2016 IL 119932

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 119932)

In re M.M. and J.M., Minors (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellant, 

v. Heather M., Appellee).

Opinion filed December 1, 2016.

JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Garman, Burke, and 

Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 At the close of a dispositional hearing on a juvenile petition based on neglect, 

the circuit court of Peoria County found that respondent, Heather M., was a fit 

parent to her children, J.M. and M.M. However, the court awarded temporary 

custody and guardianship to the Department of Children and Family Services 

(DCFS). The appellate court (2015 IL App (3d) 130856) reversed the judgment of 

the trial court and remanded to allow that court to enter specific findings consistent 
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with section 2-27(1) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) (705 ILCS 

405/2-27(1) (West 2012)). This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to 

appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015). For the following reasons, we now 

affirm the judgment of the appellate court and remand the cause to the trial court for 

further proceedings.

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 On July 31, 2013, DCFS filed separate juvenile petitions seeking wardship of 

9-year-old J.M. and 10-year-old M.M. The petitions claimed that the minors were 

neglected because their environment was injurious to their welfare. See 705 ILCS 

405/2-3(1)(b) (West 2012). At that time, the minors lived with their father, Larry. 

Each petition alleged as follows. Between July 1 and July 3, 2013, Larry was taking 

care of the children of his girlfriend, who was not respondent. One of those 

children, who was six years old, had a bedwetting accident. Larry “struck [the 

child] on the buttocks and slapped his face leaving multiple bruises on [the child’s] 

buttocks and face.” Also, Larry had a criminal history that consisted of a charge of 

battery in 2003 and charges of driving under the influence in 2003 and 2008. Each 

petition asserted that respondent’s whereabouts were unknown. 

¶ 4 Larry entered into an agreed order of protection with DCFS, which provided,

inter alia, that the minors would reside with their paternal grandparents, Larry’s 

visits with the children would be supervised, and Larry could not live with the 

minors or stay with them overnight. Respondent was not a signatory to the order of 

protection. Larry subsequently disclosed respondent’s name. The trial court 

appointed legal counsel for respondent, and she filed an answer to the juvenile 

petition. The court also appointed a guardian ad litem for the minors.

¶ 5 The trial court held an adjudicatory hearing in which the parties stipulated to the 

petition’s allegations. The hearing consisted essentially of the State’s proffer as to 

what evidence would have been introduced had there been no stipulations. There 

was no evidence or other information presented concerning respondent. At the 

close of the adjudicatory hearing, the court found that the minors were neglected 

due to an injurious environment not involving physical abuse. The court 

specifically found that respondent did not contribute to this injurious environment. 
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¶ 6 Lutheran Social Services of Illinois (LSSI) filed with the court a dispositional 

hearing report on respondent dated October 7, 2013. The report included the 

following information. Prior to her relationship with Larry, respondent was married 

and divorced. Two daughters were born in the marriage, one of whom lived with 

respondent’s ex-husband. Respondent remarried. According to respondent, her 

husband “gave her an ultimatum that it was him or the kids and she left him in 

2001.” The marriage ended with his death from natural causes. Respondent then 

had a relationship with Larry from 2002 to 2008, into which J.M. and M.M. were 

born. During their relationship, Larry had problems with alcohol, drugs, and 

domestic violence, but there was never police involvement with respect to any 

incidents between them. Respondent told the caseworker that Larry “brought 

another woman into the home and told [respondent] to get out.” According to 

Larry’s LSSI dispositional hearing report, Larry “stated that he lost interest in 

[respondent].” After her relationship with Larry ended, respondent was in a 

relationship in which a daughter was born. The daughter resides with respondent.

¶ 7 Respondent’s LSSI dispositional hearing report also stated that she had stable 

housing in Peoria and had obtained a certified nursing assistant certificate and 

training in phlebotomy. Respondent was not addicted to alcohol or illegal 

substances, had passed a random drug screening, and had never been arrested. 

Respondent takes prescription medication for bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, 

and depression. In 2011 and 2012, respondent completed a parenting class and a 

domestic violence class as part of an intact family service program and had recently 

engaged in an intact family program through LSSI and indicated a willingness to 

participate in services. Further, respondent was cooperating with the LSSI 

caseworker. The report opined: “Both of the minors are completely aware of why 

their family is involved with LSSI/DCFS. This worker feels that the children would 

benefit from counseling services. This worker feels that the children are safe in 

their paternal grandparents’ home and care at this time.” The report concluded that 

respondent would be able to provide a safe, loving, and nurturing environment in 

which to raise her children if she continued to cooperate and participate in services 

as requested. The report recommended that respondent continue to be found fit. 

The report made no guardianship or placement recommendation regarding the 

minors. 
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¶ 8 At the dispositional hearing, the LSSI caseworker took no position as to who 

should be appointed guardian for J.M. and M.M. Both the State and the guardian 

ad litem agreed that respondent was a fit parent. However, both the State and the 

guardian ad litem argued that the minors should be made wards of the court and 

DCFS should be appointed guardian. The State provided no basis for this assertion. 

The guardian ad litem stated: “She [respondent] has some mental health issues; I 

hope those can be addressed.”

¶ 9 Respondent agreed that she was a fit parent and that the minors should be made 

wards of the court. She also agreed with the LSSI assessment and 

recommendations. However, she contended that placement with DCFS was not 

necessary and asked that the court grant her custody and guardianship of her 

children.

¶ 10 At the close of the dispositional hearing, the trial court found Larry unfit as a 

parent. The court further found: “DCFS is appointed guardian of these children, 

although I do find the mother, [respondent], to be fit. I also find that placement is 

necessary, based on all that was presented in the materials for my review for this 

disposition and upon considering argument.” The court’s written dispositional 

order reflected the court’s oral findings and also required respondent to perform 

various tasks “to correct the conditions that led to the adjudication and/or removal 

of the children.” In addition to generally cooperating with DCFS or its designee, 

these tasks included taking a mental health assessment to determine if counseling 

was needed. If so, then respondent was ordered to undergo counseling. The form 

order indicated that respondent was fit and did not indicate that she was unable or 

unwilling to care for her children, and the order lacked any written basis to support 

a finding of inability or unwillingness.

¶ 11 Respondent appealed to the appellate court. 2015 IL App (3d) 130856. The 

State conceded that the trial court “did not articulate specific reasons for its 

decision and did not state that the respondent was unable or unwilling to care for the 

children.” Id. ¶ 13. The appellate court concluded that the trial court thereby 

violated section 2-27(1) of the Act (705 ILCS 405/2-27(1) (West 2012)). 2015 IL 

App (3d) 130856, ¶ 14. The appellate court explained that the trial court was not 

authorized to grant custody of the minors to DCFS without a finding of unfitness or 

a properly supported finding that respondent was unable or unwilling to care for the 
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minors. Accordingly, the appellate court held that the trial court committed 

reversible error in awarding custody of the minors to DCFS. Id. ¶ 15. The appellate 

court remanded the case “so that the trial court may enter explicit, specific findings 

consistent with the requirements of section 2-27(1).” Id. ¶ 16. 

¶ 12 Upon denial of the State’s petition for rehearing, the appellate court repeated 

that, pursuant to section 2-27(1) of the Act, a court “may award custody to DCFS 

only after it has first determined that the natural parents are unfit, unwilling, or 

unable to care for the child.” Id. ¶ 18. Accordingly, a mere showing that a child’s 

placement with a third party might be in the child’s best interest is insufficient to 

supersede a fit parent’s superior right to custody. Rather, a court must find that the 

fit parent is unable, for other than a solely financial reason, to care for, protect, 

train, or discipline the minor or is unwilling to do so. Id. ¶ 19.

¶ 13 The State appeals to this court. We granted the Family Defense Center et al.

leave to submit an amici curiae brief in support of respondent. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. 

Sept. 20, 2010). Additional pertinent background will be discussed in the context of 

our analysis of the issues.

¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 15 Before this court, the State agrees with the appellate court that remand is 

necessary for the trial court to articulate the factual basis for its order placing 

guardianship and custody of J.M. and M.M. with DCFS. However, the State 

assigns error to the appellate court’s holding that the Act required the trial court to 

find parental unfitness, inability, or unwillingness as a prerequisite to placing the 

minors with DCFS. The State contends that the Act authorizes a trial court to place 

an abused, neglected, or dependent child with someone other than a parent if that 

placement is necessary based on the best interests of the child, even absent a finding 

that both parents are unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for the child. The resolution 

of this issue requires us to construe the relevant provisions of the Act. Because the 

construction of a statute is a question of law, our review is de novo. Williams v. 

Staples, 208 Ill. 2d 480, 487 (2004); In re Detention of Lieberman, 201 Ill. 2d 300, 

307 (2002).
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¶ 16 The primary rule of statutory construction, to which all other canons and rules 

are subordinate, is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. The 

most reliable indicator of legislative intent is the language of the statute, which 

should be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Bayer v. Panduit Corp., 2016 IL 

119553, ¶ 18; People ex rel. Sherman v. Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d 264, 279 (2003). A 

statute is viewed as a whole. Therefore, words and phrases must be construed in 

light of other relevant statutory provisions and not in isolation. Each word, clause, 

and sentence of a statute must be given a reasonable meaning, if possible, and 

should not be rendered superfluous. Also, the court may consider the reason for the 

law, the problems sought to be remedied, the purposes to be achieved, and the 

consequences of construing the statute one way or another. Williams, 208 Ill. 2d at 

487; Lieberman, 201 Ill. 2d at 308.

¶ 17 The Act sets forth the procedures that must be followed in determining whether 

a minor should be removed from his or her parents’ custody and be made a ward of 

the court. In re A.W., 231 Ill. 2d 241, 254 (2008). Article II of the Act governs 

proceedings involving abused, neglected, or dependent minors. 705 ILCS 405/2-1 

(West 2012). The procedural history of the instant case renders extended discussion 

of several sections of article II unnecessary. An agreed order placed J.M. and M.M. 

in the temporary custody of their paternal grandparents. Subsequently, the parties 

stipulated that the minors were neglected due to an injurious environment not 

involving physical abuse, to which respondent did not contribute. Thereafter, the 

Act required the trial court to hold a dispositional hearing, in which the court must 

first determine whether it is in the best interests of the minor and the public that the 

minor be made a ward of the court. 705 ILCS 405/2-21(2), 2-22(1) (West 2012). At 

the instant dispositional hearing, respondent agreed that J.M. and M.M. should be 

made wards of the court. 

¶ 18 However, respondent sought custody of J.M. and M.M., contending that 

placement with DCFS was not necessary. Pursuant to the Act, if a minor “is to be 

made a ward of the court, the court shall determine the proper disposition best 

serving the health, safety and interests of the minor and the public.” 705 ILCS 

405/2-22(1) (West 2012). The trial court may make four basic types of 

dispositional orders with respect to a ward of the court. The minor may be 

(1) continued in the care of the minor’s parent, guardian, or legal custodian; 

(2) restored to the custody of the minor’s parent, guardian, or legal custodian; 
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(3) ordered partially or completely emancipated; or (4) “placed in accordance” 

with section 2-27 of the Act. 705 ILCS 405/2-23(1)(a) (West 2012). Section 2-27 

provides in relevant part:

“(1) If the court determines and puts in writing the factual basis supporting 

the determination of whether the parents, guardian, or legal custodian of a 

minor adjudged a ward of the court are unfit or are unable, for some reason 

other than financial circumstances alone, to care for, protect, train or discipline 

the minor or are unwilling to do so, and that the health, safety, and best interest 

of the minor will be jeopardized if the minor remains in the custody of his or her 

parents, guardian or custodian, the court may at this hearing and at any later 

point:

* * *

(d) commit the minor to the Department of Children and Family 

Services for care and service ***.” (Emphasis added.) 705 ILCS 

405/2-27(1) (West 2012).

Where the State does not seek to terminate parental rights, section 2-27(1) is 

concerned only with placement of the minor. In re Madison H., 215 Ill. 2d 364, 374 

(2005).

¶ 19 In the case at bar, the trial court placed the minors with DCFS without 

articulating a factual basis for its order. Holding that the trial court committed 

reversible error, the appellate court explained: “The statutory scheme and case law 

interpreting it dictate that a trial court cannot move on to a best interest 

determination until it finds the natural parents unfit, unwilling, or unable to care for 

their minor child.” 2015 IL App (3d) 130856, ¶ 15.1 The appellate court stated that 

 1

Earlier in this paragraph, the appellate court stated: “Without a finding of unfitness 

*** the trial court was not authorized to make the children wards of the court and to grant 

custody and guardianship of the children to DCFS.” (Emphasis added.) 2015 IL App (3d) 

130856, ¶ 15. This was an obvious overstatement. The trial court’s finding that it is in the 

best interest of the minor to become a ward of the court must precede the court’s 

consideration of whether a parent is dispositionally unfit and the need for guardianship. 

In re C.L., 384 Ill. App. 3d 689, 693 (2008). This misstatement is found nowhere else in the 

appellate court’s opinion and should be disregarded. In any event: “The function of this 
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section 2-27(1) requires explicit findings by the trial court that the respondent is 

unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for her children. Id. ¶ 16.

¶ 20 Before this court, the State contends, as it contended before the appellate court 

(id. ¶ 17), that the Act authorizes a trial court to place a ward of the court with a 

third party, such as DCFS, if the court finds such placement to be in the minor’s 

best interest, even if the court has not found that the child’s biological parents are 

unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for the child. We reject this contention.

¶ 21 We begin with the plain language of section 2-27(1). Prior to committing a 

minor to the custody of a third party, such as DCFS, a trial court must first 

determine whether the parent is unfit, unable, or unwilling to care for the child, and

whether the best interest of the minor will be jeopardized if the minor remains in the 

custody of his or her parents. 705 ILCS 405/2-27(1) (West 2012). “The word ‘and’ 

has been defined in our courts as meaning ‘in addition to.’ [Citation.] It is 

something in addition to or beyond that which has gone before.” People ex rel. 

Dixon v. Community Unit School District No. 3, 2 Ill. 2d 454, 460 (1954). It is well 

settled that, generally, the use of a conjunctive such as “and” indicates that the 

legislature intended that all of the listed requirements be met. DG Enterprises, 

LLC-Will Tax, LLC v. Cornelius, 2015 IL 118975, ¶ 31; Jarvis v. South Oak Dodge, 

Inc., 201 Ill. 2d 81, 87 (2002). Of course, courts sometimes construe the word 

“and” to mean “or” and vice versa. However, this is done only in cases where there 

is an apparent repugnance or inconsistency in a statute that would defeat its main 

intent and purpose. “ ‘When these words are found in a statute and their accurate 

reading does not render the sense dubious they should be read and interpreted as 

written in the statute.’ Voight v. Industrial Comm’n, 297 Ill. 109, 114 (1921).” 

People v. A Parcel of Property Commonly Known as 1945 North 31st Street, 217 

Ill. 2d 481, 500-01 (2005).

¶ 22 The State argues that the appellate court’s literal reading of section 2-27(1) is 

contrary to the legislature’s own stated purpose and policy of the Act. The State 

points to section 1-2 of the Act, which provides, in pertinent part, that the purpose 

of the Act “is to secure for each minor subject hereto such care and guidance, 

 

court is to review the judgment appealed from and not pass on the form of the opinion 

involved.” York v. Stiefel, 99 Ill. 2d 312, 319 (1983).
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preferably in his or her own home, as will serve the safety and moral, emotional, 

mental, and physical welfare of the minor and the best interests of the community.” 

705 ILCS 405/1-2(1) (West 2012). Moreover: “The parents’ right to the custody of 

their child shall not prevail when the court determines that it is contrary to the 

health, safety, and best interests of the child.” 705 ILCS 405/1-2(3)(c) (West 2012). 

Further:

“(1) At the dispositional hearing, the court shall determine whether it is in 

the best interests of the minor and the public that he be made a ward of the 

court, and, if he is to be made a ward of the court, the court shall determine the 

proper disposition best serving the health, safety and interests of the minor and 

the public.” 705 ILCS 405/2-22(1) (West 2012).

According to the State: “These provisions demonstrate that the best interests of the 

child are paramount.”

¶ 23 We cannot accept the State’s argument. We initially observe that section 1-2 of 

the Act provides that the purpose of the Act is also “to preserve and strengthen the 

minor’s family ties whenever possible, removing him or her from the custody of his 

or her parents only when his or her safety or welfare or the protection of the public 

cannot be adequately safeguarded without removal.” 705 ILCS 405/1-2(1) (West 

2012). “It is apparent that the preferred result under the Juvenile Court Act is that a 

child remain in his or her home, in the custody of his or her parents. This is a 

clarification of the child’s best interests.” In re R.C., 195 Ill. 2d 291, 308 (2001).

¶ 24 Indeed, the statutory scheme for dispositional hearings effectuates this policy. 

The best interest standard governs both the determination of whether an 

adjudicated minor should be made a ward of the court and, if so, the determination 

of the minor’s proper disposition. The Act provides four possible authorized 

dispositions, three of which do not involve placing the minor with a third party. The 

one authorized disposition that does involve third-party placement requires 

placement “in accordance with Section 2-27.” 705 ILCS 405/2-23(1)(a) (West 

2012). Thus, the legislature recognizes that even where the best interest standard 

permeates and governs the entire dispositional hearing, placement of the minor 

with a third party nonetheless requires the prerequisite consideration of parental 

fitness.
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¶ 25 Therefore, to adopt the State’s interpretation of section 2-27(1) would upset the 

careful balance the legislature has crafted. There is nothing to suggest that an 

accurate reading of “and” in section 2-27(1) would defeat the main intent and 

purpose of the Act, and there is nothing “dubious” about reading “and” 

conjunctively. Accordingly, section 2-27(1) must be applied as written. See DG 

Enterprises, 2015 IL 118975, ¶ 32.

¶ 26 Moreover, this court must construe a statute in a manner that upholds its 

constitutionality if it reasonably can be done. In re R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d 428, 433 

(2006); Wickham v. Byrne, 199 Ill. 2d 309, 316 (2002). It is beyond discussion that 

parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and control of their 

children. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65-66 (2000) (and cases cited therein); 

Wickham, 199 Ill. 2d at 316-17 (collecting cases); In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 362 

(2001) (collecting cases). Further, as a matter of constitutional law, “there is a 

presumption that fit parents act in the best interests of their children.” Troxel, 530 

U.S. at 68. “Accordingly, so long as a parent [is fit], there will normally be no 

reason for the State to inject itself into the private realm of the family to further 

question the ability of that parent to make the best decisions concerning the rearing 

of that parent’s children.” Id. at 68-69; see R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d at 439; Wickham, 199 

Ill. 2d at 318-19. 

¶ 27 In Troxel, the United States Supreme Court invalidated a visitation statute that 

allowed a petition to go directly to a best interests determination, without any 

deference to the decision of a fit parent. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 69-70. In R.L.S., this 

court held that our Probate Act of 1975 (755 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq. (West 2004)) was 

constitutional under Troxel:

“By allowing a guardianship petition to proceed to a hearing on the merits over 

the wishes of a parent only when the parent has been established to be unwilling 

or unable to carry out day-to-day child-care decisions, the Probate Act respects 

the superior rights of parents while also insuring to protect the health, safety, 

and welfare of children.” R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d at 441.

The State’s argument that the best interest standard trumps all would run afoul of 

Troxel. The plain language of section 2-27(1) respects the constitutional rights of 

parents while also insuring to protect the best interests of children. Our appellate 

court has repeatedly so recognized. See, e.g., In re Ta. A., 384 Ill. App. 3d 303, 
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306-07 (2008); In re Ryan B., 367 Ill. App. 3d 517, 521 (2006); In re S.S., 313 Ill. 

App. 3d 121, 132-33 (2000).

¶ 28 In support of its contention, the State cites to this court’s repeated 

pronouncement that, in child custody disputes, it is not necessary that the natural 

parent is unfit or has forfeited his or her custodial rights before awarding custody to 

another person if the best interests of the child will be served. In re Austin W., 214 

Ill. 2d 31, 50-51 (2005); In re Custody of Townsend, 86 Ill. 2d 502, 508 (1981); 

People ex rel. Edwards v. Livingston, 42 Ill. 2d 201, 209 (1969). The State 

acknowledges that in R.L.S. we criticized this statement as “wrong and should no 

longer be followed.” R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d at 447. However, the State infers that this 

legal proposition remains valid because we repeated it in Austin W. and did not 

include that case in our repudiation in R.L.S. We again repudiate this erroneous 

legal proposition. Further, the appellate court declined to follow several appellate 

court decisions that applied the same erroneous rule. In re Star R., 2014 IL App 

(1st) 140920, ¶ 29; In re S.J., 364 Ill. App. 3d 432, 442 (2006); In re J.J., 327 Ill. 

App. 3d 70, 77 (2001); In re J.F.K., 174 Ill. App. 3d 732, 734 (1988). To the extent 

that these appellate court decisions conflict with this opinion, they are hereby 

overruled.2

¶ 29 Additionally, respondent observes that the trial court has found her to be fit and 

did not indicate that she was unable or unwilling to care for her children. 

Respondent posits that, on remand, she would remain a fit parent. Respondent 

characterizes this status as “the law of the case” and asserts that there is no proper 

procedure for evidence to be introduced that could prove she is unable or unwilling. 

Therefore, respondent contends that remand is unnecessary and asks us to “order 

immediate placement” with her.

¶ 30 Respondent cites no authority and presents no argument beyond this bare 

contention. This court will consider only fully briefed and argued issues. Ill. S. Ct. 

R. 341(h)(7), (i) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). A court of review is entitled to have the issues 

 2

As it did before the appellate court, the State again cites In re Y.A., 383 Ill. App. 3d 

311, 315 (2008), for this erroneous legal principle. However, the appellate court correctly 

viewed that case as distinguishable: “In Y.A., the trial court made the necessary, specific 

findings of fact as to why the fit father was unable to care for the minor. Accordingly, 

placement with DCFS was proper.” 2015 IL App (3d) 130856, ¶ 16 n.3.
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clearly defined with pertinent authority cited and cohesive arguments presented. 

Lake County Grading Co. v. Village of Antioch, 2014 IL 115805, ¶ 36. 

Accordingly, respondent has forfeited this contention, and we do not consider it. 

See, e.g., Bartlow v. Costigan, 2014 IL 115152, ¶ 52; Canteen Corp. v. Department 

of Revenue, 123 Ill. 2d 95, 111-12 (1988).

¶ 31 We hold that section 2-27(1) of the Act does not authorize placing a ward of the 

court with a third party absent a finding of parental unfitness, inability, or 

unwillingness to care for the minor. In light of this holding, we need not address 

respondent’s alternative contention that the trial court’s decision was against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. See, e.g., Kajima Construction Services, Inc. v. 

St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co., 227 Ill. 2d 102, 117 (2007).

¶ 32 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 33 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed, and 

the cause is remanded to the circuit court of Peoria County for further proceedings.

¶ 34 Affirmed and remanded.