{"id":130030,"date":"2021-12-03T14:49:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-03T18:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-474087"},"modified":"2024-04-17T15:55:04","modified_gmt":"2024-04-17T19:55:04","slug":"50-years-of-solar-system-exploration-historical-perspectives","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/50-years-of-solar-system-exploration-historical-perspectives\/","title":{"rendered":"50 Years of Solar System Exploration: Historical Perspectives"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>NASA History<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/explore-nasas-history\/\">Explore NASA’s History<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-office\/\">NASA History Office<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Publications and Resources<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/\">NASA History Series<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/news-and-notes\/\">News and Notes<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/aeronautics-and-space-report-of-the-president\/\">Aeronautics and Space Report of the President<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/oral-histories\/\">Oral Histories<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/other-research-resources\/\">Research Resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/archives\/\">NASA Archives<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t<div class=\"padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-page-intro hds-page-intro-banner width-full maxw-full padding-0 hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t50 Years of Solar System Exploration\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHistorical Perspectives\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1268\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?w=1600\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Artist's colorful picture of the objects in our solar system with a fiery partial view of the sun on the left\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 25% 52%; object-position: 25% 52%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png 1600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=300,238 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=768,609 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=1024,812 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=1536,1217 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=400,317 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=600,476 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=900,713 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/edu_solar_system_large.png?resize=1200,951 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Edited by Linda Billings<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NASA\u2019s first successful mission to another planet, Mariner 2 to Venus in 1962, marked the beginning of what NASA Chief Scientist Jim Green describes in this volume as \u201ca spectacular era\u201d of solar system exploration. In its first 50 years of planetary exploration, NASA sent spacecraft to fly by, orbit, land on, or rove on every planet in our solar system, as well as Earth\u2019s Moon and several moons of other planets. Pluto, reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006, was visited by the New Horizons spacecraft in 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What began as an endeavor of two nations\u2014the United States and the former Soviet Union\u2014has become a multinational enterprise, with a growing number of space agencies worldwide building and launching planetary exploration missions\u2014sometimes alone, sometimes together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this volume, a diverse array of scholars addresses the science, technology, policy, and politics of planetary exploration. This volume offers a collection of in-depth studies of important projects, decisions, and milestones of this era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is not possible to foresee what the next 50 years of NASA\u2019s planetary exploration program will reveal. However, the 2020s are already looking promising. Planetary missions in recent years have focused more and more on exploring potentially habitable environments in our solar system and developing a more in-depth understanding of the evolution of planetary environments. Upcoming missions will continue to do so. In 2020, NASA launched its Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, and in 2022 the European Space Agency will launch its Exomars rover. The Lucy and Psyche asteroid missions are set to launch in this decade, as are the Dragonfly mission to Titan and the Europa Clipper mission to the eponymous Jovian moon. Planetary defense is a new addition to NASA\u2019s planetary portfolio, and the Agency\u2019s Double Asteroid Redirection Test\u2014its first planetary defense mission\u2014is due to launch in 2021. NASA plans to develop a Near Earth Object Surveillance Mission this decade as well. It is safe to say that by 2062, our understanding of our solar system will be radically different than it is today. And we will look forward to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:49px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Foreword. <em>By Linda Billings<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Introduction: <\/em><\/strong>NASA\u2019s Solar System Exploration Paradigm: The First 50 Years and a Look at the Next 50. <em>By James L. Green and Kristen J. Erickson<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PART I. Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 1: <\/em><\/strong>Exploring the Solar System: Who Has Done It, How, and Why? <em>By Peter J. Westwick<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PART II. Politics and Policy in the Conduct of Solar System Exploration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 2: <\/em><\/strong>Funding Planetary Science: History and Political Economy. <em>By Jason W. Callahan<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 3:<\/em><\/strong> The Politics of Pure Space Science, the Essential Tension: Human Spaceflight\u2019s Impact on Scientific Exploration. <em>By Roger Handberg<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PART III. The Lure of the Red Planet<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 4: <\/em><\/strong>Designing Mars Sample Return, from Viking to the Mars Science Laboratory. <em>By Erik M. Conway<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 5: <\/em><\/strong>NASA, Big Science, and Mars Exploration: Critical Decisions from Goldin to Bolden. <em>By W. Henry Lambright<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PART IV. Public Perceptions, Priorities, and Solar System Exploration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 6: <\/em><\/strong>Survivor! (?) The Story of <em>S. mitis<\/em> on the Moon. <em>By Linda Billings<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 7: <\/em><\/strong>\u201cKiller Asteroids\u201d: Popular Depictions and Public Policy Influence. <em>By Laura M. Delgado L\u00f3pez<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 8: <\/em><\/strong>The Outer Solar System: Exploring Through the Public Eye. <em>By Giny Cheong<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Part V. Exploring the Outer Solar System<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 9:<\/em><\/strong> Europe\u2019s Rendezvous with Titan: The European Space Agency\u2019s Contribution to the Cassini-Huygens Mission to the Saturnian System. <em>By Arturo Russo<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Part VI. Institutional Arrangements in Solar System Exploration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 10: <\/em><\/strong>Ranger: Circumstances, Events, Legacy.<em> By James D. Burke and Harris M. Schurmeier<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 11:<\/em><\/strong> Mariner 2 and the CSIRO Parkes Radio Telescope: 50 Years of International Collaboration. <em>By John Sarkissian<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Chapter 12: <\/em><\/strong>International Cooperation in Solar System Exploration: A Transnational Approach to the History of the<br>International Solar Polar Mission and Ulysses. <em>By Petar Markovski<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Epilogue. <em>By Linda Billings<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-553871\" style=\"width: 250px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg\" alt=\"Front cover for 50 Years of Solar System Exploration\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NASA SP-2021-4705<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-featured-file-list bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-file-list\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row width-full margin-bottom-4\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 role=\"textbox\" class=\"heading-22\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDownload the E-Books\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-row hds-file-list-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail hds-file-list-thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail-inner-default\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 0H0V20H18V6H12V0ZM14 8H4V10H14V8ZM4 4H10V6H4V4ZM14 12H4V14H14V12ZM4 16H14V18H4V16Z\" fill=\"#58585B\"\/><path d=\"M18 5L13 0V5H18Z\" fill=\"#58585B\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-name hds-file-list-name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-22\">50 Years of Solar System Exploration (PDF)<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-list-date hds-file-list-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-sm\">Mar 1, 2023<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-file-list-filetype\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-sm\">PDF (8.08 MB)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-cta hds-file-list-download\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/50-years-of-solar-system-exploration_tagged.pdf?emrc=663370958ff56\" target=\"_blank\" download>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"16\" cy=\"16.0001\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1C67E3\"\/><path d=\"M15.2357 8.00007L15.2357 16.4829L11.9504 13.4078L10.8801 14.4094L16.0001 19.2001L21.1201 14.4094L20.0499 13.4078L16.7645 16.4829L16.7645 8.00007L15.2357 8.00007Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.6 20.8001V18.4001H8V22.4001H24V18.4001H22.4V20.8001H9.6Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-row hds-file-list-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail hds-file-list-thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail-inner-default\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 0H0V20H18V6H12V0ZM14 8H4V10H14V8ZM4 4H10V6H4V4ZM14 12H4V14H14V12ZM4 16H14V18H4V16Z\" fill=\"#58585B\"\/><path d=\"M18 5L13 0V5H18Z\" fill=\"#58585B\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-name hds-file-list-name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-22\">50 Years of Solar System Exploration (EPUB)<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-list-date hds-file-list-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-sm\">Mar 15, 2023<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-file-list-filetype\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-sm\">EPUB+ZIP (9.90 MB)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-cta hds-file-list-download\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/50-years-of-solar-system-exploration.epub?emrc=6633709590586\" target=\"_blank\" download>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"16\" cy=\"16.0001\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1C67E3\"\/><path d=\"M15.2357 8.00007L15.2357 16.4829L11.9504 13.4078L10.8801 14.4094L16.0001 19.2001L21.1201 14.4094L20.0499 13.4078L16.7645 16.4829L16.7645 8.00007L15.2357 8.00007Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.6 20.8001V18.4001H8V22.4001H24V18.4001H22.4V20.8001H9.6Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-card-grid padding-top-7 padding-bottom-3 padding-x-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid\">\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-sm line-height-sm\">More History Publications<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"margin-0 padding-0\">Explore more titles in NASA's History Series.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary link-external-true\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tAll NASA History Publications                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cards-included grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/not-yet-imagined-a-study-of-hubble-space-telescope-operations\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Not Yet Imagined: A Study of Hubble Space Telescope Operations<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"937\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=205,300 205w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=768,1124 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=700,1024 700w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=1050,1536 1050w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=273,400 273w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=410,600 410w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=615,900 615w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=820,1200 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/a-history-of-near-earth-objects-research\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>A History of Near-Earth Objects Research<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"973\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg 1875w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=197,300 197w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=768,1167 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=674,1024 674w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=1011,1536 1011w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=1347,2048 1347w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=263,400 263w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=395,600 395w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=592,900 592w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=789,1200 789w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/neo-front-cover.jpg?resize=1316,2000 1316w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/science-advice-to-nasa-conflict-consensus-partnership-leadership\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"828\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg 1623w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=232,300 232w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=768,994 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=791,1024 791w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=1187,1536 1187w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=1583,2048 1583w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=309,400 309w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=464,600 464w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=696,900 696w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=927,1200 927w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=1546,2000 1546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/beyond-earth\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958\u20132016<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"828\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg 1623w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=232,300 232w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=768,994 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=791,1024 791w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=1187,1536 1187w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=1583,2048 1583w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=309,400 309w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=464,600 464w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=696,900 696w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=927,1200 927w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/beyond_earth_ebook_cover.jpg?resize=1546,2000 1546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Edited by Linda Billings NASA\u2019s first successful mission to another planet, Mariner 2 to Venus in 1962, marked the beginning of what NASA Chief Scientist Jim Green describes in this volume as \u201ca spectacular era\u201d of solar system exploration. In its first 50 years of planetary exploration, NASA sent spacecraft to fly by, orbit, land [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":130860,"parent":163226,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[11793,2671],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[4962,11519,12369],"coauthors":[8393],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"50 Years of Solar System Exploration: Historical Perspectives","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/50-years-of-solar-system-exploration-historical-perspectives\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/50-years-of-solar-system-exploration-historical-perspectives\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg"},"articleSection":"E-Books","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Michele Ostovar"}],"creator":["Michele Ostovar"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA History","E-Books"],"dateCreated":"2021-12-03T18:49:00Z","datePublished":"2021-12-03T18:49:00Z","dateModified":"2024-04-17T19:55:04Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"50 Years of Solar System Exploration: Historical Perspectives\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/50-years-of-solar-system-exploration-historical-perspectives\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2021-12-03T18:49:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"E-Books\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA History,E-Books\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Michele Ostovar\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":4,"time_ago":"2 years","featured_image":{"id":130860,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg","title":"50 Years of Solar System Exploration: Historical Perspectives","alt":"Front cover for 50 Years of Solar System Exploration","caption":"50 Years of Solar System Exploration: Historical Perspectives"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/130030"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/130030\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":649296,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/130030\/revisions\/649296"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/163226"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/130860"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130030"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=130030"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=130030"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=130030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}