COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2016COA174 

Court of Appeals No. 13CA2024 

Pueblo County District Court No. 13CR286 

Honorable Victor I. Reyes, Judge 

The People of the State of Colorado, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

Johnny G. Delgado, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE REVERSED 

AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS 

Division VI 

Opinion by JUDGE FURMAN 

Miller and Navarro, JJ., concur 

Announced December 1, 2016 

Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General, Kevin E. McReynolds, Assistant 

Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee 

Douglas K. Wilson, Colorado State Public Defender, Elizabeth Griffin, Deputy 

State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant
1 

¶ 1 The defendant, Johnny G. Delgado, allegedly beat the victim 

unconscious and took items from his pockets. At trial, a jury 

convicted Delgado of robbery and theft from the person of another, 

which he now appeals. 

¶ 2 We are asked to consider whether simultaneous convictions of 

robbery (requiring a taking by the use of force) and theft from the 

person of another (requiring a taking other than by the use of force) 

for the same act are legally and logically inconsistent and thus 

require reversal. 

¶ 3 We agree with Delgado that the verdicts were plainly legally 

and logically inconsistent. And, because inconsistent verdicts do 

not allow us to decide what the jury found, we also agree that 

Delgado should receive a new trial. In reaching this conclusion, we 

disagree with People v. Beatty, 80 P.3d 847 (Colo. App. 2003), and 

People v. Lee, 914 P.2d 441 (Colo. App. 1995). We thus reverse the 

judgment and sentence, and we remand for a new trial. 

I. The Taking 

¶ 4 The victim spent an evening at a bar, eventually getting drunk. 

He left around the time the bar closed. Soon after, though, he 

returned to the bar and banged on the door, trying to get back 
2 

inside. Hearing this noise, a bar employee called the police, asking 

for an officer to check on this person. 

¶ 5 The victim eventually gave up and walked away from the bar. 

As he did so, he saw two men walking toward him, but he turned 

his back on them. Moments later, he was attacked from behind; 

someone hit and kicked him until he collapsed on the sidewalk and 

lost consciousness. 

¶ 6 Responding to the bar employee’s call, a police officer soon 

arrived at the bar. He saw Delgado bent over the victim’s prone 

body on the sidewalk, apparently going through the victim’s 

pockets. Then, he saw Delgado stand up, holding items in his 

hands. This officer was the only eyewitness who testified at trial. 

¶ 7 The officer shouted at Delgado to stop, but Delgado took off 

running, tossing aside the victim’s wallet, keys, and phone as he 

went. Backup officers arrived in time to chase, catch, and arrest 

Delgado. One officer testified that on arrest, Delgado’s hands were 

injured and bloody. 

¶ 8 When the case went to trial, the prosecution argued that 

Delgado could be convicted of both robbery and theft from the 

person of another, and the trial court gave instructions on both. 
3 

¶ 9 The robbery instruction informed the jury that they could find 

Delgado guilty if he: 

3. knowingly, 

4. took anything of value, 

5. from the person or presence of another, 

6. by the use of force, threats, or intimidation. 

(Emphasis added.). See § 18-4-301, C.R.S. 2016. 

¶ 10 The theft from the person of another instruction informed the 

jury that they could find Delgado guilty if he: 

3. knowingly 

a. obtained or exercised control over, 

b. anything of value, 

c. which was the property of another person, 

d. without authorization or by threat or 

deception, and 

4. with intent to permanently deprive the other 

person of the use or benefit of the thing of 

value, and 

5. the thing of value was taken, 

a. from the person of another, 

b. by means other than the use of force, threats 

or intimidation. 

(Emphasis added.). See § 18-4-401(1), (5), C.R.S. 2016. 
4 

¶ 11 The jury found Delgado guilty of robbery and theft from the 

person of another, but it did not reach a verdict on an assault 

count, and that count was dismissed. Then the trial court 

sentenced Delgado to twelve years in prison on the robbery count 

and a concurrent sentence of 200 days on the theft count, with 

credit for 211 days served. 

II. Plainly Inconsistent Verdicts 

A. Standard of Review 

¶ 12 Both parties agree that the inconsistent verdict issue is not 

preserved. So, review is for plain error. People v. Sanchez, 253 

P.3d 1260, 1262-63 (Colo. App. 2010). An error is plain if it is 

obvious and “so undermine[s] the fundamental fairness of the trial 

itself so as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the judgment of 

conviction.” People v. Miller, 113 P.3d 743, 750 (Colo. 2005) 

(quoting People v. Sepulveda, 65 P.3d 1002, 1006 (Colo. 2003)). 

¶ 13 We note that Delgado’s reliance on a number of cases for the 

proposition that inconsistent verdicts are structural errors is 

misplaced because none addressed inconsistent jury verdicts. See 

Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 277, 281 (1993) (concluding 

that it is structural error for a court to give an incorrect definition of 
5 

“reasonable doubt”); Sanchez v. People, 2014 CO 29, ¶¶ 14, 20 

(concluding that it is structural error for a court to convict a 

defendant for a crime for which the jury did not find him guilty of 

every element); Medina v. People, 163 P.3d 1136, 1138, 1141 (Colo. 

2007) (concluding that it is structural error for a court to sentence a 

defendant for a crime for which he was not convicted). 

B. Inconsistent Verdict Law 

¶ 14 We start our discussion with two Supreme Court cases that 

involved both an acquittal and a conviction. The Supreme Court 

determined in Dunn v. United States, 284 U.S. 390, 393-94 (1932), 

that, as a rule, verdicts are not inconsistent when a defendant is 

acquitted of one crime and convicted of another crime that is 

inconsistent with the acquittal. It later noted, in United States v. 

Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65 (1984), that this kind of inconsistent verdict 

“should not necessarily be interpreted as a windfall to the 

Government at the defendant’s expense,” because it is “possible 

that the jury, convinced of guilt, properly . . . through mistake, 

compromise, or lenity, arrived at an inconsistent conclusion.” 
6 

¶ 15 In People v. Frye, 898 P.2d 559 (Colo. 1995), our supreme 

court explained an exception to the rule from Dunn that applies in 

Delgado’s case: 

[In] those cases where a jury has returned 

verdicts convicting a defendant of two or more 

crimes, where the existence of an element of 

one of the crimes negates the existence of a 

necessary element of the other crime[,] courts 

are generally uniform in their agreement that 

the verdicts are legally and logically 

inconsistent and should not be sustained. 

Id. at 569 n.13 (emphasis added); see People v. Weare, 155 P.3d 

527, 529 (Colo. App. 2006) (applying this exception); see also 

Candelaria v. People, 148 P.3d 178, 183 (Colo. 2006) (citing Frye 

favorably for this proposition). Some states refer to such verdicts as 

“mutually exclusive” verdicts. See State v. Owens, 766 S.E.2d 66, 

71 (Ga. 2014); Martinez v. State, 989 So. 2d 1143, 1150 (Ala. Crim. 

App. 2006). 

¶ 16 When we apply this exception for inconsistent verdicts, we 

consider whether an element of one offense negates an essential 

element of the other. Weare, 155 P.3d at 529. And, when deciding 

whether elements negate each other, we must compare the 

language in the relevant statutes. See id. at 529-30. In doing so, 
7 

we are guided by common rules of statutory interpretation. We 

must determine the intent of the General Assembly. Mason v. 

Adams, 961 P.2d 540, 543 (Colo. App. 1997). To discern intent, we 

look to the statutory language, giving words and phrases their plain 

and ordinary meanings. Swieckowski v. City of Fort Collins, 934 

P.2d 1380, 1384-85 (Colo. 1997). When we give words their plain 

meanings, the rule of consistent usage requires that, absent a 

“manifest indication to the contrary, the meaning attributed to the 

words or phrases in one part of the statute should be ascribed to 

the same words or phrases found elsewhere in the statute.” Colo. 

Common Cause v. Meyer, 758 P.2d 153, 161 (Colo. 1988); see 

United States v. Castleman, 572 U.S. __, __, 134 S. Ct. 1405, 1417 

(2014). 

C. Analysis 

¶ 17 We conclude in Delgado’s case that (1) the force elements of 

robbery and theft from the person of another negate each other and, 

thus, guilty verdicts on both are legally and logically inconsistent; 

and (2) the error is plain. 
8 

1. Inconsistent Verdicts 

¶ 18 We initially point out that neither party disputes that there 

was only one taking, nor does any evidence support a finding of 

more than one taking — for example, there is no evidence that 

Delgado took objects from the victim, left, and then returned later to 

take more. The trial court agreed with this proposition when it 

stated that “the same evidence” supports both the robbery and theft 

counts. 

¶ 19 Now, we turn to the language of the statutes. As stated above, 

the trial court read the robbery and theft instructions to the jury. 

On the one hand, robbery requires that a person take “by the use of 

force.” § 18-4-301(1). On the other, theft from the person of 

another requires that a person take “by means other than the use of 

force.” § 18-4-401(5). 

¶ 20 Because these provisions are in the same article of the 

Colorado statutes, we apply the rule of consistent usage and give 

the word “force” the same meaning in both parts of the statute. See 

Meyer, 758 P.2d at 161. We may do so because the General 

Assembly has not shown a “manifest indication to the contrary.” Id. 

Rather, it enacted the theft from the person of another provision “to 
9 

cover those situations that would otherwise constitute robbery, but 

for the lack of force, threats, or intimidation,” People v. Warner, 801 

P.2d 1187, 1191 (Colo. 1990) (footnote omitted), thus showing that 

it contemplated that “force” has the same meaning in both statutes. 

¶ 21 And, because the General Assembly intended that both 

statutes use the same definition of “force,” the jury’s findings that 

Delgado both took “by the use of force” and “by means other than 

the use of force” for the same act negate each other. Thus, the 

verdicts are legally and logically inconsistent. See Weare, 155 P.3d 

at 529.

2. Plain Error 

¶ 22 We agree with Delgado that this error is plain because it is 

obvious and casts serious doubt on the reliability of the conviction. 

See Miller, 113 P.3d at 750.

¶ 23 The error is obvious because the proposition that a defendant 

may not be convicted on charges that are legally and logically 

inconsistent is well-established, and such an inconsistency is 

manifest in this case. See Weare, 155 P.3d at 529. It is obvious 

that taking by “force” is the opposite of taking “by means other than 
10 

the use of force.” There can be no clearer example of inconsistency. 

See Warner, 801 P.2d at 1191. 

¶ 24 And, this error casts serious doubt on the reliability of the 

convictions because it makes a conviction of both robbery and theft 

from the person of another for the same act legally impossible. 

¶ 25 The People’s reliance on People v. Simpson, 93 P.3d 551 (Colo. 

App. 2004), for the proposition that a jury can recognize a temporal 

distinction between criminal acts is misplaced. In Simpson, a 

division of this court recognized that a defendant can 

simultaneously intend to menace and take substantial steps toward 

causing death. Id. at 555. This holding has no bearing on whether 

a defendant can commit one taking both with and without force. 

¶ 26 Additionally, the People’s reliance on the course of transaction 

doctrine to contend that “Delgado used force to effectuate a robbery 

(by beating the victim unconscious) and then physically took [the 

victim’s] property from his pockets without using force” misses the 

point. See People v. Fox, 928 P.2d 820, 821 (Colo. App. 1996) 

(upholding a conviction for robbery against two victims based on 

the course of transaction doctrine); see also People v. Villalobos, 159 

P.3d 624, 627 (Colo. App. 2006). Once the jury actually found that 
11 

the taking was accomplished by beating the victim unconscious, the 

jury could not legally or logically find that the taking was “by means 

other than the use of force,” even if it believed that no force was 

used to remove items from the unconscious victim’s pockets. See 

Frye, 898 P.2d at 565-66 (disapproving of a strained and 

unpersuasive “speculation into [the] jury’s thought processes” to 

find a way the verdicts could be viewed as consistent). 

III. Remedy 

¶ 27 The People contend that the proper remedy for the 

inconsistent verdicts is to vacate the theft from the person of 

another conviction and sentence, which has the lesser punishment, 

but affirm the robbery conviction and sentence in order to 

“maximize” the jury’s verdict. In support of this, they rely on 

Beatty, 80 P.3d 847, and Lee, 914 P.2d 441. We disagree with the 

People and the other divisions of this court because (1) the cases on 

which Beatty and Lee rely for this remedy did not address 

inconsistent guilty verdicts and (2) inconsistent guilty verdicts 

express irreconcilable findings that can only be resolved through a 

new trial. See People in Interest of S.N-V., 300 P.3d 911, 914 (Colo. 
12 

App. 2011) (stating that one division of the court of appeals is not 

bound by decision of another division). 

A. Beatty, Lee, and Their Foundational Cases 

¶ 28 The divisions in Beatty and Lee each concluded that the guilty 

verdicts involved were legally and logically inconsistent. Beatty, 80 

P.3d at 852; Lee, 914 P.2d at 446. We take no issue with this part 

of either holding. 

¶ 29 But, the divisions then concluded that the proper remedy in 

such situations is to maximize the jury verdicts by vacating the 

conviction of the lesser offense. See Beatty, 80 P.3d at 853; Lee, 

914 P.2d at 448. In reaching this conclusion, the divisions relied 

on the reasoning of two Colorado Supreme Court cases which 

concluded that verdicts should be maximized: People v. Glover, 893 

P.2d 1311, 1314 (Colo. 1995), and People v. Bartowsheski, 661 P.2d 

235, 246-47 (Colo. 1983). 

¶ 30 But, these two foundational cases, Glover and Bartowsheski, 

did not involve inconsistent verdicts. In Glover, 893 P.2d at 1314-

15, the defendant was convicted on two counts of first degree 

murder, even though he only committed one murder. And, in 

Bartowsheski, 661 P.2d at 245, the trial court convicted and 
13 

sentenced the defendant based on a greater felony murder offense 

and a lesser included robbery offense. Neither case addressed, nor 

even mentioned, inconsistent verdicts. Thus, the cases on which 

Lee and Beatty relied are not applicable to inconsistent verdicts. 

B. New Trial 

¶ 31 Not only are Glover and Bartowsheski factually inapplicable, 

but the reasoning underlying them is not persuasive in Delgado’s 

case. In both Glover and Bartowsheski, the elements of one of the 

offenses necessarily included the same elements as the other, and 

thus the evidence supported both convictions. In contrast, where 

verdicts are inconsistent, the evidence supports each conviction 

individually, but not both at the same time because an element in 

each negates an element in the other. 

¶ 32 So, when guilty verdicts are inconsistent, we cannot know 

what the jury actually found because it expressed irreconcilable 

findings. Cf. Milanovich v. United States, 365 U.S. 551, 555-56 

(1961) (“[T]here is no way of knowing [what] a properly instructed 

jury would have found.”). Because the verdicts are so plainly 

inconsistent, it is not possible to discern the jury’s intent. 
14 

¶ 33 We thus conclude that the proper remedy when guilty verdicts 

are legally and logically inconsistent is to remand for a new trial so 

that a jury can make new findings and decide which conviction the 

evidence supports. See Owens, 766 S.E.2d at 71 (“[T]he remedy for 

a judgment entered on convictions based on mutually exclusive 

verdicts is to reverse the judgment, set aside the verdicts at issue, 

and remand for a new trial.”); People v. Williams, 688 N.E.2d 320, 

324 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997) (“[T]he convictions must be reversed and the 

cause remanded for a new trial on the involuntary manslaughter 

and aggravated discharge of a firearm charges.”); State v. 

Speckman, 391 S.E.2d 165, 168 (N.C. 1990) (“[T]here is a 

‘reasonable possibility’ that a different result would have been 

reached at trial as to both charges . . . . Therefore, the defendant is 

entitled to a new trial on both charges.”). 

¶ 34 Accordingly, we also disagree with Delgado’s contention that 

he was acquitted of both crimes because, as he contends, “[e]ach 

verdict included an affirmative jury finding that effected an 

acquittal on the other count.” By this reasoning, we could 

conversely conclude that each verdict includes an affirmative 

finding that effected a conviction. We will not apply this reasoning. 
15 

IV. Conclusion 

¶ 35 The judgment and sentence are reversed, and the case is 

remanded to the trial court. The prosecution may choose to retry 

Delgado on either the robbery count or the theft from the person of 

another count, or both. But, if the prosecution elects to submit 

both counts to the jury, such submission must be accompanied by 

an instruction that the jury may convict of either the robbery count 

or the theft from the person of another count, but not both. 

JUDGE MILLER and JUDGE NAVARRO concur.