{"id":348940,"date":"2023-06-13T11:17:42","date_gmt":"2023-06-13T15:17:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=348940"},"modified":"2023-09-13T13:46:06","modified_gmt":"2023-09-13T17:46:06","slug":"core-area-of-expertise-entry-systems","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-entry-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"Core Area of Expertise: Entry Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" 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class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-aeroscience\/\">Aerosciences<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-air-traffic-management\/\">Air Traffic Management<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-biology-and-astrobiology\/\">Biology and Astrobiology<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-cost-effective-space-missions\/\">Cost-Effective Space Missions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-entry-systems\/\">Entry Systems<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-intelligent-and-adaptive-systems\/\">Intelligent\/Adaptive Systems<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-space-and-earth-science\/\">Space and Earth Science<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Missions<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/viper\/\" rel=\"noopener\">VIPER<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/mission\/kepler-3\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Kepler \/ K2<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" 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id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/gallery\/ames\/\">Featured Images<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/ails.arc.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Image Library<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/nasaames\" rel=\"noopener\">Videos<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/images.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA Images and Video<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/visit-ames-research-center\/\">Visit Ames<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t<div class=\"padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-page-intro hds-page-intro-banner width-full maxw-full padding-0 hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEntry Systems\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSince 1961, NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center in California\u2019s Silicon Valley has been a pioneer in entry systems. \t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1041\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/pica_top_2.gif?w=1041\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"The heat shield used to transport the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover through the atmosphere of the Red Planet upon arrival is seen undergoing testing at the Arc Jet facilities at NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center in California\u2019s Silicon Valley.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About Entry Systems at NASA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you look out the window of a spacecraft entering a planet\u2019s atmosphere, the only view would be a wall of fire. For reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere, spacecraft must withstand temperatures up to 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit, caused by the compression of gas and air particles against the surface of the spacecraft. They must also be engineered to fly at hypersonic speeds and ultimately undergo an enormous slowdown for safe landing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The field of research known as entry systems uses heat shields, parachutes, software, and more to bring a spacecraft from the depths of space safely through a planet\u2019s atmosphere. NASA\u2019s role is to design technologies and materials that keep astronauts and payloads safe during one of the most dynamic and dangerous parts of spaceflight. Since spacecraft don\u2019t just come back to Earth, but have other destinations like Mars and Venus, each requires specific kinds of protection to fit the needs of the mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ames\u2019 Role and Facilities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 1961, NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center in California\u2019s Silicon Valley has been a pioneer in entry systems. Building on H. Julian Allen\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/ames\/there-and-back-again\" rel=\"noopener\">blunt body theory<\/a> \u2013 which stands as a foundation of space capsule design to this day \u2013 Ames has developed the facilities and expertise to lead this research and development area for NASA. The center\u2019s entry systems design, testing, and collaboration with industry are vital elements of the agency\u2019s strategy for exploration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Learn more:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/entry-systems-and-technology-division\/\" data-type=\"topic\" data-id=\"250231\">Entry Systems & Technology Division<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Thermal Protection Material Development<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ames has invented a variety of different heat shield materials and designs. Those materials include Avcoat, originally developed for the Apollo program and now used again for the Orion Crew Capsule\u2019s heat shield, and the Phenolic-Impregnated Carbon Ablator, or PICA. Originally developed in the 1990s, PICA has served as a foundational heatshield material still used today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Collaborations with private industry have also supported heat shield development for commercial partners, such as the PICA-X variant designed by SpaceX. Ames continues pushing the boundaries of heat shield technologies, with innovative deployment designs and more protective materials to enable safe travel across our solar system for future crewed and uncrewed missions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Heat Shield Design<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The heat shield is the first line of defense in protecting the spacecraft, and having the right materials is essential. But exactly what shape should the heat shield be? How thick? How much of the spacecraft does it need to cover? Over the years, Ames has developed a variety of thermal protection systems to bring missions home from almost any destination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heat shields designed by Ames have been used for a variety of missions, including the Apollo missions, the Mars Science Laboratory, the Mars 2020 mission, and more. For sample return missions, heat shields are of even more importance to protect precious samples of material from space. The Stardust mission\u2019s return capsule, designed at Ames, retrieved particles from a comet\u2019s tail and returned them to Earth in 2006, becoming the fastest human-made object to enter Earth\u2019s atmosphere, at 28,600 miles per hour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Arc Jet Facilities<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure these materials and designs can get the job done, Ames researchers simulate atmospheric entry on the ground through testing. Specialized facilities within the Ames Arc Jet Complex simulate the aerothermodynamic heating that a spacecraft endures throughout hypersonic atmospheric entry to planets, and also tests potential thermal protection materials. In these facilities, chambers simulate entry conditions by artificially creating a dissociated gas at temperatures hotter than the surface of the Sun and blasting it at high speeds against heat shield test models to see how they perform. This gives researchers the ability to simulate what the heat shield will experience during entry, providing data to improve and certify designs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Modeling and Simulations<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, models and simulations for atmospheric entry are key technologies to ensure mission success against such extreme conditions of entry. Ames utilizes its supercomputing capabilities in conjunction with its local entry systems expertise to use predictive modelling to rigorously examine the physical and chemical processes that take place during entry. Those computational tools can also support basic aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic modelling to identify and solve technical challenges and assist in guidance, navigation, and control simulations. Physical tests are required to understand the unique characteristics about how different materials and designs work, but with those known, many variables can be modeled in computers to run virtual tests. Both the physical and simulated tests are necessary to identify and correct fault points in entry system designs long before they are used to protect payloads and astronauts from the dangers of atmospheric conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Featured Examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Entry Systems Expertise for the Artemis and Commercial Crew Programs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Private companies already play an instrumental role in the U.S. space program by ferrying <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">critical research<\/a>, supplies and other cargo to the international space station through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/launch\/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commercial resupply<\/a> services contracts. In this next phase, commercial crew partners Boeing and SpaceX will carry humans, like a taxi or a city bus shuttling people to their destination and home again. NASA\u2019s goal is to become one customer of many customers in a robust <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/leo-economy\/low-earth-orbit-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">low-Earth orbit economy<\/a>, enabling the agency to realize the next generation of human space exploration through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/specials\/artemis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Artemis<\/a> program to the Moon and on to Mars. Getting humans to space and home again safely is a truly niche enterprise. The companies building a commercial space industry often turn to NASA for unique facilities and skill sets they need to do this work.  At Ames, our wind tunnels take models of commercial spacecraft and blast them with air to see how the designs will hold up in flight. This work helped improve the ascent and launch abort systems of these spacecraft using experience gained from the development of NASA\u2019s Orion crew vehicle and Space Launch System rocket, or SLS. To ensure spacecraft can return back home, Ames\u2019 Arc Jet Complex can simulate the blazing heat generated while entering Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Whether commercial partners develop their own heatshield materials or use NASA\u2019s designs, testing their performance at extreme temperatures ensures they\u2019re up to the task. These tests are supplemented and strengthened by virtual simulations performed on NASA\u2019s supercomputers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Learn more<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/from-take-off-to-landing-nasa-and-boeing-work-together-to-launch-commercial-crew\" rel=\"noopener\">From Takeoff to Landing, NASA and Boeing Work Together to Launch Commercial Crew<\/a> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/spacexcommercialcrew\" rel=\"noopener\">Ames Contributions to SpaceX Commercial Crew Missions<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/specials\/artemis\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Artemis, Humanity\u2019s Return to the Moon<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>HEEET<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology, also known as HEEET, is a system to protect a probe against the extreme heat generated when passing through a planet\u2019s atmosphere. HEEET uses a dual-layer, three-dimensional, woven material capable of reducing entry loads and lowering the mass of heat shields by up to 40%. The outer layer, exposed to a harsh environment during atmospheric entry, consists of a fine, dense weave using carbon yarns. The inner layer is a low-density, thermally insulating weave consisting of a special yarn that blends carbon and phenolic materials. The outer and inner layers are woven together in three dimensions, mechanically interlocking them so they cannot come apart. HEEET\u2019s development is now complete, and ready to be used in future missions. It is currently the material that will be used for the Earth Entry Vehicle of our new Mars Sample Return Campaign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Learn more<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/heeet\" rel=\"noopener\">What is HEEET?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/nasa-establishes-board-to-initially-review-mars-sample-return-plans\" rel=\"noopener\">Mars Sample Return<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ADEPT<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Adaptable, Deployable Entry Placement Technology, or ADEPT, is a foldable device that opens to make a round, rigid heat shield, called an aeroshell. This game-changing technology could squeeze a heat shield into a rocket with a diameter larger than the rocket itself. The design may someday deliver much larger payloads to planetary surfaces than is currently possible. Aeroshells slow spacecraft during entry and shield them from heat. ADEPT could be key to future NASA missions that require extra-large aeroshells to protect spacecraft destined to land on the surface of other planets, all without requiring larger rockets. The umbrella-like mechanical aeroshell design uses flexible 3D woven carbon fabric skin stretched over deployable ribs and struts, which become rigid when fully deployed. The carbon fabric skin serves as both the structural surface and heat shield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Learn more:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/ames\/exploring-the-solar-system-you-may-need-to-pack-an-umbrella\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploring the Solar System? You May Need to Pack an Umbrella<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Entry Systems Modeling Project<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Entry Systems Modeling project develops new approaches to accurately predict the spacecraft aerothermal entry environment and to simulate the response of the thermal protection system to that environment. These predictions are made using complex software that are extensively validated against test data. As software capabilities improve, uncertainty in predictions are reduced, which translates to a risk reduction to missions and possibly a reduced system mass for certain mission classes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Learn more:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/image-feature\/entry-systems-modeling-esm\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Entry Systems Modeling<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From NASA<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/careers\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Careers<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1229\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg 6607w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=300,240 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=768,614 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=1024,819 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=1536,1229 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=2048,1639 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=400,320 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=600,480 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=900,720 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=1200,960 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/jsc2023e026323.jpg?resize=2000,1600 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>NASA Centers and Facilities<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg 5752w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=300,195 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=768,500 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=1024,666 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=1536,1000 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=2048,1333 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=400,260 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=600,390 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=900,586 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=1200,781 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s69-40022orig.jpg?resize=2000,1301 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/artemis\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Artemis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg 5504w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=683,1024 683w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=1365,2048 1365w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=1333,2000 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/images\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>NASA Images<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1236\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg 2961w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=300,241 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=768,618 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=1024,824 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=1536,1236 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=2048,1648 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=400,322 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=600,483 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=900,724 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=1200,965 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/gpn-2001-000014.jpg?resize=2000,1609 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>About Entry Systems at NASA If you look out the window of a spacecraft entering a planet\u2019s atmosphere, the only view would be a wall of fire. For reentry into Earth\u2019s atmosphere, spacecraft must withstand temperatures up to 7,000 degrees Fahrenheit, caused by the compression of gas and air particles against the surface of the [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":195,"featured_media":164985,"parent":122533,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[],"coauthors":[10441],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Core Area of Expertise: Entry Systems","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-entry-systems\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-entry-systems\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/pica_top_2.gif?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/pica_top_2.gif"},"articleSection":"General","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Jerry Colen"}],"creator":["Jerry Colen"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":[],"dateCreated":"2023-06-13T15:17:42Z","datePublished":"2023-06-13T15:17:42Z","dateModified":"2023-09-13T17:46:06Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Core Area of Expertise: Entry Systems\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/core-area-of-expertise-entry-systems\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/pica_top_2.gif?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-06-13T15:17:42Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"General\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Jerry Colen\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":8,"time_ago":"1 year","featured_image":{"id":164985,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/pica_top_2.gif","title":"Mars 2020 Heat Shield Arc Jet Testing","alt":"The heat shield used to transport the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover through the atmosphere of the Red Planet upon arrival is seen undergoing testing at the Arc Jet facilities at NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center in California\u2019s Silicon Valley.","caption":"The heat shield used to transport the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover through the atmosphere of the Red Planet upon arrival is seen undergoing testing at the Arc Jet facilities at NASA\u2019s Ames Research Center in California\u2019s Silicon Valley."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/348940"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/195"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/348940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":560433,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/348940\/revisions\/560433"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/122533"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/164985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=348940"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=348940"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=348940"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=348940"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=348940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}