{"id":89095,"date":"2017-03-09T23:11:32","date_gmt":"2017-03-10T04:11:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-398350"},"modified":"2023-10-24T20:02:06","modified_gmt":"2023-10-25T00:02:06","slug":"climate-variability-and-change","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/climate-variability-and-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate Variability and Change"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>Earth Science (SG) Research and Analysis – Menu Bar<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\">Home<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Research and Analysis<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/atmospheric-composition\">Atmospheric Composition<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/weather\/\">Weather<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/climate-variability-and-change\/\">Climate Variability and Change<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/water-and-energy-cycle\/\">Water and Energy Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/carbon-cycle-and-ecosystems\/\">Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-surface-and-interior\">Earth Surface and Interior<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Climate Variability and Change<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Numerical modeling is the only way to effectively integrate the current knowledge of all of these individual components and to estimate and project potential future states of the climate system. However, scientists are still working to fully understand of all of the physical processes that contribute to climate variability and change. Research projects in this area are: eliminating model uncertainties through better understanding of the underlying processes; building models that can utilize, interpret and apply the wealth of observations from space and earth based platforms; and providing accurate and usable datasets of earth observations to the larger scientific community. The ultimate objective is to enable predictions climatic changes on time scales ranging from seasonal to multi-decadal. These prediction capabilities are critical to effective management of natural resources under scenarios that are likely to reflect the realities of the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research Groups<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/icebridge\/news\/arise14\/#.VOzAKfnF9zo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arctic Radiation-Ice Bridge Sea Ice Experiment (ARISE)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/earthdata.nasa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth System Data Records (ESDR)<\/a> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/earthdata.nasa.gov\/our-community\/community-data-system-programs\/measures-projects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environment (MEaSUREs)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nex.nasa.gov\/nex\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA Earth Exchange (NEX)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-card-carousel padding-x-4 padding-y-5 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-carousel\">\t<div class=\"hds-card-carousel-header grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-3\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-sm line-height-sm\">Focus Areas<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/research-and-analysis\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary link-external-true\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tResearch and Analysis                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"hds-card-carousel-cards grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-cards-included position-relative  hds-card-type-custom hds-card-type-custom hds-card-type-custom hds-card-type-custom hds-card-type-custom hds-card-type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev margin-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-carousel-slider\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?w=473\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"NASA Logo\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 48% 49%; object-position: 48% 49%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg 473w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=400,400 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Atmospheric Composition<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">The Atmospheric Composition focus area consists of research on the composition of Earth\u2019s atmosphere, particularly of the troposphere and stratosphere, in relation to climate forcing, atmospheric ozone and aerosols, solar effects, air quality, and surface emissions of radiatively and chemically active source gases and particulates.<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/atmospheric-composition\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?w=473\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"NASA Logo\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg 473w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=400,400 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Weather<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">Our weather system includes the dynamics of the atmosphere and its interaction with the oceans and land and involves phenomena ranging from local or microphysical processes lasting minutes to global-scale events predictable up to two weeks prior.<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/weather\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?w=473\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"NASA Logo\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg 473w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=400,400 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Climate Variability and Change<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">NASA\u2019s role in climate variability study is centered around providing the global scale observational data sets on oceans and ice, their forcings, and the interactions with the entire Earth system.<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/climate-variability-and-change\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?w=473\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"NASA Logo\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg 473w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=400,400 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Water and Energy Cycle<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">The Water and Energy Cycle focus area studies the distribution, transport and transformation of water and energy within the Earth System, with the long-term goal to improve hurricane prediction, quantify tropical rainfall and eventually begin to balance the water budget at global and regional scales.<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/water-and-energy-cycle\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?w=473\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"NASA Logo\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg 473w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=400,400 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">This Focus Area deals with the cycling of carbon in reservoirs and ecosystems as it changes naturally, is changed by humans, and is affected by climate change.<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/carbon-cycle-and-ecosystems\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"473\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?w=473\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"NASA Logo\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg 473w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper.jpeg?resize=400,400 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Earth Surface and Interior<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">NASA\u2019s Earth Surface and Interior focus area supports research and analysis of solid-Earth processes and properties from crust to core. This includes providing the space geodetic observations and products foundational to many space missions.<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-surface-and-interior\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate Variability and Change Numerical modeling is the only way to effectively integrate the current knowledge of all of these individual components and to estimate and project potential future states of the climate system. However, scientists are still working to fully understand of all of the physical processes that contribute to climate variability and change. Research projects in this area are: eliminating model uncertainties through better understanding [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":484,"featured_media":0,"parent":89092,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[12795],"coauthors":[12776,12787,12777],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Climate Variability and Change","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/climate-variability-and-change\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/climate-variability-and-change\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""},"articleSection":"General","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Corey R. Vallejo"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Maurice A. Valdez"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Aphisong C. Sangbouasy"}],"creator":["Corey R. Vallejo","Maurice A. Valdez","Aphisong C. Sangbouasy"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":[],"dateCreated":"2017-03-10T04:11:32Z","datePublished":"2017-03-10T04:11:32Z","dateModified":"2023-10-25T00:02:06Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Climate Variability and Change\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth-science-at-ames\/missions\/climate-variability-and-change\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2017-03-10T04:11:32Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"General\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Corey R. Vallejo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Maurice A. Valdez\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Aphisong C. Sangbouasy\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":1,"time_ago":"7 years","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/89095"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/484"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/89095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":554851,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/89095\/revisions\/554851"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/89092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89095"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=89095"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=89095"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=89095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}