UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

1/32 TYPE III - OTHER PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Project participants shall apply the general guidelines to SSC CDM methodologies and information on additionality (attachment A to Appendix B) provided at <http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologies/approved.html> mutatis mutandis

. III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment
Technology/measure

1. This methodology comprises measures that recover biogas from biogenic organic matter in wastewater by means of one, or a combination, of the following options:
(a) Substitution of aerobic wastewater or sludge treatment systems with anaerobic systems with biogas recovery and combustion;
(b) Introduction of anaerobic sludge treatment system with biogas recovery and combustion to a wastewater treatment plant without sludge treatment;
(c) Introduction of biogas recovery and combustion to a sludge treatment system;
(d) Introduction of biogas recovery and combustion to an anaerobic wastewater treatment system such as anaerobic reactor, lagoon, septic tank or an on site industrial plant; 1
(e) Introduction of anaerobic wastewater treatment with biogas recovery and combustion, with or without anaerobic sludge treatment, to an untreated wastewater stream; (f) Introduction of a sequential stage of wastewater treatment with biogas recovery and combustion, with or without sludge treatment, to an anaerobic wastewater treatment system without biogas recovery (e.g. introduction of treatment in an anaerobic reactor with biogas recovery as a sequential treatment step for the wastewater that is presently being treated in an anaerobic lagoon without methane recovery).

2. In cases where baseline system is anaerobic lagoon the methodology is applicable if:
(a) The lagoons are ponds with a depth greater th an two meters, without aeration. The value for depth is obtained from engineer ing design documents, or through direct measurement, or by dividing the surface area by the total volume. If the lagoon filling level varies seasonally, the average of the highest and lowest levels may be taken;
(b) Ambient temperature above 15 ° C, at least during part of the year, on a monthly average basis;

1 Other technologies in Table 6.3 of Chapter 6: Wastewater Treatment and Discharge of 2006 IPCC

Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories are included.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

2/32 (c) The minimum interval between two con secutive sludge removal events shall be 30 days.

3. The recovered biogas from the above measur es may also be utilised for the following applications instead of combustion/flaring:
(a) Thermal or mechanical, 2 electrical energy generation directly;
(b) Thermal or mechanical, electrical energy generation after bottling of upgraded biogas, in this case additional guidance provi ded in Annex 1 shall be followed; or
(c) Thermal or mechanical, electrical energy generation after upgrading and distribution, in this case additional gui dance provided in Annex 1 shall be followed:
(i) Upgrading and injection of biogas into a natural gas distribution grid with no significant transmission constraints;
(ii) Upgrading and transportation of biogas via a dedicated piped network to a group of end users; or
(iii) Upgrading and transportation of biog as (e.g. by trucks) to distribution points for end users.
(d) Hydrogen production;
(e) Use as fuel in transportation applications after upgrading.

4. If the recovered biogas is used for project activities covered under paragraph 3 (a), that component of the project activity can use a corresponding methodology under Type I.

5. For project activities covered under paragraph 3 (b), if bottles with upgraded biogas are sold outside the project boundary, the end-use of th e biogas shall be ensured via a contract between the bottled biogas vendor and the end-user. No emission reductions may be claimed from the displacement of fuels from the end use of bottled bi ogas in such situations. If however the end use of the bottled biogas is included in the project boundary and is monitored during the crediting period CO 2 emissions avoided by the displacement of fossil fuel can be claimed under the corresponding Type I methodology, e.g. AMS-I.C ìThermal energy production with or without electricityî.

6. For project activities covered under paragra ph 3 (c) (i), emission reductions from the displacement of the use of natural gas are eligible under this methodology, provided the geographical extent of the natural gas distribu tion grid is within the host country boundaries.

2 For example combusted in a prime mover such as an engine coupled to a machine such as grinding

machine.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

3/32 7. For project activities covered under paragra ph 3 (c) (ii), emission reductions for the displacement of the use of fuels can be cl aimed following the provision in the corresponding Type I methodology, e.g. AMS-I.C.

8. In particular, for the case of 3 (b) and (c) (iii), the physical leakage during storage and transportation of upgraded biogas, as well as the em issions from fossil fuel consumed by vehicles for transporting biogas shall be considered. Rele vant procedures in para graph 11 of Annex 1 of AMS-III.H ìMethane recovery in wastewater treat mentî shall be followed in this regard.

9. For project activities covered under paragraph 3 (b ) and (c), this methodology is applicable if the upgraded methane content of the biogas is in accordance with relevant national regulations (where these exist) or, in the absence of nationa l regulations, a minimum of 96% (by volume).

10. If the recovered biogas is utilized for the pr oduction of hydrogen (project activities covered under paragraph 3 (d)), that component of th e project activity shall use the corresponding methodology AMS-III.O ìHydrogen production using methane extracted from biogasî.

11. If the recovered biogas is used for project activities covered under paragraph 3 (e), that component of the project activity shall use corresponding methodology AMS-III.AQ ìIntroduction of Bio-CNG in road transportationî.

12. New facilities (Greenfield projects) and project activities involving a change of equipment resulting in a capacity addition of the wastewater or sludge treatment system compared to the designed capacity of the baseline treatment system are only eligible to apply this methodology if they comply with the relevant requireme nts in the ìGeneral guidelines to SSC CDM methodologiesî. In addition the requirements for demonstrating the remaining lifetime of the equipment replaced, as described in the general guidelines shall be followed.

13. The location of the wastewater treatment plant as well as the source generating the wastewater shall be uniquely defined and described in the PDD.

14. Measures are limited to those that result in a ggregate emissions reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt CO 2 equivalent annually from all Type III components of the project activity.
Boundary

15. The project boundary is the physical, geographical site where the wastewater and sludge treatment takes place, in the baseline and project situ ations. It covers all facilities affected by the project activity including sites where processing, tr ansportation and application or disposal of waste products as well as biogas takes place.

16. Implementation of the project activity at a wastewater and/or sludge treatment system will affect certain sections of the treatment systems while others may remain unaffected. The treatment systems not affected by the project activity, i.e. sections operating in the project scenario under the same operational conditions as in the baseline scenario (e.g. wastewater inflow and COD content, temperature, retention time, etc.), shall be descr ibed in the PDD, but emissions from those sections do not have to be accounted for in the baseline and project emission calculations (since the sameUNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

4/32 emissions would occur in both baseline and project scenarios). 3 The assessment and identification of the systems affected by the project activity will be undertaken ex ante , and the PDD shall justify the exclusion of sections or components of the system. The treatment systems (lagoons, reactors, digesters, etc.) that will be covered and/or equi pped with biogas recovery by the project activity, but continue to operate with the same quality of feed inflow, volume (retention time), and temperature (heating) as in the baseline scenario, may be considered as not affected i.e. the methane generation potential 4 remains unaltered.

Baseline

17. Wastewater and sludge treatment systems equipped with a biogas recovery facility in the baseline shall be excluded from th e baseline emission calculations.

18. Baseline emissions for the systems affected by the project activity may consist of:
(i) Emissions on account of electricity or fossil fuel used ( BE power,y );
(ii) Methane emissions from baseline wastewater treatment systems ( BE ww,treatment,y );
(iii) Methane emissions from baseline sludge treatment systems ( BE s,treatment,y );
(iv) Methane emissions on account of ineffi ciencies in the baseline wastewater treatment systems and presence of degradable organic carbon in the treated wastewater discharged into river/lake/sea ( BE ww,discharge,y );
(v) Methane emissions from the decay of the final sludge generated by the baseline treatment systems ( BE s,final,y ). 

## { }

y final s ge,y ww,dischar y treatment s y treatment ww y power y BE BE BE BE BE BE

, , , , , , , + + + + = (1)

Where:

y BE Baseline emissions in year y (tCO 2 e)

y power BE

, Baseline emissions from electricity or fuel consumption in year y (tCO 2 e)

y treatment ww BE

, , Baseline emissions of the wastewater treatment systems affected by the project activity in year y (tCO 2 e)

y treatment s BE

, , Baseline emissions of the sludge treatment systems affected by the project activity in year y (tCO 2 e)

3 As per EB 22, annex 2 ìGuidance regarding methodological issuesî section E.
4 The covering of lagoons and the installation of bioga s recovery equipment may result in changes in the operational conditions (such as temperature, COD remova l, etc.) of an anaerobic treatment system. These changes are considered small and hence not accounted for under this methodology.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

5/32 ge,y ww,dischar BE Baseline methane emissions from degradable organic carbon in treated wastewater discharged into sea/river/lake in year y (tCO 2 e). The value of this term is zero for the case 1 (b)

y final s BE

, , Baseline methane emissions from anaerobic decay of the final sludge produced in year y (tCO 2 e). If the sludge is controlled combusted, disposed in a landfill with biogas recovery, or used for soil application in the baseline scenario, this term shall be neglected

19. Baseline emissions from electricity and fossil fuel consumption ( BE power,y ) are determined as per the procedures described in the ìTool to calcu late baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity consumptionî and ìTool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustionî, respectively. The energy cons umption shall include all equipment/devices in the baseline wastewater and sludge treatment facility. If recovered biogas in the baseline is used to power auxiliary equipment it should be taken in to account accordingly, using zero as its emission factor.

20. Methane emissions from the baseline wastewater treatment systems affected by the project ( BE ww,treatment,y ) are determined using the COD removal efficiency of the baseline plant:

CH4 BL ww o i i BL treatment ww i BL COD y i low y i ww y treatment ww 

### GWP UF B MCF COD Q BE * * ) * (

, , , , , , , , inf
, , , , 

### ∗ ∗ ∗ = 

# ∑ η (2)

Where:

y i ww Q

, , Volume of wastewater treated in b aseline wastewater treatment system i in year y (m 3 ). For ex ante estimation, forecasted wastewater generation volume or the designed capacity of the wastewater treatment facility can be used. However, the ex post emissions reduction calculation shall be based on the actual monitored volume of treated wastewater

y i low COD

, , inf Chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater inflow to the baseline treatment system i in year y (t/m 3 ). Average value may be used through sampling with the confidence/precision level 90/10

i BL COD
, , 

### η COD removal efficiency of the baseline treatment system i , determined as per the paragraphs 26, 27 or 28 below

i BL treatment ww MCF

, , , Methane correction factor for base line wastewater treatment systems i ( MCF values as per Table III.H.1)


### i Index for baseline wastewater treatment systemUNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

6/32 ww o B

, Methane producing capacity of the wastewater (IPCC value of 0.25 kg CH 4 /kg COD) 5

BL 

### UF Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties (0.89) 6

CH4 

### GWP Global Warming Potential for methane (value of 21)

If the baseline treatment system is different from the treatment system in the project scenario, the monitored values of the COD inflow during crediti ng period will be used to calculate the baseline emissions ex post

. 21. The Methane Correction Factor ( MCF ) shall be determined based on the following table:

Table III.H.1. IPCC default values 7 for Methane Correction Factor ( MCF ) Type of wastewater treatment and discharge pathway or system MCF value Discharge of wastewater to sea, river or lake 0.1 Aerobic treatment, well managed 0.0 Aerobic treatment, poorly managed or overloaded 0.3 Anaerobic digester for sludge without methane recovery 0.8 Anaerobic reactor without methane recovery 0.8 Anaerobic shallow lagoon (depth less than 2 metres) 0.2 Anaerobic deep lagoon (depth more than 2 metres) 0.8 Septic system 0.5

22. Methane emissions from the baseline sludge tr eatment systems affected by the project activity are determined using the methane generation potential of the sludge treatment systems:

CH4 F BL s j j BL treatment s y BL j y s treatment 

### GWP F DOC UF DOC MCF S BE ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = 

# ∑ 12 / 16 * *

, , , , , , , (3)

Where:

y BL j S

, , Amount of dry matter in the sludge that would have been treated by the sludge treatment system j in the baseline scenario (t). For ex ante estimation, forecasted sludge generation volume or the designed capacity of the sludge treatment facility can be used. However, the ex post emissions reduction calculation shall be based on the actual monitored volume of treated sludge

5 Project activities may use the default value of 0.6 kg CH 4 /kg BOD, if the parameter BOD 5,20 is used to

determine the organic content of the wastewater. In this case, baseline and project emissions calculations shall use BOD instead of COD in the equations, and the monitoring of the project activity shall be based in direct measurements of BOD 5,20 , i.e. the estimation of BOD values based on COD measurements is not allowed.
6 Reference: FCCC/SBST A/2003/10/Add.2, page 25.
7 Default values from chapter 6 of volume 5. Wa ste in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

7/32 

### j Index for baseline sludge treatment system

s 

### DOC Degradable organic content of the untreated sludge generated in the year y (fraction, dry basis). Default values of 0.5 for domestic sludge and 0.257 for industrial sludge 8 shall be used

j BL treatment s MCF

, , , Methane correction factor for the baseline sludge treatment system j ( MCF values as per Table III.H.1)

BL 

### UF Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties (0.89)

F 

### DOC Fraction of DOC dissimilated to biogas (IPCC default value of 0.5)



### F Fraction of CH 4 in biogas (IPCC default of 0.5) If the sludge is composted, the fo llowing equation shall be applied:

CH4 j composting y BL j y treatment s 

### GWP EF S BE ∗ ∗ = 

# ∑

, , , , (4)

Where:

composting EF Emission factor for composting organic waste (t CH 4 /t waste treated). Emission factors can be based on facility/site-specific measurements, country specific values or IPCC default values (T able 4.1, chapter 4, Volume 5, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories). IPCC default value is 0.01 t CH 4 / t sludge treated on a dry weight basis

23. If the baseline wastewater treatment system is different from the treatment system in the project scenario, the sludge generation rate (amount of sludge generated per unit of COD removed) in the baseline may differ significantly from that of the project scenario. For example, it is known that the amount of sludge generated in aerobic w astewater systems is larger than in anaerobic systems, for the same COD removal efficiency. Therefore, for these cases, the monitored values of the amount of sludge generated during the crediting period will be used to estimate the amount of sludge generated in the baseline, as follows:

PJ BL y PJ l y BL j 

### SGR SGR S S *

, , , , 

### = (5)

8 The IPCC default values of 0.05 for domestic sludge (w et basis, considering a default dry matter content

of 10%) or 0.09 for industrial sludge (wet basis, assu ming dry matter content of 35%), were corrected for dry basis.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

8/32 Where:

y PJ l S

,

, Amount of dry matter in the sludge treated by the sludge treatment system l in year y in the project scenario (t)

BL 

### SGR Sludge generation ratio of the wastewater treatment plant in the baseline scenario (tonne of dry matter in sludge/t COD removed). This ratio will be determined as per paragraphs 26, 27 or 28 below

PJ 

### SGR Sludge generation ratio of the wastewater treatment plant in the project scenario (tonne of dry matter in sludge/t COD removed). Calculated using the monitored values of COD removal (i.e. COD inflow, i minus COD outflow,i ) and sludge generation in the project scenario

24. Methane emissions from degradable organic carbon in treated wastewater discharged in e.g. a river, sea or lake in the base line situation are determined as follows:

discharge BL ww y BL discharge ww BL ww o CH4 y ww y discharge ww MCF COD UF B GWP Q BE

, , , , , , , , , * * * ∗ ∗ = (6)

Where:

y ww Q

, Volume of treated wastewater discharged in year y (m 3 )

BL 

### UF Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties (0.89)

y BL discharge ww COD

, , , Chemical oxygen demand of the treated wastewater discharged into sea, river or lake in the baseline situation in the year y (t/m 3 ). If the baseline scenario is the discharge of untreated wastewater, the COD of untreated wastewater shall be used

discharge BL ww MCF

, , Methane correction factor based on discharge pathway in the baseline situation (e.g. into sea, river or lake) of the wastewater (fraction) ( MCF values as per Table III.H.1)

To determine COD ww,discharge,BL,y : if the baseline treatment system(s) is different from the treatment system(s) in the project scenario, the monitored values of the COD inflow during crediting period will be used to calculate the baseline emissions ex post . The outflow COD of the baseline systems will be estimated using the removal efficiency of the baseline treatment systems, estimated as per paragraphs 26, 27 or 28 below.

25. Methane emissions from anaerobic decay of th e final sludge produced are determined as follows:

CH4 F final BL s BL s y BL final y final s GWP F DOC MCF UF DOC S BE ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = 12 / 16 *

, , , , , , (7)UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

9/32 Where:

y BL final S

, , Amount of dry matter in the final sludge generated by the baseline wastewater treatment systems in the year y (t). If the baseline wastewater treatment system is different from the project system, it will be estimated using the monitored amount of dry matte r in the final sludge generated by the project activity ( S final,PJ,y ) corrected for the sludge generation ratios of the project and baseline systems as per equation 5 above

final BL s MCF

, , Methane correction factor of the disposal site that receives the final sludge in the baseline situation, estimated as per the procedures described in the ìTool to determine methane emissions avoided from disposal of waste at a solid waste disposal siteî

BL 

### UF Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties (0.89)

26. In determining baseline emissions using equation 1, historical records of at least one year prior to the project implementation shall be used. This shall include for example the COD removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment systems, the amount of dry matter in sludge, power and electricity consumption per m 3 of wastewater treated the amount of final sludge generated per tonne of COD removed, and all ot her parameters required for dete rmination of baseline emissions.

27. For wastewater treatment plant that has been operating for at least three years and if one year of historical data is not available, the following procedures shall be followed:
(a) All the available data in determini ng the required parameters (COD removal efficiency, specific energy consumption and specific sludge production) shall be used to determine the baseline emissions in year y ; (b) An ex ante measurement campaign shall be implemented to determine the required parameters (COD removal efficiency, specific energy consumption and specific sludge production). The measurement campaign shall be implemented in the baseline wastewater systems for at least 10 days. The measurements should be undertaken during a period that is representative for the typical operation conditions of the systems and ambient cond itions of the site (temperature, etc). Average values from the measurement campai gn shall be used and the result shall be multiplied by 0.89 to account for the un certainty range (30% to 50%). The parameters from the measurement campai gn are used to calculate the baseline emission in year y ; (c) The baseline emissions in year y is taken as the minimum between the result of (a) and (b).

28. In the case of Greenfield and capacity addition projects, or existing plant without three year operating history, the following procedures shall be used to determine the baseline emissions:
(1) For existing plant without three year operating history, procedures in paragraph 27 shall be followed;UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

10/32 (2) For Greenfield and capacity addition projects, one of the following procedures shall be used:
(a) Value obtained from a measurement campaign in a comparable existing wastewater treatment plant i.e. having similar environmental and technological circumstances for example treating similar type of wastewater. Average values from the measurement campaign shall be used and the result shall be multiplied by 0.89 to account for the uncertainty range (30% to 50%) associated with this approach. The treatment plant and wastewater source can be considered as similar as the baseline plant, whereby the measu rement campaign can be implemented when following conditions can be fulfilled:
(i) The two sources of wastewater (wastewater treated in the selected plant and from the project activity) are of the same type, e.g. either domestic or industrial wastewater;
(ii) The selected plant and the baseline pl ants employ the same treatment technology (e.g. anaerobic lagoons or ac tivated sludge), and the hydraulic retention times in their biological and physical treatment systems do not vary by more than 20%; and
(iii) For project activity treating industrial wastewater, both industries have the same raw material and final products, and apply the same industrial technology. Alternatively, different industrial wastewaters may be considered as similar if the following requirements are fulfilled:

• The ratio COD/BOD (related to the proportion of biodegradable organic matter) does not differ by more than 20%; and

• The ratio total COD / soluble COD (related to the proportion of suspended organic matter, and th erefore to the sludge generation capacity) does not differ by more than 20%.
(b) Value provided by the manufacturer/designer of a Greenfield wastewater treatment plant using the same technology, demonstrated to be conservative, e.g. average values from the top 20 percent plants with lowest emission rate per ton COD removed among the plants installed in the last five year s designed for the same country/region to treat the same type of wastewaters as the project activity.
Project Activity Emissions

29. Project activity emissions from the systems affected by the project activity are:
(i) CO 2 emissions from electricity and fuel used by the project facilities ( y power 

### PE

, );

(ii) Methane emissions from wastewater treatment systems affected by the project activity, and not equipped with biogas recovery in the project scenario ( y treatment ww 

### PE

, , );UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

11/32 (iii) Methane emissions from sludge treatment systems affected by the project activity, and not equipped with biogas recove ry in the project situation ( y treatment s 

### PE

, , );
(iv) Methane emissions on account of inefficiency of the project activity wastewater treatment systems and presence of degradable organic carbon in treated wastewater (
y discharge ww PE

, , );

(v) Methane emissions from the decay of the final sludge generated by the project activity treatment systems (
y final s PE

, , );

(vi) Methane fugitive emissions due to in efficiencies in capture systems (
y fugitive PE

, );

(vii) Methane emissions due to incomplete flaring (
y flaring PE

, );

(viii) Methane emissions from biomass stored under anaerobic conditions which would not have occurred in the baseline situation ( PE biomass,y ). 9

⎪ ⎭ ⎪ ⎬ ⎫ ⎪ ⎩ ⎪ ⎨ ⎧

+ + + + + + +

=

y flaring y biomass y fugitive y final s y discharge ww y treatment s y treatment ww y power
y PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE

, , , , , , , , , , , , (8)

Where:

y 

### PE Project activity emissions in the year y (tCO 2 e)

y power 

### PE

, Emissions from electricity or fuel consumption in the year y (tCO 2 e). These emissions shall be calculated as per pa ragraph 19, for the situation of the project scenario, using energy consumption data of all equipment/devices used in the project activity wastewater and sludge treatment systems and systems for biogas recovery and flaring/gainful use

9 For instance in the baseline situation Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) are used as fuel in a boiler. In the project situation PKS is replaced by biogas captured at a wastewater treatment system. The PKS will no longer be used as fuel in the boiler, but sold on the market. Before it is sold it is likely it will be stored for a period of time (few months or longer) on site which might lead to methane emissions from anaerobic decay.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

12/32 y treatment ww 

### PE

, , Methane emissions from wastewater treatment systems affected by the project activity, and not equipped with biogas recovery, in year y (tCO 2 e). These emissions shall be calculated as per e quation 2 in paragraph 20, using an uncertainty factor of 1.12 and data applicable to the project situation ( MCF ww,treatment,PJ,k and η ,PJ,k,y ) and with the following changed definition of parameters:
MCF ww,treatmen t,PJ,k Methane correction factor for project wastewater treatment system k (

MCF values as per Table III.H.1)

η ,PJ,k, Chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of the project wastewater treatment system k in year y (t/m 3 ), measured based on inflow COD and outflow COD in system k

y treatment s 

### PE

, , Methane emissions from sludge treatment systems affected by the project activity, and not equipped with biogas recovery, in year y (tCO 2 e). These emissions shall be calculated as per equa tions 3 and 4 in paragraph 22, using an uncertainty factor of 1.12 and data applicable to the project situation ( S l,PJ,y , MCF s,treatment,l ) and with the following change d definition of parameters:
S

l,PJ,y Amount of dry matter in the sludge treated by the sludge treatment system l in the project scenario in year y (t)
MCF s,treatment,l Methane correction factor for the project sludge treatment system l ( MCF values as per Table III.H.1)

y discharge ww 

### PE

, , Methane emissions from degradable organic carbon in treated wastewater in year y (tCO 2 e). These emissions shall be calculated as per equation 6 in paragraph 24, using an uncertainty factor of 1.12 and data applicable to the project conditions ( COD ww,discharge,PJ,y , MCF ww,PJ,discharge ) and with the following changed definition of parameters:
COD ww,discharg e,PJ,y Chemical oxygen demand of the treated wastewater discharged into the sea, river or lake in the project scenario in year y (t/m 3 )
MCF ww,PJ,disch

arge Methane correction factor based on the discharge pathway of the wastewater in the project scenario (e.g. into sea, river or lake) ( MCF values as per Table III.H.1)UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

13/32 y final s 

### PE

, , Methane emissions from anaerobic decay of the final sludge produced in year y (tCO 2 e). These emissions shall be calculated as per equation 7 in paragraph 25, using an uncertainty factor of 1.12 and data applicable to the project conditions ( MCF s,PJ,final , S final,PJ,y ). If the sludge is controlled combusted, disposed in a landfill with biogas recovery, or used for soil application in aerobic conditions in the project activity, this term shall be neglected, and the sludge treatment and/or use and/or final disposal shall be monitored during the crediting period with the following revised definition of the parameters:
MCF s,PJ,final Methane correction factor of the disposal site that receives the final sludge in the project situation, estimated as per the procedures described in the ìTool to determine methane emissions avoided from disposal of waste at a solid waste disposal siteî
S

final,PJ,y Amount of dry matter in final sludge generated by the project wastewater treatment systems in the year y (t)

y fugitive 

### PE

, Methane emissions from biogas rel ease in capture systems in year y , calculated as per paragraph 30 (tCO 2 e)

y flaring 

### PE

, Methane emissions due to incomplete flaring in year y (tCO 2 e). For ex ante estimation, baseline emission calculation for wastewater and/or sludge treatment (i.e. equation 2 and/or equa tion 3) can be used but without the consideration of GWP for CH4. However, the ex post emission reduction shall be calculated as per theìTool to determine project emissions from flaring gases containing methaneî by using actual monitored data

y biomass 

### PE

, Methane emissions from biomass stored under anaerobic conditions. If storage of biomass under anaerobic conditions takes place in the project and does not occur in the baseline , methan e emissions due to anaerobic decay of this biomass shall be considered and be determined as per the procedure in the ìTool to determine methane emissions avoided from disposal of waste at a solid waste disposal siteî (tCO 2 e)

30. Project activity emissions from methane rel ease in capture systems are determined as follows:
(a) Based on the methane emission potential of wastewater and/or sludge:

y s fugitive y ww fugitive y fugitive PE PE PE

, , , , , +

= (9)

Where:

y ww fugitive PE

, , Fugitive emissions through capture ineffi ciencies in the anaerobic wastewater treatment systems in the year y (tCO 2 e)

y s fugitive PE

, , Fugitive emissions through capture in efficiencies in the anaerobic sludge treatment systems in the year y (tCO 2 e)UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

14/32 CH4 y treatment ww ww y ww fugitive GWP MEP CFE PE ∗ ∗

− =

, , , , ) 1 ( (10)

Where:

ww 

### CFE Capture efficiency of the biogas recovery equipment in the wastewater treatment systems (a default value of 0.9 shall be used)

y treatment ww MEP

, , Methane emission potential of wastewater treatment systems equipped with biogas recovery system in year y (t)

k PJ treatment ww y k PJ removed k PJ ww o y ww y treatment ww 

### MCF COD UF B Q MEP

, , , , , , , , , , 

### * * ∗ ∗ = 

# ∑ (11)

Where:

y k PJ removed COD

, , , The chemical oxygen demand removed 10 by the treatment system k of the project activity equipped with biogas recovery in the year y (t/m 3 )

k PJ treatment ww MCF

, , , Methane correction factor for the project wastewater treatment system k equipped with biogas recovery equipment ( MCF values as per Table III.H.1)

PJ 

### UF Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties (1.12)

CH4 y treatment s s y s fugitive GWP MEP CFE PE ∗ ∗

− =

, , , , ) 1 ( (12)

Where:

s 

### CFE Capture efficiency of the biogas recovery equipment in the sludge treatment systems (a default value of 0.9 shall be used)

y treatment s MEP

, , Methane emission potential of the sludge treatment systems equipped with a biogas recovery system in year y (t)



### 12 / 16 * * ) (

, , , , , , , 

### ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = 

# ∑ F DOC UF DOC MCF S MEP F PJ s l l PJ treatment s y PJ l y treatment s (13)

Where:

y PJ l S

,

, Amount of sludge treated in the project sludge treatment system l equipped with a biogas recovery system (on a dry basis) in year y (t)

l PJ treatment s MCF

, , , Methane correction factor for the sludge treatment system equipped with biogas recovery equipment ( MCF values as per Table III.H.1)

PJ 

### UF Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties (1.12)

10 Difference between the inflow COD and the outflow COD.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

15/32 (b) Optionally a default value of 0.05 m3 biogas leaked/m3 biogas produced may be used as an alternative to calculations per equation 9 to 13.
Leakage

31. If the technology is using equipment transfe rred from another activity, leakage effects at the site of the other activity are to be considered and estimated ( LE y ).

Emission Reduction

32. For all scenarios in paragraph 1, i.e. 1 (a) to 1 (f), emission reductions shall be estimated
ex ante in the PDD using the equations provided in the baseline, project and leakage emissions sections above. Emission reductions shall be estimated ex ante as follows: 

## ( )

ante ex y ante ex y ante ex y ante ex y LE PE BE ER

, , , , +

− = (14)

Where:

ante ex y ER

, Ex ante emission reduction in year y (tCO 2 e)

ante ex y LE

, Ex ante leakage emissions in year y (tCO 2 e)

ante ex y PE

, Ex ante project emissions in year y calculated as paragraph 29 (tCO 2 e)

ante ex y BE

, Ex ante baseline emissions in year y calculated as per paragraph 18 (tCO 2 e)

33. Ex post emission reductions shall be determined for case 1 (a) and 1 (e) as per paragraph 36. For cases 1 (b), 1 (c), 1 (d) and 1 (f), ex post emission reductions shall be based on the lowest value of the following, as per paragraph 34:
(i) The amount of biogas recovered and fuelled or flared ( MD y ) during the crediting period, that is monitored ex post ; (ii) Ex post calculated baseline, project and leakage emissions based on actual monitored data for the project activity.

34. For cases 1 (b), 1 (c), 1 (d) and 1 (f): it is possible that the project activity involves wastewater and sludge treatment systems with higher methane conversion factors ( MCF ) or with higher efficiency than the treatment systems used in the baseline situation. Therefore the emission reductions achieved by the project activity is limited to the ex post calculated baseline emissions minus project emissions using the actual monitored data for the project activity. The emission reductions achieved in any year are the lowest value of the following:



### )) ( ), min((

, , , , , , ,

post ex y y biomass y power y post ex y post ex y post ex y post ex y 

### LE PE PE MD LE PE BE ER

− − − − − = (15)UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

16/32 Where:

post ex y ER

, Emission reductions achieved by the project activity based on monitored values for year y (tCO 2 e)

post ex y BE

, Baseline emissions calculated as per paragraph 18 using ex post monitored values

post ex y PE

, Project emissions calculated as per paragraph 29 using ex post monitored values

y MD Methane captured and destroyed/gainfully u sed by the project activity in the year y (tCO 2 e)

35. In the case of flaring/combustion MD y will be measured using the conditions of the flaring process:

CH4 CH4 y CH4 y burnt y GWP FE D w BG MD * * * *

, , = (16)

Where:

y burnt BG

, Biogas 11 flared/combusted in year y (m 3 )

y CH4 w

, Methane content 13 of the biogas in the year y (volume fraction)

CH4 

### D Density of methane at the temperature and pressure of the biogas in the year y (t/m 3 )


### F

E Flare efficiency in year y (fraction). If the biogas is combusted for gainful purposes, e.g. fed to an engine, an efficiency of 100% may be applied

36. For the cases listed in paragraph 1 such as:
(a) Substitution of an aerobic wastewater or sludge treatment system with an anaerobic treatment system with methane recovery and combustion; and
(b) Introduction of an anaerobic wastewater treatment system with methane recovery and combustion to an untreated wastewater stream.
The emission reduction achieved by the project activity ( ex post ) will be the difference between the baseline emissions and the sum of the project emissions and leakage. 

## ( )
post ex y post ex y post ex y y LE PE BE ER

, , , +

− = (17)

The historical records of electricity and fuel consumption, the COD content of untreated and treated wastewater, and the quantity of sludge produ ced by the replaced units will be used for the baseline calculation.

11 Biogas volume and methane content measurements shall be on the same basis (wet or dry).UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

17/32 In case (a), if the volumetric flow and the characteristic properties (e.g. COD) of the inflow and outflow of the wastewater are equivalent in the project and the baseline scenarios (i.e. the project and baseline systems have the same efficiency fo r COD removal for wastewater treatment), then the higher energy consumption and sludge gene ration in the baseline scenario are the only significant differences contributing to emissions re ductions in the project case. In this case, the emission reductions can be calculated as the differe nce between the historical energy consumption of the replaced unit and the recorded energy consum ption of the new system, plus the difference in emissions from sludge treatment and/or disposal. Project emissions from fugitive emissions and incomplete flaring ( PE fugitive,y , PE flaring,y ) shall also be considered in the calculation of the emission reductions, however the emissions from the wastewater outflow and sludge ( PE ww,discharge,y , PE s,final,y ) may be disregarded, if they are equivalent in the baseline and project scenarios.UNFCCC/CCNUCCCDM ñ Executive BoardIII.H./Version 16Sectoral Scope: 13EB 58Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologiesfor selected small-scale CDM project activity categoriesIII.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont)18/32Monitoring37.Relevant parameters shall be monitored asindicated in the Table III.H.2. below. The applicable requirements specified in theìGeneral Guidelines toSSC CDM Methodologiesî (e.g. calibration requirements, sampling requirements) are also an integral part of the monitoring guidelines specified below andtherefore shall be referred by the project participants.Table III.H.2. Parameters for monitoring during the crediting periodNo. Parameter Description Unit Monitoring/recordingFrequencyMeasurement Methods and Procedures1yiwwQ,,The flow of wastewater m3/month Monitoredcontinuously (at leasthourly measurementsare undertaken, ifless,confidence/precisionlevel of 90/10 shallbe attained)Measurements are undertaken using flow meters2CODww,untreated,y,CODww,treated,y,CODww,discharge,PJ,yThe chemical oxygendemand of the wastewaterbefore and after thetreatment system affectedby the project activityt COD/m3 Samples andmeasurements shallensure a 90/10confidence/precisionlevelMeasure the COD according to national or internationalstandards. COD is measured through representative samplingUNFCCC/CCNUCCCDM ñ Executive BoardIII.H./Version 16Sectoral Scope: 13EB 58Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologiesfor selected small-scale CDM project activity categoriesIII.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont)19/32No. Parameter Description Unit Monitoring/recordingFrequencyMeasurement Methods and Procedures3yPJlS,,,Sfinal,PJ,y,Amount of dry matter inthe sludget Monitoring of 100%of the sludge amountthrough continuousor batchmeasurements andmoisture contentthroughrepresentativesampling to ensurethe 90/10confidence/precisionlevelMeasure the total quantity of sludge on a wet basis. The volume(m3) and density or direct weighing may be used to determinethe sludge amount (wet basis). Representative samples are takento determine the moisture content to calculate the total sludgeamount on dry basis.If the methane emissions from anaerobic decay of the finalsludge are to be neglected because the sludge is controlledcombusted, disposed of in a landfill with methane recovery, orused for soil application, then the end-use of the final sludge willbe monitored during the crediting period.If the baseline emissions include the anaerobic decay of finalsludge generated by the baseline treatment systems in a landfillwithout methane recovery, the baseline disposal site shall beclearly defined, and verified by the DOEUNFCCC/CCNUCCCDM ñ Executive BoardIII.H./Version 16Sectoral Scope: 13EB 58Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologiesfor selected small-scale CDM project activity categoriesIII.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont)20/32No. Parameter Description Unit Monitoring/recordingFrequencyMeasurement Methods and Procedures4yburntBG,Biogas volume in yearym3Monitoredcontinuously (at leasthourly measurementsare undertaken, ifless,confidence/precisionlevel of 90/10 shallbe attained)In all cases, the amount of biogas recovered, fuelled, flared orotherwise utilized (e.g. injected into a natural gas distributiongrid or distributed via a dedicated piped network) shall bemonitoredex post, using continuous flow meters. If the biogasstreams flared and fuelled (or utilized) are monitored separately,the two fractions can be added together to determine the totalbiogas recovered, without the need to monitor the recoveredbiogas before the separation.The methane content measurementshall be carried out close to alocation in the system where abiogas flow measurement takes place5yCH4w,Methane content in biogasin the yeary% The fraction of methane in the gas should be measured with acontinuous analyser or, alternatively, with periodicalmeasurements at a 90/10 confidence/precision level. It shall bemeasured using equipment that can directly measure methanecontent in the biogas - the estimation of methane content ofbiogas based on measurement of other constituents of biogassuch as CO2is not permitted. The methane contentmeasurement shall be carried out close to a location in thesystem where a biogas flow measurement takes placeUNFCCC/CCNUCCCDM ñ Executive BoardIII.H./Version 16Sectoral Scope: 13EB 58Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologiesfor selected small-scale CDM project activity categoriesIII.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont)21/32No. Parameter Description Unit Monitoring/recordingFrequencyMeasurement Methods and Procedures6TTemperature of the biogasoC Shall be measured atthe same time whenmethane content inbiogas (yCH4w,) ismeasuredThe temperature of the gas is required to determine the densityof the methane combusted. If the biogas flow meter employedmeasures flow, pressure and temperature and displays or outputsthe normalised flow of biogas, then there is no need for separatemonitoring of pressure and temperature of the biogas7PPressure of the biogas Pa Shall be measured atthe same time whenmethane content inbiogas (yCH4w,) ismeasuredThe pressure of the gas is required to determine the density ofthe methane combusted. If the biogas flow meter employedmeasures flow, pressure and temperature and displays or outputsthe normalised flow of biogas, then there is no need for separatemonitoring of pressure and temperature of the biogas8The flare efficiency % As per the ìTool to determine project emissions from flaringgases containing Methaneî. Regular maintenance shall becarried out to ensure optimal operation of flares9Parameters related toemissions from electricityand/or fuel consumption inyearyAs per the procedure in the ìTool to calculate baseline, projectand/or leakage emissions from electricity consumptionî and/orìTool to calculate project or leakage CO2emissions from fossilfuel combustionî. Alternatively it shall be assumed that allrelevant electrical equipment operate at full rated capacity, plus10% to account for distribution losses, for 8760 hours perannumUNFCCC/CCNUCCCDM ñ Executive BoardIII.H./Version 16Sectoral Scope: 13EB 58Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologiesfor selected small-scale CDM project activity categoriesIII.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont)22/32No. Parameter Description Unit Monitoring/recordingFrequencyMeasurement Methods and Procedures10 Parameters related tomethane emissions frombiomass stored underanaerobic conditionswhich does not occur inthe baseline situationtCO2e As per the latest version of the ìTool to determine methaneemissions avoided from disposal of waste at a solid wastedisposal siteîUNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

23/32 Project activity under a programme of activities

38. The following conditions apply for use of this methodology in a project activity under a programme of activities:
In case the project activity involves the replacement of equipment, and the leakage effect of the use of the replaced equipment in another activity is neglected, because the replaced equipment is scrapped, an independent monitoring of scrapping of replaced equipment needs to be implemented. The monitoring should include a check if the number of project activity equipment distributed by the project and the number of scrapped equipmen t correspond with each other. For this purpose scrapped equipment should be stored until such correspondence has been checked. The scrapping of replaced equipment should be docum ented and independently verified.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

24/32 Annex 1

PROVISIONS FOR UPGRADATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BIOGAS
Project Boundary

1. In case of project activities covere d under paragraph 3 (b) and (c), 12 if the project activity involves bottling of biogas the project boundary includes the upgrade and compression installations, the dedicated piped network/natural gas distribution grid for distribution of biogas from the wastewater treatment plant to the end u ser sites and all the facilities and devices connected directly to it.

Baseline

2. In case of project activities covered under para graph 3 (c) (i) the baseline emissions for upgraded biogas injection ( BE injection,y ) are determined as follows:

NG y ug y injection CEF E BE *

, , = (1)

Where:

y injection BE

, Baseline emissions for injection of upgraded biogas into a natural gas distribution grid in year y (tCO 2 e)

y ug E

, Energy delivered from the upgraded biogas in the project activity to the natural gas distribution grid in year y (TJ)

NG 

### CEF Carbon emission factor of natural gas (tCO 2 e/TJ); (Accurate and reliable local or national data may be used where availa ble, otherwise appropriate IPCC default values shall be used)

3. The energy delivered from the upgraded biogas in the project activity to the natural gas distribution grid in year y ( E ug,y ) is calculated as follows:

y ug y ug y ug 

### NCV Q E

, , , 

### *

= (2)

Where:

y ug Q

, Quantity of upgraded biogas displacing the use of natural gas in the natural gas distribution grid in year y (kg or m 3 )

y ug 

### NCV

, Net calorific value of the upgraded biogas in year y (TJ/kg or TJ/m 3 )

12 These are references to the section ìtechnology/measureî in the methodology including upgrading of

biogas before distribution to the quality of natural gas for use as fuel or for bottling or for injection into a natural gas distribution system. The eligible biogas upgrading technologies covered in this annex include: (1) Pressure Swing Adsorption; (2) Absorption with/without water circulation; (3) Absorption with water, with or without water recirculation (with or without recovery of methane emissions from discharge). For those technologies, please refer to annex 1 of the approved methodology AM0053 ìBiogenic methane injection to a natural gas distribution gridî/Version 01.1 regarding the description of these technologies Project proponent may submit a request for revision to include more technology options.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

25/32 4. The quantity of upgraded biogas displacing th e use of natural gas in the natural gas distribution grid in year y is calculated as follows: 

### )
, min(

, , , , , y CH4 cap y in ug y ug 

### Q Q Q = (3)

Where:

y in ug Q

, , Quantity of upgraded biogas injected into the natural gas distribution grid in year y (kg or m 3 )

y CH4 cap Q

, , Quantity of methane captured at the wastewater treatment source facility(ies) in year y (kg or m 3 )

5. The quantity of methane captured at the waste water treatment source facility(ies) is calculated as follows:

y biogas cap ww CH4 y CH4 cap Q w Q

, , , , , * = (4)

Where:

ww CH4 w

, Methane fraction of biogas as monitored at the outlet of the wastewater treatment source facility(ies) (kg or m 3 CH 4 /kg or m 3 of biogas)

y biogas cap Q

, , Monitored amount of biogas captured at the source facility(ies) in year y (kg or

m 3 )
Project activity emission

6. In case of project activities covered under para graph 3 (b) and 3 (c) the following project emissions related to the upgrading and compression of the biogas ( PE process,y ) shall be included:
(i) CO 2 emissions from electricity and fuel used by the upgrading facilities (tCO 2 e);
(ii) Methane emissions from the discharge of the upgrading equipment (tCO 2 e);
(iii) Fugitive methane emissions from leaks in compression equipment (tCO 2 e);
(iv) Emissions on account of vent gases from upgrading equipment (tCO 2 e).

y ventgas y equip CH4 y upgrade ww y upgrade power y process PE PE PE PE PE

, , , , , , , , + + + = (5)

Where:

y process PE

, Project emissions related to the upgrading and compression of the biogas in year y (tCO 2 e)

y upgrade power 

### PE

, , CO2 emissions from electricity and fuel used by the upgrading facilities (tCO 2 e), as per paragraph 19 of AMS-III.H

y upgrade ww PE

, , Emissions from methane contained in any waste water discharge of upgrading installation in year y (tCO 2 e)UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

26/32 y equip CH4 PE

, , Emissions from compressor leaks in year y (tCO 2 e)

y ventgas PE

, Emissions from venting gases retained in upgrading equipment in year y (tCO 2 e)

7. Project activity emissions from methane contained in waste water discharge of upgrading installation are determined as follows: 

# [ ] CH4 y upgrade ww y upgrade ww y upgrade ww 

### GWP CH Q PE ∗ ∗ =

, , 4
, , , , (6)

Where:

y upgrade ww Q

, , Volume of wastewater discharge from upgrading installation in year y 

# [ ]
y upgrade ww 

### CH

, , 4 Dissolved methane contained in th e wastewater discharge in year y

8. Project activity emissions from compr essor leaks are determined as follows: 

# ∑
= equipment y equipment equipment y stream CH4 CH4 y equip CH4 

### T EF w GWP PE

, , , , , 

### * * * ) 1000

1 ( * (7)

Where:

y stream CH4 

### w

, , Average methane weight fraction of the gas (kg-CH 4 /kg) in year y

y equipment T

, Operation time of the equipment in hours in year y (in absence of detailed information, it can be assumed that the equipment is used continuously, as a conservative approach)

equipment EF Leakage rate for fugitive emissions from the compression technology as per specification from the compressor manufacturer in kg/hour/compressor. If no default value from the technology provide r is available, the approach below shall be used
Fugitive methane emissions occurring during the recovery and processing of gas may in some projects be small, but should be estimated as a conservative approach. Emission factors may be taken from the 1995 Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates, published by EPA. 13

Emissions should be determined for all relevant activities and all equipment used for the upgrading of biogas (such as valves, pump seals, connectors, flanges, open-ended lines, etc.).

13 Please refer to the document US EPA-453/R-95-017 at:

<http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/efdocs/e quiplks.pdf>, acce ssed on 23/10/2007.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

27/32 The following data needs to be obtained:
(1) The number of each type of component in a unit (valve, connector, etc.);
(2) The methane concentration of the stream;
(3) The time period each component is in service.
The EPA approach is based on average emission factors for Total Organic Compounds (TOC) in a stream and has been revised to estimate methane emissions. Methane emissions are calculated for each single piece of equipment by multiplying the methane concentration with the appropriate emission factor from Table III.H.2 below.
Table III.H.2. Methane emission factors for equipment 14

Equipment type Emission Factor (kg/hour/ source) for methane Valves 4.5E-0.3 Pump seals 2.4E-0.3 Others 15 8.8E-0.3 Connectors 2.0E-0.4 Flangs 3.9E-0.4 Open ended lines 2.0E-0.3

9. Project activity emissions from venting gases retained in upgrading equipment do not have to be considered if vent gases ( PE vent gas,y ) are channeled to storage bags. In case vent gases are flared, emissions due to the incomplete or ine fficient combustion of the gases will be calculated using the ìTool to determine project emissions from flaring gases containing methaneî, as follows:



### 1000 * ) 1 ( *

, 8760

1 , , CH4 h flare
h h RG y ventgas 

### GWP TM PE η

− = 

# ∑

= (8)

Where:

h RG 

### TM

, Mass flow rate of methane in the residual gas in hour h (kg/h)

h flare
, 

### η Flare efficiency in hour h
In case vent gases are not flared the ìTool to determine project emissions from flaring gases containing methaneî will be used, without consider ing measurements and calculations for the flare efficiency, which will be assumed to be zero. In this case, emissions due to the vent gases will be:

14 Please refer to the document US EPA-453/R-95- 017 Table 2.4, page 2- 15, accessed on 23/10/2007.
15 The emission factor for ìotherî equipment type was derived from compressors, diaphragms, drains, dump

arms, hatches, instruments, meters, pressure relief va lves, polished rods, relief valves and vents. This ìotherî equipment type should be applied for any e quipment type other than connectors, flanges, openended lines, pumps or valves.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

28/32 

### 1000 * 8760

1 , , CH4

h h RG ventgas y 

### GWP TM PE 

# ∑

= 

### = (9)

Alternatively, in case vent gases are directly vented to the atmosphere, it may also be calculated by conservatively calculating the mass of the g ases vented based on the volume, pressure and temperature of gas retained in upgrading equipm ent. This mass should be multiplied with the frequency with which it is vented and assumi ng that the vented gas is pure methane.
In order to account for emissions that occur when the upgrade facility is shut down due to maintenance, repair work or emergencies one of the alternatives proposed above should be used to calculate and include emissions from flaring or venting.

10. In case of project activities covered under paragr aph 3 (c) (ii) emissions due to physical leakage of upgraded biogas from the dedicated piped network ( PE leakage,pipeline,y ) shall be determined as follows:

CH4 pipeline y pipeline methane y pipeline leakage GWP LR Q PE ∗ ∗ =

, , , , (10)

Where:

y pipeline leakage PE

, , Emissions due to physical leakage from the dedicated piped network in year y (tCO 2 e)

y pipeline methane Q

, , Total quantity of methane transported in the dedicated piped network in year y (m 3 )

pipeline LR Physical leakage rate from the dedicated piped network (if no project-specific values can be identified a conservativ e default value of 0.0125 Gg per 10 6 m 3 of utility sales shall be applied 16 )
Leakage emissions

11. In case of project activities covered under paragr aph 3 (b) and the users of the bottles filled with upgraded biogas are not included in th e project boundary then the following leakage emissions shall be included and calculated as follows:
(a) Emissions due to physical leakage of biogas from the bottles during storage, transport etc. until final end use (tCO 2 e);
(b) Emissions due to fossil fuel use for transportation of bottles; biogas filled bottles to the end users and the return of empty bottles to the filling site (tCO 2 e).

y trans y bb leakage y bottling LE LE LE

, , , , +

= (11)

16 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inve ntories, Volume 2, chapter 4, Table 4.2.5

provides default values for fugitive emissions from ga s operations in developing countries. The default values provided for fugitive emissions for the distribution of natural gas to end users range from 1.1 E-3 to 2.5 E-3 Gg per 10 6 m 3 of utility sales. The uncer tainty in this value is -20% to 500%. A conservative value of 2.5 E-3 * 500% = 0.0125 Gg per 10 6 m 3 of utility sales shall be taken.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

29/32 Where:

y bottling LE

, Leakage emissions project activities involving bottling of biogas in year y (tCO 2 e)

y bb leakage LE

, , Emissions due to physical leakage from biogas bottles in year y (tCO 2 e)

y trans LE

, Emissions due to fossil fuel use for transportation of bottles; biogas filled bottles to the end users and the return of empty bottles to the filling site in year y (tCO 2 e)

12. Leakage emissions due to physical leakage from biogas bottles are determined as follows:

4
, , , , CH bb y bb methane y bb leakage GWP LR Q LE ∗ ∗ = (12)

Where:

y bb methane Q

, , Total quantity of methane bottled in year y (m 3 )

bb 

### LR Physical leakage rate from biogas bottl es (if no project-specific values can be identified a default value of 1.25% shall be applied) 17

13. Leakage emissions due to fossil fuel use for transportation of bottles (biogas filled bottles to the end users and the return of empty bottles to the filling site) are determined as below. If some of the locations of the end-users are unknow n a conservative approach assuming transport emissions of 250 km, shall be used.

2

, ,

, CO bb
y bb y bb
y trans EF DAF CT Q PE ∗ ∗ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

= (13)

Where:

y bb Q

, Total freight volume of upgraded biogas in bottles transported in year y (m 3 )

y bb CT

, Average truck freight volume capacity for the transportation of bottles with upgraded biogas (m 3 /truck)

bb 

### DAF Aggregated average distance for bottle tr ansportation; biogas filled bottles to the end users and the return of empty bottles to the filling site (km/truck)

2 CO 

### EF CO 2 emission factor from fuel use due to transportation (tCO 2 /km)

17 Victor (1989) Leaking Methane from Natural Gas Vehicles: Implication for Transportation Policy in the

Greenhouse Era, in Climatic Change 20: 113-141, 1992 and American Gas Association (1986), 'Lost and Unaccounted for Gas', Planning and Analysis issues, issue brief 1986-28, p. 3.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

30/32 Monitoring

14. The project proponents shall maintain a biogas (or methane) balance based on:
(a) Continuous measurement of the amount of biogas captured at the wastewater treatment system; (b) Continuous measurement of the amount of biogas used for various purposes in the project activity: e.g. heat, electricity, flare, hydrogen production, injection into natural gas distribution grid, etc. The difference is considered as loss due to physical leakage and deducted from the emission reductions.

15. In case of project activities covered under pa ragraph 3 (c) the quantity of biogas, temperature, pressure and concentration of methan e in the biogas injected into the natural gas grid/distributed via the dedicated piped networ k shall be measured continuously using certified equipment. The net calorific value (NCV) shall be measured directly from the gas stream using an online Heating Value Meter or calculated based on the measured methane content using the NCV of methane. This measurement must be in mass or volume basis and the project participants shall ensure that units of the measurements of the am ount of biogas injected and of the net calorific value are consistent. The methane content of the in jected or transported biogas shall always be in accordance with national regulations or, in absen ce of national regulations, 96% (by volume) or higher. Biogas injected or transported with in ferior methane content shall be excluded from the emission reduction calculations.

16. In case of project activities covered under pa ragraph 3 (b) and 3 (c), the following parameters shall be monitored and recorded:
(a) The volume of discharge into the desorption pond from the upgrading installation ( Q ww,upgrade,y ), monitored continuously;
(b) The methane content ( [CH 4 ] ww,upgrade,y ) of the discharge water from the upgrade facility, samples are taken at least every six months during normal operation of the facility;
(c) The annual operation time of the compressor and each piece of equipment in the biogas upgrading and compression installations in hours ( T equipment,y ). In case this information is not available it shall be assumed that the upgrading installation and compressor is used continuously;
(d) The quantity, pressure and composition of th e bottled biogas, biogas injected into a natural grid or transported via a dedicat ed piped network; monitored continuously using flow meters and regularly calibrate d methane monitors. The pressure of the biogas shall be regulated and monitore d using a regularly calibrated pressure gauge. The methane content of the biog as shall always be in accordance with national regulations or, in absence of na tional regulations, 96% (by volume) or higher in order to ensure that biogas c ould readily be used as a fuel, inferior methane content shall be excluded from the emission reduction calculations;UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

31/32 (e) In case vent gases are calculated using the ìTool to determine project emissions from flaring gases containing methaneî, the monitoring criteria contained in this tool shall be used. In case this tool is not used and the alternative approach in paragraph 9 of this annex is used, then te mperature and pressure of gas retained in upgrading equipment shall be measured c ontinuously and their values before the venting process are used, together with th e volume capacity of the installation, to estimate the amount of methane released during the venting process;
(f) During the periods when the biogas upgradi ng facility is closed due to scheduled maintenance or repair of equipment or during exigencies, project participants should ensure that the captured biogas is flar ed at the site of its capture using an (emergency) flare. Appropriate monito ring procedures should be established to monitor this emergency flare;
(g) In case of project activities covered under paragraph 3 (b) the number and volume of biogas bottles produced and transported, the average truck capacity ( CT bb,y ) and the average aggregated distance fo r transporting the bottled biogas ( DAF bb ).

- - - - -
History of the document

Version Date Nature of revision 16 EB 58, Annex 22 26 November 2010 To include additional guidelines pertaining to transport of biogas (e.g. by trucks) and biogas application for transportation; To clarify the conditions under wh ich the measurement campaign can be used for baseline emissions determination. 15 EB 55 Annex 34 30 July 2010 To clarify the criteria to be sati sfied for the baseline lagoon treatments systems under the methodology; To include the monitoring table with the required frequency of measurements and options for collect ion and recording of data. 14 EB 53, Annex 17 26 March 2010 To include additional clarification on the monitoring requirements of biogas. 13 EB 48, Annex 21 17 July 2009 To include additional eligible technologies for upgrading biogas for bottling or feeding to natural gas di stribution grid. Include an option to use the calculated net calorifi c value (NCV) of biogas based on methane content measurement inst ead of directly monitoring NCV using a NCV meter. 12 EB 47, Annex 26 28 May 2009 To include additional guidance on us e of methane gener ation potential based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5,20 ). 11 EB 46, Annex 22 25 March 2009 To clarify the methods for determi nation of baseline for Greenfield projects; To specify minimum requirements concerning sludge removal interval in the baseline anaerobic lagoon; Further guidance on measuring equipment for biogas pressure, temperature and flow rate.UNFCCC/CCNUCC

CDM ñ Executive Board III.H./Version 16 Sectoral Scope: 13 EB 58
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories

III.H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment (cont )

32/32 Version Date Nature of revision 10 EB 42, Annex 17 26 September 2008 Additional guidance on baseline determination and project emission calculations; Restructured, provisions relat ed to methane correction factor and related uncertainties were revised. 09 EB 38, Annex 10 14 March 2008 Expand applicability to include pipeli ne transport of the recovered and upgraded biogas; Additional guidance on sequential tr eatment of wastewater in anaerobic lagoons. 08 EB 36, Annex 24 30 November 2007 Expand applicability to bottling of recovered biogas; Additional guidance on emissions from dissolved methane in the treated wastewater; Guidance on use of IPCC default factors for the degradable organic content of sludge. 07 EB 35, Annex 29 19 October 2007 Expand the applicability to allow recovered biogas to be used for hydrogen production. 06 EB 33, Annex 35 27 July 2007 Additional leakage guidance to allow for application under a programme of activities (PoA). 05 EB 31, Annex 27 04 May 2007 To exclude scope 15 from the methodology

04 EB 28, Annex 26 15 December 2006 Broaden the applicability to incl ude sequential stage of anaerobic wastewater treatment; Additional guidance based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories on the following: (a) Methane correction factor ( MCF ) determined by wastewater discharge pathways or type of treatment; (b) Default values for sludge tr eatment, particularly for degradable organic carbon (DOC) and methane correction factor ( MCF ). 03 EB 25, Annex 28 21 July 2006 Clarify the inclusion of methane em ission factor in the equation for baseline calculations. 02 EB 24, 10 May 2006 paragraph 64 of the report The Board at its twenty-fourth meeting noted that Type III project activities might be able to achieve significant emission reductions, without exceeding the direct emissi ons limits i.e. 15 kilo tonnes CO 2 e applicable at the time. As an interim solution, the Board agreed to include the following text in all Type III categories: ìThis category is applicable for project activities resulting in annual emission reductions lower than 25,000 tonnes CO2e. If t he emission reduction of a project activity exceeds the reference value of 25,000 tonnes CO2e in any year of the crediting period, t he annual emission reduction for that particular year is capped at 25,000 tonnes CO2e.î 01 EB 23, Annex 23 24 February 2006 Initial adoption.

Decision Class : Regulatory Document Type : Standard Business Function : Methodology