IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

August 9, 2022 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DOUGLAS MAC RICHMOND

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Sumner County

No. 400-2019 Dee David Gay, Judge

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No. M2021-01025-CCA-R3-CD

___________________________________

The Defendant, Douglas Mac Richmond, pled guilty in the Sumner County Criminal Court 

to nine counts of sexual exploitation of a minor by electronic means, a Class B felony. 

Pursuant to the plea agreement, he received an effective sixteen-year sentence as a Range 

I, standard offender with the trial court to determine the manner of service of the sentence. 

After a sentencing hearing, the trial court ordered that he serve the sentence in confinement. 

On appeal, the Defendant claims that he was denied due process at sentencing because the 

trial court allowed unreliable hearsay testimony, “infused” the court’s religious beliefs into 

the court’s sentencing decision, failed to consider required statistical information from the 

Administrative Office of the Courts (“AOC”), and considered information outside the 

Defendant’s actual criminal conduct. The Defendant also claims that we should review the 

trial court’s sentencing decision de novo because the court did not follow the purposes and 

principles of sentencing and that we should grant his request for full probation or split 

confinement. Based on the oral arguments, the record, and the parties’ briefs, we conclude 

that the Defendant has not shown a violation of due process by the trial court but that a de 

novo review of the denial of alternative sentencing is warranted. Upon our de novo review, 

we conclude that the trial court properly ordered that the Defendant serve his effective 

sixteen-year sentence in confinement.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN W. CAMPBELL, SR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT L.

HOLLOWAY, JR., AND JILL BARTEE AYERS, JJ., joined.

Ellison Berryhill (on appeal), David A. Doyle (on appeal and at sentencing), and Lawren 

B. Lassiter and Randy P. Lucas (at plea hearing), Gallatin, Tennessee, for the appellant, 

Douglas Mac Richmond.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; T. Austin Watkins, Senior Assistant 

Attorney General; Lawrence Ray Whitley, District Attorney General; and Jenni Smith and 

09/22/2022
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Thomas Boone Dean, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of 

Tennessee.

OPINION

FACTS

In April 2019, the Sumner County Grand Jury returned a nineteen-count indictment, 

charging the Defendant in counts one through nine with sexual exploitation of a minor by 

electronic means in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-529(a); in counts 

ten through fifteen with sexual exploitation of a minor by electronic means in violation of 

Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-529(b)(2); and in counts sixteen through 

nineteen with sexual battery by an authority figure in violation of Tennessee Code 

Annotated section 39-13-527. All of the counts involved the same female victim.

On May 21, 2021, the Defendant pled guilty to counts one through nine, sexual 

exploitation of a minor by electronic means in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated 

section 39-13-529(a).

1

 Pursuant to the plea agreement, he was to receive an eight-year 

sentence for each conviction as a Range I, standard offender with counts one and two to be 

served consecutively and the remaining counts to be served concurrently with count one 

for a total effective sentence of sixteen years. The trial court was to determine the manner 

of service of the sentence.

At the guilty plea hearing, the State gave the following factual account of the crimes: 

In the fall of 2018, the victim was a fourteen-year-old student at Gallatin High School, and 

the Defendant was her thirty-five-year-old teacher. The victim began sending text 

messages to the Defendant, and they exchanged messages with their cellular telephones

about “things like football games and normal activities.” Within a week of starting to 

exchange messages, the Defendant told the victim to download the Kik application so they 

could communicate via Kik instead. The victim created a Kik account on October 20, 

2018. The Defendant also had a Kik account and went by the name “‘DMAC the 

Chemist.’” An investigator would have testified at trial that Kik was “a notorious text 

message application used by sex offenders.” 

 

1 Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-529(a) provides,

It is an offense for a person eighteen (18) years of age or older, by means of oral, written 

or electronic communication, electronic mail or internet service, including webcam 

communications, directly or through another, to intentionally command, hire, persuade, 

induce or cause a minor to engage in simulated sexual activity that is patently offensive or 

in sexual activity, where such simulated sexual activity or sexual activity is observed by 

that person or by another.
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The victim and the Defendant began exchanging messages on Kik. Although the 

victim and the Defendant deleted most of the messages from their telephones, the Gallatin

Police Department (“GPD”) later was able to obtain many of the messages for the time 

period of November 2, 2018, to February 5, 2019, which was the date of the Defendant’s 

arrest. The messages showed that immediately after the victim downloaded the Kik 

application, the Defendant began asking her for nude photographs of herself. The victim

was scared to send him nude photographs but began sending him “normal face shots and 

clothed photographs.” The Defendant continued to ask the victim for nude photographs, 

so the victim began sending him partially-nude photographs. Eventually, she began

sending him fully-nude photographs. 

The Defendant coached the victim on how to take sexually explicit photographs and 

asked for photographs almost daily. Toward the end of their relationship, the Defendant

often asked the victim to meet him in his classroom closet after school and during breaks 

to engage in sexual activity. However, the victim always “‘chickened out’” and made 

excuses as to why she could not meet him. The Defendant then would send messages to 

the victim in which he told her that she “‘owed him,’” meaning that she owed him more 

photographs because she would not meet him in the closet. The Defendant’s messages also 

became “very sexual and graphic describing the sexual things he wanted to do to the victim 

in his classroom closet,” and the victim had to ask the Defendant several times for 

clarification about the meaning of certain sexual phrases. The Defendant sent at least nine

photographs of his fully erect penis to the victim, and some of those photographs were 

taken inside his classroom. He also sent the victim a video of himself masturbating in what 

appeared to be Gallatin High School’s training facility. The Defendant told the victim 

numerous times that he could go to jail for his behavior and told her to delete their messages 

and not to tell anyone about their contact. Ultimately, another student found out about the 

relationship and disclosed it to the school administration, which resulted in the Defendant’s 

arrest.

After the State’s recitation of the facts, the trial court accepted the Defendant’s 

guilty pleas and scheduled a sentencing hearing to determine the manner of service of the 

effective sixteen-year sentence. The trial court allowed the Defendant to remain on bond 

pending sentencing but ordered that he not have any direct or indirect contact with the 

victim, that he register as a sex offender, and that he undergo a psychosexual risk 

assessment. The State dismissed the remaining charges.

The trial court held a sentencing hearing on July 30, 2021. At the outset of the 

hearing, defense counsel recognized that the Defendant was not considered to be a 

favorable candidate for alternative sentencing because the crimes were Class B felonies. 

However, defense counsel asserted that “despite [the Defendant’s] three months of 

atrociousness and the damage that he did to this child,” the trial court should suspend the 

effective sixteen-year sentence to probation. 
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Katie Hope2testified for the State that in February 2019, she was an investigator 

with the GPD. On February 5, she responded to a call at Gallatin High School regarding a 

juvenile female student possibly involved in a relationship with a teacher. The teacher was 

the Defendant, who was married and had a nine-month-old baby. Investigator Hope first 

interviewed the female student who had reported the relationship. Investigator Hope then 

interviewed the victim. The victim disclosed to Investigator Hope that she and the 

Defendant had been “‘sexting’ for some time” and had exchanged nude photographs and 

videos. Initially, the victim and the Defendant communicated via normal cellular telephone 

text messages. However, “within a matter of days,” they began communicating via the Kik 

application. Investigator Hope explained about Kik as follows:

Kik is known in the criminal realm as -- the company is not based in the 

United States and therefore they do not honor our judicial process. So these 

messages can be deleted, usually not recovered. It is known as an app where 

child pornography, grooming of children, things like that is utilized as they 

know it would be difficult to prosecute. 

The Defendant had downloaded the Kik application in 2015. Investigator Hope took 

possession of the victim’s telephone, but the victim had deleted their messages. 

Investigator Hope testified that after she interviewed the victim, she interviewed the 

Defendant. He denied knowing the victim but admitted sending text messages to other 

students. He told Investigator Hope that his cellular telephone number was in his class 

syllabus in case his students needed to contact him for help with their homework. The 

Defendant also was the school baseball coach and had been in contact with student athletes. 

Eventually, the Defendant admitted knowing the victim and told Investigator Hope that 

“some students had made him aware that [the victim] had a crush on him.” Investigator 

Hope asked the Defendant if he sent messages to the victim, and the Defendant “hinted that 

maybe someone was impersonating him, maybe someone was out to get him, maybe some 

of his social media had been hacked, things like that.” 

Investigator Hope testified that the Defendant claimed he had “no idea” where his 

cellular telephone was located. By the end of the interview, though, he disclosed the “likely 

location” of his telephone. Someone retrieved the telephone and brought it to Investigator 

Hope. At some point during the Defendant’s interview, he became “more truthful” about 

his contact with the victim and admitted that he and the victim had exchanged messages 

via Kik. 

Investigator Hope testified that the Defendant was transported to the police 

department and that he was placed in a room by himself. Investigator Hope allowed him 

 

2 At the time of the sentencing hearing, the witness’s last name had changed to Kittrell. For 

consistency and clarity, we will refer to her as Investigator Hope.
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to telephone his wife, and their conversation was recorded. The Defendant told his wife

that he and the victim had been sending photographs to each other but that they did not 

have a sexual relationship. He also told his wife that he was addicted to pornography and 

that he had been watching pornography and masturbating to it every morning before 

school. 

Investigator Hope testified that although the victim had deleted the Kik messages 

from her telephone, the GPD was able to recover most of the messages. Investigator Hope

said that the messages began as “very innocent from the victim’s end” and that the victim

“really had no sexual experience, knowledge.” The victim sent “Snapchat selfies with 

bunny ears” to the Defendant and told him about some family issues she was having, but 

the Defendant constantly asked her for nude photographs and did not show any concern 

about her personal problems. The victim began sending him photographs of herself fully 

clothed. The Defendant “push[ed]” her to “show more skin,” so her photographs 

progressed “from fully clothed to bikini to then nude.” The Defendant also “coach[ed] her 

on what positions to place herself in.” Investigator Hope acknowledged that the Defendant

told the victim to “lay down and open [her] vagina” and to bend over and spread her “butt 

[cheeks].” The victim did not know what “oral sex” meant, so the Defendant had to explain 

it to her. Investigator Hope said that the Defendant’s messages became “more vulgar” over 

time and that “it was apparent that the victim was learning how to speak more sexually 

suggestive and how to pose herself, and by the end of it she was just as much wrapped up 

in it as he was.” The Defendant frequently reminded the victim to delete their messages, 

and he repeatedly told her that he could go to prison. 

Investigator Hope testified that the Defendant kept asking the victim to have sex 

with him in his classroom closet. The victim “would somewhat seem like she was 

interested” but always made an excuse at the last minute as to why she could not meet him. 

Consequently, the Defendant would tell the victim that she “owed him more photos as 

payback for leaving him hanging.” The Defendant began sending the victim photographs 

of his erect penis covered by his boxer shorts but then began sending her photographs of 

his erect penis exposed. Some of the photographs appeared to have been taken in the 

Defendant’s classroom and at the school’s baseball facility. The Defendant also sent the 

victim one video of himself masturbating “possibly in the baseball practice facility.” 

Investigator Hope testified that she conducted a forensic interview with the victim 

and that the victim “discussed some potential sexual batteries” that had occurred in the 

Defendant’s class. Specifically, the victim told Investigator Hope that the Defendant 

“would brush up against her, touch her in her thigh, grab her breasts.” He also grabbed her 

buttocks one time. The Defendant later mentioned the touches in his messages to the 

victim, so the police were able to “match up each of those incidents.” 

On cross-examination, Investigator Hope testified that the female student who had 

reported the relationship was “under the impression” that the victim and the Defendant 
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“had had oral sex . . . and that they were sexting.” The victim had told the student that the 

victim had engaged in fellatio with the Defendant. But when Investigator Hope 

interviewed the victim, the victim was “adamant” that she and the Defendant did not 

engage in oral sex. At that time, Investigator Hope did not know if the victim was telling 

her the truth. However, Investigator Hope never found any evidence that the victim and 

the Defendant engaged in oral sex or sexual intercourse. Additionally, the “thousands” of 

Kik messages recovered from the victim’s telephone showed she was being truthful. On 

redirect examination, Investigator Hope testified that although the victim and the 

Defendant did not have sexual intercourse, “I believe they absolutely would have had sex 

had [the victim] showed up in that closet.” 

The victim, who was seventeen years old at the time of the sentencing hearing, 

testified that the Defendant used to be her physical science teacher. He provided his 

students with his cellular telephone number at the beginning of the school year, and he and 

the victim began exchanging text messages in October 2018. At first, their messages were 

“[j]ust regular, everyday conversations.” Three or four days later, though, the Defendant 

asked the victim to move their conversations to the Kik application, and she did so. The 

victim said that almost immediately, the Defendant’s demeanor changed. The victim knew 

he wanted nude photographs of her, so she started sending him partially-nude photographs. 

Eventually, she began sending him fully-nude photographs because she respected him and 

“wanted to keep him happy.” The Defendant began sending photographs of his erect penis 

to the victim, and he took some of the photographs in his classroom. He also sent her 

photographs of himself masturbating and tried to get her to have sex with him in his 

classroom closet, which had a locked door. The victim always made excuses as to why she 

could not meet him in the closet, and the Defendant would tell her that she had to send him 

photographs or videos of herself to “repay” him. 

The victim acknowledged that she told another student that she and the Defendant 

had oral sex. The victim testified that she and the Defendant never had oral sex and that 

she lied to the student because the Defendant “was a very well-liked teacher. He was 

everybody’s favorite, and I thought I was special, having what I thought was a relationship 

with him.” When the school administration found out about the relationship, the victim 

tried to delete all of their communications from her telephone because she “didn’t want to 

be in trouble” and “didn’t want anything bad to happen to him.” The victim thought she 

was in love the Defendant but later realized he had “manipulated” her and had “used” her. 

The victim testified about incidents in which the Defendant touched her while she 

was in his class. One time, the Defendant came up behind her, and she felt his erect penis 

against her back. Another time, the victim was standing on a chair, and the Defendant put 

his shoulder against her inner thigh. In another incident, the Defendant put his forearm 

against the victim’s “butt” while she was sitting on a desk. In other incidents, the 

Defendant “kind of just brushed his hand against [her] left breast” and “grabbed [her] butt.” 

Some of the messages recovered from the victim’s telephone corresponded to the incidents. 
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The victim testified that after the messages were revealed, she “felt like it was all 

[her] fault” and thought she had ruined the Defendant’s life. The victim said that she 

became “very disliked around here,” that she was blamed and bullied, and that she could 

no longer attend Gallatin High School. The victim tried traditional therapy but attended 

only five sessions and began using horses as therapy. She said the Defendant should have 

to serve his effective sixteen-year sentence in confinement. Upon being questioned by the 

trial court, the victim said that her relationship with the Defendant caused her to become 

afraid of men and that his ongoing case had been “exhausting and stressful.” 

The victim’s mother testified that in February 2019, she learned about the messages 

and photographs exchanged between the victim and the Defendant. The victim’s mother 

was “immediately enraged” because she did not think she had to protect the victim from 

the victim’s teachers. She knew the victim had a crush on the Defendant because “[a]ll the 

girls did,” but she never thought anything like this would happen. 

The victim’s mother testified that the victim had liver cancer and was very sick in 

the eighth grade. The victim was excited about attending high school, played on the soccer 

team, and was a “straight A student.” After the victim’s relationship with the Defendant 

was revealed, the victim’s mother took the victim out of school for a few days. Other 

students began talking about the victim and creating “memes” with photographs of the 

victim and the Defendant. The victim also started being bullied. She “completely removed 

herself from anything school-related or teenagers-her-age related,” and her grades fell to 

“[b]arely making B’s and C’s.” The victim ended up attending “virtual” school. The 

victim tried traditional therapy but found therapy with horses. The victim’s mother said 

the Defendant should serve his effective sixteen-year sentence in prison.

On cross-examination, the victim’s mother testified that victim had an iPhone. The 

victim’s mother did not monitor the victim’s use of the iPhone because the victim was a 

good student and “didn’t give [her] reason to have to do that.” The victim’s mother did 

not know anything about Kik. She said that the victim was “a tough girl” and 

acknowledged that the victim had put the incident with the Defendant behind her. 

Investigator Charles Cook of the GPD acknowledged that at the prosecutor’s 

request, he conducted “some investigation” into this case. On May 10, 2021, Investigator 

Cook spoke with S.F., who was a female student of the Defendant at a South Carolina high 

school from 2011 to 2012. S.F. told Investigator Cook that the Defendant was “pursuing 

her during school, saying things to her like my wife’s not around and I can see you.” The 

Defendant told S.F. that he thought she was attractive, and he “tried to cause problems” 

between her and her boyfriend. The Defendant also told S.F. that he “wanted to be with 

her and would do whatever it’d take to do that.” S.F. told Investigator Cook that when she 

did not do what the Defendant wanted, he became “more of a bully type and told her that 

she was a pathetic piece of [sh*t] and that she was a loser.” 
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Investigator Cook testified that according to the Defendant’s employment records, 

he taught at four different high schools in South Carolina and Georgia prior to teaching at 

Gallatin High School. Investigator Cook spoke with the Defendant’s ex-wife, with whom 

the Defendant had a daughter. The Defendant’s ex-wife told Investigator Cook that “a 

couple of times they had to leave in a hurry” and that she did not know why. [She also told 

Investigator Cook that the Defendant was unfaithful, and she “shared several letters of 

apology from him, from everything to drinking to inappropriate types of relationships.” 

Investigator Cook read aloud excerpts from a fifteen-page letter written by the Defendant’s 

ex-wife. In the letter, she said that she had known the Defendant since middle school, that 

they married in 2014, and that they divorced in 2020. She said that the Defendant “was 

willing to violate a child for his own personal pleasure,” that their daughter was “in direct 

danger,” and that the Defendant should never be allowed to be around children. 

Investigator Cook testified that the Defendant had been living in Michigan since his 

guilty pleas. Although the Defendant was required to register as a sex offender, he had not 

registered in Tennessee or Michigan at the time of the sentencing hearing. Investigator 

Cook thought the Defendant’s failure to register was a violation of the sex offender law. 

Investigator Cook received information that the Defendant had met a woman “on a dating 

app called Tinder.” Investigator Cook noted that as a condition of his bond, the Defendant

was not allowed to access the internet. Investigator Cook also received information that 

the Defendant was dating or engaged to the woman and that the woman had two daughters 

who were twelve and thirteen years old. The Defendant’s ankle monitor showed that he 

spent “significant time” at the woman’s home and that he was with her when she 

supposedly drove her daughters to their father’s home in Ohio. Another condition of the 

Defendant’s bond was that he not have any contact with minors. Investigator Cook stated

that if the Defendant accessed the internet or was around the woman’s daughters, he 

violated the conditions of his bond.

On cross-examination, Investigator Cook testified that he did not begin his 

investigation of this case until May 2021. He acknowledged that he was “brought in to 

chase down” witnesses and said that he was able to “call these people [to] see what they 

had to say.” The Defendant’s ex-wife divorced him immediately after the charges were 

brought against him and only maintained an amicable relationship with him for the sake of 

their daughter. Investigator Cook said that he did not have any direct proof the Defendant 

accessed the internet after the Defendant’s guilty pleas and that he had not spoken with the 

Defendant.

Jason Fuller testified for the Defendant that he was from Brighton, Michigan, and 

that he was the associate pastor at Brighton Nazarene Church. He said that he had known 

the Defendant for two years and that they met when the Defendant began attending the 

church during the Covid-19 pandemic. Mr. Fuller learned the Defendant had a barbeque 

business, so Mr. Fuller “reached out” to see if the Defendant would partner with the church 

to provide meals to frontline workers. Mr. Fuller and the Defendant began talking about 
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Celebrate Recovery, which was a national, Christ-centered program at the church for 

people with addictions. Mr. Fuller was starting a “discipleship group” in which he was 

incorporating elements from Celebrate Recovery, and the Defendant joined the group. 

Initially, Mr. Fuller was “cautious” and “cynical” of the Defendant. He researched the 

Defendant on the internet and learned the Defendant’s story, and he met with the Defendant 

weekly for about two years. At their first meeting, the Defendant was “upfront” about his 

past and was “broken,” “scared,” and “looking for healing.” 

Mr. Fuller testified that the Defendant met with the church’s senior pastor. The 

Defendant was honest with the senior pastor, and Mr. Fuller and the senior pastor became 

involved in the Defendant’s “barbecue ministry.” Mr. Fuller said that he did not know 

anything about the Defendant at the time of the offenses but that he thought “[s]omething 

happened to [the Defendant] two or three years ago when he was in jail, when he was at 

rock bottom, when he was at the most impressible broken spot in his life.” Mr. Fuller 

thought the Defendant had “an encounter with God.” He said that he thought the 

Defendant’s behavior in this case was “terrible and disgusting” but that the Defendant had 

earned his trust and respect and that he did not think the Defendant was the same person

the Defendant was two or three years ago. Mr. Fuller stated that the Defendant had found 

a purpose and passion for the Defendant’s life, that the Defendant wanted to honor God,

and that he thought the Defendant’s heart had “genuinely been transformed.” 

The Defendant gave a lengthy allocution. He apologized to the victim’s family and

said his life changed forever when he was “booked” into jail on February 5, 2019. At that 

time, the Defendant did not have any direction, faith, or hope. The next day, a Gallatin 

pastor visited him in jail. When the Defendant returned to his cell, he “dropped to [his]

knees” and told God that he wanted to “do [God’s] will for the rest of [his] life; nothing 

else mattered.” The Defendant said that he gave his life to God and that he spent the next 

ten months in jail “getting to know God on a deep, personal level while blessing others.” 

The Defendant used his teaching skills to help inmates learn to read and obtain their GEDs. 

When the Defendant was released from confinement, he started a deck-building company 

because there were no jobs for convicted felons. He also started a homeless barbecue 

ministry in downtown Detroit. During the Covid pandemic, the Defendant used his

ministry to feed 5,000 people. 

Addressing the trial court directly, the Defendant said that he was “a man of God” 

and that “I know there’s people in this room right now that think this is a mockery to talk 

about this Lord and Savior that totally changed and revitalized who I am.” Defendant noted 

that prior to moving to Tennessee, he taught special education students in Charleston, South 

Carolina; worked with “inner city” students in Atlanta, Georgia; and coached students who 

went on to have careers in the NBA, the NBA Europe, the NFL, and major league baseball. 

The Defendant stated that he had to start his decking company because no one would hire 

him and that he put “[e]very dime” he earned from his company into his homeless ministry. 

Defendant asserted that justice already had been served in this case, noting that he could 
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no longer coach; that he could no longer be around children, including his sister’s children; 

that he could no longer see his daughter, even on bond; and that he would have to live with 

the fact that he harmed a minor for the rest of his life. In closing, the Defendant stated that 

he knew he had “done some awful things” to the victim and her family but requested that 

the trial court consider his accomplishments and “what I’m about now.” 

The State introduced into evidence the Defendant’s presentence report, his 

psychosexual risk assessment, and the text messages and photographs recovered by the 

police. In the presentence report, the Defendant stated that he earned a bachelor’s degree 

in chemistry from Albion College in Michigan in 2006, that he played football and baseball 

in college, and that he earned good grades. He said that he pursued a master’s degree in 

educational psychology through the University of Alabama’s online master’s program but 

that he had to withdraw from the program due to his arrest in this case. The Defendant 

described his physical and mental health as “good” and said that he was participating in

Celebrate Recovery for his addiction to pornography. The Defendant stated that he began 

consuming alcohol when he was twenty-one years old, that he consumed beer, and that his 

alcohol use caused issues in his marriage. He also stated that his alcohol use contributed 

to a one-month extramarital affair that occurred while he and his ex-wife were living in 

Nashville and that he stopped drinking alcohol in July 2017. The Defendant said in the 

report that he had a close relationship with his parents, that he was living with them in 

Michigan, and that he was in very serious romantic relationship with a woman who also 

resided in Michigan. 

Regarding the Defendant’s employment history, the presentence report showed that 

at the time of sentencing, he owned Mac Custom Build and Design, a construction business, 

and Mac Daddy’s BBQ Ministry, a nonprofit corporation. The Defendant was a teacher at 

Gallatin High School from August 2017 until he was fired in February 2019, and he worked 

for two construction companies in 2020. Prior to teaching at Gallatin High School, the 

Defendant was a public school teacher in Charleston, South Carolina, from August 2009 

to August 2012; in Atlanta, Georgia, from August 2012 to May 2015; and in Nashville 

from May 2015 to August 2017. The presentence report did not show any prior criminal 

record for the Defendant.

The Defendant’s Strong-R assessment was attached to his presentence report and 

classified his overall risk level as low. The assessment concluded that he had low needs 

relevant to “Mental Health,” “Education,” “Alcohol/Drug Use,” “Attitudes/Behaviors,” 

“Employment,” Aggression,” and “Friends” and that he had moderate needs relevant to 

“Family” and “Residential.”

In June 2021, a licensed psychologist examined the Defendant for a psychosexual 

risk assessment. According to the assessment, the Defendant told the examiner that he had 

been married twice: first to his high school sweetheart and then to the mother of his 

daughter. The Defendant said that he was unfaithful to his second wife but that he attended 
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counseling and stopped consuming alcohol after he confessed the affair to her. The 

examiner noted that although the Defendant claimed to have attended counseling for about 

nine months, he could not remember the name of the counselor so that the examiner could 

obtain the Defendant’s counseling records. The Defendant told the examiner that he 

viewed pornography and used Kik to share “inappropriate images” with others during his 

second marriage. The Defendant also began using chatrooms to obtain nude photographs 

from females and would masturbate to the photographs. 

In the section of the assessment for the Defendant’s version of the crimes, he stated 

that he “pursued” the victim and that he wanted nude photographs of her “to get sexual 

gratification.” Defendant suggested to the victim that they have “‘alone time’” in the back 

room attached to his classroom. He said that by “alone time,” he meant “a blow job.” 

However, he denied having any sexual contact with the victim. In the section for the 

Defendant’s psychosexual history, he told the examiner that he photographed his penis and 

sent the photographs to the victim and about forty adults. He stated he that received nude 

photographs from less than forty women and that he thought the victim was the only 

“underage” female to send him photographs. The Defendant said that he made a video of 

himself masturbating and that he sent the video to the victim and to ten women. 

The psychosexual risk assessment showed that the examiner administered the 

Visual Assessment of Sexual Interest (“VASI”) to the Defendant. For that test, the 

Defendant was shown collages of images that depicted both sexes in all five Tanner Scales 

of sexual development, and his visual fixation responses were measured to identify the 

presence or absence of sexual interest. During the test, the Defendant “demonstrated a 

significant amount of time avoiding looking at images,” and the examiner noted that “his 

attempts to avoid looking at images may have lowered his level of fixation or sexual 

interest to socially unacceptable groups.” Although the Defendant reported having a high 

sexual attraction to adult females, he “demonstrated significantly higher visual and 

sexualized fixation to females and males 2 to 5 years old and females 6 to 12 years old than 

his sexualized interest to adult females.” The examiner stated that the Defendant’s 

responses were “associated with an abnormal fixation to female children” and that his “high 

sexual interest in female children is a concern and should be addressed in treatment.” The

Defendant also “demonstrated below normal visual fixation responses to females 13 to 17 

years-old,” and the examiner stated that his response to females in that age group should 

be assessed further in treatment. The Defendant’s VASI results were “associated with a 

Moderate-high level of risk associated with deviant interest” and “suggest[ed] an absence 

of interest in adult females and higher interest in prepubescent females.” 

The examiner used two tools to measure the Defendant’s risk to reoffend: the 

STATIC-99R and the STABLE 2007. The Defendant’s score on the STATIC-99R placed 

him in the average risk category, and his score on the STABLE 2007 placed him in the 

moderate risk category. The examiner concluded that the Defendant’s risk to reoffend was 

average. She recommended that he participate in sex-offender-specific treatment and 
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stated that his average risk to reoffend suggested he could participate in an outpatient 

community-based program. The examiner noted that the Defendant’s level of honesty and 

cognitive and verbal skills were factors associated with a good prognosis.

At the conclusion of the proof, the trial court stated that it had considered the 

evidence at the sentencing hearing; the presentence report; the principles of sentencing and 

arguments as to sentencing alternatives; the nature and circumstances of the offenses;

enhancement and mitigating factors; the Defendant’s allocution; and the validated risk and 

needs assessment in the Strong-R report. The trial court said that it also had considered 

twenty-one letters of recommendation written on the Defendant’s behalf and delivered by 

defense counsel to the trial court.

3

 The trial court said that the letters showed the Defendant 

was “loved greatly” and “blessed” and that they showed he pursued a master’s degree, was 

a very good student, had no criminal record, and had a good work history until he moved 

to Gallatin. The trial court noted that after the Defendant was indicted in this case, he made 

bond and was allowed to move to Michigan. He began attending Celebrate Recovery, 

established a business and a ministry to feed the homeless, helped people, made friends, 

and followed all of the rules and restrictions associated with his bond. The trial court stated 

that the Defendant “[did] all the right things” in Michigan and that he was “very passionate” 

in his allocution about what he accomplished there. However, the trial court took issue 

with the Defendant’s claim in his allocution “about how much [he’d] suffered already.” 

The trial court noted that according to the Defendant’s presentence report, he abused 

alcohol, which contributed to his having a one-month affair while he and his second wife 

were living in Nashville. The trial court also noted that the Defendant pursued and 

“groomed” the fourteen-year-old victim. The trial court found that enhancement factors 

(7), that the offense involved a victim and was committed to gratify the defendant’s desire 

for pleasure or excitement, and (14), that the defendant abused a position of public or 

private trust, applied to his convictions. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(7), (14). In 

mitigation, the trial court addressed factor (13), the catchall provision, and noted that the 

Defendant “has a good family,” did not have a criminal record, and “has taken steps to get 

where he should.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(13). However, the trial court then stated, 

“I don’t think that he needs to be rewarded for what he did.” 

The trial court addressed the nature and circumstances of the offenses and whether 

confinement was necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offenses. The trial 

court stated that violating a child’s innocence was “among the greatest evils known to 

man”; that “[t]hese crimes involved perversion, immorality, paganism”; and that the crimes 

“were godless because your god was your sexual appetite and your weapon was the 

internet.” The trial court said that it had reviewed the messages and photographs 

exchanged between the victim and the Defendant and that the Defendant “repeatedly asked 

 

3 Defense counsel did not introduce the letters into evidence as an exhibit, and they are not in the 

appellate record.
- 13 -

her to have sex with him in his classroom in the closet.” The trial court referred to the 

Defendant as a “predator[]” and stated, “Had it not been for the grace of God and the 

intervention of [another student], . . . [the crimes] would have been much worse.” 

The trial court quoted some of the Defendant’s messages to the victim. The trial 

court said that the messages and photographs “frankly [make] me sick” and that the victim 

“look[ed] like she was being groomed to be a porn star.” The trial court noted that the 

Defendant sent nine photographs of his exposed and erect penis to the victim and that he 

took a majority of those photographs in Gallatin High School. The trial court recalled that 

the Defendant also touched the victim in class, including one time when “he came up 

behind her and she felt his erect penis against her back in class in front of others.” 

The trial court said it was “concern[ed]” about the Defendant’s psychosexual risk 

assessment and quoted extensively from his version of the offenses, his psychosexual 

history, and his test results. The trial court then addressed the damage to the victim and 

stated that the Defendant’s actions “completely destroyed her high school years,” caused 

her to be bullied and afraid of men, and “ruined some of the best years of her life.” The 

trial court said that the Defendant’s actions also damaged the reputation of teachers in 

general and the reputation of Gallatin High School. The trial court found that the crimes 

were “reprehensible, offensive, and to an excessive or exaggerated degree.” 

Next, the trial court addressed deterrence and found that three of the five factors 

enumerated in State v. Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1, 10 (Tenn. 2000), supported the need for 

deterrence in this case. First, the trial court found that other incidents of the charged 

offenses were increasingly present in the community, stating that “[w]e’ve had about three 

cases, maybe more . . . of teachers sexually abusing students in this county.” Second, the 

trial court found that the Defendant’s crimes were the result of intentional conduct. Finally, 

the trial court found that the Defendant’s crimes and convictions had received substantial 

publicity beyond that normally expected in the typical case, noting that reporters from a 

television station and a newspaper were present at the sentencing hearing and that the case 

had been publicized locally and in Nashville. 

In sum, the trial found that confinement was necessary to avoid depreciating the 

seriousness of the offenses and that confinement was particularly suited to provide an 

effective deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses. The trial court ordered 

that the Defendant serve his effective sixteen-year sentence in confinement. 

ANALYSIS

On appeal, the Defendant claims that he was denied due process at sentencing 

because the trial court allowed hearsay testimony, “infused” the court’s religious beliefs 

into the court’s sentencing decisions, failed to consider required statistical information 

from the AOC, and considered information outside the Defendant’s actual criminal 
- 14 -

conduct. In the alternative, he contends that we should review the trial court’s sentencing 

decisions de novo because the trial court did not follow the purposes and principles of 

sentencing when the court infused its religious beliefs into its sentencing decisions, ignored 

statistical information from the AOC, and speculated about his other potential criminal 

behavior. The Defendant asserts that based on our de novo review, we should resentence 

him to full probation or split confinement. The State argues that the Defendant has not 

shown a due process violation and that even under de novo review, he is not entitled to 

relief. We agree with the State.

I. Due Process

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution and Article I, Section 8 of the Tennessee Constitution afford every criminal 

defendant the right to a fair trial. See Johnson v. State, 38 S.W.3d 52, 55 (Tenn. 2001). 

Cumulative errors at sentencing may warrant a new sentencing hearing even though 

individual errors do not require relief. State v. Molly L. Miles, No. 03C01-9812-CR-00447, 

1999 WL 1191535, at *11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 16, 1999) (citing State v. Cribbs, 967 

S.W.2d 773, 789 (Tenn. 1998)).

A. Hearsay

First, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing Investigator Cook 

to testify about statements made by the Defendant’s former student and the Defendant’s 

ex-wife because the statements were unreliable hearsay. With regard to the former 

student’s statements, the Defendant also claims that he did not have an opportunity to rebut 

the statements. The State argues that Investigator Cook’s testimony about the former 

student’s statements was admissible as reliable hearsay and that the Defendant has waived 

the issue with regard to his ex-wife’s statements because he failed to object at the 

sentencing hearing. We conclude that the trial court erred by allowing Investigator Cook 

to testify about the former student’s statements but that the error was harmless.

During Investigator Cook’s testimony, he stated that at the prosecutor’s request, he 

spoke with S.F., who had been the Defendant’s student from 2011 to 2012. Investigator 

Cook began to testify about what S.F. told him, and defense counsel objected on hearsay 

grounds. The State argued that the testimony was reliable hearsay. Defense counsel 

responded that the State had not established that S.F.’s statements were reliable and that 

the defense was unaware of the statements prior to the hearing. The trial court stated that 

“Rule 104 applies” and ruled that the statements were reliable because they were part of 

the officer’s investigation. The State resumed questioning Investigator Cook, and he

testified about S.F.’s claims that the Defendant pursued her and tried to have a relationship 

with her. After Investigator Cook testified about S.F.’s statements, he testified about 

statements made to him by the Defendant’s ex-wife. The Defendant did not object to those 

statements.
- 15 -

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 104(a) provides that “[p]reliminary questions

concerning . . . the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the court” and that 

“[i]n making its determination the court is not bound by the rules of evidence except those 

with respect to privileges.” Although the trial court referred to Rule 104, the trial court 

then ruled that Investigator Cook’s testimony about S.F.’s statements were reliable because 

they were part of his investigation. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-209(b)

provides that in a sentencing hearing, reliable hearsay is admissible as long as a defendant 

“is accorded a fair opportunity to rebut any hearsay evidence so admitted.” Examples of 

reliable hearsay include, but are not limited to, certified copies of convictions or documents 

and presentence reports. See State v. Baker, 956 S.W.2d 8, 17 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

Initially, we agree with the State that the Defendant has waived any issue regarding 

the statements made by his ex-wife because he failed to object to the statements at the 

sentencing hearing. See Tenn. R. Evid. 36(a). As to Investigator Cook’s testimony about 

S.F.’s statements, the State argues that they were reliable hearsay because they were “akin 

to the sort of evidence routinely admitted in presentence reports or victim impact 

statements” and because Investigator Cook, who was a trained law enforcement officer,

“presumably would be a more reliable source for an accurate interview than a probation 

officer who prepares a presentence report.” The State acknowledges that while the 

Defendant did not have advance notice of the statements, he is not entitled to relief because 

he did not request a continuance to investigate S.F.’s allegations. 

In State v. Benjamin S. Huffman, Jr., No. M2007-02103-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 

1349223, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 14, 2009), this court addressed a police officer’s 

testifying at sentencing about a “double hearsay” statement. This court said it was “not 

persuaded” that the statement was untrustworthy or unreliable, noting that the officer 

learned about the statement while conducting a “thorough investigation” of the accident 

scene; that the officer heard the statement from an emergency medical technician, who 

treated the declarant at the scene of the accident; and that the officer documented the 

statement in his police report. Benjamin S. Huffman, Jr., 2009 WL 1349223, at *9. 

Here, Investigator Cook’s involvement in the case was not part of the GPD’s formal 

investigation of the crimes. Instead, his investigation occurred more than a year after the 

indictment and at the prosecutor’s request apparently to investigate other possible victims

for purposes of sentencing. Investigator Cook did not offer any testimony about the 

circumstances in which he questioned S.F., other than he spoke with her on the telephone, 

and the record does not demonstrate that S.F. even knew she was speaking with a police 

officer. Investigator Cook talked with S.F. approximately ten years after the Defendant 

was her teacher, and the Defendant had no opportunity to rebut her statements at the 

sentencing hearing. Therefore, we conclude that neither condition of Tennessee Code 

Annotated section 40-35-209(b) was met and that the trial court erred by allowing 

Investigator Cook to testify about S.F.’s statements.
- 16 -

The State argues that any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the 

trial court stated during its pronouncement of the Defendant’s sentence that it was not 

“going to hold” Investigator Cook’s testimony about S.F.’s statements against the 

Defendant. Our review of the sentencing hearing transcript shows that the trial court 

actually stated as follows:

[T]he more I hear about [the Defendant], this was an attitude that developed 

over a period of time. I heard what [S.F.] told Investigator Cook, and that’s 

something that I’ve kind of wondered about and that was not addressed by 

the defendant in his allocution statement.

I’m not going to hold that against you, Mr. Richmond, but it just goes 

with my thoughts that this attitude that you developed didn’t just happen, and 

we’ll go into that in just a minute. 

We think the trial court’s comments demonstrate that it considered S.F.’s statements but

that it gave the statements little, if any, probative value. Therefore, we agree with the State 

that the trial court’s error was harmless.

B. Religious Beliefs

Next, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred by infusing its religious 

beliefs into its decision to deny his request for alternative sentencing. Again, we conclude 

that the trial court erred but that the error was harmless.

During Mr. Fuller’s testimony, he stated that he thought the Defendant had “an 

encounter with God” in jail and that “I know people will shake their heads in here. I know 

people will disagree with that and that’s okay.” The trial court responded, “I don’t. I don’t 

shake my head and disagree.” Mr. Fuller’s testimony about religion continued, and the 

trial court interjected several of its own religious comments. For example, Mr. Fuller 

stated, “Scripture talks about when somebody comes to Jesus, when they have a spiritual 

encounter with Jesus Christ, the old part is taken out. The heart -- .” The trial court 

interrupted and said, “A new creature; old things have passed.” Later, the following 

colloquy occurred:

[THE WITNESS:] So as you referenced, Your Honor, the Bible 

speaks about a new creation and a new man and I firmly believe that in the 

epitome of darkness, the pain and suffering of [the Defendant’s] life, that he 

had that encounter. I do believe that his heart has genuinely been 

transformed. 

I work with people all day long in ministry. I work in recovery.
- 17 -

THE COURT: Are you saying that he should be treated different than 

anybody else?

THE WITNESS: I’m not saying that.

THE COURT: Okay.

THE WITNESS: I’m just telling you what I saw, yeah.

So -- and I will, you know, testify that I do believe he’s not the same 

person.

And to answer your question, Your Honor, this doesn’t excuse 

anything that he’s done. This doesn’t excuse his past. It doesn’t excuse his

actions. It doesn’t excuse him or justify anything that he has done. But from 

a spiritual standpoint, we know that mercy triumphs justice, that mercy

triumphs judgment. So my -

 . . . .

THE COURT: And so you’re saying mercy triumphs that in a rule --

in a court of law?

THE WITNESS: I was saying from a spiritual standpoint, from a 

scriptural standpoint.

THE COURT: Okay. Do you understand this is not a church? This 

is the government. There are three institutions that God has ordained for 

man: the family, the church, and government. All three are separate. Church 

is separate from government. Jesus said, Render to Caesar the things that are 

Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s. Look at Romans 13:1. Now, 

you may proceed.

During the Defendant’s allocution, he briefly apologized to the victim’s family. He 

then spent a considerable amount of time explaining his past accomplishments, describing 

his religious conversion after his arrest, and asserting why justice already had been served 

in this case. The Defendant also addressed the trial court’s own religious beliefs, stating,

... I’m a man of God and a man whose life is forever changed by God 

and that I trust you. Every case I read -- I read every single case on the kiosk 

when I was locked up about you. In every case -- and God revealed to me

that I can trust your decision, whatever it is, and I’ll be okay because God 

will be with me. You have shown so much integrity and trust throughout the 
- 18 -

years that I know -- I know that the same God you talk about is the same God 

I talk about. I can feel it. I know it. And even though sometimes we want 

to deny this fact, godly -- truly godly men cannot define this fact -- we cannot 

deny it and who he is. 

During the announcement of its sentencing decision, the trial court made multiple 

references to religion. For example, the trial court said that “justice must be firmly 

grounded upon moral standards of right and wrong that flow out from God’s character.” 

The trial court also said that “God demands forgiveness” but that [j]ustice is the operation 

of the government.” Later, the trial court said, “These crimes involved perversion,

immorality, paganism. They were godless because your god was your sexual appetite and 

your weapon was the internet.” The trial court went on to say that “the grace of God” 

prevented the crimes from being much worse and that the Defendant’s messages to the 

victim exemplified “godlessness and perversion.” 

The State argues that the trial court’s religious comments were responses to Mr. 

Fuller’s testimony and the Defendant’s allocution. At oral arguments, defense counsel 

acknowledged that some of the trial court’s comments were responsive to Mr. Fuller’s 

testimony. However, defense counsel asserted that the trial court’s remaining comments 

were improper because trial courts are prohibited from infusing religious beliefs into 

sentencing decisions. 

Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-102(4) provides that “[s]entencing should 

exclude all considerations respecting . . . religion of the . . . individual.” Our supreme court 

has held that “[r]eference to religious law during a criminal trial has been disapproved in 

this State, and trial court judges should therefore refrain from any discussion on religious 

law.” State v. Stephenson, 878 S.W.2d 530, 541 (Tenn. 1994), abrogated on other grounds 

by State v. Saylor, 117 S.W.3d 239, 246 (Tenn. 2003). 

This court previously has advised this same trial court to refrain from making 

religious remarks during sentencing. See State v. Timothy B. Lenarduzzi, No. M2012-

01236-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 436443, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 5, 2013). Moreover, 

we agree with the Defendant that the trial court’s religious comments in this case were 

improper. After the trial court made its comments, though, the trial court stated that the 

judge’s role was “to evaluate and judge cases fairly according to an established standard of 

law” and that the trial court was “going to rule today, according to what the facts are and 

the rule of law, nothing else.” The trial court also stated that sentencing should exclude all 

considerations about religion, including “Christians and non-Christians and any religion 

under the sky.” The trial court then gave a lengthy, well-reasoned explanation for ordering 

confinement based on the circumstances of the offenses and deterrence. Therefore, we 

conclude that Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.
- 19 -

C. Statistical Information

The Defendant claims that the trial court erred by failing to consider the statistical 

information provided by the AOC in its sentencing decision. The State argues that we 

should consider the issue waived because the Defendant should have asked to provide the 

information to the trial court as a late-filed exhibit and that, in any event, the trial court’s 

failure to consider the statistical information was a “minor” error that does not require 

reversal of the sentence. Again, we conclude that the trial court erred, but that the 

Defendant is not entitled to relief.

At the conclusion of the proof, the trial court stated that it had considered seven of 

the eight factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-210(b). However, the

trial court said that it was unable to consider the remaining factor, statistical information 

provided by the AOC as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in Tennessee, 

explaining, 

I’ve tried to get on that website and I can’t do it. I can’t get on it, and I’m 

sorry. But the Court has reservations about looking at statistics about 

sentencing practices for similar cases. Every case is different. There is not 

a case anywhere that’s anything like this, and trial judges do not want to be 

robots. 

Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-210(b) lists eight factors that the trial 

court “shall” consider to determine the specific length of the sentence and “the appropriate 

combination of sentencing alternatives.” One of those factors is “[a]ny statistical 

information provided by the [AOC] as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in 

Tennessee.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b)(6). Therefore, the trial court had a statutory 

duty to consider the statistical information and erred by failing to do so. 

When the trial court fails to make the requisite findings, this court can either conduct 

a de novo review or remand the case to the trial court to consider the requite factors. State 

v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 864 (Tenn. 2013). We think that de novo review is appropriate 

in this case and that the trial court’s error does not necessitate reversal of the trial court’s 

sentencing decision. We will address de novo review below.

D. Additional Criminal Conduct

Finally, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred by considering information 

beyond his actual criminal conduct because the trial court “spent considerable energy 

speculating about what could have happened if various parties had not intervened.” In 

support of his argument, the Defendant notes that the trial court repeatedly referred to the 

Defendant’s requests for the victim to meet him in the closet and that the trial court stated, 
- 20 -

“Had it not been for the grace of God and the intervention of [another student], . . . [the 

crimes] would have been much worse.” 

We disagree with the Defendant’s claim that the trial court was speculating about 

what could have happened in the closet. The trial court made its comments about the closet 

during its consideration of the nature and circumstances of the offenses, and the record is 

replete with evidence that the Defendant wanted the victim to meet him in the closet for 

sex. According to the State’s recitation of facts at the guilty plea hearing, the Defendant

often asked the victim to meet him in his closet to engage in sexual activity, and he 

pressured her for more nude photographs to “repay” him when she failed to meet him. 

Investigator Hope testified, without any objection from the defense, that the Defendant 

kept asking the victim to have sex with him in the closet and that Investigator Hope

“absolutely” thought the Defendant would have had sex with the victim if the victim had 

“showed up.” The Defendant himself stated in the psychosexual risk assessment that he 

wanted “alone time” with the victim in the closet so that she could give him a “blow job.” 

Our review of the Kik messages shows that the Defendant repeatedly asked the victim to 

meet him in the “back room” for sex. Therefore, the trial court did not err by considering 

the evidence as part of the nature and circumstances of the offenses.

To summarize, we have concluded that the trial court erred by allowing hearsay 

testimony, by making religious references during sentencing, and by not considering 

statistical information from the AOC However, the trial court’s ruling spans more than 

forty-six pages in which the court thoroughly considered and analyzed almost all of the 

factors relevant to alternative sentencing. The trial court carefully explained why 

confinement was necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offenses and why 

confinement was particularly suited to provide an effective deterrence to others likely to 

commit similar offenses. Therefore, we do not think the errors, individually or 

cumulatively, deprived the Defendant of due process. However, we conclude that the 

errors warrant de novo review of the trial court’s sentencing decisions.

II. Denial of Alternative Sentencing

The Defendant contends that upon de novo review, we should order that he serve 

his effective sixteen-year sentence as full probation or split confinement. The State argues 

that the record supports the trial court’s denial of alternative sentencing. We agree with 

the State. 

Ordinarily, this court reviews the length, range, and manner of service of a sentence 

imposed by the trial court under an abuse of discretion standard with a presumption of 

reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 708 (Tenn. 2012); see State v. Caudle, 388 

S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012) (applying the Bise standard to alternative sentencing). 

In determining the defendant’s sentence, the trial court considers the following factors: (1) 

the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence 
- 21 -

report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the 

nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information 

offered by the parties on enhancement and mitigating factors; (6) any statistical information 

provided by the Administrative Office of the Courts as to sentencing practices for similar 

offenses in Tennessee; (7) any statement by the defendant in his own behalf; and (8) the 

result of the validated risk and needs assessment conducted by the department and 

contained in the presentence report. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b); see also Bise, 

380 S.W.3d at 697-98. The trial court also must consider the potential or lack of potential 

for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(5). The burden is on the 

Defendant to demonstrate the impropriety of his sentence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

401, Sent’g Comm’n Cmts.

Regarding alternative sentencing for a felony, a defendant is eligible for alternative 

sentencing if the sentence actually imposed is ten years or less. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-

35-303(a). Moreover, a defendant who is an especially mitigated or standard offender 

convicted of a Class C, D, or E felony should be considered a favorable candidate for 

alternative sentencing absent evidence to the contrary. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

102(6). In determining if incarceration is appropriate in a given case, a trial court should 

consider whether:

(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a 

defendant who has a long history of criminal conduct;

(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of 

the offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective 

deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses; or

(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or 

recently been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1). A defendant with a long history of criminal conduct and 

“evincing failure of past efforts at rehabilitation” is presumed unsuitable for alternative 

sentencing. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(5).

We have considered the aforementioned factors, including the statistical 

information provided by the AOC, as well as the purposes and principles of sentencing. 

The trial court did not take judicial notice of the statistical information provided by the 

AOC. This court is taking judicial notice of and is considering the statistical information 

provided by the AOC.

First, as defense counsel correctly noted at sentencing, the Defendant’s eight 

convictions are Class B felonies. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-529(e)(1). Therefore, he

is not considered to be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. As to the statistical 
- 22 -

information provided by the AOC, the Defendant’s sentencing hearing occurred in July 

2021. In March 2021, the AOC published a statistical report of sentencing for defendants 

sentenced between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2020. According to that report, from 2019 

to 2020, 50.5% of defendants convicted of Class B felonies were sentenced to 

incarceration. The report also shows that the average incarceration length for defendants

convicted of Class B felonies was 110.50 months or 9.20 years and that the median 

incarceration length was 96.00 months or eight years. In this case, the Defendant was 

sentenced to eight years of incarceration for each of his convictions, which was less than 

the average and the same as the median. Thus, his sentences are not out of line with 

sentences imposed in other cases. 

Additionally, we agree with the trial court that confinement is necessary to avoid 

depreciating the seriousness of the offenses. The recitation of the facts at the guilty plea 

hearing, the testimony at the sentencing hearing, the versions of the facts presented in the 

presentence report and the psychosexual risk assessment, and our review of the Kik 

messages and photographs introduced into evidence confirm the serious nature of these

crimes. The Defendant was the victim’s high school teacher. His messages show that he 

pursued her, that he groomed her, and that he constantly pressured her to send him nude 

photographs of herself. He instructed her on how to pose in sexually explicit positions for 

him, and he repeatedly tried to get her to meet him in his classroom closet for sex. Many 

of the Defendant’s messages about what he wanted to do to the victim sexually are too 

explicit and vulgar to quote in this opinion. When the victim made excuses as to why she 

could not meet the Defendant, he demanded more nude photographs of her as “repayment.” 

He sent her photographs of his exposed and erect penis to her, and he even sent her a video 

of himself masturbating. The video and most of the photographs were made at school. The 

Defendant also put his erect penis against the victim’s back while other students were 

present. Like the trial court, we think the crimes were “reprehensible, offensive, and to or 

otherwise of an excessive or exaggerated degree.” State v. Trotter, 201 S.W.3d 651, 654 

(Tenn. 2006). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err by denying 

alternative sentencing.

CONCLUSION

Based upon the oral arguments, the record, and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the 

judgments of the trial court.

_________________________________ 

JOHN W. CAMPBELL, SR., JUDGE