# Patent

## Title
Objective lens and observation apparatus having the same

## Abstract

An objective lens including a first lens group immovable in changing magnification from a normal observation state to a close-up observation state, a second lens group arranged nearer to the image side than the first lens group and moving along the optical axis in the change of magnification, a third lens group arranged nearer to the image side than the second lens group and immovable in the change of magnification, and an aperture stop arranged between the second lens group and an image plane and immovable in the change of magnification, and the objective lens satisfying the following condition:

1.24<|F1f/Fn|<1.8

where F1f denotes the focal length of a lens that is placed nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fn denotes the focal length of the whole system in the normal observation state.

## Background
This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/JP2013/082876, filed on Dec. 6. 2013, which claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-268496 filed in Japan on Dec. 7, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an objective lens which is provided with a movable lens group moving along the optical axis, and relates to an observation apparatus having the same.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Objective lenses having known up to now include an objective lens in which a lens group is moved to reversibly and continuously change magnification to change a state of the objective lens suitable for normal observation (which is called “normal observation state” below) into a state of the objective lens suitable for close-up observation (which is called “close-up observation state” below) so that a particular object optionally selected from a plurality of objects that are present in an observation area by an observer can be observed in detail.
An example of such an objective lens is, for example, an objective lens: which consists of a first lens group with positive power, a second lens group with negative power, and a third lens group with positive power, these lens group being arranged in that order from the object side; and in which a magnification is changed by moving the second lens group along the optical axis (refer to Japanese Patent Kokai No. 2010-32680 and Japanese Patent Kokai No. Hei 11-316339).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An objective lens according to the present invention is characterized in that the objective lens includes: a first lens group in which a lens arranged nearest to the object side has negative power and which is immovable in changing magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state; a second lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the first lens group is and which moves along the optical axis in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state; a third lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the second lens group is and which is immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state; and an aperture stop which is arranged between the second lens group and an image plane and which is immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state.
Also, an observation apparatus according to the present invention is characterized in that the observation apparatus includes the above-described objective lens and an autofocus mechanism for moving the second lens group so that focusing is performed by the second lens group.
The present invention can offer: an objective lens in which an amount of a change in aberration is small in changing magnification and a sufficient amount of peripheral light can be acquired; and an observation apparatus.
These features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the present embodiments carried out in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A to 1C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 1 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 1A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 1B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 1C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 2A to 2L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C, FIGS. 2A to 2D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 2E to 2H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 2I to 2L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 3A to 3C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 2 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 3A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 3B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 3C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 4A to 4L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C, FIGS. 4A to 4D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 4E to 4H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 4I to 4L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 5A to 5C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 3 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 5A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 5B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 5C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 6A to 6L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C, FIGS. 6A to 6D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 6E to 6H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 6I to 6L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 7A to 7C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 4 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 7A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 7B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 7C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 8A to 8L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 7A to 7C, FIGS. 8A to 8D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 8E to 8H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 8I to 8L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 9A to 9C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 5 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 9A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 9B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 9C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 10A to 10L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C, FIGS. 10A to 10D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 10E to 10H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 10I to 10L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 11A to 11C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 6 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 11A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 11B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 11C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 12A to 12L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 11 to 11C, FIGS. 12A to 12D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 12E to 12H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 12I to 12L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 13A to 13C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 7 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 13A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 13B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 13C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 14A to 14L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C, FIGS. 14A to 14D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 14E to 14H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 14I to 14L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 15A to 15C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 8 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 15A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 15B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 15C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 16A to 16L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 15A to 15C, FIGS. 16A to 16D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 16E to 16H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 16I to 16L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 17A to 17C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 9 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 17A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 17B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 17C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 18A to 18L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 17A to 17C, FIGS. 18A to 18D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 18E to 18H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 18I to 18L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 19A to 19C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 10 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 19A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 19B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 19C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 20A to 20L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 19A to 19C, FIGS. 20A to 20D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 20E to 20H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 201 to 20L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 21A to 21C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 11 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 21A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 21B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 21C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 22A to 22L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C, FIGS. 22A to 22D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 22E to 22H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 22I to 22L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 23A to 23C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 12 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 23A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 23B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 23C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 24A to 24L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 23A to 23C, FIGS. 24A to 24D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 24E to 24H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 24I to 24L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 25A to 25C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for an observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 13 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 25A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 25B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 25C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIGS. 26A to 26L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 25A to 25C, FIGS. 26A to 26D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 26E to 26H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 26I to 26L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
FIG. 27 is a view showing the whole of an endoscope apparatus which is an observation apparatus including an objective lens of an embodiment according to the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Prior to explanations about the Embodiments, operation effects in embodiments of the present invention will be explained. Besides, when the operation effects in the embodiments are specifically explained, the operation effects are to be explained while specific examples are being shown. However, the illustrated embodiments are insistently merely a part of embodiments included by the present invention, like the below-illustrated Embodiments 1 to 13, and the embodiments included by the present invention include numerous variations. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiments.
Besides, a state in which a magnification of an objective lens according to the present invention has the minimum value is called “normal observation” state, a state in which a magnification of the objective lens has the maximum value is called “close-up observation” state, and a state in which a magnification of the objective lens has a value between the values of magnification in the normal observation state and in the close-up observation state is called “middle observation” state, below.
An objective lens of an embodiment according to the present invention is characterized in that the objective lens includes: a first lens group in which a lens arranged nearest to the object side has negative power and which is immovable in changing magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state; a second lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the first lens group is and which moves along the optical axis in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state; a third lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the second lens group is and which is immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state; and an aperture stop which is arranged between the second lens group and an image plane and which is immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state.
As described above, in the objective lens of the present embodiment, the lens arranged nearest to the object side in the first lens group is a lens having negative power.
As a result, the objective lens of the present embodiment has a wide angle of view and makes it easy to observe an object with an apparatus with the object lens close to the object, or makes it easy to perform close-up observation, because of such a structure of the objective lens of the present embodiment. Also, the objective lens of the present embodiment makes it possible to widen a field of view.
Also, as described above, the objective lens of the present embodiment changes magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state by moving the second lens group along the optical axis while the first and third lens groups are staying immovable, the second lens group being arranged nearer to the object side than the aperture stop is and at a position at which the heights of light beams are relatively low.
Such a constitution provided for the objective lens of the present embodiment makes it possible to make variation in astigmatism small.
As described above, the objective lens of the present embodiment further includes an aperture stop which is arranged between the movable second lens group and the image plane, the aperture stop being immovable in changing magnification.
Such a constitution provided for the objective lens of the present embodiment makes it possible to prevent variation in positions of exit pupil in the second lens group, that is to say, makes it possible to prevent change in angle at which a light bundle enters the image plane, even though the second lens group as a movable lens group moves. As a result, it is easy to optimize an image-pickup element, and it is also possible to prevent deterioration of peripheral brightness in an observation apparatus provided with this objective lens.
Also, such a constitution of the objective lens of the present embodiment makes it possible to prevent astigmatism and coma in the close-up observation state. In general, the heights of light beams at the image-side surface of the first lens group are particularly high in the close-up observation state of an optical system having such a constitution of lenses as in the present embodiment. And, an amount of refraction of light becomes large in a part of a lens component in which the heights of light beams are high, so that field curvature, astigmatism, and coma inevitably occur. In the objective lens of the present embodiment, the aperture stop is arranged at the characteristic position, so that it is possible to prevent the heights of light beams from becoming unnecessarily high to prevent the occurrences of these aberrations.
Also, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (1):

1.24<|F1f/Fn|<1.8  (1)

where, F1f denotes the focal length of the lens that is placed nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fn denotes the focal length of the whole system in the normal observation state.

This condition (1) specifies power of the lens that is arranged nearest to the object side in the object lens. If the objective lens is configured in such a way that |F1f/Fn| is not below the lower limit of the condition (1), it is possible to increase the focal length of the lens, and the occurrence of various aberrations can be easily prevented. In addition, it is possible to decrease the focal length of the whole system of the objective lens, so that it is easy to secure a sufficient depth of field. On the other hand, if the objective lens is configured in such a way that |F1f/Fn| is not beyond the upper limit of the condition (1), it is possible to lower the heights of light beams in the lens, that is to say, it is possible to make the lens have a small diameter, so that the outer diameter of the whole of the objective lens can be easily downsized.
Besides, it is more preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy one of the following conditions (1-1) and (1-2) instead of the condition (1):

1.25<|F1f/Fn|<1.7  (1-1)

1.27<|F1f/Fn|<1.6  (1-2)

Also, the upper limit of the condition (1-1) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (1) or (1-2). Also, the lower limit of the condition (1-1) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (1) or (1-2). Also, the upper limit of the condition (1-2) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (1) or (1-1). Also, the lower limit of the condition (1-2) may be used as or the lower limit of the condition (1) or (1-1).
Also, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (2):

0.8<|F1f/Fc|<1.7  (2)

where, F1f denotes focal length of the lens that is arranged nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fc denotes focal length of the whole system in the close-up observation state.

This conditions (2) specifies power of the lens that is arranged nearest to the object side in the objective lens. If the objective lens is configured in such a way that |F1f/Fc| is not below the lower limit of the condition (2), it is possible to increase the focal length of the lens, and it is easy to prevent occurrences of various aberrations. In addition, it is possible to decrease the focal length of the whole system of the objective lens, so that it is easy to secure a sufficient depth of field. On the other hand, if the objective lens is configured in such a way that |F1f/Fc| is not beyond the upper limit of the condition (2), it is possible to lower the heights of light beams in the lens, that is to say, it is possible to make the lens have a small diameter, so that the outer diameter of the whole of the objective lens can be in turn downsized.
Besides, it is more preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy one of the following conditions (2-1) and (2-2) instead of the condition (2):

0.9<|F1f/Fc|<1.6  (2-1)

0.95<|F1f/Fc|<1.55  (2-2)

Also, the upper limit of the condition (2-1) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (2) or (2-2). Also, the lower limit of the condition (2-1) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (2) or (2-2). Also, the upper limit of the condition (2-2) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (2) or (2-1). Also, the lower limit of the condition (2-2) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (2) or (2-1).
Also, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (3):

0.7<|θc/θn|<1.5  (3)

where, θc denotes an angle of incidence at which a principal ray enters the image plane in the close-up observation state, and θn denotes an angle of incidence at which the principal ray enters the image plane in the normal observation state.

In the case where an image-pickup element is placed in such a way that the light-receiving plane of the image-pickup element corresponds with the image plane, a loss of amount of light occurs in the light-receiving surface when a light bundle slantingly enters the image plane in general, and, particularly, peripheral brightness inevitably deteriorates. Accordingly, a structure of a micro lens or a color filter which is arranged between the objective lens and the image-pickup element is usually given a twist so that loss of peripheral brightness is lowered. However, in the case where an angle of incidence of light widely varies as in the objective lens of the present embodiment, it is not easy to optimize angle of incidence of light through such a manner. Accordingly, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the condition (3).
This condition (3) specifies the relation between angles of incidence of light bundle entering the image plane in the normal observation state and in the close-up observation state. If the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy this condition (3), variation in angle of incidence of light cannot become too wide, and it becomes easy to optimize angle of incidence of light even though an image-pickup element is placed, so that it is easy to prevent deterioration of peripheral brightness.
Besides, it is more preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy one of the following conditions (3-1) and (3-2) instead of the condition (3):

0.8<|θc/θn|<1.4  (3-1)

0.9<|θc/θn|<1.2  (3-2)

Also, the upper limit of the condition (3-1) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (3) or (3-2). Also, the lower limit of the condition (3-1) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (3) or (3-2). Also, the upper limit of the condition (3-2) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (3) or (3-1). Also, the lower limit of the condition (3-2) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (3) or (3-1).
Also, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (4):

ωnP/ωnMax<0.8  (4)

where, ωnP denotes a paraxial angle of view in the normal observation state, and ωnMax denotes the largest angle of view in the normal observation state.

Besides, the paraxial angle of view in the normal observation state is a value determined by the following formula:

In=Fn×tan(ωnP)

where In denotes the height of the maximum image plane in the normal observation state, and Fn denotes the focal length in the normal observation state.

This condition (4) specifies the ratio of the paraxial angle of view to the maximum angle of view in the normal observation state. If the objective lens is configured to satisfy this condition (4), it is easy to improve resolution in the vicinity of the center of an observation range and, in addition, it is easy to improve peripheral brightness, for example. As a result, it is possible to make a convenient optical system having a wide observation range.
Besides, it is more preferred that the objective lens is configured to satisfy the following condition (4-1) instead of the condition (4):

ωnP/ωnMax<0.7  (4-1)

Also, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (5):

−4<(r31f+r31b)/(r31f−r31b)<2  (5)

where, r31f denotes a radius of curvature of the object-side surface of a lens that is arranged nearest to the image side in the third lens group, and r31b denotes a radius of curvature of the image-side surface of the lens that is arranged nearest to the image side in the third lens group

This condition (5) specifies the shape of the lens that is arranged nearest to the image side in the third lens group, that is to say, in the objective lens. If the objective lens is configured to satisfy this condition (5), it is easy to correct astigmatism and chromatic aberration of magnification, and it becomes easy to secure favorable optical performance.
Besides, it is more preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy one of the following conditions (5-1) and (5-2) instead of the condition (5):

−3.5<(r31f+r31b)/(r31f−r31b)<1  (5-1)

−2.7<(r31f+r31b)/(r31f−r31b)<0.6  (5-2)

Also, the upper limit of the condition (5-1) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (5) or (5-2). The lower limit of the condition (5-1) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (5) or (5-2). Also, the upper limit of the condition (5-2) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (5) or (5-1). Also, the lower limit of the condition (5-2) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (5) or (5-1)
Also, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (6):

|ΔDTn|<8  (6)

where, ΔDTn denotes variations in distortion when the second lens group moves minutely in the close-up observation state.

Besides, an amount of this minute movement of the second lens group denotes an amount of movement of the second lens group along the optical axis which is necessary for making the image plane move by ±(F number×0.005) mm.
This condition (6) stands for variations in distortion when the second lens group or a movable lens group moves to make the image plane move minutely (or by (F number×0.005) mm). If the objective lens is configured so that |ΔDTn| is not beyond the upper limit of the condition (6), it is easy to lower variations in distortion, or variations in an observed image in observing an object to be imaged.
Besides, it is more preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy one of the following conditions (6-1) and (6-2) instead of the condition (6):

|ΔDTn|<6.5  (6-1)

|ΔDTn|<5  (6-2)

Also, it is preferred that: the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (7):

0.15<|(1−βc2·βc2)×βc3·βc3|<1.5  (7)

where, βc2 denotes transverse magnification of the second lens group in the close-up observation state, and βc3 denotes transverse magnification of the third lens group in the close-up observation state.

This condition (7) specifies an amount of movement of the image plane in a movement of the second lens group or a movable lens group in the close-up observation state. If the objective lens is configured so that |(1−βc2·βc2)×βc3·βc3| is not below the lower limit of the condition (7), there is no situation where an amount of movement of the image plane becomes too small as compared with an amount of movement of the movable lens group. As a result, it is possible to make a necessary amount of movement of the movable lens group small, so that the whole of the optical system can be easily downsized. On the other hand, if the objective lens is configured so that |(1−β2c·β2c)×β3c·β3c| is not beyond the upper limit of the condition (7), there is no situation where an amount of movement of the image plane becomes too large as compared with an amount of movement of the movable lens group. As a result, it is possible to lower aberration variations in field curvature.
Besides, it is more preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy one of the following conditions (7-1) and (7-2) instead of the condition (7):

0.2<|(1−βc2·βc2)×βc3·βc3|<1.4  (7-1)

0.25<|(1−βc2·βc2)×βc3·βc3|<1.3  (7-2)

Also, the upper limit of the condition (7-1) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (7) or (7-2). Also, the lower limit of the condition (7-1) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (7) or (7-2). Also, the upper limit of the condition (7-2) may be used as the upper limit of the condition (7) or (7-1). Also, the lower limit of the condition (7-2) may be used as the lower limit of the condition (7) or (7-1).
Also, it is preferred that the second lens group consists of a single lens component in the objective lens of the present embodiment.
When the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured in such a manner, the structure of the objective lens can be easily simplified and easily lightened. In addition, it is also easy to simplify and lighten the structure of an observation apparatus in which this objective lens is incorporated, because of simplicity of the structure of this objective lens. Besides, in this case, the above “lens element” denotes a single lens or a cemented lens.
Also, it is preferred that the third lens group has positive power in the objective lens of the present embodiment.
When the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured in such a manner, it is easy to reduce variations in field curvature, astigmatism, and coma. Also, when the objective lens of the present embodiment has not only a structure in which the aperture stop is fixed but also such a structure, it is possible to easily reduce a variation in angle of incidence of light bundle caused by movement of the second lens group of a movable lens group, and it becomes easy to prevent deterioration of peripheral brightness.
Also, it is preferred that the first lens group has negative power and the second lens group has negative power in the objective lens of the present embodiment.
In the case where the first lens group has negative power and the third lens group has positive power in the objective lens of the present embodiment, it is preferred that the second lens group has negative power.
Such a constitution of the objective lens makes the first lens group share an aberration occurring in the first lens group with the second lens group because both of the first and second lens groups can be made as a negative power group, so that it is easy to control field curvature and astigmatism. Also, it is easy to control a variation in distortion from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state.
Also, it is preferred that the first lens group has positive power and the second lens group has negative power in the objective lens of the present embodiment.
Such a constitution of the objective lens of the present embodiment makes it possible to correct an aberration occurring in the positive first lens group by the positive third lens group because the two positive lens groups are arranged symmetrically, so that it is easy to prevent chromatic aberration of magnification, astigmatism, and distortion.
Also, it is preferred that the objective lens of the present embodiment satisfies the following condition (8):

0.9<Fnon/Fnoc  (8)

where, Fnon denotes the F number of the whole system in the normal observation state and Fnoc denotes the F number of the whole system in the close-up observation state.

If the objective lens of the present embodiment is configured to satisfy this condition (8), it is easy to secure a sufficient focal depth in each of states of the objective lens in the range from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state even though the objective lens is used in combination with an image-pickup element having a large number of pixels. It is because the F number in the normal observation state is approximately equal to the F number in the close-up observation state, so that there is no necessity that the F number in the normal observation state is decreased more than necessary even though the F number in the close-up observation state is decreased so that the objective lens is not affected by diffraction in the close-up observation state.
Also, an observation apparatus of an embodiment according to the present invention is characterized in that: the observation apparatus is provided with one of the above-described objective lenses and an autofocus mechanism for moving the second lens group; and focusing is performed by the second lens group.
Besides, for example, the autofocus mechanism is composed of: a drive mechanism which moves the movable lens group for focusing along the optical axis; and a control means which controls the drive mechanism on the basis of predetermined information (information on images formed on an image pickup element like CCD which is arranged on the image side of the objective lens, information on a distance between the top of the objective lens and an object to be observed, and so on).
Embodiments of an observation apparatus provided with an objective lens of the present invention respectively are explained while reference to the drawings is being made, below.
Besides, subscript numbers given to r1, r2, . . . and d1, d2, . . . in the sectional views along the optical axes of the respective optical systems correspond to surface numbers 1, 2, . . . in numerical data.
Also, in the numerical data, s denotes surface number, r denotes radius of curvature of each surface, d denotes surface distance, nd denotes refractive index at the d line, and vd denotes Abbe's number at the d line. Also, the position of the aperture stop S is clearly expressed by an arrow in the drawings for each of the Embodiments. Because the position of the aperture stop S is close to a position of a lens surface in the drawings, the diameter of the aperture stop that is drawn in the drawings is larger than the actual diameter of the aperture stop. However, those skilled in the art can properly calculate the actual diameter of the aperture stop using an F-number described in each of the Embodiments or the like.
Embodiment 1
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 1 is explained in detail using FIGS. 1A to 1C and 2A to 2L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 1A to 1C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 1 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 1A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 1B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 1C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 2A to 2L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C, FIGS. 2A to 2D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 2E to 2H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 2I to 2L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having positive power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a plano-concave lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; and a lens L13 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of: a lens L21 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power; a lens L32 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L33 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L34 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L35 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L31 and the lens L32 are joined to each other, and the lens L34 and the is lens L35 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 1


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.150
0.78


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.45


5
−3.219
0.54
1.81600
46.62


6
−1.949
D6


7
1.633
0.74
1.58913
61.14


8
−13.006
D8


9 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


10
−1.186
0.44
1.59270
35.31


11
0.800
0.43
1.48749
70.23


12
−2.732
0.45


13
2.257
0.47
1.58913
61.14


14
47.501
0.45


15
3.795
0.92
1.88300
40.76


16
−2.335
0.30
1.92286
18.90


17
−8.306
0.45


18
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


19
∞
0.50


20 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.36











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.95
1.14
1.29


F NUMBER
8.34
8.16
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
121.47
93.26
78.18


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
9.44
9.18
8.97


BF (in air)
1.16
0.90
0.69










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D6
1.16
0.79
0.54



D8
0.45
0.82
1.07











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−3.87


2
7
2.51


3
10
2.25












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |Flf/Fn| < 1.8: −1.368



Condition (2): 0.8 < |Flf/Fc| < 1.7 : −1.007



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 1.00



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: 0.659



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −1.78



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −4.543



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2· βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.411



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.04










Embodiment 2
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 2 is explained in detail using FIGS. 3A to 3C and 4A to 4L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 3A to 3C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 2 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 3A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 3B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 3C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 4A to 4L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C, FIGS. 4A to 4D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 4E to 4H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 4I to 4L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and which substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having positive power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a plano-concave lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; and a lens L13 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of a lens L21 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the concave surface of which faces the image side.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power; a lens L32 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L33 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L33 that is a biconvex lens which to has positive power; a lens L34 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L35 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L31 and the lens L32 are joined to each other, and the lens L34 and the lens L35 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change: from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 2


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.200
0.83


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.47


5
−3.541
0.68
1.88300
40.76


6
−2.056
D6


7
1.753
0.78
1.58913
61.14


8
36.011
D8


9 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


10
−1.383
0.52
1.58144
40.75


11
0.900
0.44
1.48749
70.23


12
−5.939
0.45


13
2.524
0.60
1.69680
55.53


14
−5.573
0.45


15
6.380
0.79
1.88300
40.76


16
−2.509
0.30
1.92286
18.90


17
−10.370
0.45


18
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


19
∞
0.50


20 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.40











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.95
1.15
1.33


F NUMBER
8.36
8.17
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
120.05
92.40
77.32


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
9.92
9.66
9.43


BF (in air)
1.16
0.91
0.68










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D6
1.31
0.83
0.50



D8
0.45
0.93
1.26











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−6.16


2
7
3.10


3
10
2.21












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |Flf/Fn| < 1.8: −1.428



Condition (2): 0.8 < |Flf/Fc| < 1.7: −1.021



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 1.00



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: 0.667



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −1.63



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −3.779



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.321



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.04










Embodiment 3
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 3 is explained in detail using FIGS. 5A to 5C and 6A to 6L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 5A to 5C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 3 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 5A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 5B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 5C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 6A to 6L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C, FIGS. 6A to 6D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 6E to 6H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 6I to 6L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having positive power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a plano-concave lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; and a lens L13 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of: a lens L21 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L22 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L21 and the lens L22 are joined to each other.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power; a lens L32 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L33 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L34 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L33 and the lens L34 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 3


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.186
0.65


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.45


5
−2.347
1.12
1.92286
18.90


6
−2.862
D6


7
2.437
0.86
1.80100
34.97


8
−1.065
0.30
1.92286
18.90


9
−3.061
D9


10 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


11
−3.146
0.30
1.48749
70.23


12
1.331
1.23


13
2.556
0.50
1.65160
58.55


14
−21.046
0.45


15
2.200
1.23
1.58913
61.14


16
−1.800
0.30
1.92286
18.90


17
−9.377
0.45


18
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


19
∞
0.50


20 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.30











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.94
1.09
1.22


F NUMBER
8.40
8.18
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
125.06
97.78
82.25


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
10.68
10.44
10.23


BF (in air)
1.16
0.92
0.72










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D6
0.98
0.69
0.45



D9
0.45
0.74
0.98











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−1.67


2
7
2.10


3
11
3.44












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |Flf/Fn| < 1.8: −1.427



Condition (2): 0.8 < |Flf/Fc| < 1.7: −1.100



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 1.00



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: 0.645



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −1.47



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −5.205



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.373



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.05










Embodiment 4
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 4 is explained in detail using FIGS. 7A to 7C and 8A to 8L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 7A to 7C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 4 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 7A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 7B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 7C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 8A to 8L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 7A to 7C, FIGS. 8A to 8D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 8E to 8H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 8I to 8L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 7A to 7C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power, an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 7A to 7C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having positive power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a plano-concave lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; a lens L13 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the convex surface of which faces the image side; a lens L14 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; and a lens L15 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L14 and the lens L15 are joined to each other.
The second lens group G2 consists of a lens L21 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L32 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L33 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L32 and the lens L33 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the image side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 4


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.102
1.02


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.70


5
−3.585
1.23
1.74951
35.33


6
−2.641
0.45


7
4.735
0.30
1.92286
18.90


8
2.496
0.65
1.88300
40.76


9
−9.184
 D9


10
4.876
0.30
1.80400
46.57


11
1.681
D11


12 (Stop surface)
∞
0.48


13
3.309
0.35
1.69680
55.53


14
−9.254
0.94


15
2.751
1.07
1.48749
70.23


16
−2.743
0.70
1.92286
18.90


17
−10.460
0.72


18
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


19
∞
0.50


20 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.26











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.95
1.12
1.20


F NUMBER
8.85
8.36
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
123.11
88.85
76.64


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.18
11.93
11.74


BF (in air)
1.44
1.18
1.00










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







 D9
0.45
1.09
1.43



D11
1.43
0.79
0.45











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
1.56


2
10
−3.33


3
13
2.73












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |Flf/Fn| < 1.8: −1.309



Condition (2): 0.8 < |Flf/Fc| < 1.7: −1.037



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.998



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: 0.649



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −1.71



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8:−4.351



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.380



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.10










Embodiment 5
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 5 is explained in detail using FIGS. 9A to 9C and 10A to 10L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 9A to 9C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 5 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 9A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 9B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 9C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 10A to 10L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C, FIGS. 10A to 10D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 10E to 10H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 10I to 10L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a plano-concave lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; and a lens L12 that is a plano lens, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of a lens L21 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L32 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L33 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L34 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L35 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power; these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L32 and the lens L33 are joined to each other, and the lens L34 and the lens L35 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 5


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.150
0.68


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
D4


5
1.575
0.30
1.92286
18.90


6
1.102
D6


7 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


8
6.042
0.35
1.69895
30.13


9
−3.072
0.45


10
5.578
0.30
1.92286
18.90


11
1.350
1.04
1.69895
30.13


12
−20.059
2.55


13
1.438
0.98
1.48749
70.23


14
−6.190
0.30
1.92286
18.90


15
2.046
0.45


16
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


17
∞
0.50


18 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 0.93











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.93
0.88
0.87


F NUMBER
8.51
8.10
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
124.98
126.12
126.74


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.32
12.14
12.10


BF (in air)
1.16
0.99
0.96










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D4
1.14
0.95
0.90



D6
2.37
2.56
2.61











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−1.30


2
5
−5.72


3
8
1.85












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.396



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −1.500



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.998



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: 0.650



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: 0.503



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −0.632



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.948



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.06










Embodiment 6
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 6 is explained in detail using FIGS. 11A to 11C and 12A to 12L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 11A to 11C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 6 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 11A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 11B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 11C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 12A to 12L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 11A to 11C, FIGS. 12A to 12D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 12E to 12H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 12I to 12L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 11A to 11C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 11A to 11C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged in the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of a lens L11 that is a plano-concave lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; and a lens L12 that is a plano lens, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of a lens L21 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L32 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L33 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L34 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L35 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L36 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L33 and the lens L34 are joined to each other, and the lens L35 and the lens L36 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 6


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.156
0.68


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
D4


5
3.324
0.30
1.92286
18.90


6
2.052
D6


7
181.427
0.37
1.58313
59.38


8
−11.991
0.45


9 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


10
3.405
0.34
1.69895
30.13


11
−13.877
0.53


12
4.040
0.33
1.92286
18.90


13
1.261
0.41
1.69895
30.13


14
−106.024
2.65


15
1.517
0.92
1.48749
70.23


16
−4.277
0.30
1.92286
18.90


17
2.561
0.46


18
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


19
∞
0.50


20 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 0.94











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.92
0.88
0.86


F NUMBER
8.48
8.16
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
126.22
126.58
126.62


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.31
12.18
12.11


BF (in air)
1.18
1.04
0.97










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D4
1.21
1.02
0.90



D6
1.97
2.16
2.28











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−1.31


2
5
−6.55


3
7
2.04












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.427



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −1.522



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.998



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: 0.651



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: 0.250



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −1.113



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × (βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.693



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.05










Embodiment 7
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 7 is explained in detail using FIGS. 13A to 13C and 14A to 14L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 13A to 13C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 7 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 13A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 13B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 13C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 14A to 14L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C, FIGS. 14A to 14D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 14E to 14H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 14I to 14L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 13A to 13C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having positive power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged in the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a plano-concave lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; and a lens L13 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of a lens L21 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L32 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power; a lens L33 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L34 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L35 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L36 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L32 and the lens L33 are joined to each other, and the lens L35 and the lens L36 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 7


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.230
1.00


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.64


5
−4.539
0.83
1.81600
46.62


6
−2.328
D6


7
2.832
0.57
1.58913
61.14


8
−13.345
D8


9
3.894
0.30
1.92286
18.90


10
3.265
0.11


11 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


12
−2.862
0.80
1.59270
35.31


13
1.100
0.50
1.48749
70.23


14
−5.306
1.47


15
4.016
0.96
1.58913
61.14


16
−4.368
0.25


17
4.818
1.09
1.88300
40.76


18
−2.669
0.30
1.92286
18.90


19
−27.226
0.43


20
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


21
∞
0.50


22 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.55











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.93
1.18
1.44


F NUMBER
7.51
7.76
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
124.67
92.77
76.42


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.24
11.98
11.72


BF (in air)
1.15
0.89
0.62










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D6
1.35
0.67
0.20



D8
0.24
0.92
1.39











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−7.15


2
7
4.02


3
9
2.01












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.499



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −0.9652



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 1.00



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: 0.6533



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −1.21



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: − 3.215



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.203



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 0.939










Embodiment 8
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 8 is explained in detail using FIGS. 15A to 15C and 16A to 16L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 15A to 15C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 8 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 15A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 15B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 15C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 16A to 16L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 15A to 15C, FIGS. 16A to 16D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 16E to 16H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 16I to 16H are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 15A to 15C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 15A to 15C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having positive power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the third lens group G2 and the fourth lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; and a lens L13 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of a lens L21 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a biconcave lens which has negative power; a lens L32 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; a lens L33 that is a meniscus lens which has positive power and the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L34 that is a biconvex lens which has positive power; and a lens L35 that is a meniscus lens which has negative power and the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the lens L31 and the lens L32 are joined to each other, and the lens L34 and the lens L35 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 8


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
−8.111
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.258
0.78


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.46


5
−3.124
0.60
1.81600
46.62


6
−1.836
D6


7
1.719
0.55
1.58913
61.14


8
−114.439
D8


9 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


10
−1.792
0.50
1.59270
35.31


11
0.744
0.94
1.48749
70.23


12
−2.973
0.45


13
2.762
0.47
1.58913
61.14


14
138.170
0.45


15
5.220
0.97
1.88300
40.76


16
−2.636
0.35
1.92286
18.90


17
−9.384
0.47


18
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


19
∞
0.50


20 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.33











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.95
1.12
1.26


F NUMBER
8.20
8.09
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
121.38
92.43
78.15


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
10.13
9.88
9.68


BF (in air)
1.18
0.93
0.72










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D6
1.29
0.89
0.62



D8
0.45
0.85
1.12











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−4.70


2
7
2.88


3
10
2.39












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.278



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −0.9608



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.999



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: −0.661



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −1.78



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −3.927



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.399



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.02










Embodiment 9
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 9 is explained in detail using FIGS. 17A to 17C and 18A to 18L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 17A to 17C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 9 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 17A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 17B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 17C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 18A to 18L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 17A to 17C, FIGS. 18A to 18D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 18E to 18H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 18I to 18L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 17A to 17C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 17A to 17C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a plano-concave negative lens L11 the concave surface of which faces the image side; and a plano lens L12, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of: a negative meniscus lens L21 the convex surface of which faces the image side; and a negative meniscus lens L22 the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the negative meniscus lens L21 and the negative meniscus lens L22 are jointed to each other.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a positive meniscus lens L31 the convex surface of which faces the object side; a negative meniscus lens L32 the convex surface of which faces the object side, a positive biconvex lens L33; a positive biconvex lens L34; and a negative biconcave lens L35, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the negative meniscus lens L32 and the positive biconvex lens L33 are joined to each other. Also, the positive biconvex lens L34 and the negative biconcave lens L35 are joined to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 9


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.150
0.64


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
D4


5
−3.393
0.38
1.48749
70.23


6
−11.131
0.42
1.92286
18.90


7
−16.191
D7


8 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


9
8.463
0.30
1.69895
30.13


10
9.477
0.45


11
2.400
0.30
1.92286
18.90


12
1.155
1.80
1.69895
30.13


13
−3.708
2.19


14
1.604
1.05
1.48749
70.23


15
−2.464
0.46
1.92286
18.90


16
3.441
0.50


17
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


18
∞
0.50


19 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 0.94











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.90
0.86
0.85


F NUMBER
8.40
8.14
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
127.27
127.46
126.81


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.27
12.13
12.06


BF (in air)
1.23
1.09
1.02










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D4
1.04
0.68
0.45



D7
1.32
1.68
1.91











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−1.30


2
5
−8.14


3
8
2.11












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.453



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −1.536



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.999



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: −0.656



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −0.165



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −1.802



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.328



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.051










Embodiment 10
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 10 is explained in detail using FIGS. 19A to 19C and 20A to 20L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 19A to 19C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 10 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 19A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 19B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 19C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 20A to 20L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 19A to 19C, FIGS. 20A to 20D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 20E to 20H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 20I to 20L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 19A to 19C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 19A to 19C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens that is a negative plano-concave lens L11 the concave surface of which faces the image side; a plano lens L12; and a positive meniscus lens L13 the convex surface of which faces the object side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of: a negative meniscus lens L21 the convex surface of which faces the object side; and a negative meniscus lens L22 the convex surface of which faces the object side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the negative meniscus lens L21 and the negative meniscus lens L22 are jointed to each other.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a positive biconvex lens L31; a lens that is a negative meniscus lens L32 the convex surface of which faces the object side; a positive biconvex lens L33; a positive biconvex lens L34; and a negative biconcave lens L35, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the negative meniscus lens L32 and the positive biconvex lens L33 are jointed to each other. Also, the positive biconvex lens L34 and the negative biconcave lens L35 are jointed to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 10


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.170
0.72


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.45


5
2.297
0.36
1.80400
46.57


6
3.138
D6


7
10.414
0.30
1.48749
70.23


8
3.897
0.03
1.92286
18.90


9
2.038
D9


10 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


11
3.705
0.35
1.69895
30.13


12
−4.842
0.45


13
3.989
0.30
1.92286
18.90


14
1.227
1.21
1.69895
30.13


15
−23.098
2.09


16
1.565
0.94
1.48749
70.23


17
−3.191
0.30
1.92286
18.90


18
2.996
0.47


19
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


20
∞
0.50


21 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 0.98











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.94
0.89
0.88


F NUMBER
8.48
8.10
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
124.86
126.27
126.75


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.31
12.15
12.11


BF (in air)
1.18
1.02
0.97










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D6
0.64
0.49
0.45



D9
2.03
2.18
2.22











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−1.77


2
7
−3.57


3
10
1.85












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.407



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −1.513



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.999



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: −0.646



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: 0.032



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −0.690



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 1.223



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.060










Embodiment 11
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 11 is explained in detail using FIGS. 21A to 21C and 22A to 22L, below. Besides, FIGS. 21A to 21C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 11 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 21A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical system, FIG. 21B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 21C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 22A to 22L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C, FIGS. 22A to 22D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 22E to 22H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 22I to 22L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 21A to 21C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of a first lens group G1 having negative power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a negative plano-concave lens the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; and a lens L13 that is a positive meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the objective side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of: a lens L21 that is a negative meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the image side.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a negative meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the object side; a lens L32 that is a positive biconvex lens; a lens L33 that is a positive biconvex lens; and a lens L34 that is a negative biconcave lens, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the negative meniscus lens L31 and the positive biconvex lens L32 are jointed to each other. Also, the positive biconvex lens L33 and the negative concave lens L34 are jointed to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the object side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 11


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.193
0.77


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.20


5
2.098
0.34
1.88300
40.76


6
2.235
D6


7
−3.023
0.53
1.69895
30.13


8
−4.742
D8


9 (Stop surface)
∞
0.03


10
2.565
0.30
1.92286
18.90


11
1.490
1.00
1.64769
33.79


12
−3.277
1.89


13
1.660
0.94
1.48749
70.23


14
−2.547
0.75
1.92286
18.90


15
3.677
0.55


16
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


17
∞
0.50


18 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 0.94











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.94
0.90
0.88


F NUMBER
8.53
8.16
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
124.77
125.39
124.74


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
11.69
11.54
11.48


BF (in air)
1.26
1.12
1.05










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







D6
1.87
1.26
0.93



D8
1.17
1.78
2.11











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
−1.45


2
7
−13.65


3
9
2.11












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn < 1.8: −1.434



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −1.541



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.999



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: −0.646



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −0.182



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −2.005



Condition( 7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × (βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: 0.206



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.066










Embodiment 12
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 12 is explained in detail using FIGS. 23A to 23C and 24A to 24L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 23A to 23C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 12 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 23A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 23B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 23C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 24A to 24L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 23A to 23C, FIGS. 24A to 24D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical system, FIGS. 24E to 24H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical system, and FIGS. 24I to 24L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 23A to 23C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 23A to 23C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of: a first lens group G1 having positive power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged in the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a negative plano-concave lens the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; a lens L13 that is a positive meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the image side; and a lens L14 that is a positive biconvex lens.
The second lens group G2 consists of a lens L21 that is a negative meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the object side.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a positive biconvex lens; a lens L32 that is a positive biconvex lens; and a lens L33 that is a negative meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the image side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the positive biconvex lens L32 and the negative meniscus is lens L33 are jointed to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the image side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 12


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.228
0.79


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.45


5
−3.600
1.66
1.75500
52.32


6
−2.753
0.45


7
3.617
0.55
1.88300
40.76


8
−72.464
 D8


9
2.374
0.30
1.88300
40.76


10
1.323
D10


11 (Stop surface)
∞
1.24


12
2.908
0.41
1.71999
50.23


13
−19.996
0.51


14
3.136
0.68
1.48749
70.23


15
−4.487
1.00
1.92286
18.90


16
−9.899
0.72


17
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


18
∞
0.50


19 (Image plane)
∞










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.38











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.95
1.18
1.31


F NUMBER
8.55
8.24
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
130.01
91.50
76.77


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.32
12.06
11.85


BF(in air)
1.45
1.18
0.97










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







 D8
0.45
1.25
1.72



D10
1.72
0.92
0.45











Data on lens group









Group
The first surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
1.84


2
9
−3.91


3
11
2.59












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.460



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −1.065



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.999



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: −0.616



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −2.658



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −4.540



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: −0.267



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.069










Embodiment 13
An observation apparatus provided with an objective lens according to an Embodiment 13 is explained in detail using FIGS. 25A to 25C and 26A to 26L, below.
Besides, FIGS. 25A to 25C are sectional views showing a structure of optical systems provided for this observation apparatus according to an Embodiment 13 and directions in which the optical systems move respectively, taken along with the optical axis, FIG. 25A is a sectional view showing the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIG. 25B is a sectional view showing the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIG. 25C is a sectional view showing the close-up observation state of the optical systems. FIGS. 26A to 26L are aberration diagrams showing spherical aberration, astigmatism, distortion, and chromatic aberration of magnification in the optical systems shown in FIGS. 25A to 25C, FIGS. 26A to 26D are aberration diagrams in the normal observation state of the optical systems, FIGS. 26E to 26H are aberration diagrams in the middle observation state of the optical systems, and FIGS. 26I to 26L are aberration diagrams in the close-up observation state of the optical systems.
As shown in FIGS. 25A to 25C, this observation apparatus includes: an objective optical system OL; a plano lens optical system PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective optical system OL and substantially has no refractive power; an aperture stop S which is arranged in the objective optical system OL; and an image pickup element like CCD, only the image plane IM of the image pickup element being shown in FIGS. 25A to 25C. Besides, all of these components are arranged on the optical axis Lc.
The objective optical system OL consists of a first lens group G1 having positive power; a second lens group G2 having negative power and capable of moving along the optical axis in changing magnification; and a third lens group G3 having positive power, these lens groups being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the aperture stop S is arranged between the second lens group G2 and the third lens group G3.
The first lens group G1 consists of: a lens L11 that is a negative plano-concave lens the concave surface of which faces the image side; a lens L12 that is a plano lens; a lens L13 that is a positive meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the image side; and a lens L14 that is a positive biconvex lens, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side.
The second lens group G2 consists of: a lens L21 that is a negative meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the object side; and a lens L22 that is a negative meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the object side, these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the negative meniscus lens L21 and the negative meniscus lens L22 are jointed to each other.
The third lens group G3 consists of: a lens L31 that is a positive biconvex lens; a lens L32 that is a positive biconvex lens; and a lens L33 that is a negative meniscus lens the convex surface of which faces the image side; these lenses being arranged in that order from the object side. Besides, the positive biconvex lens L32 and the negative meniscus lens L33 are jointed to each other.
And, this observation apparatus is configured in such a way that movement of the second lens group G2 to the image side along the optical axis can make an observation state of the objective optical system reversibly and continuously change from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state so as to be capable of changing magnification. Besides, the first lens group G1, the third lens group G3, and the aperture stop S stay immovable in this change in magnification.
Next, numerical data on the optical systems provided for this observation apparatus is shown.










Numerical Data 13


Unit: mm







Surface Data











Sur-
Radius
Surface
Refractive
Abbe's


face No.
of curvature
distance
index
number


s
r
d
nd
νd





1
∞
0.36
1.88300
40.76


2
1.192
0.89


3
∞
0.31
1.51400
73.43


4
∞
0.57


5
−3.897
1.80
1.72916
54.68


6
2.754
0.45


7
3.633
0.54
1.78800
47.37


8
−28.129
D8 


9
6.980
0.30
1.92286
18.90


10
6.037
0.130
1.78590
44.20


11
1.758
D11


12 (Stop surface)
∞
0.48


13
4.210
0.35
1.65160
58.55


14
−5.197
0.77


15
2.728
0.84
1.51633
64.14


16
−3.507
0.74
1.84666
23.78


17
−14.269
0.90


18
∞
0.40
1.52300
58.50


19
∞
0.50


20 (Image plane)










Various data on objective optical system


Zoom ratio: 1.35











Normal

Close-up


Observation state
observation
Middle
observation





Focal length
0.92
1.13
1.24


F NUMBER
8.86
8.38
8.00


Angle of view (2ω)
131.22
88.88
74.24


Image height
0.80
0.80
0.80


Total length of lens (in air)
12.33
12.08
11.88


BF (in air)
1.62
1.38
1.17










Surface distance













Normal

Close-up



Observation state
observation
Middle
observation







 D8
0.45
1.15
1.54



D11
1.54
0.84
0.45











Data on lens group









Group The first
surface of lens group
Focal length





1
1
1.62


2
9
−3.13


3
12
2.55












Data on conditions







Condition (1): 1.24 < |F1f/Fn| < 1.8: −1.467



Condition (2): 0.8 < |F1f/Fc| < 1.7: −1.092



Condition (3): 0.7 < |θc/θn| < 1.5: 0.998



Condition (4): ωnP/ωnMax < 0.7: −0.625



Condition (5): −3 < (r3lf + r3lb)/(r3lf − r3lb) < 2: −1.652



Condition (6): |ΔDTn| < 8: −5.263



Condition (7): 0.2 < |(1 − βc2 · βc2) × βc3 · βc3| < 1.2: −0.337



Condition (8): 0.9 < Fnon/Fnoc: 1.107










Besides, lens groups constituting objective lenses according to the present invention are not limited to the shapes of the lenses shown in each of the above-described Embodiments. For example, the lens which is arranged nearest to the object side in the first lens group may be configured to have positive power.
Also, lens groups constituting objective lenses according to the present invention are limited to the shapes of or the number of the lenses shown in each of the above-described Embodiments.
Also, in the objective lens of each of the above-described Embodiments of the present invention, a lens which substantially has no refractive power is arranged in a lens group or out of lens groups (for example, such as: the lens L12 which is arranged in the first lens group G1 in the Embodiment 1; and the plano lens PL which is arranged on the image side of the objective lens OL). However, there is no necessity that these lenses should be arranged. Also, alternatively, a lens which substantially has no refractive power but is not shown in the drawings for the respective above-described Embodiments may be arranged in a lens group or out of lens groups. For example, a CCD cover glass or the like may be arranged on the image side of the plano lens that is arranged on the image side of the objective lens.
In addition, an objective lens according to the present invention may be used for an endoscope apparatus as shown in FIG. 27. Besides, the endoscope apparatus includes: an insertion unit 1 which is inserted into the body of a subject; an endoscope operating unit 2; a control unit 3 which includes a light source unit and an image processing unit that are placed in the control unit; and a monitor 4 for displaying an image outputted by the control unit 3. And, the top portion 1a of the insertion unit 1 includes an objective lens according to the present invention.

## Claims

1. An objective lens comprising:
a first lens group in which a lens having negative power is arranged nearest to the object side, the first lens group having negative power and being immovable in changing magnification from a normal observation state to a close-up observation state, where the normal observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the minimum value and the close-up observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the maximum value,
a second lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the first lens group is, the second lens group having negative power and moving along the optical axis in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
a third lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the second lens group is, the third lens group having positive power and being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state, and
an aperture stop which is arranged between the second lens group and an image plane, the aperture stop being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
the objective lens including no lens group other than the first, second, and third lens groups, and the objective lens satisfying the following condition:


1.24<|F1f/Fn|<1.8



where F1f denotes a focal length of the lens that is placed nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fn denotes a focal length of the whole system in the normal observation state.

2. An objective lens comprising
a first lens group in which a lens having negative power is arranged nearest to the object side, the first lens group having positive power and being immovable in changing magnification from a normal observation state to a close-up observation state, where the normal observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the minimum value and the close-up observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the maximum value,
a second lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the first lens group is, the second lens group having negative power and moving along the optical axis in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
a third lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the second lens group is, the third lens group having positive power and being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state, and
an aperture stop which is arranged between the second lens group and an image plane, the aperture stop being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
the objective lens including no lens group other than the first, second, and third lens groups, and the objective lens satisfying the following condition:


1.24<|F1f/Fn|<1.8



where F1f denotes a focal length of the lens that is placed nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fn denotes a focal length of the whole system in the normal observation state.

3. The objective lens according to claim 1, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


0.8<|F1f/Fc|<1.7


where F1f denotes focal length of the lens that is arranged nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fc denotes focal length of the whole system in the close-up observation state.

4. The objective lens according to claim 1, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


0.7<|θc/θn|<1.5


where θc denotes an angle of incidence at which a principal ray enters the image plane in the close-up observation state, and θn denotes an angle of incidence at which the principal ray enters the image plane in the normal observation state.

5. The objective lens according to claim 1, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


ωnP/ωnMax<0.8


where ωnP denotes a paraxial angle of view in the normal observation state, and ωnMax denotes the largest angle of view in the normal observation state and paraxial angle of view in the normal observation state is a value determined by the following formula:


In=Fn×tan|(ωnP)


where In denotes the height of the maximum image plane in the normal observation state, and Fn denotes the focal length in the normal observation state.

6. The objective lens according to claim 1, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


−4<(r31f+r31b/(r31f−r31b)<2


where r31f denotes a radius of curvature of the object-side surface of a lens that is arranged nearest to the image side in the third lens group, and r31b denotes a radius of curvature of the image-side surface of the lens that is arranged nearest to the image side in the third lens group.

7. The objective lens according to claim 1, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


|ΔDTn|<8


where ΔDTn denotes variations in distortion when the second lens group moves minutely in the close-up observation state, and an amount of this minute movement of the second lens group denotes an amount of movement of the second lens group along the optical axis which is necessary for making the image plane move by ±(F number×0.005) mm.

8. The objective lens according to claim 1, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


0.15<|(1−βc2·βc2)×βc3·βc3|<1.5


where βc2 denotes transverse magnification of the second lens group in the close-up observation state, and βc3 denotes transverse magnification of the third lens group in the close-up observation state.

9. The objective lens according to claim 1, wherein the second lens group consists of a single lens component.

10. An objective lens comprising
a first lens group in which a lens having negative power is arranged nearest to the object side, the first lens group being immovable in changing magnification from a normal observation state to a close-up observation state, where the normal observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the minimum value and the close-up observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the maximum value,
a second lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the first lens group is, the second lens group moving along the optical axis in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
a third lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the second lens group is, the third lens group being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state and the third lens group including a negative lens which is placed nearest to the image side in the third lens group and which is joined to a lens adjacent to the negative lens on the object side of the negative lens, and
an aperture stop which is arranged between the second lens group and an image plane, the aperture stop being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
the objective lens including no lens group other than the first, second, and third lens groups, and the objective lens satisfying the following condition:


1.24<|F1f/Fn1<1.8



where F1f denotes a focal length of the lens that is placed nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fn denotes a focal length of the whole system in the normal observation state.

11. An objective lens comprising
a first lens group in which a lens having negative power is arranged nearest to the object side, the first lens group being immovable in changing magnification from a normal observation state to a close-up observation state, where the normal observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the minimum value and the close-up observation state is a state in which magnification of the objective lens has the maximum value,
a second lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the first lens group is, the second lens group having negative refractive power and moving to the image side along the optical axis in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
a third lens group which is arranged nearer to the image side than the second lens group is, the third lens group being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state, and
an aperture stop which is arranged between the second lens group and an image plane, the aperture stop being immovable in the change of magnification from the normal observation state to the close-up observation state,
the objective lens including no lens group other than the first, second, and third lens groups, and the objective lens satisfying the following condition:


1.24<|F1f/Fn|<1.8



where F1f denotes a focal length of the lens that is placed nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fn denotes a focal length of the whole system in the normal observation state.

12. The objective lens according to claim 2, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


0.8<|F1f/Fc|<1.7


where F1f denotes focal length of the lens that is arranged nearest to the object side in the first lens group and Fc denotes focal length of the whole system in the close-up observation state.

13. The objective lens according to claim 2, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


0.7<|θc/θn|<1.5


where δc denotes an angle of incidence at which a principal ray enters the image plane in the close-up observation state, and θn denotes an angle of incidence at which the principal ray enters the image plane in the normal observation state.

14. The objective lens according to claim 2, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


ωnP/ωnMax<0.8


where ωnP denotes a paraxial angle of view in the normal observation state, and ωnMax denotes the largest angle of view in the normal observation state and the paraxial angle of view in the normal observation state is a value determined by the following formula:


In=Fn×tan|(ωnP)


where In denotes the height of the maximum image plane in the normal observation state, and Fn denotes the focal length in the normal observation state.

15. The objective lens according to claim 2, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


−4<(r31f+r31b|<2


where r31f denotes a radius of curvature of the object-side surface of a lens that is arranged nearest to the image side in the third lens group, and r31b denotes a radius of curvature of the image-side surface of the lens that is arranged nearest to the image side in the third lens group.

16. The objective lens according to claim 2, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


|ΔDTn|<8


where ΔDTn denotes variations in distortion when the second lens group moves minutely in the close-up observation state, and an amount of this minute movement of the second lens group denotes an amount of movement of the second lens group along the optical axis which is necessary for making the image plane move by ±(F number×0.005) mm.

17. The objective lens according to claim 2, wherein the objective lens satisfies the following condition:


0.15<|(1−βc2·βc2)×βc3·βc3|<1.5


where βc2 denotes transverse magnification of the second lens group in the close-up observation state, and βc3 denotes transverse magnification of the third lens group in the close-up observation state.

18. The objective lens according to claim 2, wherein the second lens group consists of a single lens component.