14-1728-cr (L) 

United States v. Wallace 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

 

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or 

after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and 

this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this Court, a 

party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary 

order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by 

counsel.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at 

2 the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, 

on the 22nd 3 day of June, two thousand fifteen. 

4 

5 PRESENT: 

6 CHESTER J. STRAUB,

7 BARRINGTON D. PARKER, 

8 SUSAN L. CARNEY, 

9 Circuit Judges.

10 __________________________________________ 

11 

12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

13 

14 Appellee, 

15 

16 v. Nos. 14-1728-cr (L), 

17 14-1980-cr (Con) 

18 JERKENO WALLACE, AKA UPTOWN, AND 

19 NEGUS THOMAS, AKA BROWN EYES, AKA B.E., 

20 

21 Defendants-Appellants, 

22 

23 KELVIN COLEMAN, KIMBERLY CRUZE, LAVAR 

24 JACKSON, AKA SMOKEY, PETER PITTER, ENRIQUE

25 STEWART, KAVOHN TAYLOR, AKA OX, KUWAN

26 WALLACE, AKA KILLER Q, SHAKON WALLACE,

27 AKA SHOCK, AARON WOOD,

28 

Defendants.

* 29 

 

* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption to conform with the above. 
 

2 

1 _________________________________________

2 

3 FOR APPELLEE: MICHAEL J. GUSTAFSON, Assistant United 

4 States Attorney (Marc H. Silverman, 

5 Assistant United States Attorney, on the 

6 brief), for Deirdre M. Daly, United States 

7 Attorney for the District of Connecticut, 

8 New Haven, CT. 

9 

10 FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT 

11 WALLACE: RICHARD S. CRAMER, ESQ., Hartford, CT. 

12 

13 FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT 

14 THOMAS: VIVIAN SHEVITZ, ESQ., South Salem, NY. 

15 

16 Appeal from orders of the United States District Court for the District of 

17 Connecticut (Thompson, J.). 

18 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, 

19 ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the causes are REMANDED for further 

20 proceedings consistent with this order. 

21 Defendants-Appellants Jerkeno Wallace and Negus Thomas challenge as procedurally 

22 and substantively unreasonable the District Court’s May 14, 2014 denials of their requests to 

23 modify or reduce their sentences under 18 U.S.C. § 3582. We assume the parties’ familiarity 

24 with the underlying facts and the procedural history of the case, to which we refer only as 

25 necessary to explain our decision to remand to the District Court in accordance with the 

26 procedures set forth in United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 22 (2d Cir. 1994). 

27 On May 13, 2003, after a jury trial, Wallace and Thomas were convicted of six counts 

28 and seven counts, respectively, arising from their roles in drug trafficking and a drive-by 

29 murder. On December 12, 2003, Judge Thompson sentenced Wallace and Thomas each to 

30 an effective term of life imprisonment (principally for the drug trafficking conspiracy and the 

31 drive-by murder convictions) and a consecutive term of ten years’ imprisonment (for 

32 convictions for related use of a firearm). Wallace and Thomas appealed their convictions 

33 and sentences on numerous grounds. 
 

3 

1 Except for a limited remand not relevant here, our Court affirmed the convictions. 

2 At the same time, we ruled that because Wallace and Thomas were sentenced under a 

3 mandatory-guideline regime that had since been rejected in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 

4 220 (2005), we were compelled to remand their causes to the District Court for further 

5 proceedings in conformity with the process laid out in United States v. Crosby, 397 F.3d 103 

6 (2d Cir. 2005). See United States v. Wallace, 447 F.3d 184, 185 (2d Cir. 2006); United States v. 

7 Wallace, 178 F. App’x 76, 81 (2d Cir. 2006). Our Crosby process calls for remand to the 

8 district court “not for the purpose of a required resentencing, but only for the more limited 

9 purpose of permitting the sentencing judge to determine whether to resentence, now fully 

10 informed of the new sentencing regime, and if so, to resentence.” Crosby, 397 F.3d at 117 

11 (emphasis in original). Crosby thus demands plenary resentencing only if a district court first 

12 determines that it would have imposed a “nontrivially different sentence” under the Booker 

13 regime. Id. at 118. 

14 Eight years after our Crosby remand in their cases, the District Court denied 

15 defendants’ requests for resentencing and left untouched the sentences it originally 

imposed.1 16 Adhering to our Crosby protocol, the District Court first “obtain[ed] the views of 

17 counsel” to determine whether to resentence “based on the circumstances at the time of the 

18 original sentence.” Id. at 120. After considering defendants’ submissions, the District Court 

19 concluded that it would not have imposed a nontrivially different sentence as to either 

20 defendant had it understood the Guidelines to be advisory when first imposing sentences. It 

21 stated several grounds in support of its decision. These included that it would not have 

22 exercised its discretion to depart downward from the Guidelines when it imposed the 

23 original sentences and, as discussed in more detail below, that nothing it had learned about 

24 any “positive changes” the defendants had undergone since the time of the original 

25 sentencing proceedings had caused it to change its mind about the need to impose a life 

 

1

 We are troubled that Wallace and Thomas had to wait so long for the District Court to decide their 

requests for resentencing and to complete the Crosby remand process. Defendants identify no 

meaningful prejudice resulting from the delay, however, and the lapse of time, while certainly 

regrettable because of the prolonged uncertainty that it caused, does not affect our analysis of the 

legal issues bearing on this appeal. 
 

4 

1 sentence on defendants in order to protect society and deter others from similarly violent 

2 acts. Order: The Request for Post-Booker Resentencing as to Jerkeno Wallace [ECF No. 

3 657], at *3-*5, United States v. Thomas, No. 3:02-cr-00072-AWT (D. Conn. May 14, 2014); 

4 Order: The Request for Post-Booker Resentencing as to Negus Thomas [ECF No. 658], at 

5 *3-*5, United States v. Thomas, No. 3:02-cr-00072-AWT (D. Conn. May 14, 2014). 

6 On appeal, Wallace and Thomas argue that the District Court erred in commenting 

7 on the absence of any demonstrations of subsequent remorse and lack of post-sentence 

8 rehabilitation—comments that the District Court made without having solicited relevant 

9 submissions from them. Rather, they assert, they should have been permitted to submit 

10 “updates” to the court before the court performed its analysis. 

11 A district court’s “threshold determination” under Crosby, however, is whether—

12 based on the circumstances as they were at the time of the original sentence—it would have 

13 imposed a nontrivially different sentence under the post-Booker regime such that a plenary 

14 resentencing is warranted. Crosby, 397 F.3d at 119-20. We have repeatedly directed district 

15 courts not to consider evidence of post-conviction rehabilitation at the first step of a Crosby

16 remand. See United States v. Ferrell, 485 F.3d 687, 688 (2d Cir. 2007). Rather, “[i]f the district 

17 court finds it would not have imposed a materially different sentence, that is the end of the 

18 matter.” Id. 

19 In view of the limited scope of Crosby’s mandate, however, we are concerned by 

20 language in the District Court’s Crosby orders tending to suggest that it may have 

21 impermissibly considered post-sentence remorse and rehabilitation, or a perceived lack 

22 thereof, in determining that full resentencing was not required. In particular, although the 

23 court wrote in its decisions as to each defendant that it limited its consideration of “anything 

24 it ha[d] learned about the defendant[s] since the time of the original sentencing” to that 

25 permissible “[w]ithin the structure of the Crosby remand,” it concluded: 

26 [A]lthough in some cases defendants who have had time for reflection 

27 undergo positive changes, the court has received no submission that 

28 persuades it that such a possibility exists here. Consequently, the court 

29 concludes that defendant’s sentence would not have differed at all 
 

5 

1 from that imposed, much less differed in a non-trivial manner and that 

2 a hearing is not required and would not be helpful. 

3 

4 Order: The Request for Post-Booker Resentencing as to Jerkeno Wallace [ECF No. 657], at 

5 *4-*5, United States v. Thomas, No. 3:02-cr-00072-AWT (D. Conn. May 14, 2014); Order: The 

6 Request for Post-Booker Resentencing as to Negus Thomas [ECF No. 658], at *4-*5, United 

7 States v. Thomas, No. 3:02-cr-00072-AWT (D. Conn. May 14, 2014). On this record, 

8 therefore, we cannot be confident that the District Court’s first-stage Crosby decision was not 

improperly informed by a perceived lack of post-sentencing remorse or rehabilitation. 2 9 

10 Accordingly, we remand the causes in accordance with the procedures set forth in 

11 United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 22 (2d Cir. 1994), with directions to the District Court 

12 that it issue orders clarifying whether, without considering the absence of evidence of post13 sentence remorse and rehabilitation, it would have reached the same decisions not to 

14 resentence defendants. Within fourteen days of the entry of the District Court’s responsive 

15 orders, any party to those proceedings may restore the causes to this panel by giving notice 

16 of a renewed appeal to the Clerk of Court. 

17 * * * 

18 The causes are hereby REMANDED to the District Court for further proceedings 

19 consistent with this opinion. 

20 FOR THE COURT: 

21 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court 

 

2

 Defendants’ reliance on Pepper v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 1229 (2011), is unavailing. In Pepper, the 

Supreme Court held only that when a defendant’s sentence has been set aside on appeal, a district 

court at resentencing may consider evidence of post-sentencing rehabilitation and that such evidence 

may support a downward variance from the Sentencing Guidelines. See id. at 1236. The Pepper

Court expressly excluded from the scope of its holding those “limited remands by the Courts of 

Appeals” of the type contemplated in Crosby. See id. at 1249 n.17; see also United States v. Bernardo 

Sanchez, 569 F.3d 995, 1000 (9th Cir. 2009).