[Cite as In re S.T., 2020-Ohio-8.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 GREENE COUNTY 

IN THE MATTER OF: S.T., III : 

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Appellate Case Nos. 2019-CA-23 and 

2019-CA-34 

Trial Court Case No. B48241 

(Appeal from Common Pleas CourtJuvenile Division) 

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O P I N I O N 

Rendered on the 3rd day of January, 2020. 

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NATHANIEL R. LUKEN, Atty. Reg. No. 0087864, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Greene 

County Prosecutor’s Office, 55 Greene Street, First Floor, Xenia, Ohio 45385 

Attorney for Appellee, Greene County Children Services Board 

 

SEAN BRINKMAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0088253, 10 West Monument Avenue, Dayton, Ohio 

45402 

 Attorney for Appellant, Mother 

ROBERT ALAN BRENNER, Atty. Reg. 0067714, No. P.O. Box 340214, Beavercreek, 

Ohio 45434 

 Attorney for Appellant, Father 

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DONOVAN, J. 
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{¶ 1} Appellants Father and Mother appeal from a judgment of the Greene County 

Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, terminating their parental rights and granting 

permanent custody of their child, S.T., to Greene County Children Services (“GCCS”). 

Mother filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on May 20, 2019. Father filed a 

timely notice of appeal with this Court on May 31, 2019. 

{¶ 2} The record establishes that S.T. was born on June 6, 2009. Mother and 

Father never married, nor did they live together. Prior to his removal, S.T. had been in 

the sole physical custody of Mother since he was nine months old. Father had not seen 

S.T. since the child was nine months old and did not have a relationship with him. 

{¶ 3} After a report of unsafe conditions at Mother’s residence, which had been 

condemned, GCCS contacted the juvenile court on June 20, 2017, and requested 

emergency custody of S.T., which the magistrate granted.1 On June 21, 2017, GCCS 

filed a complaint alleging that S.T. was abused, neglected, and dependent. After a 

shelter care hearing on the same day, the magistrate awarded GCCS interim custody of 

S.T., finding that reasonable efforts had been made by GCCS to prevent removal of the 

child from the home, to eliminate the continual removal from the home, and to make it 

possible for the child to return home. 

{¶ 4} At an adjudication hearing on July 18, 2017, the magistrate found S.T. to be 

an “endangered child” pursuant to R.C. 2919.22. The magistrate also found that S.T. 

was abused, neglected, and dependent. A dispositional hearing was held on August 31, 

2017, after which the magistrate made another reasonable effort finding on behalf of 

 

1 As a result of the unsafe and hazardous conditions at Mother’s residence, both she and 

her boyfriend were arrested and charged with endangering children. 
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GCCS and granted the agency temporary custody of S.T. 

{¶ 5} We note that in the early pendency of the case, GCCS created a case plan 

for Mother and Father whereby they could address the issues that led to the removal of 

the children from their care. The initial case plan for Mother included the following: 1) sign 

all releases of information; 2) obtain and maintain secure, safe, and stable housing; 3) 

perform household cleaning duties on a regular basis in order to prevent hazards in the 

home; 4) continue with mental health appointments and take medications as prescribed; 

5) regularly attend S.T.’s specialized medical and educational appointments; 6) develop 

a better understanding of S.T.’s various medications and diagnoses; 7) complete 

parenting classes; 8) undergo a parenting-psychological evaluation; and 8) demonstrate 

the ability to provide for S.T.’s basic needs. 

{¶ 6} GCCS caseworker Amanda Ray testified that prior to and during the 

pendency of the instant case, Father resided out-of-state in Kent County, Michigan. Ray 

testified that Father could not be included in the case plan because he lived in another 

state. Nevertheless, GCCS provided Father with a list of objectives for reunification with 

S.T.; which included the following: 1) sign all releases of information; 2) obtain and 

maintain secure, safe, and stable housing; 3) attend visitations with S.T.; and 4) attend 

S.T.’s medical and educational appointments. In January 2018, GCCS became aware 

that Father’s other child, S.T.’s half-sibling, had been removed from Father’s custody due 

to a report of domestic violence. Specifically, Father admitted to Ray that he struck the 

mother of his other child “because that’s the only way she knows how to learn.” Tr. 293. 

Thereafter, Father’s list of objectives was expanded to include the following: 1) comply 

with the case plan created by the children’s services agency in Kent County, Michigan; 
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2) attend parenting classes; 3) attend a domestic violence class and/or obtain a batterer’s 

assessment. 

{¶ 7} On June 5, 2018, GCCS filed a motion requesting permanent custody of S.T. 

At a review hearing held on June 21, 2018, the juvenile court found that GCCS had made 

reasonable efforts with respect to S.T., Mother, and Father, and ordered that S.T. remain 

in the temporary custody of GCCS pending the outcome of the permanent custody 

hearing. On July 31, 2018, Mother filed a motion for an extension of temporary custody. 

On August 17, 2018, Father filed a motion for legal custody of S.T., or in the alternative a 

motion for extension of temporary custody with GCCS. 

{¶ 8} A permanent custody hearing was held before the juvenile court over two 

days on August 30, 2018, and November 27, 2018. After hearing testimony from 

witnesses called by GCCS, Mother, and Father, and viewing the evidence adduced by 

the parties, the juvenile court granted GCCS's motion for permanent custody, thereby 

terminating the parental rights of Mother and Father. 

{¶ 9} It is from this judgment that Mother and Father separately appeal. 

Mother’s Appeal 

{¶ 10} Mother’s sole assignment of error is as follows: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING THE EXPERT OPINION 

TESTIMONY. 

{¶ 11} Mother contends that the trial court erred in permitting the expert opinion 

testimony of Dr. Casey Kelliher, the psychologist who conducted Mother’s parentingpsychological evaluation. Dr. Kelliher also testified as an expert in psychology and 

parenting evaluation without objection. Specifically, Mother argues that Dr. Kelliher’s 
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testimony should have been excluded “because his opinions were not to a reasonable 

degree of psychological certainty.” 

{¶ 12} Initially, we note that neither Mother nor Father objected at the permanent 

custody hearing to the admission of Dr. Kelliher's testimony, to his qualifications, or to any 

failure to move for his designation as an expert. “Normally, the failure to timely object at 

trial to allegedly inadmissible evidence waives all claims of error except for plain error.” 

(Citation omitted.) State v. Bahns, 185 Ohio App.3d 805, 2009-Ohio-5525, 925 N.E.2d 

1025, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.). Plain error does not exist “unless, but for the error, the outcome of 

the trial clearly would have been otherwise. Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is 

to be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent 

a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 97, 372 N.E.2d 804 

(1978). After reviewing the record, we see no error or plain error justifying reversal based 

on Dr. Kelliher’s testimony. 

{¶ 13} Under Evid.R. 702, a witness may testify as an expert if “(A)The witness' 

testimony either relates to matters beyond the knowledge or experience possessed by 

lay persons or dispels a misconception common among lay persons; (B) The witness is 

qualified as an expert by specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education 

regarding the subject matter of the testimony; and (C) The witness' testimony is based on 

reliable scientific, technical, or other specialized information.” 

{¶ 14} It is well-established that an expert witness need not be the best witness on 

the subject. Alexander v. Mt. Carmel Med. Ctr., 56 Ohio St.2d 155, 159, 383 N.E.2d 564 

(1978). “The test of admissibility is whether a particular witness offered as an expert will 

aid the trier of fact in the search of the truth.” Ishler v. Miller, 56 Ohio St.2d 447, 453, 384 
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N.E.2d 296 (1978). 

{¶ 15} In Miller v. Bike Athletic Co., 80 Ohio St.3d 607, 687 N.E.2d 735 (1998), the 

Supreme Court of Ohio designated the following four factors, adopted from Daubert v. 

Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 593-594, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 

469 (1993), to be considered in evaluating the reliability of scientific evidence: (1) whether 

the theory or technique has been tested, (2) whether it has been subjected to peer review, 

(3) whether there is a known or potential rate of error, and (4) whether the methodology 

has gained general acceptance. Miller at 611, citing Daubert at 593-594. Both the United 

States Supreme Court in Daubert and the Supreme Court of Ohio in Miller emphasized 

that none of the factors is determinative: ‘the focus is “solely on principles and 

methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate.” Miller at 613, citing Daubert at 

595. “Thus, there is no requirement that an expert utter any ‘magic language;’ i.e. that 

his opinion was within the reasonable degree of certainty or reasonable degree of 

certainty within the particular knowledge of his professional experience.” Coe v. Young, 

145 Ohio App.3d 499, 504. 763 N.E.2d 652 (11th Dist.2001). 

{¶ 16} In the instant case, Dr. Kelliher provided factual testimony, not opinion 

testimony, regarding Mother’s actions and inactions with respect to level of care she 

provided S.T. when he was in her custody. Specifically, Dr. Kelliher testified regarding 

background information relayed to him by GCCS that Mother was inconsistent in her 

administration of medications, regularly ran out of medications, was confused by the 

instructions for administering the medications, and that many of S.T.’s medications in her 

home had expired. Dr. Kelliher testified about factual information he received from S.T.’s 

school that Mother failed to give S.T.’s his medications prior to school. Additionally, Dr. 
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Kelliher testified that he received information that Mother had trouble providing S.T.’s 

doctors and other staff with correct and reliable information regarding the effectiveness 

of S.T.’s medications and/or if the medications were being administered correctly. 

Mother herself testified that she had difficulties with getting S.T. to his medical 

appointments and had trouble administering his medications correctly. 

{¶ 17} With respect to the juvenile court’s discussion of Mother’s mental health 

issues in its judgment entry, that information was available from Mother’s TCN Behavioral 

Health records, which were certified and admitted as Exhibit C. Furthermore, Mother 

testified that she missed several appointments with her TCN counselor and had not been 

taking her medications as prescribed. Ray testified that Mother also admitted that she 

often ran out of her medications, and was “halving” or quartering the pills to make them 

last longer. There is no evidence in the record that the trial court improperly relied upon 

any of Dr. Kelliher’s opinions when it recited Mother’s mental issues in the judgment entry. 

{¶ 18} The record also supports the trial court’s finding that Mother had “diminished 

parenting abilities,” irrespective of Dr. Kelliher’s testimony. While Dr. Kelliher ultimately 

testified that GCCS should be granted permanent custody of S.T., the trial court did not 

cite to or specifically rely on Dr. Kelliher’s recommendation when it issued its judgment 

entry terminating Mother and Father’s parental rights. Appellate courts presume that a 

trial court only considered relevant and admissible evidence in a bench trial. See White 

v. White, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013 CA 86, 2014-Ohio-1288, ¶ 11 (“when conducting a 

bench trial, the trial court is presumed to have considered only admissible evidence 

unless the record indicates otherwise”). As previously stated, the record is replete with 

factual evidence, including the testimony of Mother regarding her inability to provide 
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adequate care, which supported the juvenile court’s decision to grant permanent custody 

of S.T. to GCCS. 

{¶ 19} Upon review, we conclude that to the extent Dr. Kelliher testified regarding 

his opinions but not to a reasonable degree of psychological certainty, the record fails to 

establish that the trial court relied on said opinions in any way in its findings of fact or in 

its decision to award GCCS permanent custody of S.T. Furthermore, the majority of the 

factual information credited to Dr. Kelliher was also presented in the testimony of other 

witnesses such as Amanda Ray, as well as indicated in exhibits that were admitted during 

the hearing. Accordingly, even if the juvenile court failed to disregard any of the improper 

opinion testimony of Dr. Kelliher, the error was harmless and certainly did not rise to the 

level of plain error. 

{¶ 20} Mother’s sole assignment of error is overruled. 

Father’s Appeal 

{¶ 21} Father’s sole assignment of error is as follows: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING PERMANENT CUSTODY OF 

S.T. TO GCCS. 

{¶ 22} Father argues that the trial court erred when it awarded permanent custody 

of S.T. to GCCS, thereby terminating his parental rights. Specifically, Father contends 

that the trial court erred when it found the following: 1) that S.T. could not be placed with 

Father within a reasonable time; 2) that Father abandoned S.T. pursuant to R.C. 

2151.414; 3) that GCCS made reasonable efforts to prevent the continued removal of 

S.T. from Father; and 4) that a grant of permanent custody to GCCS was in S.T.’s best 

interest. 
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{¶ 23} The United States Supreme Court has described the interest of parents in 

the care, custody, and control of their children as “perhaps the oldest of the fundamental 

liberty interests recognized by this Court.” Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 

2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000). The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that “there is an 

essential and basic civil right to conceive and raise children.” In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 

538, 2008-Ohio-4825, 895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 39. However, “[t]he fundamental interest of 

parents is not absolute.” In re D.A., 113 Ohio St.3d 88, 2007-Ohio-1105, 862 N.E.2d 829, 

¶ 11. “The state has broad authority to intervene to protect children from abuse and 

neglect.” State ex rel. Allen Cty. Children Servs. Bd. v. Mercer Cty. Common Pleas Court, 

Prob. Div., 150 Ohio St.3d 230, 2016-Ohio-7382, 81 N.E.3d 380 ¶ 58 (O'Connor, C.J., 

dissenting), citing In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 28. 

{¶ 24} The termination of parental rights is governed by R.C. 2151.414. Division 

(B)(1) of that statute requires a court to determine, “by clear and convincing evidence, 

that it is in the best interest of the child to grant permanent custody of the child to the 

agency that filed the motion for permanent custody,” and that certain other conditions 

apply. Clear and convincing evidence has been defined as “ ‘that measure or degree of 

proof which is more than a mere “preponderance of the evidence,” but not to the extent 

of such certainty as is required “beyond a reasonable doubt” in criminal cases,’ ” and 

which will produce in the mind of the trier of fact “ ‘a firm belief or conviction as to the facts 

sought to be established.’ ” In re K.H. at ¶ 42, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 

120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. 

{¶ 25} A court's decision to terminate parental rights will not be overturned “if the 

record contains competent, credible evidence by which the court could have formed a 
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firm belief or conviction that the essential statutory elements for a termination of parental 

rights have been established.” (Citations omitted.) In re A.U., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

22264, 2008-Ohio-186, ¶ 15. “We review the trial court's judgment for an abuse of 

discretion.” In re L.C., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2010 CA 90, 2011-Ohio-2066, ¶ 14, citing In re 

C.F. at ¶ 48 (applying the abuse-of-discretion standard to trial court's findings under R.C. 

2151.414). 

Placement with Father within a Reasonable Time 

{¶ 26} A two-part test applies to determine whether to grant a public children 

services agency's motion for permanent custody. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) provides that a 

court may grant permanent custody if it clearly and convincingly finds that (1) the child's 

best interest lies in granting permanent custody to the agency, and (2) any of the statutory 

alternatives apply, one of which is that the child has been abandoned pursuant to R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1)(b). 

{¶ 27} R.C. 2151.414 provides in relevant part as follows: 

(B)(1) Except as provided in division (B)(2) of this section, the court may 

grant permanent custody of a child to a movant if the court determines at 

the hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section, by clear and 

convincing evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child to grant 

permanent custody of the child to the agency that filed the motion for 

permanent custody and that any of the following apply: 

(a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the temporary 

custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child 

placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-
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month period, or has not been in the temporary custody of one or more 

public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve 

or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as described 

in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was 

previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another 

state, and the child cannot be placed with either of the child's parents within 

a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child's parents. 

(b) The child is abandoned. 

* * * 

R.C. 2151.011(C) provides that “a child shall be presumed abandoned when the parents 

of the child have failed to visit or maintain contact with the child for more than ninety days, 

regardless of whether the parents resume contact with the child after that period of ninety 

days.” 

{¶ 28} R.C. 2151.414 further provides: 

(E) In determining at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section 

or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the Revised 

Code whether a child cannot be placed with either parent within a 

reasonable period of time or should not be placed with the parents, the court 

shall consider all relevant evidence. If the court determines, by clear and 

convincing evidence, at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this 

section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the 

Revised Code that one or more of the following exist as to each of the child's 

parents, the court shall enter a finding that the child cannot be placed with 
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either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either 

parent: 

(1) Following the placement of the child outside the child's home and 

notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency 

to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child 

to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and 

repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be 

placed outside the child's home. In determining whether the parents have 

substantially remedied those conditions, the court shall consider parental 

utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social and 

rehabilitative services and material resources that were made available to 

the parents for the purpose of changing parental conduct to allow them to 

resume and maintain parental duties. 

* * * 

(10) The parent has abandoned the child. 

{¶ 29} As previously stated, Father admitted during his testimony that he had no 

contact with S.T. since 2010 when the child was nine months old. Father testified that 

this was because Mother had moved with the child to Ohio in 2010 without providing him 

any contact information, leaving Father unable to contact S.T. for five years after Mother 

moved. Conversely, Mother testified that Father was fully aware of the location of her 

residence in Ohio since she had to obtain permission from a Michigan court in order to 

relocate to Ohio. Mother further testified that Father was advised of the location of her 

new Ohio residence through the Michigan court process. Furthermore, Mother testified 
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that while there was never any face-to-face contact between Father and S.T. during this 

time period, there were some phone calls and video chats, “but not very many.” 

{¶ 30} Additionally, Father testified that he was unable to miss work in order to 

drive to Ohio to visit S.T. However, Father later conceded that he did in fact have time 

to visit from June 2017 until March 2018, during which time he was unemployed. 

Although the Visitation Center charged a fee for visiting S.T., GCCS offered Father gas 

cards to make the trip to Ohio, of which he never took advantage. Even though he was 

not on the case plan because he lived in another state, GCCS also continually informed 

him of S.T.’s medical and educational appointments, which he failed to attend. 

Furthermore, when Father was provided the opportunity to attend visits with S.T. 

scheduled around the court hearings in the instant case (which he did attend), Father 

failed to avail himself of the opportunity to meet with his son. 

{¶ 31} In its judgment entry granting permanent custody of S.T. to GCCS, the 

juvenile court stated the following in relevant part: 

The Court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that [S.T.], is an 

abandoned child pursuant to O.R.C. § 2151.414(B)(1)(b), as defined in 

O.R.C. § 2151.011(C). The Court further finds that GCCS has had 

continuous custody of [S.T.], since June 20, 2017, thus satisfying O.R.C. § 

21511.414(B)(1)(a). * * * 

{¶ 32} When making a determination regarding whether a minor child can be 

placed with a parent within a reasonable time, one of the factors the court is to consider 

is whether the parent has abandoned the child. R.C. 2151.414(E)(10). In the instant 

case, the evidence adduced at the custody hearing established that Father had little to 
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no contact with S.T. since the child was nine months old. Additionally, during the course 

of the instant proceedings, when Father was provided the opportunity to visit with and 

attempt to form a bond with S.T., he failed to avail himself of the opportunity in every 

instance. We note that the juvenile court explicitly found the relationship between Father 

and S.T. to be “nonexistent.” Judgment Entry p. 3. Furthermore, the record establishes 

that Father failed to obtain and maintain stable housing, and that during the pendency of 

this case, Father had another child removed from his home because of domestic violence 

allegations against him. Having reviewed all the evidence, we cannot conclude that the 

juvenile court's determination that Father abandoned S.T. was unsupported by clear and 

convincing evidence. Furthermore, the trial court did not err when it found that S.T. could 

not be placed with Father within a reasonable time. 

Whether GCCS made reasonable efforts to prevent the continued removal 

of S.T. from Father 

{¶ 33} Here, Father argues that the record establishes that GCCS failed to make 

reasonable efforts to prevent the continued removal of S.T. With regard to the 

reunification requirement, this Court noted as follows: 

* * * “Reasonable efforts are described as being a good faith effort which is 

‘an honest, purposeful effort, free of malice and the desire to defraud or to 

seek an unconscionable advantage.’ ” In re Cranford (July 24, 1998), 

Montgomery App. Nos. 17085 and 17105, citing In re Weaver (1992), 79 

Ohio App.3d 59, 606 N.E.2d 1011. “The issue is not whether [the agency] 

could have done more, but whether it did enough to satisfy the 

‘reasonableness’ standard under the statute.” [Citation omitted]. 
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In re Secrest, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19377, 2002-Ohio-7096, ¶ 13. 

{¶ 34} Initially, we note that “[b]y its terms, R.C. 2151.419 applies only at hearings 

held pursuant to R.C. 2151.28, 2151.31(E), 2151.314, 2151.33, or 2151.353. See R.C. 

2151.419(A)(1).” In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, at ¶ 41. 

The statute makes no reference to a hearing on a motion for permanent custody. Id. 

Therefore, “[b]y its plain terms, the statute does not apply to motions for permanent 

custody brought pursuant to R.C. 2151.413, or to hearings held on such motions pursuant 

to R.C. 2151.414.” Id., citing In re A.C., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2004-05-041, 2004-

Ohio-5531. Accordingly, GCCS was not required to adduce evidence establishing 

reasonable efforts to reunify the family during the permanent custody hearing if the record 

established that GGCS made reasonable efforts to reunify the family during prior custody 

proceedings. Id. at ¶ 43. 

{¶ 35} In the instant case, the record establishes that GCCS made reasonable 

efforts to prevent the continued removal of S.T. and to reunify the family at proceedings 

which were held prior to the permanent custody hearing: the shelter care hearing, (Entry, 

June 6, 2017); the dispositional hearing (Magistrate’s Decision, August 31, 2017); and 

the review hearing (Magistrate’s Decision, June 21, 2018). Therefore, the GCCS was 

not required to establish at the permanent custody hearing that it made reasonable efforts 

to prevent the removal of S.T. from Father. See In re C.F. at ¶ 43. 

{¶ 36} Nevertheless, even though it was under no requirement to do so, GCCS still 

presented competent and credible evidence at the permanent custody hearing that it had 

made reasonable efforts to prevent the removal of S.T. from both Mother and Father. 

Specifically, GCCS created a case plan for Mother which included the following: 1) sign 
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all releases of information; 2) obtain and maintain secure, safe, and stable housing; 3) 

perform household cleaning duties on a regular basis in order to prevent hazards in the 

home; 4) continue with her mental health appointments and take her medications as 

prescribed; 5) regularly attend S.T.’s specialized medical and educational appointments; 

6) develop a better understanding of S.T.’s various medications and diagnoses; 7) 

complete parenting classes; 8) undergo a parenting-psychological evaluation; and 8) 

demonstrate the ability to provide for S.T.’s basic needs. 

{¶ 37} Even though Father lived out-of-state and was not included in the case plan, 

GCCS provided Father with a list of objectives for reunification with S.T. which included 

the following: 1) sign all releases of information; 2) obtain and maintain secure, safe, and 

stable housing; 3) attend visitations with S.T.; and 4) attend S.T.’s medical and 

educational appointments. When GCCS became aware that Father’s other child had 

been removed from Father’s custody due to a report of domestic violence, Father’s list of 

objectives was expanded to include the following: 1) comply with the case plan created 

by the children’s services agency in Kent County, Michigan; 2) attend parenting classes; 

3) attend a domestic violence class and/or obtain a batterer’s assessment. 

{¶ 38} Father argues that GCCS did not do enough to facilitate visitation with S.T. 

because he lived out-of-state and could not afford the $75 fee at the Visitation Center. 

Father also asserts that GCCS did not give him any gas cards to travel to Ohio to visit 

S.T. However, Amanda Ray testified that she personally offered to give gas cards to 

Father so that he could visit S.T. and attend the child medical and educational 

appointments. “ ‘Reasonable efforts’ does not mean all available efforts. Otherwise, 

there would always be an argument that one more additional service, no matter how 
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remote, may have made reunification possible.” In re A.T., 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 

28332 and 28355, 2019-Ohio-3527, ¶ 74, quoting In re K.M., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA 

2004-02-052, 2004-Ohio-4152, ¶ 23. 

{¶ 39} Upon review, we conclude that the record establishes that GCCS did make 

reasonable efforts to reunify the family prior to moving for permanent custody of S.T. 

Father failed to establish that GCCS could have made any additional efforts to reunify 

him with S.T., especially when Father made no effort to facilitate even a single visit with 

S.T. Thus, the record supports the juvenile court’s finding that GCCS made reasonable 

efforts to prevent the continued removal of S.T. and reunify the child with Father. 

Whether Permanent Custody to GCCS was in S.T.’s Best Interest 

{¶ 40} In determining a child's best interest, R.C. 2151.414 instructs courts to 

consider “all relevant factors,” including five statutory factors: 

(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child's parents, 

siblings, relatives, foster caregivers, out-of-home providers, and any other 

person who may significantly affect the child; 

(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through the 

child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child; 

(c) The custodial history of the child * * *; 

(d) The child's need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether 

that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent 

custody to the agency; 

(e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section apply 

in relation to the parents and child. 
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R.C. 2151.414(D)(1). “No one element is given greater weight or heightened 

significance.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 57. The

juvenile court here considered each of these factors. 

{¶ 41} The evidence adduced at the permanent custody hearing supported the 

juvenile court’s finding that Mother’s relationship with S.T. was “dysfunctional.” Judgment 

Entry p. 3. Based upon her own personal observations, Ray testified that Mother’s 

relationship with S.T. reflected “more of two children than it is of a parent and child,” 

thereby requiring constant supervision. As previously stated, Dr. Kelliher testified 

regarding background information relayed to him by GCCS that Mother was inconsistent 

in her administration of medications, regularly ran out of medications, was confused by 

the instructions for administering the medications, and that many of S.T.’s medications in 

her home had expired. Dr. Kelliher testified about factual information he received from 

S.T.’s school that Mother failed to give S.T. his medications prior to school. Additionally, 

Dr. Kelliher testified that he received information that Mother had trouble providing S.T.’s 

doctors and other staff with correct and reliable information regarding the effectiveness 

of S.T.’s medications and/or if the medications were being administered correctly. 

{¶ 42} Mother herself testified that she had difficulties with getting S.T. to his 

medical appointments and had trouble administering his medications correctly. Mother 

also testified that she missed several appointments with her TCN counselor and had not 

been taking her medications as prescribed. Ray testified that Mother also admitted that 

she often ran out of her medications, and was “halving” or quartering the pills to make 

them last longer. 

{¶ 43} With respect to Father, the record established that Father had no contact 
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with S.T. since 2010 when the child was nine months old and had abandoned the child. 

Although Father testified that he was unable to miss work in order to drive to Ohio in order 

to visit S.T., he later conceded that he did in fact have time to visit from June 2017 until 

March 2018, during which time he was unemployed. Although the Visitation Center 

charged a fee for visiting S.T., GCCS offered Father gas cards to make the trip to Ohio, 

of which he never took advantage. Even though he was not on the case plan because 

he lived in another state, GCCS also continually informed of him of S.T.’s medical and 

educational appointments, which he failed to attend. When Father was provided the 

opportunity to attend visits with S.T.’s scheduled around the court hearings in the case 

(which he did attend), Father failed to avail himself of the opportunity to meet with his son. 

Simply put, made no attempt to personally visit with S.T. during the pendency of the 

instant case. 

{¶ 44} Although Mother’s cousin had known S.T. for a short time in the past and 

initially exhibited some interest in taking custody of S.T., at the time of the permanent 

custody hearing, the cousin was no longer returning calls from GCCS. For his part, 

Father did not identify any paternal relatives who had a relationship with S.T. The 

juvenile court acknowledged that the guardian ad litem’s (GAL) report indicated that S.T. 

wished to be in Mother’s custody, but S.T. would provide no response to the GAL when 

asked if he wished to live with Father. 

{¶ 45} With respect to S.T.’s need for legally secure permanent placement, the 

record supports the juvenile court’s findings that this could not be achieved without a 

permanent award of custody to GCCS. Mother testified that she had no suitable housing 

for S.T. While Father testified that he had suitable, stable, independent housing for S.T., 
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Ray testified that the only evidence Father ever provided was a crumpled piece of 

notebook paper, written in pencil and allegedly signed by his mother. Upon further 

investigation, Ray received information from a Michigan children’s services agency that 

Father did not live at the address he provided for the interstate home study. Rather, 

when his other child was removed after the domestic violence arrest, Father was found 

to be living at his parents’ residence. 

{¶ 46} Although sporadically employed full-time at various jobs, Father never 

provided any support, financial or otherwise, to S.T. In fact, Father testified that he was 

unaware of how to provide financial support to a dependent residing in another state. 

Although he did obtain a batterer’s assessment, Father failed to engage in any of the 

visitation services provided by GCCS, and he never attended a single medical or 

educational appointment. Finally, the GAL indicated that S.T.'s best interest would be 

served by granting permanent custody to GCCS. 

{¶ 47} A juvenile court's decision on termination will not be overturned “if the record 

contains competent, credible evidence by which the court could have formed a firm belief 

or conviction that the essential statutory elements for a termination of parental rights have 

been established.” (Citations omitted). In re A.U., 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22264, 2008-

Ohio-186, at ¶ 15. Furthermore, “issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the 

weight to be given the evidence are primarily for the trier of fact.” In re A.J.S., 2d Dist. 

Miami No. 2007 CA 2, 2007-Ohio-3433, ¶ 22. The “rationale of giving deference to the 

findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view 

the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these 

observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Seasons Coal Co., 
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Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984); In re J.Y., 2d Dist. Miami 

No. 07-CA-35, 2008-Ohio-3485, ¶ 33. 

{¶ 48} Our review of the record reveals that there was clear and convincing 

evidence which supported the juvenile court's finding that the statutory elements for 

termination under R.C. 2151.414(B) had been satisfied. Thus, the juvenile court did not 

err when it awarded permanent custody of S.T. to GCCS. 

{¶ 49} Father's sole assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 50} Mother's and Father’s assignments of error having been overruled, the 

judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

WELBAUM, P.J. and FROELICH, J., concur. 

Copies sent to: 

Nathaniel R. Luken 

Sean Brinkman 

Robert Alan Brenner 

Christopher Smith 

Mari McPherson 

Hon. Adolfo A. Tornichio