{"id":96181,"date":"2022-03-24T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-478273"},"modified":"2023-09-20T14:06:53","modified_gmt":"2023-09-20T18:06:53","slug":"nasa-delivers-on-making-gate-to-gate-flights-more-efficient","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/ames\/nasa-delivers-on-making-gate-to-gate-flights-more-efficient\/","title":{"rendered":"NASA Delivers on Making Gate to Gate Flights More Efficient"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\"padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro\"><div class=\"width-full maxw-full article-header\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full\"><p class=\"label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0\">8 min read<\/p><h1 class=\"display-48 margin-bottom-2\">NASA Delivers on Making Gate to Gate Flights More Efficient<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"985\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?w=985\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Airplane outside it's gate at the airport.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?resize=300,203 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?resize=768,520 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?resize=400,271 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?resize=600,406 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?resize=900,609 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">AirpNASA\u2019s recently concluded Airspace Technology Demonstration project worked to make air traffic more efficient during every phase of a trip \u2013 from departure gate; through takeoff, cruise, and landing; to arrival gate.ort<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">Getty Images<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>For a team of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/topics\/aeronautics\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\u2019s aeronautical innovators<\/a> working with government and industry partners, the past five years or so were invested in developing and demonstrating new tools to help you fly from here to there in the most time-efficient, fuel-saving, and cost-effective manner possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeroresearch\/programs\/aosp\/atd\" rel=\"noopener\">Airspace Technology Demonstration<\/a> (ATD) project wraps up their research and final report writing, the potential benefits to airports, airlines, and the flying public are clear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeroresearch\/nasa-testing-saves-airlines-one-million-gallons-of-jet-fuel\" rel=\"noopener\">more than a million gallons<\/a> of jet fuel were saved by airlines at one airport during a four-year period testing new computer software that greatly reduces surface congestion at busy airports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cATD\u2019s mission was to get NASA technology out of the lab and into the field. These new tools and technologies have been embraced by the FAA and industry, and are being deployed at control facilities, operations centers, and flight decks across the country,\u201d said Shawn Engelland, NASA\u2019s ATD project manager.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhile that might not seem like a lot compared to the billions of gallons used in aviation, it is an almost immediately realized benefit that will grow as the many ATD technologies are used by more and more airlines at more and more airports,\u201d Engelland said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Public comments from some of NASA\u2019s partners who directly benefit from the various components of the ATD research echoed the positive vibe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c(This) is one of those instances in life when you ask for one thing and you get so much more in return,\u201d said Rob Goldman, a Delta Airlines pilot.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1584\" height=\"1188\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?w=1584\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Three men inside a cockpit.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg 1584w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/lrc-2016-h1_p_flightsimulation-120707.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1584px) 100vw, 1584px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Sitting left to right, Jason McMahon, Helmuth Eggeling and Scott Nyberg — lead test pilots from Honeywell Aerospace\u2019s Flight Ops engineering organization \u2013 take part in final checkouts of NASA\u2019s ATD-1 technologies and flight plans.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA \/ David C. Bowman<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ATD in Three<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To accomplish its many and diverse goals, ATD was divided into three subprojects, each seeking to improve the efficiency of a particular stage of an airliner\u2019s flight from departure gate to arrival gate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ATD-1 focused on airport arrivals as aircraft descend from cruise towards landing. ATD-2 looked at airport surface taxiing and departures. ATD-3 examined weather avoidance in the cruise phase of a flight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All three subprojects fully embraced involving government and industry partners in developing, testing, and demonstrating in flight the new tools and technologies \u2013 software and hardware.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When considered ready by NASA \u2013 and based on deliberate and continuous engagement with stakeholders \u2013 the knowledge and technology were given to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and industry for them to further develop, customize, and decide on where and when to deploy to support their operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAt every step we kept our principal goals in mind. We wanted to make air traffic operations more predictable and efficient, and, in the process, help save time and fuel and reduce emissions,\u201d Engelland said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ATD-<\/strong>1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The first subproject, ATD-1, included two major technologies that, together, would make it easier for pilots to descend from their cruising altitude and land at a more predictable time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first technology looked at the descent from cruising altitude, seeking to change the way those maneuvers had been done for years. With GPS now available, ATD-1 proposed that the descent could be done more efficiently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, instead of coming down a few thousand feet at a time in a stair-step manner, the pilots would be able to make a continuous descent that began at their cruising altitude and ended with a runway touchdown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/press-release\/nasa-developed-air-traffic-management-tool-flies-into-use\" rel=\"noopener\">Delivered to the FAA<\/a> in 2014 as a single tool known as Terminal Sequencing and Spacing, it contained two NASA-developed technologies named Traffic Management Advisor with Terminal Metering, and Controller Managed Spacing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ATD-1\u2019s second technology \u2013 known as Flight Deck Interval Management \u2013 was completed in 2017 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aero\/nasa-presents-faa-with-new-air-traffic-management-technology\" rel=\"noopener\">turned over to the FAA and industry in 2018<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This tool enables traffic managers to safely increase the number of airplanes that can land on the same runway at busy airports by more precisely managing the time, or interval, between each aircraft arrival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is largely done by pilots using new cockpit-installed equipment that guides them on how to maintain a certain distance from an airplane ahead of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ATD-<\/strong>2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The ATD-2 subproject focused on airport departures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The goal in this case was for an airliner to make the trip from gate to runway to cruising altitude without stopping \u2013 something that wastes fuel, disrupts schedules, and annoys passengers anxious to get on their way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/atd2\" rel=\"noopener\">The solution was to develop and test a technology<\/a> that coordinates schedules among those who manage the movement of aircraft from an airport gate to a spot in the sky after takeoff where the aircraft can safely join with the overhead traffic \u2013 like a car merging onto a freeway.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Developed as the Integrated Arrival\/Departure Surface tool, demonstrating the software and procedures took place during two field demonstrations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first demonstration began in September 2017 and brought together surface and air traffic managers with the FAA and American Airlines at Charlotte-Douglas International Airport in North Carolina. The demonstration expanded its scope in 2018 with new capabilities and more airspace involved by including the FAA\u2019s Air Route Traffic Control Center based in Atlanta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It was at Charlotte that the ATD-2 subproject demonstrated immediate tangible benefits in the form of saved fuel, lowered emissions, and time saved. After four years, participating aircraft had racked up savings of more than one million gallons of fuel and nearly 250 days of engine run time, while preventing the release of carbon dioxide in an amount equivalent to the capture capability of more than 170,000 urban trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second, shorter demonstration, which mostly took place during the summer of 2021, focused on coordinating air traffic departing two North Texas airports \u2013 Dallas\/Ft. Worth International and nearby Dallas Love Field. Southwest Airlines and Envoy Air joined American Airlines as participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Testing and data collection ran from Nov. 22, 2020, to Sept.17, 2021, during which 84 aircraft met the conditions in which potential benefits could be measured. These 84 flights resulted in more than 7,000 gallons of jet fuel saved, 24 hours of delay time avoided, and reduced emissions equivalent to 1,110 urban trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Results of the tests over North Texas weren\u2019t as impressive as the Charlotte demonstration because of the smaller sample size involved; however, reaction from the participating airlines was just as robust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe tremendous savings [ATD-2] achieved\u2026even in a small trial time; we don\u2019t want to let it go,\u201d Kenneth Vogt, manager of flight dispatch technologies for Envoy Air, at a public workshop on ATD technologies. \u201cThe tool is phenomenal. It surpassed any expectations we might have had.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Added Bob Shirley, air traffic control coordinator for American Airlines: \u201cThere is no doubt that the numbers were overwhelming. I would never have predicted we would save that much.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Researchers Al Capps (seated) and Paul Borchers demonstrate Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) tools that air traffic managers began testing in 2017.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg 4288w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=300,199 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=768,510 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=1024,680 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=1536,1020 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=2048,1360 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=400,266 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=600,399 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=900,598 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=1200,797 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/dsc_0007.jpg?resize=2000,1328 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">An example of collaboration between NASA and the FAA, at NASA\u2019s air traffic management laboratory near the Dallas\/Ft. Worth International Airport in Texas, researchers Al Capps (seated) and Paul Borchers demonstrate tools that air traffic managers have been successfully testing since 2017 at the Charlotte Douglas International Airport in North Carolina to more efficiently direct departing traffic.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA \/ Jim Banke<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ATD-3<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>ATD-3 focused on providing pilots, aircraft dispatchers and traffic managers with information and tools that allow them to make efficient course corrections for a flight already in the air when bad weather or congested airspace suddenly appears ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These new flight paths are based on combing data sources and communicating solutions based on inputs such as current weather, winds, the presence of other air traffic, nearness to restricted airspace, and status of the airplane itself \u2013 namely its capabilities and fuel remaining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeroresearch\/programs\/aosp\/atd\" rel=\"noopener\">ATD-3 demonstrated NASA-developed technologies<\/a> intended for use by airlines, which included a ground-based component (NAS Constraint Evaluation and Notification Tool), and a cockpit-based component (Traffic Aware Planner),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Following early tests of the ground-based component with American Airlines, NASA and Alaska Airlines conducted flight tests of these ATD-3 tools beginning in 2018. Immediately, savings in flight time and fuel costs were realized, leading to rapid transition of the technology to the FAA and industry for their continued evaluation and decision to integrate and deploy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tools for air traffic controllers were also developed and demonstrated during ATD-3. The Multi-Flight Common Route tool and the Dynamic Routes for Arrivals in Weather tool were handed off to the FAA where they are being considered for future implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ATD Sets Path for Sustainable ATM<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As the ATD project completes its final work, NASA\u2019s contributions to improving air traffic management (ATM) for every aircraft flying at any altitude continues with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeroresearch\/programs\/aosp\/atm-x\" rel=\"noopener\">the Air Traffic Management \u2013 eXploration project<\/a>, or ATM-X.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ATM-X is exploring what the national airspace might look like by mid-century \u2013 one that safely accommodates delivery drones, urban air taxis, electric-propelled aircraft, and commercial supersonic airliners flying over land. At the same time, the project\u2019s researchers are developing for more immediate use the tools and technologies to help make that vision a reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s still so much more that can be done, and will need to be done, as demand for safe, sustainable air travel grows and the skies get busier than ever, not only here in the U.S., but around the world,\u201d Engelland said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Revolutionizing the Efficiency of Air Travel\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xAzWA8H6V5s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">NASA\u2019s ATD-2 project has successfully tested, with the FAA and airlines, a new technology that better predicts airport traffic conditions and helps isolate the best time for departing flights to push back from the gate, reducing delays for passengers. During the four-year ATD-2 testing, airlines saved more than a million gallons of jet fuel and prevented the release of carbon dioxide in an amount equivalent to the capture capability of more than 170,000 urban trees. The value of NASA\u2019s ATD-2 work is clear for airports, airlines, and the flying public. The FAA will start using the technology at 27 large U.S. airports and expand from there.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-about-the-author nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-about-the-author\"><div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-x-0 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black padding-top-3\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h3 class=\"heading-14\">About the Author<\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-row grid-container padding-x-0 maxw-widescreen\"><div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9\"><div class=\"grid-row\"><div class=\"hds-author-thumbnail mobile:circle-6 mobile:maxw-6 circle-card maxw-card thumbnail margin-right-2 desktop:margin-right-5\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"10rem\" height=\"10rem\" loading=\"lazy\" fetchpriority=\"low\" class=\"avatar avatar-300 photo medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/cropped-banke-press-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Banke\"><\/div><div class=\"grid-col\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-29 line-height-sm\">Jim Banke<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"heading-12 p-md\">Managing Editor\/Senior Writer<\/div><div class=\"padding-y-2\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9\"><p class=\"margin-top-0\">Jim Banke is a veteran aviation and aerospace communicator with more than 35 years of experience as a writer, producer, consultant, and project manager based at Cape Canaveral, Florida. He is part of NASA Aeronautics' Strategic Communications Team and is Managing Editor for the Aeronautics topic on the NASA website.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-social-media grid-container grid-container-block nasa-gb-align- width-full maxw-full margin-y-0 padding-y-5 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-0 font-weight-bold hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-social-media-links\">\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center padding-y-1\" id=\"social-facebook\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"circle-4 minw-4 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center\" style=\"background-color: #4267B2;\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-labelledby=\"facebookIconTitle\"><title id=\"facebookIconTitle\">Facebook logo<\/title><path d=\"M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z\"\/><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div 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c0-15.75,12.813-28.563,28.563-28.563s28.563,12.813,28.563,28.563C113.094,100.281,100.28,113.093,84.531,113.093z\"\/> <path d=\"M129.921,28.251c-2.89,0-5.729,1.17-7.77,3.22c-2.051,2.04-3.23,4.88-3.23,7.78c0,2.891,1.18,5.73,3.23,7.78 c2.04,2.04,4.88,3.22,7.77,3.22c2.9,0,5.73-1.18,7.78-3.22c2.05-2.05,3.22-4.89,3.22-7.78c0-2.9-1.17-5.74-3.22-7.78 C135.661,29.421,132.821,28.251,129.921,28.251z\"\/><\/g><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-social-media-items padding-left-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<a target=\"_blank\" class=\"margin-right-2\" href=\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/NASA\" aria-label=\"Go to @NASA on instagram\" rel=\"noopener\">@NASA<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" class=\"margin-right-2\" href=\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/NASAaero\" aria-label=\"Go to @NASAaero on instagram\" rel=\"noopener\">@NASAaero<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" class=\"margin-right-2\" href=\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/NASA_es\" aria-label=\"Go to @NASA_es on instagram\" 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rel=\"noopener\">@NASA<\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles\">\t\t<section class=\"hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h2 style=\"max-width: 100%;\" class=\"width-full w-full maxw-full\">Explore More<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeronautics\/armd-solicitations\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"161\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=300,161 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=768,411 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=1024,548 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=1536,823 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=400,214 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=600,321 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=900,482 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/explore-flight-HI-RES-no-meatball.jpg?resize=1200,643 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">7 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">ARMD Solicitations<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 day 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class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">3 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA Research Park Public Documents<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/researchers-develop-founding-document-on-synthetic-cell-development\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=1536,1022 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=400,266 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=600,399 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=900,599 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=1200,799 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/19728525494-4e20319b8c-c.jpg?resize=2000,1331 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">3 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Researchers Develop \u2018Founding Document\u2019 on Synthetic Cell Development<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From NASA<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nasa-missions\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Missions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg 3840w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/jsc2022e046413_orig.jpg?resize=2000,1125 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Humans In Space<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"368\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/topic-humans-in-space.jpg?w=368\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/topic-humans-in-space.jpg 368w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/topic-humans-in-space.jpg?resize=197,300 197w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/topic-humans-in-space.jpg?resize=263,400 263w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/solar-system\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Solar System Exploration<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 margin-top-2 color-carbon-20-important\">Solar System Overview The solar system has one star, eight planets, five dwarf planets, at least 290 moons, more than…<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/pia06890-our-solar-system-banner-1920x640-1.jpg\" ><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/explore-nasas-history\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Explore NASA’s History<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1919\" height=\"1878\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=1919&h=1878&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=1919&h=1878&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1919w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=300&h=294&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=768&h=752&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=1024&h=1002&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=1536&h=1503&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=50&h=49&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 50w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=400&h=391&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=600&h=587&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=900&h=881&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/as17-134-20476\/as17-134-20476~large.jpg?w=1200&h=1174&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1919px) 100vw, 1919px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 article_a hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"social-icons 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2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"\/><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Sep 20, 2023<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\"><div class=\"grid-col-4\"><div class=\"subheading\">Editor<\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-col-8\">Lillian Gipson<\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\"><div class=\"grid-col-4\"><div class=\"subheading\">Contact<\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-col-8\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-3\"><div>Jim Banke<\/div><div><a href=\"mailto:jim.banke@nasa.gov\">jim.banke@nasa.gov<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\"><div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2><\/div><ul class=\"article-tags\"><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/ames\/\">Ames Research Center<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeronautics\/\">Aeronautics<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeronautics-research-mission-directorate\/\">Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/technology\/\">Aeronautics Technology<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nasa-directorates\/armd\/airspace-operations-and-safety-program\/air-traffic-management-exploration\/\">Air Traffic Management – Exploration<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aeronautics\/air-traffic-solutions\/\">Air Traffic Solutions<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nasa-directorates\/armd\/airspace-operations-and-safety-program\/\">Airspace Operations and Safety Program<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/directorates\/armd\/aosp\/atd\/\">Airspace Technology Demonstration<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/langley-research-center\/\">Langley Research Center<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For a team of NASA\u2019s aeronautical innovators working with government and industry partners, the past five years or so were invested in developing and demonstrating new tools to help you fly from here to there in the most time-efficient, fuel-saving, and cost-effective manner possible. As the Airspace Technology Demonstration (ATD) project wraps up their research […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":47,"featured_media":100669,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"48","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":["47"],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2854,2660,2874,10843,10529,2824,3307,12736,2863],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[10618,10924,10831],"coauthors":[8588],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"NASA Delivers on Making Gate to Gate Flights More Efficient","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/ames\/nasa-delivers-on-making-gate-to-gate-flights-more-efficient\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/ames\/nasa-delivers-on-making-gate-to-gate-flights-more-efficient\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg"},"articleSection":"NASA Centers & Facilities","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Jim Banke"}],"creator":["Jim Banke"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA Centers & Facilities","Langley Research Center","Ames Research Center","Aeronautics","Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate","Aeronautics Technology","Air Traffic Management - Exploration","Air Traffic Solutions","Airspace Operations and Safety Program","Airspace Technology Demonstration"],"dateCreated":"2022-03-24T15:00:00Z","datePublished":"2022-03-24T15:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-09-20T18:06:53Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"NASA Delivers on Making Gate to Gate Flights More Efficient\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/ames\/nasa-delivers-on-making-gate-to-gate-flights-more-efficient\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2022-03-24T15:00:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities,Langley Research Center,Ames Research Center,Aeronautics,Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate,Aeronautics Technology,Air Traffic Management - Exploration,Air Traffic Solutions,Airspace Operations and Safety Program,Airspace Technology Demonstration\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Jim Banke\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":8,"time_ago":"2 years","featured_image":{"id":100669,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/atd-feature-mar-2022.jpg","title":"atd-feature-mar-2022","alt":"Airplane outside it's gate at the airport.","caption":"Airport"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96181"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/47"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96181"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96181\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":513168,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96181\/revisions\/513168"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/100669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96181"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=96181"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=96181"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=96181"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=96181"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}