;
 Cellulosic components of separated food waste; and
 Cellulosic components of separated MSW The FASOM and FAPRI models were used to analy ze the GHG impacts of the feedstock production portion of a fuel’s lifec ycl e. In the RFS2 rulemaking, FASOM and FAPRI modeling was performed to analyze the emissions impact of using corn stover as a biofuel feedstock and this modeling was extended to some additional feedstock sources considered similar to corn stover. This a

pproach was used for crop residues, slash, pre - commercial thinnings, tree residue and cellulosic components of separated yard, food, and MSW. These feedstocks are all excess materials and thus, like corn stover, were determined to have little or no land u se change GHG impacts. Their GHG emission impacts are mainl y associated with collection, transport, and processing into biofuel. See the RFS2 rulemaking preamble for further discussion. We used the results of the corn stover modeling in this anal ys is to estimate the upper bound of agricultural*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **63** of **107** sector impacts from the production of the various cellulosic feedstocks noted above. The agriculture sector modeling results for corn stover represents all of the direct and significant indirect emissions in the agriculture sector (feedstock production emissions) for a certain quantit y of corn stover produced. For the RFS2 rulemaking, this was roughly 62 million dry tons of corn stover to produce 5.7 billion gallons of ethanol assuming biochemical fermentation t o ethanol processing. We have calculated GHG emissions from feedstock production for that amount of corn stover. The GHG emissions were then divided by the total heating value of the fuel to get feedstock production emissions per mmBtu of fuel. In addition to the biochemical ethanol process, a similar anal ys is was completed for thermochemical ethanol and F - T diesel pathway s as part of the RFS2 rulemaking. In this rulemaking we are anal yz ing renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock produced from corn stover (and, b y extension, other waste feedstocks). The number of gallons of fuel produced from a ton of corn stover (modeled process yi elds) is specific to the process used to produce renewable fuel. EPA has adjusted the results of the earlier corn stover modeling to reflect the different process yields and heating value of renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock product. The results of this calculation are shown below in Table 7. We based our process yi elds and heating values for renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock on several process technologies representative of technologies anticipated to be used in producing these fuels. As discussed later in this section, the re are four main t ypes of fuel production technologies available for producing renewable gasoline. These four processes can be characterized as (1) thermochemical gasification, (2) catal yt ic py roly sis and upgrading to renewable gasoline or renewable gasol ine blendstock (“catal yt ic p yrol ys is and upgrading”), (3)*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **64** of **107** biochemical fermentation with upgrading to renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock via carbox yl ic acid (“fermentation and upgrading”), and (4) direct biochemical fermentation to renewabl e gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock (“direct fermentation”). The thermochemical gasification process was modeled as part of the RFS2 final rule, included as producing naptha via the F - T process. Our anal ys is of the catal yt ic p yrol ys is process wa s based on the modeling work completed by the National Renewable Energy L aboratory

(NREL) for this rule for a process to make renewable gasoline blendstock. 77 The fermentation and upgrading process was modeled based on confidential business information (CB I) from industry for a unique process which uses biochemical conversion of cellulose to renewable gasoline via a carbox yl ic acid route. In addition, we have qualitatively assessed the direct fermentation to renewable gasoline process based on similarities to the biochemical ethanol process already anal yz ed as part of the RFS2 rulemaking. The fuel production section below provides further discussion on extending the GHG emissions results of the biochemical ethanol fermentation process to a biochemical rene wable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock fermentation process. In some cases, the available data sources included process yi elds for renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock produced from wood chips rather than corn stover which was spec ificall y modeled as a feedstock in the RFS2 final rule. We believe that the process yi elds are not significantl y impacted by the source of cellulosic material whether the cellulosic material comes from residue such as corn stover or wood material such as from tree residues. We made the simplifying assumption that one dry ton of wood feedstock produces the same volume of renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock as one dry ton of corn stover. We believe this is reasonable considering that the RF S2 rulemaking anal ys es for biochemical ethanol and 77 Kinchin, Christopher. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis with Upgrading to Gasoline and Diesel Blen dstocks. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2011.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **65** of **107** thermochemical F - T diesel processes showed limited variation in process yields between different feedstocks for a given process technology. 78 Inaddition, since the renewable gasoline and renewable g asoline blendstock pathway s include feedstocks that were already considered as part of the RFS2 final rule, the existing feedstock lifecycle GHG impacts for distribution of corn stover were also applied to this analy sis. 79 Feedstock production emissions are shown in Table 7 below for corn stover. Corn stover feedstock production emissions are mainly a result of corn stover removal increasing the profitability

of corn production (resulting in shifts in cropland and thus slight emission impacts) and also th e need for additional fertilizer inputs to replace the nutrients lost when corn stover is removed. However, corn stover removal also has an emissions benefit as it encourages the use of no - till farming which results in the lowering of domestic land use ch ange emissions. This change to no - till farming results in a negative value for domestic land use change emission impacts (see also Table 13 below). For other waste feedstocks (e.g., tree residues and cellulosic components of separate yard, food, and MSW), the feedstock production emissions are even lower than the values shown for corn stover since the use of such feedstocks does not require land use changes or additional agricultural inputs. Therefore, we conclude that if the use of corn stover as a feeds tock in the production of renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock yi elds lifecycle GHG emissions results for the resulting fuel that qualify it as cellulosic biofuel (i.e., it has at least a 60% lifecycle GHG reduction as compared to conventio nal fuel), then the

78 Aden, Andy. Feedstock Considerations and Impacts on Biorefining. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). December 2009. The report indicates that woody biomass feedstocks generally have higher yields than crop residues or herbaceous grasses (~6% higher yields). However the same lower yield was assumed for all as a conservative estimate. 79 Results for feedstock distribution are aggregated along with fuel distribution and are reported in a later section, see conclusion section.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **66** of **107** use of other waste feedstocks with little or no land use change emissions will also result in renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock that qualifies as cellulosic biofuel. One commenter stated that the Agency assumed that using the corn stover for biofuels production would result in additional no - till farming without an y evidence that the stover would actuall y be removed from no - tilled acres. This commenter feels that with recent increased profitability

from corn productio n, farmers may actually increase tillage to reap high corn prices. This commenter urged the EPA to consider changes to soil carbon from the removal of corn stover as they

may have an impact on the GHG score of this new biofuel pathway . This commenter further urged the Agency to not simply

assume that additional no - till practices will be adopted with residue extraction. The anal ys is the EPA conducted to evaluate the GHG impacts associated with corn stover removal as part of the RFS2 final rule did not as sume that the corn stover had to be removed from no - till corn production. The models used to evaluate the impacts of stover removal included the option for farmers to switch to no - till practices and therefore have the option for more stover removal. As the demand for stover increased in the case where stover is used for biofuel production, the relative costs associated with no - till factored in the impact of lost corn yi eld as well as higher yi eld for corn stover. The model optimized the rate of returns f or the farmers such that no - till practices were applied until the increased returns for greater stover removal on no - till acres were balanced by lost profits from lower corn yi elds. Therefore, the comment that we assumed stover had to come from no - till ac res or that the economics would drive more intensive tillage practices is not accurate, as described in more detail in the RFS2 final rule. Furthermore, there is an annual soil carbon penalty applied to crops with residue removal*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **67** of **107** in our models. Thus, as one shifts from conventional corn to residue corn, an annual soil carbon penalty factor is applied. If residue removal is combined with switching to conservation tillage or no - till, then the net soil C effect would be the sum of the till change effect and the "crop change" effect. For the RFS2 rulemaking, EPA conducted an in - depth literature review of corn stover removal practices and consulted with numerous experts in the field. In the FRM, EPA recognized that sustainable stover removal practices vary significantl y based on local differences in soil and erosion conditions, soil ty pe, landscape (slope), tillage practices, crop rotation managements, and the use of cover crops. EPA, in consultation with USDA, based its impacts on corn stover from reduced till and no till acres based on agronomical practices, nutrient requirements, and erosion considerations. EPA does not believe that the commentor has provided new information that would substantially change our anal ys is of the GHG emissions associated with corn stover. However, EPA will continue to monitor actual practices and based on new data will consider reviewing and revising the methodology and assumptions associated with calculating the GHG emissions from all renewable fuel feedstocks.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **68** of **107 Table 7:**  **F eedstock Production Emissions for Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline**  **Blendstock Pathways Using Corn Stover Feedstock Production**  **Emission Sources Catalytic Pyrolysis and**  **Upgrading to Renewable Gasoline**  **and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock (g**  **CO 2**  **- e**  **q./mmBtu) Biochem**  **ical Ferm**  **entation and Upgrading to**  **Renewable Gasoline and Renewable**  **Gasoline Blendstock via Carboxylic Acid**  **(g CO 2**  **- eq./mmBtu)**  **Direct Biochem ical** 

**Ferm entation**  **Process to Renewable Gasoline**  **and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock**  **(g CO 2**  **- eq./mmBtu)**  Dom estic Livestock 7,648 6,770 ~ 9,086 Dom estic Farm Inputs and Fertilizer N 2 O 1,397 1,237 ~ 1,660 Dom estic Rice Methane 366 324 ~ 434 Dom estic Land Use Change - 9,124 - 8,076 ~ - 10,820 International Livestock 0 0 0 International Farm Inputs and Fertilizer N 2 O 0 0 0 International Rice Methane 0 0 0 International Land Use Change 0 0 0 **Total Feedstock Production Emissions:**  **287 254**  **~ 361 Assu**  **med yield (gal/ton of biom**  **ass) 64.5**  **75 92.3** *** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **69** of **107** The results in Table 7 differ for the different pathway s considered because of the different amounts of corn stover used to produce the same amount of fuel in each case. Table 7 only considers the feedstock production impacts associated with the renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstocks pathway s, other aspects of the lifecycle are discussed in the following sections. 2. Fuel distribution A petroleum gasoline baseline was developed as part of the RFS2 final rule which included estimates for fuel distribution emissions. Since renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstocks when blended into gasoline are similar to petroleum gasoline, it is reasonable to assume similar fuel distribution emissions. Therefore, the existing fuel distribution lifecycle GHG impacts of the petroleum gasoline baseline from the RFS2 final rule were applied to this analy sis. 3. Use of the fuel A petroleum gasoli ne baseline was developed as part of the RFS2 final rule which estimated the tailpipe emissions from fuel combustion. Since renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock are similar to petroleum gasoline in energy and h ydrocarbon content , the non - CO 2 combustion emissions calculated as part of the RFS2 final rule for petroleum gasoline were applied to our analysis of the renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock pathway s. Onl y non - CO 2 emissions were included since carbon fluxes from land use change are accounted for as part of the biomass feedstock production. 4. Fuel production In the RFS2 rulemaking, EPA anal yz ed several of the main cellulosic biofuel pathway s: a biochemical fermentation process to ethanol and two thermochemical ga sification processes, one*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **70** of **107** producing mixed alcohols (primarily ethanol) and the other one producing mixed hydrocarbons (primarily diesel fuel). These pathway s all exceeded the 60% lifecycle GHG threshold requirements for cellulosic biofuel using the specif ied feedstocks. Refer to the preamble and regulatory

impact anal ys is (RIA) from the final RFS2 rule for more details. From these anal ys es, it was determined that ethanol and diesel fuel produced from the specified cellulosic feedstocks and processes woul d be eligible for cellulosic and advanced biofuel RINs. The thermochemical gasification process to diesel fuel (via F - T s ynthesis) also produces a smaller portion of renewable gasoline blendstock. In the final RFS2 rule, naphtha produced with specified ce llulosic feedstocks b y a F - T process was included as exceeding the 60% lifecycle GHG threshold, with an applicable D - Code of 3, in Table 1 to §80.1426. In this rule, we are changing the reference to F - T as the process technology to the more correct refere nce as gasification technology

since F - T reactions are only part of the process technology . Since the final RFS2 rule was released, EPA has received several petitions and inquiries that suggest that renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock produ ced using processes other than the F - T process could also qualify for a similar D - Code of 3 . 80 , For the reasons described below, we have decided to authorize the generation of RINs with a D code of 3 for renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blen dstock produced using specified cellulosic feedstocks for the processes considered here. Several routes have been identified as available for the production of renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock from renewable biomass. These include cat al yt ic p yrol ys is and upgrading to renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock (“catalytic p yr oly sis and upgrading”), biochemical fermentation with upgrading to renewable gasoline or renewable 80 See http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/compliancehelp/rfs2 - lca - pathways.htm for list of petitions rece ived by EPA.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **71** of **107** gasoline blendstock via carbox yl ic acid (“fermentation and upgrading”), and direct biochemical fermentation to renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock (“direct fermentation”) and other thermo - catalytic hydrodeoxygenation routes with upgrading such as aqueous phase processing . 81 , 82 Similar to how we anal yz ed several of the main routes for cellulosic ethanol and cellulosic diesel for the final RFS2 rule, we have chosen to anal yz e the main renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock pathway s in order to estimate the potential GHG reduction profile for renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock across a range of other production technologies for which we are confident will have at least as great of GHG emission reductions as those specifically anal yz ed. a. Catalytic Pyrolysis with Upgrading to Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock The first production process we investigated for this rule is a catal yt ic fast py roly sis route to bio - oils with upgrading to a renewable gasoline or a renewable gasoline blend stock. We utilized process modeling results from the National Renewable Energy L aboratory

(NREL). In formation provided b y industry and claimed as CBI are based on similar processing methods and suggest similar results than those reported b y NREL . Detail s on the NRELmodeling are described further in a technical report available through the docket. 83 Catalytic py rol ys is involves the rapid heating of biomass to about 500°C at slightly above atmospheric pressure.
81 Regalbuto, John. “An NSF perspective on next generation hydrocarbon biorefineries,” Computers and Chemical Engineering 34 (2010) 1393 - 1396. February 2010. 82 Serrano - Ruiz, J., Dumesic, James. “Catalytic routes for the conversion of biomass into liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels,” Energy Environmental Science (2011) 4, 83 - 99. 83 Kinchin, Christopher. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis with Upgrading to Gasoline and Diesel Blendstocks. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2011.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **72** of **107** The rapid heating thermally decomposes biom ass, converting it into py rol ys is vapor, which is condensed into a liquid bio - oil. The liquid bio - oil can then be upgraded using conventional hydroprocessing technology and further separated into renewable gasoline, renewable gasoline blendstock and renew able diesel streams (cellulosic diesel from catal yt ic py roly sis is already included as an acceptable pathway in the RFS2 program). Some industry sources also expect to produce smaller fractions of heating oil in addition to gasoline and diesel blendstocks . Excess electricit y from the process is also accounted for in our modeling as a co - product credit in which any excess displaces U.S. average grid electricit y. Excess electricity is generated from the use of co - product coke/char and product gases and is available because internal electricit y demands are fully met. The estimated energy inputs and electricity

credits shown in Table 8, below, utilize the data provided b y the NRELprocess modeling. However, i ndustry sources also identified potential areas fo r improvements in energy use, such as the use of biogas fired dry ers instead of natural gas fired dry ers for drying incoming wet feedstocks and increased turbine efficiencies for electricit y production which may result in lower energy consumption than estimated by NREL and thus improve GHG performance compared to our estimates here.

**Table 8: 2022 Energy Use at Cellulosic Biofuel Facilities (Btu/gal)** Technology Biomass Use Natural Gas Use Purchased Electricity Sold

Electricity Catalytic Pyrolysis to Renewable Gasoline or Renewable Gasoline Blendstock 136,000 51,000 0 - 2,000*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **73** of **107** The emissions from energy inputs were calculated by multiplying the amount of energy by emission factors for fuel production and combustion, based on the same method and factors used in the RFS2 final rulemaking. The emission factors for the different fuel ty pes are from GREET and were based on assumed carbon contents of the different process fuels. The emissions from producing electricit y in the U.S. wer e also taken from GREET and represent average U.S. grid electricity production emissions. The major factors influencing the emissions from the fuel production stage of the catal yt ic p yrol ys is pathway are the use of natural gas (mainly due to hydrogen produ ction for hydroprocessing) and the co - products available for additional heat and power generation. 84 See Table 9 for a summary

of emissions from fuel production. **Table 9: Fuel Production Emissions for Catalytic Pyrolysis and Upgrading to Renewable**

**Gasoli ne or Renewable Gasoline Blendstock Using Corn Stover**  **Lifecycle Stage Catalytic Pyrolysis to**  **Renewable Gasoline or Renewable Gasoline**  **Blendstock (g CO 2**  **- eq./mmBtu)**  On - Site & Upstream Emissions (Natural Gas & Biomass*) 31,000

84 A steam methane reformer (SMR) is used to produce the hydrogen necessary for hydroprocessing. In the U.S. over 95% of hydrogen is currently produced via steam reforming (DOE, 2002 “A National Vision of America’s Transition to a Hydrogen Economy to 2030 and Beyond ”). Other alternatives are available, such as renewable or nuclear resources used to extract hydrogen from water or the use of biomass to produces hydrogen. These alternative methods, however, are currently not as efficient or cost effective as the use o f fossil fuels and therefore we conservatively estimate emissions from hydrogen production using the more commonly used SMR technology.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **74** of **107** Electricity Co - Product Credit - 3,000

**Total Fuel Production Emissions: 28,000**  *Only non - CO 2 com

bustion emissions from biomass b. Fermentation and Upgrading to Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock The second production process we investigated is a biochemical fermentation process to intermediate carbox yl ic acids with catal yt ic upgrading to renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock. This process involves the fermentation of biomass using a mixed - culture of microorganisms that produce a variet y of carbox ylic acids. If the feedstock has high lignin content, then the biomass is pretreated to enhance digestibility . The acids are then neutralized to carbox yl ate salts and further converted to k etones and alcohols for refining into gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. The process requires the use of natural gas and h ydrogen inputs. 85 No purchased electricit y is required as lignin is projected to be used to meet all facilit y demands as well as provid e excess electricity to the grid. EPA used the estimated energy and material inputs along with emission factors to estimate the GHG emissions from this process. The energy inputs and electricit y credits are shown in Table 10, below. These inputs are bas ed on Confidential Business Information (CBI), rounded to the nearest 1000 units, provided by industry as part of the petition process for new fuel pathway s.

85 Hydrogen emissions are modeled as natural gas and electricity demands.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **75** of **107 Table 10: 2022 Energy Use at Cellulosic Facility (Btu/gal)** 

Technology Biomass Use Natural

Gas U se Purchased Electricity Sold

Electricity Biochemical Fermentation to Renewable Gasoline or Renewable Gasoline Blendstock via Carboxylic Acid 49,000 59,000 0 - 2,000 The process also uses a small amount of buffer material as neutralizer which was not included in the GHG lifecy cle results due to its likely negligible emissions impact. The GHG emissions estimates from the fuel production stage are seen in Table 11. **T able 11: Fuel Production Emissions for Biochemical Fermentation to Renewable Gasoline**  **or Renewable Gasoline Blendstock via Carboxylic Acid Using Corn Stover Lifecycle Stage**  **GHG Emissions (g CO 2**  **- eq./mmBtu)**  On - Site & Upstream Emissions (Natural Gas & Biom ass* ) 33,000 Electricity Co - Product Credit - 3,000 **Total Fuel Production Emissions: 30,000**  *Only non - CO 2 combustion emissions from biomass c. Direct Fermentation to Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock The third production process we investigated involves the use of microorganisms to ferment sugars h ydrol yz ed from cellulose directly into hydrocarbons which could be either a*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **76** of **107** complete fuel as renewable gasoline or a renewable gasoline blendstock. The proc ess is similar to the biochemical fermentation to ethanol pathway modeled for the final RFS2 rule with the major difference being the end fuel product, hydrocarbons instead of ethanol. Researchers believe that this new technology could achieve improvement s over classical fermentation approaches because h ydrocarbons separate spontaneously from the aqueous phase, thereby avoiding poisoning of microbes b y the accumulated products and facilitating separation/collection of alkanes from the reaction medium. 86 In other words, some energy savings may

result because fewer separation unit operations could be required for separating the final product from other reactants and there may be better conversion yields as the fermentation microorganisms are not poisoned when interacting with accumulated products. We also expect that the lignin/by

product portions of the biomass from the fermentation to hydrocarbon process could be converted into heat and electricit y for internal demands or for export, similar to the biochemic al fermentation to ethanol pathway . Therefore, we can conservatively extend our final RFS2 rule biochemical fermentation to ethanol process results to a similar (but likely slightly improved) process that instead produces hydrocarbons. Since the final RFS2 rule cellulosic ethanol GHG results were well above the 60% GHG reduction threshold for cellulosic biofuels, if actual emissions from other necessary changes to the direct biochemical fermentation to hydrocarbons process represent some small increment in GHG emissions, the pathway would still likely

meet the threshold. Table 12 is our qualitative assessment of the potential emissions reductions from a process using biochemical fermentation to cellulosic hydrocarbons assuming similarities to the biochem ical fermentation to cellulosic ethanol route from the final RFS2 rule. 86 Serrano - Ruiz, J., Dumesic, James. “Catalytic routes for the conversion of biomass into liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels,” Energy Environmental Science (2011) 4, 83 - 99.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **77** of **107 Table 12: Fuel Production Emissions for RFS2 Cellulosic Biochemical Ethanol Compared**  **to Direct Biochemical Fermentation to Renewable Gasoline or Renewable Gasoline Blendstock Using C**  **orn Stover Lifecycle Stage**  **RFS2 Cellulosic Biochem**  **ical Ethanol Emissions**  **(g CO 2**  **- eq./mmBtu)**  **Direct Biochem ical**  **Ferm entation to Renewable**  **Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock**  **Emissions (g CO 2**  **- eq./mmBtu)**  On - Site Emissions & Upstream (biomass) 3,000 < or = 3,000 Electricity Co - Product Credit - 35,000 = - 35,000 **Total Fuel Production Emissions 87**  **: -**  **33,000 < or =**  **- 33,000**  Table 13 below breaks down by stage the lifecycle GHG emissions for the renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock pathway s using corn stover and the 2005 petroleum baseline. The table demonstrates the contribution of each stage in the fuel pathway and its relative significance in terms of GHG emissions. These results are also presented in graphical form in a supplem ental memorandum to the docket. 88 As noted above, these anal ys es assume natural gas as the process energy when needed; using biogas as process energy would result in an even better lifecycle GHG impact.
87 Numbers do not add up due to rounding. 88 Memorandum to the Air and Radiation Docket EPA - HQ- OAR - 2011 - 0542 “Supplemental Infor mation for Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock Pathways Under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) Program”*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **78** of **107***** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **79** of **107 Table 13: Lifecycle GHG Emissions for Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline**  **Blendstock Pathways Using Corn Stover, 2022 (kg CO2 -**  **eq./mmBtu)**

Fuel T ype Catalytic

Py rolysis and Upgrade to Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock Biochemical

Fe rm entation to Renewable Gasoline and Renewable Gasoline Blendstock via Carboxylic Acid Direct Biochemical

Ferm entation to Renewable Gasoline and Rene wable Gasoline Blendstock 2005 Gasoline Baseline Net Domestic Agriculture (w/o land use change) 9 8 ~ 11 Net International Agriculture (w/o land use change) Dom estic Land Use Change - 9 - 8 ~ - 11 International Land Use Change, Fuel Production 28 30 < or = - 33 19 Fuel and Feedstock Transport 2 2 ~ 2 * Tailpipe Emissions 2 2 ~ 1 79 **Total Emissions 32**  **34 < or =**  **- 29**  **98 % Change from**  **Baseline -**  **67% -**  **65% -**  **129%***** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **80** of **107** *Emissions included in fuel production stage. d. Extension of Modeling Results to Other Production Processes Producing Renewable Gasoline or Renewable Gasoline Blendstock In the RFS2 rulemaking, we modeled the GHG emissions results from the biochemical fermentation process to ethanol, thermochemical gasification processes to mixed alcohols (primarily ethanol) and mixed hydrocarbons (primarily diesel fuel). We extended thes e modeled process results to apply

when the biofuel was produced from “any ” process. We determined that since we modeled multiple cellulosic biofuel processes and all were shown to exceed the 60% lifecycle GHG threshold requirements for cellulosic biofuel using the specified feedstocks its was reasonable to extend to other processes (e.g. additional thermo - catalytic hydrodeoxygenation routes with upgrading similar to pyrolysis and aqueous phase processing) that might develop as these would likely

represent improvements over existing processes as the industry works to improve the economics of cellulosic biofuel production by , for example, reducing energy consumption and improving process yi elds. Similarly , this rule assesses multiple processes for the produ ction of renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstocks and all were shown to exceed the 60% lifecycle GHG threshold requirements for cellulosic biofuel using specified feedstocks. As was the case in our earlier rulemaking, a couple reasons in particular support extending our modeling results to other production process producing renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock from cellulosic feedstock. Under this rule we anal yz ed the core technologies most likely

available through 2022 for p roduction of renewable gasoline and*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **81** of **107** renewable gasoline blendstock routes from cellulosic feedstock as shown in literature. 89 , 90 The two primary

routes for renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock production from cellulosic feedstock can be clas sified as either thermochemical or biological. Each of these two major categories has two subcategories. The processes under the thermochemical category include:
 Py rol ys is and Upgrading

– in which cellulosic biomass is decomposed with temperature to bio - o ils and requires further catal yt ic processing to produce a finished fuel
 Gasification

– in which cellulosic biomass is decomposed to sy ngas with further catal yt ic processing of methanol to gasoline or through Fischer - Tropsch (F - T) sy nthesis to gasoline T he processes under the biochemical category include:
 Direct fermentation

– requires the release of sugars from biomass and the use of “sy nthetic biology” in which microorganisms are altered to ferment sugars straight into hydrocarbons instead of alcohols
 F ermentation w/ catal yt ic upgrading

– requires the release of sugars from biomass and aqueous - or liquid - phase processing of sugars or intermediate fermentation products into hydrocarbons using solid catal ys ts, As part of the modeling effort here, as well as for the RFS2 final rule, we have considered the lifecycle GHG impacts of the four possible production technologies mentioned above. The p yr oly sis and upgrading, direct fermentation, and fermentation with catal yt ic

89 Regalbuto, John. “An NSF perspective on next generation hydrocarbon biorefineries,” Computers and Chemical Engineering 34 (2010) 13 93 - 1396. February 2010. 90 Serrano - Ruiz, J., Dumesic, James. “Catalytic routes for the conversion of biomass into liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels,” Energy Environmental Science (2011) 4, 83 - 99.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **82** of **107** upgrading are considered in this rule and the gasification route was alread y included in the RFS2 final rule. In all cases, the processes that we have considered meet the 60% lifecycle GHG reduction required for cellulosic biofuels. Furthermore, we believe that the results from our modeling would cover all the likely variations within these potential routes for producing renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock which also use natural gas, biogas or biomass 91 for process energy and that all such production variations would also meet the 60% lifecycle threshold. 92 The main reason for this is that we believe that our energy input assumptions are reasonable at this time but probably in some cases conservative high for commercial scale cellulosic facilities. The cellulosic industry is in its earl y stages of development and man y of the estimates of process technology GHG impacts is based on pre - commercial scale assessments and demonstration programs. Commercial scale ce llulosic facilities will continue to make efficiency improvements over time to maximize their fuel products/co - products and minimize wastes. For cellulosic facilities, such improvements include increasing conversion yi elds and fully utilizing the biomass input for valuable products. An example of increasing the amount of biomass utilized is the combustion of undigested or unconverted biomass for heat and power. The three routes that we anal yzed for the production of renewable gasoline and renewable gaso line blendstock in today ’s rule assume an electricit y production credit from the economically - driven use of lignin or waste by products; we

91 Our lifecycle analysis assumes that producers would u se the same type of biomass as both the feedstock and the process energy. 92 One commenter wanted clarification of the term “process energy” as it applies to the production of renewable gasoline. The EPA did not intend for the term, “process energy”, to i nclude other energy sources, such as electricity to provide pow er for ancillary processes, such as lights, small pumps, computers, and other small support equipment .*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **83** of **107** also ran a sensitivity

case where no electricity credit was given. We found that all of the routes anal yz ed would st ill pass the GHG threshold without an electricit y credit, providing confidence that over the range of technology options, these process technologies will surely allow the cellulosic biofuel produced to exceed the threshold for cellulosic bio f uel GHG perfor

mance. Without excess electricity production the catal yt ic py rol ys is pathway

results in a 65% lifecycle GHG reduction, the biochemical fermentation via carbox yl ic acid pathway results in a 62% lifecycle GHG reduction, and the direct biochemical fermentati on pathway results in a 93% reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions compared to the petroleum fuel baseline. Additionally , while the final results reported in this rule include an electricity credit, this electricit y credit is based on current technology fo r generating electricit y; it is possible that over the next decade as cellulosic biofuel production matures, the efficiency with which electricit y is generated at these facilities will also improve. Such efficiency improvements will tend to improve the GH G performance for cellulosic biofuel technologies in general including those used to produce renewable gasoline. Furthermore, industry

has identified other areas for energy improvements which our current pathway

anal ys es do not include. Therefore, the r esults we have come up with for the individual pathway

t yp es represent conservative estimates and an y variations in the pathways considered are likel y to result in greater GHG reductions th an what is considered here. For example, the variation of the catal yt ic p yrol ys is route considered here resulted in a 67% reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions compared to the petroleum baseline. However, as was mentioned this was based on data from our NREL modeling and industry CBI data indicated more efficient energ y performance which, if realized, would improve GHG performance. Another area for improvement in this pathway could be the use of anaerobic digestion to treat*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **84** of **107** organics in waste water. If the anaerobic digestion is on - site, then enough biogas could potent ially

be produced to replace all of the fossil natural gas used as fuel and about half the natural gas fed for h ydrogen production. 93 Thus, fossil natural gas consumption could be further minimized under certain scenarios. We believe that as commercial sc ale cellulosic facilities develop, more of these improvements will be made to maximize the use of all the biomass and waste b yproducts available to bring the facility closer to energy self - sufficiency . These improvements could help to increase the economi c profitability for cellulosic facilities where fossil energy

inputs become costly

to purchase. Therefore we can extend the modeling results for our p yrol ys is route to all variations of this production technology which use natural gas, biogas or biomass f

or production energy

for producing renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock. The F - T gasification technology route considered as part of the RFS2 final rule resulted in an approximately

91% reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions compared to the petroleum baseline. This could be considered a conservative ly high estimate as the process did not assume any excess electricity

production, which as mentioned above could lead to additional GHG reductions. The F - T process involves gasifying biomas s into sy ngas (mix of H 2 and CO) and then converting the s yn gas through a catal yt ic process into a hydrocarbon mix that is further refined into finished product. The F - T process considered was based on producing both gasoline and diesel fuel so that it wa s not optimized for renewable gasoline production. A process for producing primaril y renewable gasoline rather than diesel from a gasification route should not result in a significantly

worse GHG impacts compared to the mixed fuel process anal yz ed. Furth ermore, as the lifecycle GHG reduction from the F - T process considered was around 91%, 93 Kinchin, Christopher. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis with Upgrading to Gasoline and Diesel Bl endstocks. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2011.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **85** of **107** there is considerable room for variations in this route to still meet the 60% lifecycle GHG reduction threshold for cellulosic fuels. Therefore, in addition to the F - T process originall y anal yz ed for producing naphtha, we can extend the results based on the above anal ys es to include all variations of the gasification route which use natural gas, biogas or biomass for production energy for producing renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock. These variations include for example different catal ys ts and different refining processes to produce different mixes of final fuel product. While the current Table 1 entry in the regulations does not specify process energy

sources, we are adding these specific eligible energy sources since we have not anal yz ed other energy

sources (e.g. , coal) as also allowing the pathway to meet the GHG performance threshold. There is an even wider gap between the results modeled for the direct fermentation route and the cellulosic lifecycle GHG threshold. The variation we considered for the direct fermentation process resulted in an approximately 129% reduction in lifecycle GHG em issions compared to the petroleum baseline. This process did consider production of electricity as part of the process but as mentioned even if this was not the case the pathway would still easily

fall below the 60% lifecycle threshold for cellulosi c biofuels. If actual emissions from other necessary changes to the direct biochemical fermentation to hydrocarbons process represent some small increment in GHG emissions, the pathway would still likely

meet the threshold. Therefore, we can extend the r esults to all variations of the direct biochemical route for renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock production which use natural gas, biogas or biomass for production energy . The biochemical with cataly tic upgrading route that we evaluated r esulted in a 65% reduction in GHG emissions compared to the petroleum baseline. However, this can be*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **86** of **107** considered a conservative ly high estimate. For instance, the biochemical fermentation to gasoline via carbox yl ic acid route considered did not include the potential for generating steam from the combustion of undigested biomass and then using this steam for process energy . If this had been inclu ded, natural gas consumption could potentially be decreased which would lower the potential GHG emissions estimated from the process. Therefore, the scenario anal yz ed could be considered conservative in estimating actual natural gas usage. As was the cas e with the py rol ys is route considered, we believe that as commercial scale cellulosic facilities develop, improvements will be made to maximize the use of all the biomass and waste by products available to bring the facility closer to energy

self - sufficienc y. These improvements help to increase the economic profitability for cellulosic facilities where fossil energy inputs become costly to purchase. The processes we analyzed for this rulemaking utilized a mix of natural gas and biomass for process energy , with biogas replacing natural gas providing improved GHG performance. We have not analyzed other fuel t yp es (e.g., coal) and are therefore not approving processes that utilized other fuel sources at this point. Therefore, we are extending our results to i nclude all variations of the biochemical with cataly tic upgrading process utilizing natural gas, biogas or biomass for process energy . While actual cellulosic facilities may show some modifications to the process scenarios we have alread y anal yz ed, our results give a good indication of the range of emissions we could expect from processes producing renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock from cellulosic feedstock, all of which meet the 60% cellulosic biofuel threshold (assuming they are uti lizing natural gas, biogas or biomass for process energy). Technology changes in the future are likely to increase efficiency

to maximize profits, while also lowering lifecycle GHG emissions. Therefore, we have concluded that since all of the renewable ga soline or renewable gasoline*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **87** of **107** blendstock fuel processing methods we have anal yzed exceed the 60% threshold using specific cellulosic feedstock t yp es, we can conclude that processes producing renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock that fit withi n the categories of process analyzed here and are produced from the same feedstock t ypes and using natural gas , biogas or biomass for process energy use will also meet the 60% GHG reduction threshold. In addition, while other technologies may

develop, we expect that they will only become commercially

competitive if they have better yield s (more gallons per ton of feedstock) or lower production cost s due to lower energy

consumption. Both of these factors would suggest better GHG performance. This would ce rtainl y be the case if such processes also relied upon using biogas and/or biomass as the primary energy source. Therefore based on our review of the existing primary cellulosic biofuel production processes, likely GHG emission improvements for existing o r new technologies, and consideration of the positive GHG emissions benefits associated with using biogas and/or biomass for process energy , we are approving for cellulosic RI N generation any

process for renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock production using specified cellulosic biomass feedstocks as long as the process utilizes biogas and/or biomass for all process energy . 5. Summary Three renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock pathway s were compared to baseline petroleum gasoline, using the same value for baseline gasoline as in the RFS2 final rule anal ys is. The results of the anal ys is indicate that the renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock pathway s result in a GHG emissions reduction of 65 - 129% or better compared to the gasoline fuel it would replace using corn stover as a feedstock. The renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock pathway s which use corn stover as a feedstock all exceed the 60% lifecyc le GHG threshold requirements for cellulosic biofuel, these pathways capture the likel y*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **88** of **107** current technologies, and future technology improvements are likel y to increase efficiency and lower GHG emissions. Therefore we have determined that all processes producing renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock from corn stover can qualify if they fall in the following process characterizations:
 Cataly

tic py rol ys is and upgrading utilizing natural gas, biogas, and/or biomass as the onl y process energy

sources  Gasification and upgrading utilizing natural gas, biogas, and/or biomass as the only process energy

sources  Thermo - catalytic hydrodeoxygenation processes such as aqueous phase processing with upgrading sufficiently similar to pyrolysis and gasificatio n  Direct fermentation utilizing natural gas, biogas, and/or biomass as the only process energy sources  Fermentation and upgrading utilizing natural gas, biogas, and/or biomass as the only process energy

sources  Any process utilizing biogas and/or biomass as the only process energy

sources. As was the case for extending corn stover results to other feedstocks in the RFS2 final rule, these results are also reasonabl y extended to feedstocks with similar or lower GHG emissions profiles , including the fol lowing feedstocks:
 Cellulosic biomass from crop residue, slash, pre - commercial thinnings and tree residue, annual cover crops;
 Cellulosic components of separated yard waste;
 Cellulosic components of separated food waste; and
 Cellulosic components of separ ated MSW*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **89** of **107** For more information on the reasoning for extension to these other feedstocks refer to the feedstock production and distribution section or the RFS2 rulemaking (75 FR 14 670 ) . Based on these results, today ’s rule includes pathway s for the generation of cellulosic biofuel RINs for renewable gasoline or renewable gasoline blendstock produced b y catal yt ic py rol ys is and upgrading, gasification and upgrading , other similar thermo - cat aly tic hydrodeoxygenation routes with u p grading, direct fermentation, fermentation and upgrading, all utilizing natural gas, biogas, and/or biomass as the only process energy

sources or an y process utilizing biogas and/or biomass as the only energy sources , and using corn stover as a feedstock or the feedstocks noted above. In order to qualify for RIN generation, the fuel must meet the other definitional criteria for renewable fuel (e.g., produced from renewable biomass, and used to reduce or replace petro leum - based transportation fuel, heating oil or jet fuel) specified in the Clean Air Act and the RFS regulations. A manufacturer of a renewable motor vehicle gasoline (including parties using a renewable blendstock obtained from another party), must satisfy EPA motor vehicle registration requirements in 40 CFR p art 79 for the fuel to be used as a transportation fuel. Per 40 CFR 79.56(e)(3)(i), a renewable motor vehicle gasoline would be in the Non - Baseline Gasoline category or the At ypical Gasoline category (depending on its properties) since it is not derived only from conventional petroleum, heavy oil deposits, coal, tar sands and/or oil sands (40 CFR 79.56(e)(3)(i)(5)).In either case, the Tier 1 r equirement s at 40 CFR 79.52 (emissions characterization) and the Tier 2 requirements at 40 CFR 79.53 (animal exposure) are conditions for registration unless the manufacturer qualifies for a small business provision at 40 CFR 79.58(d). For a non - baseline gasoline, a manufacturer under $50 million in annual revenue is*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **90** of **107** exempt from Tier 1 and Tier 2. For an at ypical gasoline there is no exemption from Tier 1, but a manufacturer under $10 million in annual revenue is exempt from Tier 2. Registration for a motor vehicl e gasoline at 40 CFR 79 is via EPA Form 3520 - 12, Fuel Manufacturer Notification for Motor Vehicle Fuel, available at: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/ffarsfrms.htm. **E. Esterification Production Process Inclusion for Specified Feedstocks Producing**  **Biodiesel** The Agency

is not taking final action on its proposed interpretation of the RFS regulations as including a direct esterification process as part of the biodiesel pathway s for which onl y "trans - esterification" is specificall y referenced in Table 1 to 40 CFR 80.1426. See 77 FR 465. We continue to evaluate th e issue and anticipate issuing a final determination as part of a subsequent rulemaking.

**II. Additional Changes to Listing of Available Pathways in Table 1 of 80.1426**  We are also finalizing two changes to Table 1 to 80.1426 that were proposed on July 1, 2011(76 FR 38844). The first change adds ID letters to pathway s to facilitate references to specific pathway s. The second change adds "rapeseed" to the existing pathwa y for renewable fuel made from canola oil. On September 28, 2010, EPA published a “Supplemental Determination for Renewable Fuels Produced Under the Final RFS2 Program from Canola Oil” ( 75 FR 59622 ). In the July 1, 2011 NPRM (76 FR 38844) we proposed to clarify two aspects of the supplemental determination. First we proposed to amend the regulatory language in Table 1 to §80.1426 to*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **91** of **107** clarify that the currentl y - approved pathway for canola also applies more generall y to rapeseed. While “canola” was spec ifically described as the feedstock evaluated in the supplemental determination, we had not intended the supplemental determination to cover just those varieties or sources of rapeseed that are identified as canola, but to all rapeseed. As described in th e July 1, 2011 NPRM, we currently interpret the reference to “canola” in Table 1 to §80.1426 to include an y rapeseed. To eliminate ambiguit y caused by the current language, however, we proposed to replace the term “canola” in that table with the term “can ola/rapeseed”. Canola is a ty pe of rapeseed. While the term “canola” is often used in the American continent and in Australia, the term “rapeseed” is often used in Europe and other countries to describe the same crop. We received no adverse comments on our proposal, and are finalizing it as proposed. This change will enhance the clarity of the regulations regarding the feedstocks that qualify under the approved canola biodiesel pathway . Second, we wish to clarify that although the GHG emissions of producing fuels from canola feedstock grown in the U.S. and Canada was specifically modeled as the most likely source of canola (or rapeseed) oil used for biodiesel produced for sale and use in the U.S., we also intended that the approved pathway cover canola/rapeseed oil from other countries, and we interpret our regulations in that manner. We expect the vast majority of biodiesel used in the U.S. and produced from canola/rapeseed oil will come from U.S. and Canadian crops. Incidental amounts from crops produced in other nations will not impact our average GHG emissions for two reasons. First, our analy ses considered world - wide impacts and thus considered canola/rapeseed crop production in other countries. S econd, other countries most likely to be exp orting canola/rapeseed or biodiesel product from canola/rapeseed are likely to be major producers which t ypically use similar cultivars and farming techniques. Therefore, GHG*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **92** of **107** emissions from producing biodiesel with canola/rapeseed grown in other countries should be very similar to the GHG emissions we modeled for Canadian and U.S. canola, though they could be slightly

(and insignificantly) higher or lower. At any rate, even if there were unexpected larger differences, EPA believes the small amounts of feedstock or fuel potentially coming from other countries will not impact our threshold analysis. Therefore, EPA interprets the approved canola pathway

as covering canola/rapeseed regardless of country of origin. We are also correcting an inadvertent omission to the proposal which incorrectly did not include a pathway

for producing naphtha from switchgrass and miscanthus; this pathway was included in the original RFS2 final rule. T his pathway also incorporates the additional energy grass feedstock sources being added today , namely energy cane, giant reed and napier grass. **III .**  **Statutory and Executive Order Review s**  **A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review**  **and Exe cutive Order**  **13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review** Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), this action is a "significant regulatory

action.” Accordingl y, EPA submitted this action to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB ) for review under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January

21, 2011) and an y changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been documented in the docket for this action. **B. Paperwork Reduction**  **Act** This action does not impose an y new information collection burden. The corrections, clarifications, and modifications to the final RFS2 regulations contained in this rule are within*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **93** of **107** the scope of the information collection requirements submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB ) for the final RFS2 regulations. OMB has approved the information collection requirements contained in the existing regulations at 40 CFR part 80, subpart M under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. and has assigned OMB c ontrol numbers 2060

– 0637 and 2060 - 0640. The OMB control numbers for EPA’s regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. **C. Regulatory Flexibility Act**  The Regulatory

Flexibility

Act (RFA) generall y requires an agency to prepare a regulatory

flexibility analy sis of any rule subject to notice and comment rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure Act or an y other statute unless the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of today ’s rule on small entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business as defined b y the Small Bu siness Administration’s (SBA) regulations at 13 CFR 121.201; (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is a government of a city , count y, town, school district or special district with a population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small organization that is any not - for - profit enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field. After considering the economic impacts of this action on small entities, I certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a su bstantial number of small entities. This rule will not impose any

new requirements on small entities. The relativel y minor corrections and modifications this rule makes to the final RFS2 regulations do not impact small entities.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **94** of **107 D.**  **Unfunded Mandates Reform Act**  This rule does not contain a Federal mandate that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private sector in any one y ear. We have determined that this action will not result in expenditures of $100 million or more for the above parties and thus, this rule is not subject to the requirements of sections 202 or 205 of UMRA. This rule is also not subject to the requirements of section 203 of UMRA because it contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquel y affect small governments. It only

applies to gasoline, diesel, and renewable fuel producers, importers, distributors and marketers and makes relatively minor corrections and modifications to the RFS2 regul ations. **E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)**  This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132. This action only applies to gasoline, diesel, and renewable fuel producers, importers, distributors and marketers and makes relativel y minor corrections and mo difications to the RFS2 regulations. Thus, Executive Order 13132 does not apply to this action. **F. Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal**  **Governments )**  This rule does not have tribal implications, as specified in Executive*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **95** of **107** Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). It applies to gasoline, diesel, and renewable fuel producers, importers, distributors and marketers. This action makes relatively minor corrections and modifications to the RFS regulations, and does not impose any enforceable duties on communities of Indian tribal governments. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action. **G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health**  **Risks and Safety Risks**  EPA interprets EO 13045 (62 FR 198 85, April 23, 1997) as appl yi ng only to those regulatory

actions that concern health or safet y risks, such that the anal ys is required under section 5

– 501 of the EO has the potential to influence the regulation. This action is not subject to EO 13045 becaus e it does not establish an environmental standard intended to mitigate health or safet y risks. **H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect**  **Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use** This action is not a “significant energy act ion” as defined in Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355 (May

22, 2001)), because it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply , distribution, or use of energy . This rulemaking does not change any programmatic structural component of th e RFS2 regulatory requirements. This rulemaking does not add any new requirements for obligated parties under the program or mandate the use of an y of the new pathway s contained in the rule. This rulemaking only makes a determination to qualify new fuel pathway s under the RFS2 regulations, creating further opportunity and flexibility

for compliance with the Energy

Independence and Securit y Act of 2007 (EISA) mandates.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **96** of **107 I.**  **National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act** Section 12(d) of the National Technol ogy Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (‘‘NTTAA’’), Public Law 104

– 113, 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise imprac tical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted b y voluntary consensus standards bodies. NTTAA directs EPA to provide Con gress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use available and applicable voluntary

consensus standards. This action does not involve technical standards. Therefore, EPA did not consider the use of an y voluntary consensus standards. **J. Exec**  **utive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low**  **- Income Populations**  Executive Order (EO) 12898 (59 FR 7629 (Feb. 16, 1994)) establishes Federal executive policy on environmental justice. Its main provision directs Federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, to make environmental justice part of their mission by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of their programs, policies, and activities on minority populations and low income populations in the United States. EPA has determined that this rule will not have disproportionatel y high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority or l ow - income populations because it does not affect the level of protection provided to human health or the environment. These*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **97** of **107** amendments would not relax the control measures on sources regulated b y the RFS regulations and therefore would not cause emissions increases from these sources. **K. Congressional Review Act**  The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added b y the Small Business Regulatory

Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generall y provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency

promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which include s a cop y of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. A major rule cannot take effect until 60 day s after it is published in the Federal Register. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of the rule the Federal Register. This action is not a “major rule” as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). **IV. Statu**  **tory Provisions and Legal Authority** Statutory authorit y for the rule finalized today can be found in section 211 of the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7545. Additional support for today 's rule comes from Section 301(a) of the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7414, 7542 , and 7601(a). **Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Identification of Additional Qualifying Renewable**

**Fuel Pathways under the Renewable Fuel Standard Program** List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 80 Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, Agriculture, Air pollution control, Confidential business information, Diesel Fuel, Energy , Forest and Forest Products, Fuel additives, Gasoline, Imports, Labeling, Motor vehicle pollution, Penalties, Petroleum, Reporting and recordkeeping requ irements.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **98** of **107** Dated: ____________________________

__________________________________ Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator Billing Code: 6550 - 50 - P*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **99** of **107** For the reasons set forth in the preamble, 40 CFR part 80 is amended as follows: **PART 80 —**  **REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES**  1. The authorit y citation for part 80 continues to read as follows: Authority : 42 U.S.C. 7414, 7521(1), 7545 and 7601(a). 2 . Section 80.1401 is amended by adding definitions of “Renewable Gasoline” and “Renewable Gasoline Blendstock ” in alphabetical order to read as follows: **§80.1401 Definitions** * * * * * Renewable gasoline means renewable fuel made from renewable biomass that is composed of onl y h ydrocarbons and which meets the definition of gasoline in §80.2(c). Renewable gasoline blendstock means a blendstock made from renewable biomass that is composed of onl y h ydrocarbons and which meets the definition of gasoline blendstock in §80.2(s). * * * * * 3 . Section 80.1426 is amended by revising Table 1 in (f)(1) to read as follows: **§80.1426 How are RINs generated and assigned to batches of renewable fuel by**  **renewable fuel producers or importers?** ***** ***** ***** ***** ***** (f) * * * **Table 1 to §80.1426 —** 

**Applicable D Codes for Each Fuel Pathway for Use in Generating**

**RINs***** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **100** of **107 Fuel type**  **Feedstock Production process**  **requirements D**  **** **Code** A Ethanol Corn starch All of the following: Dry mill process, using natural gas, biomass, or biogas for process energy and at least two advanced technologies from Table 2 to this section 6

B Ethanol Corn starch All of the following: Dry mill process, using natural gas, biomass, or biogas for process energy and at least one of the advanced technologies from Table 2 to this section plus drying no more than 65% of the distillers grains with solub les it markets annuall y 6

C Ethanol Corn starch All of the following: Dry mill process, using natural gas, biomass, or biogas for process energy and 6*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **101** of **107** drying no more than 50% of the distillers grains with solubles it markets annually D Ethanol Corn starch Wet mill process using biomass or biogas for process energy 6

E Ethanol Starches from crop residue and

annual covercrops Fermentation using natural gas, biomass, or biogas for process energy 6

F Biodiesel, renewable diesel, jet fuel and heating oi l Soy

bean oil; Oil from annual covercrops; Algal oil; Biogenic waste oils/fats/greases; Non - food grade corn oil Camelina oil One of the following: Trans - Esterification Esterification Hydrotreating Excluding processes that co process renewable biomass and petroleum 4

G Biodiesel, heating oil Canola/Rapeseed oil Trans - Esterification using natural gas or biomass for process energy 4

H Biodiesel, renewable diesel, jet fuel and heating Soy

bean oil; Oil from annual covercrops; Algal oil; Biogenic waste oi ls/fats/greases; One of the following: Trans - Esterification Esterification Hydrotreating 5*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **102** of **107** oil Non - food grade corn oil

Camelina oil In cludes onl y processes that co - process renewable biomass and petroleum I Naphtha, LPG Camelina oil Hydrotreating 5 J Ethanol Sugarcane Fermentation 5 K Ethanol Cellulosic Biomass from crop

residue, slash, pre - commercial thinnings and tree residue, annual covercrops, switchgrass, miscanthus, napier grass, giant reed, and energy

cane; cellulosic components of separated yard waste ; cellulosic components of separated food waste; and cellulosic components of separated MSW Any 3

L Cellulosic diesel, jet fuel and heating oil Cellulosic Biomass from crop

residue, slash, pre - commercial thinnings and tree residue, annual covercrops , switchgrass, miscanthus, napier grass, giant reed and energy

cane; cellulosic components of separated yard Any 7*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **103** of **107** waste; cellulosic components of

separated food waste; and cellulosic components of separated MSW M Renewable gasoline and renewable gasoline blendstock Cellulosic Biomass from crop

residue, slash, pre - commercial thinnings, tree residue, annual cover crops; cellulosic components of separated yard waste; cellulosic components of separated food waste; and cellulosic components of separated MSW Cataly tic P yrol ys is and Upgrading, Gasification and Upgrading, Thermo - Catal yt ic Hydrodeoxygenation and Upgrading, Direct Fermentation, Fermentation and Upgrading, all utilizing natural gas, biogas, and/or biomass as the only process energy

sources Any pr ocess utilizing biogas and / or biomass as the only process energy sources 3

N Naphtha Cellulosic biomass from

switchgrass, miscanthus, energy cane, giant reed and napier grass Gasification and upgrading 3

O Butanol Corn starch Fermentation; dry mill using natural gas, biomass, or 6*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **104** of **107** biogas for process energy P Ethanol, renewable diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, and naphtha The non - cellulosic portions of

separated food waste Any 5

Q Biogas Landfills, sewage waste treatment

plants, manure digesters Any 5

* * * * * 80.1426(f)(14) In order for facilities to satisfy the pathway

requirements using giant reed (Arundo donax) or napier grass grown, the producer or importer may only generate RINs if the feedstock is either: (A) Managed, trans ported, collected, and monitored according to a Risk

Mitigation Plan approved by EPA under the registration procedures specified in 80.1450(b)(1)(viii); or, (B) EPA has determined that there is not a significant risk of spread bey ond the

planting area of the feedstock used for production of the renewable fuel. Any determination that Arundo donax or n apier grass does not present a significant risk of spread bey ond the planting area must be based upon clear and compelling evidence, including information and supporting data. Such a determination must be made b y EPA as specified in 80.1450(b)(1)(viii).*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **105** of **107** * * * * * 80.1450( b)(1)(viii)(A) For a producer or importer of renewable fuel made from giant reed (Arundo donax) or n apier g rass per 80.1426(f)(14)(A): (1) A Risk Mitigation Plan (Plan) that demonstrates the production of Arundo donax or napier grass will not p ose a significant risk of spread beyond the planting area of the feedstock used for production of the renewable fuel. The Plan must identify and incorporate best management practices (BMPs) into the production, management, transport, collection, monitori ng, and processing of the feedstock. To the extent practicable, the Risk Mitigation Plan should utilize a Hazard Anal ys is Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach to examine each phase of the pathway to identify

risk reduction steps. BMPs should include the development of mitigation strategies and plans to minimize escape and other risks (e.g., minimize soil disturbance) , incorporate desirable traits (e.g., sterility or reduced seed production), develop and implement dispersal mitigation protocols prior to c ultivation, develop multiple y ear eradication controls. Eradication controls should follow an approach of earl y detection and rapid response (EDRR) to unintended spread. EDRR efforts should demonstrate the likelihood of invasions will be halted while still localized, identify and employ cooperative networks, communication forums, and consultation processes with federal, state, and local agencies. The Risk Mitigation Plan must include: (a) Monitoring and reporting for a period extending from two growing seas ons prior to planting through crop production and extending beyond crop production for a period determined to ensure that the growing cy cle of the feedstock species has been interrupted, post - production, or two ye ars, whichever is greater.*** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **106** of **107** (b) Monitoring must include production areas and the larger area encompassing the production areas, extending to the distance of potential propagation of the feedstock species, or further if necessary . (c) Monitoring must reflect the risk of uncontrolled spread specific to the feedstock. (2) An affidavit from the producer of the feedstock, identifying all federal, state, regional, and local requirements related to invasive species that are applicable for the feedstock. (3) A cop y of all state and local growing permits received b y the producer of the feedstock. (4) A communication plan for notifying federal, state, regional, and local authorities if the feedstock is detected outside planted area. (B) For a producer or importer of renewable fuel made from giant reed (Ar undo donax) or Napier grass per 80.1426(f)(14)(B): Clear and compelling evidence, including information and supporting data, to support a determination b y EP A that Arundo donax or napier grass does not present a significant risk of spread beyond the planti ng area of the feedstock used for production of the renewable fuel. Such a demonstration should include consideration of the elements of a Risk Mitigation Plan set forth in 80.1450(b)(1)(viii)(A), full y disclose the potential invasiveness of the feedstock, and explain why a Risk Mitigation Plan is not needed to make the required determination. * * * * * 80.1451(b)(T) Producers or importers of renewable fuel made from Arundo donax or napier grass per 80.1426(f)(14), shall report the average and total size o f land planted with each of these crops, land set aside to control the unwanted spread of these crops, prior use of the land, and a description and explanation of an y change in land from the previous ye ar. 80.1451 (b)(U) An y additional information the Adm inistrator may require. * * * * **** E.O. 12866 Review

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Page **107** of **107** 80.1454(b), (c)