[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 16-15696

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket Nos. 8:16-cv-01677-RAL-TBM,

8:10-cr-00230-RAL-TBM-1

CARLOS LAMAR MITCHELL, 

 Petitioner-Appellant,

 versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Respondent-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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(April 2, 2019)

Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Carlos Lamar Mitchell, a federal prisoner serving a 189-month sentence for 

bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and brandishing a firearm during and in 

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relation to a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii), appeals the district 

court’s dismissal of his motion to vacate his sentence based on Johnson v. United 

States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). Finding no error, we affirm.

In June 2015, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Johnson, holding that 

the definition of “violent felony” in the so-called “residual clause” of the Armed 

Career Criminal Act was unconstitutionally vague. The following year, Mitchell 

filed a motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, arguing that the 

definition of “crime of violence” in § 924(c)(3)(B)’s residual clause was 

unconstitutional under Johnson, and that bank robbery did not otherwise qualify as 

a crime of violence for purposes of § 924(c). 

The district court found that Johnson did not invalidate Mitchell’s 

conviction under § 924(c) and dismissed his motion to vacate. We granted 

Mitchell a certificate of appealability on the following issue: “Whether the district 

court erred in concluding that Mitchell’s conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), 

predicated on a bank robbery conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), was 

unaffected by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 

___, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015).” In reviewing the district court’s dismissal of a 

motion to vacate under § 2255, we review the court’s legal conclusions de novo 

and its findings of fact for clear error. Stoufflet v. United States, 757 F.3d 1236, 

1239 (11th Cir. 2014). 

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For purposes of § 924(c), a “crime of violence” is defined as a felony 

offense that either “ (A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use 

of physical force against the person or property of another, or (B) that by its nature, 

involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of 

another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(3). This Court has referred to § 924(c)(3)(A) as the “elements clause,” 

while § 924(c)(3)(B) is referred to as the “residual clause.” Ovalles v. United 

States, 905 F.3d 1231, 1234 (11th Cir. 2018) (en banc).

In Ovalles, we held that § 924(c)’s residual clause is not unconstitutionally 

vague under Johnson as long as it is interpreted to require “a conduct-based 

approach, pursuant to which the crime-of-violence determination should be made 

by reference to the actual facts and circumstances underlying a defendant’s 

offense.” 905 F.3d at 1234. Ovalles forecloses Mitchell’s argument on appeal. 

See In re Garrett, 908 F.3d 686, 689 (2018) (holding, in the context of a second or 

successive § 2255 motion, that Johnson and its progeny do not “support a 

vagueness-based challenge to the residual clause of section 924(c)”). 

In any event, even if Johnson did invalidate § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause, 

Mitchell’s conviction still would be unaffected because his predicate offense of 

bank robbery also qualifies as a crime of violence under the elements clause, 

§ 924(c)(3)(A). In re Sams, 830 F.3d 1234, 1238–39 (11th Cir. 2016) (holding, in 

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denying an application to file a second or successive § 2255 motion, that § 2113(a) 

bank robbery qualifies as a crime of violence under § § 924(c)(3)(A)). This is 

because § 2113(a)—which requires the use of force and violence or intimidation—

necessarily requires the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force. Id. 

at 1238–39; cf. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2563 (clarifying that the invalidation of the 

ACCA’s residual clause did not call into question either the enumerated crimes 

clause or the elements clause). 

Mitchell contends that Sams does not govern in his case because orders 

ruling on applications to file second or successive collateral attacks have no 

precedential value outside that context. This argument too is foreclosed by circuit 

precedent. In United States v. St. Hubert, we held that “law established in 

published three-judge orders issued pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) in the context 

of applications for leave to file second or successive § 2255 motions is binding 

precedent on all subsequent panels of this Court, including those reviewing direct 

appeals and collateral attacks, ‘unless and until [it is] overruled or undermined to 

the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this court sitting en banc.’” 

909 F.3d 335, 346 (11th Cir. 2018) (alteration in the original) (citation omitted).

The district court correctly concluded that Johnson provides no basis for 

invalidating Mitchell’s conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). We therefore 

affirm.

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AFFIRMED.

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