FINAL 

Site Inspection Report 

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF

Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi

Site Inspections for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS), 

Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS), Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA), Hexafluoropropylene 

oxide dimer Acid (HFPO-DA) and Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (PFBS) 

ARNG Installations, Nationwide

December 2023 

Prepared for: 

Army National Guard Headquarters 

111 S. George Mason Drive 

Arlington, VA 22204 

UNCLASSIFIED
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ iii

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... ES-1

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 PROJECT AUTHORIZATION ............................................................... 1-1

1.2 SITE INSPECTION PURPOSE .............................................................. 1-1

2. FACILITY BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 2-1

2.1 FACILITY LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ..................................... 2-1

2.2 FACILITY ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .......................................... 2-2

2.2.1 Geology ..................................................................................... 2-2

2.2.2 Hydrogeology ........................................................................... 2-3

2.2.3 Hydrology ................................................................................. 2-4

2.2.4 Climate ...................................................................................... 2-4

2.2.5 Current and Future Land Use .................................................... 2-4

2.2.6 Sensitive Habitat and Threatened/Endangered Species ............ 2-5

2.3 HISTORY OF PFAS USE ....................................................................... 2-6

3. SUMMARY OF AREAS OF INTEREST ........................................................... 3-1

3.1 AOI 1 – FORMER FUEL FARM AREA ................................................ 3-1

3.2 AOI 2 – HANGAR SUPPRESSION SYSTEM AND STORAGE ......... 3-1

3.3 ADJACENT SOURCES .......................................................................... 3-2

3.3.1 Building 117.............................................................................. 3-2

3.3.2 Kalaeloa Airport........................................................................ 3-3

4. PROJECT DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES ..................................................... 4-1

4.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................... 4-1

4.2 INFORMATION INPUTS ....................................................................... 4-1

4.3 STUDY BOUNDARIES ......................................................................... 4-1

4.4 ANALYTICAL APPROACH ................................................................. 4-1
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4.5 DATA USABILITY ASSESSMENT ...................................................... 4-2

5. SITE INSPECTION ACTIVITIES ...................................................................... 5-1

5.1 PRE-INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES ................................................... 5-2

5.1.1 Technical Project Planning ....................................................... 5-2

5.1.2 Utility Clearance ....................................................................... 5-2

5.1.3 Source Water and PFAS Sampling Equipment Acceptability .. 5-2

5.2 HAND AUGER SOIL BORINGS AND SOIL SAMPLING .................. 5-3

5.3 WELL INSTALLATION AND GROUNDWATER GRAB 

SAMPLING ............................................................................................. 5-4

5.4 SYNOPTIC WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS ............................... 5-5

5.5 SURVEYING .......................................................................................... 5-5

5.6 INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE ................................................. 5-5

5.7 LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODS ....................................... 5-6

5.8 DEVIATIONS FROM SITE INVESTIGATION UFP-QAPP 

ADDENDUM .......................................................................................... 5-6

6. SITE INSPECTION RESULTS .......................................................................... 6-1

6.1 SCREENING LEVELS ........................................................................... 6-1

6.2 SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSES ............................................ 6-2

6.3 AOI 1 ....................................................................................................... 6-2

6.3.1 AOI 1 Soil Analytical Results................................................... 6-2

6.3.2 AOI 1 Groundwater Analytical Results .................................... 6-3

6.3.3 AOI 1 Conclusions .................................................................... 6-4

6.4 AOI 2 ....................................................................................................... 6-4

6.4.1 AOI 2 Soil Analytical Results................................................... 6-4

6.4.2 AOI 2 Groundwater Analytical Results .................................... 6-5

6.4.3 AOI 2 Conclusions .................................................................... 6-6

7. EXPOSURE PATHWAYS .................................................................................. 7-1

7.1 SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY .............................................................. 7-1

7.1.1 AOI 1 ........................................................................................ 7-2

7.1.2 AOI 2 ........................................................................................ 7-2

7.2 GROUNDWATER EXPOSURE PATHWAY........................................ 7-2

7.2.1 AOI 1 ........................................................................................ 7-2

7.2.2 AOI 2 ........................................................................................ 7-3
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7.3 SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENT EXPOSURE PATHWAY ....... 7-3

8. SUMMARY AND OUTCOME .......................................................................... 8-1

8.1 SITE INSPECTION ACTIVITIES .......................................................... 8-1

8.2 OUTCOME .............................................................................................. 8-1

9. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 9-1

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Data Usability Assessment and Data Validation Reports

Appendix B. Field Documentation

 B1. Logs of Daily Notice of Field Activities

 B2. Sampling Forms 

 B3. Survey Data 

 B4. Field Change Request Form

Appendix C. Photographic Log

Appendix D. Technical Project Planning Meeting Minutes

Appendix E. Boring Logs and Well Construction Diagrams 

Appendix F. Analytical Results

Appendix G. Laboratory Reports
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1. Facility Location 

Figure 2-2. Topography 

Figure 2-3. Groundwater Features

Figure 2-4. Surface Water Features

Figure 2-5. Groundwater Elevations (April 2022)

Figure 3-1. Areas of Interest

Figure 5-1. Site Inspection Sample Locations

Figure 6-1. AOI 1 and AOI 2 PFOS Detections in Soil

Figure 6-2. AOI 1 and AOI 2 PFOA Detections in Soil

Figure 6-3. AOI 1 and AOI 2 PFBS Detections in Soil 

Figure 6-4. AOI 1 and AOI 2 PFHxS Detections in Soil

Figure 6-5. AOI 1 and AOI 2 PFNA Detections in Soil

Figure 6-6. AOI 1 and AOI 2 PFOA, PFOS, and PFBS Detections in Groundwater 

Figure 6-7. AOI 1 and AOI 2 PFHxS and PFNA Detections in Groundwater 

Figure 7-1. Conceptual Site Model, AOI 1 Former Fuel Farm Area

Figure 7-2. Conceptual Site Model, AOI 2 Hangar Suppression System and Storage
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LIST OF TABLES

Table ES-1. Screening Levels (Soil and Groundwater) 

Table ES-2. Summary of Site Inspection Findings and Recommendations 

Table 5-1. Site Inspection Samples by Medium, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi, Site 

Inspection Report 

Table 5-2. Soil Boring Depths and Well Screen Intervals, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, 

Hawaiʻi, Site Inspection Report

Table 5-3. Groundwater Elevation, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi, Site Inspection 

Report 

Table 6-1. Screening Levels (Soil and Groundwater) 

Table 6-2. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Surface Soil, Site 

Inspection Report, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi

Table 6-3. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Shallow Subsurface Soil, 

Site Inspection Report, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi

Table 6-4. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Deep Subsurface Soil, Site 

Inspection Report, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi

Table 6-5. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Groundwater, Site 

Inspection Report, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi

Table 8-1. Summary of Site Inspection Findings and Recommendations 
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 

°C Degrees Celsius

°F Degrees Fahrenheit 

% Percent

μg/kg Microgram(s) per kilogram

AASF Army Aviation Support Facility

AECOM AECOM Technical Services, Inc. 

AFFF Aqueous film-forming foam 

amsl Above mean sea level

AOI Area of interest

ARFF Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting

ARNG Army National Guard

bgs Below ground surface 

btoc Below top of casing 

BRAC Base Realignment and Closure Act

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

COC Chain-of-custody 

CSM Conceptual site model

CWRM Commission on Water Resource Management

DA Department of the Army

DoD Department of Defense

DQO Data quality objective

DUA Data Usability Assessment

EA EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC

ELAP Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program

EM Engineer Manual 

EB Equipment Blank 

FB Field blank

FedEx Federal Express

ft Foot (feet)

HA Health advisory 

HDOH Hawaiʻi State Department of Health

HDOT Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation

HDOT-A Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation, Airports Division

HDPE High-density polyethylene

HFPO-DA Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid

HIARNG Hawaiʻi Army National Guard 

IDW Investigation-derived waste
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (continued) 

In. Inch(es)

ITRC Interstate Technology Regulatory Council

JRF John Rodgers Field

LC/MS/MS Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

MIL-SPEC Military Specification

mg/L Milligram(s) per liter

MS Matrix spike

MSD Matrix spike duplicate

NAS Naval Air Station

NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command

NELAP National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program 

ng/L Nanogram(s) per liter

No. Number 

OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense

PA Preliminary Assessment

PFAS Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

PFBS Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid

PFHxS Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid

PFNA Perfluorononanoic acid 

PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid

PID Photoionization detector

PQAPP Programmatic Uniform Federal Policy Quality Assurance Project Plan

PVC Polyvinyl chloride

QA Quality assurance

QAPP Quality Assurance Project Plan

QC Quality control 

QSM Quality Systems Manual 

RI Remedial investigation 

SI Site inspection

SL Screening level

TOC Total organic carbon 

TPP Technical Project Planning
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (continued) 

UCMR3 Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 

UFP Uniform Federal Policy 

UIC Underground Injection Control

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Army National Guard (ARNG) G-9 is performing Preliminary Assessments (PAs) and Site 

Inspections (SIs) at ARNG facilities nationwide based on the current or potential historical use of 

per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with a focus on the six compounds presented in the 

memorandum from the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) (Assistant Secretary of 

Defense) dated 6 July 2022. The six compounds listed in the OSD memorandum include 

perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutanesulfonic 

acid (PFBS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and

hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) 1. These compounds are collectively referred 

to as “relevant compounds” throughout the document and the applicable Screening Levels (SLs) 

are provided below in Table ES-1. 

The PA identified two Areas of Interest (AOIs), where PFAS-containing materials may have 

been stored, disposed, or released historically (see Table ES-2 for AOI locations). The objective 

of the SI is to identify whether there has been a release to the environment from the AOIs 

identified in the PA and determine whether further investigation is warranted, a removal action is 

required to address immediate threats, no further action is required because there is no release 

that is the responsibility of the ARNG, or based on a comparison of SI results to SLs for the 

relevant compounds. This SI was completed at the Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility

(AASF) #1-John Rodgers Field (JRF) in Kapolei, Hawaiʻi. 

In 2001, Hawaiʻi Army National Guard (HIARNG) acquired multiple parcels of land totaling 

approximately 172.83 acres belonging to the former Naval installation. The area acquired include 

numerous existing Navy buildings which could be adapted for HIARNG use. In July 2016, 

HIARNG began leasing two additional parcels of land (totaling approximately 17.09 acres) from 

the Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation (HDOT) for a term of 30 years. The parcels are 

located along the north/northeastern boundary of the airport and includes a vacant overgrown 

area which was formerly part of a Navy Fuel Farm (approximately 7.31 acres) and an open area 

(approximately 9.78 acres) adjacent to a HDOT runway which is used as an access apron to 

support AASF operations. In 2017, HIARNG also acquired a 10.94-acre parcel from the Navy 

which abuts HIARNG lands in the southwest. Currently, the HIARNG operates on 

approximately 200.86 acres.

The PA identified two AOIs for investigation during the SI phase. SI sampling results from the 

AOIs were compared to OSD SLs. The Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command 

(NAVFAC) Final PA dated June 2022, which was finalized after the ARNG SI fieldwork was 

completed, mentioned a former Navy plating shop located in the southwestern portion of 

Building 117 on HIARNG property. Wastewater from Building 117 discharged into an adjacent 

drywell to the north-northwest. NAVFAC’s PA noted a potential for PFAS to be present onsite at 

1 Of the six PFAS compounds presented in the 6 July 2022 OSD memorandum, HFPO-DA (commonly referred to as 

GenX) was not included as an analyte at the time of this SI. Based on the conceptual site model (CSM) developed 

during the PA and revised based on SI findings, the presence of HFPO-DA is not anticipated at the Facility because 

HFPO-DA is generally not a component of military specification (MIL-SPEC) aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) 

and based on its history including distribution limitations that restricted use of GenX, it is generally not a component 

of other products the military used. In addition, it is unlikely that GenX would be an individual chemical of concern 

in the absence of other PFAS.
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this location (NAVFAC 2022). No previous PFAS investigations have been completed at 

Building 117 as the identification of Building 117 did not occur until after the SI fieldwork, it

was not investigated as part of the SI. Building 117 is recommended for future investigation. 

Table ES-2 summarizes the SI results for the AOIs. Based on the results of this SI, and following 

the CERCLA process, a remedial investigation (RI) is warranted for AOI 2. For AOI 1, at no 

point during either the PA or the SI was there any evidence that any of the relevant compounds 

were the result of current or historical ARNG/Department of Defense (DoD) activities. 

Table ES-1. Screening Levels (Soil and Groundwater)

Analyte2 

Residential

(Soil)

(μg/kg) 1

Industrial/Commercial

Composite Worker

(Soil)

(μg/kg)

 1 

Tap Water

(Groundwater)

(ng/L) 1 

PFOA 19 250 6

PFOS 13 160 4

PFBS 1,900 25,000 600

PFHxS 130 1,600 39

PFNA 19 250 6

Notes:

 

1. Assistant Secretary of Defense. 2022. Risk Based Screening Levels Calculated for Groundwater and Soil 

using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA’s) Regional Screening Level Calculator. Hazard 

Quotient (HQ)=0.1. May 2022

2. Of the six PFAS compounds presented in the 6 July 2022 OSD memorandum, HFPO-DA (commonly 

referred to as GenX) was not included as an analyte at the time of this SI. Based on the CSM developed 

during the PA and revised based on SI findings, the presence of HFPO-DA is not anticipated at the facility 

because HFPO-DA is generally not a component of MIL-SPEC AFFF and based on its history including 

distribution limitations that restricted use of GenX, it is generally not a component of other products the 

military used. In addition, it is unlikely that GenX would be an individual chemical of concern in the 

absence of other PFAS.

ng/L = Nanogram(s) per liter

μg/kg = Microgram(s) per kilogram

Table ES-2. Summary of Site Inspection Findings and Recommendations

AOI

Potential Release 

Area

Soil

Source Area

Groundwater

Source Area

Groundwater

Facility Boundary Future Action

1 

Former Fuel Farm 

Area

No further

action under

CERCLA

2 Hangar Suppression 

and Storage Proceed to RI

Legend:

 = Detected; exceedance of screening levels

 = Detected; no exceedance of screening levels

 = Not detected
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT AUTHORIZATION

The Army National Guard (ARNG) G-9 is the lead agency in performing Preliminary 

Assessments (PAs) and Site Inspections (SIs) at ARNG facilities nationwide based on the current 

or potential historical use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with a focus on six 

compounds presented in the memorandum from the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) 

dated 6 July 2022 (Assistant Secretary of Defense 2022). The six compounds listed in the OSD 

memorandum will be referred to as “relevant compounds” throughout this document and include 

perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutanesulfonic 

acid (PFBS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and 

hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA)3 at ARNG facilities nationwide. 

The ARNG performed this SI at the Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility (AASF) #1- John 

Rodgers Field (JRF) in Kapolei, Hawaiʻi. The Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF will be referred to as the

“Facility” throughout this report. 

The SI project elements were performed in accordance with the Comprehensive

Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency [USEPA] 1980), as amended, the National Oil and Hazardous Substances

Pollution Contingency Plan (40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 300; USEPA 1994), and in 

compliance with U.S. Department of the Army (DA) requirements and guidance for field 

investigations. 

1.2 SITE INSPECTION PURPOSE

A PA was performed at the Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF (AECOM Technical Services, Inc. 

[AECOM] 2020) that identified two Areas of Interest (AOIs) where PFAS-containing materials 

may have been used, stored, disposed, or released historically. The objective of the SI is to 

identify whether there has been a release to the environment from the AOIs identified in the PA 

and determine whether further investigation is warranted, a removal action is required to address 

immediate threats, or no further action is required because there is no release that is the 

responsibility of the ARNG or based on SLs for the relevant compounds.

3 Of the six PFAS compounds presented in the 6 July 2022 OSD memorandum, HFPO-DA (commonly referred to as 

GenX) was not included as an analyte at the time of this SI. Based on the conceptual site model (CSM) developed 

during the PA and revised based on SI findings, the presence of HFPO-DA is not anticipated at the Facility because 

HFPO-DA is generally not a component of military specification (MIL-SPEC) aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) 

and based on its history including distribution limitations that restricted use of GenX, it is generally not a component 

of other products the military used. In addition, it is unlikely that GenX would be an individual chemical of concern 

in the absence of other PFAS.
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2. FACILITY BACKGROUND

2.1 FACILITY LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF is located on a portion of Former Naval Air Station (NAS) Barbers 

Point. The Navy commissioned the NAS Barbers Point on April 15, 1942, and the 3,700-acre 

installation was manned by 12,000 Navy servicemen. NAS Barbers Point primary mission was to 

support the Naval operations in nearby Pearl Harbor, but its role quickly expanded to include 

aircraft repair and maintenance for carrier-based aircraft for the duration of the war.

After World War II ended, NAS Barbers Point became the primary Naval Air Station for Naval 

operations in the Pacific throughout the Cold War era until its close in 1989. NAS Barbers Point

closed on 2 July 1999 in accordance with the Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC). Since 

1999, the former installation has had ongoing redevelopment by Federal, state, and county 

agencies, as well as military and private organizations. 

Much of the former NAS Barbers Point installation currently operates as Kalaeloa Airport (JFR) 

on 757 acres and is used as an alternate landing site for Honolulu International Airport and for 

general aviation purposes. The transfer of the airport property from the Department of the Navy 

to the Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation (HDOT) was finalized on July 1, 1999 (WOC, 

2010). However, environmental oversight is maintained by the BRAC Cleanup Team. In 

addition to the airport, the community of Kalaeloa, which approximates the former NAS Barbers 

Point installation area, comprises park space, industrial, and low and medium density residential 

land uses. The BRAC portions of the former installation also support the Hawaiʻi ARNG 

(HIARNG), U.S. Coast Guard, industrial/commercial land uses, and park space.

In 2001, HIARNG acquired multiple parcels of land totaling approximately 172.83 acres 

belonging to the former Naval installation. The area acquired include numerous existing Navy 

buildings which could be adapted for HIARNG use. In July 2016, HIARNG began leasing two 

additional parcels of land (totaling approximately 17.09 acres) from the Hawaiʻi Department of 

Transportation (HDOT) for a term of 30 years. The parcels are located along the 

north/northeastern boundary of the airport and includes a vacant overgrown area which was 

formerly part of a Navy fuel farm (approximately 7.31 acres) and an open area (approximately 

9.78 acres) adjacent to the HDOT runways which is used as an access apron to support AASF 

operations. In 2017, HIARNG also acquired a 10.94-acre parcel from the Navy which abuts 

HIARNG lands in the southwest. Currently the HIARNG operates on approximately 200.86 

acres.

The Facility is located at Midway Street in Kapolei, Hawaiʻi on the island of Oʻahu (Figure 2-1).

The property boundary as outlined in the figures includes a readiness center, joint forces 

headquarters and the AASF. The AASF provides training, maintenance, and flight operations for 

the various aviation units that support the HIARNG. AASF #1-JRF consists of office areas, 

hangars, aircraft parking area, maintenance bays, and storages bays. The Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF 

formally opened in 2018 (AECOM 2020). The Facility is bordered by Kalaeloa mixed-use lots 

(commercial/industrial/ residential) to the west, the city of Kapolei to the north, Ewa Beach 

residential communities to the east, and the Kalaeloa Airport (operated by HDOT, Airports 

Division [HDOT-A]) to the south (AECOM 2020).
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2.2 FACILITY ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The Facility is located on the southern shore of Oʻahu, approximately 5 miles west of the 

entrance to Pearl Harbor. The natural terrain in the area slopes gently southward, ranging from a 

maximum elevation of 0 to 65 feet (ft) above mean sea level (amsl) over a distance of about 2 

miles (Figure 2-2) (AECOM 2020). 

The following sections include information on geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, climate, and 

current and future land use. The topography at the Facility is shown on Figure 2-2. The regional 

geology and groundwater features are shown on Figure 2-3. The regional surface water features 

and drainage basins are shown on Figure 2-4. Groundwater elevations and contours are 

presented on Figure 2-5. 

2.2.1 Geology 

The island of Oʻahu is composed of two shield volcanoes, the Waiʻanae volcano and the Koʻolau

volcano. The geomorphic sequence of volcanic eruptions, basaltic lava flow deposition, and

coastal plain development was created by of the eruption of the Waiʻanae volcano, which formed 

the Waiʻanae range on the western side of Oʻahu, followed by the eruption and formation of the 

Koʻolau range to the east. Subsequent lava flows and ash deposits resulting from the eruptions 

that formed the Koʻolau range formed the Schofield plateau, bridging the Koʻolau range and the 

Waiʻanae range in the center of the island. Coastal plain environments on the coasts of Oʻahu are 

comprised of alternating shallow marine coral limestone units and non-marine, volcanically 

derived, detrital sediments (NEESA 1983).

The Facility is located in the southern coastal plain on the southwestern coast of Oʻahu where the 

primary lithology is coralline limestone caprock. Caprock at former NAS Barbers Point ranges in 

thickness from 50 to 400 feet at the northern boundary and 750 to 1,000 feet along the coastline. 

The near-surface geological units encountered at the Facility are predominantly marine with 

minor terrestrial and fill sediments. Major units include coralline limestone, carbonate clastics, 

and construction fill material. The coral limestone is of Pleistocene age and was deposited on a 

shoreline or in shallow-water, near shore environment. Within the carbonate clastics unit are 

minor layers of darker carbonate mud and reworked coralline rubble and sand (AECOM 2020). 

Multiple sinkholes are present within the Facility boundary. 

According to the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service 

Web Soil Survey for the Island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, almost three quarters of the of the Facility is 

comprised of coral outcrops. However, Mamala cobbly silty clay loam with zero to twelve 

percent slopes and mixed fill comprise the remaining soil at the Facility (USDA 2022). 

The subsurface conditions at the site were explored through a total of 11 cores ranging in depth 

from 33’- 48’ below ground surface (bgs), which were collected using hollow-stem, continuous 

core augers. Subsurface descriptions are a general observation, provided to highlight the major 

soil strata encountered. 
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The topsoil fill material was found to be generally dry and loose primarily comprised of medium 

silty sands, silty gravel, and sandy gravel. The older alluvium depths generally consisted of silty 

sand, silty gravel, clayey sands, sandy silt gravels, clayey silts, gravelly cobbles, and minor fat 

clay deposits. 

Sample locations AOI01-01 through AOI01-03 were primarily comprised of white coralline silty 

sand, with 20-30% fines and gravels with increasing size of course sand and gravels indicating 

fine coralline debris and sands, consistent with alluvial geology of the site. AOI01-04, AOI01-

05, AOI02-01, AOI02-02, AOI02-04 had varying degrees of topsoil fill between 0’- 2’ bgs 

mainly comprised of dry organic soils with cobbles, and gravels which may be associated with 

past grading of the site. Surface soils were generally classified as dark grayish brown to grayish 

brown, dry, poorly graded gravels, and fines. AOI02-04 had concrete cobbles that was 

encountered to a depth of approximately 0’- 1’ bgs. Highly plastic fat clay was encountered 11’- 

48’ bgs. Soil boring logs are provided in Appendix E. 

2.2.2 Hydrogeology 

The shallow groundwater beneath Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF is perched and occurs within the 

caprock. The caprock consists of alternating layers of permeable marine sedimentary rock and 

alluvial deposits that overlie the basal volcanic aquifer. Caprock pore water is largely separate 

from the deeper basal groundwater, occurring above and frequently within caprock sediments 

and extending from the ocean edge to approximately 1 mile inland. This type of groundwater is 

usually connected with the ocean and therefore has high concentrations of total dissolved solids 

and is considered non-potable (AECOM 2020). 

The Aquifer Identification and Classification for Oʻahu: Groundwater Protection Strategy for 

Hawaiʻi, published by the Water Resources Research Center at the University of Hawaiʻi (Mink 

and Lau 1990) provides information on groundwater conditions below the Facility. According to 

the report, two aquifer systems, an upper and a lower, underlie the Facility in the Ewa aquifer 

system. The upper aquifer (Aquifer Code 3-02-04-116, Status Code 13321) is described as a 

basal, unconfined aquifer in sedimentary or non-volcanic lithology. The groundwater status for 

the upper aquifer is classified as: neither a drinking water source nor ecologically important; 

moderate salinity level of 1,000 to 5,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) chloride; replaceable in 

uniqueness; and highly vulnerable to contamination. The lower aquifer (Aquifer Code 

3-02-04-121, Status Code 13213) is described as a confined basal aquifer of the flank type. The 

groundwater status is classified as: neither a drinking water source nor ecologically important; 

low salinity level of 250 to 1,000 mg/L chloride; irreplaceable in uniqueness; and low 

vulnerability to contamination.

Additionally, the Facility is located below (downgradient) of the Underground Injection Control 

(UIC) line as shown on the UIC map of Oʻahu published by the Hawaiʻi State Department of 

Health (HDOH). This typically indicates that the underlying aquifer is not considered a drinking 

water source.

An Environmental Database Report (EDRTM) report conducted a well search for a 1-mile radius 

surrounding the Facility. Using additional online resources, such as state and local Geographic 

Information System databases, wells were researched to a 4-mile radius of the Facility (Figure 
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2-3). Several irrigation and industrial wells lie in the inferred upgradient and cross-gradient 

pathway to the Facility. A 2002 Annual Groundwater monitoring report for Former NAS 

Barber’s Point showed 21 groundwater monitoring wells within a mile radius of the Facility

(DON 2002). It is uncertain if these wells are still in place or actively monitored, with the 

exception of MW-11 which was sampled as part of this investigation. 

According to records from the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources, 

Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM), groundwater within the former NAS 

Barbers Point boundary, including Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, is currently designated to be 

allocated for non-drinking uses only (CWRM 2019). Drinking water for the Facility is supplied 

by a “Maui type” well (mine-like shaft with infiltration tunnels) located approximately 2 miles 

north and is known as the “Barbers Point Shaft” (AECOM 2020). 

2.2.3 Hydrology 

No perennial streams or drainage ways exist on Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF due to relatively low 

precipitation (20 inches per year) and highly permeable coralline limestone. Storm water runoff 

follows the topography (Figure 2-4), flowing south toward the Pacific Ocean (Figure 2-5).

Local drainage diversions also convey runoff into a series of dry wells. There are an estimated 77 

UIC wells located around the Facility, which are used for stormwater drainage. Details regarding 

the construction of the UIC wells were not available at the time of the PA (AECOM 2020). The 

dry wells are currently permitted through the State Department of Health, but as of 2006 they did 

not conform to city standards (Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command [NAVFAC] 

2022). 

2.2.4 Climate

Oʻahu is located in the tropics, with a climate characterized by mild temperatures, northeasterly 

trade winds year-round, and moderate humidity. Hawaiʻi has two seasons: summer (between 

May and October) and winter (between October and April). The average coastal temperature is 

approximately 79 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), with temperatures decreasing at higher elevations. 

The coldest temperatures are in January (72°F) and the warmest temperatures are in August 

(89°F). Humidity on Oʻahu ranges from approximately 30 to 90 percent (%). Precipitation 

predominantly occurs when the island’s mountain masses capture and cool the rising, warm, 

moist ocean air, producing higher rainfall in the windward and mountain areas and lower rainfall 

in the leeward and coastal zones. Annual rainfall ranges from 20 inches in the leeward coastal 

areas (where Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF is located) to 250 inches on the Ko’olau mountain peaks. 

Kalaeloa HIARNG has a mean annual rainfall of approximately 20 inches (AECOM 2020).

2.2.5 Current and Future Land Use

Current Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF operations include training and maintenance for the various

aviation units, which support the HIARNG. In addition to aircraft maintenance and aircraft 

support for HIARNG, periodic training exercises and course work for the National Guard/Army 

Reserve units are conducted at the Facility. AASF #1-JRF shares tarmac space with the 

neighboring Kalaeloa Airport to the south. Portions of the eastern and western borders of 
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Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF are abutted primarily by commercial properties. Residential homes 

border the northeastern border of the Facility (AECOM 2020).

Reasonably anticipated future land use of the Facility includes continued use by HIARNG which 

is not expected to change from the current land use described above (AECOM 2020). The 

HIARNG is fenced with a guarded access point to the north, near sample location KAASF-01. 

Access to and from the airfield (also a fenced, secure Facility) is toward the southeast near AOI 2 

and restricts access. 

2.2.6 Sensitive Habitat and Threatened/Endangered Species

Historically surveys have been conducted by others on the former NAS Barbers Point. As noted 

in NAVFAC’s Final PA, the vegetation found at the former Barbers Point installation includes 

kiawe and lowland scrub, coastal strand, coastal salt flat, sinkholes, mangrove swamp, and 

marine wetland. Federally listed endangered plant species previously observed on former NAS 

Barbers Point include ‘Ewa Plains ‘akoko and ‘Ewa Hinahina. Conservation and restoration 

actions and subsequent surveys have been conducted to determine the proliferation of those 

endangered species. Biological surveys were also performed by Botanical Consultants in 1984 

identified 170 plant and 23 bird species at former NAS Barbers Point. Five of these bird species 

are considered indigenous and the remaining 17 are species that have been introduced to the 

ecosystem. The Hawaiian black-necked stilt, Hawaiian Coot, and Hawaiian Moorhen are federaland state-listed endangered species that have been detected during the former NAS Barbers Point 

surveys, and individuals were historically observed in the coastal salt flats around Ordy Pond 

(NAVFAC 2022). Specific locations of the species/habitat identified was not listed in the PA.

A wildlife survey at the Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF was not included as part of this investigation. 

Therefore, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS) was consulted to identify species that 

may be present in the surrounding area and which are listed as federally endangered, threatened, 

proposed, and/or candidate species in Honolulu County, Hawaiʻi (USFWS 2022). The following

species were identified (2022):

• Birds:

 Band-rumped Storm-petrel, Oceanodroma castro (Endangered) 

 Hawaiʻi ʻĀkepa, Loxops coccineus (Endangered) 

 Hawaiʻian Duck, Anas wyvilliana (Endangered) 

 Hawaiʻian Common Gallinule, Gallinula galeata sandvicensis (Endangered) 

 Hawaiʻian Coot, Fulica americana alai (Endangered) 

 Hawaiʻian Petrel, Pterodroma sandwichensis (Endangered) 

 Hawaiʻian Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus knudseni (Endangered) 

 Newell’s Townsend’s Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis newelli (Endangered) 

• Mammals: 

 Hawaiʻian Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (Endangered)

• Ferns and Allies: 

 ʻIhiʻihi, Marsilea villosa (Endangered)
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• Flowering Plants:

 ʻakoko, Euphorbia spp. (Endangered)

 ʻ enaʻena, Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium var.molokaiense (Endangered) 

 ʻoheʻohe, Polyscias gymnocarpa (Endangered) 

 Ewa Plains ʻakoko, Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (Endangered) 

 ʻIhi, Portulaca villosa (Endangered)

 Puʻukaʻa, Cyperus trachysanthos (Endangered)

 Round-leaved Chaff-flower, Achyranthes splendens (Endangered)

 Vigna o-wahuensis (Endangered).

2.3 HISTORY OF PFAS USE 

Two AOIs were identified in the PA where aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) may have been 

used, stored, disposed, or released historically at the Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF (AECOM 2020). 

The potential PFAS release areas were grouped into two AOIs based on preliminary data and 

presumed groundwater flow directions. 

Chemguard C301MS AFFF was released by the HDOT-A Kalaeloa Airport Rescue and Fire 

Fighting (ARFF) Unit (hereafter referred to as HDOT-A Kalaeloa ARFF Unit) into AOI 1 in 

2017 during pump testing and repair activities which occurred at the adjacent Kalaeloa Airport. 

The area where the release occurred was part of the Former Fuel Farm area and it is located on 

land currently owned by HDOT-A and leased by ARNG. 

AOI 2 is the location of the hangar and the adjacent surrounding area at Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF. 

Although there have been no known incidence of AFFF release at AOI 2, the hangar and the 

surrounding area are conservatively considered a potential PFAS release area based on the 

presence of the AFFF charged fire suppression system and the storage of eight 55-gallon drums 

of 3% AFFF concentrate (identified as Ansulite AFC-3MS) (AECOM 2020).

A description of each AOI is presented in Section 3. 
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3. SUMMARY OF AREAS OF INTEREST

The ARNG Final PA evaluated areas where PFAS-containing materials may have been used, 

stored, disposed, or released historically. Based on the PA findings, two potential release areas 

were identified at Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF and grouped into two AOIs identified as: AOI 1 

Former Fuel Farm Area and AOI 2 Hangar Suppression System and Storage. Additionally, there 

is an off-Facility potential source area as detailed in Section 3.3. The potential AOIs are shown 

on Figure 3-1. 

3.1 AOI 1 – FORMER FUEL FARM AREA

AOI 1 consists of a portion of HDOT-A property, leased by HIARNG since July 2016, that 

contains a former fuel farm area. The former fuel farm is located adjacent to the northern side of 

the airfield and was approximately 7 acres in size. The site previously contained 26 large fuel 

USTs which were removed. NAVFAC prepared a PA for the Former NAS Barber Point site 

which encompasses the approximately 7-acre former fuel farm area. The Final PA identified the 

former fuel farm as AOI 23. The PA noted that based on a review of historical information, 

operations at the site did not involve materials known to contain PFAS. The PA also concluded 

that no known DoD releases of products containing PFAS are suspected at the former tank farm. 

The PA determined no further DoD action was required for the area, based on the lack of AFFF 

storage and use by the DoD (NAVFAC 2022). The site is covered with low grass and shrubs and 

there have been no documented releases in this area by the HIARNG. 

HDOT-A operates the adjacent Kalaeloa Airport and maintains an ARFF unit. On 12 October 

2017, HIARNG personnel observed an unknown foam-like substance present on a walkway 

located within the former fuel farm area near UIC well #73. As documented in the subsequent 

spill report and confirmed by an interview with the unit fire chief, it was determined that the 

HDOT Kalaeloa ARFF Unit discharged the contents of a firetruck’s water tank during pump 

testing/repair. The water tank reportedly contained 25-gallons of 1.6% Chemguard C301MS 

AFFF mixed with water. Tank contents flowed onto the former fuel farm area leased by 

HIARNG from the point of release along the fence line that separates HDOT-A controlled 

property from the former fuel farm which is controlled by HIARNG. HDOT-A Kalaeloa ARFF 

Unit personnel were unaware that the former fuel farm area was no longer under HDOT-A use. 

Unit personnel were reportedly following the historical practice of performing pump testing over 

the fence line that separates the former fuel farm from the active runway. HIARNG personnel 

did not participate in pump testing activities (AECOM 2020).

In addition to the foam observed on the walkway, HIARNG personnel observed flattened 

vegetation among the surrounding areas, indicating that the foam mixture likely affected a larger 

area. The spill report notes that based on the direction of flattened vegetation adjacent to UIC 

Well #73, it is suspected some of the AFFF mixture may have also entered the UIC well 

(AECOM 2020). 

3.2 AOI 2 – HANGAR SUPPRESSION SYSTEM AND STORAGE

AOI 2 consists of the hangar at Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, which was constructed in 2017 and is 

equipped with an AFFF fire suppression system. The system consists of an 800-gallon tank that 
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contains approximately 440-gallons of Ansulite AFC-3MS 3% AFFF (NSN 4210-01-144-0291) 

concentrate. The AFFF tank is located within the mechanical room of the hangar. Prior to 2022, 

an additional eight 55-gallon drums of the same Ansulite 3% AFFF were stored on secondary 

containment pallets within the Facility’s hangar. The drums of AFFF were reportedly moved 

within the hangar as needed and had temporarily been stored outside the hangar on at least one 

occasion (AECOM 2020). In January 2022, the 800-gallon bladder tank was replaced. The foam 

in the tank was disposed of at PVT Landfill, consistent with current laws and regulations. The 

tank was refilled to full capacity (800 gallons) and the facility now stores twenty 55-gal drums of 

the Ansulite 3% AFFF at its vehicle wash rack equipment room, constructed in September 2022.

During the bladder tank replacement, the fire suppression system was not tested and there was no 

release of AFFF.

The hangar suppression system is supplied with water by an external aboveground storage tank 

and associated Fire Pump Building located northeast of the hangar. The Fire Pump Building 

contains the diesel-powered water pump system that services the hangar building. AFFF is not 

currently or historically stored within the Fire Pump Building (AECOM 2020).

The hangar was not inspected during the PA’s visual site inspection. Information provided by 

HIARNG indicates that the system has never been tested, and there have been no known 

instances of leaks or spills from either the system or the drums of AFFF. However, because 

AFFF was stored at the Facility, there is potential for it to have been incidentally released to the 

environment during handling or via leaks. If a spill or system release occurred within the hangar 

or mechanical room, it would likely flow into floor drains that connect to an oil/water separator 

and subsequently discharge to the sanitary sewer. Incidental spills that may have occurred or 

been tracked outside the hangar would travel via stormwater as sheet flow across impervious 

pavement to areas of crushed concrete that surround the hangar and subsequently to stormwater 

infiltration pits and/or UIC wells (AECOM 2020). 

3.3 ADJACENT SOURCES

Following the investigation, one potential source on the HIARNG Facility and one potential offFacility source of PFAS adjacent to the Facility and that is not under the control of the HIARNG

was identified. The adjacent potential sources are shown on Figure 3-1 and described in the 

following sections for informational purposes only and they were not investigated as part of this 

SI.

3.3.1 Building 117 

A Final PA report prepared by NAVFAC in 2022 as part of the Base-wide Investigation for 

PFAS at the Former NAS Barbers Point noted that a former Plating Facility was located in the 

southwestern portion of Building 117 (See Figure 3-1). Wastewater from the Facility discharged 

into an adjacent drywell to the north-northwest. Specifics were not available as to the type of 

plating operation or the types and quantities of the wastes; however, NAVFAC’s PA identified 

Building 117 as an AOI (AOI 1) and noted a potential for PFAS to be present onsite at this 

location (NAVFAC 2022). The property where the Plating Facility was located was transferred 

to the HIARNG on September 14, 2001, and is part of Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF. No previous 

PFAS investigations have been completed at Building 117. Due to the release date of 
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NAVFAC’s Final PA, this area was not included in ARNG’s SI. Building 117 is recommend for 

further evaluation during future CERCLA phases. 

3.3.2 Kalaeloa Airport

No visual site inspection was performed at the adjacent Kalaeloa Airport during the ARNG PA

in 2020. However, the Kalaeloa Airport is considered an adjacent PFAS source, as runways are 

typically the location of crash sites requiring the usage of AFFF in emergency response, and 

aviation hangars may have fire suppression systems charged with AFFF. The Kalaeloa Airport 

was originally part of the NAS Barbers Point facility operated by the Navy. According to 

NAVFAC’s 2022 PA, the general configuration of the runways are consistent with the runways 

originally constructed for former NAS Barbers Point. According to the Base Supervisory 

Engineer at the former NAS Barbers Point (leaving in 1993 because of the BRAC Act), the 

Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) had recommended foaming runways for emergency landings in 

1966 before withdrawing the recommendation in 1987 and banning it 2002. At that time, the 

base engineer spoke with Airfield Operations personnel who described the practice of foaming 

runways. The base engineer also recalled that there was a time constraint on how fast the 

foaming needed to be done, however, he never witnessed the foaming. The runway property was 

transferred to HDOT on June 30, 1999. Based on the potential for foaming to have occurred 

from 1966 to 1987 (due to FAA Recommendations), the runways were identified as an AOI 

(AOI 5) in NAVFAC's PA. Additional fire training areas and a fire station which are also 

located on the Kalaeloa Airport were noted as potential AOIs where PFAS may have been 

released (NAVFAC 2022). No previous PFAS investigations have been completed for these 

areas, although it is noted that the areas identified in the PA are not immediately adjacent to the 

ARNG Facility and they are considered downgradient of the Facility. 

An interview obtained during the 2020 ARNG PA indicated that the HDOT-A Kalaeloa Airport 

ARFF Unit conducts pump tests of their firetrucks on the vacant areas controlled by HDOT-A 

around the airstrip. According to the ARFF fire chief, at the time ARFF was performing monthly 

maintenance tests of the firetruck pumps. The fire chief noted this is typically just water; 

however, sometimes a little AFFF is in the tank. He noted that the discharges occur in open areas 

around the airstrip/DOT Property (AECOM 2020). One such pump testing location was a former 

fuel farm that was previously controlled by HDOT-A until July 2016 when HIARNG began 

leasing the property (identified as ARNG AOI-1). Previous pump testing may have also occurred 

at the former fuel farm area while it was under HDOT-A use. The exact locations of all pump 

testing areas at Kalaeloa Airport are unknown. As documented, although the pump testing was 

typically conducted with water, AFFF was sometimes mixed in the water tank; thus, residual 

PFAS may have been released from the previous testing of equipment with AFFF. Pump testing 

began at an unknown time and is conducted once a month. Review of the EDRTM reports did not 

reveal other likely PFAS sources near the Facility (AECOM 2020). 

The Kalaeloa Airport is located downgradient of the AASF; however, as noted in previous 

discussions, HDOT-A Kalaeloa ARFF Unit conducts pump tests of their firetrucks at random 

locations surrounding the adjacent airport runway which could have included other fenceline or 

over the fenceline releases (similar to the tank farm area release identified as ARNG AOI 1). The 
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potential exists that releases from HDOT-A ARFF pump tests along the boundary of the airport 

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4. PROJECT DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES

As identified during the data quality objective (DQO) process and outlined in the SI Uniform 

Federal Policy (UFP)-Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Addendum (EA 2022), the

objective of the SI is to identify whether there has been a release to the environment at the AOIs 

identified in the PA. For each AOI, ARNG determines if further investigation is warranted, a 

removal action is required to address immediate threats, or whether no further action is 

warranted. This SI evaluated groundwater and soil for presence or absence of relevant

compounds at each of the sampled AOIs.

4.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

ARNG will recommend AOIs for remedial investigation (RI) if related soil and groundwater 

samples have concentrations of the relevant compounds above the OSD risk-based screening 

levels (SLs) that were the result of ARNG/Dod activities. The SLs are presented in Section 6.1

of this report. 

4.2 INFORMATION INPUTS

Primary information inputs for the SI include the following:

• The PA Report for Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF (AECOM 2020)

• Analytical data from groundwater and soil samples collected as part of this SI in

accordance with the site-specific UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022)

• Field data collected during the SI, including groundwater elevation and water quality

parameters measured at the time of sampling

4.3 STUDY BOUNDARIES

The scope of the SI was bounded horizontally by the property limits of the Facility (Figure 2-2). 

Off-Facility sampling was not included in the scope of this SI. If future off-Facility sampling is 

required, the proper stakeholders will be notified, and necessary rights of entry will be obtained 

by ARNG with property owner(s). Temporal boundaries were limited to the earliest available 

time field resources were available to complete the study.

4.4 ANALYTICAL APPROACH

Samples were analyzed by Eurofins Sacramento and Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories 

Environment Testing, LLC, accredited under the DoD Environmental Laboratory Accreditation 

Program (ELAP); Accreditation Numbers (Nos.) L2468 and 0001.01, and the National 

Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program (NELAP); Certificate Nos. 4040 and 022-001, 

respectively. PFAS data underwent 100 percent (%) Stage 2B validation in accordance with the 

DoD General Data Validation Guidelines (2019b) and DoD Data Validation Guidelines Module 

3: Data Validation Procedure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Analysis by Quality 
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Systems Manual (QSM) Table B-15 (2020). PFAS data were compared to applicable SLs and 

decision rules as defined in the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022). 

4.5 DATA USABILITY ASSESSMENT

The Data Usability Assessment (DUA), which is provided in Appendix A, is an evaluation at the

conclusion of data collection activities that uses the results of both data verification and 

validation in the context of the overall project decisions or objectives. Using both quantitative 

and qualitative methods, the assessment determines whether project execution and the resulting 

data have met installation-specific DQOs. Both sampling and analytical activities are considered 

to assess whether the collected data are of the right type, quality, and quantity to support the 

decision-making (DoD 2019a, 2019b; USEPA 2017b). 

Based on the DUA, the environmental data collected during the SI were found to be acceptable 

and usable for this SI evaluation with the qualifications documented in the DUA and its 

associated data validation reports. These data are of sufficient quality to meet the objectives and 

requirements of the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022).
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5. SITE INSPECTION ACTIVITIES 

This section describes the environmental investigation and sampling activities that occurred as 

part of the SI. The SI sampling approach was based on the findings of the PA and was 

implemented in accordance with the following approved documents: 

• Final Preliminary Assessment Report, Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, 

dated October 2020 (AECOM 2020) 

• Final Programmatic Uniform Federal Policy-Quality Assurance Project Plan, Site 

Inspections for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Impacted Sites, ARNG Installations, 

Nationwide, dated December 2020 (EA 2020a) 

• Final Site Inspection Uniform Federal Policy-Quality Assurance Project Plan Addendum, 

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi, dated March 2022 (EA 2022) 

• Final Programmatic Accident Prevention Plan, Revision 1, dated November 2020 (EA 

2020b) 

• Final Site Safety and Health Plan, Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, dated November 2021 (EA 

2021) 

• Final Preliminary Assessment Report, Basewide Investigation of Per- and 

Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), Former Naval Air Station Barbers Point, Oʻahu, 

Hawaiʻi. (NAVFAC 2022).

The SI field activities were conducted from 24 March to 5 May 2022 and consisted of 

geophysical surveys, land surveys, hollow stem auger (HSA) borings and discrete soil sample 

collection, monitoring well installation, and grab groundwater sample collection. Field activities 

were conducted in accordance with the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022a) and EPA Guidance 

(USEPA 2006), except as noted in Section 5.8. 

The following samples were collected during the SI and analyzed for a subset of 24 PFAS 

compounds via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) compliant with 

QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 to fulfill the project DQOs:

• Thirty-one (31) discrete soil samples from 11 locations (10 soil borings locations, 1 in the 

vicinity of an existing monitoring well location) 

• Eleven (11) grab groundwater samples from well locations

• Twenty-six (26) quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC) samples

Figure 5-1 provides the sample locations for all media across the Facility. Table 5-1 presents 

the list of samples collected for each medium. Field documentation is provided in Appendix B. 

A log of Daily Notice of Field Activity was completed throughout the SI field activities, which 
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is provided in Appendix B1. Additionally, a photographic log of field activities is provided in 

Appendix C. 

5.1 PRE-INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES

In preparation for the SI field activities, project team members participated in Technical Project 

Planning (TPP) meetings, performed utility clearance, and sampled decontamination source 

water. Details of these activities are presented below. 

5.1.1 Technical Project Planning

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) TPP Process, Engineers Manual (EM) 200-1-2 

(Department of the Army 2016) defines four phases to project planning: (1) defining the project 

phase; (2) determining data needs; (3) developing data collection strategies; and (4) finalizing the 

data collection plan. The process encourages stakeholder involvement in the SI, beginning with 

defining overall project objectives, including DQOs, and formulating a sampling approach to 

address the AOIs identified in the PA. 

A combined TPP Meeting 1 and 2 was held on 14 December 2021, prior to SI field activities 

with stakeholders. The combined TPP Meeting 1 and 2 was conducted in general accordance 

with EM 200-1-2. The stakeholders for this SI include ARNG, HIARNG, USACE, and the 

Hawaiʻi Department of Health representatives familiar with the Facility, the regulations, and the 

community. Stakeholders were provided the opportunity to make comments on the technical 

sampling approach and methods at the combined TPP Meeting 1 and 2. The outcome of the 

combined TPP Meeting 1 and 2 was memorialized in the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022). 

A TPP Meeting 3 was held on 29 September 2023 to discuss the results of the SI. Meeting 

minutes for TPP 3 are included in Appendix D of this report. Future TPP meetings will provide 

an opportunity to discuss the results and findings, and future actions, where warranted.

5.1.2 Utility Clearance

EA contacted Hawaiʻi One Call to notify them of intrusive work at the Facility. EA contracted 

GeoTek Hawaiʻi, Inc., a private company, to perform utility clearance and drilling services at the 

Facility. Utility clearance was performed at each of the proposed boring locations on 11 and 14 

April 2021 with input from the EA field team. General locating services and ground-penetrating 

radar were used to complete the clearance. Additionally, a hand auger was used in locations until

shallow bedrock/coral was encountered to verify utility clearance in shallow subsurface where 

utilities would typically be encountered. 

5.1.3 Source Water and PFAS Sampling Equipment Acceptability

The potable water source used for decontamination of drilling equipment was confirmed to be

PFAS-free prior to the start of field activities. A sample from a potable water source at Kalaeloa 

AASF #1-JRF (behind Building 29), was collected on 18 November 2021, prior to mobilization, 

and analyzed for PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM 5.3 Table B-15. 
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Materials that were used within the sampling zone were confirmed as acceptable for use in the

PFAS sampling environment. The checklist of acceptable materials for use in the PFAS sampling 

environment was provided in the Standard Operating Procedures appendix to the Programmatic 

UFP-QAPP (PQAPP) (EA 2020a). 

5.2 HAND AUGER SOIL BORINGS AND SOIL SAMPLING

A hand auger was used to collect soil from up to the top 5 ft of each soil boring in compliance 

with utility clearance procedures. Soil samples were collected from the 11 monitoring well 

locations for chemical analysis from 0 to 2 ft below ground surface (bgs) using a hand auger or 

HSA rig (Geoprobe® 7822DT/6620DT dual-tube sampling system) depending on the presence of 

shallow bedrock/coral. All soil sample locations are shown on Figure 5-1. The locations were

selected based on the AOI information provided in the PA (AECOM 2020) and as agreed upon 

by stakeholders during the TPP and review of the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022). Nondedicated sampling equipment (i.e., hand auger or drilling equipment) was decontaminated 

between sampling locations. A modified incremental sampling procedure was identified in the 

UFP QAPP which required a larger volume of material to be collected. In order to provide 

adequate sample volume, additional soil was collected from drilling spoils if needed at certain 

locations (as noted in the field change request -Appendix B4). 

Each sample was collected into a laboratory-supplied PFAS-free high-density polyethylene 

(HDPE) bottle and labeled using a PFAS-free marker or pen. Samples were packaged on ice and 

transported via Federal Express (FedEx) under standard chain-of-custody (COC) procedures to 

the laboratory and analyzed for PFAS (LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table 

B-15) in accordance with the UFP-QAPP Addendum. QC samples and analysis were performed 

as described in the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022). 

Subsurface soil samples were collected via HSA drilling methods. A Geoprobe®

7822DT/6620DT dual-tube sampling system was used to collect continuous soil cores to the 

target depth. If necessary to provide adequate sample volume, additional soil was collected from 

drilling spoils (as noted in the field change request -Appendix B4). 

Three discrete soil samples were collected for chemical analysis from each soil boring: one 

sample at the surface (0 to 2 ft bgs) and two subsurface soil samples. One subsurface soil sample 

was collected approximately 1 ft above the groundwater table, and one collected at the mid-point 

between the surface and the groundwater table (not to exceed 15 ft bgs). Approximately 2 

kilograms of soil were collected per sample in order for the laboratory to perform a 

multi-increment subsampling procedure. Groundwater was encountered at depths ranging from 

34 to 48 ft bgs during drilling. Total boring completion depths, to accommodate well installation, 

ranged from 41 to 57 ft bgs.

Soil borings completed during the SI found silty sand and well graded gravel as the dominant 

lithology types of the unconsolidated sediments below Kalaeloa AASF. Varying levels of sand 

occurred throughout the Facility, with some isolated layers of clay observed at AOI 2. Gravel 

layers typically began at 12-15ft bgs and ranged from 20-25ft in thickness. These observations 

are consistent with the understood depositional environment of the region. 
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All soil sample locations are shown on Figure 5-1, and boring sample depths are provided in 

Table 5-2. The soil boring locations were selected based on the AOI information provided in the 

PA (AECOM 2020) and as agreed upon by stakeholders during the TPP and review of the 

UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022). One boring location was adjusted within a 50-ft offset to 

bring the location inside the Facility fence line. Only one soil sample (0-2 ft bgs) was collected at 

location AOI01-05 as noted in the approved field change request included in Appendix B4. 

Additionally, a modified incremental sampling procedure was identified in the UFP-QAPP 

which required a larger volume of material to be collected. In order to provide adequate sample 

volume, additional soil was collected from drilling spoils if needed at certain locations (as noted 

in the field change request -Appendix B4). 

During the mobilization, the soil cores were continuously logged for lithological descriptions by 

a field geologist using the Unified Soil Classification System. A photoionization detector (PID) 

was used to screen the breathing zone during boring activities as a part of personal safety 

requirements. Observations and measurements were recorded on sampling forms (Appendix B2) 

and in a non-treated field logbook. Depth interval, recovery thickness, PID concentrations, 

moisture, relative density, Munsell color, and Unified Soil Classification System texture were 

recorded. The boring logs are provided in Appendix E. 

Each sample was collected into a laboratory-supplied PFAS-free HDPE bottle and labeled using 

a PFAS-free marker or pen. Samples were packaged on ice and transported via FedEx under 

standard COC procedures to the laboratory and analyzed for PFAS (LC/MS/MS compliant with 

QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15), total organic carbon (TOC) (USEPA Method 9060A) and pH 

(USEPA Method 9045D) in accordance with the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022). 

Field duplicate samples were collected at a rate of 10% and analyzed for the same parameters as 

the accompanying samples. Matrix spike (MS)/matrix spike duplicates (MSDs) were collected at 

a rate of 5% and analyzed for the same parameters as the accompanying samples. In instances 

when non-dedicated sampling equipment was used, such as a hand auger for the shallow soil 

samples, one equipment blank (EB) was collected per day and analyzed for the same parameters 

as the soil samples. A temperature blank was placed in each cooler to ensure that samples were 

preserved at or below 6 degrees Celsius (°C) during shipment. 

HSA borings were converted to permanent wells in accordance with the UFP-QAPP Addendum 

(EA 2022). Whenever possible, borings were installed in grass areas to avoid disturbing concrete 

or asphalt surfaces. Two boring locations at AOI 1 were installed through asphalt to maintain 

proximity to the historic release location.

5.3 WELL INSTALLATION AND GROUNDWATER GRAB SAMPLING

Wells were installed using a GeoProbe® 7822DT/6620DT dual-tube sampling system. Once the 

borehole was advanced to the desired depth, a permanent well was constructed of a 10-ft section 

of 1-inch Schedule 40 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) screen with sufficient casing to reach the ground 

surface. New PVC pipe and screen were used at each location to avoid cross contamination 

between locations. The screen intervals for the wells are provided in Table 5-2. 
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Wells were not developed until a minimum of 24-hours after installation, in accordance with the 

UFP-QAPP Addendum. Additionally, wells were not sampled prior to 24-hours after 

development. Groundwater samples were collected using a bladder pump with PFAS-free HDPE 

tubing. Each sample was collected in laboratory-supplied PFAS-free HDPE bottles and labeled 

using a PFAS-free marker or pen. The wells were purged at a rate determined in the field to 

reduce turbidity and draw down prior to sampling. Water quality parameters (e.g., temperature, 

specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potential) were measured 

using a water quality meter and recorded on the field sampling form (Appendix B2) before each 

grab sample was collected in a separate container. In accordance with the UFP-QAPP 

Addendum, a subsample of each groundwater sample was collected in a separate container and a 

shaker test was performed to identify if there was any foaming which would result in notification 

to the laboratory (foaming is potentially indicative of high PFAS concentrations). No foaming 

was noted. The containers were also provided to the lab for their use. Samples were packaged on 

ice and transported via FedEx under standard COC procedures to the laboratory and analyzed for 

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 in accordance with the UFPQAPP Addendum (EA 2022). 

Field duplicate samples were collected at a rate of 10% and analyzed for the same parameters as 

the accompanying samples. MS/MSDs were collected at a rate of 5% and analyzed for the same 

parameters as the accompanying samples. Five field blanks (FB) were collected in accordance 

with the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022). In instances when non-dedicated sampling 

equipment was used, such as a bladder pump, one EB was collected a day and analyzed for the 

same parameters as the groundwater samples A temperature blank was placed in each cooler to 

ensure that samples were preserved at or below 6°C during shipment. One groundwater sample 

proposed for location AOI01-05 was collected from an existing monitoring well (MW-11) 

located approximately 30 ft from AOI01-05 (Figure 2-5) as noted in the approved field change 

request (Appendix B4). 

5.4 SYNOPTIC WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS

Groundwater levels were used to monitor Facility-wide groundwater elevations and assess 

groundwater flow. Synoptic water level elevation measurements were collected from the newly 

installed monitoring wells, taken from the survey mark on the northern side of the well casing.

Groundwater elevation data is provided in Table 5-3. 

5.5 SURVEYING

The northern side of each new well casing was surveyed by a Hawaiʻi-Licensed surveyor, Park 

Engineering. Positions were collected in the applicable Universal Transverse Mercator zone 

projection with World Geodetic System 1984 datum (horizontal) and North American Vertical 

Datum 1988 (vertical). Surveying data were collected on 25 April 2022 and are provided in 

Appendix B3. 

5.6 INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE

As of the date of this report, the disposal of PFAS investigation-derived waste (IDW) is not 

regulated federally. IDW generated during the SI is considered non-hazardous waste and was 
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managed in accordance with the SI QAPP Addendum (EA 2022) and with the DA Guidance for 

Addressing Releases of PFAS (DA, 2018). 

All solid (i.e., soil cuttings) and liquid (i.e., purge water, development water, and 

decontamination fluids) IDW were contained in labeled, 55-gallon steel drums, removed from 

the site, and disposed of in a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle C landfill. 

Specifics on the disposal of solid and liquid IDW will be summarized in a separate IDW disposal 

report. 

Other solids such as spent personal protective equipment, plastic sheeting, tubing, rope, unused 

monitoring well construction materials, and other environmental media generated during the 

field activities were disposed of as non-hazardous solid waste to be transported to a licensed 

solid waste landfill. 

5.7 LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODS

Samples were analyzed for PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 

at Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Environmental, LLC, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a DoD 

ELAP- and NELAP-certified laboratory. 

Soil samples were also analyzed for TOC using USEPA Method 9060A and pH by USEPA 

Method 9045D.

5.8 DEVIATIONS FROM SITE INVESTIGATION UFP-QAPP ADDENDUM

Deviations from the UFP-QAPP Addendum occurred based on field conditions. These deviations 

were discussed between EA, ARNG G-9, HIARNG, HDOH, and USACE. One deviation from 

the UFP-QAPP Addendum is noted below: 

• AOI01-05: An existing groundwater monitoring well was discovered in the vicinity of the 

planned location for permanent well AOI01-05. Instead of three soil boring samples, a 

single surface soil sample was collected in the vicinity of the permanent well. The 

groundwater sample for this location was collected from the existing monitoring well.

This change is noted in the Field Change Request Form provided in Appendix B4 which 

includes a figure to show the well and soil sampling location. 
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Table 5-1. Site Inspection Samples by Medium

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi

Site Inspection Report

Sample 

Identification

Sample 

Collection 

Date

Sample 

Depth

(ft bgs)

LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM 5.3 Table B-15 (ISMPreparation for soils) TOC(USEPA Method 9060A) pH (USEPA Method 9045D)

Grain Size

Comments

Soil Samples

KAASF-01-SB-01-02 11 Apr 2022 0-2 X

KAASF-01-SB-01-02 

(Dup)

11 Apr 2022 0-2 X Field duplicate of

KAASF-01-SB-01-

02

KAASF-01-SB-13-15 11 Apr 2022 13-15 X

KAASF-01-SB-40-42 11 Apr 2022 40-42 X

KAASF-02-SB-01-02 12 Apr 2022 1-2 X

KAASF-02-SB-13-15 12 Apr 2022 13-15 X

KAASF-02-SB-46-48 12 Apr 2022 46-48 X

AOI2-03-0-2 15 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI2-03-13-15 15 Apr 2022 13-15 X

AOI2-03-36-38 15 Apr 2022 36-38 X

AOI02-01-SB-0-2 18 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI02-01-SB-13-15 18 Apr 2022 13-15 X

AOI02-02-SB-0-2 18 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI02-02-SB-13-15 18 Apr 2022 13-15 X

AOI02-02-SB-36-38 18 Apr 2022 36-38 X

AOI02-01-SB-34-36 19 Apr 2022 34-36 X

AOI02-04-SB-0-2 19 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI02-04-SB-13-15 19 Apr 2022 13-15 X

AOI02-04-SB-36-38 19 Apr 2022 36-38 X

KAASF-DUP-SB-01 19 Apr 2022 0-2 X Field duplicate of 

AOI02-04-SB-0-2 

AOI01-03-SB-13-15 20 Apr 2022 13-15 X X X X

AOI01-03-SB-0-2 20 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI01-03-SB-34-36 20 Apr 2022 34-36 X

KAASF-DUP-SB-01 20 Apr 2022 13-15 X Field duplicate of 

AOI01-03-SB-13-15

AOI01-02-SB-0-2 20 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI01-02-SB-13-15 20 Apr 2022 13-15 X

AOI01-02-SB-32-34 20 Apr 2022 32-34 X

KAASF-DUP-SB-03 20 Apr 2022 0-2 X Field duplicate of 

AOI01-02-SB-0-2

AOI01-01-SB-32-34 21 Apr 2022 32-34 X

AOI01-01-SB-0-2 21 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI01-01-SB-13-15 21 Apr 2022 13-15 X

KAASF-DUP-SB-04 21 Apr 2022 0-2 X Field duplicate of 

AOI01-05-SB-0-2

AOI01-04-SB-0-2 21 Apr 2022 0-2 X

AOI01-04-SB-31-33 21 Apr 2022 31-33 X
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Sample 

Identification

Sample 

Collection 

Date

Sample 

Depth

(ft bgs)

LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM 5.3 Table B-15 (ISMPreparation for soils) TOC(USEPA Method 9060A) pH (USEPA Method 9045D)

Grain Size

Comments

AOI01-04-SB-13-15 21 Apr 2022 13-15 X

AOI01-05-SB-0-2 21 Apr 2022 0-2 X

Groundwater Samples

KAASF-01-GW 29 Apr 2022 - X

AOI02-02-GW 2 May 2022 - X

AOI02-01-GW 2 May 2022 - X

AOI02-03-GW 3 May 2022 - X

AOI01-03-GW 4 May 2022 - X

AOI01-MW11-GW 5 May 2022 - X

AOI01-04-GW 5 May 2022 - X

AOI02-04-GW 5 May 2022 - X

AOI01-02-GW 4 May 2022 - X

AOI01-01-GW 5 May 2022 - X

KAASF-02-GW 4 May 2022 - X

KAASF-DUP-GW014 May 2022 - X Field duplicate of 

AOI01-02-GW

KAASF-DUP-GW025 May 2022 - X Field duplicate of 

AOI02-04-GW

KAASF-MSD-GW 5 May 2022 - X MS/MSD

Blank Samples

KAASF-EB-01 11 Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-02 12 Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-03 15 Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-04 18 Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-05 19 Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-06 20Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-07 21 Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-09 29 Apr 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-FB-01 29 Apr 2022 - X Field Blank

KAASF-EB-10 2 May 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-FB-02 2 May 2022 - X Field Blank

KAASF-FB-03 3 May 2022 - X Field Blank

KAASF-EB-11 3 May 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-FB-04 4 May 2022 - X Field Blank

KAASF-FB-05 5 May 2022 - X Field Blank

KAASF-EB-12 4 May 2022 - X Equipment Blank

KAASF-EB-13 5 May 2022 - X Equipment Blank
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Table 5-2. Soil Boring Depths and Well Screen Intervals

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi

Site Inspection Report

Area of 

Interest Boring ID

Soil Boring Depth

(ft bgs)

Well Screen Interval

(ft bgs)1

Ground Surface 

Elevation ft amsl

1 

AOI01-01 42 32-42 36.28

AOI01-02 42 32-42 35.92

AOI01-03 44 34-44 36.53

AOI01-04 41 31-41 36.65

AOI01-MW112 N/A Unknown 37.99

2 

AOI02-01 43 33-43 36.76

AOI02-02 45 35-45 39.12

AOI02-03 45 35-45 39.99

AOI02-04 46 36-46 40.78

KAASF-01 47 37-47 46.45

KAASF-02 57 47-57 50.11

Notes:

1 Well screen set above total depth to capture groundwater interface. 2 Groundwater sample collected from existing monitoring well (MW-11) found in planned vicinity

of Location AOI01-05.

AASF = Army Aviation Support Facility

bgs = below ground surface

ft = feet

 JRF = John Rodgers Field

Table 5-3. Groundwater Elevation 

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaiʻi

Site Inspection Report

Monitoring 

Well ID

Top of Casing 

Elevation (ft amsl)

Depth to Water

(ft btoc) 1

Groundwater Elevation

(ft amsl)

Depth to Water 

(ft bgs)

KAASF-01 46.17 44.51 1.66 45.00

KAASF-02 49.62 47.96 1.66 48.24

AOI01-01 35.97 34.38 1.59 34.69

AOI01-02 35.62 34.01 1.61 34.31

AOI01-03 36.23 34.62 1.61 34.92

AOI01-04 36.46 34.85 1.61 35.04

AOI01-MW112 37.18 35.10 2.08 35.91

AOI02-01 36.50 34.86 1.64 35.12

AOI02-02 38.76 37.12 1.64 37.48

AOI02-03 39.55 37.91 1.64 38.35

AOI02-04 40.46 38.84 1.62 39.16

Notes: 

1

 Well screen set above total depth to capture groundwater interface. 2 Groundwater sample collected from existing monitoring well (MW-11) found in planned vicinity of 

Location AOI01-05. 

btoc = below top of casing

AASF = Army Aviation Support Facility

amsl = Above mean sea level

bgs = below ground surface 

btoc = below top of casing

ft = feet

JRF = John Rodgers Field
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KAASF-01

KAASF-02

AOI02-04

AOI02-03

AOI02-02

AOI02-01

AOI01-03

AOI01-02

AOI01-04

AOI01-01

AOI01-MW11

AOI 1

AOI 2

Kalaeloa

Airport

AOI01-05

Building

117

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Sample Locations

<! Monitoring Well Location

Sample Location

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

3

0 500

Feet

Data Sources:

ESRI 2020

AECOM 2020

Figure 5-1

Site Inspection Sample Locations

Army National Guard Site Inspections

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Path: \\lovetongis\GISdata\Federal\Nationwide\PFAS\MAES_634250383\PROJECTS\SIReport\Kalaeloa\KalaeloaSI.aprx

Map Extent

Date:....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N
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6. SITE INSPECTION RESULTS

This section presents the analytical results of the SI. The SLs used in this evaluation are

presented in Section 6.1. A discussion of the results for the AOIs and boundary areas is provided 

in Sections 6.3 through 6.5. Tables 6-2 through 6-5 present results for soil or groundwater for 

the relevant compounds. Tables that contain all results are provided in Appendix F, and the 

laboratory reports are provided in Appendix G. 

6.1 SCREENING LEVELS

The DoD has adopted a policy to retain facilities in the CERCLA process based on risk-based 

SLs for soil and groundwater, as described in a memorandum from the OSD dated 6 July 2022 

(Assistant Secretary of Defense, 2022). The ARNG program under which this SI was performed 

follows this DoD policy. Should the maximum site concentration for sampled media exceed the 

SLs established in the OSD memorandum, the AOI will proceed to the next phase under 

CERCLA. The SLs established in the OSD memorandum apply to the five compounds presented 

on Table 6-1. 

Table 6-1. Screening Levels (Soil and Groundwater)

Analyte2 

Residential 0 to 2 ft bgs

(Soil)

(μg/kg)1 

Industrial/Commercial

Composite Worker 2 to 15 ft bgs

(Soil)

(μg/kg) 1 

Tap Water

(Groundwater)

(ng/L) 1 

PFOA 19 250 6

PFOS 13 1,600 4

PFBS 1,900 25,000 600

PFHxS 130 1,600 39

PFNA 19 250 6

Notes:

1. Assistant Secretary of Defense. July 2022. Risk-Based Screening Levels in Groundwater and Soil using 

EPA’s Regional Screening Level Calculator. Hazard Quotient (HQ)=0.1. May 2022. 

2. Of the six PFAS compounds presented in the 6 July 2022 OSD memorandum, HFPO-DA (commonly referred 

to as GenX) was not included as an analyte at the time of this SI. Based on the CSM developed during the PA 

and revised based on SI findings, the presence of HFPO-DA is not anticipated at the facility because HFPODA is generally not a component of MIL-SPEC AFFF and based on its history including distribution 

limitations that restricted use of GenX, it is generally not a component of other products the military used. In 

addition, it is unlikely that GenX would be an individual chemical of concern in the absence of other PFAS.

ng/L = nanogram(s) per liter

μg/kg = Microgram(s) per kilogram

The data in the subsequent sections are compared against the SLs presented in Table 6-1. The 

SLs for groundwater are based on direct ingestion. The SLs for soil are based on incidental 

ingestion and are applied to the depth intervals reasonably anticipated to be encountered by the 

receptors identified at the Facility: the residential scenario is applied to surface soil results (0 to 2 

ft bgs) and the industrial/commercial worker scenario is applied to shallow subsurface soil 

results (2 to 15 ft bgs). The industrial/commercial worker scenario was applied to shallow 

subsurface soil samples collected from mid-point at the soil borings (13 to 15 ft bgs) in each 

AOI, providing a conservative assessment of that potential exposure route for the 
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industrial/commercial workers. The SLs are not applied to deep subsurface soil results (greater 

than 15 ft bgs) because 15 ft is the anticipated limit of construction activities. 

6.2 SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSES

To provide basic soil parameter information, soil samples were analyzed for TOC and pH, which 

are important for evaluating transport through the soil medium. Appendix F contains the results 

of the TOC and pH sampling. 

The data collected in this investigation will be used in subsequent investigations, where 

appropriate, to assess fate and transport. According to the Interstate Technology Regulatory 

Council (ITRC), several important PFAS partitioning mechanisms include hydrophobic and 

lipophobic effects, electrostatic interactions, and interfacial behaviors. At relevant environmental 

pH values, certain PFAS are present as organic anions, and are therefore relatively mobile in 

groundwater (Xiao et al., 2015), but tend to associate with the organic carbon fraction that may 

be present in soil or sediment (Higgins and Luthy 2006; Guelfo and Higgins 2013). When 

sufficient organic carbon is present, organic carbon normalized distribution coefficients (Koc 

values) can help in evaluating transport potential, though other geochemical factors (for example, 

pH and presence of polyvalent cations) may also affect PFAS sorption to solid phases (ITRC 

2018). 

Soil pH and TOC was analyzed in soil sample AOI01-03-SB-13-15. Results showed pH values 

of 7.2 and a TOC result of 8,200 mg/kg. The grain size analysis conducted on sample AOI01-03-

SB-13-15 showed a composition of 42.9% sand, 11.7% gravel, 9.2% clay, and 36.2% silt. This 

result corresponds to a soil texture of sandy loam. 

6.3 AOI 1

This section presents the analytical results for soil and groundwater in comparison to SLs for 

AOI 1, which includes the former fuel farm area, including the site of a 2017 reported release of 

AFFF. The detected compounds are summarized in Tables 6-2 through 6-5. Figures 6-1

through 6-7 present detections for relevant compounds in soil and groundwater. 

6.3.1 AOI 1 Soil Analytical Results

Figures 6-1 through 6-5 present the ranges of detections in soil. Tables 6-2 through 6-4

summarize the soil results. 

Soil was sampled in five locations associated with one potential release area at AOI 1. Soil was 

sampled from three intervals at four locations (AOI01-01, AOI01-02, AOI01-03, and AOI01-

04); surface (0-2 ft bgs), shallow subsurface (13-15 bgs), and deep subsurface soil intervals (32-

36 ft bgs). A single surface soil sample (0-2 ft bgs) was collected from one location (AOI01-05). 

All five compounds in Table 6-1 were detected in surface soil samples (0-2 ft bgs) at three 

locations (AOI01-01, AOI01-02, and AOI01-05). PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS were detected in 

surface samples from the remaining two locations (AOI01-03 and AOI01-04). PFOA was 
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detected above the SL of 19 μg/kg at AOI01-02 (concentration of 100 μg/kg) and its duplicate 

sample (110 μg/kg). Remaining detections ranged from 0.26 μg/kg to 2.1 μg/kg at AOI01-04 and 

AOI01-05, respectively (2.5 μg/kg in the AOI01-05 duplicate sample). PFOS was detected above 

the SL of 13 μg/kg with concentrations of 45 μg/kg at AOI01-05 (39 μg/kg in the duplicate 

sample) and 1,500 J+ μg/kg at AOI01-02 (1,500 J- μg/kg in the duplicate sample). Remaining 

detections ranged from 0.5 J+ μg/kg to 4.7 J+ μg/kg at AOI01-04 and AOI01-01, respectively. 

PFHxS was detected above the SL of 130 μg/kg at AOI01-02 with a concentration of 340 μg/kg

(360 μg/kg in the duplicate sample). Remaining detections ranged from 0.54 μg/kg to 2.6 μg/kg

at AOI01-03 and the AOI01-05 (duplicate sample), respectively. PFBS concentrations ranged 

from 0.084 J μg/kg to 19 μg/kg (25 μg/kg in duplicate sample) at AOI01-01 and AOI01-02, 

respectively, below the SL of 1,900 μg/kg. PFNA concentrations ranged from 0.042 J μg/kg to 

12 μg/kg in AOI01-01 and AOI01-02 (and 12 μg/kg in the AOI01-02 duplicate sample), 

respectively, below the SL of 19 μg/kg. 

No relevant compounds were detected above SLs in the shallow subsurface soil samples (13-15 

ft bgs). PFOA was detected in three shallow subsurface soil samples at concentrations ranging 

from 0.054 J+ μg/kg to 0.2 J+ μg/kg in AOI01-03 and AOI01-02, respectively, below the SL of 

250 μg/kg. PFOS was detected in three shallow subsurface soil samples at concentrations 

ranging from 0.059 μg/kg to 0.54 μg/kg in AOI01-03 (duplicate sample) and AOI01-02, 

respectively, below the SL of 160 μg/kg. PFHxS was detected in four shallow subsurface soil 

samples at concentrations ranging from 0.022 J μg/kg to 3.4 μg/kg in AOI01-04 and AOI01-02, 

respectively, below the SL of 1,600 μg/kg. PFBS was detected in two shallow subsurface soil 

samples at concentrations of 0.047 J μg/kg, (0.049 μg/kg in the duplicate result), and 6.5 μg/kg in 

AOI01-03 and AOI01-02, respectively, below the SL of 25,000 μg/kg. PFNA was not detected in 

any shallow subsurface soil samples. 

PFOA was detected in all four deep subsurface soil samples (32-36 ft bgs) at concentrations 

ranging from 0.024 J μg/kg to 0.1 μg/kg in AOI01-04 and AOI01-02, respectively. PFOS was 

detected in three deep subsurface soil samples at concentrations ranging from 0.11 μg/kg to 0.33 

μg/kg in AOI01-03 and AOI01-02, respectively. PFHxS was detected in three deep subsurface 

soil samples and a duplicate sample at concentrations ranging from 0.029 J μg/kg to 0.12 μg/kg

in AOI01-01 duplicate and AOI01-03, respectively. PFBS was detected in one deep subsurface 

soil sample (AOI01-02) at a concentration of 0.075 J μg/kg. PFNA was not detected in any deep

subsurface soil samples. 

6.3.2 AOI 1 Groundwater Analytical Results 

Figure 6-6 and Figure 6-7 present the ranges of detections in groundwater. Table 6-5

summarizes the groundwater results.

 

Groundwater samples were collected from five permanent wells at AOI 1 during the SI. The 

following exceedances of the SLs were measured:

• PFOA and PFOS were detected above the SL of 6 ng/L and 4 ng/L, respectively, in all 

five samples. PFOA concentrations ranged from 18 J ng/L to 740 J ng/L in AOI01-04 and 
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AOI01-02, respectively, and PFOS concentrations ranged from 16 J ng/L to 6,900 J ng/L

in AOI01-04 and AOI01-02 duplicate, respectively. 

• PFNA was detected above the SL of 6 ng/L in one well (AOI01-02) at a concentration of 

35 J ng/L (34 ng/L in the duplicate sample).

• PFHxS was detected above the SL of 39 ng/L in three wells (AOI01-01, AOI01-02 [and 

the duplicate sample], and AOI01-03) at concentrations ranging from 50 J ng/L to 7,100 J 

ng/L in AOI01-01 and AOI01-02, respectively. 

PFNA was detected below the SL in three wells with concentrations ranging from 0.9 J ng/L to 

2.3 J ng/L in AOI01-04 and AOI01-03, respectively. PFHxS was detected below the SL in two 

wells with concentrations of 14 J ng/L and 36 J ng/L in AOI01-04 and AOI01-MW11, 

respectively. PFBS was detected below the SL of 601 ng/L in four wells with concentrations 

ranging from 4.8 J ng/L to 480 J ng/L (530 ng/L in the duplicate sample) in AOI01-04 and 

AOI01-02, respectively. 

6.3.3 AOI 1 Conclusions

Based on the results of the SI, three relevant compounds (PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS) were 

detected in soil above their respective SLs; and PFNA, and PFBS were detected below their 

respective SLs. Four relevant compounds (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA) were detected in 

groundwater at concentrations above their respective SLs and PFBS was detected below the SL. 

However, at no point during the PA or the SI was there any evidence that any of the relevant 

compounds were the result of current or historical ARNG/DoD activities.

6.4 AOI 2

6.4.1 AOI 2 Soil Analytical Results

Figures 6-1 through 6-7 present the ranges of detections in soil. Tables 6-2 through 6-4

summarize the soil results. 

Soil was sampled in four boring locations associated with a former AFFF storage area at AOI 2. 

Soil was sampled from three intervals at four locations (AOI02-01, AOI02-02, AOI02-03, and 

AOI02-04); surface (0-2 ft bgs), shallow subsurface soil (13-15 bgs), and deep subsurface soil

(34-38 ft bgs). Additionally, soil was sampled from three intervals at two boring locations along 

the Facility boundary (KAASF-01 and KAASF-02 termed boundary locations); surface soil 

samples (0-2 ft bgs), shallow subsurface soil samples (13-15 bgs), and deep subsurface soil 

samples (40-48 ft bgs). No relevant compounds were detected above SLs in soil samples 

collected from AOI 2 or the Facility boundary. 

PFOA was detected in six surface soil samples (0-2 ft bgs) (four source sample locations and two 

boundary sample locations, including duplicate samples) at concentrations ranging from 0.21 J+ 

μg/kg to 2.4 μg/kg in AOI02-02 and AOI02-03, respectively, below the SL of 19 μg/kg. PFOS 

was detected in six surface samples (four source sample locations and two boundary sample 
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locations including duplicate samples) at concentrations ranging from 1 J+ μg/kg to 3.5 μg/kg in 

AOI02-02 and AOI02-03, below the SL of 13 μg/kg. PFNA was detected in five surface samples 

(four source sample locations and one boundary sample location, including duplicate samples) at 

concentrations ranging from 0.043 J+ μg/kg (0.041 J μg/kg in the duplicate sample) to 0.31 

μg/kg in AOI02-04 and AOI02-03, respectively, below the SL of 19 μg/kg. PFHxS was detected 

in six surface samples (four source sample locations and two boundary sample locations, 

including duplicate samples) at concentrations ranging from 0.045 J μg/kg to 0.66 μg/kg in 

AOI02-02 and AOI02-03, respectively, below the SL of 130 μg/kg. PFBS was detected in two 

surface samples (two source sample locations) at the same concentration of 0.043 μg/kg in 

AOI02-01 and AOI02-02, below the SL of 1,900 μg/kg.

PFOA was detected in four shallow subsurface soil samples (13-15 ft bgs) (two source sample 

locations and two boundary sample locations) at concentrations ranging from 0.024 J μg/kg and 

0.16 J+ μg/kg in boundary sample KAASF-01 and source sample AOI02-04, respectively, below 

the SL of 250 μg/kg. PFOS was detected in four shallow subsurface soil samples (two source 

sample locations and two boundary sample locations) at concentrations ranging from 0.068 J 

μg/kg and 0.39 J+ μg/kg in boundary sample KAASF-02 and location AOI02-04, respectively, 

below the SL of 160 μg/kg. PFHxS was detected in three shallow subsurface soil samples (three 

source sample locations) at concentrations ranging from 0.025 J μg/kg to 0.32 μg/kg in AOI02-

02 and AOI02-04, respectively, below the SL of 1,600 μg/kg. PFBS was detected in two shallow

subsurface soil samples (two source sample locations) at concentrations of 0.056 J μg/kg and 

0.18 J μg/kg in AOI02-04 and AOI02-03, respectively, below the SL of 25,000 μg/kg. PFNA 

was not detected in any shallow subsurface soil samples. 

PFOA was detected in two deep subsurface soil samples (two source sample locations) at 

concentrations of 0.12 J+ μg/kg and 0.64 J+ μg/kg in AOI02-01 and AOI02-04, respectively. 

PFOS was detected in four deep subsurface soil samples (three source sample locations and one 

boundary sample location) at concentrations ranging from 0.38 J μg/kg to 0.89 J+ μg/kg in 

boundary sample KAASF-02 and location AOI02-04, respectively. PFNA was detected in one 

deep subsurface soil sample in the source location (AOI02-02) at a concentration of 0.047 J 

μg/kg. PFHxS was detected in three deep subsurface soil samples (three source sample locations)

at concentrations ranging from 0.029 μg/kg to 0.55 μg/kg in AOI02-02 and AOI02-04, 

respectively. PFBS was detected in two deep subsurface soil samples (two source sample 

locations) at concentrations of 0.078 J μg/kg and 0.37 μg/kg in AOI02-04 and AOI02-02, 

respectively.

6.4.2 AOI 2 Groundwater Analytical Results 

Figures 6-6 and Figure 6-7 present the ranges of detections in groundwater. Table 6-5

summarizes the groundwater results.

 

Groundwater samples were collected from four permanent wells at AOI 2 and two permanent 

wells at the Facility boundary (boundary wells) during the SI. The following exceedances of the 

SLs were measured:
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• PFOA was detected above the SL of 6 ng/L in five locations (all four source area wells

and one boundary well location KAASF-01). PFOA concentrations ranged from 7 ng/L 

to 140 J ng/L in KAASF-01 and AOI02-04 (150 J ng/L for the AOI02-04 duplicate 

sample), respectively. 

• PFOS was detected above the SL of 4 ng/L in all six wells (four source area wells and the 

two boundary well locations). PFOS concentrations ranged from 4.6 J ng/L to 120 ng/L

in KAASF-02 and AOI02-02, respectively. 

• PFNA was detected above the SL of 6 ng/L in one source area well, AOI02-03, at a 

concentration of 19 ng/L. 

• PFHxS was detected above the SL of 39 ng/L in two source area wells AOI02-02 and 

AOI02-04 at concentrations of 65 ng/L and 140 J ng/L (130 ng/L for the AOI02-04 

duplicate sample), respectively. 

PFOA was detected below the SL of 6 ng /L in one boundary well location, KAASF-02, with a 

concentration of 1.8 ng/L. PFNA was detected below the SL in two wells (one source area well 

and one boundary well location) with concentrations of 0.75 J ng/L and 1.5 J ng/L in KAASF-01 

and AOI02-04, respectively (1.6 ng/L in the duplicate sample for AOI02-04). PFBS was detected 

below the SL of 601 ng/L in six wells (four source area wells and the two boundary well 

locations) with concentrations ranging from 0.38 J ng/L to 200 ng/L in KAASF-02 and AOI02-

03, respectively. PFHxS was detected below the SL of 39 ng/L in four wells (two source area 

wells and two boundary well locations) at concentrations of 0.61 ng/L and 32 J ng/L in KAASF02 and AOI02-01, respectively. 

6.4.3 AOI 2 Conclusions

Based on the results of the SI, all five relevant compounds were detected in soil samples below 

their respective SLs. Four relevant compounds (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA) were detected 

in groundwater at concentrations above their respective SLs. PFBS was detected below the SL.

Based on the exceedances of the SLs in groundwater, further evaluation at AOI 2 is warranted.
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Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii

Analyte Screening Level1,2 Unit Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual R

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 (μg/kg)

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) 1900 g/kg 0.084 J 19 25 ND U Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 130 g/kg 2.1 340 360 0.54 Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) 19 g/kg 0.042 J 12 12 ND UJ Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) 13 g/kg 4.7 J+ 1500 1500 J- 0.72 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 19 g/kg 1.9 100 110 0.33 J+ Notes:J = Estimated concentration.J+ = Estimated concentration, biased high.J- = Estimated concentration, biased low.μg/kg = Microgram(s) per kilogram.Values exceeding the Screening Level are shaded gray.ft bgs = Feet below ground surface.Qual = Qualifier.

AOI01-02

0-2 

AOI01-03 

Sample Date

Depth (ft bgs) 0-2 0-2 0-2

4/21/2022 4/20/2022 4/20/2022

Location ID AOI01-01 AOI01-02

Sample Name

Parent Sample ID

AOI01-01-SB-0-2 AOI01-02-SB-0-2 KAASF-DUP-SB-03 AOI01-03-SB-0-2 A

AOI01-02-SB-0-2 

2. The Screening Levels for soil are based on a residential scenario for direct ingestion of contaminated soil.ND = Analyte not detected above the LOD (LOD values are presented in Appendix F).

Table 6-2. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Su

U = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). UJ = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). Associated numerical value is approximate.1. Assistant Secretary of Defense. July 2022. Risk-Based Screening Levels in Groundwater and Soil using EPA’s Regional Screening Level Calculator. Hazard Quotient (HQ)=0.1. May 2022. 

4/20/2022 

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Analyte Screening Level1,2 Unit

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 (μg/kg)

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) 1900 g/kgPerfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 130 g/kgPerfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) 19 g/kgPerfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) 13 g/kgPerfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 19 g/kgNotes:J = Estimated concentration.J+ = Estimated concentration, biased high.J- = Estimated concentration, biased low.μg/kg = Microgram(s) per kilogram.Values exceeding the Screening Level are shaded gray.ft bgs = Feet below ground surface.Qual = Qualifier.

Sample Date

Depth (ft bgs)

Location ID

Sample Name

Parent Sample ID

2. The Screening Levels for soil are based on a residential scenario for direct ingestion of contaminated soil.ND = Analyte not detected above the LOD (LOD values are presented in Appendix F).U = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). UJ = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). Associated numerical value is approximate.1. Assistant Secretary of Defense. July 2022. Risk-Based Screening Levels in Groundwater and Soil using EPA’s Regional Screening Level Calculator. Hazard Quotient (HQ)=0.1. May 2022. 

Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result 

0.043 J ND U ND U ND U ND 0.045 J 0.66 0.35 0.35 0.09 0.067 J+ 0.31 0.043 J 0.041 J 0.092 

1 J+ 3.5 2.7 J+ 2.8 J+ 1.1 

0.21 J+ 2.4 0.87 J+ 0.88 J+ 0.28 

0-2

AOI02-02

AOI02-02-SB-0-2

4/18/2022

AOI02-03 AOI02-04 AOI02-04 

AOI02-03-SB-0-2 AOI02-04-SB-0-2 KAASF-DUP-SB-01 KAASF-01-S

KAASF-

AOI02-04-SB-0-2

0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 

4/15/2022 4/19/2022 4/19/2022 4/11/202

Table 6-2. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Resu

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Analyte Screening Level1,2 Unit Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual R

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 (μg/kg)Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) 25000 g/kg ND U 6.5 0.047 J 0.049 J ND U ND U Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 1600 g/kg 0.045 J 3.4 0.13 0.13 0.022 J 0.039 J 0Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) 250 g/kg ND UJ ND UJ ND UJ ND UJ ND U ND UJ Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) 160 g/kg 0.15 J+ 0.54 0.07 0.059 J ND U ND U Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 250 g/kg 0.071 J+ 0.2 J+ 0.054 J+ 0.061 J+ ND U ND UJ Notes:J = Estimated concentration.J+ = Estimated concentration, biased high.g/kg = Microgram(s) per kilogram.ft bgs = Feet below ground surface.Qual = Qualifier.U = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). UJ = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). Associated numerical value is approximate.1. Assistant Secretary of Defense. July 2022. Risk-Based Screening Levels in Groundwater and Soil using EPA’s Regional Screening Level Calculator. Hazard Quotient (HQ)=0.1. May 2022. 

4/20/2022 4/20/2022 4/21/2022 4/18/2022 

Depth (ft bgs)

AOI01-02-SB-13-15 AOI01-03-SB-13-15 KAASF-DUP-SB-02

4/20/2022 

Location ID AOI02-01 

Sample Name

Parent Sample ID

Sample Date

AOI01-03 AOI01-03 AOI01-04

AO

AOI01-04-SB-13-15 AOI02-01-SB-13-15

AOI01-01 AOI01-02 

AOI01-01-SB-13-15 

AOI01-03-SB-13-15

2. The Screening Levels for soil are based on incidental ingestion of soil in a industrial/commercial worker scenario. ND = Analyte not detected above the LOD (LOD values are presented in Appendix F).

Table 6-3. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Shallow Subsurface Soil, Site Inspection Report, Kal

13-15 13-15 13-15 13-15 13-15 

13-15

4/21/2022 

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Analyte Unit Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual 

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 (μg/kg)Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) g/kg ND U ND U ND U 

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) g/kg ND U 0.029 J 0.039 J Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) g/kg ND UJ ND U ND U Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) g/kg 0.16 J+ 0.21 0.28 

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) g/kg 0.032 J+ 0.049 J 0.037 J 

Notes:J = Estimated concentration.J+ = Estimated concentration, biased high.g/kg = Microgram(s) per kilogram.ft bgs = Feet below ground surface.Qual = Qualifier.U = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). UJ = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). Associated numerical value is approximate.ND = Analyte not detected above the LOD (LOD values are presented in Appendix F).

Location ID

Sample Name

Parent Sample ID

Sample Date

Depth (ft bgs)

AOI01-01 AOI01-01 AOI01-01 

AOI01-01-SB-32-34 AOI01-01-SB-32-34 Duplicate AOI01-01-SB-32-34 Triplicate 

AOI01-01-SB-32-34 AOI01-01-SB-32-34

4/21/2022 4/21/2022 4/21/2022 

Table 6-4. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PF

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32-34 32-34 32-34 

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Analyte Unit

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 (μg/kg)

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) g/kg

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) g/kgPerfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) g/kgPerfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) g/kgPerfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) g/kgNotes:J = Estimated concentration.J+ = Estimated concentration, biased high.g/kg = Microgram(s) per kilogram.ft bgs = Feet below ground surface.Qual = Qualifier.U = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). UJ = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the 

adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). Associated numerical value is approximate.ND = Analyte not detected above the LOD (LOD values are presented in Appendix F).

Location ID

Sample Name

Parent Sample ID

Sample Date

Depth (ft bgs)

Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Re

ND U ND U 0.37 0.0

0.092 0.029 J ND U 0

ND UJ 0.047 J ND U N

0.5 J+ 0.74 J+ ND U 0

0.12 J+ ND U ND U 0

AOI02-01

AOI02-02 AOI02-03 

AOI02-01-SB-34-36 AOI02-02-SB-36-38 AOI02-03-SB-36-38 AO

36-38 

Table 6-4. PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in De

34-36 

4/19/2022 4/18/2022 4/15/2022 

36-38

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii

Analyte Screening Level1 Unit Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Re

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 (ng/L)Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) 601 ng/L 6.6 J 480 J 530 J 8 J 4

Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 39 ng/L 50 J 7100 J 6700 J 64 J 

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) 6 ng/L 0.99 J 35 J 34 J 2.3 J 0

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) 4 ng/L 25 J 5700 J 6900 J 50 J 

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 6 ng/L 52 J 740 J 710 J 55 J 

Notes:J = Estimated concentration.ng/L = Nanogram(s) per liter.Values exceeding the Screening Level are shaded gray.Qual = Qualifier.ND = Analyte not detected above the LOD (LOD values are presented in Appendix F).

Location ID

Sample Name

Parent Sample ID

Sample Date

U = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). 

AOI01-02 AOI01-02 AOI01-03

Table 6-5. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Groundwater, Site Inspection 

AOI01-01

AOI01-01-GW AOI01-02-GW KAASF-DUP-GW-01 AOI01-03-GW 

5/5/2022 5/4/2022 5/4/2022 5/4/2022 

AOI01-02-GW

UJ = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). Associated numerical value is approximate.1. Assistant Secretary of Defense. July 2022. Risk-Based Screening Levels in Groundwater and Soil using EPA’s Regional Screening Level Calculator. Hazard Quotient (HQ)=0.1. May 2022.

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii

Analyte Screening Level1 Unit

PFAS by LC/MS/MS compliant with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 (ng/L)Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) 601 ng/LPerfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 39 ng/LPerfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) 6 ng/LPerfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) 4 ng/LPerfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 6 ng/LNotes:J = Estimated concentration.ng/L = Nanogram(s) per liter.Values exceeding the Screening Level are shaded gray.Qual = Qualifier.ND = Analyte not detected above the LOD (LOD values are presented in Appendix F).

Location ID

Sample Name

Parent Sample ID

Sample Date

U = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). UJ = The analyte was not detected at a level greater than or equal to the adjusted Limit of Detection (LOD). Associated numerical value is approximate.1. Assistant Secretary of Defense. July 2022. Risk-Based Screening Levels in Groundwater and Soil using EPA’s Regional Screening Level Calculator. Hazard Quotient (HQ)=0.1. May 2022.

Result Qual Result Qual Result Qual Result Q

200 13 J 12 J 6.4 

29 140 J 130 J 8.8 

ND U 1.5 J 1.6 J 0.75 

13 J 51 J 51 J 8.1 22 140 J 150 J 7 

Table 6-5. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS Results in Groundwater, Site 

AOI02-04 AOI02-04 

AOI02-04-GW KAASF-DUP-GW-02

AOI02-03 KAASF-01

AOI02-03-GW

AOI02-04-GW

KAASF-01-G

5/3/2022 5/5/2022 5/5/2022 4/29/2022 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC
Army National Guard Site Inspections

Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaii

Figure 6-1

AOI 1 and AOI 2

PFOS Detections in Soil

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-05

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

3

0 500

Feet

^_

HI

Data Sources:

ESRI 2022

AECOM 2019

Date:.....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N

0 500

Feet

0 500

Feet

> 1,600

> 130 - 1,600

> 10 - 130

> ND - 10

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOS Results (μg/Kg)

Shallow Intermediate Deep

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

> 1,600

> 160 - 1,600

> 13 - 160

> ND - 13

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOS Results (μg/Kg)

> 1,600

> 160 - 1,600

> 13 - 160

> ND - 13

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOS Results (μg/Kg)

Notes:

PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid

Exceedances of the OSD SL are depicted

with a yellow halo. Depth intervals shown

represent respective sampling position

within a given soil boring location.
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 6-16

This page intentionally left blank
Figure 6-2

AOI 1 and AOI 2

PFOA Detections in Soil

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-05

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

3

0 500

Feet

^_

HI

0 500

Feet

0 500

Feet

Shallow Intermediate Deep

Army National Guard Site Inspections

Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaii

Data Sources:

ESRI 2022

AECOM 2019

> 2,500

> 250 - 2,500

> 19 - 250

> ND - 19

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOA Results (μg/Kg)

> 2,500

> 250- 2,500

> 19 - 250

> ND - 19

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOA Results (μg/Kg)

> 2,500

> 250- 2,500

> 19 - 250

> ND - 19

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOA Results (μg/Kg)

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

Notes:

PFOA = Perfluorooctanoic acid

Exceedances of the OSD SL are depicted

with a yellow halo. Depth intervals shown

represent respective sampling position

within a given soil boring location.

Date:.....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 6-18

This page intentionally left blank
Figure 6-3

AOI 1 and AOI 2

PFBS Detections in Soil

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-05

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

3

0 500

Feet

^_

HI

0 500

Feet

0 500

Feet

Shallow Intermediate Deep

Army National Guard Site Inspections

Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaii

Data Sources:

ESRI 2022

AECOM 2019

> 25,000

> 1,900 - 25,000

> 10 - 1,900

> ND - 10

ND (Non-Detect)

PFBS Results (μg/Kg)

> 25,000

> 1,900 - 25,000

> 10 - 1,900

> ND - 10

ND (Non-Detect)

PFBS Results (μg/Kg)

> 25,000

> 1,900 - 25,000

> 10 - 1,900

> ND - 10

ND (Non-Detect)

PFBS Results (μg/Kg)

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

Notes:

PFBS = Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid

Exceedances of the OSD SL are depicted

with a yellow halo. Depth intervals shown

represent respective sampling position

within a given soil boring location.

Date:.....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 6-20

This page intentionally left blank
Army National Guard Site Inspections

Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaii

Figure 6-4

AOI 1 and AOI 2

PFHxS Detections in Soil

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-05

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

3

0 500

Feet

^_

HI

Data Sources:

ESRI 2022

AECOM 2019

0 500

Feet

0 500

Feet

Shallow Intermediate Deep

> 1,600

> 130 - 1,600

> 10 - 130

> ND - 10

ND (Non-Detect)

PFHxS Result (μg/Kg)

> 1,600

> 130 - 1,600

> 10 - 130

> ND - 10

ND (Non-Detect)

PFHxS Result (μg/Kg)

> 1,600

> 130 - 1,600

> 10 - 130

> ND - 10

ND (Non-Detect)

PFHxS Result (μg/Kg)

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

Notes:

PFHxS = Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid

Exceedances of the OSD SL are depicted

with a yellow halo. Depth intervals shown

represent respective sampling position

within a given soil boring location.

Date:.....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 6-22

This page intentionally left blank 
Army National Guard Site Inspections

Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaii

Figure 6-5

AOI 1 and AOI 2

PFNA Detections in Soil

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-05

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

3

0 500

Feet

^_

HI

Data Sources:

ESRI 2022

AECOM 2019

0 500

Feet

0 500

Feet

Shallow Intermediate Deep

> 2,500

> 250 - 2,500

> 19 - 250

> ND - 19

ND (Non-Detect)

PFNA Results (μg/Kg)

> 2 ,500

> 250 - 2,500

> 19 - 250

> ND - 19

ND (Non-Detect)

PFNA Results (μg/Kg)

> 2 ,500

> 250 - 2,500

> 19 - 250

> ND - 19

ND (Non-Detect)

PFNA Results (μg/Kg)

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

Notes:

PFNA = Perfluorononanoic acid

Exceedances of the OSD SL are depicted

with a yellow halo. Depth intervals shown

represent respective sampling position

within a given soil boring location.

Date:.....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 6-24

This page intentionally left blank 
Figure 6-6

AOI 1 and AOI 2

PFOA, PFOS and PFBS Detections in Groundwater

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-MW11

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-MW11

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

3

0 500

Feet

^_

HI

0 500

Feet

PFOA PFOS

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-MW11

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

0 500

Feet

PFBS

Notes:

PFOA = Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid

PFOS = Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFBS = Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid

Exceedances of the OSD SL are depicted

with a yellow halo.

Army National Guard Site Inspections

Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaii

Data Sources:

ESRI 2022

AECOM 2019

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

> 70

> 40 - 70

> 6 - 40

> ND - 6

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOA Results (ng/L)

> 70

> 40 - 70

> 4 - 40

> ND - 4

ND (Non-Detect)

PFOS Results (ng/L)

> 1,000

> 600 - 1,000

> 100 - 600

> ND - 100

ND (Non-Detect)

PFBS Results (ng/L)

Date:.....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 6-26

This page intentionally left blank 
Army National Guard Site Inspections

Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, Hawaii

Figure 6-7

AOI 1 and AOI 2

PFHxS and PFNA Detections in Groundwater

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-MW11

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

Kalaeloa

Airport

Building

117

AOI 2

AOI 1

AOI01-MW11

AOI01-01

AOI01-04

AOI01-02

AOI01-03

AOI02-01

AOI02-02

AOI02-03

AOI02-04

KAASF-02

KAASF-01

3

0 300

Feet

Facility Data

Facility Boundary

Leased Parcels

Area of Interest

Potential Release Area

Hydrogeology

 Groundwater Flow Direction

^_

HI

Data Sources:

ESRI 2020

AECOM 2020

Path: \\lovetongis\GISdata\Federal\Nationwide\PFAS\MAES_634250383\PROJECTS\SIReport\Kalaeloa\KalaeloaSI.aprx

0 300

Feet

PFHxS PFNA

Notes:

PFHxS = Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid

PFNA = Perfluorononanoic acid

Exceedances of the OSD SL are depicted

with a yellow halo.

> 1,000

> 100 - 1,000

> 39 - 100

> ND - 39

ND (Non-Detect)

PFHxS Result (ng/L)

> 1,000

> 100 - 1,000

> 6 - 100

> ND - 6

ND (Non-Detect)

PFNA Results (ng/L)

Date:.....................November 2023

Prepared By:.............................EA

Prepared For:....................USACE

Projection:........WGS 84 UTM 4N
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL 

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 6-28

This page intentionally left blank
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 7-1 

7. EXPOSURE PATHWAYS

The conceptual site model (CSM) for the AOIs, revised based on the SI findings, are presented

on Figure 7-1. Please note that while the CSM discussion assists in determining if a receptor 

may be impacted, the decision to move from SI to RI or interim action is determined solely based 

upon exceedances of the SLs for the relevant compounds and whether the release is more than 

likely attributable to the DoD. A CSM presents the current understanding of the site conditions 

with respect to known and suspected sources, potential transport mechanisms and migration 

pathways, and potentially exposed human receptors. A human exposure pathway is considered 

potentially complete when the following conditions are present. SLs are presented in Section 6.1 

of this report. 

1. Contaminant source 

2. Environmental fate and transport

3. Exposure point

4. Exposure route

5. Potentially exposed populations.

If any of these elements are missing, the pathway is incomplete. The CSM figures use an empty 

circle symbol to represent an incomplete exposure pathway. Areas with no identified complete 

pathway generally warrant no further action. However, the pathway is considered potentially 

complete if the relevant compounds are detected, in which case the CSM figure uses a half-filled 

circle symbol to represent a potentially complete exposure pathway. Additionally, a completely 

filled circle symbol is used to indicate when a potentially complete exposure pathway has 

detections of relevant compounds above the SLs. Areas with an identified potentially complete 

pathway that have detections of the relevant compounds above the SLs may warrant further 

investigation. Although the CSMs indicate whether potentially complete exposure pathways may 

exist, the recommendation for future study in a remedial investigation (RI) or no action at this 

time is based on the comparison of the SI analytical results for the relevant compounds to the 

SLs and whether the release came from DoD activities. 

In general, the potential routes of exposure to the relevant compounds are ingestion and 

inhalation. Human exposure via the dermal contact pathway may occur, and current risk practice

suggests it is an insignificant pathway compared to ingestion; however, exposure data for dermal 

pathways are sparse and continue to be the subject of toxicological study. The receptors 

evaluated are consistent with those listed in USEPA guidance for risk screening (USEPA 2001). 

Receptors at the Facility include Facility workers (e.g., Facility staff and visiting soldiers), 

construction workers, trespassers, residents outside the Facility boundary, and recreational users 

outside of the Facility boundary. 

7.1 SOIL EXPOSURE PATHWAY 

The SI results for soil were used to determine whether a potentially complete pathway exists 

between the source and potential receptors at each AOI based on the aforementioned criteria. 
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL

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7.1.1 AOI 1

On 12 October 2017, an HDOT-A Kalaeloa ARFF Unit discharged the contents of a firetruck’s 

water tank, containing 25 gallons of 1.6% Chemguard C301MS AFFF mixed with water, during 

pump testing/repair along the fence line at AOI 1. The site is covered with low grass and shrubs 

and there have been no documented releases in this area by the HIARNG.

All five relevant compounds were detected in surface soil at AOI 1. PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS 

were detected above SLs in surface soil at two locations, AOI01-01 and AOI01-02. Site workers, 

construction workers, and trespassers could contact constituents in soil via incidental ingestion, 

dermal contact, and inhalation of dust. Therefore, the soil exposure pathway for site workers, 

future construction workers, and trespassers is considered potentially complete. PFOA, PFOS, 

PFHxS, and PFBS were detected below their respective SLs in subsurface soil between 13-15ft 

bgs. Ground disturbing activities could result in future construction worker exposure. Therefore, 

the soil exposure pathway for future construction workers is considered potentially complete. 

The CSM is presented in Figure 7-1. 

7.1.2 AOI 2

AOI 2 encompasses the hangar at Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, which includes an AFFF suppression 

system and storage as well as the northern Facility boundary. There have been no documented 

releases of AFFF at AOI 2, however the potential exists for the incidental release of stored 

material.

All five relevant compounds were detected in soil at AOI 2. None were detected above SLs. Site 

workers, construction workers, and trespassers could contact constituents in soil via incidental 

ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation of dust. Therefore, the soil exposure pathway for site 

workers, future construction workers, and trespassers is potentially complete. PFOA, PFOS, 

PFHxS, and PFBS were detected in subsurface soil at AOI 2 and the boundary sample locations 

below their respective SLs. Ground disturbing activities to this area could result in future 

construction worker exposure via incidental ingestion. Therefore, the soil exposure pathway for 

future construction workers is considered potentially complete. The CSM is presented in Figure 

7-2. 

7.2 GROUNDWATER EXPOSURE PATHWAY

The SI results for relevant compounds in groundwater were used to determine whether a 

potentially complete pathway exists between the source and potential receptors at each AOI 

based on the aforementioned criteria. 

7.2.1 AOI 1

Drinking water at Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF is resourced from public drinking water wells. No 

drinking water wells exist at the Facility, and no private supply wells exist downgradient. 

Groundwater in the upper, unconfined aquifer is not used for drinking water purposes due to the

salinity levels and high vulnerability to contamination (AECOM 2020). 
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 7-3 

Groundwater was encountered at depths between approximately 34 to 36 ft bgs in the area of 

AOI 1. As such, groundwater is not considered a complete pathway via drinking water ingestion 

for any receptor nor via incidental ingestion during excavation activities by construction 

workers. The CSM is presented in Figure 7-1. 

7.2.2 AOI 2

As noted above, no drinking water wells exist at the Facility, and no private supply wells exist 

downgradient. Groundwater was encountered at depths between approximately 36 to 38 ft bgs in 

the area of AOI 2. As such, groundwater is not considered a complete pathway via drinking 

water ingestion for any receptor nor via incidental ingestion during excavation activities by 

construction workers. The CSM is presented in Figure 7-2. 

7.3 SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENT EXPOSURE PATHWAY 

PFAS are water soluble and can migrate readily from soil to surface water or groundwater. There 

are no natural surface water features within the Facility, and surface water and potentially 

sediment drain into shallow injection wells located around the Facility. These wells are below 

the UIC line and are not considered a drinking water source. Therefore, the surface 

water/sediment pathway is considered incomplete. Refer to Figures 7-1 and 7-2. 
Site Inspection Report

Kalaeloa Army Aviation Support Facility #1-JRF, Hawaii Version: FINAL

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 7-4 

This page intentionally left blank
Figure 7-1

Conceptual Site Model

AOI 1 Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF

RECEPTOR

Human Receptors:

Current/Future

Site 

Worker

Construction 

Worker Resident1 Recreational 

User1

Site 

Worker

Construction 

Worker

Resident1 Recreational 

User1

AOI 1

PFAS in 

Surface 

Soil

PFAS in 

Subsurface 

Soil

Human 

Activities

Precipitation/

Run-Off

Leaching/

Infiltration

Airborne 

Soil 

Particulate

Surface Soil 

at AOIs

Surface 

Water/ 

Sediment2

Subsurface 

Soil

Shallow 

Groundwater

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Potential 

Off-Facility 

Sources 

Not under 

Control of 

ARNG

AFFF release 

during 

firefighting 

pump testing

SOURCE

Source Release 

Mechanism Media

PATHWAY

Transport

and Migration Media Exposure 

Routes

Inhalation 

of Dust

Potentially Complete Pathway 

with Exceedance of Screening 

Level

LEGEND

Flow Chart Stops

Flow Chart Continues

Partial/ Possible Flow

Incomplete Pathway

Partially Complete Pathway

Notes:

1. The resident and recreational users refer to offsite receptors.
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Notes:

1. The resident and recreational users refer to 

off-site receptors.

2. Dermal contact exposure pathway is 

incomplete for PFAS. Figure 7-2

Conceptual Site Model

AOI 2 Kalaeloa AASF #1-JRF, HI

RECEPTOR

Human Receptors:

Current/Future

Site 

Worker

Construction 

Worker Resident1,2 Trespasser 

Recreational User1,2

Site 

Worker

Construction 

Worker

Resident1,2 Recreational 

User1, 2

AOI 2

PFAS in 

Surface 

Soil

PFAS in 

Subsurface 

Soil

Human 

Activities

Precipitation/

Run-Off

Leaching/

Infiltration

Airborne 

Soil 

Particulate

Surface Soil 

at AOIs

Surface 

Water/ 

Sediment2

Subsurface 

Soil

Shallow 

Groundwater

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Ingestion

Potential 

releases at 

AFFF hangar 

suppression 

system and 

storage area

SOURCE

Source Release 

Mechanism Media

PATHWAY

Transport

and Migration Media Exposure 

Routes

Inhalation 

of Dust Potential 

Off-Facility 

Sources 

Not under 

Control of 

ARNG
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8. SUMMARY AND OUTCOME

This section summarizes SI activities and findings. The most significant findings are summarized 

in this section and are reproduced directly or abstracted from information contained in this 

report. The outcome provides general and comparative interpretations of the findings relative to 

the SLs. 

8.1 SITE INSPECTION ACTIVITIES 

The SI field activities at the Facility were conducted on 25 March through 5 May 2022. The SI 

field activities included geophysical surveys, soil sample collection, permanent monitoring well 

installation, grab groundwater sample collection, and land surveying. Field activities were 

conducted in accordance with the UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022), except as previously noted 

in Section 5.8. 

To fulfill the project DQOs set forth in the approved SI UFP-QAPP Addendum (EA 2022), 

samples were collected and analyzed for a subset of 24 compounds by LC/MS/MS compliant 

with QSM Version 5.3 Table B-15 as follows: 

• Thirty-one (31) soil sample from 11 locations (10 soil borings locations, one in the 

vicinity of an existing monitoring well location) 

• Eleven (11) grab groundwater samples from well locations

• Twenty-six (26) QA/QC samples

An SI is conducted when the PA determines an AOI exists based on probable use, storage, and/or

disposal of PFAS-containing materials. The SI includes multi-media sampling at AOIs to 

determine whether or not a release has occurred. The SI may conclude further investigation is 

warranted, a removal action is required to address immediate threats, or no further action is 

required. Additionally, the CSMs were refined to assess whether a potentially complete pathway

exists between the source and potential receptors for potential exposure at the AOIs, which are

described in Section 7. 

8.2 OUTCOME

Based on the results of this SI, further evaluation under CERCLA is warranted in an RI for AOI 

2 (see Table 8-1). Based on the CSMs developed and revised in light of the SI findings, there is 

potential for exposure to site workers, construction workers, and trespassers at AOI 2 from 

sources on the Facility resulting from historical DOD activities. 

There is also a potential for exposure to site workers, construction workers, and trespassers at 

AOI 1 from AFFF releases during HDOT firefighting training activities. However, at no point 

during either the PA or the SI was there any evidence that the relevant compounds at AOI 1 were 

the result of current or historical ARNG/DoD activities. 
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Sample chemical analytical concentrations collected during this SI were compared against the 

project SLs in soil and groundwater, as described in Table 6-1. A summary of the results of the 

SI data relative to SLs is as follows:

• AOI 1:

 PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS were detected in the five soil boring/hand 

auger locations at AOI 1. PFOA and PFHxS exceeded the SLs at one location with 

maximum concentrations of 100 μg/kg (110 μg/kg in duplicate sample) and 340 

μg/kg (360 μg/kg in duplicate sample), respectively. PFOS exceeded the SL at two 

locations with a maximum concentration of 1,500 μg/kg. PFBS and PFNA did not 

exceed the SL in any sample. 

 PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS were detected in groundwater from the five 

monitoring wells at AOI 1. PFOS and PFOA exceeded the SL in groundwater in all 

five wells with maximum concentrations of 5,700 ng/L (6,900 ng/L in duplicate 

sample) and 740 ng/L, respectively. PFNA exceeded the SL in groundwater in one of 

five wells with a maximum concentration of 35 ng/L. PFHxS exceeded the SL in 

groundwater in three of five wells with a maximum concentration of 7,100 ng/L.

PFBS did not exceed the SL in any sample. There is no evidence that any of the 

relevant compounds at AOI 1 were the result of current or historical ARNG/DoD 

activities; therefore, no Further Action under CERCLA is warranted.

• AOI 2: 

 PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS were detected in soil at AOI 2 at source 

locations at concentrations below the SLs. PFOA and PFOS were detected below 

their respective SLs in the two boundary sample locations, KAASF-01 and KAASF02, as well. 

 PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFNA, and PFHxS were detected in groundwater from the four

monitoring wells associated with the source area at AOI 2 as well as the two 

boundary locations, KAASF-01 and KAASF-02. PFOS and PFOA exceeded the SLs 

in groundwater in all four source area wells with maximum concentrations of 140 

ng/L and 120 ng/L, respectively. PFOA exceeded the SL in boundary well KAASF01 with a concentration of 7 ng/L. PFOS exceeded the SL in both boundary well 

locations with concentrations of 8.1 and 4.6 ng/L in KAASF-01 and KAASF-02, 

respectively. PFNA exceeded the SL in groundwater in one of four wells with a 

maximum concentration of 19 ng/L. PFHxS exceeded the SL in groundwater in two 

of four wells with a maximum concentration of 140 ng/L. PFBS did not exceed the 

SL in any sample. Based on the results of the SI, further evaluation of AOI 2 is 

warranted in the RI.

Of the six PFAS compounds presented in the 6 July 2022 OSD memorandum, HFPO-DA 

(commonly referred to as GenX) was not included as an analyte at the time of this SI. Based on 

the CSM developed during the PA and revised based on SI findings, the presence of HFPO-DA 
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is not anticipated at the facility because HFPO-DA is generally not a component of MIL-SPEC 

AFFF and based on its history including distribution limitations that restricted use of GenX, it is 

generally not a component of other products the military used. In addition, it is unlikely that 

GenX would be an individual chemical of concern in the absence of other PFAS.

Table 8-1 summarizes the SI results for soil and groundwater used to determine if an AOI should 

be considered for further investigation under CERCLA and undergo an RI.

Table 8-1. Summary of Site Inspection Findings and Recommendations

AOI

Potential Release 

Area

Soil

Source Area

Groundwater

Source Area

Groundwater

Facility Boundary Future Action

1

Former Fuel Farm 

Area

No further

action under

CERCLA

2

Hangar Suppression 

and Storage Proceed to RI

Legend:

 = Detected; exceedance of screening levels

 = Detected; no exceedance of screening levels

 = Not detected
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9. REFERENCES

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Xiao, F., M. F. Simcik, T.R. Halbach, and J.S Gulliver. 2015, Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) 

and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in soils and groundwater of a U.S. metropolitan area: 

Migration and implications for human exposure. Water Research 72:64-74. 
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