{"id":546738,"date":"2023-10-11T22:06:56","date_gmt":"2023-10-12T02:06:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=546738"},"modified":"2024-01-11T10:23:27","modified_gmt":"2024-01-11T15:23:27","slug":"rrm-1-2","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/rrm-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"RRM 1 & 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>NEXIS<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/\">NExIS Home<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/about-nexis\/\">About<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/NEXIS-resources\/\">Resources<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Missions & Servicing Technologies<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/technology.nasa.gov\/satellite-servicing\" rel=\"noopener\">Patented Technologies<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/isam\/\">In-Space Servicing, Assembly<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission\/on-orbit-servicing-assembly-and-manufacturing-1\/\">OSAM-1 Mission<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/relative-navigation-system\/\">Relative Navigation System<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/robotic-servicing-arm\/\">Robotic Servicing Arm<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/propellant-transfer-technologies\/\">Propellant Transfer Technologies<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/robotic-refueling-mission-3\/\">Robotic Refueling Mission 3<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/rrm-1-2\/\">RRM: Phase 1&2<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/nasa.gov\/nexis\/raven\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Raven<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/robotic-external-leak-locator\/\">Robotic External Leak Locator<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t<div class=\"padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-page-intro hds-page-intro-banner width-full maxw-full padding-0 hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRobotic Refueling Mission\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Robotic Refueling Mission is a multi-phased International Space Station technology demonstration that is testing tools, technologies and techniques to refuel and repair satellites in orbit – especially satellites not designed to be serviced. \t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1363\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Spacewalking astronauts successfully transferred the RRM module from the Atlantis shuttle cargo bay to an temporary platform on the ISS's Dextre robot.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=1536,1022 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=400,266 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=600,399 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=900,599 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=1200,799 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?resize=2000,1331 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why is NASA Testing Robotic Servicing Technologies?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 2009, advancements have been made in the robotic technologies for a notional free-flying servicer spacecraft that could access, repair and refuel satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit, or GEO. The team is also examining ways to service satellites in low Earth orbit, or LEO. RRM is a part of this technology development campaign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Located about 22,000 miles above Earth, GEO is home to more than 400 satellites, many of which deliver such essential services as weather reports, cell phone communications, television broadcasts, government communications and air traffic management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LEO is the orbital highway for many satellites providing Earth observation and weather tracking. By developing robotic capabilities to repair and refuel satellites, NASA hopes to add precious years of functional life to spacecraft and expand options for operators who face unexpected emergencies, tougher economic demands and aging fleets. NASA also hopes that RRM technologies will help boost the commercial satellite-servicing industry that is rapidly gaining momentum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How RRM Works<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>RRM consists of the RRM “module”\u2014 a box covered with activity boards \u2014 and four stowed RRM Tools. The International Space Station’s twin-armed Canadian “Dextre” robot acts as a skilled spacecraft refueling and servicing technician.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During operations, controllers on the ground remotely command Dextre to reach into the RRM module and pick up RRM tools. Dextre then goes to work on RRM’s components and activity boards, demonstrating such servicing tasks such as cutting and peeling back protective thermal blankets, unscrewing caps, turning valves, transferring fluid, inspection, and intermediary steps leading up to coolent replenishment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What’s the common thread? Servicing capabilities. These new technologies, tools and techniques could eventually give satellite owners resources to diagnose problems on orbit, fix anomalies, and keep certain spacecraft instruments performing longer in space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The RRM Module<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The RRM team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center broke down robotic servicing activities into distinct, testable tasks, then built the cube-shaped RRM module to contain the components, activity boards, and tools to practice them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The module is about the size of a washing machine and weighs approximately 550 pounds, with dimensions of 33′′ by 43′′ by 45.” RRM includes 0.45 gallon (1.7 liters) of ethanol to demonstrate fluid transfer in orbit. Protective thermal blankets, caps, valves, simulated fuel, and other spacecraft components allow the team to practice a wide range of satellite-servicing tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">RRM Tools<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>RRM demonstrates five unique tools that were designed and manufactured by NASA’s Satellite Servicing Projects Division, the same team that developed astronaut tools for the Hubble Servicing Missions. These tools and their accompanying adapters cut and manipulate wires, unscrew caps, open and close valves, transfer fluid, practice steps leading up to coolant replenishment, and provide inspection capabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Demonstrations<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>RRM demonstrations cover many diverse satellite-servicing activities. Click on the links for detailed descriptions of RRM tasks on orbit.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-tabbed-section color-mode-light padding-y-6 padding-x-3 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-tabbed-section\"> \n\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t<ul class=\"hds-tab-nav usa-list usa-list--unstyled grid-row\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li role=\"presentation\" class=\"hds-tab-nav-item usa-active\" data-tab-id=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button role=\"tab\" type=\"button\" id=\"tab0-phase-1\" aria-selected=\"true\" aria-controls=\"panel0-phase-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPhase 1\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li role=\"presentation\" class=\"hds-tab-nav-item \" data-tab-id=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t<button role=\"tab\" type=\"button\" id=\"tab1-phase-2\" aria-selected=\"false\" aria-controls=\"panel1-phase-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPhase 2\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-tabbed-section-tabs margin-top-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex usa-active\" data-tab-id=\"0\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"panel0-phase-1\" aria-labelledby=\"tab0-phase-1\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-29\">RRM Phase 1<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"heading-16\">RRM is on the International Space Station. What’s next?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md\">Now that the RRM is securely mounted onto the International Space Station, the operations team is demonstrating robotic servicing and refueling tasks using the RRM module and the Dextre robot.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/rrm-phase-1\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-sm link-external-true\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tMore on Phase 1                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col desktop:padding-left-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"839\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Before Dextre moves an inch towards RRM on the International Space Station, the RRM Operations Team spends countless hours practicing each servicing task with NASA's Johnson Space Center 'ROBO' Team.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg 2948w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=300,246 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=768,629 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=1024,839 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=1536,1258 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=2048,1678 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=400,328 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=600,492 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=900,737 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=1200,983 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/10-robo-ssco-rrm-lg.jpg?resize=2000,1638 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Before Dextre moves an inch towards RRM on the International Space Station, the RRM Operations Team spends countless hours practicing each servicing task with NASA’s Johnson Space Center ‘ROBO’ Team.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-tabbed-section-tab desktop:display-flex \" data-tab-id=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" id=\"panel1-phase-2\" aria-labelledby=\"tab1-phase-2\" hidden>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col desktop:padding-right-5 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-29\">Phase 2<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"heading-16\">The Robotic Refueling Mission Tackles New Frontiers<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md\">Is there life for a NASA experiment after it’s proved its namesake task? If you’re built to be modular and upgradable, as NASA’s Robotic Refueling Mission is, then the answer is yes!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/rrm-phase-2\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-sm link-external-true\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tMore on Phase 2                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col desktop:padding-left-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-tabbed-section-image margin-bottom-2 minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"942\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"VIPIR with its three cameras (left to right): situational, borescope, and motorized optical\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 45% 86%; object-position: 45% 86%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg 3800w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=300,276 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=768,706 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=1024,942 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=1536,1412 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=2048,1883 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=400,368 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=600,552 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=900,828 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=1200,1103 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/7-vipir-rrm-close-up.jpg?resize=2000,1839 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">VIPIR with its three cameras (left to right): situational, borescope, and motorized optical<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Makes RRM Unique?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>First demo to test the robotic refueling of satellite interfaces not designed to be accessed or serviced. The Orbital Refueling System tested by astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan during the 1984 STS-41-G shuttle flight and DARPA’s robotic Orbital Express Mission were very successful, but had different objectives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First use of the International Space Station’s Dextre robot for technology research and development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operations are completely controlled from the ground.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RRM tools execute activities at the end of more than 70 feet (21.34 meters) of combined Dextre and Canadarm2 robotics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Launch and Mounting on ISS<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The shuttle Atlantis carried RRM to the International Space Station on July 8, 2011 during <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/sts135\/main\/index.html\">STS-135<\/a>, the last shuttle mission. Spacewalking astronauts Mike Fossum and Ron Garan then transferred RRM onto a temporary platform on Dextre on July 12, 2011. RRM is the last payload an astronaut ever removed from a shuttle cargo bay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On September 2, 2011, Canadarm2 and the Dextre robot transferred RRM to its permanent location on space station, the ExPRESS (Expedite the Processing of Experiments to the Space Station) Logistics Carrier-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>RRM-Phase 2 hardware was split into two deliveries. The first occurred in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/content\/goddard\/japanese-vehicle-delivers-new-hardware-for-nasa-s-robotic-refueling-mission\/#.VRF1vUhSzqy\">August 2013<\/a>, and the second in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/news\/rrm_update\/#.U-o_jCQcB9U\">August 2014<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mission Operations<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>RRM operations are entirely remote controlled by flight controllers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., Johnson Space Center in Houston, Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., and the Canadian Space Agency’s control center in St. Hubert, Quebec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Development and Testing<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Each RRM task requires a high level of robotic precision and demonstrates state-of-the-art technology, tools, and techniques. RRM maneuvers, tools and algorithms were tested and verified in the Goddard Servicing Technology Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Partners<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>RRM is a joint effort between NASA and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-featured-file-list bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-file-list\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row width-full margin-bottom-4\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 role=\"textbox\" class=\"heading-22\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDownloads\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-row hds-file-list-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail hds-file-list-thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-thumbnail-inner-default\"><svg width=\"18\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 18 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M12 0H0V20H18V6H12V0ZM14 8H4V10H14V8ZM4 4H10V6H4V4ZM14 12H4V14H14V12ZM4 16H14V18H4V16Z\" fill=\"#58585B\"\/><path d=\"M18 5L13 0V5H18Z\" fill=\"#58585B\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-name hds-file-list-name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-22\">Robotic Refueling Mission Fact Sheet<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-list-date hds-file-list-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-sm\">Oct 6, 2023<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-meta-item hds-file-list-filetype\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-sm\">PDF (776.45 KB)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-list-cta hds-file-list-download\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/rrm-factsheet.pdf?emrc=666f0fe084e9f\" target=\"_blank\" download>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"16\" cy=\"16.0001\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1C67E3\"\/><path d=\"M15.2357 8.00007L15.2357 16.4829L11.9504 13.4078L10.8801 14.4094L16.0001 19.2001L21.1201 14.4094L20.0499 13.4078L16.7645 16.4829L16.7645 8.00007L15.2357 8.00007Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.6 20.8001V18.4001H8V22.4001H24V18.4001H22.4V20.8001H9.6Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-featured-link-list bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link-list\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-22\">\n\t\t\t\tView Galleries\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/flickr.png?w=32&h=32&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"flickr icon\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">RRM Gallery<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black\">View the Robotic Refueling Mission Flickr gallery<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nasa_goddard\/sets\/72157626998686813\/\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/mft2-at-cca.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Robotic Refueling Mission\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/mft2-at-cca.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/mft2-at-cca.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/mft2-at-cca.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/mft2-at-cca.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">RRM Videos<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black\">Broadcast Quality media for the Robotic Refueling Mission from the  from the Scientific Visualization Studio at Goddard Space Flight Center<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/svs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/search\/?search=Robotic+Refueling+Mission\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why is NASA Testing Robotic Servicing Technologies? Since 2009, advancements have been made in the robotic technologies for a notional free-flying servicer spacecraft that could access, repair and refuel satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit, or GEO. The team is also examining ways to service satellites in low Earth orbit, or LEO. RRM is a part [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":167,"featured_media":546740,"parent":543255,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[],"coauthors":[10404],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"RRM 1 & 2","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/rrm-1-2\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/rrm-1-2\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg"},"articleSection":"General","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Jennifer M. Brill"}],"creator":["Jennifer M. Brill"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":[],"dateCreated":"2023-10-12T02:06:56Z","datePublished":"2023-10-12T02:06:56Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T15:23:27Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"RRM 1 & 2\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nexis\/rrm-1-2\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-10-12T02:06:56Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"General\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Jennifer M. Brill\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":4,"time_ago":"8 months","featured_image":{"id":546740,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5951117232-028b8db1fd-k.jpg","title":"5951117232-028b8db1fd-k","alt":"Spacewalking astronauts successfully transferred the RRM module from the Atlantis shuttle cargo bay to an temporary platform on the ISS's Dextre robot.","caption":"Spacewalking astronauts successfully transferred the RRM module from the Atlantis shuttle cargo bay to an temporary platform on the ISS's Dextre robot."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/546738"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/167"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/546738\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":592179,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/546738\/revisions\/592179"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/543255"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/546740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=546738"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=546738"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=546738"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=546738"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=546738"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}