REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 1920

September Term, 2015

_________________________

ANTHONY LEWIS, et al.

v.

BALTIMORE CONVENTION CENTER, et al.

_________________________

Kehoe,

Nazarian,

Shaw Geter,

 

JJ.

_________________________

Opinion by Nazarian, J.

_________________________

Filed: December 1, 2016
2

A class of employees of the Baltimore Convention Center (the “Class”) appeals the 

judgment of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City dismissing their claims against the City 

of Baltimore (the “City”) and their union, AFSCME Local 44 (the “Union”). The Class

had alleged that the City breached its contract with the Union by failing to properly pay 

overtime wages, that the Union had breached its duty of fair representation, and that the 

Union had interfered tortiously with the contract. The circuit court dismissed the complaint

and we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

The Baltimore Convention Center (“the Convention Center”) first opened in 1979

and is owned and operated by the City. Until late 2008, though, Convention Center 

employees were not covered by the same employment contract as most City employees, 

which took the form of a recurring memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) between the 

City and the Union. The MOU requires the City to pay employees an increased overtime 

wage for time worked on sixth, seventh, and eighth consecutive days, and for odd-hour 

shifts. But because employment at the Convention Center regularly entails working

weekend night shifts, and six, seven, or eight consecutive days to accomplish the Center’s 

primary function (hosting conventions), Center employees originally were treated for 

overtime pay purposes as mayoral appointees, and paid according to the overtime 

provisions of the City’s Administrative Manual, Section 205-2. For terms of employment 

other than overtime pay, Convention Center employees were treated “as if” they were 

covered by the MOU, even though they were not formally covered by it.
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As a result, Convention Center employees occupied a unique space on the City’s 

payroll: they received most of the benefits built into the MOU, but weren’t officially 

covered by it. And over time, this uniqueness led to frustration and grievance. Employees 

began challenging the arrangement in 2005; on August 22, 2008, at the employees’ urging, 

the Union asked the City Labor Commissioner for a bargaining unit clarification that would

bring Convention Center employees within the MOU. The City agreed. The City and the 

Union negotiated and, on October 22, 2008, concluded a new MOU for the 2009 and 2010 

fiscal years (“FY”) that included Convention Center employees as part of the bargaining 

unit.

This didn’t resolve all of the employees’ concerns, though, so in 2009, the Union 

and the City exchanged correspondence and held meetings designed to address the 

employees’ complaints, chief among them the issue of payment for consecutive day 

overtime under the MOU. The meetings culminated in an extended meeting on March 2, 

2010, at which the Union and City reached an understanding that did not include payment 

of past consecutive day overtime pay for Center employees under the FY2009–10 MOU.

Shortly after the conclusion of the 2009-2010 meetings, negotiations for the 

FY2011–12 MOU began, and they were tense. The Union claims that it pursued the 

consecutive day overtime pay issue on behalf of the Convention Center employees during 

negotiations, but the City opposed any change, especially in the light of the strain the Great 

Recession was putting on the City’s budget. As the Union’s counsel explained in a 

September 15, 2011 letter, this was “the second consecutive year in which most all City 
4

employees [] face[d] compulsory wage furloughs,” and that the City had “little funds to 

adjust discretionary economic issues.”

The negotiations for the FY2011–12 MOU took so long that agreed terms of the 

MOU went into effect before contentious terms were resolved. Ultimately, the new MOU 

did not change the terms regarding consecutive day overtime pay. The Union later 

explained to the Class that it had to relent on this issue in order to complete the MOU for 

all represented City employees. The MOU clarified the City’s longstanding position on 

overtime pay in an addendum to the new MOU, executed on June 29, 2011, to the extent 

that it made explicit that “[t]he Convention Center shall continue to follow its existing pay 

practices including its method of calculating overtime.” In addition, the FY2011–12 MOU 

contained one other relevant overtime provision, paragraph 15.E.2, that tracked the City’s 

policy for mayoral employees (again, the source of the historic practice): “[w]here in the 

normal operation of a department, work is regularly scheduled on Saturdays and/or 

Sundays, no more than ten (10) days of work shall be scheduled for any employee in each 

fourteen (14) day period, unless there is an emergency or unforeseen circumstance.” See 

BUREAU OF THE BUDGET & MGMT. RESEARCH, CITY OF BALT., ADMINISTRATIVE 

MANUAL, § 205-2 (1990).

On July 6, 2012, the Class filed suit in the United States District Court for the 

District of Maryland against the Convention Center (a City agency) and its director for, 

among other claims, breach of contract. The court dismissed the case on December 10, 

2012 on a variety of grounds, including the ground that the Class could not bring a breach 

of contract claim before exhausting administrative remedies. The Class then attempted an
5

administrative remedy by submitting a class-based grievance to the Union. At the 

penultimate step in the grievance process, though, the Union decided, on June 21, 2013,

not to pursue arbitration against the City, and sent the Class a long letter detailing its 

rationale.

The Class responded to that setback on March 18, 2015 with the complaint 

underlying this appeal. The Class alleged claims of breach of contract against the City, 

“breach of the union representation agreement” against the Union, “tortious breach of the 

duty of fair representation” against the Union, and “tortious interference with the MOU 

contract” against the Union. The City filed a motion to dismiss on May 11, 2015. The 

court granted the City’s motion to dismiss (or motion for summary judgment in the 

alternative) by oral ruling on June 29, 2015, and entered the accompanying written order 

on July 1, 2015. Without reaching the merits, the court dismissed the claims against the 

City because the Class had not satisfied the notice requirement of the Local Government 

Tort Claims Act (“LGTCA”), and dismissed the other claims as barred by the statute of 

limitations. This appeal followed.

II. DISCUSSION

The Class disputes that its claims are barred by threshold procedural defects,1and 

asks us to reverse for consideration of the merits. But although we have some doubt about 

 

1 The Class phrased the Questions Presented as follows in its brief:

1. Whether the trial judge was clearly erroneous in hearing and 

deciding the Appellees’ motions to dismiss the original 

complaint, which had been replaced by the successor First 
6

whether the LGTCA applies to the Class’s claims against the City, we have no doubt that 

the Class’s claims against the City and the Union, whatever their merits, were long barred 

by limitations by the time they were filed, and that the tortious interference claim fails as a 

matter of law. 

A. Standard Of Review

“On appeal from a decision to grant a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim 

upon which relief can be granted, we must determine whether the complaint, on its face, 

discloses a legally sufficient cause of action.” Ransom v. Leopold, 183 Md. App. 570, 

578–79 (2008) (internal citations and quotations omitted). In doing so, “we accept all wellpled facts in the complaint, and reasonable inferences drawn from them, in a light most 

favorable to the non-moving party.” Converge Servs. Grp. v. Curran, 383 Md. 462, 475 

(2004). And “[i]f, on a motion to dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim upon 

which relief can be granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded 

 

Amended Complaint and where no motion to dismiss the First 

Amended Complaint had been filed.

2. Whether The Local Government Tort Claims Act (“LGTCA”) 

applies to a breach of contract claim against the City Appellee.

3. Whether claims against the Union Appellees arise from the 

required condition precedent of mandatory contractual 

exhaustion and mandatory and binding arbitration procedure 

that constitute a necessary element of the claims, and therefore 

set the date for the statute of limitations.

4. Whether the allegations against the Union Appellees as set 

forth in the First Amended Complaint are barred by the statute 

of limitations.
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by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment.” Rule 2-322(c).

When the court dismisses the complaint without explanation and the record does not 

indicate that material outside of the complaint was excluded, we assume that the court 

considered it. Smith v. Danielczyk, 400 Md. 98, 104-05 (2007); Worsham v. Ehrlich, 181 

Md. App. 711, 723 (2008). 

When reviewing a summary judgment decision, we determine whether the trial 

court was legally correct, “since a trial court decides issues of law, not fact, when granting 

summary judgment.” Volcjak v. Wash. Cty. Hosp., 124 Md. App. 481, 495 (1999); see also

Converge Servs. Grp., 383 Md. at 476. However, we only determine whether the trial court 

was correct as a matter of law once we determine that there was no genuine dispute of 

material fact. Dashiell v. Meeks, 396 Md. 149, 163 (2006). We review the circuit court’s 

legal conclusions de novo. Walter v. Gunter, 367 Md. 386, 392 (2002).

B. The Breach Of Contract Claim Against The City Was Barred By 

Limitations.

The Class alleges that the Convention Center, a subdivision or agency of the City, 

and its director breached the MOU. The circuit court dismissed the claim for failure to 

comply with the LGTCA’s notice requirement. See Md. Code (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.), 

§5-304 of the Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJ”) (amended 2016). We have 

doubts about whether the LGTCA applies here at all,2 but we have no doubt that this claim, 

 

2 Neither party could point us to authority extending the reach of the LGTCA to claims 

involving contracts to which the City is a party, nor did we find any. The parties seem to 

assume it applies because the Class’s breach of contract claim is unliquidated. See Md. 

Code (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.), §5-304(a) of the Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article 

(“CJ”) (amended 2016) (“[A]n action for unliquidated damages may not be brought against 
8

whatever its merits, was barred by limitations and properly dismissed. See City of 

Frederick v. Pickett, 392 Md. 411, 424 (2006) (this Court may affirm a dismissal “on any 

ground adequately shown by the record, whether or not relied upon by the trial court.”

(quoting Berman v. Karvounis, 308 Md. 259, 263 (1987))).

The Class contends that the standard civil statute of limitations applies to its claim 

against the City. See CJ § 5-101 (“A civil action at law shall be filed within three years 

from the date it accrues unless another provision of the Code provides a different period of 

time within which an action shall be commenced.” (emphasis added)). The Class is 

mistaken in this instance: at the time this claim accrued, § 4A(c) of Article II of the 

Baltimore City Charter established a one-year limitations period for contract claims against 

Baltimore City: “[a] claim is barred unless the claimant files suit within 1 year from the 

 

a local government or its employees unless the notice of the claim required by this section 

is given within 180 days after the injury.”). But we aren’t sure it’s as simple as determining 

whether a claim is liquidated or not. The LGTCA embodies a statutory bargain of sorts—

the local government waives the sovereign immunity that normally would bar a claim 

altogether in exchange for, among other things, pre-suit notice (for the purpose of 

investigating and possibly resolving claims) and a damages cap. See Williams v. Maynard, 

359 Md. 379, 389–92 (2000). Sovereign immunity functions differently in contract. H. 

Dean Bouland, Recent Legislation: Abrogation of Sovereign Immunity in Contract Cases 

in Maryland, 6 U. Balt. L. Rev. 338, 342 (1977). The City is a party to the contract, and 

its contracts typically contain other terms (such as notice provisions and damages 

limitations) that achieve the same purposes that the LGTCA fulfill in the context of tort 

claims. But we need not resolve this issue here because the Class’s claims against the City 

are, as we explain, unambiguously barred by limitations; our decision to affirm the circuit 

court’s judgment shouldn’t be read to signal a view on the LGTCA question one way or 

the other. 
9

date on which the claim arose or within 1 year after completion of the contract giving rise 

to the claim, whichever is later.”

3

And there is no scenario under which this claim was filed on time. A breach of 

contract claim accrues when the party knows or should have known the facts giving rise to 

its claim. Kumar v. Dhanda, 426 Md. 185, 195 (2012); Vigilant Ins. Co. v. Luppino, 352 

Md. 481, 489 (1999). The overtime pay terms underlying the claims represent the 

Convention Center’s historic treatment of its employees and date back well into the last 

decade. The Class’s unhappiness with those manifested in efforts to bring themselves

within the MOU in 2008, and in signed agreements that took effect no later than July 1, 

2008. Even if, though, we were to assume that these disputes didn’t ripen until the 

FY2011–12 MOU was signed, the Class’s claims accrued on June 29, 2011, and the 

complaint wasn’t filed until March 18, 2015. Put another way, this breach of contract claim 

would be barred even if the standard three-year limitations period applied, which it doesn’t, 

and was long since barred by the one-year period that did.

Nor was the limitations period tolled during the pendency of the federal suit and the 

grievance proceedings, as the Class suggests (but doesn’t argue in so many words). The 

Class decided for its own reasons to pursue claims in federal court before suing in state 

 

3 Art. 23A § 1A was, and CJ § 5-5A-01 is, the provision waiving sovereign immunity and 

establishing a one year limitations period for municipal governments created pursuant to 

Article XI-E of the Maryland Constitution. But this doesn’t cover Baltimore City. See Dan 

Friedman, The Maryland Constitution 331 (Oxford University Press 2d ed. 2011). Instead, 

Baltimore City’s express powers are set forth in Article 4, Section 6 of the Public Local 

Laws of Maryland, which are reprinted as Article II of the Baltimore City Charter, id. at 

310-11, and the relevant limitations period here appears in Article II, § 4A.
10

court. Nothing compelled the Class to take that procedural path, and the Class cites no 

authority for the proposition that the time it took to pursue those remedies delayed the 

accrual of its state law claims.

C. The Duty of Fair Representation Claim Also Was Barred By 

Limitations.

Next, the Class alleged in its amended complaint that the Union breached its duty of 

fair representation to the Class during the FY2011–12 MOU contract negotiations and in 

deciding not to pursue a Step 4 grievance. The circuit court dismissed this claim on 

limitations grounds, and we agree that these too were barred.

Although federal labor law prescribes a shorter-than-normal limitations period for 

labor disputes, Maryland does not, see DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 

151, 169–72 (1983), so in this instance the standard three-year period governs. See CJ § 

5-101. But as before, the limitations clock began ticking at “the time the plaintiff could 

have acted.” Henry’s Drive-In, Inc. v. Pappas, 264 Md. 422, 428 (1972). This moment is 

easy to define with regard to the Union’s representation of the Class—it concluded, by 

definition, when the negotiations concluded and the MOU containing the allegedly 

offending terms took effect. And the most generous date we can put on that event is July 

13, 2011, the day the City’s Board of Estimates formally noted the MOU (it actually had 

taken effect on July 1). This means that the Class would have had to file this claim by July 

13, 2014, but it wasn’t filed until March 18, 2015. See CJ § 5-101.

The claim isn’t saved by the Union’s decision on January 2, 2013 not to pursue 

arbitration of the Class’s grievance. The grievance raised the same issue—the Class’s 
11

right, or not, to receive overtime pay for work performed on sixth, seventh, and eighth

consecutive days of scheduled work—and the dispute and the operative facts date back to 

well before the FY 2011–12 MOU. The Class filed the 2013 grievance in response to the

federal court’s holding in December 2012 that the Class had failed to exhaust 

administrative remedies; the allegations in the Class’s federal complaint recounted the 

City’s historic pay practices for Convention Center employees, and alleged as examples 

the treatment certain employees received during pay periods in September and October 

2011 and February 2012. This is all to say that the Class’s notion of fair representation, 

and the alleged breach that it sought to pursue here, occurred, and any claims accrued, long 

before the Union’s specific decision not to continue the Class’s grievance to arbitration.

D. The Class’s “Tortious Interference With The MOU Contract”

Claim Is Not Cognizable.

Finally, and limitations aside, the Class’s Hail Mary “tortious interference” claim 

against the Union was properly dismissed. It is not possible under Maryland law for a party 

to a contract—in this case, the Union—to interfere tortuously with a contract to which it is 

a party. Travelers Indem. Co. v. Merling, 326 Md. 329, 343 (1992) (“For the tort [of 

tortious interference] to lie, the defendant tortfeasor cannot be a party to the contractual or 

economic relations with which he has allegedly interfered.”); see also, e.g., Alexander & 

Alexander Inc. v. B. Dixon Evander & Assoc., Inc., 336 Md. 635, 656 (1994); K & K Mgmt., 

Inc. v. Lee, 316 Md. 137, 154–56 (1989); Sharrow v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 306 

Md. 754, 763 (1986); Nat. Design, Inc. v. Rouse Co., 302 Md. 47, 69 (1984); Wilmington 
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Tr. Co. v. Clark, 289 Md. 313, 329 (1981) (“[T]here is no cause of action for interference 

with a contract when suit is brought against a party to the contract.”); Prof’l Staff Nurses 

Ass’n v. Dimensions Health Corp. 110 Md. App. 270, 283–84 (1996), aff’d, 346 Md. 132 

(1997).

ORDER OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR 

BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED. COSTS 

TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.