1Tao Zhan, Leela Rao, Dorothy Shimer,Sharon Lemieux, and Tao HuaiCalifornia Air Resources BoardUpdate on California’s Regulatory Efforts toReduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions fromMobile Air ConditioningUpdate on California’s Regulatory Efforts toReduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions fromMobile AirConditioningSAE Automotive Refrigerant and System Efficiency SymposiumScottsdale, Arizona, July 13-15, 20102Overview•Background•Proposed MAC requirements for California’sLow-Emission Vehicle standards•Contact Information3MAC Refrigerant Lifetime Mass BalanceInitial OEM chargeRecharge:1) Professional servicing2) Do-it-yourselfTo MACLeakageEnd-of-lifeAccidental breachServicing lossContainer heelMass in = Mass outNot addressedTo environment4California Strategies to ReduceMAC GHG EmissionsVehicle GHG EmissionsStandard (AB 1493)(2004)Regulation on smallcans of HFC-134a(2009)Include AC leak test& repair in SmogCheck ProgramEnforce federal “noventing” rule forHFCsLow-Emission VehicleStandard, LEV III(2010)HD and off-road fleet(Under developmentby US EPA)New vehicles In-Use Fleet End-of-LifeDecommissionedrefrigeratedshipping containersRequirements forprofessionalservicingEnvironmentalPerformance Label(2007)AdoptedProposedPlanned5Evolution of RegulationsLEV III2009MY2017MYCAUS EPAFederal Rule2012MYMandatory:•Low GWP refrigerant•Low leak•Indirect emissions limitNew Federal Rule toAlign with LEV III?MAC improvements earn credits forGHG emissionsSimilar to California AB 1493approach (credit method) viathe ‘Rose GardenAgreement’AB 1493 (Pavley)6LEV III MAC Requirement 1:GWP150 (100% for 2017 MY)≤150 (100% for 2017 MY)•Provides a nearly 90% direct emission reduction•Industry can choose from 3 SNAP* approved refrigerants:HFC-152a, R744 (CO2), and HFO-1234yf•Movement toward use of low-GWP refrigerant•Harmonizes with EU* SNAP: Significant New Alternatives Policy,US EPA’s program to evaluate and regulatesubstitutes for ozone-depleting substances7LEV III AC Requirement 2:Fleet Average Leak Rate≤9 g/yr•Long-term performance and consumer protection– Low leak rate is important to maintain efficiencyand reducemaintenance costs– Request for comments: how to ensure adequate lubrication duringcolder months for better long-term containment•Leak rate is evaluated using SAE J2727-type standards for ACusing low-GWP refrigerants•9 g/yr (refrigerant) is achievable– 18 g/yr per US EPA, 50% reduction feasible per I-MAC– Commercially available AC platforms using premiumtechnologies canachieve 9 g/yr, per AC certification under Pavley and EnvironmentalPerformance Label regulations– Industry moving toward use of better technologies– Electric compressor market share will likely grow(with growth ofhybrid/electric vehicles), thus further lower leakage8LEV III MAC Requirement 3:Indirect Emissions Standard•ARB is proposing to develop a fleet average AC indirectemissions standard– Evaluate through a Whole-Vehicle Performance TestProcedure•ARB will propose initial adoption of US EPA’s IdleTestprocedure and AC Efficiency Credits scheme as a placeholder– Amend the regulation after developing a performance test procedureand AC indirect emissions standard in 2012•Performance test benefits– Able to evaluate all current and new technologiesunder realistic solarload and driving conditions– Enforceable9LEV III MAC Requirement 3 (Cont.):Proposed Performance Test ProcedureSC03 Driving Cycle•Elements of proposed test procedure:– Simulate solar load (e.g., 1-2 hour soak at 850 Wm-2)– Moderate ambient cell conditions (e.g., 250C, 50% RH)– Transient test cycle (e.g., SC03)– Evaluate AC during both initial cool down and steady state temperaturecontrol•Difference between CO2from AC-off cycle and CO2from theweighted average of AC-on cycles (cool down and steady state)must be≤the standard10•California’s next vehicle GHG emission standard (2017 MY andbeyond) will be incorporated into the Low-EmissionVehicleregulation (LEV III)•AC elements are included in LEV III•Mandatory requirements:– Low-GWP refrigerant– Limit on leak rate– Limit on indirect emissions (evaluated by performance test)Summary11Direct Emissions•Research Division– Dr. Tao Zhan, (916) 445-9495, tzhan@arb.ca.gov– Dr. Tao Huai, (916) 324-2981, thuai@arb.ca.govIndirect Emissions•Mobile Source Control Division– Dr. Leela Rao, (626) 350-6469, lrao@arb.ca.gov– Sharon Lemieux, (626) 575-7067, sclemieu@arb.ca.govARB ContactsFor more information, visithttp://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/hfc-mac/hfc-mac.htmhttp://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/levprog/leviii/leviii.htm