If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

LINDA DICE, MARCIA BENNETT-VEIGEL, 

and CAROL HARRINGTON,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

UNPUBLISHED

July 30, 2019

v No. 342608

Midland Probate Court

MICHAEL R. ZIMMERMAN, Successor Trustee 

of the ESTHER G. BENNETT TRUST, YEO & 

YEO, PC, and TODD E. BENNETT,

LC No. 17-000126-CZ 

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and FORT HOOD and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

In this interlocutory appeal, plaintiffs appeal by delayed leave granted1 the opinion and 

order of the probate court granting partial summary disposition to defendants pursuant to MCR 

2.116(C)(7) (claim barred by statute of limitations) and MCR 2.116(C)(8) (failure to state a 

claim on which relief can be granted).2 Plaintiffs contend that the probate court erred in 

concluding that a statute of limitations contained in the Michigan Trust Code (MTC), MCL 

700.7604, barred plaintiffs’ claims challenging the validity of the Esther G. Bennett Revocable 

 1 Dice v Esther G Bennett Revocable Trust, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered 

July 16, 2018 (Docket No. 342608). Plaintiffs previously attempted to appeal the probate court’s 

order as of right, but this Court dismissed the appeal on the basis that the probate court’s order 

was not a final order. Dice v Esther G Bennett Revocable Trust, unpublished order of the Court 

of Appeals, entered February 7, 2018 (Docket No. 342139).

2 The probate court dismissed plaintiffs’ claim for declaratory relief challenging the Esther G. 

Bennett Revocable Trust, and dismissed plaintiffs’ claims involving undue influence and 

conversion. Still pending before the probate court are plaintiffs’ claims of fraud, 

misrepresentation, and breach of fiduciary duty. 
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Trust (the Trust)—one claim for declaratory relief and one claim involving undue influence. 

Plaintiffs also contend that the probate court erred in determining that plaintiffs lacked standing 

to pursue a claim of conversion on behalf of the Trust. We agree and reverse.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs are the daughters and defendant Todd E. Bennett (Todd) is the son of the 

settlor, Esther G. Bennett (Esther). Following the death of her husband, in 1995, Esther settled 

the Trust. The assets contained in the Trust primarily consisted of Esther’s interest in real 

property and a closely held business—Earl D. Bennett Construction, Inc. (Bennett Construction). 

The Trust generally provided that the assets would be equally distributed to Esther’s children 

upon her death. 

During her lifetime, Esther was to be the sole trustee of the Trust, and reserved in herself 

a number of rights and powers as the settlor, including the right to amend, modify, or revoke the 

Trust, and to designate different trustees or cotrustees at any time to act on Esther’s behalf. The 

Trust also provided that, if Esther was ever incapacitated and her incapacity certified by two 

doctors, any further actions taken by Esther with respect to the Trust would be void, “and during 

such period of time th[e] Trust shall be irrevocable and not amendable.” The Trust further listed 

Gordon C. Birkmeier as Esther’s successor trustee, and provided that, if Birkmeier died or 

resigned, Chemical Bank and Trust (Chemical Bank) and plaintiff Carol Harrington would be 

nominated successor cotrustees. 

In 2002, Esther executed the first of several amendments to the Trust. The first 

amendment deleted the nomination of Harrington, instead indicating that, in the event of 

Birkmeier’s death or resignation, only Chemical Bank would serve as successor trustee. In 2003, 

Esther executed the second amendment to the Trust, indicating that, although the children would 

each receive equal shares of Bennett Construction, Todd would receive all of the voting shares 

and plaintiffs would receive nonvoting shares. Thus, while the children would have equal 

ownership of the business, Todd would control it. In 2006, however, Esther executed another 

amendment to the Trust—also titled the second amendment—which revoked the 2003

amendment. The 2006 amendment also provided any gifts or loans from Esther to her children 

would be considered advances on their interests in the Trust. 

In 2007, Dr. Christopher Hough performed a geriatric assessment of Esther, and in a 

letter dated April 18, 2007, informed Esther’s primary care physician—Dr. Michael Miller—that 

Esther was experiencing memory loss and needed “help[] with her finances and medications.” 

Two months later, Esther appointed defendant accounting firm, Yeo & Yeo, PC (Yeo), to act as 

her cotrustee, with the condition that Yeo would only serve as trustee for as long as Birkmeier 

was associated with the firm. Shortly after appointing Yeo, Esther executed the third amendment

to the Trust, indicating that Yeo would be nominated to act as sole trustee upon Esther’s death or 

resignation so long as Birkmeier was associated with the firm, and at such time that Birkmeier 

was no longer associated with the firm, Chemical Bank would serve as Yeo’s successor. 

One year after Dr. Hough performed his geriatric assessment, on May 6, 2008, Dr. Miller 

noted on a prescription pad that Esther was “not capable of participating in business affairs[.]” 

Shortly thereafter, presumably acting in accordance with the Trust’s provision regarding Esther’s 
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incapacity, defendant Michael R. Zimmerman sent a letter to Esther on behalf of defendant Yeo, 

which stated, “Please accept this letter as our acceptance to act as Trustee of the Esther G. 

Bennett Revocable Trust with Gordon C. Birkmeier representing the firm as Trustee.” 

Despite Esther’s ostensible incapacity and the letter of acceptance, and without any 

medical certifications indicating that Esther had regained the capability to manage her affairs, in 

October 2008, Esther signed a document that reinstated the previously revoked 2003 amendment, 

again providing that only Todd would receive voting shares of Bennett Construction. Esther 

indicated underneath her signature that she was a cotrustee of the Trust, and notably, Birkmeier 

signed the document as a witness. In 2011, Esther executed the fourth amendment to the Trust,

again altering trustee succession. The amendment provided that Yeo would serve as sole trustee 

upon Esther’s death or resignation, deleting the condition that Yeo would only so serve if 

Birkmeier were associated with the firm. On the same day that Esther executed the amendment, 

she appointed Zimmerman “and/or a qualified person of Yeo & Yeo CPA PC” to serve as her 

cotrustee. 

In 2012, Esther executed the fifth and final amendment to the Trust. The amendment 

revoked all previous amendments, provided that Zimmerman “and/or a qualified person of Yeo

& Yeo PC CPA” would become sole trustee upon Esther’s death or incapacity, and reaffirmed

that Todd would receive the voting shares of Bennett Construction. The amendment did not 

provide for distribution of any nonvoting shares, and instead, the day before executing the 2012 

amendment, Esther settled a second trust—the Esther G. Bennett Irrevocable Trust (the 

Irrevocable Trust)—which she funded with the nonvoting shares of Bennett Construction for the 

purpose of distributing them to plaintiffs upon her death. 

Esther died on May 14, 2014, and Zimmerman was nominated to serve as her personal 

representative. Zimmerman sent a letter to plaintiffs indicating that Esther appointed him trustee 

of the “Bennett Family Trust Established on May 12, 2014.”3 The letter further indicated that 

Zimmerman was settling Esther’s estate, after which he would begin distributing the Trust estate. 

Finally, Zimmerman indicated:

Linda, Marcia, and Carol now each own 25% of Earl D. Bennett Construction 

according to the terms of “The Esther G. Bennett Irrevocable Trust dated 

December 19, 2014[.]” These shares of the Company are non-voting. The voting 

share of the Company stock are currently held by the Trust and will be distributed 

to Todd per your mother’s instructions.

I am enclosing copies of the final will and trust for you to have.

Notably, enclosed with the letter were copies of Esther’s will and the Irrevocable Trust

established in 2012, but not a copy of the original trust or any of its amendments. 

 3 Although originally titled the Esther G. Bennett Revocable Trust, the Trust provided that it 

would be known as “the Bennett Family Trust” upon Esther’s death. 
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Plaintiff Linda Dice averred that she met with Zimmerman after Esther’s death, but that 

Zimmerman never gave her or her fellow plaintiffs reason to know that the original trust or any 

of its amendments existed until Zimmerman finally referred to the Trust in the summer of 2016. 

In September 2016, Zimmerman provided plaintiffs copies of the Trust, and approximately five

months later, On February 16, 2017, plaintiffs filed the complaint that led to this appeal. 

Plaintiffs requested a declaration that all amendments to the Trust executed after April 2007 were

void because Esther did not have capacity to execute them, and because Esther was unduly 

influenced by Todd and Zimmerman. Plaintiffs alleged fraud and misrepresentation, breach of 

fiduciary duties, and conversion of trust assets against all three defendants, and sought to remove 

Zimmerman as trustee, surcharge him, and replace him with Chemical Bank. 

Todd moved for partial summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(8), 

contending that (1) plaintiffs were barred by the statute of limitations, MCL 700.7604, from 

challenging the validity of the Trust, and (2) plaintiffs lacked standing to bring a conversion 

claim on behalf of the Trust. Plaintiffs countered that the Trust became irrevocable after Esther 

was deemed incapacitated in 2008, and the statute of limitations did not apply to irrevocable 

trusts. Alternatively, plaintiffs contended that the statute of limitations had been tolled pursuant 

to the fraudulent concealment statute, MCL 600.5855. Plaintiffs further contended that they had 

standing to bring their conversion claim because Yeo could not have properly served as a trustee 

pursuant to MCL 487.11105, and accordingly, there had been no valid trustee since Yeo was 

appointed in 2008. Without a proper trustee, plaintiffs contended that they had standing to 

pursue their conversion claim on behalf of the Trust. 

The probate court agreed with Todd that plaintiffs’ claim for declaratory relief against the 

Trust was barred by the statute of limitations, holding that the statute applied to the trust because 

it was revocable within the meaning of MCL 700.7103(h). The court noted: “[A]lthough the 

trust document itself states that should Esther become incapacitated the trust becomes 

irrevocable, the statutory language makes clear that a trust created as revocable[] retains its 

characterization as such, even in the face of a lack of capacity.” The court held that plaintiffs 

could not rely on the fraudulent concealment statute—MCL 600.5855—because it was enacted 

as part of the Revised Judicature Act (RJA) nearly 40 years before the applicable MTC statute—

MCL 700.7604. It reasoned that MCL 700.7604 was an all-encompassing statute of limitations 

that did not allow for exceptions to the general rule that an action to contest the validity of a

revocable trust cannot be brought beyond two years from the settlor’s death. The court further 

noted that, even assuming arguendo that fraudulent concealment applied, the facts did not 

support a finding that defendants concealed the Trust. Thus, based upon the statute of 

limitations, the probate court dismissed plaintiffs’ claim for declaratory relief and claim alleging

undue influence. With respect to the claim for conversion, the probate court agreed with Todd

that plaintiffs lacked standing, reasoning that claims belonging to the trust were the responsibility 

of the trustee. We disagree and reverse. 

II. THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS

Plaintiffs first contend that their claims against the Trust did not exceed the statutory 

limitation period because the statute of limitations applies only if a trust is revocable at the time 

of the settlor’s death, and in this case, the Trust became irrevocable when Esther was 

incapacitated in 2008. The probate court did not address the factual question of whether, under 
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the terms of the Trust, the Trust became irrevocable in 2008, instead holding that MCL 

700.7103(h), which describes the revocability of a trust as “not affected by the settlor’s lack of 

capacity,” was dispositive on the issue. Because MCL 700.7105 provides that the terms of a 

trust generally prevail when in conflict with the MTC, and because no exception to that general 

rule applies, we disagree with the probate court’s reliance on MCL 700.7103(h). 

“ ‘This Court reviews motions for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) de 

novo.’ ” Russell v City of Detroit, 321 Mich App 628, 631; 909 NW2d 507 (2017), quoting 

Trentadue v Buckler Automatic Law Sprinkler Co, 479 Mich 378, 386; 738 NW2d 664 (2007). 

“In reviewing the record to determine if defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law, 

we consider all affidavits, pleadings, and other documentary evidence submitted by the parties 

and construe the pleadings in plaintiff’s favor.” Doe v Roman Catholic Archbishop of 

Archdiocese of Detroit, 264 Mich App 632, 638; 692 NW2d 398 (2004), citing Rheaume v 

Vandenberg, 232 Mich App 417, 420-421; 591 NW2d 331 (1998). We accept all of a plaintiff’s 

well-pleaded allegations as true. Clay v Doe, 311 Mich App 359, 362; 876 NW2d 248 (2015)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). “Absent a disputed question of fact, the determination of 

whether a cause of action is barred by a statute of limitation is a question of law that this Court 

reviews de novo.” Doe, 264 Mich App at 638, citing Colbert v Conybeare Law Office, 239 Mich 

App 608, 613-614; 609 NW2d 208 (2000). We also review questions of statutory interpretation 

de novo. Stanton v City of Battle Creek, 466 Mich 611, 614; 647 NW2d 508 (2002), citing In re 

MCI Telecommunications, 460 Mich 396, 413; 596 NW2d 164 (1999). Finally, we review the 

proper interpretation of trusts de novo. In re Stan Estate, 301 Mich App 435, 442; 839 NW2d 

498 (2013). 

When interpreting a statute, this Court’s goal is to give effect to the intent of the 

Legislature. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co v Mich Catastrophic Claims Ass’n (On 

Rehearing), 484 Mich 1, 13; 795 NW2d 101 (2009). The language of the statute itself is the 

primary indicator of the Legislature’s intent. Id. If the statute’s language is unambiguous, this 

Court must enforce it as written. Id. at 12-13. 

The statute of limitations at issue, MCL 700.7604, provides as follows:

(1) A person may commence a judicial proceeding to contest the validity 

of a trust that was revocable at the settlor’s death within the earlier of the 

following:

(a) Two years after the settlor’s death.

(b) Six months after the trustee sent the person a notice informing the 

person of all of the following:[4]

 4 While defendants briefly argue that the six-month limitation period should apply, 

Zimmerman’s letter did not inform plaintiffs of the time allowed for commencing a proceeding. 
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(i) The trust’s existence.

(ii) The date of the trust instrument.

(iii) The date of any amendments known to the trustee.

(iv) A copy of relevant portions of the terms of the trust that describe or 

affect the person’s interest in the trust, if any.

(v) The settlor’s name.

(vi) The trustee’s name and address.

(vii) The time allowed for commencing a proceeding.

Historically, whether a trust was revocable or irrevocable “is a question of the intention of the 

settlor[.]” Fornell v Fornell Equipment, Inc, 390 Mich 540, 551; 213 NW2d 172 (1973).

5

 

“Unless the terms of a trust expressly provide that the trust is irrevocable, the settlor may revoke 

or amend the trust.” MCL 700.7602(1). 

The probate court relied upon the statutory definition of “revocable” as contained in 

MCL 700.7103(h) to determine that the Trust remained revocable until Esther’s death. The 

statute provides, 

“[r]evocable”, as applied to a trust, means revocable by the settlor without the 

consent of the trustee or a person holding an adverse interest. A trust’s 

characterization as revocable is not affected by the settlor’s lack of capacity to

exercise the power of revocation, regardless of whether an agent of the settlor 

under a durable power of attorney, a conservator of the settlor, or a plenary 

guardian of the settlor is serving. [MCL 700.7103(h).] 

Although the statute clearly provides that a settlor’s capacity to exercise the power of revocation 

does not affect the revocability of a trust, MCL 700.7105(1) provides that the MTC “governs the 

duties and powers of a trustee, relations among trustees, and the rights and interests of a trust 

beneficiary,” “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in the terms of the trust.” (Emphasis added.) 

MCL 700.7105(2) then provides, “[t]he terms of a trust prevail over any provision of this 

article,” unless one of the exceptions enumerated in the statute apply. See In re Pollack Trust, 

309 Mich App 125, 164; 867 NW2d 884 (2015) (noting that, unless an enumerated exception 

applies, “the terms of a trust prevail over any provision of the MTC”). No exception applies in 

 

Accordingly, the letter did not inform plaintiffs of all of the requirements for the six-month 

period to apply.

5 This subsection does not apply to “[a] trust created under a trust instrument executed before 

April 1, 2010.” MCL 700.7602(1)(a). The Trust was created under an instrument executed in 

1995. 
-7-

this case, and accordingly, the probate court erred in ignoring the terms of the Trust in favor of 

the statutory definition of revocable. 

That the terms of a trust generally prevail over the MTC is in keeping with the primary 

goal of trust interpretation: to carry out the settlor’s intent to the greatest extent possible. Stan 

Estate, 301 Mich App at 442, citing In re Kostin Estate, 278 Mich App 47, 53; 748 NW2d 583 

(2008). “When interpreting the meaning of a trust, this Court must ascertain and abide by the 

intent of the settlor.” In re Perry Trust, 299 Mich App 525, 530; 831 NW2d 251 (2013), citing 

Kostin Estate, 278 Mich App at 53. “This intent is gauged from the trust document itself.” 

Kostin Estate, 278 Mich App at 53, citing In re Maloney Trust, 423 Mich 632, 639; 377 NW2d 

791 (1985). 

The Trust in this case provides the following regarding the incapacity of the settlor:

In the event two registered physicians, one of whom should be the 

Grantor’s personal physician, deliver an instrument to the Successor Trustee 

certifying that the Grantor during her lifetime has become incapable of managing 

her own affairs, the Grantor shall cease to be the Trustee, and the successor 

trustee shall, upon giving its acceptance of trust, become sole Trustee without 

requiring action or permission of any nature or kind whatsoever from the Grantor, 

and shall possess and be subject to those rights, duties and obligations which it 

would assume if it had been named as the initial trustee hereunder. Until two 

registered physicians shall certify that Grantor has again become capable of 

managing Grantor’s own affairs, any attempt by Grantor to exercise any reserved 

rights and powers under this Trust, including but not by way of limitation, the 

right of modification, revocation, amendment, withdrawal or principal and/or 

receipt or direction of income, or the sale of principles of this trust estate, or 

change of beneficiary of any insurance policy subject to this Trust, shall be void 

and during such period of time this Trust shall be irrevocable and not amendable.

We conclude that this language rendered the Trust irrevocable upon Esther’s incapacity, and 

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiffs, Esther was indeed incapacitated in 

2008. In 2007, Dr. Hough indicated that Esther had been diagnosed with dementia and 

“need[ed] help with her finances and medications.” On May 6, 2008, Dr. Miller indicated that 

Esther was “not capable of participating in business affairs[.]” Zimmerman then sent Esther a 

letter of acceptance on behalf of Yeo indicating that Yeo accepted its position as trustee.

Todd contends that the geriatric assessment provided by Dr. Hough and the note from Dr. 

Miller could not constitute the “certification[s] of incompetency” required by the Trust. We 

note, however, that the Trust does not appear to impose any particular requirements on the 

certificates other than the requirement that they be delivered to the successor trustee. Moreover,

whether the geriatric assessment from Dr. Hough and the note from Dr. Miller were sufficient

under the terms of the Trust are questions the probate court has yet to address. See Shah v State 

Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 324 Mich App 182, 210; 920 NW2d 148 (2018) (noting that this Court is 

an error-correcting court that generally limits its review to matters actually decided by the trial 

court). See also Wells Fargo Bank, NA v Null, 304 Mich App 508, 539-540; 847 NW2d 657 

(2014) (interpreting the language of an insurance policy and, where the trial court had not made 
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the requisite findings of fact, remanding to the trial court to determine the policy’s factual 

application). 

Lastly, all of the defendants contend that, irrespective of whether the Trust was made 

irrevocable in 2008, the terms of the Trust provide that it could only have been made temporarily

irrevocable. This is not so, as the Trust plainly indicates that it became irrevocable following 

certification of Esther’s incapacity, “[u]ntil two registered physicians shall certify that Grantor 

has again become capable of managing Grantor’s own affairs.” The language of the Trust 

plainly indicates that, so long as Esther remained incapable of managing her affairs, the Trust 

remained irrevocable, and notably, there have been no allegations that Esther’s condition 

improved after 2008 such that she again became capable of managing her affairs, let alone 

allegations that two doctors certified that improvement. 

Because the language of the Trust prevails over the statutory definition of revocable, a 

certified inability on the part of Esther to manage her own affairs would have rendered the Trust 

irrevocable. The probate court therefore erred in applying MCL 700.7604 to bar plaintiffs’ 

challenges to the Trust. In light of our conclusion that the probate court erred in applying MCL 

700.7604, we need not address whether fraudulent concealment, MCL 600.5855, is applicable to 

claims made pursuant to the MTC, nor whether there is any conflict between MCL 600.5855 and 

MCL 700.7604. 

III. MCL 487.11105

Plaintiffs next contend that Yeo is prohibited from serving as a fiduciary pursuant to 

MCL 487.11105. We would tend to agree that the evidence does not suggest that Yeo & Yeo, 

PC, is itself qualified to serve in a fiduciary role under the laws of this state. The Banking Code 

of 1999, MCL 487.11101 et seq., provides that “only an individual or corporation shall act as a 

fiduciary in this state.” MCL 487.11105(2). Generally, however, only banking corporations are 

permitted to act as fiduciaries, and a nonbanking corporation is only so permitted “to the extent 

that it may be specifically authorized to act as a fiduciary in this state by another statute of this 

state.” MCL 487.11105(2)(e). Notwithstanding, we note that the probate court did not address 

this issue, and whether MCL 487.11105 is implicated in this case at all largely depends on the 

success of plaintiffs’ claim that Esther was properly certified incapable of managing her affairs 

pursuant to the terms of the Trust. As noted above, that issue should be addressed at the trial 

level. 

IV. CONVERSION AND STANDING

Plaintiffs lastly argue that the probate court erred when it determined that they lacked 

standing to pursue a conversion claim on behalf of the Trust. The probate court concluded that 

plaintiffs lacked standing to bring the claim because they were not real parties in interest. We

disagree, and conclude that plaintiffs had standing to invoke the probate court’s jurisdiction.

This Court reviews issues of standing de novo, Groves v Dep’t of Corrections, 295 Mich 

App 1, 4; 811 NW2d 563 (2011), and reviews whether a plaintiff is a real party in interest de 

novo. In re Rottenberg Living Trust, 300 Mich App 339, 354; 833 NW2d 384 (2013). “Both the 

doctrine of standing and the included real-party-in-interest rule are prudential limitations on a 
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litigant’s ability to raise the legal rights of another.” Pontiac Police & Fire Retiree Prefunded 

Group Health & Ins Trust Bd of Trustees v Pontiac No 2, 309 Mich App 611, 621-622; 873 

NW2d 783 (2015), citing Lansing Schs Ed Ass’n v Lansing Bd of Ed, 487 Mich 349, 355-356; 

792 NW2d 686 (2010), and Rottenberg Living Trust, 300 Mich App at 355. “[A] litigant has 

standing whenever there is a legal cause of action.” Lansing Schs, 487 Mich at 372. Standing is 

a jurisdictional question, Rottenberg Living Trust 300 Mich at 355, which “focuses on whether a 

litigant is a proper party to request adjudication of a particular issue and not whether the issue 

itself is justiciable,” Lansing Schs Ed Ass’n v Lansing Bd of Ed, 487 Mich 349, 355; 792 NW2d 

686 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “The real party in interest is one who is 

vested with the right of action as to a particular claim, or, stated otherwise, is the party who 

under the substantive law in question owns the claim asserted.” Pontiac Police, 309 Mich App 

at 622, citing Rottenberg Living Trust, 300 Mich App at 356. 

First, although not raised by the probate court or any of the parties, MCL 700.7813 is 

dispositive on this issue. The statute provides:

(4) If a person embezzles or wrongfully converts trust property, or refused, 

without colorable claim of right, to transfer possession of trust property to the 

current trustee upon demand, the person is liable in an action brought by the 

current trustee, or the beneficiary of the trust for the benefit of the trust, for 

double the value of any property embezzled, converted, or wrongfully withheld 

from the current trustee. [MCL 700.7813(4).] 

There is no dispute that plaintiffs were beneficiaries of the Trust; they were entitled to the 

residue of the Trust estate in equal shares. Accordingly, plaintiffs were statutorily authorized to 

assert their claim of conversion on behalf of the Trust. 

Even assuming arguendo, however, that MCL 700.7813(4) did not apply, this Court has 

held that trust beneficiaries are “interested persons” within the meaning of MCL 700.1105(c), 

and interested persons have standing to invoke the probate court’s jurisdiction over the 

administration of any trust to which they are a beneficiary. Rottenberg Living Trust, 300 Mich 

App at 355, citing MCL 700.1105(c), MCL 700.7201(1), and MCL 700.7203(1). Additionally, 

while it is true that a trust beneficiary generally may not maintain an action at law against third 

parties where the trustee is entitled to do so, a beneficiary may sue in equity if a trustee refuses or 

neglects to sue. Apollinari v Johnson, 104 Mich App 673, 675-676; 305 NW2d 565 (1981)

(citations omitted). Plaintiffs’ conversion claim necessarily involves implications that 

Zimmerman not only failed to bring a necessary suit to protect Trust assets, but that he

unlawfully converted Trust property. As trust beneficiaries, plaintiffs asserted a legal cause of

action and were the proper parties to request adjudication of the issue. Accordingly, the trial 

court erred in dismissing their conversion claim. 

V. CONCLUSION

The probate court’s opinion and order dismissing plaintiffs’ claims involving declaratory

relief, undue influence, and conversion is reversed, and this matter is remanded for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. Plaintiffs, as the 
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prevailing parties, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219. 

/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien 

/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood 

/s/ Thomas C. Cameron