{"id":300074,"date":"2023-05-02T15:05:59","date_gmt":"2023-05-02T19:05:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=300074"},"modified":"2023-10-16T15:07:27","modified_gmt":"2023-10-16T19:07:27","slug":"space-station-science-101-earth-and-space-science","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/space-station-science-101\/space-station-science-101-earth-and-space-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Station Science 101: Earth and Space Science"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>Space Station Research and Technology<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/\">Overview<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/latest-news-from-space-station-research\/\">News<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/benefits-for-humanity\/\">Benefits for Humanity<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/opportunities-information-for-researchers\/\">For Researchers<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/space-station-research-resources\/\">Resources<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/iss-research\/station-research-contacts\/\">Contact<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t<div class=\"padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-page-intro hds-page-intro-banner width-full maxw-full padding-0 hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEarth and Space Sciences\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe International Space Station serves as a unique platform for observing Earth with both hands-on and automated equipment.\u00a0\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"View of Earth from the ISS with the suns glow in distance\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg 4928w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=768,431 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=1024,575 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=1536,863 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=2048,1150 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=600,337 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=1200,674 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e033237-0.jpg?resize=2000,1123 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-ask-nasa padding-x-3 padding-y-9 width-full maxw-full bg-spacesuit-white hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-ask-nasa\">\t<div class=\"grid-container-block grid-container padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-5 margin-bottom-6 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"display-48\">Crew Earth Observations<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md color-carbon-90 padding-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStation crew members have produced hundreds of thousands of images, recording phenomena such as storms in real time, observing natural events such as volcanic eruptions as they happen, and providing input to ground personnel for programming automated Earth-sensing systems. Having a crew on board provides flexibility, a significant advantage over sensors on robotic spacecraft.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/earth-observation-from-the-space-station\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-sm link-external-true\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tLearn More About Earth Observations                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-left-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full display-block\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"437\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?w=640\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"male astronaut holding a camera and pointing it out a window in the cupola of the space station while taking pictures of Earth\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 100% 0%; object-position: 100% 0%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=300,205 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=768,525 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=1024,700 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=1536,1049 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=400,273 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=600,410 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=900,615 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=1200,820 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/9457680283-196c54fede-k.jpg?resize=2000,1366 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">NASA astronaut Doug Wheelock, Expedition 25 commander, uses a still camera to photograph the topography of a point on Earth from a window in the Cupola of the International Space Station.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-featured-story minh-tablet bg-carbon-black flex-column position-relative hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-story\">\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex flex-column padding-y-9 padding-x-3\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-widescreen margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-0 z-400\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center heading-12 text-uppercase z-400 color-spacesuit-white\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"margin-right-1\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 500 500\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 500 500;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"> <g> <path d=\"M490.4,19.2c-27.5,0-55,0-82.5,0c-43.4,0-86.7,0-130.1,0c-36.7,0-73.3,0-110,0c-43.4,0-86.7,0-130.1,0 c-8.6,0-17.1,0-25.7,0c-0.5,0-1.1,0-1.7,0c0,0.6-0.1,1-0.1,1.5c0,74.2,0,148.4,0,222.6c0,79,0,158,0,237c0,0.2,0,0.4,0,0.6 c-0.1,0-0.3-0.1-0.3-0.1c0-0.4,0-0.8,0-1.2c0-153.6,0-307.1,0-460.7c159.7,0,319.3,0,479,0C489.5,18.9,489.9,19.1,490.4,19.2z\"><\/path> <g> <path d=\"M243.5,1.4C108,4.8-2.5,117.7,1.4,257.4C5.2,391.1,115.8,501,254.5,498.6c135.9-2.4,245.1-113.6,244.1-250.8 C497.2,108.9,382.9-2,243.5,1.4z M249.9,473.7c-122.8,0-222.5-99.1-223.6-221.6c-1.1-124.5,99-224.7,221.4-225.9 c124.3-1.2,224.9,98.6,226.1,221.5C474.9,373.1,373.5,473.9,249.9,473.7z\"><\/path> <path d=\"M384.2,205.3c-32.8,0.1-65.5,0.1-98.3,0.2c-3.1,0-3.9-0.6-4.8-3.6c-2.1-6.9-4.2-13.7-6.3-20.6 c-7.7-24.9-15.3-49.9-23-74.8c-0.5-1.8-1.1-3.5-1.8-5.5c-0.2,0.6-0.4,0.9-0.4,1.1c-10.2,33.1-20.3,66.3-30.5,99.4 c-1,3.3-1.7,3.9-5.3,3.9c-10.8,0-21.5,0-32.3-0.1c-14.2,0-28.4-0.1-42.6-0.1c-8.4,0-16.7,0-25.6,0c0.9,0.7,1.4,1.1,1.9,1.5 c26.6,20.3,53.3,40.5,79.9,60.8c2.2,1.7,2.6,2.9,1.8,5.5c-9.1,29.1-18.1,58.2-27.2,87.3c-1.4,4.5-2.8,9-4.2,13.7 c0.6-0.4,1-0.6,1.3-0.9c26.6-20.4,53.1-40.8,79.7-61.1c3.1-2.4,3.8-2.4,6.9,0c26.5,20.3,53,40.7,79.5,61c0.4,0.3,0.8,0.5,1.5,1 c-0.3-1-0.4-1.6-0.6-2.2c-10.2-32.7-20.4-65.5-30.5-98.2c-1.1-3.5-0.8-4.3,2.1-6.6c26.1-19.8,52.1-39.6,78.2-59.5 c0.9-0.7,1.8-1.4,3.1-2.4C385.5,205.3,384.8,205.3,384.2,205.3z\"><\/path> <\/g> <\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"label\">Featured Story<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-widescreen width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-0 z-400\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"display-60 color-spacesuit-white-important\">Astrophysics on the Space Station<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg color-spacesuit-white-important\">The outside of the International Space Station provides a perch for experiments that reach far into and beyond the galaxy,…<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/astrophysics-on-the-space-station\/\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"section-heading-md color-spacesuit-white-important\">Read the Story<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 z-400\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/1_iss050e028862.jpg?w=640\" ><\/figure>\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-card-carousel padding-x-4 padding-y-5 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-carousel\">\t<div class=\"hds-card-carousel-header grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-3\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-sm line-height-sm\">Earth and Space Science Articles<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"hds-card-carousel-cards grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-cards-included position-relative  hds-card-type-article hds-card-type-article hds-card-type-article\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-carousel-slider\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/earth-observation-from-the-space-station\/\" class=\"hds-card-article-graphical hds-card-article hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content display-flex flex-column height-full padding-3\"><span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\"><svg class=\"square-2 margin-right-1 color-spacesuit-white-important\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\"><path d=\"M8 0C3.5 0-.1 3.7 0 8.2.1 12.5 3.6 16 8 16s8-3.6 8-8c0-4.5-3.6-8-8-8zm0 15.2C4 15.2.8 12 .8 8S4 .8 8 .8c3.9 0 7.2 3.2 7.2 7.1 0 4-3.2 7.3-7.2 7.3z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6 12 8 9.6l2.4 2.4V4H5.6v8z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"label color-spacesuit-white-important\">Article<\/span><\/span><div class=\"width-full margin-top-auto\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-2 color-spacesuit-white\">5 min read<\/div><div class=\"margin-bottom-0\"><h3 class=\"heading-18 line-height-lg color-spacesuit-white\">Earth Observation From the Space Station<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-thumbnail-hover-grow\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg 5568w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/cassada-at-cupola.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/automating-an-astrophysics-collaboration-that-bridges-countries-and-galaxies\/\" class=\"hds-card-article-graphical hds-card-article hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content display-flex flex-column height-full padding-3\"><span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\"><svg class=\"square-2 margin-right-1 color-spacesuit-white-important\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\"><path d=\"M8 0C3.5 0-.1 3.7 0 8.2.1 12.5 3.6 16 8 16s8-3.6 8-8c0-4.5-3.6-8-8-8zm0 15.2C4 15.2.8 12 .8 8S4 .8 8 .8c3.9 0 7.2 3.2 7.2 7.1 0 4-3.2 7.3-7.2 7.3z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6 12 8 9.6l2.4 2.4V4H5.6v8z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"label color-spacesuit-white-important\">Article<\/span><\/span><div class=\"width-full margin-top-auto\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-2 color-spacesuit-white\">3 min read<\/div><div class=\"margin-bottom-0\"><h3 class=\"heading-18 line-height-lg color-spacesuit-white\">Automating an Astrophysics Collaboration That Bridges Countries and Galaxies<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-thumbnail-hover-grow\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png 4928w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=768,431 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=1024,575 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=1536,863 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=2048,1150 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=600,337 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=1200,674 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/phys_ct_iss057e055490_orig_0.png?resize=2000,1123 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/international-space-stations-view-of-earth-helps-farmers-water-crops-supports-disaster-response-monitors-climate\/\" class=\"hds-card-article-graphical hds-card-article hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content display-flex flex-column height-full padding-3\"><span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\"><svg class=\"square-2 margin-right-1 color-spacesuit-white-important\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\"><path d=\"M8 0C3.5 0-.1 3.7 0 8.2.1 12.5 3.6 16 8 16s8-3.6 8-8c0-4.5-3.6-8-8-8zm0 15.2C4 15.2.8 12 .8 8S4 .8 8 .8c3.9 0 7.2 3.2 7.2 7.1 0 4-3.2 7.3-7.2 7.3z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6 12 8 9.6l2.4 2.4V4H5.6v8z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"label color-spacesuit-white-important\">Article<\/span><\/span><div class=\"width-full margin-top-auto\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-2 color-spacesuit-white\">10 min read<\/div><div class=\"margin-bottom-0\"><h3 class=\"heading-18 line-height-lg color-spacesuit-white\">International Space Station\u2019s View of Earth Helps Farmers Water Crops, Supports Disaster Response, Monitors Climate<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-thumbnail-hover-grow\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?w=640\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png 5568w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/eo_aue_51112927625_943b3b7404_o.png?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/space-station-science-101\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Station Science 101<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/02_iss065e056791_large.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Space Station Research and Technology<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=682,1024 682w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/benefits-for-humanity\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Station Benefits for Humanity<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/iss-national-laboratory\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>ISS National Laboratory<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":224488,"parent":303030,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"64","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":["63","64"],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[2735,2850,2846,11285,2663],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[3995,8610,5093],"coauthors":[8618,8620],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Station Science 101: Earth and Space 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