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T H E S T A T E O F T E X A S

O N S T A T E ’ S P E T I T I O N F O R D I S C R E T I O N A R Y R E V I E W

F R O M T H E E L E V E N T H C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

M I D L A N D C O U N T Y

A L C A L A

, J

. , d e l i v e r e d t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e C o u r t i n w h i c h K E L L E R

, P

. J

. , a n d

M E Y E R S

, P R IC E

, W O M A C K

, K E A S L E R

, H E R V E Y

, a n d C O C H R A N

, J

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. , d i s s e n t e d

.

O P I N I O N

I n i t s p e t i t i o n f

o r d i s c r e t i o n a r y r e v i e w

, t h e S t a t e c h a l l e n g e s t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s ’ s

j u d g m e n t i n f

a v o r o f a p p e l l a n t

, R o b e r t B r y a n t

. S e e B r y a n t v

. S t a t e

, N o

. 1 1

- 1 0

- 0 0 1 4 5

- C R

,

2 0 1 1 T e x

. A p p

. L E X I S 7 8 3 5 ( T e x

. A p p

. — E a s t l a n d S e p t

. 2 9

, 2 0 1 1 ) ( n o t d e s i g n a t e d f o r

p u b l i c a t i o n )

, r e h e a r i n g d e n i e d b y

, o p i n i o n w i t h d r a w n b

y

, s u b s t i t u t e o

p i n i o n a t 3 5 5 S

. W

. 3 d

9 2 6 ( T e x

. A p p

. — E a s t l a n d 2 0 1 1 )

. T h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s h e l d t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t a b u s e d i t sRobert B ry ant - 2

d i s c r e t i o n b y r e v o k i n g a p p e l l a n t ’ s d e f e r r e d

- a d j u d i c a t i o n c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n f o r f a i l u r e

t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n a n d t h a t a p p e l l a n t p r e s e r v e d t h i s i s s u e f o r a p p e a l

. B r

y a n t

, 3 5 5 S

. W

. 3 d a t

9 3 2

. T h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s a p p l i e d f o r m e r T e x a s C o d e o f C r i m i n a l P r o c e d u r e a r t i c l e

4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h )

, h e r e i n a f

t e r c a l l e d t h e “ f

o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

, ” w h i c h r e q u i r e d t h a t

, “ [ i ] n

d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r t o r e v o k e p r o b a t i o n

, ” a t r i a l c o u r t “ s h a l l ” c o n s i d e r f i v e f a c t o r s 1

p e r t a i n i n g t o a d e f

e n d a n t ’ s f

i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. S e e f o r m e r T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. 2

A N N

. a r t

. 4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h ) ( W e s t 2 0 0 0 )

. W e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s p r o p e r l y d e t e r m i n e d

t h a t a p p e l l a n t p r e s e r v e d h i s c h a l l e n g e a n d t h a t t h e a b u s e

- o f

- d i s c r e t i o n s t a n d a r d o f r e v i e w

a p p l i e d t o t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s d e c i s i o n t o r e v o k e c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

, i n c l u d i n g i t s

c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e d e f e n d a n t ’ s f

i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. W e

, h o w e v e r

, c o n c l u d e t h a t

, b y

r e v o k i n g a p p e l l a n t ’ s d e f e r r e d a d j u d i c a t i o n a n d p l a c i n g a p p e l l a n t o n r e g u l a r c o m m u n i t y

At the time, community

supervision was r efe rre d to as “probation.” 1

The re stitut ion statute eff ective when the trial court e ntere d appellant’ s orig inal restitution 2

order in J anuar y 2000 stated,

The court may revoke probation

. . . if the defe ndant fails to comply with the order

. I n deter mining whether t o re v o k e probation

. . . the court or parole panel shall

consider: (1) the defe ndant’s employ ment status; (2) the defe ndant’s ear ning

ability ; (3) the defe ndant’s financ ial resour ces; (4) the willfulness of the defe ndant’s

failure to pay ; and (5) any other specia l circ umstances that may aff ect the defe ndant’s

ability to pay

.

For mer T E X

. C O D E C R I M

. P R O C

. AN N

. art. 42.037(h) (West 2000). The court of appea ls observe d that

the curr ent restitution stat u t e, which applies to restitution order s enter ed on or afte r September 1,

2005, is unlike the former version, under which appellant’ s re s tituti on was order ed, in that the

curr ent statute has a six th fac tor, “the victim’s financ ial resour ces or ability to pay expenses incurre d

by the victim as a result of the offe nse,” and includes the words “cur rent and future” in subsections

(2) and (3). Bryant

, 355 S.W .3d at 932 (citing Act of May 27, 2005, 79th L eg

., R.S., ch. 969, §§ 1,

3, 2005 T E X

. G E N

. L A W S 3244) (c odified at T E X

. C O D E C R I M

. P R O C . art. 42.037(h) ).Robert B ry ant - 3

s u p e r v i s i o n w i t h t h e c o n t i n u e d o p p o r t u n i t y t o f u l f i l l t h e r e s t i t u t i o n o b l i g a t i o n

, t h e t r i a l c o u r t

d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n

. B e c a u s e t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s e r r e d b y r e v e r s i n g t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s

d e c i s i o n

, w e r e v e r s e t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s a n d r e n d e r a j u d g m e n t a f f i r m i n g

t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e t r i a l c o u r t

.

I

. B a c k g r o u n d

A

. P r o c e e d i n g s i n T r i a l C o u r t

A p p e l l a n t w a s c h a r g e d w i t h m i s a p p l i c a t i o n o f t r u s t f u n d s a n d r e c e i v e d t e n y e a r s ’

d e f e r r e d

- a d j u d i c a t i o n c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

, a c o n d i t i o n o f w h i c h w a s p a y m e n t o f

n e a r l y

$ 2 0 0

, 0 0 0 r e s t i t u t i o n

. S h o r t l y b e f o r e t h e e x p i r a t i o n o f a p p e l l a n t ’ s s u p e r v i s i o n p e r i o d

, t h e 3

S t a t e f i l e d a m o t i o n t o r e v o k e

, a l l e g i n g o n l y t h a t a p p e l l a n t h a d f a i l e d t o p a y t h e f

u l l a m o u n t

o f r e s t i t u t i o n o r d e r e d

. T h e r e m a i n i n g b a l a n c e w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 1 6 4

, 0 0 0

. A p p e l l a n t p l e d

n o t t r u e

.

T h e t r i a l c o u r t h e l d a h e a r i n g

, a t w h i c h t h e s o l e i s s u e w a s a p p e l l a n t ’ s a b i l i t y t o m a k e

t h e r e s t i t u t i o n p a y m e n t s

. A f t e r i n t r o d u c i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e e v i d e n c e o f a p p e l l a n t ’ s f i n a n c i a l

s t r a i t s

, a p p e l l a n t ’ s a t t o r n e y a r g u e d t h a t a p p e l l a n t h a d c o m p l i e d w i t h a l l o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f

The orig inal community -super vision judgme nt order ed appellant to pay restitution “in equal 3

monthly pay

ments calc ulated by dividing the total amount of rest itution

. . . by the months of

community supervision rema ining afte r the defe ndant i s re l ease d from confine ment

. . . unless

otherwise direc ted by the Midland County Communi ty Supervision a nd Correc tions De partment.”

The Depa

rtment later enter ed a modified pay ment plan reduc ing his monthly pay ments from

$2084.00 to $300.00 “due to [appellant]’s financ ial hardship,” but expre s s ly s ta te d th at appellant was

“still obliga

ted by court order to pay the total amount orig inally order ed

. . . befor e t h e end of his

probation term

. . . .” The Depa rtment further indicated that the modified pay ment plan would “be

revie wed y ear ly

, an d should [appellant]’s financ ial condition improve, the pay ment [would] be

revised to better ref

lect the true amount owed by [appellant] in this cause .” The rec ord does not

reve al that the plan wa s ever ag ain modified.Robert B ry ant - 4

h i s c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

, e x c e p t f o r p a y i n g r e s t i t u t i o n t h a t h e w a s f i n a n c i a l l y u n a b l e t o

p a y

. A m i d s t t h e e x c h a n g e b e t w e e n t h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d t h e p a r t i e s

, t h e j u d g e m a d e t h e

f o l l o w i n g c o m m e n t : “ I f i t w e r e f e e s o w e d t o p r o b a t i o n

, t h e r e w o u l d n o t b e a p r o b l e m

. B u t

t h i s i s r e s t i t u t i o n t o a v i c t i m

. T h a t ’ s t h e C o u r t ’ s p r o b l e m

, t h a t I c a n ’ t w a i v e

. ” D e f e n s e

c o u n s e l r e s p o n d e d

, “ I t ’ s n o t a w a i v e r

, b e c a u s e t h e j u d g m e n t i s t h e r e

. ” T h e t r i a l c o u r t

a d j u d i c a t e d a p p e l l a n t ’ s g u i l t a n d s e n t e n c e d h i m t o r e g u l a r c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n u n d e r t h e

t e r m o f t w o y e a r s ’ c o n f

i n e m e n t

, p r o b a t e d f

o r s e v e n y e a r s

. T h e C o u r t ’ s o r d e r e x p r e s s l y s t a t e d

t h a t t h i s s e n t e n c e w a s “ a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o i m p r i s o n m e n t ” a n d w a s i n t e n d e d t o s e r v e “ t h e e n d s

o f j u s t i c e a n d t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t o f b o t h t h e p u b l i c a n d t h e d e f e n d a n t

. ” T h e o r d e r a l s o r e d u c e d

a p p e l l a n t ’ s m o n t h l y m i n i m u m r e s t i t u t i o n p a y m e n t s a n d w a i v e d o t h e r c o u r t c o s t s a n d f e e s

.

B

. P r o c e e d i n g s O n A p p e a l

O n d i r e c t a p p e a l

, t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s r e j e c t e d a p p e l l a n t ’ s s u f

f i c i e n c y c h a l l e n g e

p r e m i s e d o n a v i o l a t i o n o f h i s f e d e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d u e

- p r o c e s s r i g h t s

, b u t r e v e r s e d t h e t r i a l

c o u r t ’ s j u d g m e n t o n t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t h a d a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n r e v o k i n g h i s

c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n u n d e r t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

. B r y a n t

, 3 5 5 S

. W

. 3 d a t 9 3 1

- 3 3

.

I n f i n d i n g t h e e v i d e n c e s u f

f i c i e n t

, t h e c o u r t w a s u n p e r s u a d e d b y a p p e l l a n t ’ s a r g u m e n t

t h a t t h e f e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n p r o h i b i t s r e v o c a t i o n o f c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n w h e n a p e r s o n

i s f i n a n c i a l l y u n a b l e t o m a k e c o m m u n i t y

- s u p e r v i s i o n p a y m e n t s

, i n c l u d i n g r e s t i t u t i o n

. S e e i d

.

a t 9 3 1

. I t e x p l a i n e d t h a t a p p l i c a b l e S u p r e m e C o u r t p r e c e d e n t

, B e a r d e n v

. G e o r g i a

, h o l d s t h a t

i m p r i s o n m e n t o f a p e r s o n w h o i s u n a b l e t o m a k e c o u r t

- o r d e r e d p a y m e n t s v i o l a t e s h i sRobert B ry ant - 5

c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s t o d u e p r o c e s s a n d e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n o n l y w h e n t h e t r i a l c o u r t f a i l e d t o

c o n s i d e r t h e e f

f i c a c y o f a l t e r n a t i v e s t o i m p r i s o n m e n t

. S e e i d

. a t 9 3 0

- 3 1 ( d i s c u s s i n g B e a r d e n

v

. G e o r g i a

, 4 6 1 U

. S

. 6 6 0

, 6 7 3 ( 1 9 8 3 ) )

. T h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t

d i d n o t r u n a f

o u l o f B e a r d e n i n r e v o k i n g a p p e l l a n t ’ s d e f e r r e d

- a d j u d i c a t i o n c o m m u n i t y

s u p e r v i s i o n b e c a u s e t h e t r i a l c o u r t s e n t e n c e d a p p e l l a n t t o s t r a i g h t c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n a s

a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o i m p r i s o n m e n t

. I d

. a t 9 3 1

. T h e c o u r t n o t e d t h a t B e a r d e n “ i m p o s e s l i m i t s o n

r e v o c a t i o n p u n i s h m e n t w h e r e t h e p r o b a t i o n e r l a c k s t h e a b i l i t y t o p a y

, b u t m a k e s n o

s u g g e s t i o n t h a t s u c h a r e v o c a t i o n i s i m p e r m i s s i b l e

. ” I d

. ( c i t i n g B e a r d e n

, 4 6 1 U

. S

. a t 6 7 2 )

.

T h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s s u s t a i n e d a p p e l l a n t ’ s s e c o n d i s s u e

, i n w h i c h h e a r g u e d t h a t

,

u n d e r T e x a s s t a t u t o r y l a w

, t h e t r i a l c o u r t a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n b y r e v o k i n g h i s c o m m u n i t y

s u p e r v i s i o n b e c a u s e t h e e v i d e n c e d i d n o t s h o w t h a t a p p e l l a n t w a s a b l e t o m a k e t h e u n p a i d

r e s t i t u t i o n p a y m e n t s

. I

d

. a t 9 3 2

. I n r e a c h i n g i t s d e c i s i o n

, t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s a p p l i e d t h e

f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e r a t h e r t h a n a r t i c l e 4 2

. 1 2 § 2 1 ( c ) o f t h e T e x a s C o d e o f C r i m i n a l

P r o c e d u r e

, w h i c h a p p e l l a n t h a d a r g u e d a p p l i e d

. I d

. a t 9 3 1 ; c o m

p a r e f o r m e r T E X

. C O D E C R IM

.

P R O C

. A N N

. a r t

. 4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h ) ( W e s t 2 0 0 0 )

, w i t h T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. a r t

. 4 2

. 1 2 § 2 1 ( c )

.

A r t i c l e 4 2

. 1 2 § 2 1 ( c )

, h e r e i n a f t e r c a l l e d t h e “ a b i l i t y

- t o

- p a y s t a t u t e

, ” r e q u i r e s t h e S t a t e

, i n a

r e v o c a t i o n h e a r i n g

, t o p r o v e b y a p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s a b l e

t o p a y

, a n d d i d n o t p a y

, c o m p e n s a t i o n p a i d t o a p p o i n t e d c o u n s e l

, c o m m u n i t y

- s u p e r v i s i o nRobert B ry ant - 6

f e e s

, o r c o u r t c o s t s a s o r d e r e d b y t h e j u d g e

. S e e T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. a r t

. 4 2

. 1 2 § 2 1 ( c )

. 4

A p p e l l a n t a c k n o w l e d g e d t h a t t h e a b i l i t y

- t o

- p a y s t a t u t e m e n t i o n s o n l y r e v o c a t i o n s b a s e d o n

f a i l u r e t o m a k e t h e s e s p e c i f i e d p a y m e n t s

, b u t s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t s h o u l d b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s a l s o

i n c l u d i n g r e v o c a t i o n s b a s e d o n f a i l u r e t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n

. A p p e l l a n t a r g u e d t h a t

, a l t h o u g h t h e

s t a t u t e d o e s n o t s p e c i f

i c a l l y m e n t i o n r e s t i t u t i o n

, “ t h e r e i s a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i m p e r a t i v e t h a t t h e

d e f e n d a n t i s n o t d e p r i v e d o f h i s l i b e r t y d u e t o p o v e r t y ” a n d

, t h e r e f o r e

, t h a t i t w a s n e c e s s a r y

t o c o n s t r u e t h e s t a t u t e a s r e q u i r i n g t h e S t a t e t o p r o v e t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s a b l e t o p a y

r e s t i t u t i o n a n d d i d n o t

. I n s u p p o r t

, h e c i t e d T a t e v

. S h o r t

, 4 0 1 U

. S

. 3 9 5

, 3 9 7

- 9 8 ( 1 9 7 1 )

, i n

w h i c h t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h e l d t h a t “ i m p r i s o n m e n t [ o f a n i n d i g e n t ] f o r n o n p a y m e n t

c o n s t i t u t e s

. . . u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n

. ”

A g r e e i n g w i t h t h e S t a t e t h a t t h e a b i l i t y

- t o

- p a y s t a t u t e d o e s n o t g o v e r n r e s t i t u t i o n

, t h e

c o u r t o f a p p e a l s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e i s t h e l a w a p p l i c a b l e w h e n a d e f e n d a n t

c h a l l e n g e s r e v o c a t i o n b a s e d o n f a i l u r e t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n

. B r y a n t

, 3 5 5 S

. W

. 3 d a t 9 3 1

. T h e

c o u r t o f a p p e a l s

, h o w e v e r

, d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t h a d f a i l e d t o c o m p l y w i t h t h e

Article 42.12 § 21( c) state s, 4

I n a community supervision revoc ation hear ing at which it is alleg ed only that the

defe n d ant violated the conditions of community supervision by failing to pay

compensa tion paid to appointed counsel, community supervision fee s, or court costs,

the s tate mus t prove by a pre pondera nce of the evidence that the defendant was able

to pay and did not pay as order ed by the judge

. The court may order a community

supervision and corr ections depar tment to obtain information perta ining to the fac tors

listed under Article 42.037(h) of t his code a nd include that information in the report

require d under Sec tion 9(a) of this article or a

separ ate r eport, a s the court dire cts.

See T E X

. C O D E C R I M

. P R O C . art. 42.12 § 21(c ).Robert B ry ant - 7

f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

. S e e i d

. a t 9 3 2

. T h e c o u r t h e l d t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t h a d a b u s e d i t s

d i s c r e t i o n b y r e v o k i n g a p p e l l a n t ’ s c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n “ w i t h o u t g i v i n g d u e c o n s i d e r a t i o n

t o t h e f a c t o r s t h a t

, p u r s u a n t t o t h e [ f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e ]

, i t ‘ s h a l l c o n s i d e r

. ’ ” I d

. T h e

c o u r t o f a p p e a l s o b s e r v e d t h a t “ [ n ] o t h i n g i n t h e r e c o r d r e f l e c t s t h a t [ a p p e l l a n t ] f

a i l e d t o p a y

o r t h a t h e h a d t h e a b i l i t y t o p a y m o r e t h a n t h e $ 3 0 0 p e r m o n t h t h a t h e f a i t h f u l l y p a i d e v e r y

m o n t h f o r a l m o s t t e n y e a r s

. ” I

d

. C i t i n g t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s c o m m e n t t h a t i t c o u l d n o t “ w a i v e ” 5

r e s t i t u t i o n

, t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t f a i l e d t o g i v e “ a p p r o p r i a t e

c o n s i d e r a t i o n ” t o t h e f

i v e f a c t o r s l i s t e d i n t h e f

o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

. I d

.

O n m o t i o n f

o r r e h e a r i n g

, t h e S t a t e a r g u e d t h a t a p p e l l a n t h a d f a i l e d t o p r e s e r v e a

r e s t i t u t i o n

- s t a t u t e c l a i m b e c a u s e h e d i d n o t a d v a n c e t h a t l e g a l t h e o r y a t t h e h e a r i n g

. T h e

c o u r t o f a p p e a l s g r a n t e d t h e S t a t e ’ s m o t i o n a n d i s s u e d a n e w o p i n i o n

, h o l d i n g t h a t a p p e l l a n t

h a d p r e s e r v e d t h e i s s u e

. I d

. a t 9 3 1

. T h e c o u r t o f

a p p e a l s e x p l a i n e d t h a t

, a l t h o u g h h e d i d n o t

u s e “ m a g i c w o r d s ” o r s p e c i f i c a l l y c i t e t h e f

o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

, a p p e l l a n t ’ s e v i d e n c e a n d

a r g u m e n t s w e r e s u f

f i c i e n t l y s t r a i g h t f

o r w a r d t o c o m m u n i c a t e t o t h e c o u r t t h a t r e v o c a t i o n w a s

i m p r o p e r b e c a u s e h e w a s f i n a n c i a l l y u n a b l e t o m a k e r e s t i t u t i o n p a y m e n t s

. I d

. a t 9 3 2

. T h e

c o u r t c o n c l u d e d t h a t a p p e l l a n t h a d p r e s e r v e d t h e i s s u e a n d m a i n t a i n e d i t s j u d g m e n t r e v e r s i n g

t h e r e v o c a t i o n o r d e r

. I

d

. a t 9 3 2

- 3 3

.

The court of appea ls found that the evidenc e was sufficie nt to show that appellant had failed 5

to pay restitution as order ed by the trial court beca use, althoug h he had reg ularly made his reduc ed

monthly minimum pay

ments, he had not paid the entire amount that had been order ed. Bryant, 355

S.W .3d at 930. The court of appea ls found that the trial court had abused its discr etion in revoking

appellant’ s community supervision, howeve r, beca use there was no evidenc e that appellant was able

to pay the total amount due. Id. at 932.Robert B ry ant - 8

I n i t s p e t i t i o n f

o r d i s c r e t i o n a r y r e v i e w

, t h e S t a t e r a i s e s t w o i s s u e s : ( 1 ) a p p e l l a n t f a i l e d

t o p r e s e r v e t h e r e s t i t u t i o n

- s t a t u t e i s s u e b y f a i l i n g t o e x p r e s s l y r e f

e r t o t h a t s t a t u t e d u r i n g t h e

r e v o c a t i o n h e a r i n g

, a n d ( 2 ) i f t h a t i s s u e w a s p r e s e r v e d

, t h e t r i a l c o u r t

, b y c o n s i d e r i n g h i s

f i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h a t s t a t u t e

, d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n i n

r e v o k i n g a p p e l l a n t ’ s c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

. 6

I I

. P r e s e r v a t i o n o f E r r o r

I n i t s f i r s t i s s u e

, t h e S t a t e a r g u e s t h a t

, a t t h e r e v o c a t i o n h e a r i n g

, a p p e l l a n t r a i s e d o n l y

a “ g e n e r a l d e f

e n s i v e a r g u m e n t ” a g a i n s t r e v o c a t i o n b a s e d o n h i s i n a b i l i t y t o p a y

, w h i c h “ d o e s

n o t c o n s t i t u t e a n o b

j e c t i o n

. ” T h e S t a t e e x p l a i n s t h a t a p p e l l a n t w a s n o t s p e c i f i c e n o u g h t o p u t

t h e t r i a l j u d g e o n n o t i c e o f a n a l l e g e d v i o l a t i o n o f t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e b e c a u s e h i s

e v i d e n c e a n d a r g u m e n t s a b o u t i n a b i l i t y t o p a y “ c o u l d h a v e r e f e r r e d t o t h e f

e d e r a l o r T e x a s

c o n s t i t u t i o n o r s t a t u t e

, o r c o u l d h a v e s i m p l y b e e n a p l e a f o r e q u i t a b l e r e l i e f

. ” I n r e s p o n s e

,

a p p e l l a n t e c h o e s t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s ’ s a n a l y s i s t h a t p r e s e r v a t i o n d o e s n o t r e q u i r e “ m a g i c

w o r d s ” o r c i t a t i o n t o a s p e c i f i c s t a t u t e

. H e a r g u e s t h a t

, b e c a u s e “ t h e w h o l e t r i a l w a s b a s e d

u p o n t h e i n a b i l i t y t o p a y

, ” t h e b a s i s o f h i s c o m p l a i n t w a s e v i d e n t

. B e c a u s e a p p e l l a n t ’ s

The State’s two issues a sk, 6

1. Did the trial court’s al l eged failure to comply with Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art.

4 2 .037(h), which mandates that a judge “conside r” fac tors conce rning an in d iv id u a l’ s

ability to pay restitution, rende r the evidenc e insufficien t to support its decision to

revoke community supervision or is tha t a lleg ed failure mere ly trial court err or that

must be prese rved by

objection?

2. Did the trial court fail to “conside r” fac tors conce rning Appellant’s ability to pay

restitution as require d under Te x . Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.037(h) ?Robert B ry ant - 9

e v i d e n c e a n d a r g u m e n t s u f f i c i e n t l y a p p r i s e d t h e t r i a l c o u r t o f t h e b a s i s o f h i s c o m p l a i n t

, w e

a g r e e w i t h t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s t h a t e r r o r w a s p r e s e r v e d

.

“ T h e p u r p o s e o f r e q u i r i n g a s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i o n i n t h e t r i a l c o u r t i s t w o f o l d : ( 1 ) t o

i n f o r m t h e t r i a l j u d g e o f t h e b a s i s o f t h e o b j e c t i o n a n d g i v e h i m t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r u l e o n i t ;

( 2 ) t o g i v e o p p o s i n g c o u n s e l t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e s p o n d t o t h e c o m p l a i n t

. ” R e s e n d e z v

. S t a t e

,

3 0 6 S

. W

. 3 d 3 0 8

, 3 1 2 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 0 9 )

. T h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e

t r i a l c o u r t “ c o n s i d e r ” a d e f e n d a n t ’ s a b i l i t y t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r t o r e v o k e

c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n w h e n t h e v i o l a t i o n a l l e g e d w a s f a i l u r e t o m a k e t h a t p a y m e n t

. S e e

f o r m e r T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. A N N

. a r t

. 4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h ) ( W e s t 2 0 0 0 )

. T h i s i s s u e w a s a t t h e h e a r t

o f a p p e l l a n t ’ s r e v o c a t i o n h e a r i n g

.

T h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d p r o s e c u t o r k n e w t h a t a p p e l l a n t ’ s i n a b i l i t y t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n w a s

t h e s o l e b a s i s o f d e f

e n s e c o u n s e l ’ s a r g u m e n t a g a i n s t r e v o c a t i o n ; t h e y w e r e w e l l a w a r e t h a t

a p p e l l a n t w a s u r g i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f h i s f i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e f o r m e r

r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

. S e e R e s e n d e z

, 3 0 6 S

. W

. 3 d a t 3 1 2 ; F o r d v

. S t a t e

, 3 0 5 S

. W

. 3 d 5 3 0

, 5 3 3

( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 0 9 )

. A s t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s c o r r e c t l y o b s e r v e d

, a l t h o u g h a p p e l l a n t “ d i d

n o t s p e c i f

i c a l l y c i t e [ t h e f

o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e ]

, h e p r e s e n t e d e v i d e n c e a n d h a s m a i n t a i n e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o c e e d i n g s t h a t r e v o c a t i o n w a s i m p r o p e r b e c a u s e h e w a s u n a b l e t o m a k e t h e

r e s t i t u t i o n p a y m e n t s

. ” B r y a n t

, 3 5 5 S

. W

. 3 d a t 9 3 2

. F u r t h e r

, “ [ a ] p a r t y n e e d n o t s p o u t ‘ m a g i c

w o r d s ’ o r r e c i t e a s p e c i f i c s t a t u t e t o p r e s e r v e a n i s s u e ” a s l o n g a s t h e b a s i s o f h i s c o m p l a i n t

i s e v i d e n t t o t h e t r i a l c o u r t

. I d

. a t 9 3 1

- 3 2

. B e c a u s e t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e w a s t h e l a wRobert B ry ant - 10

a p p l i c a b l e t o a p p e l l a n t ’ s e v i d e n c e a n d a r g u m e n t s t h a t r e v o c a t i o n w a s i m p r o p e r d u e t o h i s

i n a b i l i t y t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n

, t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s p r o p e r l y d e t e r m i n e d t h a t h i s c o m p l a i n t w a s

p r e s e r v e d f

o r a p p e a l

. B r

y a n t

, 3 5 5 S

. W

. 3 d a t 9 3 2

. W e o v e r r u l e t h e S t a t e ’ s f i r s t i s s u e

.

I I I

. P e r m i s s i b i l i t y o f R e v o c a t i o n f o r F a i l u r e t o P a y R e s t i t u t i o n

I n i t s s e c o n d i s s u e

, t h e S t a t e c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s e r r e d i n c o n s t r u i n g t h e

f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e a s e s t a b l i s h i n g a n e v i d e n t i a r y s t a n d a r d f o r r e v o c a t i o n s b a s e d o n

f a i l u r e t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a s s e t t i n g f o r t h a p r o c e d u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e t r i a l

c o u r t c o n s i d e r a d e f

e n d a n t ’ s f

i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s a t a r e v o c a t i o n h e a r i n g

. T h e S t a t e

a r g u e s t h a t t h e r e c o r d r e v e a l s t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r e d t h e s t a t u t o r y f a c t o r s i n

c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e t e r m s o f t h e s t a t u t e

, w h i c h d i d n o t r e q u i r e t h a t t h e c o u r t w e i g h t h e

f a c t o r s i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r m a n n e r

. S e e f o r m e r T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. A N N

. a r t

. 4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h )

( W e s t 2 0 0 0 )

. A p p e l l a n t r e s p o n d s t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t f a i l e d “ t o m a k e t h e n e c e s s a r y f i n d i n g s

u n d e r t h e s t a t u t e ” a s r e q u i r e d b y “ a s t a t u t e w h i c h u s e s t h e w o r d [ s ] ‘ s h a l l c o n s i d e r

. ’ ” H e

c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s d i d n o t e r r i n f i n d i n g t h e e v i d e n c e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p o r t

r e v o c a t i o n u n d e r t h e s t a t u t e

. B e c a u s e t h e p a r t i e s d i s p u t e t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n

s t a t u t e

, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s t r u e t h a t s t a t u t e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e L e g i s l a t u r e ’ s i n t e n t w i t h

r e s p e c t t o a t r i a l c o u r t ’ s d u t i e s u n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s

.

A

. S t a t u t o r y A n a l y s i s

W h e n i n t e r p r e t i n g s t a t u t e s

, a c o u r t m u s t “ s e e k t o e f f e c t u a t e t h e ‘ c o l l e c t i v e ’ i n t e n t o r

p u r p o s e o f t h e l e g i s l a t o r s w h o e n a c t e d t h e l e g i s l a t i o n

. ” B o y k i n v

. S t a t e

, 8 1 8 S

. W

. 2 d 7 8 2

, 7 8 5Robert B ry ant - 11

( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 9 1 )

. T o w a r d t h a t e n d

, a c o u r t m u s t f o c u s i t s “ a t t e n t i o n o n t h e l i t e r a l t e x t

o f t h e s t a t u t e i n q u e s t i o n a n d a t t e m p t t o d i s c e r n t h e f a i r

, o b j e c t i v e m e a n i n g o f t h a t t e x t a t t h e

t i m e o f i t s e n a c t m e n t

. ” I d

. H o w e v e r

, w h e n a p p l i c a t i o n o f a s t a t u t e ’ s p l a i n l a n g u a g e w o u l d

l e a d t o a b s u r d c o n s e q u e n c e s

, o r w h e n “ t h e l a n g u a g e i s n o t p l a i n b u t r a t h e r a m b i g u o u s

, ” a

c o u r t m a y c o n s i d e r e x t r a t e x t u a l f a c t o r s a s s u c h a s l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y o f t h e s t a t u t e

. I d

. a t 7 8 5

-

8 6

. I n t h i s c o n t e x t

, a m b i g u i t y e x i s t s w h e n a s t a t u t e m a y b e u n d e r s t o o d b y r e a s o n a b l y w e l l

i n f o r m e d p e r s o n s i n t w o o r m o r e d i f f e r e n t s e n s e s ; c o n v e r s e l y

, a s t a t u t e i s u n a m b i g u o u s w h e n

i t p e r m i t s o n l y o n e r e a s o n a b l e u n d e r s t a n d i n g

. M a h a f f e y v

. S t a t e

, 3 6 4 S

. W

. 3 d 9 0 8

, 9 1 3 ( T e x

.

C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 1 2 )

.

T h e p l a i n l a n g u a g e o f t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e p e r m i t t e d r e v o c a t i o n f o r f a i l u r e

t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n a s l o n g a s t h e t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r e d c e r t a i n f a c t o r s p e r t a i n i n g t o a

d e f e n d a n t ’ s f

i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. S e e f o r m e r T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P RO C

. A N N

. a r t

. 4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h )

( W e s t 2 0 0 0 )

. T h e s t a t u t e e x p r e s s l y s t a t e d t h a t a c o u r t “ m a y r e v o k e p r o b a t i o n ” f o r a

d e f e n d a n t ’ s f

a i l u r e t o c o m p l y w i t h t h e r e s t i t u t i o n o r d e r

. I d

. I t f u r t h e r p r o v i d e d t h a t

, “ [ i ] n

d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r t o r e v o k e p r o b a t i o n

, ” t h e t r i a l c o u r t “ s h a l l c o n s i d e r ” a d e f e n d a n t ’ s

e m p l o y m e n t ; e a r n i n g a b i l i t y ; f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s ; w i l l f u l n e s s o f h i s f

a i l u r e t o p a y ; a n d s p e c i a l

c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. I

d

. T h e p l a i n l a n g u a g e

, t h e r e f o r e

, g a v e a t r i a l c o u r t d i s c r e t i o n t o r e v o k e a

d e f e n d a n t ’ s c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n a f t e r t h e c o u r t h a d c o n s i d e r e d f i v e f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o t h e

d e f e n d a n t ’ s f

i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. S e e i d

. I t r e q u i r e d n e i t h e r t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t r e n d e r

f i n d i n g s n o r t h a t r e v o c a t i o n s b e c o n d i t i o n e d o n t h e q u a n t i t y o r q u a l i t y o f e v i d e n c e a d d u c e dRobert B ry ant - 12

a s t o t h e e n u m e r a t e d f

a c t o r s

. A l t h o u g h t r e a t m e n t o f r e v o c a t i o n f o r f a i l u r e t o p a y r e s t i t u t i o n

h a s v a r i e d h i s t o r i c a l l y

, t h e L e g i s l a t u r e p l a i n l y e x p r e s s e d i t s d e s i r e t o g r a n t t h e t r i a l c o u r t 7

i n c r e a s e d d i s c r e t i o n t o r e v o k e o n t h a t b a s i s a s c o m p a r e d t o s t r i c t e v i d e n t i a r y r e q u i r e m e n t s

f o r r e v o c a t i o n s p r e m i s e d o n n o n

- p a y m e n t o f c o u r t c o s t s

, a t t o r n e y c o m p e n s a t i o n

, a n d

c o m m u n i t y

- s u p e r v i s i o n f e e s

. S e e T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. a r t

. 4 2

. 1 2 § 2 1 ( c ) ( p r o h i b i t i n g

r e v o c a t i o n i f i n s u f

f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e t h a t d e f e n d a n t w a s a b l e t o m a k e t h o s e p a y m e n t s )

.

H a v i n g r e v i e w e d t h e p l a i n l a n g u a g e o f t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

, w e a g r e e w i t h

t h e S t a t e t h a t

, a s l o n g a s a t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r s t h e f a c t o r s i n i t s d e c i s i o n w h e t h e r t o r e v o k e

a c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

, a c o u r t i s n o t r e q u i r e d t o w e i g h t h e f a c t o r s i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r

m a n n e r

. S e e f

o r m e r T E X

. C O D E C R IM

. P R O C

. A N N

. a r t

. 4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h ) ( W e s t 2 0 0 0 )

. B u t a t r i a l

c o u r t ’ s d i s c r e t i o n d o e s h a v e t h r e e l i m i t s

. F i r s t

, t h e S t a t e m u s t p r o v e a t l e a s t o n e v i o l a t i o n o f

t h e t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s o f c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

. S e e M o o r e v

. S t a t e

, 6 0 5 S

. W

. 2 d 9 2 4

, 9 2 6

( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 8 0 ) ; C a r d o n a

, 6 6 5 S

. W

. 2 d a t 4 9 3

- 9 4

. S e c o n d

, a n a p p e l l a t e c o u r t w i l l

Prior to 2007, Article 42.12 provided an aff irmative defe nse to revoc ation that a defe ndant 7

was unable to pay “compe nsation paid to appointed counsel, community supervi s i o n fe es

, court

costs, restitution, or repa

rations.” See former T E X

. C O D E C R I M

. P R O C

. 42.12 § 8(c)

, am. Acts 1977,

65th R.S., ch. 3 4 2 (S

. B. 32), §§ 1, 2, eff ective Aug ust 29, 1977. Under that version, evidenc e

demonstrating inability to pay restitution prec luded revoc ation on that basis. Id

. I n 2007, howeve r,

in addition to shi fting to the State the burde n of demonstra ting a defe ndant’s abilit y to pay cer tain

court costs and fee s, the L eg islature deleted the term “re stitut ion” from the statute. See T E X

. C O D E

C R I M

. P R O C

. 42.12 § 21(c)

, am. Acts 2007, 80th L eg

., R.S., ch. 604 (H.B

. 312), § 1

, ef fec tive

September 1, 2007. This reve als that, with respe ct to a defe ndant’s failure to pay restitution, unlike

other court-or dere d pay

ments, the L eg islature intended to elimina t e b o t h t he State’s burden of

demonstrating financ ial ability and the aff irmative defe nse of inability to pa y

. Be cause appellant’ s

revoc ation hear ing w as held a fter Septe mber 1, 2007, the f ormer sta tute that made inability to pay

restitution an aff

irmative defe nse is inapplicable. See id. § 2 (“The chang e in la w made by this Act

applies only to a community supervision revoc ation hear ing held on or afte r the eff ective date of this

Act.”) and § 3 (“ This Act takes e ffe ct September 1, 2007.”).Robert B ry ant - 13

r e v i e w t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s d e c i s i o n f o r a n a b u s e o f d i s c r e t i o n

. S e e R i c k e l s v

. S t a t e

, 2 0 2 S

. W

. 3 d

7 5 9

, 7 6 3 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

. 2 0 0 6 ) ( t r i a l c o u r t ’ s o r d e r r e v o k i n g c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

r e v i e w e d f

o r a b u s e o f d i s c r e t i o n ) ; C a r d o n a v

. S t a t e

, 6 6 5 S

. W

. 2 d 4 9 2

, 4 9 3 ( T e x

. C r i m

. A p p

.

1 9 8 4 )

. T h i r d

, f

e d e r a l d u e p r o c e s s r e q u i r e s t h a t a t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r a l t e r n a t i v e s t o

i m p r i s o n m e n t b e f

o r e i n c a r c e r a t i n g a n i n d i g e n t d e f e n d a n t w h o i s u n a b l e t o p a y a m o u n t s d u e

u n d e r c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

. B e a r d e n

, 4 6 1 U

. S

. a t 6 7 2

.

B

. T r i a l C o u r t C o m p l i e d w i t h t h e F o r m e r R e s t i t u t i o n S t a t u t e

T h e r e c o r d d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r e d t h e s t a t u t o r i l y e n u m e r a t e d

f a c t o r s i n m a k i n g i t s r e v o c a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n

s t a t u t e

. F i r s t

, i t h e a r d e x t e n s i v e e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g a p p e l l a n t ’ s f i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d

h i s e f f o r t s t o m a k e t h e r e q u i r e d p a y m e n t s

. S e c o n d

, t h e t r i a l c o u r t ’ s r e v o c a t i o n o r d e r s t a t e d

t h a t

, “ a f t e r d u e c o n s i d e r a t i o n

, ” t h e t r i a l c o u r t h a d d e c i d e d t h a t i t w a s i n “ t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t ” o f

a p p e l l a n t t o p l a c e h i m o n r e g u l a r c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n i n l i e u o f i m p r i s o n m e n t

, e x p r e s s l y

s t a t i n g t h a t t h i s w a s “ a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o p r i s o n

. ” T h i r d

, t h e t r i a l c o u r t r e d u c e d a p p e l l a n t ’ s

r e m a i n i n g m o n t h l y m i n i m u m p a y m e n t s a n d w a i v e d c e r t a i n f e e s t h a t a p p e l l a n t h a d b e e n

o r d e r e d t o p a y

. O n t h i s r e c o r d

, i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d

a p p e l l a n t ’ s f

i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n r e n d e r i n g i t s r u l i n g

.

F i n a l l y

, w e n o t e t h a t i t i s u n c l e a r w h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t i n t e n d e d b y i t s c o m m e n t t h a t

,

b e c a u s e t h e p a y m e n t s w e r e f o r r e s t i t u t i o n

, i t c o u l d n o t “ w a i v e ” t h e m

. T o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h i s

c o m m e n t c o u l d b e c o n s t r u e d a s s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t f a i l e d t o c o n s i d e r a p p e l l a n t ’ sRobert B ry ant - 14

i n a b i l i t y t o p a y

, w e d o n o t f i n d t h a t t h i s s i n g l e c o m m e n t o u t w e i g h s t h e s u b s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e

t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t d i d c o n s i d e r a p p e l l a n t ’ s f i n a n c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. S e e B r y a n t

, 3 5 5 S

. W

. 3 d

a t 9 3 2

.

W e a g r e e w i t h t h e S t a t e t h a t t h e r e c o r d r e v e a l s t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t c o n s i d e r e d t h e

s t a t u t o r y f

a c t o r s i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e t e r m s o f t h e f o r m e r r e s t i t u t i o n s t a t u t e

, w h i c h d i d n o t

r e q u i r e t h a t t h e c o u r t w e i g h t h e f a c t o r s i n a n y p a r t i c u l a r m a n n e r

. S e e f o r m e r T E X

. C O D E

C R IM

. P R O C

. A N N

. a r t

. 4 2

. 0 3 7 ( h ) ( W e s t 2 0 0 0 )

. B e c a u s e t h e r e c o r d s h o w s t h a t t h e S t a t e

p r o v e d t h a t a p p e l l a n t v i o l a t e d a t l e a s t o n e o f t h e t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s o f h i s c o m m u n i t y

s u p e r v i s i o n

, t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s e r r e d b y d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t t h e t r i a l c o u r t a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n

i n r e v o k i n g a p p e l l a n t ’ s c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n

. W e n o t e

, h o w e v e r

, t h a t t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s

p r o p e r l y d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a p p e l l a n t ’ s f e d e r a l d u e

- p r o c e s s r i g h t s w e r e n o t v i o l a t e d b e c a u s e

,

b y s e n t e n c i n g a p p e l l a n t t o s t r a i g h t c o m m u n i t y s u p e r v i s i o n a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o i n c a r c e r a t i o n

,

t h e t r i a l c o u r t d i d n o t i m p r i s o n h i m f o r h i s i n a b i l i t y t o p a y

. S e e B e a r d e n

, 4 6 1 U

. S

. a t 6 7 2

. W e

s u s t a i n t h e S t a t e ’ s s e c o n d i s s u e

.

I V

. C o n c l u s i o n

W e r e v e r s e t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s a n d r e n d e r a j u d g m e n t a f f i r m i n g t h e

j u d g m e n t o f t h e t r i a l c o u r t

.

D e l i v e r e d : O c t o b e r 2 4

, 2 0 1 2

P u b l i s h