{"id":73672,"date":"2019-08-14T16:40:27","date_gmt":"2019-08-14T20:40:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-450222"},"modified":"2023-07-26T15:07:46","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T19:07:46","slug":"commercial-crew-program-essentials","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/commercial-crew-program-essentials\/","title":{"rendered":"Commercial Crew Program – Essentials"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-light hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center 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href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/\" class=\"usa-breadcrumb__link\"><span>Commercial Crew Program<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list-item usa-current\" aria-current=\"page\"><span>Commercial Crew Program...<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/\">CCP Home<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/commercial-crew-program-overview\/\">About CCP<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" 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195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/images.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA Image Library<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nasakennedy\/albums\/72157647244171004\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/commercial-crew-resources\/\">Media Resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-spacer\"> <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Commercial Crew Program Essentials<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Goal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>NASA\u2019s Commercial Crew Program (CCP) was formed to facilitate the development of a U.S. commercial crew space transportation capability with the goal of achieving safe, reliable, and cost-effective access to and from the International Space Station and low-Earth orbit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Background<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>CCP has invested in multiple American companies that are designing and developing transportation capabilities to and from low-Earth orbit and the International Space Station. By supporting the development of human spaceflight capabilities, NASA is laying the foundation for future commercial transportation capabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, the goal is to establish safe, reliable, and cost-effective access to space. Once a transportation capability is certified to meet NASA requirements, the agency will fly missions to meet its space station crew rotation and emergency return obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Throughout the process, both NASA and industry have invested time, money and resources in the development of their systems. NASA also is spurring economic growth through this program as potential new space markets are created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To accelerate the program\u2019s efforts and reduce the gap in American human spaceflight capabilities, NASA awarded more than $8.2 billion in Space \u00a0Act Agreements (SAAs) and contracts under two Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) phases,\u00a0the Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative, Certification Products Contract (CPC) and Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Commercial Crew Program is primarily based at NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the space agency\u2019s premier launch site. About 200 people are working in the Commercial Crew Program for NASA, with almost half involved in the work at other NASA centers, including Johnson Space Center in Houston and Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More about the Commercial Crew Program: <a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/1viFbRx\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/1viFbRx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How NASA’s Commercial Crew Program is Different<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>NASA\u2019s Prior Approach for Obtaining Crew Transportation Systems:<br><\/em> <strong>\u00b7  <\/strong>NASA devised requirements for a crew transportation system that would carry astronauts into orbit, then the agency\u2019s engineers and specialists oversaw every development aspect of the spacecraft, its support systems and operations plans.<br> <strong>\u00b7  <\/strong>An aerospace contractor was hired to build the crew transportation system to the design criteria and the standards NASA furnished.<br> <strong>\u00b7  <\/strong>NASA personnel were deeply involved in the processing, testing, launching and operation of the crew transportation system to ensure safety and reliability. The space agency owned the spacecraft and its operating infrastructure.<br> <strong>\u00b7  <\/strong>Every spacecraft built for humans, from Mercury to Gemini and Apollo to the space shuttle and American section of the International Space Station, was built and operated using this model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Commercial Crew\u2019s Approach for Obtaining Crew Transportation Systems:<br><\/em> <strong>\u00b7  <\/strong>NASA\u2019s engineers and aerospace specialists work closely with companies to develop crew transportation systems that can safely, reliably and cost-effectively carry humans to low-Earth orbit, including the International Space Station, and return safely to Earth.<br> <strong>\u00b7<\/strong>  Interested companies are free to design the transportation system they think is best. For the contracts phase of development and certification, each company must meet NASA\u2019s pre-determined set of requirements. <br> <strong>\u00b7  <\/strong>The companies are encouraged to apply their most efficient and effective manufacturing and business operating techniques throughout the process.<br> <strong>\u00b7  <\/strong>The companies own and operate their own spacecraft and infrastructure.<br> <strong>\u00b7 <\/strong> The partnership approach allows NASA engineers insight into a company\u2019s development process while the agency\u2019s technical expertise and resources are accessible to a company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Complementary Approaches to Complementary Goals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Space Act Agreements:<\/em> When NASA decided to support the development of new U.S. human spaceflight capabilities to low-Earth orbit, it relied on its commercial partners to propose specifics, ranging from the design and capabilities to private investment ratio, milestone achievements, success criteria and timelines. Once an agreement was accepted, CCP and its expert teams worked closely with each company to provide technical support and determine when milestones were met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Contracts:\u00a0<\/em>Concurrently with the Space Act Agreements, NASA established safety and mission requirements for missions to the\u00a0space station that would be flown under a NASA contract. During their development efforts, companies could choose to design their systems to meet NASA\u2019s pre-determined requirements. To support the certification of these systems, NASA awarded Certification Products Contract (CPC) and Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Commercial Development with Space Act Agreements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To support the goal of achieving safe, reliable and cost-effective access to and from low-Earth orbit for commercial customers, NASA used Space Act Agreements to partner with domestic companies capable of contributing to the development of a U.S. human spaceflight capability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Commercial Crew Development Round 1 (CCDev1)<br><\/strong><em>Space Act Agreement<\/em><br>As NASA retired the space shuttle, the ability of private industry to take on the task of providing routine access to space was of vital importance. In 2010, NASA invested a total of nearly $50 million of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds for CCDev1 to stimulate efforts within the private sector to aid in the development and demonstration of safe, reliable and cost-effective crew transportation capabilities. It included the development and maturation systems and subsystems, such as a spacecraft, launch vehicle, launch abort systems, environmental control and life support system, launch vehicle emergency detection systems and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev1_BlueOrigin_508.pdf?emrc=e350c6\">Blue Origin \u2013 $3.7 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev1_Boeing_508.pdf?emrc=ddf175\">Boeing \u2013 $18 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev1_Paragon_508.pdf?emrc=f95fad\">Paragon Space Development Corporation \u2013 $1.4 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev1_SNC_508.pdf?emrc=95f687\">Sierra Nevada Corporation \u2013 $20 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev1_ULA_508.pdf?emrc=58cf42\">United Launch Alliance \u2013 $6.7 million<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Details of CCDev1 partnerships: <a href=\"http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/1tFw8Y1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/1tFw8Y1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Commercial Crew Development Round 2 (CCDev2)<br><\/strong><em>Space Act Agreement <\/em><br>CCDev2 kicked off in April 2011 when NASA awarded a total of nearly $270 million to four companies to aid in further development and demonstration of safe, reliable and cost-effective transportation capabilities. The agency also signed unfunded Space Act Agreements to establish a framework of collaboration with additional aerospace companies. As part of those agreements, NASA reviewed and provided expert feedback on overall concepts and designs, systems requirements, launch vehicle compatibility, testing and integration plans, and operational and facilities plans. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev2_ATK_508.pdf?emrc=b6513d\">Alliant Techsystems Inc. (ATK) \u2013 unfunded<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev2_BlueOrigin_508.pdf?emrc=5f6986\">Blue Origin \u2013 $22 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev2_Boeing_508.pdf?emrc=64d9cd\">Boeing \u2013 $92.3 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev2_EAI_508.pdf?emrc=b12b52\">Excalibur Almaz Inc. (EAI) \u2013 unfunded<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev2_SNC_508.pdf?emrc=48cafa\">Sierra Nevada Corporation \u2013 $80 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev2_SpaceX_508.pdf?emrc=7a7420\">SpaceX \u2013 $75 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCDev2_ULA_508.pdf?emrc=aa0031\">United Launch Alliance (ULA) \u2013 unfunded<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NASA later funded an additional $20.6 million to Boeing and $25.6 million to Sierra Nevada Corporation by exercising optional, pre-negotiated milestones, which were part of their original Space Act Agreements, to accelerate development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2012, the agency extended its CCDev2 agreement with Blue Origin in an unfunded capacity. Through the agreement, the agency continued to support the development of the company\u2019s Space Vehicle and related systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More details about CCDev2 partnerships: <a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/1viFDiH\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/1viFDiH<\/a>. CCDev2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/508_CCDev2_SelectionStatement-Final_Signed.pdf?emrc=a641b5\">Source Selection Statement<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap)<br><\/strong><em>Space Act Agreement<br><\/em>CCiCap continued the development of three fully integrated systems in August 2012. The Space Act Agreements called for industry partners to develop crew transportation capabilities and to perform tests to verify, validate and mature integrated designs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCiCap_Boeing_508.pdf?emrc=759403\">Boeing \u2013 $460 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCiCap_SNC_508.pdf?emrc=86322d\">Sierra Nevada Corporation \u2013 $212.5 million<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/ccicap_spacex_508.pdf?emrc=c0b5df\">SpaceX \u2013 $440 million<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NASA later funded an additional $20 million to Boeing, $20 million to SpaceX and $15 million to Sierra Nevada Corporation by exercising optional, pre-negotiated milestones, which were part of their original Space Act Agreements, to accelerate development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More details about the Commercial Crew Integrated Capability agreements, visit:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/NeArCK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/NeArCK<\/a>. CCiCap <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/508_CCiCap_Selection_Statement.pdf?emrc=9d374f\">Source Selection Statement<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supporting NASA’s Mission Needs through Contracts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To support the goal of achieving safe, reliable and cost-effective access to and from the International Space Station for the agency, NASA awarded contracts intended to permit the certification of commercial crew transportation systems to carry NASA astronauts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Certification Products Contracts (CPC)<br><\/strong><em>Contract<\/em><br>Throughout CPC, the first phase of a two-phase contract, companies worked with NASA to discuss and develop data products to implement the agency\u2019s flight safety and performance requirements. This included implementation across all aspects of the space system, including the spacecraft, launch vehicle, and ground and mission operations. The CPC was awarded in December 2012.<br>Under the contracts, certification plans were developed toward achieving safe, crewed missions to the space station.It included data that will result in developing engineering standards, tests and analyses of crew transportation system designs. NASA awarded a total of nearly $30 million under the CPC contracts.<br>More details about the Certification Products Contract: <a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/TSLHKV\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/go.nasa.gov\/TSLHKV<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Boeing \u2013 $9.993 million<br>Sierra Nevada Corporation \u2013 $10 million<br>SpaceX \u2013 $9.589 million<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap)<br><\/strong><em>Contract<\/em><br>CCtCap is the second phase of a two-phase certification plan for commercially built and operated integrated crew transportation systems. Two FAR-based, firm fixed-price contracts were awarded in September 2014 following an open competition. Through its certification efforts, NASA will ensure the selected commercial transportation systems meet the agency\u2019s safety and performance requirements for transporting NASA crew to the International Space Station. NASA awarded a total of $6.8 billion under CCtCap contracts. CCtCap <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCtCap-Source-Selection-Statement-5083.pdf?emrc=8a4806\">Source Selection Statement<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCtCap_Boeing_508.pdf?emrc=a8de2c\">Boeing \u2013 $4.2 billion<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/CCtCap_SpaceX_508.pdf?emrc=8a4b1a\">SpaceX \u2013 $2.6 billion<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Who Is Involved<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>These companies played roles in the development and certification phases of the Commercial Crew Program. Amounts are totals of all Space Act Agreements and contracts awarded to each company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Alliant Techsystems<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev2<br>Unfunded partnership<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Blue Origin<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev1 and CCDev2<br>Awarded $25.6 million<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Boeing<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev1, CCDev2, CCiCap, CPC and CCtCap<br>Awarded $4.82 billion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Excalibur Almaz Inc.<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev2<br>Unfunded partnership<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Paragon Space Development Corp.<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev1<br>Awarded $1.4 million<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sierra Nevada Corporation<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev1, CCDev2, CCiCap and CPC<br>Awarded $363.1 million<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>SpaceX<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev2, CCiCap, CPC and CCtCap<br>Awarded $3.144 billion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>United Launch Alliance<\/strong><br>Participated in CCDev1 and CCDev2<br>Awarded $6.7 million<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Commercial Crew Program Essentials Goal NASA\u2019s Commercial Crew Program (CCP) was formed to facilitate the development of a U.S. commercial crew space transportation capability with the goal of achieving safe, reliable, and cost-effective access to and from the International Space Station and low-Earth orbit. Background CCP has invested in multiple American companies that are designing and [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":271,"featured_media":175823,"parent":167100,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[2801,3219],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[3917],"coauthors":[],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Commercial Crew Program – Essentials","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/commercial-crew-program-essentials\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/commercial-crew-program-essentials\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/International-Space-Station-in-2021.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/International-Space-Station-in-2021.jpg"},"articleSection":"Humans in Space","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Anna C. Heiney"}],"creator":["Anna C. Heiney"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["Humans in Space","Commercial Space","Commercial Space Programs"],"dateCreated":"2019-08-14T20:40:27Z","datePublished":"2019-08-14T20:40:27Z","dateModified":"2023-07-26T19:07:46Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Commercial Crew Program – Essentials\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/commercial-space\/commercial-crew-program\/commercial-crew-program-essentials\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/International-Space-Station-in-2021.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2019-08-14T20:40:27Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"Humans in Space\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"Humans in Space,Commercial Space,Commercial Space Programs\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Anna C. 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