1 

# GUIDE TO IPM Output FILES

EPA Base Case

v.5.1 4

The following infor m ation is m eant to provide use r s with a g ener a l expl an ation of the

different IPM output files that are m ade web ready and pos t ed to EPA’s website. It refers to

the EPA Base Case v. 5.14 that was designed and developed for use in analyzing policy

sce n arios starting in 2016. It is m eant to help users identify and interpret the data av a ilable in

the m odel input and out put files. The EPA Base Case v. 5.14 documentation (available at

http://www.epa.gov/ powersectormodeling provides m ore co m prehensive details regarding

the assu m ptions and m ethodology used in the m odel.

Below is a brief overview of the non

- unit level IPM inputs and ou t puts that are m ade

publically available through EPA’s website. Because the System Sum m ary Report is one of

the more frequently referenced docu m e n ts that sum m a rizes m any IPM key outputs, it is

described in further detail in the re m ainder of this guide.

Once EPA Base Case v. 5.14 files are downloaded and decompr e ssed from EPA’s website, the

unzipped files will contain two folders: “Input and Output Files” & “Parsed Files”.

Additionally, it will have an E x cel s p readsh e et t h at in c l udes “ System Sum m ary Report” in the

title . The “Input and Output Files” f older will h a ve six files within it: A DAT Replacement f ile,

RPE Replacement file

, RPT Replacement files, EIA Style Gas Report, State Emission File, and

an Overview file

.

Input and Output Files

DAT file (Model Inputs) : This file will have “DAT File” in the file name, e .g., “Base Case dat

f ile.xlsx.” This file replaces “.dat” file that was output by earlier versions of IPM and is

easier to navigate. It contains the key input set

- up data used to define the m odel run,

including the definiti o ns and specifications for run years, m odel regions, m odel plants,

fin a ncial para m eters, available fuels, and power system trans m ission and operating

para m eters. The “Index” worksheet provides a list of all other worksheets and data

a vailable in the file, and the “RunUniverse” worksheets includes a table of region names

and IDs.

RPE file (Model Plant Outputs) : This file will have “RPE File” in the file name, e .g., “Base Case

rpe file .xlsx.” This file replaces “.rpe” file that was output by earlier versions of IPM and is

easier to navigate. For each model plant, this file shows the projections of fuel consu m ption,

e m issions, capacity, costs (capital, fixed operations and m aintenance, and var i a b le

o perations a n d m aintenance), and generation.

RPT files ( Detailed Model Operational Outputs) : This is a zip file with “ rpt f iles” in the file

name, e .g., “Base Case rpt f iles.zip.” It contains multiple excel workbooks that replace the

“.rpt” file that was output by earlier versions of IPM and is easier to navigate. These files

contain a variety of model outputs, including: regional summaries; costs, fuel supply,2



### transportation, and use; electricity transmission and constraints; new and retrof it capacity;

environmental constraints; and energy price.

EIA Style Gas Report file: This file will have “EIA Style Gas Report” in the file name, e.g.,

“Base Case EIA Style Gas Report.xlsx.” This file shows outputs related to natural gas

production and us e in format matching natural gas tables developed by the Energy

Information Administration (EIA).

State Emissions file: This file will have “State Emissions” in the file name, e.g., “Base Case

State Emissions.xlsx.” This file shows EGU emissions at the st ate level for each run year.

There are two tabs, one showing emissions from all EGUs, the other showing emissions from

all EGUs, the other showing emissions only from fossil units greater than 25 MW.

Overview file (Regional Summary of Model Operational Ou tputs) : This file will have

“Overview” in the file name, e.g., “Base Case Overview File.xlsx.” It contains model

operational outputs by run year at the regional level, including capacity, generation, costs,

retrofits, and retirements. It is typically easier for users to refer to either the System

Summary Report or the Regional Summary File

.

System Summary

Report

System S u mmary Re p ort: The S ystem Summary Report is available as a spreadsheet, e

. g

.,

“ Base Case SSR

. xls x

. ” It contains syste m

- wide power sector results for t h e lower co nt inental

U.S. for each run year. It rep o rts forecasted generatio n , capacity, capacity additions, capa c ity

factors, production costs, e m issions, fuel consumption & cost, and allowance prices by m odel

run year. Dis a ggre gation of syste m

- w ide data to plant type data is provided for generation

and capacity fie l ds. The plant types are categorized based on fuel used (e.g., coal, oil/gas,

nuclear, hydro), co m bustion technology (e.g., turbine, co m bined cycle gas), control

technology (e.g., scrubber, post

- combustion NO

x 

### control), and retrofit structure (e.g., coal

plant with e x i s ting SNCR retrofit with ACI). In a d dition to pr o viding t h e above outputs

forecasted for each m odel run year, it a l so gives infor m ation on the vario us regulatory and

leg a l r e quire m ents that were in p utted into t h e m odel as constraints. B e low is a more

detail e d explanation of each worksheet in the System Summary Report.

The regional level equivalent of the System Summary Report Tables 1

- 16 is available in th e

“Regional Summary.xlsx” file that is included in the RPT replacement files.3 

### Description of Worksh e ets and Data within the System S u mmary Re p ort

File

System S u mmary Re p ort: W hen the Excel File is opened, it will contain six worksheets

1. “Sum m ary” worksheet

2. “All Constraints” worksheet

3. “Fuel Report” worksheet

4. “Tables 1

- 1 6 _US ” worksheet

5. “Coal Pivot Tables” worksheet

6. “Final Wholesale Price” worksheet

Summary Worksheet: T he sum m ary worksheet in the system summary file highlights so m e of the key data points from the

IPM output, and is intended to be an ideal starting p o int for assessing fund a m e ntal environ m ental and operational

projections f or the power sector in any given IPM run. For first ti m e users, it is one of the m ore user friendly docu m ents

from which to view output da t a. See Appendix 1

- 1 for description of fields included in the “Sum m a ry” worksheet.

All Constraints: The “ A ll Const r ai nt s” wor kshe e t in t h e System Sum m a r y Report pr o vides i n for m ation on various legal and

policy require m ents and how they are captured in the model. Each constraint typically involves a “standard” that is

imposed in the fo r m of an e m ission li m it, e m ission rate li m it, or gene r ation li m it. The constraint can be applied at t h e

unit, plant, syste m , state, regional or national level. The constraints also inc l ude a time di m ension and m ay vary between

m odel run years. Each constraint in the worksheet provides infor m ation on the i m pact of the “standard” on the effected

u n it(s). These i m pacts are m odeling outputs given in the form of e m issions, e m ission rates, and / or generation that occur

under the given “ s tandard” in a particular model run year. For constraints that repre sent cap

- and

- trade prog r a m s with

banki n g, the run output in d i c a tes additions and withdraws from the allowa n ce bank and allowance price by year. T here

are nearly 1000 constraints in the EPA Base Case v

. 5.14 Base Case, and the total nu m ber may ext e nd beyond a thousand

for the m odeling of certain policy scenarios. An example of a constraint wou l d be “Constraint Na m e: #1

– SO2 CAIR

Annual Constraint ” which captures the e m ission li m its imposed on coal units by the Clean Air Interstate Rule . The

constrain t pro v i d es a total “ s ta n dard” t h at reflects t h e CAIR allowances a v a ilable to units in a given m odel run year.

Below is a table t h at illu s t rates t h e typical for m at of a constraint in the “All Constraint s ” work s heet, a l ong with an

explanation of each row. Appendix table 2

- 1 provides a comprehensive list of legal and policy requirements that are

ref l ected in the model through the various constraints.4 

### Description of Constraint Level Data

Fields

Row Title Description

Constraint Name: #1

- SO2 CAIR Annual

Constraint Provides information on legal or policy constraint being modeled.

Constraint Type: Rate Constraint in Mtons Provides information on constraint type that is being modeled (e.g., generation,

emission, rate, etc.). "Mtons" = thousand tons (emission limit); "GWh" = gigawatt

hours (generation limit); "lbs/Mmbtu" = pounds per million btus (rate limit).

Seasons Included Shows model run year for the output and indicates if the constraint was applied to

summer generation, winter generation, or b oth. Winter months include October

through April. Summer months include May through September.

Standard This row provides the value of the constraint being inputted into the model. It is

modeling input and one of key interest in the “All Constraints” worksheet.

Emissions at Affected Plants

Model output of collective emission at plants affected by "standard" as well as

summary of allowance trading activity supporting the emission level. Allowances Purchased SO2

Allowances Sold SO2

Allowances Banked

Allowances Withdrawn (1:1)

Allowances Withdrawn (n:1)

Net Emissions Allowance Position

Fuel Consumed Tbtu=trillion btu. Model output of fuel consumption for affected units.

Rate Model output of emission rate for effected units. "lbs/Mmbtu" = pounds per

affected unit.

Generation Electricity generated by units subject to the "standard" limit. TWh = Terawatt

hours generated.

Qualifying Generation

Rate Rate for affected units. Lb/MWh = pound per Megawatt hour.

Constraint Shadow Price If the "standard" is an emission limit (i.e., cap) in a trading program, the constraint

shadow price will reflect the $ per ton value of allowances in that trading program.

Commonly called the “allowance price”.5



### Fuel Report: The “Fuel Report” worksheet provides c onsumption and cost data for major power sector fuel sources for

each m odel run year. T hese fuels include coal, nuclear, natural gas, biom a ss, pet.coke (petroleum coke), natural gas,

biomass, waste coa l , and oil. For each fu e l type the t o tal consu m ption is gi v en in TBtus (tr i llion Bt u s). Cost is pro v ided in

both MMUS$ (million US doll a r units) and US$/MMBtu (U.S. dollar per m illion Btus).

Tables 1

- 16 : The “Tables 1

- 16” worksheet in the System Summary R e port provides infor m ation on controls, generation,

capacity, and cost. T he infor m ation in these tables is often the disag g regated value of the totals repo r ted in the “Summary”

works h eet. A user interested in better understanding the details behind the totals g iven in the “Sum m ary” workshe e t m ay

wish to consult “Tables 1

- 16”. For exa m ple, the “Summary” worksheet provides the total a m ount of generation from coal in

a given m odel run year. However, the “Tables 1

- 16” worksheet goes one step further and provides data on the portion of

that generat i on total co m i ng from coal plants with no pollution control and the portion co m i ng from plants with specific

pollution control c onfigurations. In particular, tables 10 through14 provide generation and capacity data at th e m odel plant

type level. Tables 1

– 9 p r ovide generation supply and de m and data a t t h e U.S. region wide level. The table be low descri be s

the data o u tput reported in each ta b l e, and Appendix 3

- 1 and 3

- 2 pr o vides m ore info r m ation on the acrony m s and

no m enclatu r e used in t h e d ata fiel d s.

Description Tables in “Tables 1

- 16” Worksheet

Table # Title Description

1 Reserve M a rgin C apacity Winter

(M W) Shows total electr i c generating capa c ity availab l e to the U.S. region during

winter period. Available supply of electricity in m e g awatts (M W ).

2 Peak Load Winter ( M W) Shows total electr i city d e m and during winter per i od by the U.S. region. C apacity reported in m e gawatts ( M W).

3 Reser v e M a r g in W i n ter ( % ) Shows excess winter capacity supply as percentage of de m and using total values

reported from Ta ble s 1 & 2

. (s uppl y

- d e m a nd ) /de m and.

1 Reserve M a rgin C apacity s u m m e r

(MW) Shows total electr i c generating capa c ity availa bl e t o U.S

. re gio n du r in g

su mm e r pe ri od. Available supply of electricity in m e g awatts (M W ).

2 Peak Load s u m m e r (M W) Shows total electr i city d e m and during s u m m er per i od by the U.S. region. Capacity reported in m e gawatts ( M W).

3 Reser v e M a r g in s u mm e r (%) Shows excess s u m m e r capaci t y as p e rcentage of de m a n d using total valu e s reported

fr o m Tables 1 & 2.6

1 Reserve M a rgin C apacity annual (MW) Shows total electr i c generating capa c ity availa bl e t o U.S

. re gio n annually.

Available supply of electricity in m e g awatts (M W ).

2 Peak Load annual (M W) Shows total electr i city d e m and annually by the U.S. region. Capacity reported in

m e gawatts ( M W).

3 Reser v e M a r g in annual (%) Shows excess annual capaci t y as p e rcentage of de m a n d using total valu e s reported

fr o m Tables 1 & 2.

4 Generation ( G W h ) Gigawatt hours ( G W h ) of annual electricity that is produced d o m esticall y

, i m ported, exported, and lost during p u m p ing and storage.

5 T o tal Supply for De m and ( G W h ) Gigawatt hours ( G W h ) of annual electricity generation s upplied to the U.S. region.

S u m m ati o n of values in Table 4.

6 Projected D e m and ( G W h ) Gigawatt hours ( G W h ) of annual projected de m and and projected net de m a nd.

7 D u m p ed Ener g y Typical l y not r e f e r enced.

8 Total Generation Gigawatt hours (GWh) of annual electricity that is produced domestically, imported, exported, and lost during pumping and storage.

9 Total Sales ( G Wh) Gigawatt hours ( G W h ) of annual electricity supply deter m i n ed by subtracting

projected tran s m ission & de m a nd losses fr o m t otal suppl y

.

10 Capacity b y Capacity Reporting Type C u m u lative capac i ty ( M W) of m odel plant types for each m odel run y e ar. T h e

m odel run plants are ca t egorized by the unit’s fu el, configuration, and on l ine status

(e. g

., new, existing, retiri n g ). Each contr o l configuration c o m b ination is m odel e d as

a separate plant t y p e

. The total capaci t y , retro f it capaci t y

, n ew unit capaci t y

, a nd

retiring u n it capacity values given in the s u m m a ry t a ble are disaggregated into

m odel plant types in this table. Key difference between table 10 & 11 is that 10 is

c u m ul at i ve and 11 is incre m en tal. Therefore, table 10 will show m odel plant

capa c ity by a given year, a n d table 11 will show m od e l plant ca p acity added during

that run y e ar.

11 Capacity Additions and Changes Incr e m ental capac i ty (M W) of m odel plant types for each m odel run y e ar. T h e

m odel run plants are ca t egorized by the unit’s fu el, configuration, and on l ine status

(e. g

., new, existing, retiri n g ). Each contr o l configuration c o m b ination is m odel e d as

a separate plant t y p e

. The total capaci t y , retro f it capaci t y

, n ew unit capaci t y

, a nd

retiring u n it capacity values given in the s u m m a ry t a ble are disaggregated into

m odel plant types in this table.7

12 Generation by Capacity Reporting Type

( G W h ) C u m u lative gen e r a tion (GWh) of m o del plant t y pes fo r each m odel run y e ar. The

m odel run plants are categor i zed by the unit’s f u el, con fi guration, and online status

(e. g

., new, existing, retiring). E a ch control configuration c o m b ination is modeled as

a separa t e plant type. The to tal generation by each plant type given i n the

s u m m a r y ta b le is disaggregated into m odel plant t y pe generation in this table.

12

a Generation by Capacity Reporting Type

( G W h ) Total gigawatt hours ( G W h ) of generation in each m od e l run y e a r b y fuel t y pe. Aggregation of the m odel plants pertaining to each fu el in table 12.

13 Generation by Capacity Reporting Type

(Tbtu) C u m u lative gen e r a tion m easured in T rillion btus ( T btu) of m odel plant t y pes fo r

each m odel r un y ear. T h e data corresponds to generation values g i ven i n Table 12,

but is expressed in TBtus to provide the heat content of the power generate d

.

Conversio n facto r o f app r oxi m a tel y 3

, 412 Btu/K W h is used.

14 Capacity factor b y Capacity Reporting

Type ( % ) Capacity f actor fo r each m odel plant t y pe. Capa c ity f ac t or is the actual ge n eration

expressed a s a percentage of m a xi m u m generation possible if the pla n t was

operated every hour of the year. T h erefore, it is the generation / (capacit y *8760).

Gener a ll y

, the m odel does not allow for 10 0 % capacity f actors because of

m aintenance, planned outage, and fo rced outage t i m e s

. Inte r m itt e nt generation

sources (i. e

., wind) also have their ca p aci t y f actor l i m ited by the availability of their

fu el source.

15 T o tal Annual Production Cost Provides total production cost in m i llion U.S. dollar units ( M MUS$) for each m odel

run year. T h e production c o sts are disaggregated into variable operating and

m aintenance ( v ariable O & M), f i x ed O & M, fu el, c a p ital, a n d CO2 transportation

and storage cost.

16 E m issio ns Provides total annual U.S. e m issions for each m odel run y ear for several hazardous,

criter i a, and green house gas p o llutants. E m ission totals are expressed in 1000 t o ns

(Mtons); 1,000,0 0 0 t o ns ( M M tons), or regular tons. All tons are s hort tons (2000

lbs/ton) unless ot h erwise noted.



### Coal Pivot Tables : The “Coal Pivot Tables” worksheet in the System Summary Report provides information on coal prices

and total coal consumption for each run year by coal region. Data is reported in both MMBtu and tons.8



### Final Wholesale Price : The “Final Wholesale Electricity Price” worksheet in the System Summary Report provides the

wholesale electricity price for each region and model run year.9



## APPENDICES

Appendix 1

- 1: Description of Data Fields in “S u mmary” W o rksheet

Row

Number Row Title Description of Field

1

2

EPA IPM Run Results

3

All costs and prices are in 2011

- year dollars Provides year to which all cost and prices within the summary report are

indexed.

4

NATIONWIDE EMISSIONS

Provides nationwide total emissions from EGUs for given run years in short tons

(2000 lbs/ton) unless otherwise noted. 5

SO2 (million tons)

6

NOx (million tons)

7

CO2 (million metric tons)

8

Hg (tons)

9

HCL (Mtons)

10

11

TOTAL COSTS Provides the total cost of electricity generation to meet demand in given year

under the modeled operational, regulatory, and policy constraints. Values are

given in billion dollar units and indexed to 2007 prices. 12

Total Costs (billion $)

13

14

PRICES Gives the prices for various fuel and emission commodities relevant to the

power sector.10 15

National Wholesale Electricity Price (mills/kWh) For wholesale electricity prices in “mills/kWh”. 1 mill = 1/10 of a cent.

Therefore, 10 mills/kWh is equivalent to $.01/kWh.

16

Natural Gas Prices (2011 $/MMBtu) "M M btu" = million btus.

17

Henry Hub Price at Henry Hub. Henry Hub is a gas pipeline in Louisiana that serves as a

generally accepted reference point for U.S. natural gas trading data due to its

central location giving shippers access to pipelines in the southeast, midwest,

and northeast regions.

18

Delivered Delivered price of gas. Reflects seasonal and transportation cost adders.

19

Minemouth Coal Prices (2011 $/MMBtu)

Provides endogenously determined minemouth coal prices. "MMbtu" = million

btus. Figure 9

- 1 of the Documentation for EPA Base Case v. 5.14 for a map of coal regions.

National price is weighted average of regional coal prices 20

Appalachia

21

Imports

22

Interior

23

Waste Coal

24

West

25

National

26

27

E MISSION ALLOWANCE PRICES ($/Ton)

28

SO 2 Annual (CAIR) SO 2 Annual (CAIR) Provides emission allowance price for pollutants under that

program.

29

NO

x Annual (CAIR) NO

x Annual (CAIR) Provides emission allowance price for pollutants under that

program.

30

NO

x Ozone Season (CAIR) NO

x Ozone Season (CAIR Provides emission allowance price for pollutants under

that program.11 31

CO 2 ($/metric ton) CO 2 ($/metric ton)

32

33

EMISSION CONSTRAINTS (Mtons) Mtons = Thousand Tons

34

SO 2 Annual (CAIR) SO 2 Region 1 (CAIR) Provides total emissions for electric generating units (EGUs)

affected by the referenced policy.

35

NO

x Annual (CAIR) NO

x Annual (CAIR) Provides total emissions for electric generating units (EGUs)

affected by the referenced policy.

36

NO

x Ozone Season (CAIR) NO

x Ozone Season (CAIR) Provides total emissions for electric generating units

(EGUs) affected by the referenced policy.

37

CO2 (metric ton) CO2 (metric ton) Provides total emissions for electric generating units (EGUs)

affected by the referenced policy.

38

39

TOTAL CAPACITY (Cumulative GW)

Provides the cumulative gigawatts of generating capacity by plant type

forecasted to be online for a given run year. It reflects ((existing units + new

units)

– retiring units) for that generation type. The existing value is obtained

from the previous model run year. Total is the aggregate electricity generating

capacity available. Abbreviations: PC = pulverized coal; IGCC = integrated

gasification combined cycle; IGCC

- CCS = integrated gasification combined cycle

with carbon capture and storage; CC = combined cycle; CT = combustion

turbine. 40

Hydro

41

Non

- Hydro Renewables

42

Biomass

43

Other

44

Wind

45

Coal

46

PC

47

IGCC

48

IGCC

- CCS12 49

New Future Technology

50

Nuclear

51

Natural Gas

52

CC

53

CC

- CCS

54

CT

55

Oil/Gas Steam

56

Other

57

Grand Total

58

59

NEW CAPACITY (Cumulative GW)

Provides the cumulative gigawatts of new capacity by plant type expected to

come online by a given run year (. New capacity is determined endogenously

and constitutes units that are not currently listed in the National Electric Energy

Data Source (NEEDs). Abbreviations:

PC = pulverized coal;

IGCC = integrated gasification combined cycle;

IGCC

- CCS = integrated gasification combined cycle with carbon capture and

storage;

CC = combined cycle;

CT = combustion turbine. 60

Non

- Hydro Renewables

61

Biomass

62

Other

63

Wind

64

Coal

65

PC

66

IGCC13 67

IGCC

- CCS

68

New Future Technology

69

Nuclear

70

Natural Gas

71

CC

72

CC

- CCS

73

CT

74

Other

75

Grand Total

76

77

RETIREMENTS (GW)

Provides the cumulative gigawatts of retirements by plant type that occur by

the given run year. Abbreviations:

PC = pulverized coal;

IGCC = integrated gasification combined cycle;

IGCC

- CCS = integrated gasification combined cycle with carbon ca pture and

storage;

CC = combined cycle;

CT = combustion turbine;

O/G = oil/gas steam. In some cases, retirements may also reflect retirements

that are required by enforcement actions (e.g., consent decree). 78

CC Retirements

79

Coal Retirements

80

CT Retirements

81

Nuclear Retirements

82

O/G Retirements

83

IGCC Retirements

84

Non

- Fossil Retirements14 85

Grand Total

86

87

GENERATION MIX (thousand GWh)

Provides the annual generation projected for a given model run year by a

particular plant type. Generation data is given in units of 1000 gigawatt hours.

The total value reflects total electricity demand from the power grid.

Abbreviations:

PC = pulverized coal;

IGCC = integrated gasifica tion combined cycle;

IGCC

- CCS = integrated gasification combined cycle with carbon capture and

storage;

CC = combined cycle;

CT = combustion turbine;

O/G = oil/gas steam. 88

Hydro

89

Non

- Hydro Renewables

90

Biomass

91

Other

92

Wind

93

Biomass Co

- firing

94

Coal

95

PC

96

IGCC

97

IGCC

- CCS

98

New Future Technology

99

Nuclear

100

Natural Gas

101

CC

102

CC

- CCS15 103

CT

104

Oil/Gas Steam

105

Other

106

Grand Total

107

108

TOTAL CONTROLS (Cumulative GW) Provides total gigawatts of a particular type of control technology at coal

- fired

units.

109

FGD Provides total gigawatt of units with Flue Gas Desulfurization technology (FGD)

for a given run year. FGD is used for removing SO2 from coal fired power plants.

Also referred to as a "scrubber". The total given is a summation of existing

scrubbers, retrofit scrubbers, and all new pulverized coal capacity which is

assumed to have scrubber technology installed.

110

Existing Scrubber Provides total gigawatt of coal steam capacity in NEEDS with a FGD. These FGDs

are exogenous to the model and in place prior to retrofits and new units that

are added in the model. Wet FGD refers to limestone forced oxidation (LSFO)

and Dry FGD refers to Lime Spray Dryer (LSD) technology. 111

Existing Wet Scrubber

112

Existing Dry Scrubber

113

Non

- Disapatchable Scrubber

Provides gigawatts of FGD retrofits for a given model run year. These are model

projections and therefore endogenous to the model. 114

Retrofit Wet Scrubber

115

Retrofit Dry Scrubber

116

New Scrubber Refers to cumulative GW of new FGDs online by a given model run year.

Corresponds to the capacity of cumulative new pulverized coal capacity

expected for a given model run year. The model assumes all new pulverized coal

has FGD controls. 117

New Wet Scrubber

118

New Dry Scrubber16 119

SCR Provides total gigawatts of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) online by a given

model run year (Existing + retrofits + new units). SCRs are primarily used as a

post

- combustion technology for reducing NOx from emissions at power plants.

120

Existing SCR Provides total gigawatt of coal steam capacity in NEEDS with a SCR . These SCRs

are exogenous to the model and in place prior to retrofits and new units that

are added in the model

121

Retrofit SCR Refers to cumulative gigawatts of capacity retrofitted with SCR by a given model

run year. These are model project ion s and therefore endogenous to the model.

122

New SCR Refers to the cumulative gigawatts of new SCRs (non

- retrofits) that have come

online by a given model run year. Corresponds to capacity of new coal units that

is forecasted, as all new coal is assumed to have SCR.

123

SNCR Provides total cumulative gigawatts of Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

technology that is online by a given model run year. Summation of existing,

retrofit, and new SNCR. SNCR is post

- combustion technology for reducing NOx

from power plant emissions.

124

Existing SNCR Provides total gigawatt of coal steam capacity in NEEDS with a SNCR . These

SNCR s are exogenous to the model and in place prior to retrofits and new units

that are added in the model

125

Retrofit SNCR Refers to cumulative gigawatts of capacity that is retrofitted with SNCR by a

given run year. These are model project ion s and therefore endogenous to the

model.

126

ACI Provides cumulative GW of generating capacity that has Activated Carbon

Injection (ACI). Is a summation of existing, retrofits, and new ACI. ACI is

technology for reducing Mercury (Hg) emissions at power plants.

127

Existing ACI Provides total gigawatt of coal steam capacity in NEEDS with a ACI . These ACI s

are exogenous to the model and in place prior to retrofits and new units that

are added in the model

128

Retrofit ACI Provides cumulative gigawatts of generating capacity that is retrofitted with ACI

by the given model run year. These are model projections, and therefore

endogenous to the model.17 129

New ACI Provides cumulative gigawatts of new units that are coming online with ACI

technology.

130

CCS Provides cumulative gigawatts of generating capacity that has Carbon Capture

and Storage Technology installed by a given model run year. Is a summation of

existing, retrofit, and new CCS.

131

Hardwired CCS Provides total gigawatts of existing CCS that is online prior to 2012 and included

in the modeling input in the NEEDs inventory. This is exogenous to the model.

132

Retrofit CCS Provides total cumulative gigawatts of capacity that is retrofitted with CCS by

the given model run year. These are model project ion s and therefore

endogenous to the model..

133

New CCS Provides cumulative gigawatts of new units that are coming online with CCS by

the given model run year.

134

FF Provides cumulative gigawatts of generating capacity that has Fabric Filter

technology installed by a given model run ye ar. Is a summation of existing and

retrofit Fabric Filters.

135

Existing FF Provides total gigawatt of capacity in NEEDS with a Fabric Filter . These fabric

Filters are exogenous to the model and in place prior to retrofits and new units

that are added in the model

136

Retrofit FF Provides total cumulative gigawatts of capacity that is retrofitted with Fabric

Filters by the given model run year. These are model project ion s and therefore

endogenous to the model.

137

DSI Provides cumulative gigawatts of generating capacity that has Dry Sorbent

Injection technology installed by a given model run year. Is a summation of

existing, retrofit, and new DSI.

138

Existing DSI Provides total gigawatt of coal steam capacity in NEEDS with a DSI . These DSI s

are exogenous to the model and in place prior to retrofits and new units that

are added in the model

139

Retrofit DSI Provides total cumulative gigawatts of capacity that is retrofitted with DSI by

the given model run year. These are model project ion s and the refore

endogenous to the model.

140

C2G Provides the cumulative gigawatts of capacity that is converted from burning

coal to natural gas by the given model run year.18 141

HRI Provides the cumulative gigawatts of capacity that has heat rate improvements

by the given model run year.

142

143

RETROFITS (Cumulative GW) Provides total cumulative gigawatts of capacity that is retrofitted with a given

technology post 2015 and by given model run year. The capital costs of the

retrofits are included in the model and they are installed at the power plant

post 2015.

144

FGD Cumulative gigawatts of Flue Gas Desulfurization.

145

SCR Cumulative gigawatts of Selective Catalytic Reduction retrofits.

146

SNCR Cumulative gigawatts of Selective Non

- Catalytic Reduction retrofits

147

ACI Cumulative gigawatts of Activated Carbon Injection retrofits.

148

CCS Cumulative gigawatts of Carbon Capture & Storage retrofits.

149

FF Cumulative gigawatts of Fabric Filter retrofits.

150

DSI Cumulative gigawatts of Dry Sorbent Injection retrofits

151

C2G Cumulative gigawatts of coal

- to

- gas retrofits

152

HRI Cumulative gigawatts of heat rate improvement retrofits

153

154 TOTAL CONTROLS IN NEEDS

155

FGD

Reflects cumulative gigatwatts of capacity that has control installed in NEEDS.

Value is reflective of controls at all coal steam units 156

SCR

157

SNCR

158

ACI19 159

160 FUEL SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Provides Coal and Gas supply and consumption for given model run years.

161

Coal Use by Region (million tons) Provides total coal use in million tons by power and non

- power sector for given

model run year.

162

Power Sector Provides total coal use in million tons by power sector for given model run year.

163

Appalachia Provides total coal use for power sector that comes from Appalachia coal

region.

164

Imports Provides total coal use for power sector that comes from Imports.

165

Interior Provides total coal use for power sector that comes from Interior Region.

166

Waste Coal Provides total coal use for power sector that comes from Waste Coal.

167

West Provides total coal use for power sector that comes from the West Region.

168

Non

- Power Sector Provides total coal use in million tons for the non

- power sector.

169

Appalachia Provides total coal use for non

- power sector that comes for Appalachia region.

170

Interior Provides total coal use for non

- power sector that comes from Interior Region.

171

West Provides total coal use for non

- po wer sector that comes from West Region.

172

Power Sector Coal Use by Rank (TBtu) Provides total coal supply to power sector in trillion Btus (Tbtu).

173

Bituminous Provides total bituminous coal use for power sector in trillion Btus (Tbtu).

174

Subbituminous Provides total subbituminous coal use for power sector in trillion Btus (Tbtu).

175

Lignite Provides total lignite coal use for power sector in trillion Btus (Tbtu).

176

177

Natural Gas Use (Trillion cubic feet) Total natural gas use by power and non

- power sectors in trillion cubic feet (Tcf).20



### Appendix 2

- 1: Summary of legal and regulatory r e quire m ents considered in the IPM v. 5.14 Base Case

. See Appendices 3

- 2, 3

- 3, 3

- 4, and 3

- 5 of the EPA Base Case v. 5.14 Documentation for more details on settlements and state

rules.

NSR Settlements State Settlements Citizen Suits State Rules Regional/National Programs International

Alabama Power AES SWEPCO Alabama Title IV Acid Rain Program Canada

Minnkota Power Niagra Mohawk Power Allegheny Energy Arizona Regional Green House Gas

Initiative (RGGI) Alberta

SIGECO Public Service Co of New Mexico Wisconsin Public

Service Corp. California Pacific Northwest Manitoba

PSEG Fossil Public Service Co of Colorado University of

Wisconsin Colorado Nox SIP Call Ontario

TECO TVA Tucson Electric Power Connecticut Western Regional Air

Partnership (WRAP) Quebec

WEPCO Rochester Gas & Electric Kansas City Board of

Public Utilities Delaware Clean Air Interstate Rule

(CAIR) New Brunswick

VEPCO Mirant

- New York Dominion Energy Georgia Mercury and Air Toxics

Standard (MATS) Nova Scotia

Santee Cooper RC Cape May Holdings, LLC Duke Energy Illinois Best Available Retrofit

Technology (BART) PEI

Ohio Edison Kansas Labrador &

Newfoundland

Mirant Louisiana Saskatchewan

Illinois Power Maine

Kentucky Utilities Company Maryland

Salt River Project Massachusetts

American Electric Power (AEP) Michigan

Eastern Kentucky Power Cooperative Minnesota

Nevada Power Missouri

Dayton Power and Light Montana

Westar Energy New Hampshire

Duke Energy New Jersey

American Municipal Power New York

Hoosier Energy Rural Electric Cooperative North Carolina

Northern Indiana Public Service Co. Oregon

Tennessee Valley Authority Pennsylvania

Wisconsin Public Service Texas

Dairyland Power Cooperative Utah

Louisiana Generating LLC Washington

Dominion Energy, Inc. West Virginia

Wisconsin Power and Light Wisconsin21



### Appendix 3

- 1: Explanation of Model Plant No m e nclature

The field headers gi v en in each row of Tables 10

- 14 represe n t m odel plant type s. The m odel pla n t types are differ e nti a ted

by fuel u sed (e.g., coal, o il/ g as, nuclear, hydro), co m bustion technology (e.g., tur b ine, co m bined cycle ga s ), c o ntrol

techn o logy (e.g., scrubber, post

- co m bustion NOx control), online status (e.g., new, existing, or retiring) and retro f it st r u cture

(e.g., coal plant with e x isting SNCR retrofit with ACI). It is helpful in understanding the no m enclature of m od e l plants to

recogn i ze the significance of the “ret

. ”, “exi s t” and “&” u s age in the title. “Ret.” s u ggests t h at the m odel plant is receiving a

ret r ofit in or by the given run year. If the r e is no “exist” label that im m ediately follows the “ret.” designation, then every

control listed is a retrofit on a unit without any previously e xisting e m ission controls. The indicated are endoge nous to the

m odel.

If there is an “exi s t” th a t f ollows “ret

. ” then each contr o l listed a f ter the “exist” and before the first a m persand (&) is an

existing control and everything a f ter the “&” is a retrofit t h at is added to that m o d e l plant by the m odel ru n year gi v e n . To

illu s t r a te the d i ff erence, l e t’s l o ok at pla n t types with t h e sa m e controls shown but with t h e word “Exist” absent and when

the word “Exi s t ” is present, there will be varia n ts in the place m ent of the first ampersand (&):

Sample Plant Types and Descriptions

Plant Type Description

ExistS C R_ W FGD_ACI Existi n g Coal Ste a m with SCR, ACI and W et FGD

Ret.ACI & SCR & W etFGD Retrofit ACI, SCR, and W et FGD on Existi n g Coal Ste a m

Ret.ExistACI & SCR & W etFGD Retro f it SCR, and W et FGD on Existing C oal Steam with ACI

Ret.ExistS C R_ACI & W etFGD Retro f it W et FGD on Existing Coal Steam with SCR and ACI

Ret.Exist W etFGD & ACI & SCR Retro f it AC I

, and SCR on Existing Coal Ste a m with W et FGD

Ret.Exist W etFGD_ACI & SCR Retrofit SCR on Existing C o al Steam with ACI and W et FGD

Ret.Exist W etFGD_SCR & ACI Retrofit ACI on Existing C o al Steam with SCR and Wet FGD22



### Appendix 3

- 2: Abbreviations Appearing in Model Plant Naming

Abbre v iation Defin i tion

IGCC Integrated G a sificati o n C o mbined Cycle

PV Photovoltaic

ACI Activated C a rbon Inj e ction

FGD Flue g a s d e sulfurization

SCR Selecti v e Ca t al y tic Re d uct i on

SNCR Selective N o n Catalytic Red u ction

CC Comb i ned Cycle

CT Com b usti o n Turb i ne

CCS Carbon Cap t ure & Stora g e

Ret Retrofit

Exi s t Exi s ting