1 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

MAHBOUBEH YAZDANPANAHDERAV, 

et al., 

Plaintiffs, 

v. 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, et al., 

Defendants. 

Case No. 1:23-cv-3688 (ACR) 

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

 In 2022, Plaintiff Mahboubeh Yazdanpanahderav applied for an immigrant visa to join 

her husband (and fellow Plaintiff) Sajjad Mousavi in the United States. Officials at the U.S. 

Embassy in Abu Dhabi have not yet scheduled her for a consular interview—a necessary step 

toward acquiring a visa. Plaintiffs have sued the U.S. Department of State, Secretary of State 

Anthony Blinken, and Attorney General Merrick Garland, alleging that Defendants have 

unreasonably delayed their processing of Yazdanpanahderav’s application. Although the Court 

sympathizes with Plaintiffs’ situation, their Complaint does not plausibly show that the delay is 

unreasonable. The Court therefore dismisses this case without prejudice. 

I. BACKGROUND 

A. Legal Background 

 A U.S. citizen who wants to help a noncitizen spouse obtain lawful permanent resident 

status must file an I-130 Petition for Alien Relative with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration 

Services (USCIS), a subagency of the Department of Homeland Security. See 8 U.S.C. 

§§ 1152(b)(2)(A)(i), 1154; 8 C.F.R. § 204.1(a)(1). If USCIS approves the petition and the 
2 

beneficiary spouse is outside the United States, the agency forwards the case to the State 

Department’s National Visa Center (NVC) for processing. 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(3). The 

beneficiary spouse must then submit additional paperwork, including a visa application, and fees. 

See 22 C.F.R. §§ 42.62-.63; 9 Foreign Affs. Manual § 504.1-2(b), https://fam.state.gov/FAM/ 

09FAM/09FAM050401.html [https://perma.cc/R6U4-R8DX]. Once the applicant (that is, the 

beneficiary spouse) meets those requirements, the NVC designates the case “documentarily 

complete” and coordinates with the appropriate consulate or embassy to schedule the applicant 

for a required consular interview. See 22 C.F.R. § 42.62; 9 Foreign Affs. Manual § 504.1-2(b)-

(d). “Appointments are generally scheduled in the chronological order of the documentarily 

complete applicants.” 9 Foreign Affs. Manual § 504.1-2(d). Following the interview, the 

consular officer “must” generally either “issue the visa” or “refuse the visa.”1 22 C.F.R. 

§ 42.81(a). 

B. Factual Background 

 The Court takes the facts from Plaintiffs’ Complaint. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 678 (2009); Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011). 

 Plaintiff Yazdanpanahderav is an Iranian citizen who resides in Iran. Dkt. 1 (Compl.) 

¶ 1. Her husband, Plaintiff Mousavi, is a U.S. citizen who lives in New York. Id. at 1; id. ¶ 2. 

Mousavi filed an I-130 petition on Yazdanpanahderav’s behalf in April 2022. Id. ¶ 2. USCIS 

approved the petition on June 23, 2022, and forwarded it to the NVC for further processing. Id.

¶¶ 2-3. Yazdanpanahderav submitted the required application, documents, and fees on August 4, 

1

 The consular officer must instead “discontinue granting the visa” if the applicant’s country is 

subject to visa sanctions under 8 U.S.C. § 1253(d). 22 C.F.R. § 42.81(a). 
3 

2022. Id. ¶ 3. The NVC designated her case documentarily complete on October 1, 2022. Id.

¶ 4. 

 The next step toward Yazdanpanahderav’s obtaining a visa is a consular interview at the 

U.S. Embassy in Abu Dhabi. Id. at 2; id. ¶ 6; see supra Section I.A. But, “[d]espite Plaintiffs’ 

repeated attempts to seek clarification and resolution,” Yazdanpanahderav has not received an 

interview slot. Compl. ¶ 7. “This delay has caused significant distress and hardship for 

[Plaintiffs], who await their reunion in the United States.” Id.

C. Procedural Background 

 Plaintiffs filed this case in December 2023. Compl. The Complaint asserts that 

Defendants have unreasonably delayed in scheduling Yazdanpanahderav for a consular interview 

and adjudicating her visa application. Id. ¶¶ 8-19. Citing both the Administrative Procedure Act 

(APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 555(b), 706, and the Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, Plaintiffs seek an 

order compelling Defendants to schedule an interview and decide the application. Compl. at 4-6. 

Defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint in February 2024. Dkt. 5 (Mot.). 

II. LEGAL STANDARD 

 Defendants’ Motion seeks dismissal both under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) 

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim. 

 When a defendant moves to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of 

establishing jurisdiction. E.g., Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). Where, as 

here, “the defendant challenges only the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s jurisdictional 

allegations,” Phoenix Consulting, Inc. v. Republic of Angola, 216 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2000), 

the Court “assume[s] the truth of all material factual allegations in the complaint and construe[s] 
4 

the complaint liberally, granting [the] plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived 

from the facts alleged,” Am. Nat’l Ins. Co., 642 F.3d at 1139 (cleaned up). 

 To avoid dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient factual 

matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 

678 (cleaned up). To meet that standard, a plaintiff’s allegations must support a “reasonable 

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. “The plausibility standard 

is not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a 

defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (cleaned up). “Where a complaint pleads facts that are 

merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility and 

plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Id. (cleaned up). 

III. ANALYSIS 

 Defendants argue both that Plaintiffs lack standing and that the Complaint does not state 

any plausible claims. The Court agrees in part on the first point and in full on the second. 

A. Plaintiffs Have Established Standing to Sue the State Department but Not 

Secretary Blinken or Attorney General Garland 

 Defendants first assert that Plaintiffs lack Article III standing. Mot. at 8-14, 23-25. To 

establish standing at this stage, “Plaintiffs must state a plausible claim that they have suffered an 

injury in fact fairly traceable to [Defendants’] actions . . . that is likely to be redressed by a 

favorable decision on the merits.” Food & Water Watch, Inc. v. Vilsack, 808 F.3d 905, 913 

(D.C. Cir. 2015) (cleaned up). Defendants make two arguments: First, they contend that 

Plaintiffs have suffered no injury in fact because visa-processing delay is a procedural injury that 

cannot confer standing unless tied to some concrete interest, see Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 

555 U.S. 488, 496-97 (2009), which Plaintiffs purportedly lack because Yazdanpanahderav has 

no constitutional right to enter the United States, Mot. at 7-15; see Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. 
5 

667, 703 (2018). Second, they assert that Secretary Blinken and Attorney General Garland 

cannot redress Plaintiffs’ injuries because they play no role in processing Yazdanpanahderav’s 

application. Mot. at 5-7. The Court rejects the first argument but concludes that Plaintiffs have 

forfeited any response to the second. 

 Defendants’ first argument fails because it too narrowly defines the set of concrete 

injuries that can confer standing. “While Defendants are correct that [Yazdanpanahderav] ha[s] 

no constitutional right to enter this country, concrete interests sufficient to support standing are 

not limited to those specified by the Constitution itself.” Rashidian v. Garland, No. 23-cv-1187, 

2024 WL 1076810, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 8, 2024) (cleaned up). “[I]ntangible harms . . . with a 

close relationship to harms traditionally recognized as providing a basis for lawsuits in American 

courts” also suffice. TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413, 425 (2021). At minimum, 

Plaintiffs have alleged such a harm with respect to Mousavi, as the Supreme Court has held that 

a U.S. citizen’s “interest in being united with his relatives is sufficiently concrete and 

particularized to form the basis of an Article III injury in fact.”2

 Trump, 585 U.S. at 698; see 

also Pourabdollah v. Blinken, No. 23-cv-1603, 2024 WL 474523, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 7, 2024) 

(applying this injury in the visa-delay context). Since at least Mousavi has standing under this 

theory, the Court need not decide whether Yazdanpanahderav, who seeks identical relief on the 

2

 Defendants, citing the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Colindres v. U.S. Department of State, 71 

F.4th 1018 (D.C. Cir. 2023), emphasize that “citizens have no fundamental [constitutional] right 

to live in America with their spouses.” Mot. at 13 n.5 (quoting Colindres, 71 F.4th at 1023). 

True, and problematic for the merits of any constitutional claim Mousavi might bring to 

challenge the delay in adjudicating his wife’s visa application. But Colindres and the Supreme 

Court decision it relied on, Kerry v. Din, 576 U.S. 86 (2015), both examined the merits of 

constitutional claims—neither questioned whether the plaintiffs had standing to bring those 

claims, and Trump explicitly approved a family-unification theory of standing. See Trump, 576 

U.S. at 698 (discussing Din); Colindres, 71 F.4th at 1021 (affirming dismissal for failure to state 

a claim, rather than lack of subject matter jurisdiction). 
6 

same claims, does too. See Trump, 585 U.S. at 698 (requiring standing for only at least one 

plaintiff seeking each form of relief); see also Pourabdollah, 2024 WL 474523, at *3 (extending 

this theory of standing to a noncitizen). The Court will not dismiss on this basis.3

 Defendants’ second argument—that Plaintiffs lack standing to sue Secretary Blinken or 

Attorney General Garland—meets with more success because Plaintiffs have forfeited any 

counterargument. The Court may treat an argument to which a party fails to respond as 

conceded. See, e.g., Gandhi v. Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., 665 F. Supp. 3d 49, 58 

(D.D.C. 2023). Neither Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendants’ Motion nor their (unauthorized) 

Sur-Reply in support of that Opposition offers any meaningful response to Defendants’ second 

standing argument. See Dkt. 8 (Opp.) at 2-6; Dkt. 10 (Sur-Reply) at 1-2. Plaintiffs have 

therefore forfeited the issue, and the Court dismisses the claims against Secretary Blinken and 

Attorney General Garland for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 

B. Plaintiffs Have Not Stated Plausible Unreasonable-Delay Claims

 The Court turns to the merits of Plaintiffs’ unreasonable-delay claims under the APA and 

the Mandamus Act. Under both statutes, “‘the central question’ is ‘whether the agency’s delay is 

so egregious as to warrant mandamus.’” Barazandeh v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 23-cv-1581, 

2024 WL 341166, at *6 (D.D.C. Jan. 30, 2024) (cleaned up) (quoting In re Core Commc’ns, Inc., 

531 F.3d 849, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). 

 To answer that question, courts in this Circuit consider the six “TRAC” factors, drawn 

from the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Telecommunications Research & Action Center (TRAC) v. 

3

 At times, Defendants’ briefing on this argument gestures toward the consular nonreviewability 

doctrine (without referencing it by name). See Mot. at 13-14. The Court has previously 

explained why it need not address this nonjurisdictional issue before reaching the merits of a 

visa-delay case, see Rashidian, 2024 WL 1076810, at *5, and it sticks to that approach here. 
7 

FCC, 750 F.2d 70 (D.C. Cir. 1984): (1) “[T]he time agencies take to make decisions must be 

governed by a rule of reason”; (2) “where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication 

of the speed with which it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory 

scheme may supply content for this rule of reason”; (3) “delays that might be reasonable in the 

sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake”; 

(4) “the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a 

higher or competing priority”; (5) “the court should also take into account the nature and extent 

of the interests prejudiced by delay”; and (6) “the court need not find any impropriety lurking 

behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.” Id. at 80 

(cleaned up). “These considerations are often grouped into four basic inquiries”: 

First, is there any rhyme or reason—congressionally prescribed or 

otherwise—for an agency’s delay (factors one and two)? Second, 

what are the consequences of delay if the Court does not compel the 

agency to act (factors three and five)? Third, how might forcing the 

agency to act thwart its ability to address other priorities (factor 

four)? Finally, is the delay intentional or due to any impropriety on 

the part of the agency (factor six)? 

Khazaei v. Blinken, No. 23-cv-1419, 2023 WL 6065095, at *6 (D.D.C. Sept. 18, 2023) (cleaned 

up). 

 Plaintiffs do not address any of these factors in detail. See Opp. at 4-5. Instead, they 

primarily argue that the TRAC analysis is too fact-intensive to conduct at this stage. See id. But 

binding precedent from the D.C. Circuit—not to mention a cavalcade of case law from this 

District—shows otherwise. See Da Costa v. Immigr. Inv. Program Off., 80 F.4th 330, 340-46 

(D.C. Cir. 2023) (affirming dismissal of visa-delay case for failure to state claim based on TRAC
8 

factors).4

 Unsurprisingly so, since the Court has ample facts to which to apply the TRAC

factors—those alleged in the Complaint, with all reasonable inferences drawn in Plaintiffs’ favor. 

See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Conducting that analysis, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs’ 

allegations do not plausibly show that the delay in adjudicating Yazdanpanahderav’s application 

is unreasonable. 

 1. TRAC factors one and two 

 The first two factors, which consider whether the agency is following a “rule of reason,” 

“congressionally prescribed or otherwise,” Khazaei, 2023 WL 6065095, at *6 (cleaned up), cut 

Defendants’ way. The D.C. Circuit has concluded that an agency “employs a rule of reason” 

when it processes immigration applications or petitions on a “first-in, first-out” basis. Da Costa, 

80 F.4th at 340-41. Here, the State Department represents in published materials that it 

4 See also, e.g., Vafaei v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., No. 22-cv-1608, 2024 WL 1213394, 

at *3-7 (D.D.C. Mar. 21, 2024) (applying TRAC factors when analyzing motion to dismiss); 

Arabzada v. Donis, No. 23-cv-6555, 2024 WL 1175802, at *5-10 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2024) 

(same); Fakhimi v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 23-cv-1127, 2023 WL 6976073, at *7-11 (D.D.C. 

Oct. 23, 2023) (same); Krihely v. Mayorkas, No. 22-cv-2973, 2023 WL 6215360, at *2-7 

(D.D.C. Sept. 25, 2023) (same); Khoshrou v. Blinken, No. 22-cv-2859, 2023 WL 4930086, at *5-

9 (D.D.C. Aug. 2, 2023) (same); Punt v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., No. 22-cv-1218, 

2023 WL 157320, at *2-6 (D.D.C. Jan. 11, 2023) (same); Zandieh v. Pompeo, No. 20-cv-919, 

2020 WL 4346915, at *4-6 (D.D.C. July 29, 2022) (same); Mokkapati v. Mayorkas, No. 21-cv1195, 2022 WL 2817840, at *4-7 (D.D.C. July 19, 2022) (same); Telles v. Mayorkas, No. 21-cv395, 2022 WL 2713349, at *3-5 (D.D.C. July 13, 2022) (same); Arab v. Blinken, 600 F. Supp. 3d 

59, 69-72 (D.D.C. 2022) (same); Mahmood v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 21-cv-1262, 

2021 WL 5998385, at *7-9 (D.D.C. Dec. 20, 2021) (same); Brzezinski v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland 

Sec., No. 21-cv-376, 2021 WL 4191958, at *4-6 (D.D.C. Sept. 15, 2021) (same); Thakker v. 

Renaud, No. 20-cv-1133, 2021 WL 1092269, at *5-8 (D.D.C. Mar. 22, 2021) (same); Desai v. 

U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., No. 20-cv-1005, 2021 WL 1110737, at *5 (D.D.C. Mar. 22, 

2021) (same); Mirbaha v. Pompeo, 513 F. Supp. 3d 179, 184-87 (D.D.C. 2021) (same); Dastagir 

v. Blinken, 557 F. Supp. 3d 160, 164-69 (D.D.C. 2021) (same); Palakuru v. Renaud, 521 F. 

Supp. 3d 46, 49-53 (D.D.C. 2021) (same); Ghadami v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 19-cv397, 2020 WL 1308376, at *7-9 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2020) (same); Sarlak v. Pompeo, No. 20-cv35, 2020 WL 3082018, at *5 (D.D.C. June 10, 2020) (same); Didban v. Pompeo, 435 F. Supp. 3d 

168, 175-77 (D.D.C. 2020) (same); Bagherian v. Pompeo, 442 F. Supp. 3d 87, 94-96 (D.D.C. 

2020) (same); Skalka v. Kelly, 246 F. Supp. 3d 147, 152-55 (D.D.C. 2017) (same). 
9 

“generally schedule[s interviews] in the chronological order of the documentarily complete 

applicants,” with some consideration for “mailing delays or travel time by applicants.” 9 Foreign 

Affs. Manual § 504.1-2(d); see also Da Costa, 80 F.4th at 336-37, 340-41 (relying on similar 

representations in agency publication). Plaintiffs offer no reason to doubt that the State 

Department follows such a system or that, if it does, the approach qualifies as a rule of reason for 

purposes of the first two TRAC factors. 

Nor do Plaintiffs argue that “Congress has provided a[ny] . . . indication of the speed with 

which it expects the agency to proceed.” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. The closest Plaintiffs come is 

citing language from the State Department’s website: “Although [the] NVC strives to schedule 

appointments within three months of [the] NVC’s acceptance of all requested documentation, 

this timeframe is subject to the operating status and capacity of the consular section.” Compl. 

¶ 14 (quoting Appointment, U.S. Dep’t of State, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/usvisas/immigrate/the-immigrant-visa-process/step-10-prepare-for-the-interview/appointment.html 

[https://perma.cc/Y25H-K749]). Plaintiffs assert that this language shows that the agency has 

established a mandatory timeline for scheduling interviews, even if Congress has not. See id.

¶¶ 14-15. But, even assuming a binding agency-created timeline would be relevant to the TRAC

analysis, the web page creates no such thing—it states a general goal of setting interviews within 

three months but expressly warns that this timeline is not binding and that the agency may not 

meet it. Indeed, the next sentence—not included in Plaintiffs’ Complaint—underlines the 

nonbinding nature of the three-month timeline: “Currently, as a result of the COVID-19 

pandemic, most consular posts are operating at a limited capacity as they work through a backlog 

of immigrant visa applications and scheduling may take significantly longer.” Appointment, 

supra. If anything, the web page reaffirms that the State Department does its best to process 
10 

applications promptly and in an orderly fashion (for example, by dealing with the existing 

backlog first). It does not show that the agency has acted unreasonably. 

 Without “a congressionally supplied yardstick, [the C]ourt . . . turn[s] to case law as a 

guide,” Armah v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 22-cv-1714, 2024 WL 2721634, at *6 (D.D.C. May 28, 

2024) (cleaned up), and that case law confirms that the delay here is not unusual or inconsistent 

with a rule of reason. Visa processing inevitably “takes a baseline amount of time,” and “courts 

have generally found that immigration delays in excess of five, six, seven years are 

unreasonable, while those between three to five years are often not unreasonable.” Khazaei, 

2023 WL 6065095, at *6. The delay here—roughly 24 months since USCIS transferred the case 

to the NVC, 22 months since Yazdanpanahderav submitted the required materials to the NVC, 

and 20 months since the NVC designated Yazdanpanahderav’s application documentarily 

complete5

—is shorter than those that courts have found reasonable in similar cases. See, e.g., 

Armah, 2024 WL 2721634, at *4 & n.4, *9 (dismissing unreasonable-delay claim based on 

roughly 24-month delay in scheduling interview after application designated documentarily 

complete); Akrayi v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 22-cv-1289, 2023 WL 2424600, at *1, *3 (D.D.C. 

Mar. 9, 2023) (same with roughly 36-month delay after application designated documentarily 

complete); Rahimian v. Blinken, No. 22-cv-785, 2023 WL 143644, at *2, *6 n.6, *6-9 (D.D.C. 

Jan. 10, 2023) (same with roughly 41-month delay after USCIS approved I-130 petition); 

Logan v. Blinken, No. 21-cv-2275, 2022 WL 3715798, at *4-7, *5 n.2 (D.D.C. Aug. 29, 2022) 

5

 Courts disagree as to the details of how to calculate delay in visa-delay cases—for example, 

whether the relevant period begins when USCIS approves the I-130 petition (here, June 2022), 

when the applicant submits the required materials (August 2022), or at the time of the last action 

by the agency (October 2022), and whether it ends when the case is filed (December 2023) or on 

the date of the decision (today). See, e.g., Dehkordi v. Bitter, No. 22-cv-2470, 2023 WL 5651845, 

at *4 n.4 (D.D.C. Aug. 31, 2023). The Court need not decide the issue because, no matter which 

start date applies and even assuming the delay runs through today, Plaintiffs’ claims fail. 
11 

(same with roughly 25-month delay after USCIS approved I-130 petition). While Plaintiffs 

assert that the delays in those cases were products of the COVID-19 pandemic and are no longer 

informative, several decisions are quite recent, see, e.g., Armah, 2024 WL 2721634, at *5-7; 

Plaintiffs provide no reason to think that the State Department’s processing capacity has fully 

recovered from any pandemic-created backlog, see id. at *7; and, as discussed above, the record 

otherwise shows that the agency takes a reasonable, largely first-in, first-out approach to 

processing applications. 

 In sum, Plaintiffs have not plausibly alleged that the State Department does not follow a 

rule of reason in processing visa applications. The first two TRAC factors support dismissal.

 2. TRAC factor four 

 The fourth factor, “the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher 

or competing priority,” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80, “carries significant weight,” Barazandeh, 2024 

WL 341166, at *9, and strongly favors Defendants. The D.C. Circuit has “refused to grant relief, 

even though all the other factors considered in TRAC favored it, where a judicial order putting [a 

party] at the head of the queue would simply move all others back one space and produce no net 

gain.” Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc. v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 

2003) (cleaned up). Plaintiffs seek exactly this type of relief. Since “[c]onsular processing 

capacity is . . . a zero-sum game,” an order expediting processing of Yazdanpanahderav’s 

application “would necessarily mean additional delays for other applicants—many of whom 

undoubtedly face hardships of their own,” Ahmadi v. Scharpf, No. 23-cv-953, 2024 WL 551542, 

at *6 (D.D.C. Feb. 12, 2024) (cleaned up); accord Da Costa, 80 F.4th at 343-44. As a result, the 

fourth factor cuts heavily in favor of dismissal. 
12 

 3. TRAC factors three and five 

TRAC factors three and five, which examine “the interests prejudiced by the delay,” 

including the effect on “human health and welfare,” Da Costa, 80 F.4th at 344 (quoting TRAC, 

750 F.2d at 80), arguably favor Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs allege that the delay “has caused [them] 

significant distress and hardship,” Compl. ¶ 7, and courts in this District have concluded that 

similar allegations tilted these factors in other plaintiffs’ favor, if only narrowly, see, e.g., 

Siddiqui v. Blinken, 646 F. Supp. 3d 69, 77 (D.D.C. 2022) (finding that the third and fifth TRAC

factors “slightly” favored a visa-delay plaintiff based on an allegation that the delay “‘had a 

profound and negative impact’ on his life”). But see Da Costa, 80 F.4th at 344-45 (concluding 

that these factors did not favor visa-delay plaintiffs absent harms beyond “the uncertainty that 

results any time an individual must continue to wait to secure a benefit”). 

 But, while it is entirely understandable that the delay—and the resulting separation—has 

distressed Plaintiffs, “many others facing similar circumstances” could say the same. Siddiqui, 

646 F. Supp. 3d at 77 (cleaned up). Without more specific, unique harm, the third and fifth 

TRAC factors are not enough to save Plaintiffs’ case. See Da Costa, 80 F.4th at 344-45. 

 4. TRAC factor six 

 Both sides think the sixth TRAC factor—whether “any impropriety lurk[s] behind agency 

lassitude,” TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80 (cleaned up)—helps their cause. Neither is right; this factor is 

neutral. See Da Costa, 80 F.4th at 345-46. Although Plaintiffs accuse Defendants of “simply 

disguising willful visa delays . . . under the pretext of an emergency situation [(the COVID-19 

pandemic)] that no longer exists,” Sur-Reply at 4, Plaintiffs cite (and the Court can find) nothing 

in the Complaint to support that conclusion. Defendants, meanwhile, assert that their “good 

faith . . . in addressing the delay” means this factor favors dismissal. Mot. at 23-24 (cleaned up). 
13 

But, even assuming Defendants have shown such good faith, the D.C. Circuit has held that, 

without bad faith, this factor is neutral. See Afghan & Iraqi Allies v. Blinken, No. 23-5025, 2024 

WL 2872951, at *8 (D.C. Cir. June 7, 2024) (citing Da Costa, 80 F.4th at 345-46); see also 

TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80 (“[T]he court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency 

lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.” (cleaned up)). This factor 

does not move the needle. 

* * * 

 Taken together, the TRAC factors do not plausibly point toward unreasonable delay. The 

Court therefore dismisses Plaintiffs’ claims. 

IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 

 As Defendants acknowledge, Plaintiffs’ “frustration [with the] delay[] . . . is 

understandable.” Mot. at 25. But the Complaint does not plausibly allege that the delay here is 

unreasonable, and so the Court must dismiss this case. 

For these reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Dkt. 5; 

DISMISSES Plaintiffs’ Complaint, Dkt. 1, and this case without prejudice; and DIRECTS the 

Clerk of Court to close this case. 

SO ORDERED.

 This is a final appealable Order. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a). 

Date: June 14, 2024 _________________________ 

ANA C. REYES 

 United States District Judge