MICHAEL KOCH, Former 

Husband,

Appellant,

v.

EMILY A. KOCH, Former Wife,

Appellee.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO 

FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND 

DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

CASE NO. 1D16-0478

_____________________________/

Opinion filed December 5, 2016. 

An appeal from the Circuit Court for Levy County.

Stanley H. Griffis, III, Judge.

Michael Koch, pro se, Appellant.

S. Scott Walker of Folds & Walker, LLC, Gainesville, for Appellee.

CORRECTED OPINION

BILBREY, J.

Appellant challenges the Partial Final Judgment of Dissolution of Marriage 

and the subsequent Final Judgment on Parenting Plan and Timesharing, raising 

thirteen issues. We affirm the Partial Final Judgment of Dissolution of Marriage
2

without further comment. The Final Judgment on Parenting Plan and Timesharing 

is also affirmed, but we write to address Appellant’s second asserted point of error

— the trial court’s prohibition of Appellant’s discussion of “ANY religious matters 

during visitation with his children.” 

The free exercise of religious beliefs and practices is protected by the First 

Amendment to the United States Constitution and by article I of the Florida 

Constitution. In family law proceedings, a court may not restrict a post-dissolution 

parent’s religious beliefs, no matter how unconventional. See Rogers v. Rogers, 

490 So. 2d 1017, 1018 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986) (reversing condition of mother’s 

primary residential custody that she sever ties with specific religious organization

and refrain from subjecting the children to “any of the dogmas” of that 

organization). And, as noted in Pierson v. Pierson, 143 So. 3d 1201, 1203 (Fla. 1st 

DCA 2014), “[r]estrictions upon a noncustodial parent’s right to expose his or her 

child to his or her religious beliefs have consistently been overturned in the 

absence of a clear, affirmative showing that the religious activities at issue will be 

harmful to the child.”

However, because section 61.13(2)(c), Florida Statutes (2015) requires 

Florida courts to “determine all matters relating to parenting and time-sharing of 

each minor child of the parties in accordance with the best interests of the child,” 

we agree with the Supreme Court of Kansas’ observation that “consideration of 
3

religiously motivated behavior with an impact on a child’s welfare cannot be 

ignored.” Harrison v. Tauheed, 292 Kan. 663, 683, 256 P. 3d 851, 863 (2011). 

This differentiation between religious beliefs and religiously motivated actions 

which affect the welfare of the child is consistent with the rule announced in 

Pierson and earlier, in Mesa v. Mesa, 652 So. 2d 456, 457 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995), 

that restrictions on a parent’s “exposure” of his or her child to the parent’s 

religious beliefs “have consistently been overturned in the absence of a clear, 

affirmative showing that the religious activities at issue will be harmful to the 

child.” Pierson, 143 So. 3d at 1203 citing Mesa, 652 So. 2d at 457. 

In this case, the record supports “a clear, affirmative showing” that 

Appellant’s actions towards his children, which he adamantly believes are 

religiously motivated, have been harmful to the children. After one child suffered 

a psychotic episode which required hospitalization, and upon the former wife’s

request, Appellant left the marital residence in February of 2013. The children had 

resided exclusively with the former wife since that time. At the time of the bench 

trial, a temporary injunction against domestic violence directed towards Appellant 

was in place. At the conclusion of the trial, the court extended the temporary 

injunction for the next year. During the trial, the court heard the testimony of three 

professionals, all of whom had extensive counseling experience with the family 

over several years. All three professionals consistently testified that Appellant’s 
4

admonishments, threats of damnation, and demonization of the children’s mother 

caused each of the three children anxiety and emotional distress severe enough to 

qualify as abuse. Mental health counselor, Alicia Pfahlor, was concerned enough 

by what she heard from one of the children that she reported suspected 

psychological abuse to the Department of Children and Families.1

 

Ms. Pfahlor testified that Appellant admitted to her that “he had been 

abusive to his wife and he had been abusive to his children. To me he said he had 

been a monster in his family.” The court-appointed social investigator Dr. Linda 

Abeles, PhD., also testified that Appellant admitted to her that he had been abusive 

to his wife and children earlier in the marriage, but that he had experienced a 

religious “epiphany” and attempted to change his behavior towards his wife. Dr. 

Abeles stated that in her opinion, based on her counseling with Appellant and the 

other members of the family, that Appellant had not changed his behavior towards 

the children, that each of the children suffered from anxiety disorder, that 

Appellant was engaging in domestic violence against the mother and the children 

prior to his leaving the home, and that unsupervised parenting time with Appellant 

would not be in the children’s best interest. 

The trial court relied heavily on the testimony of marriage and family 

counselor Dr. Stephen Figley, PhD., who had a long history of counseling this

 

1 The Department found no abuse, abandonment, or neglect, and took no action on 

the report. 
5

family. In addition to his counseling qualifications, Dr. Figley had extensive 

theological training and was familiar with Appellant’s religious beliefs. His 

testimony was consistent with the other testimony, that Appellant’s extensive 

proselytizing of the children was used as leverage over them to persuade the 

former wife to reconcile with Appellant. Dr. Figley also testified that Appellant’s 

harsh “admonishment” of the children had harmful effects upon them. Appellant 

readily admitted that he used Biblical verses as a “rod” to justify his severe 

punishments of the children and to control their behavior.

In an effort to allow Appellant to improve his interactions with the children, 

the trial court ordered supervised visitation for Appellant in the partial final 

judgment and ordered Appellant to continue counseling with Dr. Figley. The court 

held three review hearings after the partial final judgment and heard testimony 

from Dr. Figley about Appellant’s progress. However, this effort was unsuccessful 

and Dr. Figley testified that Appellant adamantly refused any suggestion that 

Appellant change his aggressive communications with the children so as to 

improve his relationships with them. 

After considering the testimony presented in both the bench trial and the 

review hearings, the trial court changed Appellant’s supervised visitation to 

unsupervised visitation in the Final Judgment on Parenting Plan. Appellant’s 

parenting time remained at two hours per week. 
6

The testimony of the expert witnesses during the bench trial, and Dr. 

Figley’s follow-up testimony in the third review hearing, constituted a “clear, 

affirmative showing that the religious activities at issue will be harmful to the 

child[ren],” as required under Pierson and the cases cited therein. The trial court

explained its injunction of Appellant discussing religious matters with the children 

in its finding that “in this unique case, the Father’s use and/or leverage of religious 

views has been abusive to the children as the Father has sought to pit religion 

against the children’s Mother. A year’s worth of pro bono and subsidized therapy 

has not changed his insight regarding his conduct.” The record on appeal supports 

this finding. Under the particular circumstances of this case, the trial court’s 

restriction on Appellant’s discussion of “religious matters” during his parenting 

time did not exceed the court’s discretionary authority or violate Appellant’s 

rights. The welfare and best interests of the children must prevail. § 61.13(2)(c) & 

(3), Fla. Stat. 

AFFIRMED.

ROBERTS, C.J. and WETHERELL, J., CONCUR.