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15-3094-ag 

Diogenes Antonio Espinal Espinal v. Loretta E. Lynch 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

SUMMARY ORDER 

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed 

on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate 

Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a 

document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an 

electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order 

must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at 

the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, 

on the 2nd day of December, two thousand sixteen. 

PRESENT: JOSÉ A. CABRANES, 

ROSEMARY S. POOLER, 

Circuit Judges, 

JOHN G. KOELTL, 

District Judge. *

 

DIOGENES ANTONIO ESPINAL ESPINAL, AKA 

DIOGENES ESPINAL, 

Petitioner, 15-3094-ag 

v. 

LORETTA LYNCH, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY 

GENERAL, 

Respondent. 

 

FOR PETITIONER: DAVID K. S. KIM, Law Office of David K. 

S. Kim, P.C., Flushing, NY. 

 

*

 Judge John G. Koeltl, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New 

York, sitting by designation. 
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FOR RESPONDENT: Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy 

Assistant Attorney General, Civil 

Division; Cindy S. Ferrier, Assistant 

Director of Immigration Litigation; 

Brendan P. Hogan, Trial Attorney, Office 

of Immigration Litigation, United States 

Department of Justice, Washington, DC. 

 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of Immigration 

Appeals (“BIA”) decision on September 3, 2015, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the petition for review be and hereby is DISMISSED. 

Petitioner Diogenes Antonio Espinal Espinal (“Espinal”), a native and citizen of the 

Dominican Republic, seeks review of the BIA decision to affirm the December 14, 2013 decision of 

an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) that he was convicted of an aggravated felony and is therefore ineligible 

for cancellation of removal as a matter of law. See In re Diogenes Antonio Espinal Espinal, No. A044 128 

577 (B.I.A. Oct. 14, 2015), aff’g No. A044 128 577 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Dec. 14, 2009); see also 21 

U.S.C. § 1229b(a). On appeal, Espinal argues that the IJ improperly applied the categorical approach 

to determine that a drug trafficking offense under New York Penal Law (“NYPL”) §§ 110 and 

220.16(1) constitutes an aggregated felony as a matter of law. We assume the parties’ familiarity with 

the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal. 

Although this Court lacks jurisdiction to review final orders of removal against aliens 

convicted of an aggravated felony, we have jurisdiction to review questions of law. See 8 U.S.C. § 

1252(a)(2)(D); Pierre v. Holder, 588 F.3d 767,772 (2d Cir. 2009). We review de novo questions of law, 

including whether a state conviction constitutes an “aggravated felony” or “controlled substance” 

offense under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). See, e.g., Prabhudial v. Holder, 780 F.3d 

553, 555 (2d Cir. 2015); Pascual v. Holder, 707 F.3d 403, 404-405 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam). In Taylor 

v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 599-600 (1990), the Supreme Court set forth the categorical approach 

to determine whether the elements of a state offense match the generic crime under the applicable 

federal statute. As relevant here, a state drug conviction constitutes a “felony punishable under the 

Controlled Substance Act only if it proscribes conduct punishable as a felony under that federal 

law.” Lopez v. Gonzales, 549 U.S. 47, 60 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). We employ the socalled categorical approach here in deciding whether a state conviction constitutes an aggravated 

felony. See Pascual, 707 F.3d at 405.

While we are sympathetic to Espinal’s circumstances as a resident of the United States since 

1993 and the father of three children living in the United States, the law guides us to find against 

Espinal in this case. His conviction for attempted criminal possession of cocaine with intent to sell 
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under NYPL §§ 110 and 220.16(1) is categorically an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. §§ 

1101(a)(43)(B),(U) and 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). See Pena v. Mukasey, 275 Fed. App’x 65, 66-67 (2d Cir. 2008) 

(summary order) (finding that a conviction under NYPL §§ 110 and 220.16(1) is categorically an 

aggravated felony offense and thus disqualifies the convicted from discretionary relief from 

removal); accord Pascual v. Holder, 723 F.3d 156, 159 (2d Cir. 2013) (affirming that a conviction under 

NYPL §§ 110 and 220.39(1) for criminal sale of a controlled substance is categorically an aggravated 

felony offense, including attempted transfer of a controlled substance). Accordingly, any conviction 

under NYPL §§ 110 and 220.16 categorically constitutes an aggravated felony as a matter of law. 

Espinal raises no new arguments that would require us to reconsider Pascual. To prove that 

the statute is not a categorical match, the moving party must show “a realistic probability, not a 

theoretical possibility, that the State would apply its statute to conduct that falls outside the generic 

definition of a crime.” Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678, 1685 (2013) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). He contends that the New York drug trafficking statute criminalizes a broader set of 

conduct than the Controlled Substances Act because a “sale” under the New York statute includes a 

mere offer to “exchange, give or dispose of [narcotics] to another.” Pascual dismisses this argument: 

the analogous federal statute punishes the distribution or “actual, constructive, or attempted transfer 

of a controlled substance,” thus covering a distribution even where a “sale” does not take place. 

Pascual, 707 F.3d at 405 (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the New York statute does 

not capture conduct that falls outside the federal statute. Cf. United States v. Savage, 542 F.3d 959 (2d. 

Cir. 2008) (finding that a Connecticut drug trafficking statute does criminalize conduct that falls 

outside the federal definition, such as a fraudulent offer). 

We also reject Espinal’s argument that Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678 (2013), ought to 

apply to his conviction for attempted criminal possession of cocaine with intent to sell. In Moncrieffe, 

the Supreme Court held that “[s]haring a small amount of marijuana for no remuneration” does not 

amount to an aggregative felony under the INA. Id. at 1693. Moncrieffe does not aid Espinal because 

NYPL § 220.16 criminalizes the knowing and unlawful possession of a narcotic drug with intent to 

sell it, not such conduct and knowledge involving marijuana. See Pascual, 723 F.3d at 160 

(differentiating Pascual from Moncrieffe by distinguishing criminal acts to sell narcotics and marijuana). 

Accordingly, we find this claim to be meritless. 

CONCLUSION 

Based on the foregoing, and upon our independent review of the record, we find no 

indication that that the BIA erred as a matter of law. The petition for review is DISMISSED, and 

the pending motion for a stay of removal is DENIED. 

 FOR THE COURT: 

 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk