Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION IV 

No. CV-16-206

JOANNE BERNADETTE BLACK, 

CHARLES AARON BLACK, CLAY 

BLACK, TRAVIS STEPHEN BLACK, 

AND YANCEY REYNOLDS

APPELLANTS

V.

JACK NORWOOD DUFFIE, JR., AS 

GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE OF ELLEN 

ANNABELLE DUFFIE

APPELLEE

OPINION DELIVERED: DECEMBER 7, 2016

APPEAL FROM THE HEMPSTEAD

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT 

[NO. 29CV-13-187-1] 

HONORABLE RANDY WRIGHT, 

JUDGE

AFFIRMED

ROBERT J. GLADWIN, Chief Judge

Joanne B. and Charles Black, their children, Clay and Travis Black, and Yancey 

Reynolds appeal the Hempstead County Circuit Court’s November 18 and 30, 2015 orders 

that found null and void a deed transferring an interest in 180 acres and the transfer of a 

share in the Hempstead County Hunting Club (Grassy Lake) and ordered judgment against 

appellants Joanne and Charles in the amount of $52,605.56. Appellants also appeal the 

circuit court’s January 6, 2016 order awarding attorney’s fees in the amount of $31,069.36 

to appellee Jack Duffie, Jr., as guardian of the estate of Ellen Annabelle Duffie (Annabelle). 

Appellants argue four points on appeal: (1) the circuit court erred in declaring null and void 

the transfer of the Grassy Lake share; (2) the claims regarding the Grassy Lake share were 

barred by the statute of limitations; (3) the circuit court erred in declaring null and void the 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

2 

deed for 180 acres to Joanne and Charles Black; and (4) the circuit court erred in awarding 

attorney’s fees to appellee.1

 We affirm. 

I. Facts

Annabelle, born May 16, 1938, and her adult brother, Jerome Duffie, resided 

together during Annabelle’s entire adult life until Jerome’s death. Annabelle never married. 

Jerome took care of Annabelle’s finances until he died on April 4, 2006, leaving Annabelle 

his property, which included a three-quarter interest in 180 acres located near Hope, 

Arkansas, and a share of stock, along with a cabin, in Grassy Lake. Appellee, Annabelle’s 

nephew, was appointed guardian of the person and estate of Annabelle on June 17, 2013. 

Appellee filed a complaint alleging that on June 21, 2006, less than three months 

after Jerome’s death, Annabelle transferred her share in Grassy Lake to appellants without 

consideration and that appellants had intentionally misrepresented to her that she would 

retain ownership in Grassy Lake and would be giving them only hunting and fishing 

privileges. It alleged that Annabelle had not been told that, by giving up her share of stock, 

she would forfeit her right to continue using the hunting club and living in the cabin. It 

was alleged that, after the stock had been transferred, appellants moved Annabelle from 

Grassy Lake to a “run down, substandard housing unit.” 

The complaint described that Annabelle executed a warranty deed with vendor’s lien 

on August 20, 2009, granting her interest in the 180-acre tract to appellants Joanne and 

 1

We address appellants’ arguments by combining the issues contained within their 

arguments related to the transfers of the share and deed under three headings: (III) Undue 

Influence and Competency; (IV) Consideration; and (V) Judgment for Cut Timber and 

Rescission.
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

3 

Charles. It was alleged that Joanne and Charles intentionally misrepresented the value of 

the tract, that the tract was transferred for a payoff to Annabelle of $150,000, and that the 

land was worth $400,000 or more. Also, Annabelle financed the sale of the property, only 

receiving monthly payments of $1000, while the Blacks maintained possession and use of 

the land, having sold the timber in June 2012. 

Appellee alleged in the complaint that any statutes of limitation were tolled because 

Annabelle had been mentally incompetent, citing Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-56-

116 (Repl. 2005). He alleged that the transfers of the 180-acre tract and the share in Grassy 

Lake should be declared void for failure of a contract because Annabelle, having been

incompetent her entire life, had been incapable of entering into a valid and binding contract, 

no consideration had been paid for the hunting club stock, and there had been no mutual 

agreement due to undue influence, duress, and fraud. Appellee also alleged the conversion 

of timber cut from the 180-acre tract and sought rescission of the contracts, an accounting, 

damages, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees. Appellants answered, generally denying the 

complaint, and pled all applicable statutory limitations, waiver, estoppel, laches, and unclean 

hands.

2

At the bench trial held November 9 and 10, 2015, Betty J. Feir, a licensed 

psychologist, testified that she had conducted a psychological evaluation of Annabelle and 

had made a report in January 2013. She said that Annabelle was “functioning retarded” at 

 2 Appellee’s first amended complaint added Reynolds as a defendant and alleged that, 

after appellees took possession of it, Reynolds paid for substantial improvements to the cabin 

at Grassy Lake in the amount of $78,519.24. Appellee’s second amended complaint added 

Clay as a defendant.
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

4 

that time and that her IQ score was 59, which Feir considered to be mild mental retardation. 

She said that a person of Annabelle’s intelligence would be incapable of determining the 

value of her assets or making financial decisions without assistance. Feir explained that an 

IQ of 100 is average and that 70 is considered borderline retarded. Feir said that Annabelle’s 

mental retardation did not begin in January 2013, but had occurred over a period of years, 

and that a person functioning with a 59 IQ would not be able to make decisions that were 

logical and relevant. Feir’s impression was that Annabelle was not able to say “no” when it 

was needed for her well-being because she appeared to want to please people. It was Feir’s 

opinion that Annabelle would be vulnerable in a business transaction. Feir said that 

Annabelle did not have the necessary intellectual or cognitive functioning at “this point in 

her life,” or even earlier, because the decline had been gradual, and Annabelle had the 

beginning of dementia. 

James Burton Clem testified that he is a real-estate broker and is licensed in Texas 

and Arkansas. He gave his opinion that the total value of the 180-acre tract was $425,000, 

and in addition, the timber on the land was worth $177,000. In making his analysis, Clem 

testified that he had reviewed an expert report prepared by Jeff Neill, who had valued the 

land at $300,000, which included the timber value. He believed that Neill had not included 

what Clem considered to be the commercial value of the “front 40 acres.”

Appellee testified that he thought Annabelle was too trusting of people. He said that 

Annabelle had never married and had never worked. He said that Jerome had bought her 

a building that had school supplies in it, known as the School Box, and she had spent time 

there. Neither Jerome nor Annabelle had depended on income from it for their livelihood. 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

5 

He said that Annabelle was living at the Grassy Lake cabin at the time of Jerome’s death, 

but within a month or two, Annabelle moved. In 2009, Annabelle deeded the 180-acre 

tract to Joanne and Charles and signed a warranty deed with vendor’s lien retained 

transferring her ownership to them. At the time of the transfer, Annabelle owned a threequarter interest in the property, and her sister Patricia Holloman owned one-fourth. He 

testified that it was his understanding that Reynolds had helped to negotiate a price of 

$150,000 for Annabelle’s interest, with $1000 monthly payments to Annabelle. He said that 

Annabelle was supposed to receive 5 percent interest under the transaction, but she had not 

been receiving anything but a flat $1000 payment with no interest. He also said that the 

Blacks had not given Annabelle a down payment. He testified that some timber had been

cut off the property and sold for $58,886.73 and $11,254.01. He asked that the contract for 

the sale of the 180 acres be nullified, for all amounts paid to Annabelle be declared rents for 

use and possession of the property, and for a judgment doubling the amount for which the 

timber had sold. He also asked that the share in Grassy Lake be returned to Annabelle 

because she had not been paid any money for it. He asked that any improvements made to 

the cabin by Reynolds be retained by Annabelle in exchange for the Blacks’ use and 

possession of it. 

Joanne testified that her son Clay had called her one afternoon after bush hogging 

on the 180 acres for Annabelle. Clay told Joanne that a man said that Annabelle had given 

him permission to look at the property because he was thinking about buying it. Joanne 

said she left work early, went to the School Box, asked Annabelle if she planned to sell the 

180 acres, and “she didn’t answer me.” When Joanne told her that she would like an 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

6 

opportunity to buy it, Annabelle did not “make any comment one way or another,” and 

Joanne went home. Joanne said that she then asked Reynolds to negotiate a sales price on 

the property because he was knowledgeable in timberland sales, property sales, and large 

tracts of land because he sold timberland tracts for a living. Joanne said that she was 

Reynolds’s personal secretary and bookkeeper and that she held a real-estate license in 

Arkansas. She said that she had never sold any timberland when she had been active in real 

estate, and she never had a discussion with Annabelle about the price of the land before 

Reynolds became involved. She also said that Annabelle knew what the property was worth 

because Annabelle “had an appraisal when Jerome died.” 

Joanne said that she bought Annabelle’s three-quarter interest for $150,000. She 

testified that she had never obtained a bank loan to purchase the property “because I thought 

maybe [Annabelle] could finance it and by financing it she could make interest on her 

money, on the property, at 5 percent interest on me instead of the bank making interest on 

me. She liked that idea.” Joanne said that she did not provide Annabelle with an 

amortization schedule, and she did not know how much she had paid on the principal 

amount. She said that she had sold timber off the property on two occasions for a little over 

$70,000, and that she had used that money to purchase Patricia’s one-fourth interest for 

$45,000. She had obtained a bank loan for that purchase, but when she got the money for 

the timber sale, she applied some “plus the interest on that.” She said that she and her 

husband do not live on the property but that her family hunted on the land during deer 

season.
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

7 

She said that at some point in 2006, her sons, Clay and Travis, gained ownership of 

the share of stock at Grassy Lake and the cabin located there. “We did not pay anything 

for that share of stock, to my knowledge,” she said. She acknowledged that Jerome did not 

leave her anything in his Will. She said that the improvements made to the cabin could be 

valued at $70,000 and that Reynolds paid for those “because he wanted to. He told me he 

wanted to do it for the boys and me.” She said that she had worked for Reynolds for a long 

time and that he had paid for the improvements because of their friendship. She said that 

her boys pay the dues at Grassy Lake, and she did not know how much a share of stock was 

worth. 

Joanne testified that when Jerome had been sick before his death, she had applied for 

guardianship over him. She admitted that she could have characterized Annabelle as having 

limited business experience and having limitations that would prevent her from being 

Jerome’s guardian. She read from her petition filed in Jerome’s guardianship proceeding 

and acknowledged that Jerome had taken care of business affairs for himself and his sister 

and that Annabelle was described therein as being “limited and unable to serve” as guardian 

over Jerome. Joanne admitted that it was three years later that she had offered Annabelle 

$150,000 for her interest in the 180 acres and that Annabelle did not have representation 

during the negotiation. She said that she had felt that Annabelle could not serve as guardian 

of Jerome at the time because she was distraught because of her brother, but that Annabelle 

had insisted to her shortly thereafter that she was quite capable. She said she had not seen 

Annabelle since 2011 because she had received a letter from a Hot Springs attorney telling 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

8 

her not to have any more contact with Annabelle. The Hot Springs attorney had handled 

the sale of the mobile-home park owned by Annabelle after Jerome’s death.

Joanne described her family’s relationship with Annabelle and Jerome as close and 

loving. She said that Jerome had taught the boys to shoot and had taken them for weekends 

with him and Annabelle at Grassy Lake “all the years they were growing up.” She said 

Annabelle got mad at her when she had told Annabelle “it’s either those people or me,” 

referring to Robert Bonnette and Marilyn McRoy, who had bought the mobile-home park 

from Annabelle. Joanne said that when Annabelle “chose them,” she left Annabelle alone 

and then shortly thereafter she had received the letter from the Hot Springs attorney. Joanne 

said that she thought Annabelle had been afraid that if she “didn’t stay with those folks that 

they were going to somehow get her out of there.” She also testified that Jerome had asked 

her and her husband to “keep an eye on Annabelle while he was in the hospital, which 

meant getting her to town from the hunting club cabin to her shop every day and back to 

the cabin. One of us would stay with her.” She said that she had been Annabelle’s friend 

for over twenty years. 

Reynolds testified that he had become involved in negotiating the sales price 

between Joanne and Annabelle in 2009 after he had an update of the property appraisal. He 

had discussed the price with Annabelle when she had come to his office in 2009, and he 

said Bill Cason, Annabelle’s confidant, had been with her. He testified that Annabelle had 

answered “yes” when asked if she wanted to sell her property. He said that Joanne offered 

Annabelle $150,000 for the property and, following that discussion, he had “immediately” 

sent Annabelle and Cason to Mr. Pilkington’s office (an attorney). Reynolds testified that 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

9 

he assumed Annabelle had consulted with Cason about the sales price, as Cason had heard 

the entire discussion. He said that no other figure than $150,000 had been discussed, and 

Annabelle had been told that she would be paid on an installment, with 5 percent interest, 

for fifteen years, when a balloon payment would become due. Reynolds also testified that 

he had spent $75,000 on improvements at the Grassy Lake cabin, and he had done so because 

he had regard for Joanne and her family. He said that he had no ownership interest in that 

cabin and that he was a member of Grassy Lake, had a cabin there, and was on the board of 

directors. When first asked, he said that he was not at liberty to say how much shares of 

Grassy Lake stock were worth, but he later said that he had no idea for what the recent 

share had sold.

Annabelle testified that she did not remember when she had sold her land to Joanne 

and Charles, and she did not remember having gone to Reynolds’s office. She later said 

that she seemed to remember going to Reynolds’s office and that it seemed like she 

remembered she was offered $150,000, which sounded like a lot of money to her. She said 

that she had not done any investigation to determine what her property was worth, she had 

been receiving $1000 per month, and she hoped it would continue. She also testified that 

she did not remember when she had transferred her share of Grassy Lake to Travis and Clay. 

She said that she did not know why she had done it, and she did not know at the time why 

she was doing it. She said that no one told her it was what Jerome had wished, she did not 

think she could stay in the cabin after the transfer, and she did not remember how long she 

had stayed there after the transfer. She said that she thought Clay or Travis had told her she 

must move out of the cabin. Annabelle later testified that she recalled the 2009 deed transfer 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

10

to Joanne and Charles, as well as other transactions that occurred regarding other properties 

she had sold since that time.

Clay testified that he owned half of the share in Grassy Lake with his brother Travis, 

and neither of them paid Annabelle for it. He testified that he spent considerable time 

hunting with Jerome at Grassy Lake and that Annabelle had told him that she gave them 

the stock because Jerome had wanted it like that. He said that he had been living with 

Annabelle at Grassy Lake after the stock transferred and that he had told Annabelle before 

the transfer that “somebody is going to make a statement and let us know we can’t stay up 

here anymore. Otherwise, it’s going to come down on Travis. It’s no reflection on me 

because I’m not the active member. Travis is held accountable.” He said that in 2008, 

[w]e took her and Bill over to the duplex which she owned. She owned a couple 

of trailers out there and the duplex . . . She appeared to be very happy there and at 

the same time she was able to take care of her day-to-day operations. . . . Once she 

got to the duplex, I don’t know who took care of paying the utilities. 

He said that Annabelle took care of herself during the time he had lived with her and that 

when Jerome had been alive, Jerome would hand her money and tell her to get what they 

needed for that night, and she would keep what was left over. He said that when Bill, her 

boyfriend, became ill and could not drive, Annabelle had to rely on others for transportation 

and “stuff.” 

Travis testified that he and his brother had split the share of stock at Grassy Lake, 

there was only one membership per share, and he utilized the membership from that stock. 

He testified that Jerome had been like a grandfather to him and his brother and that some 

people at Grassy Lake thought he was related to Jerome. After the Grassy Lake board had 

met in the fall of 2008, Travis told Clay something must be done with his and Annabelle’s 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

11

living situation because to continue to live at the cabin was “illegal.” He said that if the 

rules of Grassy Lake were broken, members were suspended or expelled and never allowed 

back on the property. He said that he had never told Annabelle she could not “come and 

hang out at the cabin,” and that she was welcome so long as he was there. He said that he 

did not feel like he had taken advantage of Annabelle and that he loved her. Travis testified 

that he had a copy of a letter that Jerome had left with his Will, which he found when 

Jerome’s brother apparently had left it with the Will at the cabin. The letter was introduced 

as an exhibit, and it is a handwritten list of Jerome’s assets and states in a parenthetical, 

“Annabelle, it is my wish that you put in your will to let Clay and Travis Black get the share 

[in Grassy Lake] when you die.” Travis also testified, 

She has not ever asked me to transfer the share of stock back to her. If she did, I 

would discuss it with her and if she felt that’s what was best then I’d probably talk to 

my brother because I can’t make decisions without him but I would probably say it 

wouldn’t be a good idea because I’d lose my membership and then nobody would 

 be allowed on the property. 

Charles Black testified that his family had been friends with Jerome and Annabelle 

for years, and he had never thought there was anything wrong with Annabelle, that 

Annabelle took care of herself and had a business, that she knew how to make a dollar, and, 

when it was needed, she would call on him. He said his wife had negotiated the purchase 

of the 180-acre tract and that, after they had received the letter from the attorney in Hot 

Springs, he had not bothered Annabelle anymore. 

Damon Young testified that he had been the president of the Grassy Lake board of 

directors at the time of the stock transfer to Travis and Clay. He said Reynolds had 

contacted him about the transfer and had delivered transfer paperwork to his office in June 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

12

2006. Young said that Travis and Clay had received a stock certificate dated June 21, 2006, 

for one share and that the membership committee had approved Travis’s application for 

membership. He did not know if Annabelle had been paid for the share, and although 

Annabelle had signed the documents to transfer, this had not been done in his presence. He 

said that he did not know for how much the most recent shares of stock had sold, but he 

did know that one had sold for $400,000 when he was serving as president. He said that he 

had not been personally aware since that time of any other shares selling for more than that. 

Young said that when the transfer took place, it had been his understanding that Jerome had 

willed his share to Travis and Clay. 

Bobby Kesterson testified that he was a real-estate appraiser living in Hope, Arkansas, 

and he had valued the 180-acre tract at $750 per acre, considering the property as if the 

timber had been harvested and it was bare land. His appraisal was that the land was worth 

$139,000, not including the value of the merchantable timber. 

The circuit court filed an order on November 18, 2016, finding that, when the 

evidence and testimony were taken as a whole, it was clear and convincing that Joanne and 

Reynolds had taken undue advantage of their relationship with Jerome and Annabelle, and 

they had systematically taken control of manipulating the assets given to Annabelle so that 

they could benefit from those assets, including a less-than-market-value price for the real 

estate and no value paid for a share of stock in Grassy Lake, worth at least $400,000 plus 

improvements. As a result of this influence, Clay and Travis had become owners of said 

stock and improvements and were the beneficiaries of the actions of Joanne and Reynolds. 

The order states,
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

13

At a time in the life of an aging individual who needed the sound advice and counsel 

 of trusted individuals Annabelle Duffie received advice and counsel from those bent 

on taking advantage of her. The law is to protect individuals such as Annabelle 

Duffie and the law is not a tool for those who wish to use it as their means of 

 depriving others of their property rights. 

The circuit court found the transfer of the three-quarter interest to Joanne and 

Charles to be null and void for lack of adequate consideration and due to the undue 

influence on Annabelle by the Blacks, which made her unable to competently enter into 

the transaction. Further, the circuit court voided the transfer of the share of Grassy Lake, 

finding that it lacked any consideration and that due to the undue influence placed on her 

by the Blacks, she did not understand what she was signing when she was presented with 

the documents for transfer of said share. The circuit court ordered the Blacks to execute a 

deed to Annabelle transferring the 180 acres back to her, notify Grassy Lake of the circuit 

court’s ruling, and transfer the stock back to Annabelle. Further, the circuit court awarded 

appellee judgment against Joanne and Charles in the amount of $70,140.74 for the timber 

that was cut and ordered the attorney for appellee to submit an affidavit in support of 

attorney’s fees and expenses for the circuit court to consider.

On November 25, 2015, appellants filed a motion to amend under Arkansas Rule of 

Civil Procedure 52 (2015) and/or for a new trial under Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 

59. Appellants asserted their defense of limitations on actions and claimed that Annabelle 

was not found to be incompetent until January 2013, which was six years after the transfer 

of the share in Grassy Lake. Therefore, they claimed that the statute of limitations had run 

on that claim prior to her having been deemed incompetent. Appellants asked the circuit 

court to amend its order to reflect that they convey Annabelle’s three-quarter interest in the 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

14

180 acres, rather than the entire 180 acres. Further, they asked that the judgment amount 

for the sold timber be reduced to a three-quarter interest as well. Appellants asked that the 

circuit court find that appellee did not meet his burden of proof of clear and convincing and 

that his complaint be dismissed. They also asked for fees and costs.

On November 30, 2015, the circuit court amended its November 18 order to reflect 

that Joanne and Charles should execute a deed conveying to Annabelle a three-quarter 

interest in the 180.85 acres and amended the judgment for the timber cut to $52,605.56. 

The circuit court denied any further relief. On January 6, 2016, the circuit court ordered 

that appellants were jointly and severally liable for $31,069.36 in attorney’s fees. The order 

reflects that appellee’s counsel had submitted an affidavit for fees and costs. After timely 

notices of appeal were filed, this appeal followed.

II. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

This court has stated that 

[w]e review traditional equity cases de novo. The test on review is a clearly 

 erroneous standard (i.e., whether we can say that the trial court’s findings are clearly 

 erroneous). Berry v. Walker, 2012 Ark. App. 16. A finding is clearly erroneous when, 

although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence 

is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made. Id. In reviewing 

a trial court’s findings of fact, we give due deference to the trial judge’s superior 

position to determine the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be accorded to 

their testimony. Munzner v. Kushner, 2010 Ark. App. 196, 375 S.W.3d 647.

Hughes v. Dalton, 2013 Ark. App. 142, at 4. This court has also held that where the pivotal 

issue is the credibility of interested parties whose testimony is in direct conflict, we defer to 

the trial court’s determination. Hankins v. Austin, 2012 Ark. App. 641, at 13, 425 S.W.3d 

8, 16.
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

15

III. Undue Influence and Competency

Appellants contend that the circuit court erred in declaring null and void the 2006 

transfer of the Grassy Lake share and the 2009 deed transferring Annabelle’s interest in the 

180-acre tract and argue that there was no undue influence and that Annabelle was not 

incompetent. We consider appellants’ arguments regarding undue influence and Annabelle’s 

competency together. See Noland v. Noland, 330 Ark. 660, 956 S.W.2d 173 (1997) 

(Questions of undue influence and mental capacity are so closely interwoven that they are 

sometimes considered together.). We note that 

[i]t is generally recognized that, in order to invalidate a contract on the ground of 

undue influence, a party must be deprived of his free will. Dent v. Wright, 322 Ark. 

256, 909 S.W.2d 302 (1995). The questions of undue influence and mental capacity 

are so closely interwoven that they can be considered together. See Noland v. Noland, 

supra. The influence that the law condemns is not the legitimate influence that springs 

from natural affection, but the malign influence that results from fear, coercion, or 

any other cause that deprives the individual of his free agency. Id. Undue influence 

may be inferred from the facts and circumstances of a case. Looney v. Estate of Wade, 

310 Ark. 708, 839 S.W.2d 531 (1992). 

Hooten v. Jensen, 94 Ark. App. 130, 136, 227 S.W.3d 431, 435 (2006).

This court recently addressed the issue of mental capacity to execute a deed as 

follows:

The determination of whether a deed is void because of the mental incapacity 

of the grantor is measured by his or her mental ability at the time of the execution 

of the deed. Munzner v. Kushner, 2010 Ark. App. 196, at 6, 375 S.W.3d 647, 651 

(citing Andres v. Andres, 1 Ark. App. 75, 83, 613 S.W.2d 404, 409 (1981)). If the 

grantor is mentally competent at the time he executes the deed at issue, the deed is 

valid. Id. The test of mental competency to execute a deed was set forth by our 

supreme court in Donaldson v. Johnson, 235 Ark. 348, 359 S.W.2d 810 (1962), as 

follows:

If the maker of a deed, will, or other instrument has sufficient mental 

capacity to retain in his memory, without prompting, the extent and 

condition of his property, and to comprehend how he is disposing of it, and 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

16

to whom, and upon what consideration, then he possesses sufficient mental 

capacity to execute such instrument. Sufficient mental ability to exercise a 

reasonable judgment concerning these matters in protecting his own interest 

in dealing with another is all the law requires. If a person has such mental 

 capacity, then, in the absence of fraud, duress, or undue influence, mental 

weakness, whether produced by old age or through physical infirmities, will 

not invalidate an instrument executed by him.

Id. at 352, 359 S.W.2d at 813 (citations omitted). The mental capacity of the maker 

of a trust or deed is presumed, and the burden rests on the contestants to prove 

incapacity by a preponderance of the evidence. Munzner, supra (citing Rose v. Dunn, 

284 Ark. 42, 46, 679 S.W.2d 180, 183 (1984)).

Marston v. Taylor, 2015 Ark. App. 176, at 4–5, 457 S.W.3d 688, 691 (emphasis added). 

Appellants argue that appellee did not meet his burden of proof because there was 

no false representation made to Annabelle to induce the 2006 stock transfer, there was no 

evidence that Travis or Clay exerted any fraud or undue influence on her to obtain the 

stock, and the record is devoid of evidence of fraud, fear, or coercion to induce Annabelle 

to execute the 2009 deed. Appellants maintain that Travis and Clay were not strangers to

Jerome and Annabelle and that Jerome treated them as a grandfather would. Appellants 

assert that there was ample evidence that the Blacks were close family friends of Jerome and 

Annabelle and there was no evidence of any malign influence on Annabelle by any appellant. 

They point to the evidence that their relationship spanned over twenty years; they 

spent holidays and birthdays with Jerome and Annabelle; Jerome taught Travis and Clay 

how to shoot their guns and spent weekends with them at Grassy Lake; and until the boys 

left for college, they attended church with Jerome and Annabelle. Appellants admit that 

Annabelle testified that she did not know why she made the transfer of stock to Travis and 

Clay in 2006 and that she did not receive money for it. Appellants point to Clay’s testimony 

that Annabelle told him that she gave them the stock as a gift because that is what Jerome 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

17

had wanted. Further, Travis and Clay testified that Annabelle never expressed to them that 

she wanted the stock back. They contend that Annabelle’s testimony—that no one told her 

that it was Jerome’s wish for the boys to have the stock—belies appellee’s theory that 

Annabelle was defrauded by false promises with respect to the stock. Also, appellants claim 

that Annabelle understood that she could not continue to live at the cabin following the 

transfer. Appellants emphasize that Travis and Clay allowed Annabelle to continue to live 

at the cabin with Clay until 2008 when they had to move due to the club rules. 

Appellants contend that Joanne offered to purchase Annabelle’s interest in the 180 

acres for $150,000, and Joanne testified that Annabelle “liked that idea,” which is consistent 

with Annabelle’s testimony that she hoped she would continue to receive monthly 

payments. Annabelle testified that she thought there had been an appraisal done of the 180 

acres by Jeff Neill in 2006. Reynolds testified that the purchase price was based on an 

update of Neill’s appraisal, and Reynolds said that the purchase price was discounted because 

Annabelle possessed only a partial interest in the property. Reynolds said that he met with 

Annabelle and Bill Cason regarding the offer to purchase and advised Annabelle that the 

price would be paid in installments. Annabelle accepted the offer and subsequently executed 

a written acknowledgment of such. Appellants also point to the fact that Joanne and Charles 

acquired the remaining quarter interest in the property from Broadway Bank, trustee of the 

Hollomon Living Trust, for $45,000.3

 

 3

The one-fourth interest in the 180-acre tract was owned previously by Patricia 

Holloman, Jerome’s and Annabelle’s sister.
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

18

Appellants argue that the law condemns malign influence due to fear or coercion, 

not legitimate influence resulting from natural affections. Hooten, supra. They point to 

Jerome’s letter to Annabelle and insist that the transfer of stock to Clay and Travis was 

consistent with Jerome’s express wishes. See Petree v. Petree, 211 Ark. 654, 201 S.W.2d 1009 

(1947) (where part of the evidence considered in upholding a contract was a decedent’s 

letter expressing wishes that were fulfilled under the contract). Appellants admit that at trial, 

nearly nine-and-a-half years after the transfer, Annabelle could not recall why she had made 

the transfer. However, they contend that she offered no testimony that Travis, Clay, or any 

other appellant had pressured her into making the transfer or had otherwise fraudulently 

induced the transfer.

Appellants insist that the timing is important in relation to the 2009 deed transfer 

because Annabelle had waited three years to sell Joanne and Charles the property. Further, 

appellants contend that the transaction was not unique or irregular; rather, it was one in a 

series of conveyances by which Annabelle disposed of property she had inherited from 

Jerome. They point to six transactions made by Annabelle between 2009 and 2012, which 

included her sale of four lots, a mobile-home park, and the School Box. Appellants assert 

that a property owner who is competent may dispose of property as he or she sees fit. Rose, 

supra. They argue that there is no evidence that any appellant exerted any fraud or undue 

influence on Annabelle to obtain her property, and the circuit court should be reversed. 

Appellants also contend that the law presumes that Annabelle had the capacity to 

make the 2006 transfer. Appellants argue that the relevant time for determination of mental 

capacity is the time the will or deed is executed or, in this case, the time the stock transfer 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

19

was made—June 2006. They argue that Jack was not appointed guardian of Annabelle until 

June 2013, and the testimony of Dr. Feir, who evaluated Annabelle in 2013, contradicts 

appellee’s allegation that Annabelle had been incompetent her entire life. They emphasize 

Dr. Feir’s testimony that Annabelle’s IQ of 59 was due to a cognitive decline and that 

Annabelle presented as a person with an IQ of 80. Further, they assert that Dr. Feir did not 

testify that Annabelle was incompetent at the time of the stock transfer in 2006. Appellants 

contend that Dr. Feir’s testimony was not conclusive, but must be considered with all other 

evidence bearing on the issue of competency. They cite Reed v. Radebaugh, 8 Ark. App. 

78, 648 S.W.2d 816 (1983), where this court stated that the law presumes every person is 

sane, fully competent, and capable of understanding the nature and effect of his contracts. 

Appellants assert that Joanne testified that Annabelle had taken care of her business 

and property interests following Jerome’s death in 2006. Further, Annabelle had served as 

executrix of Jerome’s estate. Following the stock transfer in 2006, Annabelle had lived with 

Clay at Grassy Lake until 2008. Clay testified that Annabelle had been in control of her 

own money and did with it what she wanted, that she cooked for herself, took her 

medications on time, and was a bargain shopper. When she moved out of the cabin, she 

moved to a duplex she had inherited from Jerome and lived there with her partner Bill 

Cason. Appellants also point to Annabelle’s testimony recalling the members of her family, 

including her parents’ names, their years of death, and her dead siblings’ names and places 

of residence. Annabelle recalled working at Jerome’s hardware store and the School Box 

and the sale of the School Box. She testified that she did her own banking and recalled the 

name of her bank teller. She said that she presently lived at Hope Haven Assisted Living 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

20

Center because she had fallen and could no longer live on her own. She recalled the sale 

of her interest in the 180 acres to the Blacks and said that she had received $1000 per month 

and hoped to continue to do so. Appellants emphasize that Annabelle wrote to Joanne after 

she had moved to Hope Haven to advise Joanne where to send the monthly payments. 

Finally, Annabelle testified to several conveyances from her to others not parties to this case 

spanning from 2009 through 2012.

Appellants argue that appellee’s testimony, that it would have been Annabelle’s 

decision what to do with the money had she received $150,000 at the time of the sale of 

her interest in the 180-acre tract, belies his assertion that Annabelle was incompetent. They 

claim that appellee offered no testimony of Annabelle’s incompetence in 2006, 2009, or any 

other material time prior to 2013. Appellants argue that, even though it may have been 

eccentric for Annabelle to live with her brother and work at the School Box, these things 

do not add up to incompetency under the law. They argue that Annabelle recalled the 

extent of her property, including what was owned at Jerome’s death, how she disposed of 

it, and to whom, and generally upon what consideration, and appellants claim that the law’s 

requirements were met. See Marston, supra. Appellants contend that Annabelle’s cognitive 

decline does not compel a finding that she lacked capacity to execute the 2006 stock transfer.

Appellants also contend that Annabelle was competent when she made the 2009 

deed, and it was appellee’s burden to prove otherwise. See Noland, supra. They argue that 

appellee offered evidence that Annabelle was incompetent in 2013, but not in 2009, making 

the same argument made in relation to the 2006 transfer and pointing to Dr. Feir’s 

testimony. Appellants contend that Annabelle’s testimony contradicts a finding of incapacity 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

21

in 2009, as she testified to the details of her family, her property, and the disposal of her 

property. They further contend that it is speculation that Annabelle was incompetent in 

August 2009, and that speculation cannot overcome the presumption in the law that 

Annabelle had the mental capacity to execute the deed. See Petree, supra (no expert 

testimony of incapacity at time of contract); Pledger, supra (experts opining on incapacity not 

acquainted with the grantor until years after execution of deeds). 

Appellee argues that Annabelle was incompetent and that there was ample evidence 

of her mental incapacity. We agree with his contention. Appellate courts defer to the 

superior position of the trial court to weigh the credibility of the witnesses and to resolve 

conflicts in witness testimony. See Hankins, supra. 

Annabelle was unable to recall when the property had been conveyed to Joanne and 

Charles, and she had difficulty recalling being present in Reynolds’s office during the 

negotiations to sell the property. Annabelle also exhibited a complete inability to 

comprehend the financial ramifications of the sale, expressing her belief that getting $10,000 

was better than receiving $150,000. Joanne testified regarding her petition for appointment 

as Jerome’s guardian and her contention in 2006 that Annabelle could not serve as Jerome’s 

guardian because she had limited business experience and intelligence. Within two months 

of Jerome’s death, Annabelle transferred the stock in Grassy Lake to Clay and Travis. 

Reynolds initiated the discussions regarding the transfer of the stock share, Reynolds was 

Joanne’s employer for nearly thirty years, and both were in the real-estate business. Further, 

Reynolds was a stockholder in Grassy Lake and was on the board of directors at the time of 

Jerome’s death and subsequent transfer of his stock to Clay and Travis. Damon Young, 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

22

then-president of the hunting club, testified that he had never spoken to Annabelle about 

the transfer, Reynolds had initiated the discussion about the transfer in early June 2006, and 

his impression was that Jerome had left the stock share to Clay and Travis in his Will. Joanne 

testified that she did not know why the stock was transferred to her sons, but later stated 

that it was Jerome’s wish. Jerome’s note states that Annabelle was to leave the stock to Clay 

and Travis when she died, not during her lifetime. Reynolds testified that he could not say 

how much the share was worth, and later said that he did not know its worth. Young 

testified that the last stock sold for $400,000.

Testimony revealed that appellants were very close to Annabelle prior to and after 

Jerome’s death. However, after acquiring the share in Grassy Lake without payment, 

purchasing the real estate with owner financing, and moving Annabelle out of the cabin, 

appellants and Annabelle became estranged. Appellants testified that they had known and 

taken care of Annabelle for many years and knew that someone had always taken care of 

her. After her brother’s death, members of the Black family stayed with Annabelle. 

Annabelle was dependent on others, including the Blacks, for her transportation needs. The 

circuit court’s order sets out the relevant findings, and, in weighing the evidence and the 

credibility of the witnesses, it concluded that appellants had taken undue advantage of their 

relationship with Jerome and Annabelle and that they had systematically taken control of 

manipulating the assets given to Annabelle. As a result, appellants had obtained the share in 

Grassy Lake without any consideration. 

We hold that the circuit court’s decision that Annabelle “did not understand what 

she was signing when presented with the documents for transfer of [the] share” was not 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

23

clearly erroneous. Appellee cites Watson v. Alford, 255 Ark. 911, 503 S.W.2d 897 (1974), 

where the Arkansas Supreme Court set forth the rule as follows:

In the oft cited case of Kelly’s Heirs v. McGuire, 15 Ark. 555 (1855), the court 

announced that if one is ‘of such great weakness of mind, as to be unable to guard 

himself against imposition, or to resist importunity or undue influence, a contract, 

made by him under such circumstances, will be set aside. And it is not material from 

what cause such weakness arises. It may be from temporary illness, general mental 

imbecility . . . the infirmity of extreme old age.’ The fact that a grantor is old and in 

feeble health is a circumstance bearing on the question of mental capacity as is gross 

inadequacy of price. Campbell v. Lux, 146 Ark. 397, 225 S.W. 653 (1920), McEvoy 

v. Tucker, 115 Ark. 430, 171 S.W. 888 (1914). Of course, we will not set aside 

contracts for mere inadequacy of price. Hawkins v. Randolph, 149 Ark. 124, 231 S.W. 

556 (1921). The grantor’s disability must render him incapable of ‘intelligently 

comprehending and acting upon the business affairs out of which the conveyance 

grew, and to prevent him from understanding the nature and consequences of his 

act.’ McEvoy v. Tucker, supra. Each case dealing with mental capacity must be decided 

on its own peculiar facts and circumstances. Hawkins v. Randolph, supra. 

Id. at 912–13, 503 S.W.2d at 898.

Dr. Feir believed that Annabelle could not make appropriate financial decisions, and 

she thought Annabelle was not able to say “no” when it was needed for her well-being 

because she needed to please others. Dr. Feir stated that, with an IQ of 59, Annabelle could 

not make decisions that were logical or relevant. Addressing appellants’ contention that Dr. 

Feir did not testify that Annabelle was incompetent at the time of the 2006 and 2009 

transfers, we note that under Noland, supra, proof of a grantor’s mental condition may be 

taken both before and after a conveyance as being relevant to determining her condition at 

the time of the conveyance. Dr. Feir’s evaluation was conducted in January 2013, and her 

findings were relevant because she concluded that Annabelle had never reached a level of 

average intelligence during her adult years, and her cognitive decline had been gradual and 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

24

would have occurred over a period of, potentially, more than six years before Dr. Feir’s 

evaluation. This period of decline encompasses the times when both conveyances occurred.

Joanne testified that she considered Annabelle to be “limited” in 2006 when Joanne 

petitioned to be appointed Jerome’s guardian. In making that application, a few months 

prior to the June 2006 transfer, Joanne made representations that Annabelle was an 

inappropriate guardian for her brother because she had limited business experience and 

intelligence. The fact that Annabelle had always lived with her brother and that he had 

cared for her is evidence reflective of Annabelle’s mental capacity at the time of both 

transfers. Prior to his hospitalization, Jerome requested that Joanne watch over Annabelle, 

and during his hospitalization and in the years following Jerome’s death, members of the 

Black family stayed with, and lived in the same home with, Annabelle. When it was 

discovered that Jerome had designated Annabelle as the executrix of his Will, Annabelle’s 

siblings objected to her serving due to her incompetency. 

The circuit court, in its superior position to judge witness credibility and resolve 

disputed facts, found that appellants had exerted undue influence over Annabelle in the 

conveyance of the 180-acre tract, and due to the undue influence, Annabelle had been

unable to competently enter into the transaction. Appellee contends that ample evidence 

supports the decision. We agree. Joanne testified that when she approached Annabelle 

about selling, Annabelle would not respond, completely ignoring Joanne. Joanne, being 

unable to elicit a favorable response on her own, turned to Reynolds to intervene to work 

out an agreement for the purchase. The only negotiation took place in Reynolds’s office, 

and Annabelle had not done any investigation into the value of the property. Annabelle 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

25

was unable to recall when she had sold the property and initially testified that she could not 

remember going to Reynolds’s office, but later stated that she seemed to remember the 

meeting, adding that she had “had so much on [her].” 

Reynolds convinced Annabelle to sell her interest in the property to Joanne and 

Charles for $150,000, and Annabelle was to self-finance the sale, with Joanne and Charles 

paying 5 percent interest and $1000 per month. Reynolds and Joanne were realtors. Joanne 

knew that, three years earlier, Annabelle had not been qualified to serve as her brother’s 

guardian because she had limited business experience and mental capacity, yet Annabelle 

was not represented during the sale process. The $1000 payments Annabelle was receiving 

showed no additional payment for interest, and Joanne was unable to testify as to the balance 

remaining under the conveyance nor was there a promissory note supporting the terms of 

the transaction or an amortization schedule to provide information as to the current debt 

owed to Annabelle. 

Mental weakness, although not to the extent of incapacity to execute a deed, may 

render a person more susceptible to fraud, duress, or undue influence, and, when coupled 

with any of them, or even with unfairness, such as great inadequacy of consideration, may 

make a contract voidable, when neither such weakness nor any of these other things alone 

would do so. Watson, supra. When all the evidence in the record is considered, the circuit 

court’s determination that Annabelle was incompetent and subject to undue influence is not 

clearly erroneous. 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

26

IV. Consideration

A property owner who is competent may dispose of property as he or she sees fit, 

and the question of consideration is immaterial when a conveyance is voluntary. Rose, supra. 

Appellants claim that the issue of consideration is irrelevant in regard to the 2006 transfer of 

the Grassy Lake share, not only because it was a voluntary conveyance, but also because it 

was a gift. Fletcher v. Fletcher, 2011 Ark. App. 89, 381 S.W.3d 129 (elements of an inter 

vivos gift: (1) sound mind of donor; (2) delivery of the property; (3) intent to make an 

immediate, present, final gift; (4) release by the donor of future dominion and control over 

the property; and (5) acceptance by donee)). Appellants claim that each of the elements of 

a valid gift were met here. 

Appellee contends that lack of consideration is a relevant factor because it must be 

viewed in conjunction with the undue influence found by the circuit court. A present 

grant, absent fraud, mistake, or undue influence, which is delivered, accepted, and recorded, 

is valid without consideration. Goodwin v. Lofton, 10 Ark. App. 205, 662 S.W.2d 215 

(1984). Gross inadequacy of price is a circumstance bearing on the question of mental 

capacity. Watson, supra. We agree that the transfer of the Grassy Lake stock worth at least 

$400,000 for no consideration is relevant to Annabelle’s mental capacity.

Appellants argue that $150,000 was adequate consideration for the purchase of 

Annabelle’s three-quarter interest in the 180 acres. They point to their acquisition of the 

remaining one-quarter interest for $45,000. Accordingly, they paid $195,000 for the 180-

acre tract. Appellants argue that Bert Clem, a real-estate broker, testified that in his opinion 

the property was worth $425,000, but he did not opine what an undivided three-fourths 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

27

interest was worth in 2009. Bobby Kesterson, a certified real-estate appraiser, testified that 

the best use of the property was for timberland, that in 2009 the bare land was worth $750 

per acre, and his written appraisal reflected a value of $139,000. Kesterson also assumed that 

Jeff Neill’s appraisal of the timber at $117,000 was correct, and he testified that a house 

located on the property was worth about $50,000. 

The circuit court concluded that the value of the 180 acres, including timber and 

improvements, was $302,637.50, and that the Blacks paid “less than market value price” for 

the property. Appellants contend that this is not a ground for setting aside the conveyance. 

Rose, supra (inadequacy of consideration does not afford grounds for setting aside a voluntary 

conveyance). Appellants claim that the inadequacy of price must be so great that it shocks 

the conscience before it may constitute setting aside a deed. Aberdeen Oil Co. v. Goucher, 

235 Ark. 787, 362 S.W.2d 20 (1962); Sims v. Stovall, 127 Ark. 186, 191 S.W. 954 (1917); 

McDonald v. Smith, 95 Ark. 523, 130 S.W. 515 (1910). 

Appellants argue that the terms of their purchase, $150,000 at 5 percent interest for 

a three-fourths interest in the property, would have been 66 percent of the amount that the 

circuit court determined the property to be worth. They contend that their purchase price 

does not shock the conscience. Annabelle testified that Jeff Neill had appraised the property 

in 2006, and Reynolds testified that the purchase price had been based on that and was 

discounted because of the partial interest. Appellants claim that this is not a situation where 

Annabelle was ignorant of the facts or did not have access to the same information as Joanne 

and Charles. They also claim that they paid significantly less for the remaining interest in 

the property—$45,000, or $250 per acre. Using the circuit court’s $302,637.50, the 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

28

remaining one-fourth interest was worth about $75,000. Therefore, appellants maintain 

that the consideration for the deed in 2009 does not shock the conscience, and even though 

the price might have been inadequate as viewed by appellee, that is not a sufficient basis to 

undo a voluntary conveyance under Arkansas law.

However, we agree with appellee’s assertion that inadequate consideration is a 

relevant factor in determining Annabelle’s mental capacity. Appellee argues that appellants 

incorrectly focus on inadequate consideration as the sole reason for the circuit court’s 

holding the 2009 deed null and void. We hold that the circuit court’s finding regarding 

consideration is but one factor in its determination of the existence and effect of undue 

influence and mental incapacity in the execution of the deed. Watson, supra. All the 

evidence supports the finding that Annabelle was underpaid for her interest in the land, and 

the supreme court has recognized that the fact that a grantor is old and in feeble health is a 

circumstance bearing on the question of mental capacity, as is gross inadequacy of price. Id. 

Therefore, we affirm on this issue.

V. Judgment for Cut Timber and Rescission

Appellants contend that the judgment against Joanne and Charles in the amount of 

$52,605.56, representing three-fourths of the timber proceeds, was based on the circuit 

court’s erroneous order declaring null and void the 2009 deed. Because the circuit court 

was not clearly erroneous in its decision to void the 2009 deed from Annabelle, the 

judgment against Joanne and Charles for harvesting timber off the property is valid and 

affirmed. 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

29

Appellants also argue that, as a matter of law, the parties must be put into the same 

position as they were prior to the transaction, and the circuit court’s order does not return 

the parties to their prior positions. Cardiac Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, P.A. Profit Sharing 

Trust v. Bond, 310 Ark. 798, 840 S.W.2d 188 (1992). They argue that the monthly payments 

made to Annabelle should have been returned to them, along with the $75,000 in 

improvements to the cabin at Grassy Lake. 

In cases of rescission, the parties are entitled to be placed, as nearly as circumstances 

will permit, in their respective positions at the time of the conveyance. Bates v. Simmons, 

259 Ark. 657, 536 S.W.2d 292 (1976). Restoration or return to status quo is governed by 

equitable principles. Id. Equity requires that if two parties must suffer, the burden must be 

borne by the one who induced the loss. Lane v. Rachel, 239 Ark. 400, 389 S.W.2d 621 

(1965). In cases of rescission, the party in possession of the land is deemed to owe payments 

for the rental value of the property, in addition to interest on those amounts. Bates, supra. 

The testimony at trial was that the fair rental value of the property was $1000 per month, 

and appellee requested that these payments be applied as rents. 

Further, we agree with appellee’s contention that the evidence does not support any 

return on the improvements made by Reynolds on the cabin. There was no evidence of 

any increase in value to the property, and absent such evidence, trial courts do not err in 

not awarding these damages. Heifner v. Hendricks, 13 Ark. App. 217, 682 S.W.2d 459 (1985). 

Further, appellee requested that the trial court consider the value of any improvements to 

be in compensation for the use of the stock and its hunting rights. Accordingly, the circuit 

court’s order is not clearly erroneous. 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

30

VI. Statute of Limitations 

Appellants argue that appellee’s claims regarding the 2006 stock transfer were barred 

by the statute of limitations. They contend that Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-56-

105 (Repl. 2005) imposes a three-year statute of limitations for claims founded on any 

contract or liability not in writing, as well as for claims of fraud. An action on a writing, 

including setting aside a deed, has a five-year limitations period. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-56-

111. Appellants contend that appellee’s claims arise out of alleged fraud or undue influence 

on the part of appellants. They claim that the three-year statute applies, but argue that, even 

if the five-year limitation applies, the claims are time-barred because over seven years passed 

after June 2006 before the complaint was filed on November 18, 2013.

Appellants also contend that the statute tolling the limitation would not apply, as 

argued by appellee, because Annabelle was not under a disability at the time of the stock 

transfer. See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-56-116(a). Appellants contend that there was no 

testimony by Dr. Feir that Annabelle was incompetent in June 2006, and Annabelle did not 

have a guardian until 2013. Therefore, appellants argue that to say Annabelle was 

incompetent at the time of the transfer would be speculation.

Appellee first contends that the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense and 

appellants failed to raise this defense at trial and did not get a ruling on the issue. He 

contends that “it is well established that ‘something more than a mere assertion of an 

argument in the pleadings is required to preserve the issue for appellate review.’” Shelter 

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Kennedy, 347 Ark. 184, 188, 60 S.W.3d 458, 461 (2001). However, 

regardless of whether the issue is preserved, appellee’s claim is not time-barred. Appellants’ 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

31

contention that Annabelle’s disability did not exist at the time the cause of action accrued is 

inaccurate, as set forth above, and is contrary to our affirmation of the circuit court’s finding 

that Annabelle was acting under a mental incapacity in June 2006. 

VII. Attorney’s Fees

Appellants contend that the circuit court erred in awarding attorney’s fees. Appellants 

first claim that there is no evidence in the record that appellee requested an award of 

attorney’s fees or specified the statute, rule, or agreement expressly authorizing an award of 

fees, pointing out that even though the circuit court’s order states that appellee’s counsel 

submitted an affidavit for fees and costs, neither the circuit court docket nor the record on 

appeal reflect any such affidavit. Appellants argue that this is fatal to the award, citing 

Crawford & Lewis v. Boatmen’s Trust Co., 338 Ark. 679, 1 S.W.3d 417 (1999), where the 

Arkansas Supreme Court could not reach the merits of whether the chancellor inadvertently 

omitted in the order any provision for attorney’s fees to the bank for its successful defense 

against Crawford & Lewis’s petition because Boatmen’s failed to submit a proper motion 

for fees under Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 54(e) (1999). 

Second, appellants claim that there is no applicable statute, rule, or agreement 

authorizing an award of fees, which is fatal to the award. Barnhart v. City of Fayetteville, 335 

Ark. 57, 977 S.W.2d 225 (1998). Appellants argue that this was not a breach-of-contract 

action that entitled appellee to fees because the entire case centered on a theory of fraud and 

undue influence, which are tort theories to which Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-

22-308 does not apply. 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

32

Third, appellants contend that an attorney’s-fee award must be reasonable and, here, 

there was no motion or affidavit filed of record and, therefore, no way to assess 

reasonableness of the request. And fourth, appellants complain that the judgment is joint 

and several, yet the circuit court did not adjudicate any cause of action against Reynolds or 

award relief against him. Thus, appellants claim that the fee award is error. 

Nevertheless, we hold that any objection appellants may have had was not preserved 

for appeal, and this court cannot address the merits of their argument. Appellee asserts that 

appellants never objected to (1) the circuit court’s directions, during the trial or in its posttrial 

order, that attorney’s fees would be determined posttrial, (2) appellee’s application for 

attorney’s fees to the circuit court, or (3) the order awarding such fees. Nor did appellants 

file a posttrial motion objecting to the award. Failure to object to an award of attorney’s 

fees to the circuit court constitutes a waiver of the objection. To preserve the issue of 

attorney’s fees for review on appeal, an appellant must raise the issue to the circuit court at 

least by filing a motion to amend the judgment pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Civil 

Procedure 52(b). Washington v. Kingridge Enters., 2014 Ark. App. 705, 450 S.W.3d 685.4

 

In their reply brief, appellants contend that the issue of attorney’s fees is preserved, 

arguing that there was no fee petition for them to challenge. Further, they claim that in 

their posttrial motion under Rule 52, they asked for dismissal of appellee’s complaint “at 

Plaintiff’s cost,” among other relief. They argue that, in other words, appellants asked that 

 4

We acknowledge that appellants contend that, contrary to the statement by the 

circuit court, an affidavit was not filed and the circuit court awarded attorney’s fees without 

proper documentation. In that event, appellants should have filed a postjudgment objection 

to bring the issue to the attention of the circuit court. See Washington, supra. 
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 584 

33

appellee bear his own costs, which includes attorney’s fees, as set forth in the circuit court’s 

order, and the circuit court denied that request. Appellants contend that their request for 

relief on this issue via posttrial motion is sufficient to preserve the issue for appeal under 

Washington, supra. Regardless, appellants contend that reversal of the circuit court’s order 

on the merits of this case necessarily requires reversal of the attorney’s fee award. 

Appellants’ argument is not well taken because, in order to preserve an issue for 

appellate review, appellants were obligated to obtain a specific ruling on it from the circuit 

court. The Arkansas Supreme Court has held that it will not review a matter on which the 

trial court has not ruled, and a ruling should not be presumed. Fordyce Bank & Trust Co. v. 

Bean Timberland, Inc., 369 Ark. 90, 94, 251 S.W.3d 267, 270 (2007). Accordingly, we 

cannot presume that the circuit court considered attorney’s fees when it ruled on appellants’ 

request for appellee to bear his own costs. 

 Affirmed. 

 KINARD AND HIXSON, JJ., agree. 

The Rose Law Firm, by: Amanda K. Wofford, for appellants. 

Dunn, Nutter & Morgan, LLP, by: James L. Cook, for appellee.