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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION, 

et al., 

 Plaintiffs, 

 v. Civil Action No. 14-851 (JEB) 

SYLVIA M. BURWELL, in her official 

capacity as SECRETARY OF HEALTH 

AND HUMAN SERVICES,

 Defendant. 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

 Two and a half years ago, the American Hospital Association and affiliated entities asked 

this Court to issue a writ of mandamus to compel the Secretary of Health and Human Services to 

adjudicate pending Medicare-reimbursement appeals in compliance with statutorily imposed 

deadlines. Plaintiffs sought relief from a morass in which hundreds of thousands of appeals were 

languishing in a highly backlogged administrative process. Now, after a motion for summary 

judgment, a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, an appeal to and remand from the D.C. 

Circuit, and a motion to stay, the Court can finally grant Plaintiffs a remedy. The incantation of 

mandamus does not generate an instantaneous cure-all for complex problems, however, and so 

this Opinion focuses on the form the relief will take. 

I. Background

 

 Understandably frustrated by long delays in the administrative-appeal process for 

Medicare-reimbursement claims, Plaintiffs filed this suit in May 2014. See ECF No. 1 
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(Complaint). Although sympathetic, the Court was reluctant to intervene and thus initially 

concluded that mandamus was not warranted and dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. 

Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Burwell (AHA I), 76 F. Supp. 3d 43, 56 (D.D.C. 2014). The D.C. Circuit 

reversed and remanded with instructions for further proceedings, including a direction to this 

Court to “determine whether ‘compelling equitable grounds’ now exist to issue a writ of 

mandamus.” Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Burwell (AHA II), 812 F.3d 183, 192 (D.C. Cir. 2016). 

Upon remand, the Secretary moved to stay the proceedings until September 30, 2017, the 

close of the next full appropriations cycle, to permit HHS to pursue various administrative and 

legislative efforts designed to tackle the significant appeals backlog. See ECF No. 30 (Motion to 

Stay). The Court denied that request. Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Burwell (AHA III), 2016 WL 

5106997 (D.D.C. Sept. 19, 2016). In so doing, it concluded that there existed “equitable grounds 

for mandamus.” Id. at *8. Recognizing, though, that it could not practicably order HHS to 

resolve each of the pending appeals by the statutorily prescribed deadlines, the Court asked the 

parties to address in briefing the specific forms mandamus relief should take. See Minute Order 

of Oct. 3, 2016. They have now done so, although HHS has also asked the Court to reconsider 

its prior decision to grant mandamus. 

For the curious reader, a more detailed account of the administrative-appeal process for 

Medicare-claim reimbursements and the causes and scope of the backlog can be found in the 

Court’s prior Opinions. See AHA III, 2016 WL 5106997, at *1-2; AHA I, 76 F. Supp. 3d at 46-

48. 
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II. Analysis 

A. Plaintiffs’ Proposals 

 As requested by the Court, Plaintiffs devote serious thought to possible actions the 

Secretary could undertake to address the backlog of administrative appeals. They propose three 

categories of discrete interventions and, in the alternative, an overall timetable by which the 

Secretary must achieve reductions in the backlog. See ECF No. 39 (Motion) at 4-13. 

As to the reforms, Plaintiffs suggest that the Secretary should: (1) offer reasonable 

settlements to certain broad groups of Medicare providers and suppliers; (2) for some subset of 

disputed Medicare claims, alleviate the financial strain on providers by deferring their duty to 

repay the Secretary and tolling the accrual of interest on those claims for waiting times beyond 

the statutory deadlines; and (3) impose financial penalties on Recovery Audit Contractors for 

high reversal rates by Administrative Law Judges. See Mot. at 4-11. 

Correctly anticipating that the Court might prefer to avoid directing the particulars of the 

Secretary’s backlog-reduction efforts, however, Plaintiffs alternatively propose that it simply 

require the Secretary to meet certain numeric reduction targets through 2020, leaving to her 

discretion the means by which such targets are to be achieved. Id. at 12-13. Plaintiffs’ proffered 

timetable is as follows: 

 30% reduction from the current backlog of cases pending at the ALJ level by 

December 31, 2017; 

 60% reduction from the current backlog of cases pending at the ALJ level by 

December 31, 2018; 

 90% reduction from the current backlog of cases pending at the ALJ level by 

December 31, 2019; 

 Elimination of the backlog of cases pending at the ALJ level by December 31, 

2020. 

 On January 1, 2021, [granting of] default judgment in favor of all claimants 

whose appeals have been pending at the ALJ level without a hearing for more 

than one calendar year. 
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Id. at 12. As a reminder, ALJ review is the third of four levels in the administrative-appeal 

process set out in the Medicare Act and is the step at which the backlog and delays are especially 

significant. See AHA III, 2016 WL 5106997, at *1-2. 

B. Defendant’s Response 

 The Secretary counters that all of Plaintiffs’ proposed remedies are inappropriate. See 

ECF No. 41 (Opposition) at 11. But first, she devotes nearly seven pages of briefing to repeating 

the same plea that animated her previous stay request: she is hard at work, progress is in sight, 

and mandamus should not issue. Id. at 1-7. Recounting various backlog-reduction efforts 

undertaken by HHS since moving for a stay in spring 2016, Defendant contends that the good 

faith and impact of those efforts shift the balance of factors against mandamus. Id. 

As directed by the Court of Appeals, this Court analyzed the factors counseling in favor 

of and against mandamus in its prior Opinion. See AHA III, 2016 WL 5106997, at *3-5. The 

Secretary’s latest brief does not provide enough evidence of progress to tilt the scales. 

According to a declaration from Ellen Murray, HHS’s Assistant Secretary for Financial 

Resources and Chief Financial Officer, the estimated impact of some of the administrative 

actions that HHS outlined in the last round of briefing is much greater than the agency previously 

thought, and HHS has expanded the scope of some of those interventions based on promising 

results thus far. See ECF No. 41-1 (Declaration of Ellen Murray), ¶¶ 2-22. Although the Court 

is glad to learn that the backlog-reduction projections are better than earlier reported, they are 

still unacceptably high. The Secretary does not point to any categorically new administrative 

actions and, critically, continues to promise the elimination of the backlog only “with legislative 

action” — a significant caveat. See Opp. at 6; AHA III, 2016 WL 5106997, at *7-8 (explaining 

that the Court “must draw the conclusion that Congress is unlikely to play the role of the cavalry 
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here”). The Secretary’s renewed arguments notwithstanding, equitable grounds for mandamus 

remain. 

C. Resolution 

 Defendant next questions the legality and propriety of Plaintiffs’ three proposed 

initiatives and offers a set of her own. See Opp. at 7-23. The Court need not dive into the 

parties’ debate over those competing reforms, however. It continues to believe that it should 

intrude as little as possible on the Secretary’s specific decisionmaking processes and operations, 

and it thus concludes that Plaintiffs’ proposed timetable with deadlines for set backlog-reduction 

targets is the preferable approach. See AHA III, 2016 WL 5106997, at *4 (noting the “agency’s 

‘comparative institutional advantage’ in this domain”) (quoting In re Barr Labs, Inc., 930 F.2d 

72, 74 (D.C. Cir. 1991)); AHA II, 812 F.3d at 192 (flagging the risk of “infringing on the 

authority and discretion of the executive branch”). The Court appreciates that Plaintiffs could 

have chosen to demand immediate relief; instead, they have commendably offered a thoughtful 

and reasonable four-year plan for this complex problem. 

 Defendant nonetheless argues that imposing such a timetable would require her to “make 

payment on Medicare claims regardless of the merit of those claims,” which “would squarely 

conflict with the Medicare statute.” Opp. at 22-23 (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395f, 1395g(a), 

1395y(a)(1)(A)). But the timetable does not so require. It simply demands that the Secretary 

figure out how to undertake “proper claim substantiation” within a reasonable timeframe. Id. at 

22. The Secretary’s protest, moreover, elides the fact that the statutory prohibition on improper 

payments is not the only legal constraint on HHS’s claims-adjudication process. The agency is 

also bound by statutorily mandated deadlines, of which it is in flagrant violation as to hundreds 

of thousands of appeals. AHA II, 812 F.3d at 190-92; Murray Decl., Exh. 1. Satisfying the 
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statutory demands for both accuracy and timeliness will no doubt prove challenging, but such is 

the task at hand. 

 Turning to logistics, the Secretary does not otherwise dispute the specific dates and 

reduction percentages in Plaintiffs’ proposed timetable. The Court therefore adopts the end-ofcalendar-year deadlines and the mandatory-percentage reductions listed above — i.e., 30% 

reduction from the current backlog of cases pending at the ALJ level by December 31, 2017; 

60% by December 31, 2018; 90% by December 31, 2019; and 100% by December 31, 2020. 

Defendant does take issue, however, with the last bullet point in Plaintiffs’ timetable: the 

suggestion that, as of January 1, 2021, default judgment be entered in favor of all claimants 

whose appeals have been pending at the ALJ level without a hearing for more than one calendar 

year. See Mot. at 12; Opp. at 22-23. Requiring default judgment in all such pending appeals if 

the benchmarks are not met, the Secretary contends, would “create perverse incentives for 

providers and suppliers to appeal non-meritorious claims.” Opp. at 22. That is, “[a]ny provider 

could pursue any claim with the expectation that the end result would be payment, no matter how 

little merit in the claim.” Id. at 23. That result, in turn, “could endanger the Medicare Trust 

Funds.” Id. 

The Court agrees that this prospect raises some concern; as a result, it will not 

automatically enter default judgments in all qualifying appeals on January 1, 2021. Instead, if 

the Secretary fails to meet the above deadlines, Plaintiffs may move for default judgment or to 

otherwise enforce the writ of mandamus. Cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(d) (“A default judgment may be 

entered against the United States, its officers, or its agencies only if the claimant establishes a 

claim or right to relief by evidence that satisfies the court.”). 
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 Finally, Plaintiffs ask that the Court order the Secretary to file regular status reports. See 

Mot. at 13. The Secretary believes quarterly reports — every 90 days — would be appropriate, 

see Opp. at 23, and Plaintiffs do not presently object, despite having initially requested reports 

every 60 days. Compare Mot. at 13, with ECF No. 43 (Reply) at 12. The Court will thus adopt 

the Secretary’s timeline. The reports should communicate HHS’s progress in reducing the 

backlog and should include updated figures for the current and projected backlog, as well as a 

description of any significant administrative and legislative actions that will affect the backlog. 

III. Conclusion

 For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment 

and deny Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. Although the Court will 

administratively terminate the case, it will retain jurisdiction in order to review the required 

status reports and rule on any challenges to unmet deadlines. A separate Order so stating will 

issue this day. 

/s/ James E. Boasberg

 JAMES E. BOASBERG 

 United States District Judge 

Date: December 5, 2016