<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta name="cp:revision" content="2">
<meta name="meta:word-count" content="9973">
<meta name="extended-properties:Application" content="Microsoft Office Word">
<meta name="meta:last-author" content="Sarah Stella">
<meta name="dc:creator" content="Barney Caton">
<meta name="extended-properties:Company" content="USDA APHIS">
<meta name="meta:print-date" content="2010-12-23T15:45:00Z">
<meta name="xmpTPg:NPages" content="22">
<meta name="dcterms:created" content="2010-12-23T15:49:00Z">
<meta name="dcterms:modified" content="2010-12-23T15:49:00Z">
<meta name="meta:character-count" content="56851">
<meta name="extended-properties:Template" content="Normal.dotm">
<meta name="X-TIKA:Parsed-By" content="org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser">
<meta name="X-TIKA:Parsed-By" content="org.apache.tika.parser.microsoft.OfficeParser">
<meta name="extended-properties:TotalTime" content="600000000">
<meta name="Content-Length" content="302080">
<meta name="meta:page-count" content="22">
<meta name="Content-Type" content="application/msword">
<title></title>
</head>
<body><div class="header"><p class="header"><i>Pest Risk Assessment for Chufle from El Salvador
</i></p>
</div>
<p><b>Importation of Fresh Chufle, <i>Calathea macrosepala</i> K. Schum., immature inflorescences into the Continental United States from El Salvador</b></p>
<p><b>A Pathway-initiated Pest Risk Assessment
</b></p>
<p><b>April 5, 2010</b></p>
<p><b>Revision 03</b></p>
<p class="normal_(Web)"><b>Agency Contact:</b> 
</p>
<p class="normal_(Web)">Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

</p>
<p class="normal_(Web)">United States Department of Agriculture
Animal Plant Health Inspection Services
Plant Protection and Quarantine
1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300
Raleigh, NC 27606
</p>
<h1>Executive Summary
</h1>
<p class="plain_Text">In this document we assessed the risk associated with the importation of fresh chufle, <i>Calathea macrosepala </i>K. Schum., immature inflorescences from El Salvador into the continental United States. Other than postharvest washing, drying, and sorting, we assumed no specialized phytosanitary treatments would be done<i>. </i>Several Lepidoptera species were found to be both quarantine species and likely to follow the pathway.<i> </i>We assessed these species and found that the Consequences of Introduction were negligible because the pests were unsuited for the climates in the continental United States, except in Southern Florida, and no <i>Calathea </i>spp. exist there. Since the lepidopteran had a Pest Risk Potential of Low, we did not list any risk mitigation options.</p>
<p><b>
</b></p>
<p class="plain_Text"><b>Table of Contents
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>iiExecutive Summary
</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>1. Introduction
1</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>2. Risk Assessment
2</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
2</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of <i>Calathea macrosepala</i>
2</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions
3</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests
3</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.5. Pest Categorization: Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
10</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.6. Consequences of Introduction
11</p>
<p class="tOC_2">2.7. Likelihood of Introduction
12</p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>3. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potentials
13</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>4. Authors and Reviewers
15</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>5. Literature Cited
15</b></p>
<p class="tOC_1"><b>6. Appendices
20</b></p>
<p class="tOC_2">Appendix 1. Pests and pathogens intercepted on <i>Calathea</i> sp. at United States ports.
20</p>
<h1>

</h1>
<h1>1. Introduction </h1>
<p>This risk assessment was prepared by Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), in response to a request by the government of El Salvador to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh immature inflorescences of chufle, <i>Calathea macrosepala </i>K. Schum., into the continental United States. This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on risks associated with the importation of the commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative: we express risk as High, Medium, and Low, rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in <i>Pathway-initiated Pest Risk Assessments: Guidelines for Qualitative Assessments</i>, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).
</p>
<p><i>Calathea macrosepala</i> is a member of a large, perennial genus (250+ species) ,which grows throughoutLatin America. Members of the genus are distinguished by large oval leaves, 20-90 cm long, with thick ribs, which gave it the common name, “prayer plant”. Because of the attractive arrangement and size of the leaves,<i> Calathea</i> is used as an ornamental. <i>Calathea macrosepala </i>is drought tolerant, grows between sea level and 2000 m, and its distribution is limited to Central America. Its nearest relatives are <i>C. latifolia </i>and <i>C. soconuscum</i> (Kennedy, 1978). 
</p>
<p>The immature inflorescence—commonly called “chufle” (Calderon and Vasquez, 2005)—is harvested for consumption in Central (San Salvador Department) and Occidental (Ahuachapan and Morazan) El Salvador. The inflorescence is between 5 and 10 cm tall (Kennedy, 1978). Chufle is harvested by hand and then washed in diluted bleach, rinsed in cold water, and packed for shipment (Esquivel, 2005).
</p>
<p>The Salvadoran government wishes to export chufle to the United States to take advantage of the expatriate and immigrant Salvadoran community in the U.S, marketing chufle especially in New York, Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, San Francisco, Washington D.C., Santa Ana, Chicago, Boston, Dallas, and New Orleans (Beatres-Marques<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001; Hernández<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2003). The Salvadoran government estimates annual production of chufle at 5-10 tons, on 25-30 ha (Esquivel, 2005). 
</p>
<p>In creating the required pest risk analysis to import chufle into the United States, we faced two difficulties, 1) taxonomic confusion about the identity of chufle, and 2) a lack of information about pests affecting the crop in Central America. Chufle was identified as <i>C. allouia</i> in a few older references (Bernal and Correa, 1994 Esquivel, 2005) and in the original request to import chufle (Medrano, 2004), but <i>C. macrosepala</i> is the actual chufle plant.<i> Calathea allouia</i> is native to Northern South America and cultivated in Brazil for its starchy rhizome (Kennedy, 2007). Its native range does not extend Northward beyond Panama and does not overlap with <i>C. macrosepala</i> (Kennedy, 1978, 2007), the actual chufle plant. Other references contain a mixture of information about <i>C. allouia</i> and <i>C. macrosepala </i>(Bernal and Correa, 1994)<i> </i>or about<i> C. allouia </i>alone (Noda<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1994). Unfortunately, this made such references difficult to use. Secondly, since it has never been cultivated on a large scale, <i>C. macrosepala </i>has rarely been researched. Most research on <i>Calathea </i>spp. is on ornamentals in greenhouse production. Moreover, the only large scale presence of <i>Calathea </i>spp. in the United States is in greenhouse production in Florida (Chase, 1982), which is agronomically very different from field cultivation in Central America (Chase, 1982, 1990; Leahy, 1991; Pappas and Paplomatas, 1998; Simone and Brunk, 1983). These difficulties suggest that a general risk assessment may be necessary because very little information exists about chufle, and some of that information is unreliable.
</p>
<p>To deal with those challenges, we chose to expand the analysis to include information for the genus <i>Calathea</i> in El Salvador and the neighboring countries of Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Belize, and Southern Mexico which covers part of the natural range of <i>C. macrosepala. </i>We expected this would also provide relevant information about other <i>Calathea</i> species whose pests might interact with <i>C. macrosepala</i>. Although no pest risk analysis can describe all conceivable risks, and expanding the geographic and taxonomic range of the analysis should improve the likelihood of characterizing relevant hazards, even if it includes a few pests with no significant association to chufle. In this document, we focused on risks associated with the immature inflorescence of <i>C. macrosepala</i>, and assumed that only those inflorescences will be imported. 
</p>
<h1>2. Risk Assessment</h1>
<p>A Pest Risk Assessment is a component of an overall Pest Risk Analysis. The Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 1997: ISPM #2) describe three stages in pest risk analysis. This document satisfies the requirements of FAO Stages 1 (initiation) and 2 (risk assessment), by separately considering each area of inquiry, as well as PestID Guidelines version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000).</p>
<p class="footer">We begin this Pest Risk Assessment by identifying the initiating event, conducting a weediness screening, and discussing past decisions on the commodity. We then identify and characterize the pests likely to be associated with <i>C. macrosepala</i> in El Salvador. Finally, we analyze in more detail the quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway with the imported commodity. In that analysis, we assess five risk elements associated with the Consequences of Introduction of pests into the United States. Likewise, we combine six sub-elements to assess the Likelihood of Introduction into the United States. Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values form an evaluation of the Pest Risk Potential. 
</p>
<h2>2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
</h2>
<p>Importation into the continental United States of fresh chufle inflorescences grown in El Salvador is a potential pathway for the introduction of plant pests as indicated in MAG letter No. 285-2004 dated 15 October 2004 (MAG, 2004). Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (7 CFR <b>§ </b>319.56) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.
</p>
<h2>2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Calathea macrosepala
</h2>
<p>The results of screening for weed potential for chufle did not prompt a weed-initiated risk assessment (Table 1).
</p>
<p><b>Table 1. </b>Weediness potential of <i>Calathea macrosepala</i></p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Calathea macrosepala </i>K. Schum.</b></p>
<p><b>Common Names:</b> Chufle (Kennedy, 1978, 2007).
</p>
<p><b>Synonyms:</b> None (NGRP, 2007).</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 1</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Calathea macrosepala</i> is not included in the forty-one species of <i>Calathea </i>distributed in the United States (NGRP, 2007). Consequently, <i>C. macrosepala</i> is not widely distributed in the United States. <i>Calathea</i> spp. are only produced as ornamentals in the US (Chase, 1990).</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 2</b></p>
</td>	<td><p>Invasive / Weediness Status: </p>
</td>	<td><p> </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><u>No</u></p>
</td>	<td><p>Various sources (7 CFR § 360, 2007; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1997; Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1979; Holm<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1977; Reed, 1977; Skinner<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2005; Weber, 2003; WSSA, 2006).</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><u>No</u></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Alien plant invaders of natural areas </i>(Swearingen, 2005).</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><u>No</u></p>
</td>	<td><p><i>A Global Compendium of Weeds</i> (Randall, 2007). </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><u>No</u></p>
</td>	<td><p>Other: (Liogier and Martorell, 2000; Landcare Research, 2005; NRCS, 2007). </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Phase 3</b></p>
</td>	<td><p>Summary and Conclusions: A weed-initiated risk assessment was not initiated for <i>C. macrosepala</i> because there is no evidence in the worldwide literature of invasive behavior by this plant, and the answers to the above questions are negative. The immature inflorescence is unlikely to lead to plant establishment. This commodity does not meet the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). Thus, this pest risk assessment continues.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>2.3. Current Import Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions 
</h2>
<h3>2.3.1. Decision History and Current Status
</h3>
<p>We found no recorded proposals to import<i> </i>chufle<i> </i>into the United States.
</p>
<h3>2.3.2. Current Import Status
</h3>
<p>Chufle immature inflorescences cannot enter the United States as a fresh market commodity pending an analysis of risks. 
</p>
<h3>2.3.3. Pest Interceptions
</h3>
<p>Since El Salvador is the only country where <i>C. macrosepala</i> is cultivated for consumption, we only examined interception records from that country. Only three interceptions have been made on <i>C. macrosepala</i> entering United States ports, for species of Arctiidae and Riodinidae, and <i>Plesiothrips</i> sp. (Thripidae) on <i>Calathea</i> “flowers” in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). All other interceptions are for <i>Calathea</i> spp., <i>C. macrosepala</i>, and pests were reported at the genus level or above. This less detailed taxonomy did not inform the analysis and therefore was not included in the pest list. 
</p>
<h2>2.4. Pest Categorization: Identification of Quarantine Pests
</h2>
<p>We developed a list of pests potentially associated with <i>C. macrosepala </i>or <i>Calathea </i>sp<i>.</i>, and present<i> </i>in El Salvador and neighboring countries (Table 2). In the list we identify the following: (1) the presence or absence of the pests in El Salvador and neighboring countries and in the United States; (2) the references supporting an association between the pest and host; (3) the plant organs where the pest can be found where applicable; (4) the United States quarantine status of the pests; and (5) if the pest could follow the pathway into the continental United States via commercial shipments of chufle inflorescences. </p>
<p class="plain_Text">A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby, but not yet present, or present, but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). A pest is likely to follow the pathway for chufle if the pest is present in El Salvador, is associated with the immature inflorescence at the time of harvest, and remains viable with the immature inflorescence during harvesting, packing, and shipping. The possibility that a quarantine pest following the pathway could establish and spread throughout the United States depends on the presence of appropriate climatic and ecological conditions, including protected areas (such as greenhouses), where the presence of primary or alternative hosts and vectors are influential.
</p>
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Plant pests associated with <i>Calathea</i> sp. in El Salvador and neighboring countries</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest Scientific Name</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Distribution
</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Host reference <i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Plant part(s) association</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Quaran-tine Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Follow pathway</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ARTHROPODS</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Acari: Tetranychidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Tetranychus urticae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>(Koch)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Calderon, 2005); U.S. (Fasulo, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Calderon and Vasquez, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia dilaticollis </i>(Baly)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>McKenna and Ferrell, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf 
 (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005) </p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia erichsonii </i>(Baly)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>McKenna and Ferrell, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia heliconiae </i>(Uhmann)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>McKenna and Ferrell, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia histronica </i>(Baly)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>McKenna and Ferrell, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia trivittata </i>(Baly)<i> </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (McKenna, 2005), CR (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>McKenna, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (McKenna and Ferrell, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia stevensi </i>(Baly)</p>
</td>	<td><p>NI (McKenna, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>McKenna, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (McKenna, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Diptera: Agromyzidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Liriomyza </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Calderon and Vasquez, 2005)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Calderon and Vasquez, 2005<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Calderon and Vasquez, 2005)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Bemisia tabaci </i>(Gennadius)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Calderon and Vasquez, 2005)U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Calderon and Vasquez, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Hemiptera: Diaspididae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Abgrallaspis cyanophilli </i>(Signoret)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001), U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov, et al., 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Chrysomphalus dictyospermi</i> (Morgan)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001), U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001 </p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus brevipes</i> (Cockerell)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, GU, HO, PA (Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001) , U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Ischnaspis longirostris</i> (Signoret)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, CR, PA (Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001), U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pinnaspis strachani </i>(Cooley)</p>
</td>	<td><p>NI, U.S. (Maes, 2004), SV, PA (Ben-Dov<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Maes, 2004</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Arctiidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Selenaspidus articulatus </i>(Morgan)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>HO, CR (CABI, 2006); PA, SV, NI (Ben Dov et al., 2001), U.S. (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CABI, 2006</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Calpodes ethlius</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005) U.S. ({McAuslane, 2007 #37})</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Neoxeniades molion</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Quinta cannae</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhinthon cubana</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saliana fusta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Saliana triangularis</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Noctuiidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rivula leucosticta</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Spodoptera </i>spp.<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV(PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (PestID, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caligo atreus </i>(Kollar)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999); GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caligo eurilochus sulanus </i>(Fruhstorfer)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PA(Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caligo illioneus oberon </i>(Butler)<i> </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caligo memnon </i>(C and R Felder)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Penz<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1999)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Caligo telamonius</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cissia confusa </i>(Staudinger)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Devries, 1997a); CR (Robinson et al., 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997a</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, flower (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Megeuptychia antonoe </i>Cramer</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997a</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opsiphanes bogotanus </i>Distant</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997a</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, flower, (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Opsiphanes tamarindi</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pierella helvetia helvetia </i>(Godman and Salvin)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Devries, 1997a); GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997a</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, flower, (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No3</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Riodinidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia elvina </i>(Stichel)<b><i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV(Devries, 1997b); GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997b</p>
</td>	<td><p>Inflorescence, leaf, flower (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia lycisca </i>(Westwood)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Devries, 1997b)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997b</p>
</td>	<td><p>Inflorescence, leaf, flower (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia patrona </i>(Weymer)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Devries, 1997b)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997b</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, stem, inflorescence (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia unxia </i>(Godman and Salvin)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (Devries, 1997b)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997b</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, flower (Devries, 1997a)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Riodinidae </i>spp<i>.</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (PestID, 2008)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Devries, 1997b; PestID, 2008<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, stem (PestID, 2008)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Lepidoptera: Saturniidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Automeris banus</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>GU (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (Janzen and Hallwachs, 2005)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Thysanoptera: Thripidae</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plesiothrips </i>spp<i>.</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (PestID, 2008)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf, stem, flower (PestID, 2008)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>BACTERIA</b></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Psuedomonas cichorii</i><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Calderon and Vasquez, 2005); U.S (Leahy, 1991).</p>
</td>	<td><p> Calderon and Vasquez, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>FUNGI and CHROMISTANS </b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria alternata</i> (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Escobar, 2003), GT, HN, MX, PA, U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chase, 1990; Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Alternaria </i>sp.<i> </i>Ness (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Calderon and Vasquez, 2005), U.S. (Chase, 1990)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Calderon and Vasquez, 2005</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Botrytis cinerea</i> Pers.: Fr. (Teleomorph: <i>Botryotinia fuckeliana</i> (de Bary) Whetzel (Ascomycetes: Helotiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008); U.S. (Alfieri<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1993) </p>
</td>	<td><p>Calderon and Vasquez, 2005; Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cercospora calatheae </i>Viégas & Chupp (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PA (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2007); U.S. (FL) (Alfieri<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1993)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2007</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cochliobolus lunatus</i> R.R. Nelson & Haasis [Anamorph: <i>Curvularia lunata </i>(Wakker) Boedjin] (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Acuña, 1976; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967), U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008; Lins and Coelho, 2004</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum dematium</i> (Pers.:Fr.) Grove (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>NI, GT, MX, U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2007, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<b> </b></i>(Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.<b><i> 
</i></b>Syn<i>: C. agave<b>s</b> </i>Cavara (Teleomorph:<b><i> </i></b><i>Glomerella cingulata </i>(Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk) Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis<b><i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)<b><i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008; Pappas and Paplomatas, 1998<b><i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>NA<b><i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>No<b><i></i></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>NA<b><i></i></b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deightoniella torulosa</i><b> </b>(Syd.) M.B. Ellis 
Syn: <i>Helminthosporium torulosum</i> (Syd.) S.F. Ashby (Ascomycetes, Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>NI, PA (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008), U.S. (limited to FL, PR, HI, and VI) (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Lins and Coelho, 2004</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium moniliforme</i> J. Sheld. 
Syn: <i>F. verticillioides</i> (Sacc.) Nirenberg (Teleomorph:<b> </b><i>Gibberella moniliformis</i> Wineland (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GT, HN, NI, U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008; UNL-Nematology, 2000</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium oxysporum </i>Schltdl.: Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008; MAG, 2005; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967), U.S. (CABI, 2007; Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008) </p>
</td>	<td><p>Miller, 1994 Chase, 1990</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Fusarium solani</i> (Mart.) Sacc. [Teleomorph: <i>Haematonectria hematococca</i> (Berk. and Broome) Samuels and Rossman] (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, HN, MX, NI (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008), U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Calderon and Vasquez, 2005; Miller, 1994</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Mycena citricolor </i>(Berk. and M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales)<i> </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (CABI, 2007; FEDECAME, 1960; González<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001), U.S. (PR, VI, FL) (CABI, 2006; Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Wellman, 1977</p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (FEDECAME, 1960; Wellman, 1977), Stems, and Fruits (González<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2001)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Myrothecium roridum</i> Tode: Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, GT, CR, U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008, Henny<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1991<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Periconia byssoides</i> Pers. Syn: <i>P. pycnospora</i> Fresen (Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, PA, U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia </i>sp<i>.</i> (Urediniomycetes, Uredinales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR (PestID, 2008)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>PestID, 2008<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Leaf (PestID, 2008)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Yes<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Puccinia thaliae</i> Dietel 
Syn: <i>P. cannae</i> (G. Winter) Henn.,<i> Uredo cannae</i> G. Winter (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>CR, GT, PA (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008), U.S. (Sivanesan, 1970)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2007<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>No<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pyricularia oryzae </i>Cavara Anamorph: Magnaporthe (Sordariomycetes, Incertae sedis)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, U.S. (CABI, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Pappas and Paplomatas, 1998</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> J.G. Kühn Teleomorph: <i>Thanatephorus cucumeris </i>(A.B. Frank) Donk (Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, NI, HN, PA, CR, GT, BZ, US (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Rosellinia bunodes</i> (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales)</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008; MAG, 2005), U.S. (Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008, Hoopen and Krauss, 2006)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Farr<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2008</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>NEMATODES</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Aphelenchoides besseyi </i>Christie<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (CABI, 2007), U.S. (CABI, 2007; Ferris, 2007)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>de Oliveira and Kubo, 2001<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NA<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>No<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NA<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Helicotylenchus dihystera </i>(Cobb) Sher</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gandarilla Basterrechea and Fernández Gonzálvez, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> (Kofoid & White) Chitwood<i> </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, U.S. (CABI, 2007)<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>de Oliveira and Kubo, 2001<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NA<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>No<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>NA<i></i></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Radopholus similis</i> (Cobb) Thorne<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Calderon and Vasquez, 2005), U.S. (EPPO, 1990)</p>
</td>	<td><p>UNL-Nematology, 2000<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Xiphinema americanum </i>Cobb<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Gandarilla Basterrechea and Fernández Gonzálvez, 2002</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>VIRUSES and VIROIDS</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cucumber mosaic virus</i><b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>SV, U.S. (CABI, 2007)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Chase, 1990; Henley<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2007<i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>N/A</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>ALGAE</b><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p><i></i></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td>	<td><p></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaleuros virescens</i> Kűnze Trentepohliaceae</p>
</td>	<td><p>SV (Acuña, 1976), U.S. (Holcomb, 1986; Mullen and Hagan, 2003)</p>
</td>	<td><p><i> </i>Wellman, 1977</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td>	<td><p>No</p>
</td>	<td><p>NA</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>2.5. Pest Categorization: Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
</h2>
<p class="body_Text">Quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway, i.e<i>.</i>, be included in commercial shipments of chufle (Table 4), will be analyzed in detail in this risk assessment [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)].
</p>
<p class="body_Text">Other quarantine plant pests in this assessment which were not further scrutinized may be potentially detrimental to agricultural production systems of the United States or the natural environment. Pests identified only at the genus level or higher were not analyzed if the group already occurs in the United States. However, we recognize that individual species within those taxonomic groups are potential pests that may not occur in the United States. The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only by genus (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #2). By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate biological and taxonomic information is available. There may be many species within a genus, and we cannot reasonably assume identical biology for all organisms within a genus. The lack of species identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or inadequacy of the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for species identification. The lack of identification at the specific level does not allow clear identification of quarantine status.
</p>
<p class="body_Text">Pests of chufle likely to follow the pathway, but reported at the genus or less detailed taxonomic level which already occur in the United States are included in Table 3. However, they are not analyzed in this risk assessment. Pests reported only by genus are:<i> Liriomyza </i>spp.<i>, Plesiothrips </i>spp<i>., Spodoptera</i> spp.,<i> Alternaria </i>sp., and <i>Puccinia </i>sp<i>. </i>The lack of specific biological information on any given organism should not be equated with low risk, since vague taxonomic identifications can hide the occurrence of known or unknown quarantine pests. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at a genus, family, or order level are intercepted on chufle from El Salvador in the future, their species specific determination should follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and a re-evaluation of their risk may be necessary. 
</p>
<p>None of these arthropods has a geographic range that includes the United States which implies that they are quarantine pests and that they can be treated as such, if they are discovered during a port of entry inspection. If more information becomes available concerning these pests in the future, they can be analyzed to determine their potential ability to colonize and cause damage. 
</p>
<p>We found four quarantine pests that could follow the pathway: <i>E. elvina, E. lycisca, E. patrona</i>, and <i>E. unxia</i>, which are all Lepidoptera: Riodinidae<i>. </i>We found only very limited information for <i>E. unxia. </i>Because of this, and because of the similarities in behavior and distribution of all four species, we analyzed them together, and noted any exceptions for particular species. 
</p>
<h2>2.6. Consequences of Introduction
</h2>
<p>USDA estimates the Consequences of Introduction using five risk elements: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. They assign a Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) to each Risk Element and add the Risk Elements to produce a Cumulative Risk Rating for each pest analyzed (PPQ, 2000). Table 3 summarizes the Consequences of Introduction values.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b><i>Eurybia </i>spp<i>. </i>(<i>Eurybia elvina, E. lycisca, E. patrona,</i> and <i>E. unxia</i>)</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Risk ratings</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction
</b></p>
<p>All four lepidopteran are limited to tropical rain forest habitats (Devries, 1997). The only climate zone in the continental United States that corresponds to the area is zone 11 in Southern Florida (PERAL, 2008).</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 2: Host Range
</b></p>
<p>All four lepidopteran have only been observed feeding on <i>Calathea </i>spp. The genus <i>Eurybia</i> has only been observed on Marantaceae and Zinigiberacaceae (Devries, 1997).<b></b></p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential
</b></p>
<p>The flying abilities of the four lepidopteran are limited by their small size. The largest butterfly of the four has a 30-35 mm wingspan and is described as a rapid flyer (Devries, 1997). These characteristics suggest that long-distance flight is not likely. No member of the family Riodinidae (“metalmarks”) is reported as being a strong flier. The limited area in which each member of the genus is found and its limited flying ability suggests limited ability to disperse.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 4: Economic Impact
</b></p>
<p><i>Eurybia elvina </i>is known to be a prodigious consumer of <i>Calathea</i> flowers and seeds (Devries, 1997). The other three species may also severely damage the ability of chufle to reproduce, as they all consume the inflorescence. However, damage appears limited to lowering chufle<i> </i>production.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><b>Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact
</b></p>
<p>No members of <i>Calathea</i> are listed as endangered in the United States. The genus appears restricted to <i>Calathea</i> so effects on other plant or animal species appear unlikely.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Table 3. </b>Summary of Risk Ratings for Consequences of Introduction
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Climate/ Host Interaction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Host Range</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Dispersal Potential</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Economic Impact</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Environ. Impact</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumulative Risk Ratinga</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia elvina</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6) </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia lycisca</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia patrona</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6) </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia uxnia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6) </p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low = 5-8 points; Medium = 9-12 points; High = 13-15 points.
</p>
<h2>2.7. Likelihood of Introduction
</h2>
<p class="body_Text_2">The likelihood of a pest being introduced and establishing a reproductive population is dependent on a series of six independent events: 1) the quantity of the commodity imported, 2) the ability of the pest to survive post-harvest treatment, 3) the ability of the pest to survive shipment, 4) the probability the pest will not be detected at the port of entry, 5) the likelihood that it will be moved to a suitable habitat, and 6) the probability that it will come into contact with suitable host material (PPQ, 2000). We evaluated these six elements below.
</p>
<h3>2.7.1. Quantity of product imported annually 
</h3>
<p class="body_Text_2">The market for chufle in the United States is limited. The primary intended consumers are Salvadoran ex-patriots and recent immigrants. Chufle could only be marketed in communities with sufficient size to justify the costs of shipping and to quickly consume the product before it spoils. Only a few areas in the United States meet those criteria (Hernández<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2003). The quantities to be shipped to the United States are likely to be small until these markets are developed so the likely number of containers is less than 10 (Hernández<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2003) and the risk associated with the quantity being imported is Low. 
</p>
<h3>2.7.2. Survive postharvest treatment
</h3>
<p>The most likely postharvest treatments are washing and culling damaged inflorescences (Esquivel, 2005). Washing would remove large larvae and culling could remove visibly damaged inflorescences and further address visible arthropods. Recently hatched lepidopteran could easily escape visual detection and washing. Thus the risk associated with surviving post harvest treatment is Medium.
</p>
<h3>2.7.3. Survive shipment
</h3>
<p>Lepidoptera have been intercepted on <i>Calathea</i> spp. from Costa Rica,on flower shipments, Their presence does demonstrate that lepidoptera can survive transport on flowers. The shipping time is so short, a few hours by air (the most likely method of entry), that it should not be significant source of lepidopteran mortality compared to post harvest treatment or the climate at the exporting or receiving port. The risk of surviving the shipment is High.
</p>
<h3>2.7.4. Not detected at port of entry
</h3>
<p>Small lepidoterans or microlepidopterans are frequently missed at ports-of-entry because they are too small for easy visual detections. Especially if damage to the fruit is slight, inspectors may not take the time required for a close visual inspection to find freshly hatched lepidopteran. Since <i>Eurybia</i> spp. may be small, they are more likely to escape detection. However, most larval stages are visually detectable, so there is a chance that inspection can intercept <i>Eurybia</i> sp. larva. Thus, the risk is Medium.
</p>
<h3>2.7.5. Imported or moved to an area with an environment suitable for survival
</h3>
<p>The only environment suitable for the <i>Eurybia</i> spp. in the United States is South Florida. Since the Salvadoran government has targeted Miami as a market for Salvadoran products, chufle is highly likely to be imported into South Florida (Hernández<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 2003). The risk associated with importation into a suitable area is High. </p>
<h3>2.7.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction
</h3>
<p><i>Calathea</i> spp. are not native to the continental United States: <i>Calathea</i> is only found in greenhouse production and as an ornamental in gardens (Chase, 1990; Leahy, 1991; Poole<i> </i>et al<i>.</i>, 1991). The quantity of ornamental plants and their wide dispersal would prevent the growth of a successful colony. Normal phytosanitary measures in U.S. greenhouse production would probably prevent <i>Eurybia</i> from entering and colonizing a greenhouse. Even if <i>Eurybia</i> could enter a greenhouse in the United States, it would probably be detected and eliminated easily. The risk associated with finding suitable host material is Low.
</p>
<h3>2.7.7. Cumulative Risk Ratings</h3>
<p>A Cumulative Risk Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction was obtained by summing the six sub-elements together (Table 4). Overall, the three <i>Eurybia spp.</i> have a Medium likelihood (12), of introduction and establishment in the United States. 
</p>
<p><b>Table 4. </b>Summary of Risk Ratings for Likelihood of Introduction
</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Quantity imported</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Survive post-harvest treatment</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Survive ship-ment</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Not detected </b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Moved to suitable habitat</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Contact host material</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumulative Risk Ratinga</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia elvina</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia lycisca</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia patrona</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia uxnia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Med (2)</p>
</td>	<td><p>High (3)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (1)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low = 6–9 points; Medium = 10–14 points; High = 15–18 points
</p>
<h1>3. Conclusion: Pest Risk Potentials 
</h1>
<p>We summarize Pest Risk Potential by summing the two cumulative risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction (PPQ, 2000). The Pest Risk Potential of a pest is a qualitative estimation of risk that is expressed in terms of Low, Medium, or High. According to the <i>Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5</i>.<i>02 </i>(PPQ, 2000), port of entry inspection provides sufficient phytosanitary security for pests assigned Low pest risk potentials, while specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary for Medium pest risk potentials and are strongly recommended for High pest risk potentials. With a Consequence of Introduction score of 6 and a Likelihood of Introduction score of 12, the overall Pest Risk Potential for <i>Eurybia </i>spp.<i> </i>is Low (18)<b> </b>(Table 5). No specific phytosanitary measures, beyond port inspection, are required since the ability of these <i>Eurybia</i> spp. to colonize the United States and do damage is very limited.
</p>
<p><b>Table 5. </b>Pest Risk Potentials</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Consequences of Introduction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Likelihood of Introduction</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Cumulative Risk Ratinga</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia elvina</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (18)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia lycisca</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (18)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia patrona</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (18)</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eurybia uxnia</i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (6)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Medium (12)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Low (18)</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>a Low =11-18 points; Medium = 19-26 points; High = 27-33 point</p>
<h1>4. Authors and Reviewers</h1>
<p><b>Prepared by</b>:<b> 
</b></p>
<p>John Rogers, Risk Analyst1 
</p>
<p><b>Reviewers:
</b></p>
<p>Dan Borchert, Entomologist1</p>
<p>Lisa Ferguson, Plant Pathologist1</p>
<p>Ashley Jackson, Editorial Assistant1</p>
<p>1 USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST-PERAL</p>
<h1>5. Literature Cited
</h1>
<p>7 CFR § 360. 2007. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 360 (7 CFR §360 - Noxious Weed Regulations). 
</p>
<p>Acuña, L. E. 1976. Manual de enfermedades de cultivos tropicales Pages 77. Centro Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Santa Tecla, El Salvador.</p>
<p>Alfieri, S. A., K. R. Langdon, J. W. Kimboroough, N. E. El-Gholl, and C. Wehlburg. 1993. Disease and disorders of plants in Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida. 628-629 pp.
</p>
<p>Beatres-Marques, S., H. Jensen, and G. Brester. 2001. Salvadorian Consumption of Ethnic Food in the United States. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 24 pp.
</p>
<p>Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, and G. A. P. Gibson. 2007. ScaleNet. Last accessed October 22, 2007, http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/lifehist.htm 
</p>
<p>Bernal, H., and J. Correa. 1994. Especies Vegetales Promisorias de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello. Talleres de Editora Guada1upeLtda., Santa Fe de bogota, Colombia.</p>
<p>CABI. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau (CABI).Wallingford, UK. 
</p>
<p>Calderon, G. R., and R. G. Vasquez. 2005. Manual Tecnico Para el Control de Plagas. PROSAIA-USAID, Santa Tecla, El Salvador. 63 pp.</p>
<p>Chase, A. R. 1982. Alternaria leaf spot of Calathea spp. Plant Disease 66(10):953-954.
</p>
<p>Chase, A. R. 1990. Diseases of Potted Foliage Plants-1990 Listing. University of Florida, Apopka, FL. 1-21 pp.</p>
<p>de Oliveira, C. M. G., and R. K. Kubo. 2001. Nematodes parasitos de plantas ornamentais (Parasitic nematodes of ornamental plants). Last accessed 18 March, 2008, http://www.biologico.sp.gov.br/rifib/XIVRifib/oliveira.PDF.
</p>
<p>Devries, P. 1997a. The Butterflies of Costa Rica and Their Natural History, Volume I. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 288 pp.
</p>
<p>Devries, P. 1997b. The Butterflies of Costa Rica and Their Natural History, Volume II. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 288 pp.
</p>
<p>EPPO. 1990. <i>Radophilus citrophilus</i> and <i>Radopholus similis</i>. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Last accessed August 27, 2007, www.eppo.org.</p>
<p>Escobar, J. C. 2003. Manejo integrado de plagas de cultivos hortícolas Proyecto Agricultura Sostenible en Zonas de Ladera, Centro Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria y Forestal (CENTA) -FAO-HOLANDA, El Salvador. 123 pp.</p>
<p>Esquivel, H. 2005. Informe Tecnico sobre el Cultivo Chufle. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, San Salvador, El Salvador. 4 pp.
</p>
<p>Farr, D. F., A. Y. Rossman, M. E. Palm, and E. B. McCray. 2008. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Last accessed 14 February 2008, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/.
</p>
<p>Fasulo, T. R. 2007. <i>Tetranychus urticae </i>Koch (Arachnida: Acari: Tetranychidae) University of Florida. Last accessed August 27, 2007, http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/twospotted_mite.htm.
</p>
<p>FEDECAME. 1960. Plagas y enfermedades del cafeto en El Salvador. Federación Cafetalera de América (FEDECAME).</p>
<p>Ferris, H. 2007. NEMAPLEX: the Nematode plant expert information system. Department of Nematology, University of California, Davis, California. Last accessed 19 March 2008, http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/.
</p>
<p>Gandarilla Basterrechea, H., and E. Fernández Gonzálvez. 2002. Registro actualizado de fitonemátodos en plantas ornamentales de Cuba. Fitosanidad 6(3):9-27. </p>
<p>González, O., F. Bautista, A. Hernández, A. Rivera, and R. Ramírez. 2001. Combate integrado de plagas enfermedades, nematodos y malezas del cafeto. Fundación Salvadoreña para investigaciones del café. PROCAFE San Salvador, El Salvador. 118 pp.
</p>
<p>Gunn, C. R., and C. A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Technical Bulletin Number 1719.). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.A. 313 pp.
</p>
<p>Henley, R. W., A. R. Chase, and L. S. Osborne. 2007. Maranta Production Guide. Commercial Foliage Crop Production Notes CFREC-A Foliage Plant Research Note RH-91-22:11. Last accessed 7 August 2007, http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/folnotes/maranta.htm.
</p>
<p>Henny, R. J., A. R. Chase, and L. S. Osborne. 1991. Dieffenbachia Production Guide. CFREC (Central Florida Research and Education Center), University of Florida IFAS Research Report - R H 91-13 1-10. Last accessed 16 April 2005, http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/folnotes/dieffenb.htm.
</p>
<p>Hernández, E. L., J. E. Alfaro, E. F. Fagoaga, A. M. Vásquez, A. M. Carillo, and D. A. Carballo. 2003. Estudio de Mercado de Productos Etnicos in EE.UU. Ministerio de Economia de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador.</p>
<p>Holcomb, G. E. 1986. Hosts of the parasitic alga <i>Cephaleuros virescens</i> in Louisiana and new host records for the continental United States. Plant Disease 70(11):1080-1083.
</p>
<p>Holm, L., J. Doll, E. Holm, J. Rancho, and J. Herberger. 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1129 pp.
</p>
<p>Holm, L. G., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L. Plucknett. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, U.S.A. 391 pp.
</p>
<p>Holm, L. G., D. L. Plucknett, J. V. Pancho, and J. P. Herberger. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, U.S.A. 69 pp.
</p>
<p>Hoopen, G. M. t., and U. Krauss. 2006. Biology and control of <i>Rosellinia bunodes</i>, <i>Rosellinia necatrix</i> and <i>Rosellinia pepo</i>: A Review. Crop Protection 25:89-107.
</p>
<p>IPPC. 2007. International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures, 1 to 29 (2007 edition). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Rome, Italy. 376 pp.</p>
<p>Janzen, D. H., and W. Hallwachs. 2005. Dynamic database for an inventory of the macrocaterpillar fauna, and its food plants and parasitoids, of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica University of Pennsylvania. Last accessed http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu.</p>
<p>Kennedy, H. 1978. Systematics and pollination of the "closed-flowered" species of <i>Calathea  </i>(Marantaceae). University California Press, Berkely, Cal.
</p>
<p>Kennedy, H. 2007 <i>Calathea macrosepala</i> not <i>C. allouia</i>. Personal communication to J. Rogers on August 1, 2007. 
</p>
<p>Leahy, R. M. 1991. Bacterial Leaf Spot of <i>Calathea</i> spp. Florida Dept of Ag. and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL.
</p>
<p>Lins, S. R. O., and R. S. B. Coelho. 2004. Ocorrência de doenças em plantas ornamentais tropicais no Estado de Pernambuco (Occurrence of diseases on tropical ornamental plants in the State of Pernambuco). Fitopatologia Brasileira 29:332-335.
</p>
<p>Liogier, H. A., and L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis (2nd ed.). Editorial de la Universidad the Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.</p>
<p>Landcare Research. 2005. Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants. Landcare Research. Last accessed June 25, 2007, http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/.
</p>
<p>Maes, J. M. 2004. Insectos associados a algunos cultivos tropicales en el Atlantico de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 64 (Suplamento 1):75.</p>
<p>MAG. 2005. List of pests in El Salvador. Personal communication to O. Parfait (CEF) on 27 April 2005, from Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia De El Salvador (MAG).</p>
<p>McGuire Jr., J. U., and B. S. Crandall. 1967. Survey of insect pests and plant diseases of selected food crops of Mexico, Central America, and Panama. USDA. 159 pp.
</p>
<p>McKenna, D. 2005. Entomological adventures in the Southern Atlantic Autonomous Region of Nicaragua. Chrysomela newsletter (45):7-8.
</p>
<p>McKenna, D., and B. Ferrell. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf 'hispine' beetle genus <i>Cephaloleia</i> (Chevrolat) (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:117-131.</p>
<p>Medrano, P. 2004. Initiating Event. Ministerio de Agricultura Y Ganaderia, San Salvador, El Salvador. pp. 1.</p>
<p>Miller, J. W. 1994. Plant Pathology Section. Ornamentals and foliage plants Tri-ology 33(3). Last accessed 16 April 2005, http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/94-7&8all.htm.
</p>
<p>Mullen, J., and S. Hagan. 2003. Algal leaf spot The Alabama Cooperative Extension System - Plant Disease Notes. Last accessed 28 February 2008, http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0943/ANR-0943.pdf?PHPSESSID=cfb81b04ea5243430d9795daeb807558.
</p>
<p>Naeve, L. 2003. Owl Butterflies at the Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing. Pages 1-3 <i>in</i> ISU Extension News Release. Iowa State University.
</p>
<p>NGRP. Year-a. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl?language=en. (Archived at PERAL)
</p>
<p>Noda, H., C. R. Bueno, and D. F. S. Filho (eds.). 1994. Guinea Arrowroot <i>(Calathea allouia</i>). FAO, Rome, Italy.
</p>
<p>NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), The National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov. (Archived at PERAL)
</p>
<p>Pappas, A. C., and E. J. Paplomatas. 1998. Pyricularia leaf spot: A new disease of ornamental plants of the family Marantaceae. Plant Disease 82(5):465-469.
</p>
<p>Penz, C., A. Aiello, and R. Srygley. 1999. Early stages of <i>Caligo illioneus</i> and <i>C. idomeneus</i> (Nymphalidae, Brassolinae) from Panama with remarks on larval food plants for subfamily. Journal of Lepidopteran Society 53(4):142-152.</p>
<p>PERAL. 2008. Plant Hardiness Zones of the United States: Area and Population Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Raleigh, NC. 6 pp.
</p>
<p>PestID. 2008. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL)
</p>
<p>PPQ. 2000. Guidelines for pathway-initiated pest risk assessments (Version 5.02). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Riverdale, MD. 30 pp.
</p>
<p>Randall, R. P. 2007. A Global Compendium of Weeds, Online Database. Department of Agriculture of Western Australia. Last accessed January 12, 2007, http://www.hear.org/gcw/.
</p>
<p>Reed, C. F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C. 746 pp.</p>
<p>Robinson, G.S., P.R. Ackery, I.J. Kitching, G.W. Beccaloni, and L.M. Hernández. 2007. HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/. (Archived at PERAL)
</p>
<p>Simone, G.W., and D.D. Brunk. 1983. New leaf spot disease of <i>Calathea</i> and <i>Maranta</i> spp. incited by <i>Drechslera setariae</i>. Plant Disease 67(10):1160-1161.
</p>
<p>Sivanesan, A. 1970. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. CABI bioscience. Last accessed August, 27, 2007, www.cababstractplus.org.
</p>
<p>Skinner, K., L. Smith, and P. Rice. 2005. Noxious Weeds in the US and Canada, Online Database. University of Montana. Last accessed February 25, 2005, http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/Noxious_Weeds/.
</p>
<p>Swearingen, J. 2005. Alien plant invaders of natural areas. National Park Service. Last accessed May 2, 2005, http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/list/all.htm.
</p>
<p>UNL-Nematology. 2000. <i>Radopholus similis</i>. University of Nebraska. Last accessed August 27, 2007, nematode.unl.edu.
</p>
<p>Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. 548 pp.
</p>
<p>Wellman, F. L. 1977. Dictionary of Tropical American Crops and Their Diseases. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, NJ, USA.
</p>
<p>WSSA. 2006. Weed List. Weed Science Society of America (WSSA). Last accessed November 28, 2006, http://www.wssa.net/weednames/common.asp.
</p>
<h1>6. Appendices
</h1>
<h2>Appendix 1. Pests and pathogens intercepted on Calathea sp. at United States ports.
</h2>
<p>Data are from 1985 to 2007 (PestID, 2008).</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Pest </b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Origin</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Arctiidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephalalges</i> Sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cephaloleia</i> Sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cerichrestus</i> Sp. (Chrysomelidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Cicadellidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Cochliobolus</i> Sp.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Crambidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Deroceras laeve</i> (Müller) (Agriolimacidae) *Non-Rep*</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Dysmicoccus</i> Sp. (Pseudococcidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Eleodes</i> Sp. (Tenebrionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Epermeniidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Gelechiidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Glyphipterigidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Helicarionidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Hesperiidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lepidoptera, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Listroderes</i> Sp. (Curculionidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Mexico</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Lycaenidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Margarodidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Megathymidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Microlepidoptera, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Pallifera costaricensis</i> (Mörch) (Philomycidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Plesiothrips</i> Sp. (Thripidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pseudococcidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pterophoridae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyralidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Pyraloidea, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Nicaragua</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Riodinidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>El Salvador</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Sarasinula plebeia</i> (Fischer) (Veronicellidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p><i>Succinea costaricana</i> Von Martens (Succineidae)</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tettigoniidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Thyrididae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tineidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>Tortricidae, Species Of</p>
</td>	<td><p>Costa Rica</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><img src="embedded:image1.emf" alt="image1.emf"></p>
<p>15
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>� The countries are abbreviated as follows: SV= El Salvador, BE= Belize , CR=Costa Rica, GU=Guatemala, HO: Honduras, NI= Nicaragua, PA=Panama, U.S. =United States
</p>
<p>� We based species consumption of leaves upon information about the genus, not species-specific information.
</p>
<p>� The pests are associated with flowers, but Devries (1997a) specifically indicated that no association existed with immature inflorescences.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<div class="footer"><p class="footer">PAGE  </p>
<p class="footer">Rev. 03
April 5, 2010
1</p>
</div>
</body></html>