IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

MARK A. GOMES, on behalf of 

himself and derivatively on behalf of 

PTT Capital, LLC, a Delaware limited 

liability company, 

 Plaintiff,

 v.

IAN KARNELL, JEREMI KARNELL 

and MONTEXT, LLC,

 Defendants,

 and

PTT CAPITAL, LLC,

 Nominal Defendant.

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C.A. No. 11814-VCMR

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Date Submitted: August 11, 2016

Date Decided: November 30, 2016

Peter B. Ladig, Brett M. McCartney, and Elizabeth A. Powers, MORRIS JAMES 

LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Plaintiff Mark A. Gomes, derivatively 

on behalf of PTT Capital, LLC.

Michael F. Bonkowski and Nicholas J. Brannick, COLE SCHOTZ P.C., 

Wilmington, Delaware; Michael R. Pontrelli, FOLEY & LARDNER LLP, Boston 

Massachusetts; Attorneys for Defendants Ian Karnell, Jeremi Karnell, and Montext, 

LLC.

MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Vice Chancellor.
2

This case involves three members of a Delaware limited liability company 

and their dispute over whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists. The plaintiff, a 

member of the company, alleges breaches of fiduciary duty, breaches of contract, 

waste, and aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty. The plaintiff also seeks

judicial dissolution of the entity and the appointment of a liquidating trustee. The

defendants, the other two members of the company, the entity accused of aiding and 

abetting the fiduciary duty breaches, and the company itself as a nominal defendant,

move to dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because two 

separate agreements require arbitration. 

This memorandum opinion holds that a valid arbitration agreement exists and 

grants the motion to dismiss this action and to compel arbitration as to the nondissolution claims. The claims for judicial dissolution and the appointment of a 

liquidating trustee are stayed pending the completion of arbitration.1

 

1 The plaintiff further moves to strike certain evidence cited by defendants in support 

of their motion as irrelevant, extraneous, and unduly prejudicial. I deny the motion 

to strike, but I note that the challenged information does not affect my ruling.
3

I. BACKGROUND2

The plaintiff, Mark Gomes (“Gomes” or “Plaintiff”), is an investment analyst 

in the technology sector. In 2009, Gomes began providing stock picks on a crowdsourced investment website. By 2013, Gomes had a following of thousands, and he 

and Ian Karnell (“Ian”) decided to launch PoisedToTriple.com, a subscription 

service that circulates Gomes’s stock picks. Thereafter, Gomes and Ian expanded 

their venture and founded PTT Capital, LLC (“PTT”), which would own

PoisedToTriple.com and a new premium subscription service. Gomes and Ian each 

owned 50% of PTT, and profits were split 50/50. Subsequently, Jeremi Karnell, 

Ian’s brother (collectively with Ian, the “Karnells”), became a member of PTT by 

acquiring half of Ian’s stake. Gomes and the Karnells split PTT’s ownership and 

profits 50-25-25, respectively. On October 3, 2013, the parties circulated, but did 

not execute, an operating agreement for PTT (“PTT LLC Agreement”). On October 

6, 2013, PTT launched PTTResearch, the premium subscription service. 

 

2 The facts are drawn from the allegations of the plaintiff’s complaint (the 

“Complaint”). Zebroski v. Progessive Direct Ins. Co., 2015 WL 2156984, at *3 

(Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2014). The Court may look to documents outside the complaint

in deciding a Rule 12(b)(1) motion. See NAMA Hldgs., LLC, v. Related World Mkt. 

Ctr., LLC, 922 A2d 417, 429 n.15 (Del. Ch. 2007). Specifically, the Court considers 

the Montext Operating Agreement, the PTT LLC Agreement, and the e-mail 

exchange regarding the agreement to arbitrate. See Compl. Ex. A; Transmittal Aff. 

of Michael F. Bonkowski (“Bonkowski Aff.”); Aff. of Ian J. Karnell (“Karnell 

Aff.”).
4

On June 8, 2015, Gomes and the Karnells executed an operating agreement 

for a new entity, Montext, LLC (“Montext,” collectively with PTT and the Karnells, 

“Defendants”), which they planned to use to build a web-based platform to help 

investment analysts monetize their own stock picks. Each of Gomes and the 

Karnells owns one third of Montext; however, Gomes only receives 16.7% of the 

profits, and the Karnells split the remainder. The Montext operating agreement 

(“Montext Operating Agreement”) contains a “Mediation and Arbitration” clause. 

Shortly after the formation of Montext, disputes arose regarding the ownership of 

the web-based platform. 

In order to resolve the issues, counsel for Gomes and counsel for the Karnells 

discussed potential dispute resolution alternatives and verbally agreed to mediate

and, if mediation was not successful, to arbitrate. Gomes’s counsel wrote the 

Karnells’ counsel an e-mail titled “Agreement to mediate and arbitrate” which 

stated:

This will memorialize our agreement as to how to move 

this matter forward. 

The parties (Mark Gomes, Jeremi Karnell, and Ian 

Karnell) agree to mediate all disputes between the three of 

them related to PTT and Montext. The parties, through 

counsel, agrees [sic] to use their best efforts to select a 

mediator by September 11. 

The parties further agree that if an impasse is declared by 

the mediator, the parties will immediately initiate the 
5

binding arbitration process in an effort to resolve these 

disputes. (emphasis added)3

Counsel for the Karnells then responded: “I am happy to call this an agreement on 

the core point of mediating/arbitrating in lieu of litigation. That said, let’s move on 

nailing down some particulars, including items already discussed such as location, 

at the same time we continue to discuss interim and final settlement terms.”

4

In a 

subsequent e-mail, counsel for the Karnells stated “we have already agreed to 

mediate and arbitrate. That agreement is enforceable”5(the above exchange, 

collectively, the “Arbitration Agreement”).

Thereafter, the parties operated under the Arbitration Agreement. 

Specifically, counsel for Gomes suggested possible mediators. The parties then 

selected a mediator, set a date for mediation, agreed to the scope of the mediation, 

and engaged in limited discovery.

6

 Gomes then cancelled the mediation days before 

the mediation was scheduled to begin.7 The parties have not engaged in any further 

discussions since November 2015. 

 

3 Bonkowski Aff. Ex. B.

4

Id. at Ex. C.

5

Id. at Ex. D.

6

Id. at Exs. E-I, K.

7

Id. at Ex. W.
6

On December 15, 2015, Gomes filed a complaint (the “Complaint”) as a 

member of PTT that alleges breach of fiduciary duty against the Karnells, breach of 

the PTT LLC Agreement against the Karnells, waste against the Karnells, and aiding 

and abetting breach of fiduciary duty against Montext. Gomes also seeks judicial 

dissolution of PTT and appointment of a liquidating trustee for the purpose of selling 

PTT’s assets. 

On January 28, 2016, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject 

matter jurisdiction and to compel arbitration under the Arbitration Agreement

(“Motion to Dismiss”).

8

 On March 11, 2016, Plaintiff filed its answering brief in 

opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, challenging the validity of the Arbitration

Agreement. Plaintiff argues that the “bare-boned agreement”9to arbitrate is missing 

“essential terms” 10 and, therefore, reflects preliminary negotiations, rather than a 

final and binding arbitration agreement.11 Plaintiff further contends that because the 

 

8 Defendants also seek dismissal under the Montext Operating Agreement’s 

arbitration provision. As I discuss below, the Arbitration Agreement is a valid, 

binding agreement; therefore, I need not address whether the Montext Operating 

Agreement applies. Defendants also assert arguments regarding equitable estoppel 

and partial performance under the agreements; however, because the Arbitration 

Agreement is enforceable, I do not discuss those arguments.

9 Pl.’s Answering Br. 19.

10 Id. at 17. 

11 Id. at 21.
7

PTT LLC Agreement does not contain an arbitration clause and does not otherwise 

incorporate an arbitration agreement, there is no requirement to arbitrate these 

disputes. Plaintiff also moved to strike portions of Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss 

(“Motion to Strike”). On August 11, 2016, a hearing was held on these motions.

II. ANALYSIS

The Court of Chancery will dismiss an action under Court of Chancery Rule

12(b)(1) “if it appears from the record that the Court does not have subject matter 

jurisdiction over the claim.”12 “Delaware courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to 

resolve disputes that litigants have contractually agreed to arbitrate.”13 

Once parties agree to arbitrate a dispute involving interstate commerce, the 

rules of the Federal Arbitration Act (the “Act”) govern, unless there is a clear 

expression in the contract to the contrary.14 The Act states that written arbitration 

 

12 AFSCME Locals 1102 & 320 v. City of Wilm., 858 A.2d 962, 965 (Del. Ch. 2004) 

(internal citation omitted).

13 Legend Nat. Gas II Hldgs., LP v. Hargis, 2012 WL 4481303, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 

28, 2012). 

14 Delaware law states that an agreement “specifically referencing the Delaware 

Uniform Arbitration Act . . . and the parties’ desire to have it apply to their 

agreement confers jurisdiction on the Court to enforce the agreement under this 

chapter and to enter judgment on an award thereunder.” 10 Del. C.§ 5702(a). If the 

agreement makes no such statement, the Court of Chancery must apply the 

principles of the Act to the agreement. 10 Del. C. § 5702(c).
8

agreements “shall be valid, irrevocable and enforceable, save upon such grounds as 

exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.”15 The Supreme Court 

of the United States has interpreted this to mean that state law may be applied to an 

arbitration agreement “‘if that law arose to govern issues concerning the validity, 

revocability, and enforceability of contracts generally’. . . . Thus, generally 

applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability, may be 

applied to invalidate arbitration agreements without contravening § 2.”

16

 

Under Delaware law, “a valid contract exists when (1) the parties intended 

that the contract would bind them, (2) the terms of the contract are sufficiently 

definite, and (3) the parties exchange legal consideration.”17 Contract formation 

requires an overt manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange and consideration.

18

 

In determining if an “overt manifestation of assent” occurred, the Court considers 

whether a reasonable person would “conclude that the parties intended to be bound” 

by examining the assent as well as all of the surrounding circumstances, including 

 

15 9 U.S.C. § 2.

16 Doctor’s Assoc., Inc. v. Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681, 686-87 (1996) (quoting Perry v. 

Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 492. n.9 (1987)). 

17 Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1158 (Del. 2010).

18 Ramone v. Lang, 2006 WL 905347, at *10 (Del. Ch. Apr. 3, 2006).
9

the course and substance of negotiations, prior dealings, customary practices in the 

trade, and the formality and completeness of the document.19 An acceptance must 

include “three general components: (i) an expression of commitment; (ii) the 

commitment must not be conditional on any further act by either party; and (iii) the 

commitment must be one on the terms proposed by the offer without the slightest 

variation.”20 A contract is formed “when all of the terms that the parties themselves 

regard as important have been negotiated.”21

A. The Parties Form an Agreement to Arbitrate that Includes All 

Essential Terms

Plaintiff argues that the parties did not negotiate all of the “essential terms” to 

the Arbitration Agreement, and thus, no contract was formed. Specifically, Plaintiff 

asserts the following “essential terms” are missing from the Arbitration Agreement: 

“the identity of the arbitrator, the means of selecting an arbitrator, the location of the 

arbitration, the applicable rules/procedures, the effect of the arbitration, the 

governing law, the type of relief available, the scope of permissible discovery, and 

 

19 Leeds v. First Allied Connecticut Corp., 521 A.2d 1095, 1101 (Del. Ch. 1986).

20 Ramone, 2006 WL 905347, at *11 (citing FARNSWORTH ON CONTRACTS § 3.13, at 

272-74).

21 Leeds, 521 A.2d at 1101-02.
10

the payment of arbitration fees.”22 To support his contention, Plaintiff cites to 

numerous federal cases discussing the purported “essential terms” of an arbitration 

agreement.23 Plaintiff concedes, however, that there is no consensus among courts 

about what constitute the “essential terms” of arbitration agreements.24

Plaintiff further points to two Delaware cases to support his contention that 

there is no “meeting of the minds” as to the “essential terms,” and the e-mail 

communications were merely negotiations, not a final agreement. Each case, 

however, is distinguishable. In Ramone v. Lang, the parties disputed whether an email exchange constituted a contract that created a limited liability company and 

governed its members’ respective ownership rights and obligations relating to a real 

estate asset of the company.

25

 The Court held that the e-mail exchange did not form 

a contract because there was never a manifestation of objective assent to the essential 

contract terms.26 The text of the response reflected the plaintiff’s lack of 

understanding of certain details, expressed potential disagreement with other details, 

 

22 Pl.’s Answering Br. 20.

23 Id. at 19-20.

24 Id. at 19.

25 2006 WL 905347 (Del. Ch. Apr. 3, 2006).

26 Id. at *10-11.
11

and stated that he thought they were “close enough to warrant us getting this done.”

27

 

Additionally, the response suggested the parties meet to “finalize the details,” 

indicating that additional steps had to be taken to come to an agreement.28 

In the case at hand, there is a manifestation of assent. Defendants’ counsel

responded to the initial offer of Plaintiff’s counsel by stating he was “happy to call 

this an agreement on the core point of mediating/arbitrating in lieu of litigation.”

29

 

Although particulars were to be “nailed down” after the fact, counsel for Gomes

responded that “we were just doing an agreement to mediate and arbitrate, and we 

would pick a mediator,” and counsel for the Karnells confirmed that they “have 

agreed to mediate and arbitrate. That agreement is enforceable.”30 Essentially, 

counsel for the Karnells expressed commitment that was unconditional and without 

variation—he accepted Gomes’s counsel’s proposal without altering any of its 

terms. Although further agreement was required on separate issues “such as 

location,” the Karnells’ counsel accepted the agreement on mediation and arbitration 

fully.

 

27 Id.

28 Id.

29 Bonkowski Aff. Ex. C.

30 Id. at Exs. C-E.
12

Similarly, in Leeds v. First Allied Connecticut Corp., the Court held that 

although certain major terms of the sale of a nursing home business and its associated 

real estate were agreed to in a signed letter, no contract was formed.

31

 Specifically, 

the Court found that “there are myriad topics and terms utterly conventional when a 

commercial seller in a significant transaction takes back a note” that were not present 

in the purported agreement.32 The Court noted that as a matter of course in the sale 

of a multi-million dollar business, a one page contract without financial covenants, 

certain financial warranties, and terms governing defaults, while possible, “would 

be extraordinary,” and “[a]bsent a clear indication that the other party intended that 

unusual course, a reasonable commercial negotiator . . . could not conclude in these 

circumstances that that was intended.”33 Furthermore, the subsequent conduct of the 

parties showed they did not intend the letter to be the completion of all negotiations. 

The parties met a month after the purported agreement for the purpose of additional

negotiations where the parties “could agree on virtually nothing” and “never seemed 

to discuss” a vital financing requirement that “would probably have been a deal 

 

31 521 A.2d 1095, 1102-03 (Del. Ch. 1986).

32 Id.

33 Id. 
13

breaker even had agreement been reached on the other points.”

34

 Thus, the Court 

held that the original purported agreement was an agreement on certain terms, but it 

was not intended to be the final contract. 

Unlike in Leeds, the “essential terms” are present here. The “effect of the 

arbitration” is provided for in the agreement—it is binding.35 The agreement 

establishes the scope of arbitration as “all disputes between the three [parties] related 

to PTT and Montext.”36 The agreement describes the timing of arbitration as when 

“an impasse is declared by the mediator, the parties will immediately initiate the 

binding arbitration process.”37 The parties to the Arbitration Agreement are Mark 

Gomes, Jeremi Karnell, and Ian Karnell.38 

As for the identity and means of selecting an arbitrator, the Act states that if 

no method for selecting an arbitrator is provided, then “upon the application of either 

party to the controversy the court shall designate and appoint an arbitrator or 

arbitrators or umpire, as the case may require, who shall act under the said agreement 

 

34 Id. at 1101, 1103.

35 Bonkowski Aff. Ex. B.

36 Id.

37 Id.

38 Id.
14

with the same force and effect as if he or they had been specifically named therein.”39 

Further, this Court has held that an arbitration agreement requiring parties to agree 

to an arbitrator, but not specifying the arbitrator, does not render the arbitration 

agreement unenforceable for lack of an essential term.40 Rather, the agreement is 

subject to the Act, not Delaware law, and the Court has the ability to fill in and 

appoint an arbitrator.41 Plaintiff fails to convince me that any further terms are 

“essential” to create a binding arbitration agreement.

Additionally, the parties in this case subsequently acted in accordance with 

the Arbitration Agreement for months: they selected a mediator, set a date for 

mediation, and engaged in discovery.42 All three parties acted with the 

understanding that “an agreement on the core point of mediating/arbitrating in lieu 

of litigation” controlled their behavior and provided parameters for their 

interactions. There are no covenants or restrictions missing from the Arbitration 

Agreement that would seem “extraordinary” not to include, as in Leeds. A 

reasonable person could therefore conclude that the parties intended this to be their 

 

39 9 U.S.C. § 5.

40 Utilipath, LLC v. Hayes, 2015 WL 1744163, at *7 (Del. Ch. Apr. 15, 2015).

41 Id.

42 Bonkowski Aff. Exs. E-I, K.
15

final agreement regarding the resolution of the disputes arising from PTT and 

Montext between Gomes and the Karnells. This agreement is not simply an 

intermediate agreement “along the way towards a completed negotiation,” but rather 

a complete agreement on the subject of arbitration, with further arrangements to be 

negotiated thereafter.43

B. The PTT LLC Agreement Does Not Prevent the Execution of a 

Subsequent Agreement on Arbitration

Plaintiff further argues that an operating agreement for PTT exists and 

controls in this matter.44 The PTT LLC Agreement is a draft document. Plaintiff 

concedes that the document included in Exhibit A of the Complaint is an unsigned 

copy of the agreement.

45

 Plaintiff further concedes that the parties never signed the

agreement.46 Plaintiff has pointed to nothing to suggest that the parties meant this

document to be a final, enforceable agreement between them.

Even if the PTT LLC Agreement is operative, however, the only relevant 

provision outlines methods for dissolution of the company and identifies that one 

 

43 Leeds v. First Allied Connecticut Corp., 521 A.2d 521 A.2d 1095, 1101 (Del. Ch. 

1986).

44 Pl.’s Answering Br. 14.

45 Id. at 7.

46 Oral Arg. Tr. 29.
16

such method is “[e]ntry of a decree of judicial dissolution under Delaware Limited 

Liability Company Act.”

47 The PTT LLC Agreement also states that it “will be 

construed and enforced in accordance with the laws of the state of Delaware.”48 

There is no mention of arbitration in the PTT LLC Agreement, and the PTT LLC 

Agreement does not foreclose the Arbitration Agreement the parties executed.

49

With respect to dissolution, however, Defendants agree with Plaintiff that this Court 

should make the ultimate determination.

50

 

III. CONCLUSION

The Court therefore GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss in part and 

DENIES the motion in part as follows: the motion is granted for the claims of breach 

of fiduciary duty against the Karnells, breach of the PTT LLC Agreement against 

 

47 Compl. Ex. A, at 9.

48 Id. at 10.

49 Plaintiff argues that the Arbitration Agreement must be incorporated by reference 

into the PTT LLC Agreement in order to be binding (or vice versa). As Plaintiff

readily admits, however, the “PTT [LLC] Agreement was in existence long before 

the agreement to arbitrate was allegedly executed. This sequence of contract 

formation renders the doctrine of incorporation by reference inapplicable.” Pl.’s 

Answering Br. 23. Further, Plaintiff does not point to authority explaining why two 

contracts that relate to different subject matters (the operation of a limited liability 

company and the resolution of disputes between three parties relating to certain 

subject matters) must be incorporated by reference in order to be valid.

50 Defs.’ Reply Mem. 6 n.1.
17

the Karnells, waste against the Karnells, and aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary 

duty against Montext. The motion is denied for the request for judicial dissolution 

of PTT and appointment of a liquidating trustee for the purpose of selling PTT’s 

assets. The Court STAYS the two dissolution claims pending the results of the

compelled arbitration resolving all other claims and recommending the terms of 

dissolution. The Motion to Strike is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.