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File Name: 16a0650n.06

Case No. 16-5403

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

KIMBERLY BELL,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY, TENNESSEE, et 

al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE MIDDLE 

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

O P I N I O N

BEFORE: McKEAGUE, KETHLEDGE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Kimberly Bell, administratrix of the estate of her 

brother, David Lee Fish, brought this § 1983 action after Fish was shot and killed during an 

altercation with Cumberland County Deputy Sheriff Jonathan Human. What began as a routine 

trespassing call escalated into a situation necessitating Deputy Human’s use of deadly force to 

protect himself from Fish’s violent attack. Because we find no fault in the district court’s 

conclusion that Fish posed an immediate, serious threat of harm to Deputy Human, we hold that 

Deputy Human’s use of deadly force was not excessive. Additionally, we uphold the district 

court’s ruling that Deputy Human was not deliberately indifferent to Fish’s medical needs in the 

aftermath of the shooting. We therefore agree with the district court that Fish’s constitutional 

rights were not violated and affirm summary judgment for defendants.
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I

David Fish and Cynthia Franklin had a tumultuous relationship punctuated by episodes of 

domestic abuse by Fish. The police had been called to Franklin’s residence in Crossville, 

Tennessee, on numerous occasions. On October 12, 2012, Cumberland County Deputy Sheriff 

Jonathan Human responded to a call that Fish had been knocking on Franklin’s doors and 

windows before running off. Although Fish had left the premises by the time he arrived, Deputy 

Human located him nearby, warning him that he would be arrested for trespassing were he to 

return. 

Despite this warning, Fish returned to Franklin’s residence two days later—on October 

14—and Deputy Human was once again dispatched to the scene. According to Franklin, prior to 

Deputy Human’s arrival, she had been home alone when Fish began incessantly rapping on her 

outside windows. Although Franklin attempted to hide, Fish was not deterred and eventually let 

himself in through the unlocked garage door, at which point he grabbed a knife and meat cleaver 

and informed her that they were “both going to die that day.” At that time, Franklin phoned her 

father-figure, Lysle Shields, and warned him not to come home; concerned, Shields called 911.

Shortly thereafter, Deputy Human arrived. Fish directed Franklin to answer the door and 

“get rid of [the police].” Franklin informed Deputy Human that, although Fish was there, she 

was “OK”; to Deputy Human, though, Franklin appeared visibly upset. As Deputy Human was 

leaving, he noticed Fish standing at the edge of the nearby woods. Given the well-known history 

of the couple’s domestic discord, as well as the fact that Fish was trespassing on Franklin’s 

property, Deputy Human called over to Fish, asking to speak with him. Fish took off running

and disappeared.
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After searching unsuccessfully for Fish in the yard surrounding the home, Deputy Human 

returned to Franklin’s residence where, according to Deputy Human, Franklin “let [him] in” by 

opening the door, stepping aside, and pointing Deputy Human to the basement, where Fish had 

retreated in hiding.

1

 Deputy Human immediately spotted Fish in the corner of the dimly lit 

basement amid piles of clothes and a clutter of other objects. He ordered Fish to show his hands

and drew his weapon in the process. Fish complied and, since his hands were empty, Deputy 

Human re-holstered his gun. Deputy Human then told Fish the two needed “to go upstairs to 

talk.”

Fish refused to obey orders and likewise ignored Franklin’s pleas to cooperate. Instead, 

Fish became “agitated” and assumed a “fighting stance.” He then “lunged” at Franklin, at which 

point Deputy Human deployed his pepper spray, although it had no effect on Fish and was 

eventually knocked from his hands. In a second attempt to contain Fish, Deputy Human grabbed

his arm. Fish responded by tackling Deputy Human and driving him backwards into a steel pole.

The struggle continued on the ground. Deputy Human testified that he attempted to get 

up, but Fish “kept pulling me down toward him. He was hitting me in the sides and the back of 

my head with something.” According to Franklin, “[Fish] was beating the hell out of Officer 

Human and Officer Human could not see.” In his third attempt to ward off Fish, Deputy Human 

grabbed his baton, but Fish once again batted it away. At this point, Fish was sitting on top of 

Deputy Human’s chest, and Deputy Human was “black[ing] in and out” of consciousness. Fish 

then attempted to reach for a cast iron skillet lying nearby. See R. 32, Franklin Dep. at 66, PID 

368 (“David picked up the iron skillet . . . He’s trying to hit Officer Human with it.”). Deputy 

Human “knew if [Fish] got [the skillet], he would beat [him] to death with it.” R. 33, Human 

 

1 Deputy Human testifies that he assumed Franklin’s consent to enter her home based on her body language, a fact 

Plaintiff does not dispute on appeal. 
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Dep. at 86, PID 566. When Fish was reaching for the skillet, Deputy Human was able to unholster his gun and fired at Fish “until [Fish] stopped attacking [him].” Id. at 88, 151, PID 568, 

631; see also R. 32, Franklin Dep. at 146, PID 448 (“[H]e didn’t start shooting until—he had 

tried and tried to get out from under David.”).

In the immediate aftermath, Deputy Human found himself largely incapacitated. Deputy 

Human was in severe pain, his vision was blurry, and Fish was lying across his legs. However, 

he was still able to radio for help and instruct Franklin to call 911. Police from the Cumberland 

County Sheriff’s Department arrived at the scene shortly thereafter, handcuffed Fish, and had 

him transported to Cumberland Medical Center, where he was pronounced dead on arrival. 

Deputy Human was also treated for rib contusions and a concussion. The Tennessee Bureau of 

Investigation (TBI) conducted a review of the incident, concluded that Deputy Human acted in 

accordance with established principles and protocols, and no disciplinary action was taken. 

A year later, Kimberly Bell, Fish’s sister, brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against 

Cumberland County, Sheriff Butch Burgess, and Deputy Sheriff Jonathan Human. She alleged 

that Deputy Human violated Fish’s constitutional rights in numerous ways, including, as relevant 

here, that he used excessive force and failed to render adequate medical treatment in 

contravention of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, respectively. Further, Bell brought

claims against the County and Sheriff Burgess for failure to hire, train, and supervise its officers, 

as well as various state law claims. The district court consolidated the claims and disposed of 

them in full. See Bell v. Cumberland Cty., Tenn., No. 2:13-cv-0104, 2016 WL 778046 (M.D. 

Tenn. Feb. 29, 2016). Pertinent to this appeal, the district court found that no constitutional 

violations had occurred and that Deputy Human was entitled to qualified immunity. Id. at *4–8. 
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It subsequently granted judgment in favor of Cumberland County and the Sheriff on that basis,

noting that the claims against them also failed on the merits. Id. at *8–10. 

Plaintiff’s appeal followed. We affirm since no reasonable juror could find that Deputy 

Human violated Fish’s constitutional rights. 

II

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, recognizing that 

summary judgment is only proper if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Gradisher v. City of 

Akron, 794 F.3d 574, 582 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

Section 1983 imposes civil liability on individuals who, acting “under color of state law,” 

deprive a citizen of his constitutionally protected rights. Williams v. City of Grosse Pointe Park, 

496 F.3d 482, 485 (6th Cir. 2007). However, the doctrine of qualified immunity shields 

government officials “from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate 

clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have 

known.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). In other words, qualified immunity 

applies “unless it is obvious that no reasonably competent official would have concluded that the 

actions taken were unlawful.” Chappell v. City of Cleveland, 585 F.3d 901, 907 (6th Cir. 2007). 

The doctrine “gives ample room for mistaken judgments by protecting all but the plainly 

incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

Once a qualified immunity defense has been raised, the plaintiff bears the burden of 

overcoming it by demonstrating both (1) that the official’s conduct violated a constitutional right, 

and (2) that the right was clearly established at the time of the violation. See Saucier v. Katz, 533 

U.S. 194, 201 (2001), overruled on other grounds by Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236. Courts can 
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address either prong first, and if a plaintiff is “unable to establish sufficient facts to support a 

finding of a constitutional violation by the defendant, the inquiry ceases, and the court must 

award judgment to the defendant.” Williams, 496 F.3d at 485. 

Plaintiff alleges that Deputy Human violated Fish’s Fourth Amendment right to be free 

from excessive force when he shot and killed David Fish and his Fourteenth Amendment right to 

receive adequate medical care in the aftermath of the shooting. Each right is discussed in turn, 

but neither has merit; therefore, we do not reach the second prong of the qualified immunity

analysis. See Chappell, 583 F.3d at 916 n.2; see also Untalan v. City of Lorain, 430 F.3d 312, 

314 (6th Cir. 2005) (“We do not reach the [clearly established inquiry] because no rational juror 

could find that Officer Kopronica violated Ronnie’s rights on the facts supported by the Rule 56 

evidence.”).

A. Fourth Amendment Excessive Force

Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim is analyzed under an objective reasonableness 

standard. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989) (“[A]ll claims that law enforcement 

officers have used excessive force—deadly or not—in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, 

or other ‘seizure’ of a free citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its 

‘reasonableness’ standard . . . .”); see also Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 7 (1985) (“[T]here 

can be no question that apprehension by the use of deadly force is a seizure subject to the 

reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment.”). In determining whether a use of force 

is reasonable, courts engage in a “careful balancing of the nature and quality of the intrusion on 

the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental interests at 

stake.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. To aid in this analysis, we consider (1) the severity of the 
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crime at issue; (2) whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or 

others; and (3) whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight. Id.

When a case involves the use of deadly force, the same balancing test is applied; 

however, the use of force will be deemed reasonable when “the officer has probable cause to 

believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or others.” 

Garner, 471 U.S. at 7. Furthermore, “[t]he ‘reasonableness’ of a particular use of force must be 

judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 

vision of hindsight” given that officers “are often forced to make split-second judgments—in 

circumstances that are tense, uncertain and rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is 

necessary in a particular situation.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. 

Taking all of this together, plaintiff’s excessive force claim requires a showing that 

Deputy Human’s use of deadly force was objectively unreasonable. Chappell, 585 F.3d at 908.

At the outset, we note that both Deputy Human and Cynthia Franklin—the only two remaining 

witnesses from the scene—testified 1) that Fish was the aggressor; 2) that Deputy Human was 

rightly in fear for his life; and that 3) his last chance to save himself and Franklin was to use his 

weapon. This evidence, being undisputed, is enough to end the inquiry because it establishes 

that Fish “pose[d] a serious threat of physical harm” and that the use of deadly force was 

therefore reasonable. Garner, 471 U.S. at 7. 

But the Graham factors support this conclusion as well. First, as to the severity of the 

crime at issue, while Fish was merely trespassing when Deputy Human first arrived, the 

unprovoked aggravated assault that he subsequently unleashed undoubtedly entitled Deputy 

Human to protect himself. See, e.g., R. 32, Franklin Dep. at 69, PID 371 (“Human was just 

basically trying to survive.”). Second, Fish posed an immediate threat of harm to Deputy 
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Human. The undisputed facts demonstrate that in the moments preceding the shooting, Fish had 

pinned Deputy Human to the ground, was delivering continuous blows to his head and ribs, and 

was about to strike him with a cast iron skillet, which would have inflicted serious—if not 

deadly—harm. See Rucinski v. City of Cleveland, No. 15-1844, 2016 WL 3613396, at *3 (6th

Cir. July 6, 2016) (“[W]hen a person aims a weapon in the police officer’s direction, that officer 

has an objectively reasonable basis for believing that the person poses a significant risk of 

serious injury or death.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Davenport v. Causey, 521 F.3d 544, 

552–53 (6th Cir. 2008) (finding that “closed-fisted blows . . . may constitute deadly force”

especially when directed at the head) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Moreover, Deputy Human had exhausted all other options. He had attempted to 

negotiate, deploy his pepper spray, and restrain Fish first with his hands and later his baton, all to 

no avail. Deputy Human resorted to his last available weapon—his gun—to save himself. In 

fact, the record makes clear that “‘if [Deputy Human] had hesitated [in shooting Fish] . . ., [he]

would have been . . . vulnerable to serious or even fatal injury.’” Steele v. City of Cleveland, 

375 F. App’x 536, 542 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Chappell, 585 F.3d at 911). Deputy Human’s 

“split-second decision” to use his firearm in this “tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving” 

situation was reasonable. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 397; see also DeMerrell v. City of 

Cheboygan, 206 F. App’x 418, 425 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding deadly force justified when a suspect 

advances on an officer with a motion threatening to inflict harm).

Finally, Fish was not merely trying to resist Deputy Human’s orders, but was in fact 

actively attacking him. And resistance alone is enough to “increase[] the weight that must be 

given to the state’s interest in a deadly-force seizure.” Untalan, 430 F.3d at 317; see also 

Davenport, 521 F.3d 544, 551 (6th Cir. 2008) (concluding that “[m]ore force is also proper, 
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which could include deadly force, if the suspect was fighting with the police”). Fish’s demeanor 

was angry and aggressive, despite the fact that Deputy Human was only trying to talk to him. 

Davenport, 521 F.3d at 533; see R. 32, Franklin Dep. at 136, PID 438 (“[Deputy Human] wasn’t 

being mean or nothing or aggressive toward David.”). 

To rebut this showing of reasonableness, plaintiff emphasizes (1) that Deputy Human 

instigated the encounter by pursuing Fish when he first saw him in the woods; and (2) that the 

number of bullets fired by Deputy Human was “gratuitous.” As to the first point, it was entirely

reasonable for Deputy Human to pursue Fish considering the numerous warning signs of what 

appeared to be a dangerous situation. The precise reason he was dispatched to Franklin’s home 

was because Fish—a man known for being physically abusive towards Franklin—was reported 

to be trespassing on her property. Further, Deputy Human thought Franklin looked “upset” and 

“like she had been crying” when he arrived. R. 33, Human Dep. at 135, PID 615. And contrary 

to plaintiff’s assertion that “Deputy Human cornered [Fish] in the basement,” both Deputy 

Human and Franklin testified that it was Fish—not Deputy Human—who was the initial 

aggressor. Finally, Plaintiff’s argument has no bearing on the reasonableness of the force 

ultimately used. See Rucinski, 2016 WL 3613396, at *4 (“[P]laintiffs ‘cannot establish a Fourth 

Amendment violation based merely on bad tactics that result in a deadly confrontation that could 

have been avoided.’”) (quoting City & Cnty. of San Francisco v. Sheehan, 135 S. Ct. 1765, 1777

(2015)); see also Chappell, 585 F.3d at 909 (recognizing that, per the segmented analysis, it is 

only officers’ actions “immediately prior to using deadly force” that factor into the 

reasonableness analysis).

With regard to plaintiff’s second point, the record suggests that twelve shots were fired, 

with five rounds hitting Fish’s body. But once again, Deputy Human testified—and Franklin 
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corroborated—that he ceased firing as soon as Fish was no longer a threat. See R. 33, Human 

Dep. at 151, PID 631 (“I fired [my weapon] until [Fish] stopped attacking me”); R. 32, Franklin 

Dep. at 70, PID 372 (“[H]e kept firing because David would not let up. And the last shot that he 

fired, David just went still . . . .”). “‘[I]f police officers are justified in firing at a suspect in order 

to end a severe threat to public safety, the officers need not stop shooting until the threat has 

ended.’” See Krause v. Jones, 765 F.3d 675, 681 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Plumhoff v. Rickard, 

134 S. Ct. 2012, 2022 (2014)). 

There is “[n]o doubt the use of deadly force by police officers is a serious matter and 

ought to be avoided—but not at all costs and not in all situations.” Hocker v. Pikeville City 

Police Dep’t, 738 F.3d 150, 154 (6th Cir. 2013). This is one of those unfortunate situations

where deadly force was necessary given the serious and immediate threat of harm that Fish 

posed. As the district court found, “there simply is no competent evidence to create a jury 

question on whether Deputy Human’s actions were objectively reasonable.” Bell, 2016 WL 

778046, at *6.

B. Fourteenth Amendment Failure to Render Medical Care 

Plaintiff’s sole reference to this claim comes in her Statement of Facts, with the 

sensationalized remark that Deputy Human “let Mr. Fish bleed in front of him without rendering

any type of medical aid or attention.” Although plaintiff has likely waived this argument, see 

Kuhn v. Washtenaw Cty., 709 F.3d 612, 624 (6th Cir. 2013) (concluding that arguments

“adverted to in only a perfunctory manner, are waived”), we also note that it fails on the merits.

Plaintiffs may bring § 1983 claims under the Fourteenth Amendment if government 

officials demonstrate “deliberate indifference to [the] serious medical needs” of those individuals 

they have apprehended. Phillips v. Roane Cty., Tenn., 534 F.3d 531, 539 (6th Cir. 2008); City of 
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Revere v. Mass. Gen. Hosp., 463 U.S. 239, 244 (1983). Proving deliberate indifference requires 

a plaintiff (1) to show the existence of a “sufficiently serious” medical need (the objective 

component); and (2) to allege facts that, if true, would demonstrate that the official “perceived 

facts from which to infer substantial risk to the [individual], that he did in fact draw the 

inference, and that he then disregarded that risk” (the subjective component). Phillips, 534 F.3d

at 539–40 (internal quotation marks omitted). An official exhibits deliberate indifference, for 

example, if he “intentionally den[ies] or delay[s] access to medical care.” Blackmore v. 

Kalamazoo Cty., 390 F.3d 890, 895 (6th Cir. 2004). On the other hand, an officer’s actions 

comport with the Due Process Clause if he “promptly summon[s] the necessary medical help.” 

Rich v. City of Mayfield Heights, 955 F.2d 1092, 1097 (6th Cir. 1992).

Here, contrary to Plaintiff’s assertions, the undisputed record shows that, rather than 

disregarding Fish’s injuries, Deputy Human took steps to get help even in an incapacitated state. 

See R. 33, Human Dep. at 152, PID 631 (“I told [Franklin] that I couldn’t see very well . . . .”); 

see also id. at 154, PID 634 (“I tried to get up, but I couldn’t. I tried to stand up or sit up, but I 

couldn’t get up.”). He immediately radioed the sheriff’s department and instructed Franklin to 

call 911. This “prompt summons” of medical help was sufficient to rebut any allegations that 

Deputy Human was deliberately indifferent towards Fish’s medical needs. 2

III

Lastly, since Deputy Human did not violate Fish’s Fourth or Fourteenth Amendment 

rights, to the extent plaintiff has renewed her municipal and supervisory liability claims on 

appeal, we affirm summary judgment for Cumberland County and the Sheriff. A constitutional 

 

2 To the extent Plaintiff takes issue with the handcuffing of Fish, Plaintiff Br. at 4, Deputy Human was not involved

in this action; therefore, the statement is wholly irrelevant to her appeal.
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violation is prerequisite to recovery on such claims. France v. Lucas, 836 F.3d 612, 631 (6th

Cir. 2016).

IV

For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment for defendants.