Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A04-1604-CR-919 | December 8, 2016 Page 1 of 10

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

APPELLANT PRO SE

Derrick Harris

Plainfield, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Gregory F. Zoeller

Attorney General of Indiana

James B. Martin

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Derrick Harris,

Appellant-Defendant,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Plaintiff.

December 8, 2016

Court of Appeals Case No.

18A04-1604-CR-919

Appeal from the Delaware Circuit 

Court

The Honorable Linda Ralu Wolf, 

Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

18C03-1405-FC-20

Brown, Judge.
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[1] Derrick Harris, pro se, appeals the trial court’s Order Denying Defendant’s 

Motion for Vacating Plea Agreement and Habeas Corpus. Harris raises one 

issue which we revise and restate as whether the court erred in denying his 

motion. We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] On February 19, 2013, the State charged Harris with Count I, operating a 

vehicle while intoxicated causing death as a class C felony; Count II, operating 

a vehicle with an ACE of .15 or more as a class A misdemeanor; and Count III, 

operating a vehicle while intoxicated endangering a person as a class A 

misdemeanor. On April 11, 2013, the court held a pretrial hearing at which 

Harris’s counsel stated that Harris had been sentenced in Madison County in 

another matter and that he was subject to a parole hold issued by the 

Department of Correction (“DOC”) for a violation. The court noted that 

Harris was to be released to the DOC to serve time for a parole violation, and it 

ordered that upon release from the DOC on the parole violation, he was to 

report to Delaware County Community Corrections to be placed on electronic 

home detention. 

[3] On May 5, 2014, following the court’s rejection of a plea agreement entered 

into between Harris and the State, the court granted Harris’s motion for change 
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of judge.1

 On January 15, 2015, Harris was released to pretrial home detention 

with reporting to Delaware County Community Corrections. Harris thereafter 

retained private counsel. On June 22, 2015, the court held a change of plea 

hearing, at which a proposed plea agreement (“Plea Agreement”) was filed by 

the parties pursuant to which Harris agreed to plead guilty to Count I and the 

State agreed to dismiss the remaining counts. Also, Paragraph 8 of the Plea 

Agreement stated in relevant part that Harris “shall receive credit time for the 

time he has been incarcerated prior to the change of plea.” Appellant’s 

Appendix at 194. A factual basis was established and evidence heard, and the 

court took Harris’s guilty plea under advisement and ordered a presentence 

investigation report (“PSI”).

[4] On August 20, 2015, the court held a hearing at which defense counsel noted at 

the outset that Harris had been on parole at the time of the offense and that a 

parole hold was placed on him “at the time and [Harris] served the remainder 

of his sentence and was released from the cause on 12/09/2014,” which totaled 

“roughly” 665 days, and that Harris “wanted to make sure that was clarified 

just for the record itself was, whether or not he would be entitled to those 

particular days as well as the two twelve actual jail days . . . .” Transcript at 2. 

The court continued the hearing to allow clarification regarding Harris’s credit 

time, noting that it was unclear whether his pretrial days should be credited 

 

1 Harris filed a motion for change of judge on May 2, 2014, stating that he believed “the Judge has had ex 

parte communication with the probation officer prior to sentencing.” Appellant’s Appendix at 247.
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toward a sentence on the pending matter or were counted toward his 

completion of parole. 

[5] The court held another hearing on August 27, 2015, at which it noted that the 

DOC informed the court that Harris received credit for the days on his parole, 

and it called the attorneys’ attention to the language of Paragraph 8 in the Plea 

Agreement and stated that it believed that the agreement as written did not 

follow state law because it would award credit time already applied toward 

Harris’s parole to the sentence in this matter. Specifically, the court stated “I 

don’t want to be bound to do something that by law I am not supposed to do. 

So, in light of that, the Court is, feels as if all I can do is reject the plea 

agreement at this point.” Id. at 13. Defense counsel responded that it was not 

his “intention or [Harris’s] intention to cause any issue in that regard.” Id. The 

court then noted that defense counsel could “amend the plea agreement,” but 

that if he did not it would “reject it.” Id. The State observed that it agreed with 

the court’s analysis of the situation in that, while a parole hold was placed on 

Harris, “he was never really revoked” and that “they let him set under that 

parole hold” and “finish out his time” and then “released him from parole . . . 

.” Id. at 13-14. Defense counsel stated that he agreed with the assessment of 

the situation and that he just wanted to make sure he was doing his best for 

Harris to establish “clarity by the time he was sentenced . . . .” Id. at 14. The 

court stated that it would entertain a motion to continue the plea acceptance 

hearing and possible sentencing hearing to give the parties an opportunity to 

discuss amending the plea agreement and it turned to defense counsel and 
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asked “is the court going to have to reject the plea agreement today or do you 

have a motion for the Court?” Id. at 17. Defense counsel asked the court if he 

could confer with Harris, the court allowed him to do so, and after the 

conference defense counsel asked the court for a continuance of the hearing to 

discuss amending the plea agreement. The court granted the motion and set the 

matter for a hearing on September 14, 2015. 

[6] On September 9, 2015, the parties filed an amended plea agreement (the 

“Amended Plea Agreement”), which was signed by the prosecutor, defense 

counsel, and Harris. The Amended Plea Agreement did not contain the 

language regarding credit time that the court found to be problematic in the 

original Plea Agreement and left sentencing to the discretion of the court. 

[7] On September 14, 2015, the court held an acceptance of plea and sentencing 

hearing, at which the court recognized that defense counsel and Harris both 

“signed off on the amended plea agreement,” and defense counsel stated that 

that was correct. Id. at 21. The court specifically asked “does the defendant as 

well as you as his legal counsel, note for the record that this is your amended 

plea agreement?” Id. at 22. Defense counsel responded: “We would in fact say 

this is the amended plea agreement Judge.” Id. The court immediately after 

swore Harris in to testify, and Harris testified that he recognized he was in court 

to be sentenced. Harris then testified regarding steps he had taken since the 

date of the accident, including receiving between four and six certificates from 

Reformers Unanimous, participating in addiction programs while at the jail, 

and also attending Thinking for a Change. Following arguments from the 
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parties, the trial court accepted the Amended Plea Agreement and sentenced 

Harris to eight years in the DOC. 

[8] On March 3, 2016, Harris, pro se, filed his Motion for Vacating Plea Agreement 

and Habeas Corpus requesting that the court “Vacate the Plea Agreement and 

any other filing based upon the same including the Court’s acceptance thereof, 

the finding of guilt, the conviction resulting thence, the sentence, and any other 

adjudication that is the fruit of this poisonous tree . . . .” Appellant’s Appendix 

at 49. On April 5, 2016, the State filed its response. On April 11, 2016, the 

court denied Harris’s motion.

Discussion

[9] The issue is whether the court erred in denying Harris’s Motion for Vacating 

Plea Agreement and Habeas Corpus. We initially observe that Harris is 

proceeding pro se. Such litigants are held to the same standard as trained 

counsel. Evans v. State, 809 N.E.2d 338, 344 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. 

To the extent that he fails to develop a cogent argument or cite to the record, we 

conclude that such arguments are waived. See Cooper v. State, 854 N.E.2d 831, 

834 n.1 (Ind. 2006) (holding that the defendant’s contention was waived 

because it was “supported neither by cogent argument nor citation to 

authority”); Shane v. State, 716 N.E.2d 391, 398 n.3 (Ind. 1999) (holding that the 

defendant waived argument on appeal by failing to develop a cogent argument); 

Smith v. State, 822 N.E.2d 193, 202-203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“Generally, a 

party waives any issue raised on appeal where the party fails to develop a 
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cogent argument or provide adequate citation to authority and portions of the 

record.”), trans. denied.

[10] The crux of Harris’s argument appears to be that, although he pled guilty under 

the original Plea Agreement, the court did not accept his guilty plea under the 

Amended Plea Agreement and accordingly his sentence thereunder is invalid. 

His arguments, in effect, ask this court to withdraw his guilty plea. 

[11] We begin by observing that, generally, “[i]n Indiana . . . it is well-settled that a 

person who pleads guilty cannot challenge his convictions by means of direct 

appeal[.]” Robey v. State, 7 N.E.3d 371, 383 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Kling v. 

State, 837 N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind. 2005)), trans. denied. “One consequence of 

pleading guilty is restriction of the ability to challenge the conviction on direct 

appeal.” Tumulty v. State, 666 N.E.2d 394, 395 (Ind. 1996). Instead, postconviction relief is the proper vehicle for pursuing this type of claim. See id. at 

396 (rejecting a defendant’s challenge to the factual basis supporting his guilty 

plea to an habitual offender enhancement on direct appeal).

[12] To the extent that Harris’s motion constitutes a motion to withdraw his guilty 

plea, we observe that Ind. Code § 35-35-1-4(c) provides in relevant part as 

follows: 

For purposes of this section, withdrawal of the plea is necessary 

to correct a manifest injustice whenever:

(1) the convicted person was denied the effective assistance 

of counsel;
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(2) the plea was not entered or ratified by the convicted 

person;

(3) the plea was not knowingly and voluntarily made;

(4) the prosecuting attorney failed to abide by the terms of 

a plea agreement; or

(5) the plea and judgment of conviction are void or 

voidable for any other reason.

[13] A motion to set aside a guilty plea under Ind. Code § 35-35-1-4(c) is treated as a 

petition for post-conviction relief. State v. Oney, 993 N.E.2d 157, 161 (Ind. 

2013). A trial court’s ruling on a motion to withdraw a guilty plea “arrives in 

this court with a presumption in favor of the ruling.” Brightman v. State, 758 

N.E.2d 41, 44 (Ind. 2001). We will reverse the trial court only for an abuse of 

discretion. Id. In determining whether a trial court has abused its discretion in 

denying a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, we examine the statements made 

by the defendant at the guilty plea hearing to decide whether the plea was 

offered “freely and knowingly.” Id.

[14] In his reply brief, Harris appears to suggest that withdrawal is necessary to 

correct a manifest injustice under subparagraphs (3) and (5). We cannot say 

that Harris demonstrated a manifest injustice and conclude that any alleged 

error was invited. The invited error doctrine forbids a party to take advantage

of an error that he “commits, invites, or which is the natural consequence of 

[his] own neglect or misconduct.” Nichols v. State, 55 N.E.3d 854, 862 (Ind. Ct. 
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App. 2016) (quoting Brewington v. State, 7 N.E.3d 946, 975 (Ind. 2014) (quoting 

Wright v. State, 828 N.E.2d 904, 907 (Ind. 2005)), reh’g denied, cert. denied, 135 S.

Ct. 970, reh’g denied), trans. denied. As detailed in the transcript, at the August 

27, 2015 hearing the trial court identified an issue it had with the Plea 

Agreement regarding credit time and stated that, based on this provision, it was 

inclined to reject the agreement. Harris’s defense counsel responded that it was 

not his intent to cause an issue with the Plea Agreement. The court asked 

defense counsel to decide whether to make a motion to continue the hearing to 

give the parties an opportunity to amend the Plea Agreement or else the court 

would reject the Plea Agreement, and defense counsel, following a conference 

with Harris, moved the court to continue the hearing for the purpose of 

amending the Plea Agreement. The court granted Harris’s motion. On 

September 9, 2014, the parties filed the Amended Plea Agreement, which was 

signed by Harris. At the September 14, 2015 hearing, the court asked defense 

counsel “does the defendant as well as you as his legal counsel, note for the 

record that this is your amended plea agreement?” Transcript at 22. Defense 

counsel responded: “We would in fact say this is the amended plea agreement 

Judge.” Id. Harris personally testified at the hearing, and he did not make any 

comments purporting to show that he was not in favor of pleading guilty 

pursuant to the Amended Plea Agreement. We conclude that Harris invited 

any error with respect to the court’s decision to sentence him pursuant to the 

Amended Plea Agreement and that he has not shown a manifest injustice in 

need of correction.
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Conclusion

[15] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Harris’s Motion 

for Vacating Plea Agreement and Habeas Corpus.

[16] Affirmed.

Vaidik, C.J., and Bradford, J., concur.