UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 17-4325

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL PANKEY,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at 

Richmond. Robert E. Payne, Senior District Judge. (3:16-cr-00079-REP-1)

Submitted: January 26, 2018 Decided: February 9, 2018

Before TRAXLER and AGEE, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Geremy C. Kamens, Federal Public Defender, Nia Ayanna Vidal, Assistant Federal 

Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Richmond, 

Virginia, for Appellant. Dana J. Boente, United States Attorney, Olivia L. Norman, 

Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, 

Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:

A jury convicted Michael Pankey of possession with intent to distribute heroin and 

cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C) (2012), and the 

district court sentenced him to 24 months’ imprisonment. Pankey appeals the district 

court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence of drugs and incriminating statements 

resulting from the search of his vehicle’s trunk. We affirm.

In reviewing a district court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to suppress, we 

review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear 

error, construing the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the Government. 

United States v. Stover, 808 F.3d 991, 994 (4th Cir. 2015). “We owe particular deference 

to a district court’s credibility determinations, for it is the role of the district court to 

observe witnesses and weigh their credibility during a pre-trial motion to suppress.” 

United States v. Patiutka, 804 F.3d 684, 689 (4th Cir. 2015) (brackets and internal 

quotation marks omitted).

Warrantless searches “are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—

subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.” 

California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565, 580 (1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). One 

exception to the warrant requirement concerns automobiles because of their inherent 

mobility and the risk that contraband inside the vehicle could disappear while officers 

obtain a search warrant. California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 390-91 (1985). “If a car is 

readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the Fourth 
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Amendment . . . permits police to search the vehicle without more.” Maryland v. Dyson, 

527 U.S. 465, 467 (1999) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The scope of 

a warrantless search of an automobile . . . is not defined by the nature of the container in 

which the contraband is secreted,” but “[r]ather, . . . the object of the search and the 

places in which there is probable cause to believe that it may be found.” United States v. 

Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 824 (1982).

Pankey contends that the factors identified by the searching officer—the odor of 

marijuana emanating from the vehicle; the discovery of marijuana in the passenger 

compartment; Pankey’s nervousness; the fact that Pankey was driving on Interstate 85, a 

drug trafficking corridor, and en route to Oxford, North Carolina, a source city for 

narcotics; and Pankey’s possession of a prepaid flip phone commonly used for criminal 

activity, in addition to his personal cell phone—were altogether insufficient to give rise to 

probable cause to search the trunk of his vehicle. He also argues that this court has not 

ruled that the mere odor of burnt marijuana from a vehicle’s passenger compartment is 

sufficient to establish probable cause to search the vehicle’s trunk.

Indeed, we have not yet decided that issue, and there is, in fact, a circuit split on 

the issue.1

 However, we decline to reach this question because even applying the more 

 1 The Fifth and Eighth Circuits have held that the mere odor of burnt marijuana 

may give rise to probable cause to search an entire vehicle, including its trunk. United 

States v. Winters, 221 F.3d 1039, 1041 (8th Cir. 2000); United States v. McSween, 53 

F.3d 684, 686-87 (5th Cir. 1995). The Tenth Circuit has held that the mere odor of 

marijuana is insufficient grounds to search a vehicle’s trunk, and that “corroborating 

(Continued)
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defendant-friendly approach espoused by the Tenth Circuit, we conclude that the other 

factors identified by the searching officer in addition to the odor of marijuana provided 

probable cause to search the trunk of Pankey’s vehicle. See United States v. Loucks, 806

F.2d 208, 211 (10th Cir. 1986) (holding that, while mere odor of burnt marijuana was

insufficient to give rise to probable cause to search vehicle’s trunk, odor of burnt 

marijuana on defendant’s person plus discovery of marijuana in passenger compartment 

was sufficient).

Additionally, Pankey’s contention that the searching officer lacked probable cause 

to search the trunk because he had probable cause to search only for marijuana and not 

heroin or cocaine is without merit. Further, while Pankey complains that the district 

court considered innocent factors in its probable cause analysis, the district court did not 

rely exclusively on these factors and was permitted to consider them in the totality of the

circumstances. See United States v. Foster, 824 F.3d 84, 89 (4th Cir. 2016) (“Seemingly 

innocent factors, when viewed together, can amount to reasonable suspicion.”); United 

States v. Booker, 612 F.3d 596, 601 (7th Cir. 2010) (“The possibility of an innocent 

 

evidence of contraband” is necessary. United States v. Parker, 72 F.3d 1444, 1450 (10th 

Cir. 1995).
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explanation does not vitiate properly established probable cause.”). We therefore 

conclude that the district court did not err in denying Pankey’s motion to suppress.2

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral 

argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the 

materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

 2 Because the search was lawful, we need not consider Pankey’s additional 

argument that the district court should have suppressed his subsequent incriminating 

statements.