IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 15-41432

JOSHUA MONTANO, as the Personal Representative of the Estate of Robert 

Montano; DANIEL MONTANO; KAYLYNN MONTANO; MARIA MONTANO; 

BONNIE WALLACE, as Next Friend of MAC, a minor, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellees Cross-Appellants

v.

ORANGE COUNTY, TEXAS, 

 Defendant - Appellant Cross-Appellee

Appeals from the United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Texas

Before JOLLY, BARKSDALE, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.

RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge:

These cross-appeals arise out of the tragic death of Robert Montano, a 

pretrial detainee in the Orange County, Texas, jail. He died of acute renal 

failure after approximately four-and-one-half days’ detention in a glass-walled 

observation cell—the “bubble”—in the jail’s infirmary. The bubble was used to 

observe detoxifying pretrial detainees. During Mr. Montano’s detention, he 

consumed little, if any, food or water; his vital signs were checked once at most; 

he was never seen by a physician; and emergency care was requested by the 

jail staff only minutes before his death. 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

November 29, 2016

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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Primarily at issue is whether sufficient evidence supports a jury’s finding

Mr. Montano was subjected to an unconstitutional condition of confinement in 

that detoxification-observation cell, causing his death. Based on the jury trial 

and the district court’s post-verdict rulings on the county’s pre- and postverdict motions, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50, for judgment 

as a matter of law (JMOL), among the issues presented are the court’s: 

granting the Rule 50(a) motion against the jury’s award of wrongful-death 

damages; denying the Rule 50(b) motion on the claims for unconstitutionalconfinement and damages for pain; and denying the Rule 59 alternative newtrial motion (permitted by Rule 50(b)). AFFIRMED in part; VACATED in part; 

REMANDED.

I.

Mr. Montano was arrested early Friday evening, 7 October 2011, for 

public intoxication. Later that evening, a county judge signed an affidavit of 

probable cause, setting bond at $200 and ordering Mr. Montano to be released 

after 72 business hours if charges were not filed or bond posted. 

Although Mr. Montano had been arrested for public intoxication, the 

arresting officer reported to the corrections officer working the book-in desk

that she suspected he was under the influence of bath salts. (Although Mr. 

Montano was partially booked into the infirmary, he was not booked into the 

general population; the latter required his being coherent). Bath salts are a 

“designer drug”, manufactured to have similar properties to illegal substances 

such as speed or cocaine. Intoxication from bath salts is a serious condition,

rendering symptoms such as high blood pressure, hypothermia, paranoia, and 

sometimes death. 

The arresting officer’s bath-salts suspicion was never confirmed, but 

spread as if wholly true—from Mr. Montano’s intake through the county’s 

briefs here. Even the coroner officially declared Mr. Montano’s renal failure 

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was due to bath-salts toxicity; but, at trial, he admitted he had only 

perpetuated the theory given him. 

Mr. Montano had been previously treated for mental illness, and his

treatment was noted in a state mental-health database. The county, however, 

did not comply at intake with the Texas Commission on Jail Standards’

requirement to run a database query, known as the Continuity of Care Query. 

In addition, just one month prior to his fatal detention, Mr. Montano had

been detained in the county’s jail, under the assumed influence of bath salts. 

Then, by contrast, he was placed in a restraint chair—not in the bubble—and 

calmed down within hours.

On 7 October, Mr. Montano was placed in the observation cell because, 

as noted supra, he was determined to be incoherent and, therefore, unable to 

complete the booking process. In the bubble, he was to be observed by licensed 

vocational nurses (LVN). An LVN, the Texas equivalent of a licensed practical 

nurse, receives nine months’ training in a certificate program, and provides

basic medical monitoring under the supervision of physicians or registered 

nurses. For the jail, two contract physicians served as immediate medical 

supervisors to the LVNs; no registered nurses worked on site. A registered 

nurse, testifying as an expert witness for plaintiffs, opined the county’s LVNs 

practiced independent assessments and were not directly supervised by 

physicians, in contravention of the Texas Administrative Code. 

The medical “supervision” was sporadic. Neither physician maintained 

a daily presence on site. Instead, they generally visited the jail weekly, though 

not on a consistent day of the week; ten days sometimes passed between visits.

For day-to-day operations, one LVN supervised the others; and separate from 

medical supervision, a lieutenant-rank jail officer served as the supervising 

LVN’s “corrections supervisor”. 

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No contract physician visited the jail during Mr. Montano’s approximate

four-and-one-half-days’ detention. Conflicting testimony was presented on

visiting physicians’ usual attention to pretrial detainees in the observation cell.

One LVN testified every detainee in the observation cell was automatically 

seen when a physician visited. On the other hand, the supervising LVN

testified: physician assessments were contingent upon detainee requests or 

LVN determination; and, when the physicians visited, they did not so much as 

check the medical charts of patients in the infirmary. Moreover, even the 

supervising LVN did not review the charts of her supervisees.

Attention to Mr. Montano was minimal at best. Jail personnel failed to 

prepare a required suicide-risk form for Mr. Montano, a repeat omission of

which the jail had been made aware just four months earlier when a random 

inspection by the Texas Commission on Jail Standards noted missing suicidescreening assessments, separate from the earlier-referenced required database 

query for mental-health records. Two jail employees were later disciplined for 

failing to complete Mr. Montano’s screening. While the county’s healthservices plan required written observations of suicide-risk detainees every 15 

minutes, the county admits written observations of Mr. Montano were recorded 

only approximately every 30 minutes. 

Until the morning of Mr. Montano’s death on 12 October, no member of 

the jail staff entered the bubble to attempt to assess him. And, he was not so 

much as within view unless standing. Uncontroverted testimony shows paper 

was taped to the bubble’s glass walls. In that regard, while every related 

photograph in evidence (taken by a Texas Ranger who investigated the scene)

shows the paper was taped all the way to the floor, and an LVN admitted paper 

taped that way would prevent any view of Mr. Montano when lying down or 

crawling, another LVN insisted the photographs were inaccurate and the 

paper did not extend to the floor. 

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As developed at trial, pursuant to Rule 32(a)(2), to demonstrate the 

inconsistency between an LVN’s deposition and trial testimony, she had 

testified in her deposition that she was familiar with Mr. Montano and knew 

at the time of his detention not only that he suffered from depression and 

schizophrenia, but that he also had a history of psychiatric care. But, as she 

testified at trial, she never documented what she knew during the course of 

Mr. Montano’s fatal detention; instead, she deferred to the never-substantiated 

theory that he was high on bath salts over her personal knowledge of his 

condition and treatments. And, in her trial testimony, she forgot precisely how 

much prior knowledge she possessed about Mr. Montano’s mental condition, 

though she did allow that he told the staff at intake he was schizophrenic. At 

trial she explained the inconsistency between her deposition and trial 

testimony by stating she had been “very ill” during the former. 

The supervising LVN testified that, when she arrived at work Monday 

morning, 10 October, and was alerted to Mr. Montano’s condition, she did not 

so much as review his medical chart—despite his being the only detainee in 

the bubble. After Mr. Montano’s death, the supervising LVN testified she 

never reviewed the work of the LVNs for mistakes during his detention. While 

the county would have her omission demonstrate a one-time incident of 

negligence, she testified that her behavior was consistent with general staff 

conduct. 

Mr. Montano’s vital signs were checked once at most; and, even in that 

instance, his temperature was not taken. Food was offered through a slot in 

the door. After reviewing Mr. Montano’s medical records, a doctor, testifying 

as an expert witness for plaintiffs, summarized Mr. Montano’s detention: the 

jail staff “basically . . . watched [Mr. Montano] and his condition deteriorate 

until the point where he died”. 

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Late Tuesday evening, more than four days into Mr. Montano’s

detention, one of the LVNs heard him say “come in”. The LVN testified it never 

crossed her mind that his request was directed at her. She took no action, and 

told no one of his request until after his death, when she deemed the request

worth mentioning to the investigating Texas Ranger. While the LVN offered 

consistent testimony on her first day of trial testimony, on her second she 

recanted, stating she never heard Mr. Montano say “come in”. 

On 12 October at 4:58 a.m., after Mr. Montano had been detained almost 

four-and-one-half days in the bubble, which was littered with uneaten food and 

human waste and which did not have a sink, toilet, or toilet paper, an LVN 

observed from outside the bubble that he did not appear to be breathing. That

LVN called the jail control room and spoke with a corporal, then waited 20 

minutes for his arrival before calling an ambulance or entering the bubble. Mr. 

Montano was pronounced dead 34 minutes later.

This 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action was filed against the county on three 

theories of liability: unconstitutional condition of confinement relative to a

county custom for holding incoherent pretrial detainees; episodic acts or 

omissions; and unconstitutional condition of confinement relative to a county 

custom of failing to meet basic human needs.

The jury trial began on Monday, 2 February 2015; plaintiffs rested on

the 9th; and the county rested on the 10th. Sixteen witnesses testified. The 

county presented a written Rule 50(a) motion for JMOL at the close of 

plaintiffs’ case, and re-urged it at the close of all the evidence. In each instance, 

the court reserved ruling on the motion until after the jury rendered its verdict. 

On the 11th, after deliberating for 11 hours, the jury found liability and 

damages on the first two theories. It found the constitutional-right violation 

proximately caused physical pain and death, but not mental anguish, and

awarded, inter alia, $1.5 million for pain, and $917,000 for wrongful death. 

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(Subsequently, the court awarded plaintiffs $440,116.01 for attorney’s fees and 

costs.)

Addressing post-verdict the above-described Rule 50(a) motion, the 

court, in an extremely detailed and comprehensive opinion, ruled plaintiffs 

presented sufficient evidence to support the verdict on both the 

unconstitutional-condition-of-confinement claim and survival damages, but 

insufficient evidence to support the verdict on the episodic-acts claim and 

wrongful-death damages. (The ruling against the episodic acts finding, is not 

at issue on appeal.) For the wrongful-death damages, the court ruled plaintiffs 

presented insufficient evidence to prove Mr. Montano’s death was caused by 

the county’s de facto policy, discussed infra. Order Granting in Part 

Defendant’s Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law at 28–33, Montano v. 

Orange County, Texas, No. 1:13-cv-00611-RC (E.D. Tex. 13 Apr. 2015), ECF 

No. 219 (Montano, Rule 50(a)). 

Five months later, in an equally detailed and comprehensive opinion, the 

court denied the county’s Rule 50(b) JMOL motion (referred to as a renewed 

motion) and alternative new-trial motion. For the Rule 50(b) motion, it ruled, 

inter alia, “the majority of [the county]’s arguments have either been waived 

by [the county]’s failure to preserve the issues [in its Rule 50(a) motion], or 

have already been ruled on in [the county]’s favor through prior Orders of this 

court”. Order Denying Defendant’s Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter 

of Law and Alternative Motion for New Trial at 1, Montano v. Orange County, 

Texas, No. 1:13-cv-00611-RC (E.D. Tex. 22 Sept. 2015), ECF No. 246 (Montano, 

Rule 50(b)). For the jury’s unconstitutional-condition-of-confinement finding, 

the court concluded: “Montano’s death was the predictable result of a de facto 

policy that denied detainees adequate care for an indefinite period of time, 

evidently in hopes that the detainees would, in a sense, heal themselves”. Id.

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at 6. Likewise, the court was satisfied by the sufficiency of the evidence for 

pain:

The jury heard ample testimony of what the various jailers and 

nurses did and did not do on a regular basis, and what the nurses 

did and did not do for Montano, from which the jury could conclude 

that the condition in which Orange County Jail held intoxicated 

detainees was the moving force leading to Montano’s pain and 

suffering.

Id. at 10 n.4. 

The new-trial motion was denied because: the awarded damages were 

not excessive; the county waived any objections to verdict inconsistencies by 

failing to object while the jury was still empaneled, and, regardless, the verdict 

was neither irreconcilable nor inconsistent; the jury instructions were not 

erroneous; and the verdict was not against the great weight of the evidence. 

Id. at 15–17. 

II. 

A party may move for JMOL after the nonmovant “has been fully heard 

on an issue during a jury trial”. Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a). The motion “may be 

made at any time before the case is submitted to the jury. The motion must 

specify the judgment sought and the law and facts that entitle the movant to 

the judgment”. Id. And, the court may defer ruling, as done in this instance. 

Unitherm Food Sys., Inc. v. Swift-Eckrich, Inc., 546 U.S. 394, 405–06 (2006) 

(quoting 9A C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2533, 319

(2d ed. 1995): “Even at the close of all evidence it may be desirable to refrain 

from granting a motion for judgment as a matter of law despite the fact that it 

would be possible for the district court to do so.”).

If the Rule 50(a) motion is denied, the movant may renew the motion 

after trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b). And, the Rule 50(b) (renewed) motion, “may 

include an alternative or joint request for a new trial under Rule 59”. Id.

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The county maintains the court erred in denying its Rule 50(b) motion

because there was insufficient evidence to support liability for an 

unconstitutional condition of confinement and damages for pain; alternatively, 

it contends the court erred in denying its new-trial motion. Concomitantly, it

challenges the basis for the awarded attorney’s fees and costs. On the other 

hand, plaintiffs contest the Rule 50(a) JMOL against wrongful-death damages.

A challenge to a JMOL ruling on an issue preserved in district court is 

reviewed de novo, applying the same standard applied by the district court. 

E.g., Gibbs v. Grimmette, 254 F.3d 545, 547 (5th Cir. 2001). JMOL should be 

granted when “a party has been fully heard on an issue and there is no legally 

sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that 

issue”. Williams v. Hampton, 797 F.3d 276, 282 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting 

Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 149 (2000)). 

It goes without saying that the evidence must be viewed in the light most 

favorable to the nonmovant. E.g., Bank of Saipan v. CNG Fin. Corp., 380 F.3d 

836, 840 (5th Cir. 2004). Moreover, consistent with the role of the jury under 

the Seventh Amendment to the Constitution, it is more than well-established 

that all reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the nonmovant, with the 

credibility of witnesses and weight of the evidence being within the sole 

province of the jury. E.g., Advanced Tech. Bldg. Sol., L.L.C. v. City of Jackson, 

Miss., 817 F.3d 163, 165 (5th Cir. 2016); Deffenbaugh-Williams v. Wal-Mart 

Stores, Inc., 188 F.3d 278, 285 (5th Cir. 1999); McCann v. Tex. City Ref., Inc., 

984 F.2d 667, 672 (5th Cir. 1993). The evidence presented at trial, including 

inconsistent testimony by witnesses for the county between that offered in a 

deposition and at trial, presents a classic example for why it is for the jury 

alone to judge the credibility of witnesses and weigh the evidence. 

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A.

As discussed, in denying the county’s Rule 50(b) motion, the court stated, 

inter alia, that some of the county’s contentions in the motion had “been waived 

by [its] failure to preserve” them in its Rule 50(a) motion. Montano, Rule 50(b) 

at 1. For example, as discussed infra, for the challenge to the jury’s 

unconstitutional-condition-of-confinement finding, the court ruled the county 

had not presented in its Rule 50(a) motion a clear articulation concerning its 

having a legitimate governmental interest for its de facto confinement policy. 

1. 

Consistent with the below-quoted question to be answered by the jury in 

the verdict form, three elements must be established to prove an 

unconstitutional condition of confinement:

(1) “a rule or restriction or . . . the existence of an identifiable 

intended condition or practice . . . [or] that the jail official’s acts or 

omissions were sufficiently extended or pervasive”; (2) which was 

not reasonably related to a legitimate governmental objective; and 

(3) which caused the violation of [a detainee’s] constitutional 

rights.

Estate of Henson v. Wichita Cty., Tex., 795 F.3d 456, 468 (5th Cir. 2015) 

(internal citation omitted). The three condition-of-confinement elements were 

fully stated for the jury in the first question on the verdict form:

Do you find, from a preponderance of the evidence, that Defendant 

Orange County had a custom of holding incoherent pre-trial 

detainees suspected of being intoxicated on alcohol or drugs in the 

observation cell known as the “bubble,” until either the detainee 

was able to communicate with officers sufficiently to allow the 

officers to fill out book-in paperwork, or until the next visit of a 

contract doctor occurred, and that this custom was not reasonably 

related to a legitimate governmental objective, that [the] Sheriff . 

. . knew or should have known about the custom and was 

deliberately indifferent, and that this custom was the moving force 

leading to inadequate medical care?”

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In this instance, a mixed standard of review is required for the three 

condition-of-confinement elements. In its written Rule 50(a) motion, the 

county challenged the sufficiency of the evidence for the first element; but, as 

the court ruled, that motion did not preserve a challenge to the second or third 

elements. 

The introduction to the seven-page motion—offered at the completion of 

plaintiffs’ case and renewed at the close of all evidence—contended there was 

“no evidence of a constitutionally deficient policy, custom or practice of the

[county] that was a moving force that caused the death of [Mr. Montano]”. The 

legitimate-government-interest element was never mentioned, and the 

constitutional-violation element was not analyzed. The county erroneously 

asserts its passing mention of a “constitutionally deficient policy” was 

sufficient because the policy could only be “constitutionally deficient” if all 

three of the unconstitutional-condition-of-confinement elements were at issue.

Rule 50(a) requires specificity for good reason. Its “‘specific grounds’ 

requirement [in subpart (a)(2), quoted supra] serves both to make the trial 

court aware of the movant’s position and to give the opposing party an 

opportunity to mend its case”. McCann, 984 F.2d at 672 n.6.

Along that line, we agree with the court’s analysis, in ruling on the Rule 

50(b) motion, that the “Rule 50(a) Motion did not clearly separate the points 

upon which [the county] requested judgment, did not delineate which of its 

arguments applied to which of Plaintiffs’ claims, and blurred the lines of 

Plaintiffs’ claims through its obtuse recitation of the case law”. Montano, Rule 

50(b) at 8. Because the second and third unconstitutional-condition-ofconfinement elements were not preserved, as discussed infra, they are 

reviewed for a lower sufficiency-of-evidence threshold, explained below.

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a. 

Having preserved its challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for the 

first element (the “condition or practice”), the county relies upon the absence 

of evidence of another death resulting from the challenged de facto policy, 

missing the crux of our court’s test: we weigh sufficient evidence vel non for

policy implementation, not policy outcome.

A formal, written policy is not required to establish a “condition or 

practice”. As our court previously noted, “a condition may reflect . . . [a] de 

facto policy, as evidenced by a pattern of acts or omissions ‘sufficiently 

extended or pervasive, or otherwise typical of extended or pervasive 

misconduct by [jail] officials, to prove an intended condition or practice’”. 

Shepherd v. Dallas Cty., 591 F.3d 445, 452 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Hare v. City 

of Corinth, 74 F.3d 633, 645 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc)).

In Shepherd, likewise involving a pretrial detainee, “a de facto jail policy 

of failing properly to treat [ill] inmates” was “reasonably infer[red]” through a 

county-commissioned report, a United States Department of Justice report, jail 

officials’ affidavits, and other documentary evidence indicating inmates 

received “grossly inadequate” treatment—in that instance, for chronic illness. 

591 F.3d at 453. The same is true for the action at hand.

As plaintiffs contend, the consistent testimony of jail employees is 

sufficient to prove an established de facto policy. Jail employees testified to 

familiarity with the Orange County Sheriff’s Office Correctional Facility 

Operations Plan, which prescribed a guideline range of four-to-eight hours for 

detainee detoxification. In contravention, the jail’s explicit custom was to 

isolate seemingly-intoxicated detainees in the bubble, and to leave them there 

until either they became coherent and could be booked, or a contract physician 

visited.

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In that regard, the sheriff and jail employees testified how long a 

detainee in Mr. Montano’s condition would remain in the bubble: two

employees, five days; one, five days, but sometimes nine or ten. One jail 

employee testified “as long as it takes” when deposed, then at trial changed his 

answer to “two, three, five days” or “as long as it takes to figure out what’s 

going on”, even as he recalled the four-to-eight-hours guideline. Another

employee, after acknowledging familiarity with the four-to-eight-hours 

guideline, was reminded at trial of her deposition testimony that she kept 

detainees in the bubble “until they get through detoxing. I’ve had them there 

as long as a week”. On cross examination at trial, she clarified that, saying “as 

long as a week” meant “two to five days”. Offering a range of explanations and 

hedging on his familiarity with county policies at trial, the sheriff was 

reminded that, when deposed, he had testified pretrial detainees were left in 

the bubble between four to five hours, four or five days, or “until they 

detoxified”. The jury could compare such testimony with that of the doctor 

testifying as a medical expert for plaintiffs: detoxification generally takes sixto-eight hours; and, if the process takes longer, serious complications can 

occur—including renal failure and death. 

The county’s de facto policy is even at odds with its own written policy.

Its Correctional Facility Operations Plan provides “[c]orrections staff should 

attempt to use a guideline of four to eight hours for detoxification”—far shorter 

than “as long as it takes”. While the county contends “jail personnel testified 

that the general guideline is more accurate for alcohol intoxication, which 

tends to wear off more quickly than drugs”, a reasonable juror could note the 

lack of conclusive evidence that Mr. Montano was on any drugs, as well as the 

discrepancy between a few hours and “as long as it takes”. 

Similarly, a reasonable juror could note the discrepancy in Mr. 

Montano’s two detention conditions, within one month of each other, for the 

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same assumed influence of bath salts. While he was placed safely in a restraint 

chair and monitored in September 2011, he was left, as described by the district 

court, to heal himself in the bubble that October. Particularly given the 

uniform assumption of bath salts’ causing his condition, a reasonable juror 

could question why—given institutional memory that Mr. Montano calmed 

down within three hours during his first presumed bath-salts high in 

detention—would nearly four-and-one-half days of sustained symptoms not 

prompt further care in October?

The county emphasizes, as noted, that plaintiffs did not provide specific 

examples of other instances of detainees who suffered Mr. Montano’s fate as a 

result of the de facto policy. But, as also noted, such specific examples are not 

required to meet the “condition or practice” element. In that regard, although 

“isolated examples of illness, injury, or even death, standing alone, cannot 

prove that conditions of confinement are constitutionally inadequate”, the 

evidence was sufficient for a reasonable juror to infer a de facto policy that 

every seemingly detoxifying detainee was left in the bubble without emergency 

medical care. Shepherd, 591 F.3d at 454. Given the striking uniformity of the 

jail employees’ testimony, further evidence was not required for a reasonable 

juror to infer a de facto policy for conditions or practices. 

Similar to the challenge in Shepherd, plaintiffs do not challenge “the acts 

or omissions of individuals but the jail’s system of providing medical care” to 

detainees who were seemingly detoxifying. Id. at 453. Although the Shepherd

plaintiffs presented a broader variety of evidence than the uniform testimony 

of the sheriff and jail employees in the action at hand, the result is the same: 

the uniformity of the evidence allows a reasonable juror to infer a de facto jail 

policy. Id. at 453–54. Jurors heard consistent testimony that a given protocol 

was followed for every similarly-situated detainee. 

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b. 

As discussed, the legitimate-governmental-interest element was not 

preserved through the county’s Rule 50(a) motion; as noted, the element was 

not even mentioned. Subject to the exception discussed below, an issue not 

presented until a Rule 50(b) motion is reviewed on appeal only under an 

abbreviated “plain error” analysis: “[i]f any evidence exists that supports the 

verdict, it will be upheld”. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Plambeck, 802 F.3d 665, 674 (5th 

Cir. 2015) (citing Flowers v. S. Reg’l Physician Servs. Inc., 247 F.3d 229, 238 

(5th Cir. 2001)). Flowers implemented the already well-established rule in our 

court that issues not raised in a Rule 50(a) motion are waived for future 

motions in district court; and, on appeal, are reviewed only under the abovereferenced “any evidence” standard. 247 F.3d at 238. In effect, the issue is 

being raised for the first time on appeal. Id. (quoting U.S. ex rel Wallace v. 

Flintco, Inc., 143 F.3d 955, 963 (5th Cir. 1998) (quoting McCann, 984 F.2d at 

673)).

The above-referenced exception to the “any evidence” review is invoked 

when a nonmovant fails, in district court, to object to a new issue’s being raised 

in a Rule 50(b) motion; in that instance, he does not benefit from the limited 

scope of the “any evidence” review on appeal. Instead, when the waiver-bar is 

not raised in district court, the new issue in the Rule 50(b) motion receives de 

novo appellate review. See Arsement v. Spinnaker Exploration Co., LLC, 400 

F.3d 238, 247 (5th Cir. 2005) (newly-presented issues in a Rule 50(b) motion 

are reviewed de novo on appeal when the nonmovant fails in district court to 

object to their not having been presented in a Rule 50(a) motion); DeffenbaughWilliams, 188 F.3d at 284 n.5 (while new issues may not be raised in a Rule 

50(b) motion, they “may be considered [on appeal] where . . . the non-movant 

does not object” to them in district court); Thompson and Wallace of Memphis, 

Inc. v. Falconwood Corp., 100 F.3d 429, 435 (5th Cir. 1996) (“Because the 

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plaintiffs did not raise the waiver bar in opposing the rule 50(b) motion, they 

may not raise that bar on appeal.”). 

In response to the county’s Rule 50(b) motion, plaintiffs objected to the 

Rule 50(a) motion’s analysis of the second and third unconstitutionalcondition-of-confinement elements as insufficient to preserve them for review

through the Rule 50(b) motion. Because nonmovant failure to object is not at 

issue, the “any evidence” standard applies.

Therefore, at issue is whether the record contains any evidence that 

supports the jury’s finding the county’s de facto policy was without a legitimate 

governmental interest. Concerning that element, “the Government has a 

substantial interest in ensuring that persons accused of crimes are available 

for trials and, ultimately, for service of their sentences, or that confinement of 

such persons pending trial is a legitimate means of furthering that interest”.

Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 534 (1979). Nevertheless, pretrial detainees 

reserve a “right to be free from punishment [and] an understandable desire to 

be as comfortable as possible during his confinement, both of which may 

conceivably coalesce at some point”. Id.

A properly-stated condition-of-confinement claim is not required to 

demonstrate actual intent to punish; intent may be inferred from an entity’s 

decision to subject pretrial detainees to an unconstitutional condition. 

Shepherd, 591 F.3d at 452. A county allowing a staph infection to persist 

within a jail, for instance, serves no legitimate government purpose. See

Duvall v. Dallas Cty., Tex., 631 F.3d 203, 207 (5th Cir. 2011). In contrast, bodycavity searches of pretrial detainees are reasonably related to a legitimate 

government interest in secure facilities, as are cell searches. Bell, 441 U.S. at

555–60.

In evidence was the earlier-described affidavit of probable cause, signed 

by the county judge on 7 October 2011, nearly four-and-one-half days prior to 

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Mr. Montano’s death, setting bond at $200 and ordering Mr. Montano be 

released after 72 business hours if charges were not filed or bond posted. At 

the least, a reasonable juror could infer that the 72-business-hour limit should 

have put the county on notice that time limits were required and “as long as it 

takes” was unacceptable. In other words, this prescribed time constraint could 

allow a reasonable juror to determine the county’s “four to five days” or “as long 

as it takes” de facto policy for holding seemingly detoxifying pretrial detainees 

was not reasonably related to a legitimate government interest.

While the county points to testimony that the policy was related to 

governmental interests concerning security and pretrial detainee safety, a 

reasonable juror could find the evidence fails to justify the length of time Mr. 

Montano was held in the bubble. In any event, the evidence in the record, such 

as the LVNs’ and jail officials’ testimony and the affidavit of probable cause, 

more than satisfies the abbreviated plain-error inquiry (any evidence

supporting the verdict) for the unpreserved legitimate-government-interest

element.

c.

In the light of our holding a reasonable juror could find that a de facto

policy existed to isolate seemingly-intoxicated pretrial detainees in the bubble, 

and to leave them there until either they became coherent or a contract 

physician visited, and that the policy served no legitimate government interest,

the remaining question is the third element: whether that policy caused a 

violation of Mr. Montano’s constitutional rights. As discussed above, those 

rights include a pretrial detainee’s not being punished.

The county contends its Rule 50(a) motion preserved the issue of whether 

the de facto policy caused a violation of Mr. Montano’s constitutional rights;

but, after a passing mention in the opening paragraph of the county’s motion 

that the de facto policy did not cause his death, it failed to mention other clearly 

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violated constitutional rights, such as a pretrial detainee’s not being punished. 

Moreover, the county offered no substantive discussion of evidence (or its lack)

on the issue. The issue was not properly preserved. Accordingly, as discussed, 

the denial of its Rule 50(b) motion on this element will be upheld if any 

supporting evidence exists. Allstate, 802 F.3d at 674. Supporting evidence 

more than exists; it is voluminous.

When a government policy serves no legitimate government interest, 

curtails an individual’s caring for himself, and denies him medical care, that 

government

transgresses the substantive limits on state action set by the 

Eighth Amendment and the Due Process Clause. The affirmative 

duty to protect arises not from the State’s knowledge of the 

individual’s predicament or from its expressions of intent to help 

him, but from the limitation which it has imposed on his freedom 

to act on his own behalf.

Shepherd, 591 F.3d at 453–54 (emphasis added) (quoting Hare, 74 F.3d at 639) 

(quoting DeShaney v. Winnebago Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Serv., 489 U.S. 189, 200 

(1989)).

There can be no denying Mr. Montano was punished. The record 

demonstrates the county denied him medical care with the expectation that he 

would heal himself. Witnesses testified the county failed to check his vital 

signs more than once in almost four-and-one-half days. The county 

disregarded state standards to search the Texas mental-health-treatment 

database for pertinent records that would have pointedly informed responsible 

care. Despite knowing Mr. Montano hardly ate or drank for almost four-andone-half days, the county did nothing more than continue depositing food in 

the bubble. The evidence shows there was no mistaking Mr. Montano’s 

dehydration: one observing LVN testified, “every time I tried to give [water] 

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to him, he would take a sip and then throw it on the wall and say it was 

poisoned”. 

These denials were not the result of negligent staff—as the county 

maintains, seeking to avoid liability—but the result of the county’s well-known 

and uniformly-practiced de facto policy. While the county asserts its bubble 

and related policies existed to promote safety, the county never addresses why 

detainees were expected to heal themselves, particularly when the assumed 

drug influence was never established. In short, there was evidence that the 

policy was the moving force for Mr. Montano’s inadequate medical care. 

His death resulted from the staff’s inaction, which was a direct result of 

the county’s de facto policy. The registered nurse, appearing as an expert 

witness for plaintiffs, testified that the delay of care caused the death. The 

reality of the county’s de facto policy is best characterized by the trial testimony 

of an LVN for the jail. After reading from the earlier described Orange County 

Sherriff’s Office Correctional Facility Operations Plan, which stated, 

“Corrections staff should use a general outline of four to eight hours being 

required for detox”, she testified to the county’s standard deviation from its 

own plan: “And that, again, is the policy that’s stated in the handbook for 

Orange County. But in truth, the custom and practice was you put a person in 

the detox cell; and you might leave them five or six days, depending on their 

condition”. 

In sum, for the unconstitutional-condition-of-confinement claim, the 

court properly denied the county JMOL against the jury’s finding the condition. 

Trial testimony adequately established the protocol exercised in Mr. Montano’s 

experience was standard jail practice; the record demonstrates his experience 

was not a mere “isolated example”, but was, instead, a “pervasive pattern of 

serious deficiencies in providing for his basic human needs”. Shepherd, 591 

F.3d at 454.

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2.

The county also maintains the court improperly denied its Rule 50(b) 

motion regarding the $1.5 million awarded for pain Mr. Montano suffered. The 

jury found the violation of Mr. Montano’s constitutional rights caused pain. (It 

did not find the violation caused mental anguish.) The county asserts there 

was no evidence of causation or of Mr. Montano’s consciously suffering pain, 

and no evidence to justify $1.5 million as fair and reasonable compensation for 

any pain suffered. But, much of the county’s assertion that Mr. Montano did 

not feel pain is predicated on the bath-salts theory, which the jury was not

required to accept.

a.

As for causation, the court’s JMOL-denial concluded, “[u]nlike wrongful 

death damages, Plaintiffs need not prove cause of death to recover damages 

under Texas’s statutes providing for survival claims”. Montano, Rule 50(a) at 

33 (citing Pluet v. Frazier, 355 F.3d 381 (5th Cir. 2004)). The county contends 

the court erred in applying different causation standards for pain versus 

wrongful death, asserting the causation test is the same for both statutes. 

For assessing the sufficiency of evidence on this issue, state law is 

referred to for “the kind of evidence that must be produced to support a 

verdict”. Hamburger v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 361 F.3d 875, 884 (5th 

Cir. 2004) (quoting Ayres v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 789 F.2d 1173, 1175 (5th 

Cir. 1986)). Texas law permits juries to conclude from “general experience and 

common sense” that someone suffered pain. Hamburger, 361 F.3d at 884 

(applying Texas law). In Texas, as the district court noted, “[a] jury has wide 

discretion in considering circumstantial evidence of pain and suffering and 

arriving at a sum”. Montano, Rule 50(a) at 33 (citing Lee Lewis Contr., Inc. v. 

Harrison, 64 S.W.3d 1, 14 (Tex. App. 1999)). 

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We agree with the court’s analysis. Plaintiffs were not required to prove 

Mr. Montano’s detention caused his death in order to recover damages for pain; 

rather, they were required to prove the detention caused pain. See Snyder v. 

Whittaker Corp., 839 F.2d 1085, 1092–93 (5th Cir. 1988) (evaluating evidence 

of causation between a defective design and pain and suffering after a 

shipwreck); General Motors Corp. v. Iracheta, 161 S.W.3d 462, 464 (Tex. 2005) 

(requiring evidence of causation between a fuel system design defect and 

suffering during a car fire); Park Place Hosp. v. Estate of Milo, 909 S.W.2d 508, 

511–12 (Tex. 1995) (requiring evidence of causation between a negligent 

surgery and continued pain); Kramer v. Lewisville Mem’l Hosp., 858 S.W.2d 

397, 400 (Tex. 1993) (requiring evidence of causation between a medical 

misdiagnosis and continued pain and suffering).

The county analogizes to a jury accused of “simply pick[ing] a number”, 

implying that occurred here. It further claims insufficient evidence of 

subjective pain because Mr. Montano was allegedly unconscious or not in pain 

while in the bubble. 

Pain and suffering recovery must be premised on conscious experience. 

See Wellborn v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 970 F.2d 1420, 1428 (5th Cir. 1992)

(interpreting Texas law). The jury was instructed: “‘Pain and mental anguish’

means the conscious physical pain and emotional pain, torment, and suffering 

experienced by Robert Montano before his death as a result of the occurrence 

in question”. Akin to the county’s not objecting to that instruction at trial, it

is not challenged on appeal. 

The court further noted the jury took in “days of evidence” about Mr. 

Montano’s behavior. Montano, Rule 50(a) at 33. The report of the Texas 

Ranger who investigated the death scene noted statements from inmates that 

Mr. Montano “hollered” and asked for help. As discussed supra, the LVN who 

heard Mr. Montano say “come in” testified she did not consider acting on his 

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request, and chose to keep it to herself until the Ranger’s postmortem 

investigation. (As noted, on the second day of her testimony, that LVN testified 

she never heard Mr. Montano say “come in”.) Moreover, the county concedes 

the inmates’ statements demonstrate Mr. Montano was conscious when yelling 

in the bubble. 

The county attempts to tie that consciousness to assumed drug use; but, 

once again, there is no confirmation whatsoever in the record that Mr. Montano 

was under any drug influence. How and why Mr. Montano was conscious was 

a matter for the jury to decide. Likewise, the jury heard testimony from an 

LVN that Mr. Montano exhibited purpling signs of renal failure, and that other 

inmates showing such signs required emergency medical treatment. 

Moreover, the doctor who performed the autopsy on Mr. Montano—whose

video-recorded deposition plaintiffs played for the jury—testified such purpling 

was indicative of death’s imminence within 12-24 hours. 

The record reflects Mr. Montano’s moans, asking a nurse to come in the 

bubble, and most pointedly, the ultimate cause of death—renal failure. 

Whether this evidence demonstrated that Mr. Montano suffered pain was a 

matter for jury determination. Considered in concert, a reasonable juror could 

find Mr. Montano consciously suffered pain.

b.

As for the challenged amount of the award, courts may find excess on 

two grounds. The first ground—excessive compared to other awards for similar 

facts—does not apply here; the parties concede there are no comparable jury 

verdicts involving pain-and-suffering damages within our circuit, nor do we 

find any. See Vogler v. Blackmore, 352 F.3d 150, 158 (5th Cir. 2003). 

The second ground is that the award “shocks the judicial conscience”. 

Foradori v. Harris, 523 F.3d 477, 504 (5th Cir. 2008). The jury awarded $1.5 

million for pain. Given the evidence presented, the award does not “shock[] 

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the judicial conscience”. Id. at 503–04 (affirming $10 million jury award for 

past, present, and future pain and suffering for plaintiff’s severed spine and 

permanent loss of sensation below the neck). 

3. 

The county also challenges the denial of its alternative, Rule 59 new-trial 

motion. See Rule 50(b) (alternative to JMOL). Its grounds for that motion 

were excessive damages; contradictory findings; erroneous verdict-form 

standards; insufficient evidence; and, overall, the verdict was against the 

weight of the evidence. On appeal, the county presents only two of those 

grounds: excessive damages; and irreconcilable jury findings. 

The denial of a new-trial motion is reviewed for abuse of discretion. E.g., 

Int’l Ins. Co. v. RSR Corp., 426 F.3d 281, 300 (5th Cir. 2005). A district court 

has discretion to grant a new trial under Rule 59(a) “when it is necessary to 

prevent an injustice”. United States v. Flores, 981 F.2d 231, 237 (5th Cir. 1993)

(internal quotation marks omitted). For the following reasons, the new-trial 

motion was properly denied.

a. 

Concerning the excessive-damages ground, a court abuses its discretion 

in denying a new-trial motion based on evidentiary grounds when “the verdict 

is against the great weight of evidence”. Int’l Ins. Co., 426 F.3d at 300 (quoting 

Conway v. Chem. Leaman Tank Lines, Inc., 610 F.2d 360, 363 (5th Cir. 1980)). 

In the light of our holding the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s 

finding an unconstitutional condition of confinement and damages for pain, 

along with its finding for wrongful-death damages (discussed below), the court 

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did not abuse its discretion in denying a new trial based on the excessivedamages contention.

b. 

Regarding the county’s assertion that the court erred in denying the 

county’s new-trial motion based on irreconcilable jury findings, the court ruled 

the county waived this contention because it made no objection to any alleged 

inconsistencies in the jury verdict before the jury was discharged. Montano, 

Rule 50(b) at 16. Along that line, objections to alleged inconsistencies between 

a general verdict and answers to verdict questions are waived if a party fails 

to object when the jury announces the verdict, while the jury is still empaneled. 

See DiBella v. Hopkins, 403 F.3d 102, 117 (2d Cir. 2005); Mason v. Ford Motor 

Co., 307 F.3d 1271, 1275–76 (11th Cir. 2002); Howard v. Antilla, 294 F.3d 244, 

250 (1st Cir. 2002). 

While waiver would not apply had the jury given a special verdict, the 

verdict in this instance was general. See Alvarez v. J. Ray McDermott & Co., 

674 F.2d 1037, 1040 (5th Cir. 1982). The county’s contention regarding an 

allegedly inconsistent verdict was not properly before the court, and is not 

properly before us.

4. 

In challenging the award of attorney’s fees and costs, the county does not 

contest their amount. Instead, it understandably requests that the award be 

vacated if judgment is rendered for the county. Because 42 U.S.C. § 1983 

liability and damages are upheld, plaintiffs remain the prevailing parties and 

are entitled to those fees and costs. E.g., Maine v. Thiboutot, 448 U.S. 1, 9 

(1980).

B.

Plaintiffs contest the court’s granting the county’s Rule 50(a) motion 

against the awarded wrongful-death damages. “[A] plaintiff seeking to recover 

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on a wrongful death claim under § 1983 must prove both the alleged 

constitutional deprivation required by § 1983 and the causal link between the 

defendant’s unconstitutional acts or omissions and the death of the victim, as 

required by the state’s wrongful death statute”. Phillips ex rel. Phillips v. 

Monroe Cty., Miss., 311 F.3d 369, 374 (5th Cir. 2002). Our having held the

requisite constitutional deprivation was sufficiently proved, at issue is whether

plaintiffs proved the causal link between the county’s unconstitutional policy 

and Mr. Montano’s death, as prescribed by Texas law. Id.

Texas law defines wrongful-death claims by statute, but causation by

common law. See Park Place Hosp., 909 S.W.2d at 511; see also Texas Wrongful 

Death Statute, TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 71.002, 71.004. “The ultimate 

standard of proof on the causation issue ‘is whether, by a preponderance of the 

evidence, the negligent act or omission is shown to be a substantial factor in 

bringing about the harm and without which the harm would not have 

occurred.’” Park Place Hosp., 909 S.W.2d at 511 (quoting Kramer, 858 S.W.2d 

at 400).

Regarding whether the county’s unconstitutional treatment was a 

substantial factor leading to Mr. Montano’s death, without which his death 

would not have occurred, it is not necessary to look further than the county’s 

closing argument. “[A]n attorney’s remarks, made in closing, constitute[ ] 

binding admissions against the party he represent[s]”. Saucier v. Plummer, 

611 F.3d 286, 288 (5th Cir. 2010) (quoting Dillon v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 

97-20613, 161 F.3d 8, at *2 (5th Cir. 1998) (unpublished)).

At closing, the county stated: “[Mr. Montano] died because of medical 

negligence”. (This admission came amidst the earlier-referenced dispute at 

trial whether the negligence stemmed from LVN negligence or a condition of 

confinement; in the light of our holding the latter took place, that dispute is 

now immaterial.) The county further acknowledged “Robert Montano died 

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while he was in the custody of the Orange County Jail. We’ve stipulated that 

fact. The death is on our hands. . . . We know that Mr. Montano’s death was a 

tragic mistake, negligence, maybe even gross negligence”. The county’s 

concession is a binding judicial admission. See Saucier, 611 F.3d at 288. That 

admission satisfies Texas’ above-described “ultimate standard of proof” for 

wrongful-death causation: whether the negligent omission was a “substantial 

factor in bringing about the harm and without which the harm would not have 

occurred”. Park Place Hosp., 909 S.W.2d at 511 (quoting Kramer, 858 S.W.2d 

at 400).

In granting the county’s Rule 50(a) motion on wrongful-death damages, 

the court stated: “[The county] did not concede that Orange County Jail’s 

condition of confinement caused Robert Montano’s death”. Montano, Rule 50(a) 

at 28 (emphasis added). But, the county did concede that Mr. Montano’s lack 

of medical care caused his death. And that lack resulted directly from the 

county’s de facto policy’s being followed. Because the constitutional 

deprivation is well established and the causal link was admitted at trial, 

satisfying Texas’ causation standard, the standard for wrongful-death 

damages is satisfied. See Phillips ex rel. Phillips, 311 F.3d at 374; Park Place 

Hosp., 909 S.W.2d at 511. JMOL was improperly awarded the county on 

wrongful-death damages.

A related issue is presented on appeal by the county’s raising the

possibility that Mr. Montano was so ill he would have died even with

appropriate medical care. This contention fails in the light of the county’s 

contradictory binding judicial admission that Mr. Montano’s “death [was] on 

[its] hands”. In the alternative, this claim was not preserved in district court. 

For that reason alone, it will not be considered on appeal. 

In that regard, the county’s Rule 50(a) motion stated that plaintiffs 

produced no evidence that Mr. Montano’s condition was treatable and 

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survivable; but, that assertion was contingent on the unproven bath-salts 

theory:

The undisputed evidence is that Plaintiff’s decedent died from the 

toxic effects of the ingestion of an illegal substance, bath salts, and 

no evidence that the renal failure that precipitated his death was 

a condition that could have been known, or was known by Orange 

County or, more importantly, that the condition was treatable and 

survivable.

Had the county presented such an assertion at trial that was not based on the 

underlying bath-salts premise, plaintiffs would have had opportunity to offer 

evidence that the court, post-verdict, stated was missing in granting the Rule 

50(a) motion against wrongful-death damages, such as the “etiology of renal 

failure, the disease’s normal course in forty-one year old males like Mr. 

Montano, or likely outcomes of various treatment modalities”. Montano, Rule 

50(a) at 28. 

III. 

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED, except for the 

JMOL against the wrongful-death damages in the amount of $917,000; that 

part of the judgment is VACATED; and this matter is REMANDED to district 

court for entry of an amended judgment consistent with this opinion.

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