[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 14-15585

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-00497-KD-C

DAVID J. POWELL, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

AMERICAN REMEDIATION & ENVIRONMENTAL, INC., 

ROBERT WALLACE,

LEE EUBANKS, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Alabama

________________________

(July 7, 2015)

Before TJOFLAT, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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The question this appeal presents is whether the District Court erred in 

granting summary judgment in favor of American Remediation & Environmental, 

Inc. (“AR&E”) and two of its employees, Robert Wallace and Lee Eubanks, on 

David J. Powell’s claim that his employment at AR&E was terminated on account 

of his race. We find no error in the court’s decision and accordingly affirm.

I.

AR&E, operating from its location near Mobile, Alabama, performs 

environmental cleanup, industrial cleanup, hazardous waste, and pneumatic 

excavation at various plants and shipyards throughout the Gulf Coast. Powell went 

to work for AR&E as a technician on September 20, 2010.1

 At that time, he

reviewed and signed AR&E’s Drug-Free Workplace Policy, which states the 

following:

The unlawful manufacture, distribution, possession or use of a 

controlled substance on the Company’s premises or while conducting 

the Company’s business off it’s [sic] premises is absolutely

prohibited. Violations of this policy will result in disciplinary action, 

up to and including termination, and may have legal consequences.

The events that led to Powell’s termination began during the afternoon of 

January 18, 2012, when Powell and several of his coworkers were returning from a 

job site at the Chevron Corporation plant in Pascagoula, Mississippi, in a company 

 

1

 At the time of his termination on January 19, 2012, Powell had been promoted to the 

position of “lead man” for a crew.

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van driven by Jason Bishop, another AR&E employee. Later that evening, Bishop 

reported to his supervisor, Martin Corbeil, that while he was driving, he had looked 

in the rearview mirror and observed Powell (who is black) and Scott Kondroski

(who is white) smoking something that “did not look like a cigarette and did not 

smell like a cigarette.” 

Corbeil immediately called his supervisor, Lee Eubanks, and the next day, 

Eubanks spoke to Bishop and Kondroski. According to Eubanks, Kondroski

confirmed what Bishop had observed: that he and Powell were smoking “spice,”

i.e., synthetic marijuana. Eubanks reported Krondroski’s admission to Robert 

Wallace, AR&E’s Vice President and General Manager, who relayed the report to 

AR&E’s owner, Hunter George. George responded by telling Wallace that “they 

[Kondroski and Powell] both need to be let go immediately.” Accordingly, 

Wallace instructed Eubanks to fire the two men. 

Eubanks informed Kondroski the same day that his employment had been 

terminated. Eubanks then met with Powell, who told him that Kondroski’s 

statement—that Powell and Kondroski were smoking spice—was false, and

requested a drug test.2

 Eubanks relayed Powell’s request to Wallace, who

contacted Safety Plus, the drug-testing facility AR&E used. According to Wallace, 

 

2 To demonstrate his entitlement to such a test, Powell has pointed to the AR&E 

Employee Policy Guide, which provides that upon “a good-faith suspicion that an employee is in 

some way impaired by drugs or alcohol, management will require a mandatory drug screen.”

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Safety Plus “would not recommend [doing] the drug test because there’s a fiftyfifty chance that [Powell will] pass or not pass.” Wallace informed George of this, 

and George concluded that there was no need for the drug test; they had a written 

statement from Kondroski that he and Powell were smoking synthetic marijuana,

and that was sufficient to warrant Powell’s termination. Powell was let go, and 

Bishop replaced him.

II.

On October 15, 2013, Powell brought this action against AR&E. His 

complaint contained a single count brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 

of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). It alleged AR&E “discriminated against [Powell] 

in violation of Title VII in that he received disparate treatment while employed 

with AR&E in the form of an abnormal amount of drug tests and was terminated 

under false pretenses so his supervisor’s relative could be promoted to Powell’s 

position.” Compl. ¶ 20 (emphasis added). The relative to whom the complaint 

referred was Bishop: “Mr. Eubanks promoted his family member, [Jason] Bishop, 

to the position . . . despite Bishop’s . . . lack of experience.” Compl. ¶ 17.3

 

On May 29, 2014, with leave of court, Powell filed an amended complaint, 

which added two defendants, Wallace and Eubanks, and contained two counts. 

Count One replicated Count One of Powell’s initial complaint. Count Two 

 

3

 Bishop was the brother-in-law of the wife of one of Eubank’s cousins. 

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asserted a claim for “Intentional Discrimination in Violation of 42 U.S.C. [§]

1981a,” and alleged that “Defendants each violated this duty [under § 1981a] by 

intentionally discriminating against Mr. Powell, which discrimination was 

intentionally perpetrated because of Mr. Powell’s race.” Am. Compl. ¶ 28.

The defendants denied liability and, following discovery, separately moved 

for summary judgment. In entertaining their motions, the District Court concluded 

that Powell had abandoned his allegation that the defendants had discriminated 

against by subjecting him to “an abnormal amount of drug tests.” As for Powell’s 

claim of discriminatory termination, the court found that, under the burden-shifting 

framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 

36 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973), Powell had established a prima facie case that AR&E had 

terminated his employment because of his race and that AR&E had proffered a 

non-discriminatory reason for terminating Powell’s employment—namely, the 

violation of its drug policy.

The remaining issue to be decided was whether Powell had shown AR&E’s 

proffered reason for terminating him to be a pretext for racial discrimination. 

Though finding that a genuine issue of material fact existed regarding whether 

AR&E “had a good faith, honest belief that Powell violated its drug policy,” the 

court concluded that Powell could not successfully support a claim of race 

discrimination because he had offered no evidence that discrimination was the real 

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reason for his termination. His claim, instead, was that he was fired “so that a 

Caucasian relative of one of the higher ups could take his job.” Order at 1. As the 

court put it:

Powell alleges that he was fired to make way for Eubanks’ 

relative [Bishop] to take his job. He then summarily asserts that this 

constitutes racial discrimination. To support his race claim, Powell 

further asserts that because Wallace took Bishop’s and Eubanks’ word 

over his without investigating it, this shows that his termination was 

based on his race. However, Powell does not reference any racial 

remarks, comments, environment, behavior, actions, etc. by [AR&E], 

Wallace and/or Eubanks. Instead, Powell simply equates what could 

(at best) be construed as “taking sides” and/or “failing to investigate” 

as “being racist,” simply because [AR&E] believed the person who 

reported the prohibited behavior. This does not adequately support a 

claim for race discrimination.

. . . .

In the end, as presented to the Court, Powell’s claim is not one 

of race discrimination. Rather, in Powell’s own words, his claim is 

about preferential treatment from a higher-up to one of his relatives 

(i.e., nepotism): “I knew Lee Eubanks was trying to get rid of me to 

move Jason Bishop in, his relative in.” Nepotism is not actionable 

under Title VII or Section 1981, and “if anything, this evidence 

weakens Plaintiff’s argument by suggesting that the true motivation 

for Powell’s termination was not racism, but nepotism.” 

Order at 15–16 (alterations in original omitted) (citations omitted). 

Having concluded that Powell had failed to make out a claim of racial 

discrimination, the District Court granted the defendants summary judgment.4

 

 4

 The District Court and the parties overlooked the fact that “[i]ndividual capacity suits 

under Title VII are . . . inappropriate. The relief granted under Title VII is against the employer, 

not individual employees whose actions would constitute a violation of the Act.” Busby v. City 

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Powell now appeals that ruling. He raises four issues. Only two are worthy of 

discussion, and they are actually the same issue: whether AR&E’s proffered reason 

for terminating Powell was a pretext for race discrimination.5

III.

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, drawing all inferences in 

the light most favorable to the non-moving party below. Palm Beach Golf Center–

Boca, Inc. v. John G. Sarris, D.D.S., P.A., 781 F.3d 1245, 1253 (11th Cir. 2015). 

Summary judgment is appropriate where no genuine issue of material fact exists 

and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(a). A factual dispute exists when a reasonable fact finder could find, by a 

preponderance of the evidence, that the non-moving party is entitled to a verdict. 

Kernel Records Oy v. Mosley, 694 F.3d 1294, 1300 (11th Cir. 2012). 

 

of Orlando, 931 F.2d 764, 772 (11th Cir. 1991) (per curiam). However, an employee may be 

held personally liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 for intentionally infringing rights that statute 

protects. See Faraca v. Clements, 506 F.2d 956, 595 (5th Cir. 1975); see also Al-Khazraji v. 

Saint Francis Coll., 784 F.2d 505, 518 (3d Cir. 1986) (holding that individuals may be 

personally liable “when they intentionally cause an infringement of rights protected by Section 

1981, regardless of whether the corporation may also be held liable"), aff’d on other grounds, 

481 U.S. 604, 107 S. Ct. 2022 (1987).

5

 Not worthy of discussion are Powell’s arguments (1) that the District Court erred in 

relying on an unpublished opinion of this court in reaching its decision and (2) that the court 

erred in not finding that Powell demonstrated a “‘convincing mosaic’ of circumstantial evidence 

sufficient to create one or more triable issues of fact—an argument presented for the first time in 

his reply brief. Powell’s arguments that the District Court erred in granting the defendants 

summary judgment because (3) an issue of fact exists as to whether AR&E, Wallace, and 

Eubanks had “a good faith, honest belief that [Powell] violated [AR&E’s] drug policy” and (4) 

“the employer’s proffered, purportedly nondiscriminatory justification for terminating [Powell] 

appeared to have been false and lacking in credibility” both go to the question of pretext, which 

we address in the text.

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Title VII provides that it is unlawful for an employer “to discharge any 

individual . . . because of such individual’s race . . . . ” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a)(1). 

Section 1981 provides that “[a]ll persons . . . shall have the same right . . . to make 

and enforce contracts . . . as is enjoyed by white citizens . . . .” 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1981(a). We engage in the same analysis to review claims under both statutes. 

See, e.g., Connelly v. Metro. Atl. Rapid Transit Auth., 764 F.3d 1358, 1362–65

(11th Cir. 2014) (evaluating claims under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981 together 

using the same analysis).

In cases involving circumstantial evidence of discrimination, as opposed to 

direct or statistical evidence, we use the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. v. Green. See Holland v. Gee, 677 F.3d 1047, 1055 (11th Cir. 

2012). As we have written elsewhere,

Under McDonnell Douglas, the plaintiff must initially establish 

a prima facie case, which generally consists of the following: 1) the 

plaintiff was a member of a protected class, 2) [the plaintiff] was 

qualified to do the job, 3) [the plaintiff] was subjected to an adverse 

employment action, and 4) similarly situated employees outside of the 

protected class were treated differently. . . .

The prima facie case creates a presumption of discrimination, 

the role of which is to “force the defendant to come forward with 

some response.”

Id. (quoting St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 510–11, 113 S. Ct. 

2742, 2749, 125 L. Ed. 2d 407 (1993)). Once the plaintiff establishes a prima facie

case, if the employer then meets its “burden of production . . . to articulate a 

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legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its actions . . . , the presumption of 

discrimination disappears, and the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to demonstrate 

that the proffered reason” was a mere pretext for impermissible discrimination. Id.

(quotation marks omitted). 

To show pretext, “the plaintiff cannot recast the [employer’s proffered]

reason but must meet it head on and rebut it. The plaintiff must show weaknesses, 

implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s 

rationale. To do so, the plaintiff may rely on the evidence offered initially to 

establish the prima facie case.” Id. at 1055–56 (quotation marks omitted). When

an employer’s proffered reason for its action is that the plaintiff violated a 

workplace rule, the plaintiff may show that this reason is a pretext by establishing 

that he did not violate the rule; that the employer did not have a good-faith, honest 

belief that he did violate the rule; and that impermissible discrimination was the 

real reason for the employer’s action. See Stone & Webster Constr., Inc. v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Labor, 684 F.3d 1127, 1136 (11th Cir. 2012); Brooks v. Cnty. Comm’n, 

446 F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir. 2006). In sum, to show pretext, “[a] plaintiff must 

show not merely that the defendant’s employment decisions were mistaken but that 

they were in fact motivated by race.” Brooks, 446 F.3d at 1163 (quoting Alexander 

v. Fulton Cnty., 207 F.3d 1303, 1339 (11th Cir. 2000)).

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Here, even assuming arguendo that AR&E and its employees did not believe 

that Powell violated AR&E’s drug policy—that is, that he was fired for some other 

reason—Powell cannot prevail because he has failed to produce evidence that he 

was fired because of his race. See Brooks, 446 F.3d at 1163 (quoting Alexander, 

207 F.3d at 1339)). Indeed, Powell’s initial and amended complaint set the stage 

for the District Court’s conclusion that his employment was terminated not because 

of his race, but rather “so his supervisor’s relative could be promoted to Powell’s 

position.” Compl. ¶ 20; see Am. Compl. ¶ 23. The District Court correctly 

concluded that “[n]epotism is not actionable under Title VII or Section 1981.” See 

Platner v. Cash & Thomas Contractors, Inc., 9088 F.2d 902, 905 (11th Cir. 1990); 

Betkerur v. Aultman Hosp. Ass’n, 78 F.3d 1079, 1096 (6th Cir. 1996). In that 

Powell’s claim of racial discrimination failed as a matter of law, AR&E was 

entitled to summary judgment on the Title VII claim and AR&E, Wallace, and 

Eubanks were due summary judgment on the § 1981 claim. 

AFFIRMED.

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