State of New York

Supreme Court, Appellate Division

Third Judicial Department

Decided and Entered: December 8, 2016 106906 

________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF

NEW YORK,

Respondent,

v MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

VICTOR WILLIAMS,

Appellant.

________________________________

Calendar Date: October 18, 2016

Before: Peters, P.J., Garry, Devine, Clark and Aarons, JJ.

__________

Bruce Evans Knoll, Albany, for appellant.

P. David Soares, District Attorney, Albany (Brittany L.

Grome of counsel), for respondent.

__________

Clark, J.

Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Albany County

(Herrick, J.), rendered May 6, 2014, convicting defendant upon

his plea of guilty of the crime of criminal possession of a

controlled substance in the third degree (two counts) and the

violation of unlawful possession of marihuana.

On June 3, 2013, two deputies with the Albany County

Sheriff's Department stopped a taxi cab in which defendant was a

passenger for traveling in excess of the posted speed limit. 

Upon approaching the vehicle and asking the driver and defendant

to roll down their respective windows, the deputies detected the

odor of marihuana and directed defendant to step out of the

vehicle. During or immediately after a search of his person,

which resulted in the seizure of several cell phones, 24.9 grams
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of crack cocaine that was individually packaged in plastic tieoff bags and a quantity of marihuana, defendant stated that "the

taxi driver had nothing to do with it." Defendant was

subsequently arrested and indicted on two counts of criminal

possession of a controlled substance in the third degree and one

count of unlawful possession of marihuana. Following defendant's

unsuccessful motion to suppress the physical evidence discovered

on his person, as well as his statement, defendant proceeded to

trial, during which he pleaded guilty as charged. Defendant was

thereafter sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 61⁄2 years,

followed by three years of postrelease supervision, on each

conviction for criminal possession of a controlled substance in

the third degree and time served for his conviction for unlawful

possession of marihuana. Defendant appeals. 

We affirm. A police officer may lawfully initiate a

traffic stop where there is probable cause to believe that a

traffic violation has been committed (see People v Guthrie, 25

NY3d 130, 133 [2015]; People v Robinson, 97 NY2d 341, 349 [2001];

People v Issac, 107 AD3d 1055, 1057 [2013]), and probable cause

exists when an officer actually observes the commission of a

traffic violation (see People v Rasul, 121 AD3d 1413, 1415

[2014]; People v Portelli, 116 AD3d 1163, 1164 [2014]; People v

Hawkins, 45 AD3d 989, 991 [2007], lv denied 9 NY3d 1034 [2008]). 

Here, the deputy that initiated the traffic stop testified that,

while his car was stationary, he visually estimated that the taxi

cab was traveling at a speed of 45 miles per hour, 15 miles per

hour in excess of the posted speed limit, and that he confirmed

this speed through the use of rear radar. He also stated that he

used front radar, which registered the vehicle's speed at 47

miles per hour. Inasmuch as the deputy's testimony established

that he was trained and certified to visually estimate the speed

of a moving vehicle within five miles per hour of the actual

speed and his estimation was confirmed by both front and rear

radar, probable cause existed to support the stop of the taxi cab

in which defendant was a passenger (see People v Ponzo, 111 AD3d

1347, 1347 [2013]; People v McLean, 99 AD3d 1111, 1112 [2012], lv

denied 20 NY3d 1013 [2013]; People v White, 40 AD3d 535, 536

[2007], lv denied 9 NY3d 883 [2007]; People v Donaldson, 35 AD3d

1242, 1242-1243 [2006], lv denied 8 NY3d 984 [2007]).
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As for the search of defendant, this Court has long held

that "[t]he odor of marihuana emanating from a vehicle, when

detected by an officer qualified by training and experience to

recognize it, is sufficient to constitute probable cause to

search a vehicle and its occupants" (People v Cuffie, 109 AD3d

1200, 1201 [2013] [internal quotation marks and citation

omitted], lv denied 22 NY3d 1087 [2014]; see People v Francois,

138 AD3d 1165, 1166 [2016]; People v Rasul, 121 AD3d at 1415-

1416; People v Gaines, 57 AD3d 1120, 1121 [2008]; People v

Pierre, 8 AD3d 904, 905 [2004], lv denied 3 NY3d 710 [2004];

People v Chestnut, 43 AD2d 260, 261 [1974], affd 36 NY2d 971

[1975]), and we decline defendant's invitation to depart from

this precedent. Here, the deputies involved in the lawful

traffic stop testified that they approached the vehicle from

opposite sides, requested that defendant and the driver roll down

their respective windows and each immediately detected an odor of

marihuana emanating from within the vehicle and from defendant's

person once he exited the vehicle. Contrary to defendant's

contention, the record supports the conclusion that the deputies

were sufficiently qualified to identify the odor of marihuana, as

they separately testified that they received drug training, which

included the identification of marihuana visually and by smell,

and had extensive on-the-job experience recognizing the odor of

marihuana. Thus, because the requisite probable cause existed

for the search, County Court properly denied defendant's motion

to suppress the tangible evidence seized from his person (see

People v Rasul, 121 AD3d at 1416; People v Pierre, 8 AD3d at 906;

People v Chestnut, 43 AD2d at 261-262). 

Defendant also argues that his guilty plea was not knowing,

voluntary and intelligent because County Court failed to apprise

him of the trial-related rights that he waived by pleading guilty

(see Boykin v Alabama, 395 US 238, 243 [1969]). However,

defendant failed to preserve this argument by making a

postallocution motion to withdraw his plea in the several weeks

following his guilty plea and leading up to sentencing (see

People v Conceicao, 26 NY3d 375, 382 [2015]; People v Sommers,

140 AD3d 1537, 1538 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 974 [2016]; People

v Walker, 135 AD3d 1244, 1245 [2016]), and a review of the plea

colloquy demonstrates that he did not make any statements that

cast doubt upon his guilt or called into question the
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voluntariness of his plea so as to trigger the narrow exception

to the preservation rule (see People v Lopez, 71 NY2d 662, 666

[1988]; People v White, 139 AD3d 1260, 1260 [2016]; People v

Walker, 135 AD3d at 1245). In any event, the record as a whole,

including the circumstance that defendant pleaded guilty during

trial, affirmatively demonstrates that defendant knowingly,

intelligently and voluntarily waived his trial-related rights

(see People v Pellegrino, 26 NY3d 1063, 1063 [2015]; People v

Conceicao, 26 NY3d at 383-384).

Defendant next asserts that he was denied the effective

assistance of counsel. However, those claims that relate to the

voluntariness of defendant's plea are unpreserved due to his

failure to make an appropriate postallocution motion, and those

claims that are unrelated to the voluntariness of his plea are

foreclosed by his guilty plea (see People v Islam, 134 AD3d 1348,

1349 [2015]; People v Watkins, 121 AD3d 1425, 1427 [2014], lv

denied 24 NY3d 1124 [2015]; People v Lohnes, 112 AD3d 1148, 1150

[2013]). With respect to defendant's contention that his

sentence is harsh and excessive, given his prior drug-related

convictions and that he received significantly less than the

maximum permissible sentence (see Penal Law § 70.70 [3] [b] [i]),

we discern no abuse of discretion or extraordinary circumstances

warranting a reduction of the sentence (see People v Simmons, 122

AD3d 1169, 1169 [2014], lv denied 25 NY3d 1171 [2015]; People v

Davis, 83 AD3d 1210, 1213 [2011], lv denied 17 NY3d 794 [2011];

People v Manley, 70 AD3d 1125, 1125 [2010]). Lastly, although

County Court referred to defendant as a second felony offender at

sentencing, the court actually sentenced defendant as a second

felony drug offender (compare Penal Law § 70.06 [3] [b]; [4] [b],

with Penal Law § 70.70 [3] [b] [i]) and, thus, the uniform

sentence and commitment form must be amended accordingly (see

People v Labaff, 127 AD3d 1471, 1472 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d

931 [2015]; People v Patterson, 119 AD3d 1157, 1159 [2014], lvs

denied 24 NY3d 1042, 1046 [2014]; People v Vasavada, 93 AD3d 893,

894 [2012], lv denied 19 NY3d 978 [2012]). The certificate of

conviction must be similarly amended (see People v Gathers, 106

AD3d 1333, 1334 [2013], lv denied 21 NY3d 1073 [2013]).

Peters, P.J., Garry, Devine and Aarons, JJ., concur.
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ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed, and matter remitted

for entry of an amended uniform sentence and commitment form and

an amended certificate of conviction.

ENTER:

Robert D. Mayberger

Clerk of the Court