DEVELOPMENT OF 2002 REGIONAL HAZE AREA, 

POINT, NONROAD MOBILE, AND ONROAD 

MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORIES FOR 

ST. JOHN, VIRGIN ISLANDS 

Final Report 

Prepared for:

Mr. Raymond K. Forde 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2 

290 Broadway, APB-25th Floor 

New York, New York 10007-1866 

Prepared by:

Dr. Frank Divita, Jr. 

Dr. Jonathan G. Dorn 

E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. 

5528-B Hempstead Way 

Springfield, VA 22151 

Contract No. EP-D-07-097 

Work Assignment No. 3-05 

June 2010 

PECHAN June 2010 

 ii Final Report 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Below are people who reviewed this document or who provided activity data, technical direction 

or assistance in the development of the Regional Haze Emissions Inventory for St. John, U.S. 

Virgin Islands: 

Raymond Forde, EPA Region 2, New York 

Keshema Webbe, EPA Region 2, Caribbean Environmental Protection Division, Virgin Islands 

Coordinator Office 

John Amerling, Attorney At Law, Sanford, Amerling & Associates, Sirenusa 

May Adams Cornwall, Executive Director, Virgin Islands Waste Management Authority; 

Akhil Deshwal, General Manager, Gallows Point Resort 

Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service 

Douglas Hodge, Division of Building Permits, Virgin Islands Department of Planning and 

Natural Resources 

Bob Kelly, EPA Region 2, New York 

Matthew Laurita, EPA Region 2, New York 

Reema Loutan, EPA Region 2, New York 

Verline Marcellin, Virgin Island Department of Planning and Natural Resources 

Robert Messick, Attorney At Law, Icard, Merrill, Cullis, Timm, Furen & Ginsburg, P.A., 

representing Grand Bay Resort 

Michael Moltzen, EPA Region 2, New York 

Alvin Nazario, Director of Facilities, Caneel Bay 

Dr. Nadine Noorhasan, Virgin Island Department of Planning and Natural Resources 

Megan Pease, EPA Region 2, New York 

Greg Rhymer, Chief Operating Officer, Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority 

Bernard Richardson, Maintenance Manager, Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center; 

Steven Riva, EPA Region 2, New York 

Richard Ruvo, EPA Region 2, New York 

Cheryl Sturgess, Owner, Majestic Concrete; 

Bonnie Weinbach, EPA Region 2, New York 

Raymond Werner, EPA Region 2, New York
PECHAN June 2010 

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CONTENTS 

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ ii 

TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vi 

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 

A. PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT ......................................................................................... 1 

B. REPORT ORGANIZATION .............................................................................................. 1 

CHAPTER II. DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSIONS ESTIMATES ........................................ 3 

A. ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................... 3 

1. What emissions categories are included? ....................................................................... 3 

B. GENERAL EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES ......................................... 4 

1. Point and Nonpoint Emission Estimates ............................................................................. 4 

C. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES ....................................................................... 4 

1. Task Planning.................................................................................................................. 5 

2. Data Handling ................................................................................................................. 5 

3. Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 8 

D. AUDITS ............................................................................................................................ 11 

E. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 11 

CHAPTER III. SMALL POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS INVENTORY 

DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................................... 12 

A. CANEEL BAY RESORT ................................................................................................. 12 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 12 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 12 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 13 

B. GALLOWS POINT RESORT .......................................................................................... 14 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 14 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 14 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 16 

C. GRAND BAY RESORT ................................................................................................... 16 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 16 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 17 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 18 

D. MYRAH KEATING SMITH COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER ................................ 19 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 19 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 19 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 21 

E. SIRENUSA ....................................................................................................................... 21 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 21 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 21 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 22 

F. VIRGIN ISLANDS WATER & POWER AUTHORITY ................................................ 22 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 22 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 22 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 23 

CHAPTER IV. NONPOINT SOURCE EMISSIONS INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT .... 24 
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 iv Final Report 

A. AGRICULTURAL FIELD BURNING ............................................................................ 24 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 24 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 24 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 24 

B. FOREST WILDFIRES ..................................................................................................... 24 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 24 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 25 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 26 

C. FUGITIVE DUST – PAVED ROADS ............................................................................. 26 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 26 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 27 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 28 

D. FUGITIVE DUST – UNPAVED ROADS ....................................................................... 29 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 29 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 29 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 30 

E. LANDFILLS ..................................................................................................................... 31 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 31 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 31 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 32 

F. MAJESTIC CONCRETE – BATCH MIXING FACILITY ............................................. 32 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 32 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 32 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 36 

G. MANAGED BURNING – LOGGING DEBRIS ............................................................. 36 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 36 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 37 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 37 

H. OPEN BURNING – HOUSEHOLD WASTE .................................................................. 37 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 37 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 37 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 37 

I. OPEN BURNING – YARD WASTE - BRUSH .............................................................. 38 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 38 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 38 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 39 

J. OPEN BURNING – YARD WASTE - LEAVES ............................................................ 40 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 40 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 40 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 42 

K. PRESCRIBED FOREST BURNING ............................................................................... 43 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 43 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 43 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 43 

L. PRESCRIBED RANGELAND BURNING ..................................................................... 43 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 43 
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2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 44 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 44 

M. RESIDENTIAL BOILERS - LPG .................................................................................... 44 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 44 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 45 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 47 

N. RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................. 47 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 47 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 48 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 51 

O. SMALL ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS ...................................................................... 52 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 52 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 52 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 54 

P. STRUCTURE FIRES ....................................................................................................... 55 

1. Description .................................................................................................................... 55 

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................. 55 

3. References ..................................................................................................................... 56 

CHAPTER V. COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSEL EMISSIONS INVENTORY 

DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................................... 57 

A. DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................. 57 

1. Ports of Interest ............................................................................................................. 57 

2. Vessel Types ................................................................................................................. 57 

B. ACTIVITY DATA ............................................................................................................ 58 

1. Oceangoing vessels ....................................................................................................... 58 

C. EMISSION FACTORS ..................................................................................................... 62 

D. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODE (SCC) ASSIGNMENTS ..................................... 64 

E. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ........................................................................................... 64 

F. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 65 

CHAPTER VI. HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS INVENTORY 

DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................................................... 67 

CHAPTER VII. EMISSION SUMMARIES ........................................................................... 68 

APPENDIX A. FINAL CLOSE OUT PRESENTATION ................................................. A-77 
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TABLES 

Table II-1. Sample Quality Assurance Check List ........................................................................ 7 

Table II-2. Data Rating .................................................................................................................. 8 

Table II-3. Data Rating Key ......................................................................................................... 10 

Table III-1. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines ................................. 13 

Table III-2. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines ................................. 15 

Table III-3. Emission Factors for Propane Laundry Dryers ........................................................ 15 

Table III-4. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines ................................. 17 

Table III-5. Emission Factors for Propane Pool Heaters ............................................................. 18 

Table III-6. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines ................................. 20 

Table III-7. Emission Factors for Propane Hot Water Heaters .................................................... 20 

Table III-8. Emission Factors for Electric Utility IC Engines ..................................................... 23 

Table IV-1. Emission Factors for Fuel Burned during Forest Wildfires ..................................... 25 

Table IV-2. Constants for Paved Roads Reentrained Dust Emission Factor Equation ............... 28 

Table IV-3. PM Emission Factors (lb/VMT) for Paved Roads ................................................... 28 

Table IV-4. Constants for Unpaved Roads Reentrained Dust Emission Factor Equation ........... 30 

Table IV-5. PM Emission Factors (lb/VMT) for Unpaved Roads............................................... 30 

Table IV-6. Average Composition of One Cubic Yard of Concrete ........................................... 33 

Table IV-7. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Aggregate Transfer .......................................... 33 

Table IV-8. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Sand Transfer ................................................... 33 

Table IV-9. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Weight Hopper Loading .................................. 34 

Table IV-10. Emission Factor Parameters ................................................................................... 34

Table IV-11. Emission Factors for Controlled Truck Mixing ..................................................... 35 

Table IV-12. Emission Factors for Open Burning of Brush Waste ............................................. 39 

Table IV-13. Emission Factors for Open Burning of Leaf Waste ............................................... 41 

Table IV-14. Emission Factors for Residential Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Combustion ... 46 

Table IV-15. Surface Area Disturbed per 1-Unit Structure ......................................................... 48 

Table IV-16. Emission Factors for Residential Construction ...................................................... 49 

Table IV-17. Corrected Emission Factors for 1-Unit Structures Without Below Grade 

Foundations ................................................................................................................................... 50 

Table IV-18. Corrected Emission Factors for 1-Unit Structures With Below Grade 

Foundations ................................................................................................................................... 50 

Table IV-19. Corrected Emission Factors for Soil Excavated for Below Grade Foundations .... 50 

Table IV-20. Uncontrolled Small Electric Utility Boiler Emission Factors for Distillate Oil 

Combustion ................................................................................................................................... 53 

Table IV-21. Emission Factors for Structure Fires ...................................................................... 55 

Table V-1. Vessel Categories by St. John Port ............................................................................ 58 

Table V-2. 2002 St. John Vessel Calls by Vessel Type............................................................... 59 

Table V-3. Summary of Listed Vessel and Engine Data ............................................................. 59 

Table V-4. Vessel Mode Definitions ........................................................................................... 60 

Table V-5. Propulsion Engine Load Factors by Vessel Type and Mode ..................................... 62 

Table V-6. Auxiliary Engine Load Factors by Vessel Type and Mode ....................................... 62 

Table V-7. U.S. EPA Marine Engine Category Definitions ........................................................ 62 

Table V-8. EPA Marine Engine Category by Vessel Type ......................................................... 63 

Table V-9. Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for Category 3 Engines ..................................... 63 
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Table V-10. Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for Category 1 and 2 Engines ......................... 63 

Table V-11. Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption for Marine Engines .......................................... 64 

Table V-12. SCC Assignments by Vessel and Engine Type ....................................................... 64 

Table VII-1. Emissions Summary by Inventory and Pollutant .................................................... 68 

Table VII-2. Small Point Emissions Summary by Pollutant and Facility ................................... 68 

Table VII-3. Small Point Emissions by Facility and SCC ........................................................... 69 

Table VII-4. Nonpoint Emissions by SCC .................................................................................. 71 

Table VII-5. CMV Emissions Summary by Pollutant and Vessel Type ..................................... 73 

Table VII-6. CMV Emissions by Vessel Type and SCC ............................................................. 74 
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PECHAN June 2010 

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CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 

Section 169A of the Clean Air Act (CAA) provides authority to the Environmental Protection 

Agency to require State Implementation Plans (SIPs) to protect visibility in Federal Class I areas. 

The U.S. Virgin Islands (VI) National Park, located on St. John, VI, is a Federal Class I area. 

For the purpose of developing SIPs to comply with the Regional Haze Rule, an emissions 

inventory based on annual emissions is required. Furthermore, the CAA calls for state and local 

agencies to develop a base year emissions inventory that is comprehensive, accurate and current 

for actual emissions. The inventory is expected to include emission estimates from point, 

nonpoint, nonroad mobile, and onroad mobile sources. 

Emissions inventories required by the Regional Haze Rule are needed to develop control strategy 

programs to reduce emissions from air pollutants to meet visibility standards. For regional haze 

emissions inventories, the air pollutants that are taken into account are primary emissions 

(filterable and condensable) from particulate matter 10 microns or less (PM10) and particulate 

matter 2.5 microns or less (PM2.5), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), 

sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ammonia (NH3). 

A. PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT 

The purpose of this project is to develop a 2002 regional haze emissions inventory that contains 

annual emissions from selected point, nonpoint, nonroad mobile, and onroad mobile source 

categories expected to contribute to air pollution in St. John, VI. This report documents the 

development of the emission inventory, including detailed descriptions of emissions calculation 

methodologies. 

For this project, EPA pre-selected the source categories to include in this inventory effort. These 

categories were selected because it is anticipated that they have the most significant impact on 

air quality in St. John. 

B. REPORT ORGANIZATION 

Chapter II (Development of Emissions Estimates) describes the activity data inputs, the emission 

source categories, and provides a brief description of the emission estimation methodologies. 

Chapter II also describes the quality assurance procedure followed during the emission inventory 

development process. 

Chapters III-VI provide information on the emissions inventories by source sector. Chapter III 

(Small Point Source Emissions Inventory Development) lists the small point sources for which 

2002 emissions are calculated, and documents the emission estimation methodologies. Chapter 

IV (Nonpoint Emissions Inventory Development) documents the nonpoint source emissions 

estimates. Chapter V (Commercial and Marine Vessel Emissions Inventory) documents the 

development of non-road mobile emission estimates. Chapter VI (Highway Mobile Source 

Emissions Inventory) describes on-road mobile emission estimates for St. John and Chapter VII 

(Emission Summaries) provides tabular summaries of emissions. References are provided at the 
PECHAN June 2010 

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end of each chapter. Appendix A contains the final close out presentation delivered to EPA 

Region 2 in New York on June 28, 2010. 
PECHAN June 2010 

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CHAPTER II. DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSIONS ESTIMATES 

A. ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION 

1. What emissions categories are included? 

Pechan estimated air pollution emissions for the following categories: 

a. Small Point Sources 

 Caneel Bay Resort 

 Gallows Point Resort 

 Grand Bay Resort 

 Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 

 SirenUSA 

 Virgin Islands Water & Power Authority 

b. Nonpoint Sources 

 Agricultural Field Burning 

 Forest Wildfires 

 Fugitive Dust – Paved Roads 

 Fugitive Dust – Unpaved Roads 

 Landfills 

 Majestic Concrete – Batch Mixing Facility 

 Managed Burning – Logging Debris 

 Open Burning – Household Waste 

 Open Burning – Yard Waste - Brush 

 Open Burning – Yard Waste - Leaves 

 Prescribed Forest Burning 

 Prescribed Rangeland Burning 

 Residential Boilers - LPG 

 Residential Construction 

 Small Electric Utility Boilers 

 Structure Fires 

c. Commercial Marine Vessels 

 Cargo Ships 

 Cruise Ships 

 Ferries 
PECHAN June 2010 

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d. Highway Mobile Sources 

Like other emissions inventories, the emissions inventories developed in this document have 

limitations based on the availability of data that differ by source categories and pollutant. These 

limitations are discussed in this document, and it is important to review them before interpreting 

the results. 

B. GENERAL EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES 

This report subsection provides a description of the general methods used to estimate emissions. 

Chapters III, IV, and V of this report document the detailed methods used for each source sector. 

1. Point and Nonpoint Emission Estimates 

Pechan estimated year 2002 emissions from stationary point and nonpoint sources at the SCC 

level. The sources presented in Chapter III and labeled as "Small Point Sources", are in fact, 

treated as nonpoint sources for the purpose of assigning the source classification code to the 

emissions estimates. The reason is because the emissions from these sources are too low to meet 

the EPA definition of point sources. For the most part, emissions are estimated using emission 

factors, activity estimates, and control factors according to the following formula: 

 Ey = uy × EF × CF 

where: 

 Ey = annual emissions (ton/year) 

 uy = annual activity (e.g., volume of fuel used (gallons)) 

EF = emission factor (e.g., tons of pollutant emitted/gallon of fuel used) 

 CF = control factor (Note: CF= (1-CE/100), where CE is the control efficiency (%)) 

Pechan obtained emissions factors from the latest and most readily available Emission Inventory 

Improvement Program (EIIP) Guidance, AP-42 or other EPA approved inventory development 

guidance (i.e., ERG 2001, ERG 2003, Pechan 2006, and Pechan 2010). During work on the 

2002 and 2008 NEI, Pechan compiled a database of emission factors by SCC that were relied 

upon for use in this project. Pechan developed this database using the latest emission factors 

available from the EIIP guidance, AP-42, and EPA documentation for the air toxics component 

of the NEI. 

Several local sources provided activity data as described in Chapters III, IV, and V. 

C. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES 

At the beginning of the project, Pechan prepared a quality assurance plan (QAP) for the project. 

EPA reviewed and provided comments on the draft plan, and Pechan revised the plan to address 

EPA’s comments. The EPA subsequently approved the revised plan. This section of the 

document explains how Pechan implemented the technical requirements of the QAP. 
PECHAN June 2010 

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1. Task Planning 

Task planning included allocating the resources needed to implement the QA procedures 

outlined in the QAP, ensuring that project personnel were appropriately trained to complete the 

scope of work, and scheduling QA activities at appropriate points during development of the 

inventories. In the first step Pechan developed and documented the methods for each source 

category in the form of an inventory preparation plan. Chapters III, IV, and V of this report 

discuss these methods. In the second step Pechan prepared the data handling procedures and QA 

check lists. In the third step, Pechan implemented the data formats and QA procedures to ensure 

data integrity throughout the inventory development process. 

a. Personnel Training 

All project personnel received a copy of the QAP. After project personnel read the QAP, 

Pechan’s Project Manager held a project team meeting with the personnel to review the QAP and 

to answer questions. In addition, all members of the project team received training on the data 

collection and handling formats and procedures, documentation methods, and reporting 

procedures used during the project. This training ensured that all personnel collected, 

documented, and recorded emissions data in a consistent manner. 

Pechan’s Project Manager was responsible for providing this training. In addition, all project 

personnel reviewed the QAP and became familiar with the QA procedures applied during the 

project. Pechan’s QA Coordinator/technical reviewer provided additional quality-related 

training. 

b. Schedule and Project Planning 

Pechan developed and implemented the methods and data file formats for implementing the 

technical requirements of the QAP at the beginning of the project. This approach focused on 

early detection and prevention of potential quality problems, rather than inspecting completed 

work and correcting problems that already occurred. The Project Manager and QA 

Coordinator/technical reviewer assisted the project team to maintain the quality of the data 

collected and the deliverables produced. Key elements of the decisions included preparing 

documentation of the methods (i.e., activity data to be used, emission factors, and example 

calculations) and preparing the workbook templates. Pechan then reviewed and revised these 

elements as needed. 

2. Data Handling 

Data handling includes all the aspects of following the data through the inventory development 

process. These aspects include: coding and recording the data; data tracking; correcting data and 

handling corrected data. 

Pechan’s Project Manager and QA Coordinator/technical reviewer developed standard formats 

for compiling and storing activity and emission factor data for each category into a “calculation 
PECHAN June 2010 

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workbook template” in a Microsoft (MS) Excel workbook file. These formats included NIF 

fields for adding the State and County Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes, 

source classification codes (SCCs), pollutant names and NIF codes, and units for activity data 

and emission factors. 

For each source category, the “workbook template” contains a spreadsheet of emissions 

calculations, including the activity data and emission factors. Pechan compared the emissions 

calculated in the spreadsheets to the emissions included in the final data summary to ensure that 

the emissions were calculated correctly. 

a. Data Coding and Recording 

Pechan used EPA's Emission Inventory System (EIS; www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eis/) data codes to 

identify State and County FIPS, SCC, pollutant, and units for activity data and emission factors. 

Pechan used the descriptions for the codes to select the appropriate codes for each source 

category. 

b. Data Tracking 

Data tracking takes place through the use of “calculation workbook templates” developed in MS 

Excel to ensure consistent formats for recording emission estimates, calculations, and associated 

individual data for all emission sources. Calculations performed in these workbooks contain the 

raw data, calculations, and references. 

For each source category, documentation of the methods, results of the projection, and emission 

summaries were developed and reviewed. Pechan prepared a work plan that contained written 

methods to document how the emissions inventory would be developed for each source category. 

The methods provided a brief description of the source category, identified the SCC assigned to 

the source category, documented the sources of activity data, the pollutants and pollutant 

emission factors, growth and control factors. Pechan’s QA Coordinator reviewed the methods 

for accuracy and completeness. The work plan was submitted to the EPA WAM for review and 

comment, and was revised to address the EPA WAM’s comments. 

Pechan prepared a QA check-list and, for each source category, added it as a separate 

spreadsheet to an MS Excel workbook. The workbook is included with the electronic files 

delivered to EPA for this project. Table II-1 provides an example check-list. For each category, 

Pechan’s QA Coordinator worked through the check list and provided notes for check-list items 

for which QA issues were identified. The project team members then reviewed the comments, 

completed revisions to the spreadsheets, and documented in the QA check-list spreadsheet that 

the revision was completed. The Project Manager then checked to make sure that the corrections 

were completed accurately to address each QA item identified. 

c. Correcting Data 

The “calculation workbook template” for each source category serves as the written audit trail 

for tracking corrections made to the data. The Pechan QA Coordinator periodically checked the 
PECHAN June 2010 

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“calculation workbook templates” to ensure that the check list was being filled out correctly and 

that the QA issues identified were addressed and documented in the workbook file. 

Table II-1. Sample Quality Assurance Check List 

Category Name: 

QA Check Reviewer Date Comments

Respondent/ 

Response

Final 

Approval

1. Are SCCs valid and do the SCCs assigned 

match the category description? 

 

2. If a growth factor was used, have checks been 

performed on the raw data used to calculate the 

growth factors? 

3. If a growth factor was used, was the growth 

factor applied correctly in estimating 2002 activity 

data? 

 

4. If 2002 emissions were calculated using actual 

2002 activity data, have spot checks been 

performed on calculation cells within the 

spreadsheet? 

Note: One spot check will be performed for each 

SCC to verify results. 

 

5. If activity and emission factors are on a 

different unit basis, was/were correct conversion 

factor(s) applied? 

Note: perform a hand calculation to replicate 

conversion 

 

6. Are PM10 emissions greater than or equal to 

PM2.5 emissions? 

 

7. Have final emissions been screened for 

outliers? 

8. Does worksheet contain raw data, 

calculations, and references? 

9. Are the emission factors presented in the draft 

report the same as the emission factors used in 

the calculation workbook? 

10. Do sample calculations in draft report agree 

with workbook calculations? 

 

11. Have emissions been calculated for every 

pollutant specified in the Work Plan? 

d. Missing Data 

Pechan identified missing data elements throughout the project and worked to collect missing 

elements. These efforts are documented in the work plan, progress reports, and data tracking 

sheets. 

e. Review of Estimates 

Pechan reviewed the emission estimates for quality and identification of outliers. Pechan 

documented and corrected any errors noted. 

In addition, Pechan prepared emission summaries. These summaries display annual emissions 

by source category, and pollutant. We compared these to previous emissions estimates in the 
PECHAN June 2010 

 8 Final Report 

2002 NEI. If we identified significant differences in the emissions estimates, we reviewed the 

data. 

3. Data Analysis 

Data analysis includes identification of emission sources and activity data collection, selection of 

appropriate emission factors, emission estimation methods, emission calculations, and data 

validation procedures. Data QA and control is an iterative process with automated and manual 

steps that Pechan performs to check the reasonableness and completeness of emissions data. 

a. Identification of Emission Sources and Activity Data Collection 

EPA identified and defined the emission sources to include in the 2002 St. John emission 

inventory. Pechan’s approach used EPA-approved methods and local activity data collected with 

the assistance of EPA Region 2 to develop emissions databases generated from the “bottom-up”. 

When local activity data for 2002 was unavailable, the best available data from another year was 

used as a surrogate for 2002 year data. 

Table II-2 provides a summary of the data collected and a qualitative rating of the data 

completeness. Table II-3 provides descriptions of the data rating. 

Table II-2. Data Rating 

Source Category Description of Data Collected Data Rating Major Category Minor Category Description 

Small Point Sources 

Point Source Resort Caneel Bay Resort Back-up power generator size, type and 

fuel consumption. 

A 

Point Source Resort Gallows Point Resort Fuel consumption for two propane laundry 

dryers, back-up generator size, type and 

hours of operation. 

B 

Point Source Condominium Grand Bay Resort Back-up generator is used on site. No 

information on size or fuel usage. Propane 

pool heater and approximate fuel 

consumption. 

E 

Point Source Hospital Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center 

Back-up generator type, size, fuel 

consumption rate, and hours of operation. 

Propane hot water heater type and size. 

No information on fuel consumption for hot 

water heater. No medical waste burning. 

B 

Point Source Condominium Sirenusa No data received. Did not break ground 

until 2006, so emissions assumed to be 

zero for 2002 inventory. 

F 

Point Source Industry VI Water & Power Authority Back-up power generator type, size, fuel 

consumption rate, annual fuel 

consumption, and no emission control 

system. No power generation facility on St. 

John. Power is supplied via undersea 

cable from St. Thomas. 

A 
PECHAN June 2010 

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Source Category Description of Data Collected Data Rating Major Category Minor Category Description 

Nonpoint Sources 

Waste Disposal, 

Treatment and 

Recovery 

Landfills Total; All Categories Landfill volume, status of landfill (i.e., 

inactive) and information on methane 

flaring 

A 

Mobile Source Fugitive Dust from 

Paved and Unpaved 

Roads 

All Paved Roads; Total; 

Fugitives 

No data received. F 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Managed Burning -

Slash 

Total; Managed Burning -

Slash (Logging Debris) 

No burning in 2002 A 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Prescribed Burning Total; Forest Management; 

Prescribed Burning 

No burning in 2002 A 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Prescribed Burning Total; Rangeland 

Management; Prescribed 

Burning 

No burning in 2002 A 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Residential 

Household Waste 

Open Burning 

Total; Household Waste; 

Open Burning 

No burning in 2002 A 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Agriculture Production 

- Crops 

Agricultural Field Burning; 

Total 

No burning in 2002 A 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Residential Yard 

Waste Burning - 

Leaves 

Total; Yard Waste; Open 

Burning - Leaves 

Percent composition of yard waste by 

vegetation type (i.e., grass, brush, and 

leaves), percent of population that burns 

yard waste. 

C 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Industry Majestic Concrete Sand and aggregate storage method, 

concrete mixing, concrete constituent 

loading, surface at site, controls, and 

quantity of concrete mixed in 2006. 

C 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Residential Yard 

Waste Burning - 

Brush 

Total; Yard Waste; Open 

Burning - Brush 

Percent composition of yard waste by 

vegetation type (i.e., grass, brush, and 

leaves), percent of population that burns 

yard waste. 

C 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Wildfires Total; Forest Wildfires Acres burned in 2002. C 

Miscellaneous 

Area Sources 

Residential 

Construction - 

Fugitive Dust 

Total; All Processes; 

Construction 

Number of residential building permits, 

percent of houses that have part of their 

foundation below grade. 

C 

Commercial Marine Vessels 

Marine Ferry Traffic Cruz Bay No data received. Data on ship calls pulled 

for VI WAPA website. 

E 

Marine Cruise Ship Traffic Cruz Bay No data received. Data on ship calls pulled 

for VI WAPA website. 

E 

Marine Marine Cargo Traffic Enighed Pond Marine Facility No data received. Data on ship calls pulled 

for VI WAPA website. 

E 

Highway Mobile Sources 

All Vehicle 

Categories No data received. F 
PECHAN June 2010 

 10 Final Report 

Table II-3. Data Rating Key 

Rating Description1

A Data acquired for 100% of variables used in estimating activity and emissions factors (where 

applicable). 

B Data acquired for 80% of variables used in estimating activity and emissions factors (where 

applicable). 

C Data acquired for 60% of variables used in estimating activity and emissions factors (where 

applicable). 

D Data acquired for 40% of variables used in estimating activity and emissions factors (where 

applicable). 

E Data acquired for 20% of variables used in estimating activity and emissions factors (where 

applicable). 

F No data received. 

1

Note: When data acquired was less than 100%, missing variables were approximated using surrogate data.

b. Emission Estimation Methods 

Pechan selected appropriate emission estimation methods and emission factors that matched the 

level of activity data for each source category. In selecting emission factors for the area source 

categories, Pechan relied on the emission factors that EPA previously used in the 2008 NEI. We 

choose these references for the emission factors in order to maintain consistency between other 

EPA emissions inventories. In addition, the emission factors that EPA selected for use in the 

NEI originate from published data sources such as the EIIP Guidance, Factor Information 

Retrieval (FIRE) Data System, and AP-42. When EPA selected the emission factors for use in 

the NEI, the quality of the emission factors were considered in selecting the emission factors. 

c. Emission Calculations 

This section summarizes the QA steps that Pechan performed in developing the emission 

inventory. The first QA review involved comparing the units of the activity data to the emission 

factor units to verify unit compatibility. For activity and emission factors units that did not 

match, Pechan converted the emission factors to the appropriate units. Pechan preformed spot 

checks on the calculations (one for each SCC) to verify the results. Replication of calculations 

was a basic quantitative QA/QC procedure. Members of Pechan’s project team were responsible 

for self-checking all original calculations. Team members self-checked the calculation method 

via manual calculation. Team members replicated one complete set of calculations from the 

“calculation workbook template”. In addition to verifying the mathematical correctness of the 

calculation, team members verified the data values used in the calculation. Pechan’s QA 

Manager independently reviewed calculations completed by project team staff. 

d. Data Reporting 

In addition to the data summaries and documentation that are provided in this report, Pechan also 

prepared and submitted to EPA the 2002 regional haze inventory data in MS Excel. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 11 Final Report 

D. AUDITS 

Pechan conducted one internal audit of project activities. This section briefly describes the 

results of the audit and procedures for correcting any quality problems identified during the 

audits. 

The Pechan QA Coordinator conducted the audit. The audit included an assessment of data 

collection, documentation, handling, calculation, and reporting procedures as well as an 

evaluation of whether the QA procedures outlined in this QAP were followed. The primary 

goals of the audits were to prevent quality problems from occurring and to correct any problems 

identified at an early stage in the project. 

The QA Coordinator worked with the Project Manager and technical team to develop a checklist 

for the audit. The audit focused on overall quality issues as well as specific issues that were 

identified by the Project Manager and technical reviewer as potential problems. The audit 

included interviews with members of the project team; review of project notebooks and data 

collection forms; and review of documentation. 

E. REFERENCES 

ERG, 2001: Gasoline Marketing, Volume III, Chapter 11, Emission Inventory Improvement 

Program, Area Sources Committee, January 2001. 

ERG, 2003: Documentation for the Final 1999 Nonpoint Area Source National Emission 

Inventory For Hazardous Air Pollutants (Version 3), prepared for Emission Factor and 

Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, prepared by ERG, Inc. August 

26, 2003. 

Pechan, 2006: Documentation for the Final 2002 Non-Point Source National Emission 

Inventory for Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutants, prepared for U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Pechan Report No. 

05.10.001/9014.401, January 18, 2006. 

Pechan 2010: Development of the 2008 Non-Point Source National Emission Inventory 

(http://projects.pechan.com/EPA/Non-Point_Emission_Estimates/index.html), prepared for 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., 

March 2010. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 12 Final Report 

CHAPTER III. SMALL POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 

INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT 

This chapter provides descriptions of the source categories, methods, emissions factors, and 

information sources used to calculate emissions for the small point source categories that EPA 

identified individually by name and location. Example calculations are also provided for each 

point source category using actual data. 

It is important to note that none of the emission sources listed in this chapter meet EPA's 

definition of major point source because they do not emit or have the potential to emit at least 10 

tons per year of any one HAP, or at least 25 tons per year of a combination of HAPs. Typically 

EPA defines these small stationary sources as area sources because they do not exceed the 

thresholds for major source designation. 

A. CANEEL BAY RESORT 

1. Description 

Caneel Bay Resort borders the Virgin Islands National Park and is comprised of 166 guest 

quarters (CBR, 2010). The primary emissions are from two diesel back-up power generators. 

For this Resort, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Commercial/ 

Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC 

Engines 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

Caneel Bay Resort operates two 725 kW CAT GENSET back-up diesel generators. In 2004, 

these generators ran for 332 hours consuming 25,232 gallons of diesel fuel (Nazario, 2010). 

b. Control Data 

There are no reported emission control devices on the two back-up power generators (Nazario, 

2010). 

c. Emission Factors 

Table III-1 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions for uncontrolled diesel 

generators (Huntley, 2009). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 13 Final Report 

Table III-1. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.83 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 1.08 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 1.3 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 2.13 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 2.38 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 20 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.34 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 42.6 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Total diesel consumption in 2004 =25,232 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2004 = PM2.5 EF × total diesel consumption 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2004 = 0.83 lb/103

 gallons × 25.232 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2004 = 20.94 lbs or 1.05E-2 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Caneel Bay Resort.” 

3. References 

CBR, 2010: Caneel Bay Resort, Accommodations at http://www.caneelbay.com/rooms.cfm, 

viewed February 2010. 

Huntley, 2009: Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical 

Advisory Committee (ERTAC), “state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 

2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 23, 2009. 

Nazario, 2010: Alvin Nazario, Director of Facilities, Caneel Bay Resort, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., January 29, 

2010. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 14 Final Report 

B. GALLOWS POINT RESORT 

1. Description 

Gallows Point Resort is located in Cruz Bay and is comprised of 50 one-bedroom suites (GPR, 

2010). The primary emissions are from a diesel back-up power generator and two propane 

laundry dryers. 

For this Resort, the following SCCs were assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Commercial/ 

Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC Engines 

2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Commercial/ 

Institutional 

Liquefied 

Petroleum Gas 

(LPG) 

Total: All Combustor 

Types 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

Gallows Point Resort operates a 4 kW CAT back-up diesel generator and two propane laundry 

dryers. In 2009, the back-up generator ran for approximately 30 hours (Deshwal, 2010). A 

review of typical fuel consumption for small generators revealed that the average 4 kW diesel 

generator consumes approximately 0.5 gallons of fuel per hour (for example, see Kubota, 2010 

and DS&S, 2010). Thus, the total diesel consumption in 2009 was approximately 15 gallons 

(DS&S, 2010).The laundry dryers consumed 2,672 gallons of propane (Deshwal, 2010). 

b. Control Data 

There are no reported emission control devices on the back-up power generator or laundry dryers 

(Deshwal, 2010). 

c. Emission Factors 

Table III-2 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions for the uncontrolled diesel 

generator (Huntley, 2009) and Table III-3 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP 

emissions from the propane laundry dryers. The emission factors for propane laundry dryers are 

assumed to be the same as the emission factors for LPG combustion. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 15 Final Report 

Table III-2. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.83 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 1.08 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 1.3 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 2.13 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 2.38 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 20 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.34 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 42.6 Huntley, 2009 

Table III-3. Emission Factors for Propane Laundry Dryers 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (LB/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.01 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.02 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0.03 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.04 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.05 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 14.23 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.52 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 0.06 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Diesel Power Generator

Total diesel consumption in 2009 = 15 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = PM2.5 EF × total diesel fuel consumption 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 0.83 lb/103

 gallons × 0.015 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 1.25E-2 lbs or 6.23E-6 tons 

Propane Laundry Dryers

Total propane consumption in 2009 = 2,672 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = PM2.5 EF × total propane fuel consumed 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 0.01 lb/103 gallons × 2.672 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 2.67E-2 lbs or 1.37E-5 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 
PECHAN June 2010 

 16 Final Report 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Gallows Point Resort.” 

3. References 

Deshwal, 2010: Akhil Deshwal, General Manager, Gallows Point Resort, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., January 13, 

2010. 

GPR, 2010: Gallows Point Resort, Gallows Point Resort, St. John U.S. Virgin Islands at 

http://www.gallowspointresort.com/, viewed February 2010. 

DS&S, 2010: Diesel Service & Supply, Inc., Approximate Fuel Consumption Chart, at 

http://www.dieselserviceandsupply.com/Diesel_Fuel_Consumption.aspx, viewed March 

2010. 

Huntley, 2009: Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical 

Advisory Committee (ERTAC), “state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 

2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 23, 2009. 

Kubota, 2010: Kubota Diesel Generator 7000 Watt Low Boy, at 

http://www.peakpowertools.com/Kubota-Heavy-Duty-Diesel-7000-Watt-Generatorp/gkb7000.htm, viewed March 2010. 

C. GRAND BAY RESORT 

1. Description 

Grand Bay Resort is a condominium complex located in Cruz Bay. The Grand Bay Resort broke 

ground in 2003 and, as of February 2010, there were 48 units completed with 32 of these sold 

and occupied (Messick, 2010). The primary emissions are from a diesel back-up power generator 

and a pool heater. 

For this Resort, the following SCCs were assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Commercial/ 

Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC 

Engines 

2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Commercial/ 

Institutional 

Liquefied 

Petroleum Gas 

(LPG) 

Total: All Combustor 

Types 
PECHAN June 2010 

 17 Final Report 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

Grand Bay Resort operates a large back-up diesel generator and a propane pool heater. 

Information on the type and size of the generator and pool heater are unknown, but the generator 

operates for approximately 100 hours per year and the pool heater consumes approximately 

1,000 gallons of propane per year (Messick, 2010). Based on information from Caneel Bay 

Resort, the diesel generator at Grand Bay Resort was assumed to be 725 kW with a fuel 

consumption rate of 76 gallons per hour. Therefore, the total diesel consumption in 2009 was 

7,600 gallons. 

b. Control Data 

There are no reported emission control devices on the back-up power generator or pool heater 

(Messick, 2010). 

c. Emission Factors 

Table III-4 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions for the uncontrolled diesel 

generator (Huntley, 2009) and Table III-5 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP 

emissions from the propane pool heater. The emission factors for the propane pool heater are 

assumed to be the same as the emission factors for LPG combustion. 

Table III-4. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.83 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 1.08 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 1.3 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 2.13 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 2.38 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 20 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.34 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 42.6 Huntley, 2009 
PECHAN June 2010 

 18 Final Report 

Table III-5. Emission Factors for Propane Pool Heaters 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.01 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.02 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0.03 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.04 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.05 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 14.23 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.52 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 0.06 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Diesel Power Generator

Total diesel consumption in 2009 = 7,600 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = PM2.5 EF × total diesel fuel consumption 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 0.83 lb/103 gallons × 7.6 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 6.31 lbs or 3.15E-3 tons 

Propane Pool Heater

Total propane consumption in 2009 = 1,000 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = PM2.5 EF × total propane fuel consumed 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 0.01 lb/103 gallons × 1.00 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 1.00E-2 lbs or 5.00E-6 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Grand Bay Resort.” 

3. References 

Huntley, 2009: Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical 

Advisory Committee (ERTAC), “state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 

2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 23, 2009. 

Messick, 2010: Robert Messick, Attorney for Grand Bay Resort, Icard, Merrill, Cullis, Timm, 

Furen & Ginsburg, P.A., personal communication with Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & 

Associates, Inc., February 17, 2010. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 19 Final Report 

D. MYRAH KEATING SMITH COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER 

1. Description 

The Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center is a comprehensive primary healthcare 

facility that provides 24-hour emergency services and outpatient clinics (MKSCHC, 2010). The 

primary emissions are from a diesel back-up power generator and a propane hot water heater. 

The Center does not incinerate medical waste on site (Richardson, 2010). 

For this Center, the following SCCs were assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Commercial/ 

Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC 

Engines 

2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Commercial/ 

Institutional 

Liquefied 

Petroleum Gas 

(LPG) 

Total: All Combustor 

Types 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

The Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center uses a 750 kW Onan Cummins back-up 

diesel generator and a 150-gallon propane hot water heater. In 2002, the diesel generator ran for 

25 hours and had a fuel consumption rate of 38.5 gallons per hour. Therefore, total diesel 

consumption was 962.5 gallons in 2002. Information on the volume of propane consumed was 

unknown so the burner was assumed to fire 4 hours per day and to be similar to that of a Titan 

150 gallon natural gas hot water heater (i.e. an input rating of 150,000 BTU/hr; Titan, 2010). 

b. Control Data 

There are no reported emission control devices on the back-up power generator or hot water 

heater (Richardson, 2010). 

c. Emission Factors 

Table III-6 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions for the uncontrolled diesel 

generator (Huntley, 2009) and Table III-7 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP 

emissions from the propane hot water heater. The emission factors for the propane hot water 

heater are assumed to be the same as the emission factors for LPG combustion. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 20 Final Report 

Table III-6. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Diesel Industrial Engines 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.83 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 1.08 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 1.3 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 2.13 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 2.38 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 20 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.34 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 42.6 Huntley, 2009 

Table III-7. Emission Factors for Propane Hot Water Heaters 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.01 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.02 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0.03 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.04 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.05 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 14.23 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.52 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 0.06 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Diesel Power Generator

Total diesel consumption in 2009 = 962.5 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = PM2.5 EF × total diesel fuel consumption 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 0.83 lb/103

 gallons × 0.96 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 0.80 lbs or 3.99E-4 tons 

Hot Water Heater

Energy content of propane = 91,000 BTU/gallon (DOE, 2010) 

Total propane consumed in 2002 = (150,000 BTU/hr × 4 hr/day × 365 days/yr ) ÷ 91,000 

BTU/gal 

Total propane consumed in 2002 = 2,407 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = PM2.5 EF × total propane fuel consumed 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 0.01 lb/103 gallons × 2.41 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2009 = 2.41E-2 lbs or 1.20E-5 tons 
PECHAN June 2010 

 21 Final Report 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Myrah Keating Smith.” 

3. References 

DOE, 2010: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Energy Units and 

Calculators Explained, at 

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=about_energy_units, viewed 

April 2010. 

Huntley, 2009: Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical 

Advisory Committee (ERTAC), “state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 

2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 23, 2009. 

MKSCHC, 2010: Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center, Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center at http://www.rlshospital.org/myrah.htm, viewed March 2010. 

Richardson, 2010: Bernard Richardson, Maintenance Manager, Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center, response to questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. 

Pechan & Associates, Inc., January 26, 2010. 

Titan, 2010: Specification sheet for Titan water heaters, at 

http://www.statewaterheaters.com/lit/spec/comm-gas/SCDSS00108.pdf, viewed March 

2010. 

E. SIRENUSA 

1. Description 

Sirenusa is a development containing 40 villa residences located in Cruz Bay (Sirenusa, 2010). 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

Sirenusa broke ground in 2004 and, as of January 2010, only four villas were occupied (Freehill, 

2006; Webbe, 2010). In early 2010, the development was facing legal challenges, so acquiring 

information on fuel usage proved challenging (Webbe, 2010). Due to the small number of 

occupants and the fact that Sirenusa did not break ground until 2004, emissions for the 2002 

inventory are assumed to be zero. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 22 Final Report 

3. References 

Freehill, 2006: Lynn Freehill, “DPNR says it did not approve three-story Enighed condos,” The 

Virgin Islands Daily News, 31 March 2006. 

Sirenusa, 2010. Sirenusa, “The Site,” at http://www.brunerandcompany.com/SirenusaWebsite/the-site.html, viewed February 2010. 

Webbe, 2010: Keshema Webbe, EPA-CEPD/VI, personal communication with Jonathan G. 

Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., January 28, 2010. 

F. VIRGIN ISLANDS WATER & POWER AUTHORITY 

1. Description 

The Virgin Islands Water & Power Authority (VIWAPA) is a non-profit public corporation that 

produces and distributes electricity and potable water to residents of the Virgin Islands 

(VIWAPA, 2010). The primary emissions on St. John are from a diesel back-up power generator. 

For this company, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC Engines 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

VIWAPA operates a 2,500 kW GM Morrison Knudsen EMD 20-645-E4B Series a back-up 

diesel generators. In 2006, the generator ran for 231 hours consuming 33,390 gallons of diesel 

fuel (Rhymer, 2010). 

b. Control Data 

There are no reported emission control devices on the back-up power generator (Rhymer, 2010). 

c. Emission Factors 

Table III-8 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions from electric utility IC 

engines (Huntley, 2009). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 23 Final Report 

Table III-8. Emission Factors for Electric Utility IC Engines 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.25 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 1 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 1.3 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 1.55 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 2.3 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 20 Huntley, 2009 

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.2 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 42.6 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Total diesel consumption in 2006 =33,390 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = PM2.5 EF × total diesel fuel consumption 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 0.25 lb/103 gallons × 33.39 × 103 gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 8.35 lbs or 4.17E-3 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “VI Water & Power Authority.” 

3. References 

VIWAPA, 2010: Virgin Islands Water & Power Authority, “About Us,” at 

http://www.viwapa.vi/aboutUs.asp, viewed February 2010. 

Huntley, 2009: Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical 

Advisory Committee (ERTAC), “state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 

2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 23, 2009. The emission factors are listed under 

2102004000 - Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion. 

Rhymer, 2010: Gregory Rhymer, Chief Operating Officer, VIWAPA, response to questionnaire 

prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., March 5, 2010. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 24 Final Report 

CHAPTER IV. NONPOINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 

INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT 

This chapter provides descriptions of the source categories, methods, emissions factors, and 

information sources used to calculate, allocate, and grow emissions for the nonpoint source 

categories. Example calculations are also provided for each nonpoint source category using 

actual data. 

A. AGRICULTURAL FIELD BURNING 

1. Description 

Agricultural field burning is the practice of using fire to remove excess plant material from fields 

after harvest. The major air pollutant of concern is the smoke produced. 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2801500000 Miscellaneous Area 

Sources 

Agriculture 

Production - 

Crops 

Agricultural 

Field Burning - 

whole field set 

on fire 

Unspecified 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

There was no agricultural field burning on St. John in 2002 (George, 2009). 

3. References 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 16, 

2009. 

B. FOREST WILDFIRES 

1. Description 

A wildfire is a large-scale natural combustion process that consumes various ages, sizes, and 

types of flora in a geographical area. Meteorological conditions, the species and moisture content 

of vegetation, and the weight of consumable fuel per acre (available fuel loading) are all factors 

that directly impact the size and intensity of a wildfire. Wildfires can consume both dead and 

living flora and are potential sources of large amounts of air pollutants (EPA, 1996). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 25 Final Report 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2810001000 Miscellaneous Area 

Sources 

Other 

Combustion 

Forest 

Wildfires 

Wildfires - 

Unspecified 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

In 2002, 10 acres of forest were consumed by wildfires on St. John and the vegetation type was 

assumed to be dry evergreen woodlands, a predominant forest type on St. John (George, 2009; 

Woodbury, 1997). The vegetative composition of dry evergreen forests consists of trees with 

relatively dense wood and with year-round leaves. Thus, the fuel loading factor was assumed to 

be the same as hardwoods in summer (3.1 tons per acre) as reported by Barnard and Brewer 

(2007) for VISTAS. 

b. Control Data 

There are no emission controls for this category. 

c. Emission Factors 

Table IV-1 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions from vegetation burned in 

forest wildfires (EPA, 2005). 

Table IV-1. Emission Factors for Fuel Burned during Forest Wildfires 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/ton 

fuel burned)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 24.1 EPA, 2005 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 28.1 EPA, 2005 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 EPA, 2005 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 24.1 EPA, 2005 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 28.1 EPA, 2005 

d. Sample Calculations 

Area consumed by wildfires in 2002 = 10 acres 

Fuel loading factor = 3.1 tons per acre 

Total fuel consumed = acres burned × fuel loading factor 

Total fuel consumed = 10 acres × 3.1 tons per acre 

Total fuel consumed = 31 tons 
PECHAN June 2010 

 26 Final Report 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = PM2.5 EF × total fuel consumed 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = 24.1 lb/ton fuel burned × 31 tons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = 747 lbs or 0.374 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Forest Wildfires.” 

3. References 

Barnard and Brewer, 2007: William R. Barnard and Pat Brewer, Development of Managed 

Burning and Wildland Fire Emission Estimates for the Visibility Improvement - State and 

Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS), MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. 

EPA, 1996: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 

13: Miscellaneous Sources, Section 13.1: Wildfires and Prescribed Burning, page 13.1-1, 

October 1996, at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, viewed February 2010. 

EPA, 2005: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Documentation for the Draft 2002 Nonpoint Source National Emission 

Inventory for Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutants, prepared by E.H. Pechan & 

Associates, Inc., March 2005. 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 

16, 2009. 

Woodbury , 1997: Woodbury, R. O., and P. L. Weaver. 1997. The Vegetation of St. John and 

Hassel Island, U.S. Virgin Islands. Georgia: U.S. DOI National Park Service. 

C. FUGITIVE DUST – PAVED ROADS 

1. Description 

The passage of vehicles over paved roads results in the resuspension of loose material on the 

road surface. The level of particulate emissions is dependent on the amount of loose material, 

known as the surface loading (EPA, 2006). Fugitive dust emissions from paved road traffic were 

estimated for PM10-PRI, PM10-FIL, PM2.5-PRI, and PM2.5-FIL. Since there are no PM-CON 

emissions for this category, PM10-PRI emissions are equal to PM10-FIL emissions and PM2.5-PRI 

emissions are equal to PM2.5-FIL emissions. 

The methods and results provided in this section are those performed previously by Pechan for 

EPA (Pechan 2007; Pechan 2004) as part of the development of the NEI. 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 
PECHAN June 2010 

 27 Final Report 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2294000000 Mobile Sources Paved Roads All Paved 

Roads Total: Fugitives 

2. Methodology 

Uncontrolled paved road emissions were calculated for St. John by multiplying vehicle miles 

traveled (VMT) by the paved road emission factor. 

a. Activity Data 

For 2002, the annual VMT estimates for St. John were based on 2002 VMT estimates made by 

the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) as described in Pechan 2007 and Pechan 2004. 

FHWA estimated paved road VMT to be 15.44 million miles in 2002. 

b. Control Data 

No paved road dust controls were applied. 

c. Emission Factors 

Reentrained road dust emissions for paved roads were estimated using paved road VMT and the 

emission factor equation from AP-42 (EPA, 2006): 

 E = [ k * (sL/2)0.65 * (W/3)1.5 - C ] * [1 - P/(4*N)] 

where: E = paved road dust emission factor (pound [lb]/VMT) 

k = particle size multiplier (lb/VMT) 

sL = road surface silt loading (lb/square meter [m2]) 

W = average weight (tons) of all vehicles traveling the road 

C = emission factor for 1980's vehicle fleet exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear 

 (lb/VMT) 

N = number of days in the month 

P = number of days in the month with at least 0.01 inches of precipitation 

The AP-42 equation listed above includes a correction factor to adjust for the number of days 

with measurable precipitation in each month. The factor of “4" in the precipitation adjustment 

accounts for the fact that paved roads dry more quickly than unpaved roads and that precipitation 

may not occur over the entire 24-hour day period. The number of days with at least 0.01 inches 

of precipitation in each month was obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. Table IV-2 

provides the constants used in the AP-42 equation. The uncontrolled emission factors are 

provided in Table IV-3. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 28 Final Report 

Table IV-2. Constants for Paved Roads Reentrained Dust Emission Factor 

Equation 

Constant PM2.5-PRI/ 

PM2.5-FIL

PM10-PRI/ 

PM10-FIL

k (lb/VMT) 0.0024 0.016 

C (lb/VMT) 0.00036 0.00047 

Table IV-3. PM Emission Factors (lb/VMT) for Paved Roads 

Pollutant Emission Factor (lb/VMT) 

PM10-PRI/FIL 0.00424 

PM25-PRI/FIL 0.000838 

d. Sample Calculations 

2002 paved road VMT in St. John is estimated at 15.44 million miles. 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = PM2.5 EF × VMT 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = 0.000838 lb/VMT × 15.44E6 MILES 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = 12,939 lbs or 6.47 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Fugitive Dust – Paved Roads.” 

3. References 

EPA, 2006: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 

13: Miscellaneous Sources, Section 13.2.1: Paved Roads, page 13.2.1-1, November 2006, 

at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, viewed February 2010. 

FHWA: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Highway 

Statistics. Office of Highway Policy Information. Washington, DC. Available at 

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/. 

Pechan, 2004. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. "Progress Report for Mobile Source Emission 

Inventory, EPA Contract No. 68-D-02-063, work assignment 3-01, October and November 

Documentation for the Final 2002 Mobile National Emissions Inventory, Version 3,” report 

prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October and November 2004. 

Pechan, 2007: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. "Documentation for the Final 2002 Mobile 

National Emissions Inventory, Version 3,” report prepared for U.S. Environmental 
PECHAN June 2010 

 29 Final Report 

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, 

NC. September 2007. 

D. FUGITIVE DUST – UNPAVED ROADS 

1. Description 

Fine particles are generated as a vehicle travels over an unpaved road because the force of the 

wheels on the road surface causes pulverization of surface material. These particles are lifted 

and dropped from the rolling wheels and the turbulent wake behind the vehicle continues to stir 

the particles into the air after the vehicle has passed (EPA, 2006). Fugitive dust emissions from 

unpaved road traffic were estimated for PM10-PRI, PM10-FIL, PM2.5-PRI, and PM2.5-FIL. Since 

there are no PM-CON emissions for this category, PM10-PRI emissions are equal to PM10-FIL 

emissions and PM2.5-PRI emissions are equal to PM2.5-FIL emissions. 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2296000000 Mobile Sources Unpaved 

Roads 

All Unpaved 

Roads Total: Fugitives 

2. Methodology 

Unpaved road emissions were calculated for St. John by multiplying unpaved vehicle miles 

traveled (VMT) by the unpaved road emission factor. 

a. Activity Data 

Unpaved roadway mileage estimates were obtained from the FHWA’s annual Highway Statistics 

report as described in Pechan 2004, Pechan 2007, and FHWA 2003. FHWA estimated unpaved 

road VMT to be 0.67 million miles in 2002.

b. Control Data 

No unpaved road dust controls were applied. 

c. Emission Factors 

Reentrained road dust emissions for unpaved roads were estimated using unpaved road VMT and 

the emission factor equation from AP-42 (EPA, 2003): 

 E = [ k * (s/12) * (SPD/30)0.5] /(M/0.5)0.2 - C 
PECHAN June 2010 

 30 Final Report 

where: k, and C are empirical constants, with 

E = size specific emission factor (lb/VMT) 

k = particle size multiplier (lb/VMT) 

s = surface material silt content (%) 

SPD = mean vehicle speed (mph) 

M = surface material moisture content (%) 

C = emission factor for 1980's vehicle fleet exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear 

 (lb/VMT) 

Table IV-4 provides the constants used in the AP-42 equation. The uncontrolled emission 

factors are provided in Table IV-5. 

Table IV-4. Constants for Unpaved Roads Reentrained Dust 

Emission Factor Equation

Constant PM2.5-PRI/ 

PM2.5-FIL

PM10-PRI/ 

PM10-FIL

k (lb/VMT) 0.18 1.8 

C 0.00036 0.00047 

Table IV-5. PM Emission Factors (lb/VMT) for Unpaved Roads 

Pollutant Emission Factor (lb/VMT) 

PM10-PRI/FIL 0.29660 

PM25-PRI/FIL 0.04434 

d. Sample Calculations 

2002 unpaved road VMT in St. John is estimated at 0.67 million miles. 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = PM2.5 EF × VMT 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = 0.04434 lb/VMT × 0.67E6 MILES 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2002 = 29,708 lbs or 14.86 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Fugitive Dust – Unpaved 

Roads.” 

3. References 

EPA, 2003: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards. “Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume 
PECHAN June 2010 

 31 Final Report 

I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Section 13.2.2, Unpaved Roads.” Research Triangle 

Park, NC. 2003. 

EPA, 2006: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 

13: Miscellaneous Sources, Section 13.2.2: Unpaved Roads, page 13.2.2-1, November 

2006, at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, viewed February 2010. 

FHWA, 2003: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Highway 

Statistics 2002. Office of Highway Policy Information. Washington, DC. 2003. 

Pechan, 2004: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. "Progress Report for Mobile Source Emission 

Inventory, EPA Contract No. 68-D-02-063, work assignment 3-01, October and November 

Documentation for the Final 2002 Mobile National Emissions Inventory, Version 3,” report 

prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October and November 2004 

. 

Pechan, 2007: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. "Documentation for the Final 2002 Mobile 

National Emissions Inventory, Version 3,” report prepared for U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, 

NC. September 2007. 

E. LANDFILLS 

1. Description 

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are landfills that occupy a discrete area of land or an 

excavation site and receive household waste. Surface impoundments, injection wells and waste 

piles are not considered MSW landfills. The primary air pollutants from landfills are VOCs 

generated during anaerobic decomposition, PM emissions from trash burial operations, and, for 

landfills that capture and flare methane gas, pollutants associated with methane combustion. 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2620000000 Waste Disposal, 

Treatment, and Recovery Landfills All Categories Total 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

There were no active MSW landfills on St. John in 2002 and no flaring of methane gas 

(Cornwall, 2009). The Susannaberg Landfill on St. John was closed in the early 1990’s when an 

underground fire was discovered and extinguished. The facility now operates strictly as a transfer 

station. Waste dropped off at the Susannaberg Transfer Station is compacted and then barged to 

St. Thomas where it is transported to the Bovoni Landfill (VIWMA, 2009). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 32 Final Report 

3. References 

Cornwall, 2009: May Adams Cornwall, Executive Director, Virgin Islands Waste Management 

Authority, response to questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, 

Inc., December 9, 2009. 

VIWMA, 2009: Virgin Islands Waste Management Authority, Solid Waste: Landfill and 

Transfer Station Operating Hours, at http://www.viwma.org/Landfills.aspx, viewed December 

2009. 

F. MAJESTIC CONCRETE – BATCH MIXING FACILITY 

1. Description 

Concrete is a construction material comprised of water, cement, sand (fine aggregate) and coarse 

aggregate, consisting of gravel, crushed stone or iron blast furnace slag. The major pollutant of 

concern is PM emission from fugitive sources such as the transfer of sand and aggregate, truck 

loading, mixer loading, vehicle traffic, and wind erosion from sand and aggregate storage piles. 

Types of controls used may include water sprays, enclosures, hoods, curtains, shrouds, movable 

and telescoping chutes, and central duct collection systems (EPA, 2006). 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2305070000 Industrial 

Processes 

Mineral 

Processes 

SIC 32 - Concrete, 

Gypsum, Plaster 

Products 

Total 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

In 2006, Majestic Concrete mixed 25,282 cubic yards of concrete. Majestic concrete stores sand 

and aggregate in piles on site and the concrete constituents are loaded into a weight hopper and 

then into the concrete transport truck via backhoe. The concrete is mixed in the truck on the way 

to the construction site. All surfaces at Majestic Concrete are paved (Sturgess, 2010). 

Table IV-6 lists the average material composition of one cubic yard of concrete (EPA, 2006). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 33 Final Report 

Table IV-6. Average Composition of One Cubic Yard of Concrete 

Material Weight (lb) 

Course Aggregate 1,865

Sand 1,428

Cement 491

Cement Supplement 73

Water 167

Total 4,024

 

b. Control Data 

Majestic Concrete uses water spray, enclosures, hoods, curtains and telescoping chutes to control 

dust (Sturgess, 2010). 

c. Emission Factors 

Table IV-7, Table IV-8, and Table IV-9 list the emission factors used to calculate PM emissions 

during aggregate transfer, sand transfer, and weight hopper loading (EPA, 2006). Since no 

controlled emission factors have been developed for these activities, uncontrolled emission 

factors were used. 

Table IV-7. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Aggregate Transfer 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(lb/ton Material 

Loaded)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.0033 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.0033 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.0033 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.0033 EPA, 2006 

Table IV-8. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Sand Transfer 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(lb/ton Material 

Loaded)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.00099 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.00099 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.00099 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.00099 EPA, 2006 
PECHAN June 2010 

 34 Final Report 

Table IV-9. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Weight Hopper Loading 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(lb/ton Material 

Loaded)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.0024 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.0024 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.0024 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.0024 EPA, 2006 

Emission factors for truck mixing were calculated using the following formula (EPA, 2006): 

 EF = k × 0.0032 × (Ua

/Mb) + c 

Where: EF = Emission factor in lbs/ton of cement and cement supplement 

k = Particle size multiplier (dimensionless) 

U = Wind speed at the material drop point, miles per hour (mph) 

M = Minimum moisture (% by weight) of cement and cement supplement 

a, b = Exponents 

c = Constant (lbs/ton) 

Table IV-10 lists the values used for the emission factor equation variables (EPA, 2006). 

Table IV-10. Emission Factor Parameters 

Parameter Parameter Value 

U 10 mph 

M 1 percent by weight 

kpm10 0.32 

kpm25 0.048 

apm10 1.75 

apm25 1.75 

bpm10 0.3 

bpm25 0.3 

cpm10 0.0052 

cpm25 0.00078 

Table IV-11 lists the calculated emission factors for controlled truck mixing. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 35 Final Report 

Table IV-11. Emission Factors for Controlled Truck Mixing 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(lb/ton of Material 

Mixed)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.0094176 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.0627838 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.0094176 EPA, 2006 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.0627838 EPA, 2006 

d. Sample Calculations 

Aggregate Transfer

Weight of aggregate transferred in 2006 = volume of concrete mixed × weight of aggregate per 

cubic yard of concrete 

Weight of aggregate transferred in 2006 = (25,282 cubic yards × 1,865 lbs/cubic yard) ÷ 2,000 

lbs per ton 

Weight of aggregate transferred in 2006 = 23,575 tons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = PM2.5 EF × weight of aggregate transferred 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 0.0033 lb/ton of material transferred × 23,575 tons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 77.8 lbs or 3.89E-2 tons 

Sand Transfer

Weight of sand transferred in 2006 = volume of concrete mixed × weight of aggregate per cubic 

yard of concrete 

Weight of sand transferred in 2006 = (25,282 cubic yards × 1,428 lbs/cubic yard) ÷ 2,000 lbs/ton 

Weight of sand transferred in 2006 = 18,051 tons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = PM2.5 EF × weight of sand transferred 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 0.00099 lb/ton of material transferred × 18,051 tons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 17.9 lbs or 8.93E-3 tons 

Weight Hopper Loading

Weight of material loaded in 2006 = volume of concrete mixed × (weight of aggregate per cubic 

yard of concrete + weight of sand per cubic yard of concrete) 

Weight of material loaded in 2006 = [25,282 cubic yards × (1,865 lbs + 1,428 lbs)/cubic yard] ÷ 

2,000 lbs/ton 

Weight of material loaded in 2006 = 41,627 tons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = PM2.5 EF × weight of material loaded 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 0.0024 lb/ton of material transferred × 41,627 tons 

PM2.5, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 99.9 lbs or 4.99E-2 tons 
PECHAN June 2010 

 36 Final Report 

Truck Mixing – Emission Factor

EFPM10 = kPM10 × 0.0032 × (UaPM10/MbPM10) + cPM10

EFPM10 = 0.32 × 0.0032 × (101.75/10.3) + 0.0052 

EFPM10 = 0.0627 lb/ton Material Mixed 

Truck Mixing – Emissions

Weight of cement and cement supplement mixed in 2006 = volume of concrete mixed × (weight 

of cement per cubic yard of concrete + weight of cement supplement per cubic yard of 

concrete) 

Weight of cement and cement supplement mixed in 2006 = [25,282 cubic yards × (491 lbs + 73 

lbs)/cubic yard] ÷ 2,000 lbs/ton 

Weight of cement and cement supplement mixed in 2006 = 7,130 tons 

PM10, filterable emissionsin 2006 = PM10 EF × weight of cement and cement supplement mixed 

PM10, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 0.0627 lb/ton of material mixed × 7,130 tons 

PM10, filterable emissionsin 2006 = 447 lbs or 2.23E-1 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Majestic Concrete.” 

3. References 

EPA, 2006: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 11 

- Mineral Products Industry, Section 12 - Concrete Batching, June 2006, at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch11/index.html, viewed April 2010. 

Sturgess, 2010: Cheryl Sturgess, Majestic Concrete, response to questionnaire prepared by 

Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., April 1, 2010. 

G. MANAGED BURNING – LOGGING DEBRIS 

1. Description 

Managed burning of logging debris is the practice of using fire to remove excess plant material 

from sites after logging. The major air pollutant of concern is the smoke produced. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 37 Final Report 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2810050000 Miscellaneous Area 

Sources 

Other 

Combustion 

Managed 

Burning, Slash 

(Logging 

Debris) 

Unspecified Burn 

Method (use 

2610000500 for nonlogging debris) 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

There was no managed burning of logging debris on St. John in 2002 (George, 2009). 

3. References 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 

16, 2009. 

H. OPEN BURNING – HOUSEHOLD WASTE 

1. Description 

Open burning of residential municipal solid waste (MSW) is the purposeful burning of MSW in 

outdoor areas. Criteria air pollutant (CAP) emission estimates for MSW burning are a function of 

the amount of waste burned per year. 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2610030000 Waste Disposal, 

Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning Residential 

Household Waste 

(use 26-10-000-xxx 

for Yard Wastes) 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

There was no open burning of household waste on St. John in 2002 (George, 2009). 

3. References 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 

16, 2009. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 38 Final Report 

I. OPEN BURNING – YARD WASTE - BRUSH 

1. Description 

Open burning of yard waste is the purposeful burning of leaf and brush species in outdoor areas. 

Criteria air pollutant emission estimates for leaf and brush waste burning are a function of the 

amount of waste burned per year. 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2610000400 Waste Disposal, 

Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Brush 

Species Unspecified 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

The amount of brush burned was estimated using data from EPA’s report Municipal Solid Waste 

in the United States: 2000 Facts and Figures (EPA, 2002). The report presents the total mass of 

waste generated in the United States by type of waste, including yard waste, for the calendar year 

2000. This information was used to calculate a daily estimate of the per capita yard waste, 0.54 

lbs/person/day. Of the total amount of yard waste generated, the yard waste composition was 

assumed to be 10 percent leaves, 70 percent brush, and 20 percent grass by weight (George, 

2009). 

The per capita estimate was then multiplied by the 2002 population on St. John that is expected 

to burn waste. Forty percent of the population on St. John burns yard waste (George, 2009) and 

the 2002 population of St. John was 4,252 (Mills et. al, 2004). 

Open burning of grass clippings is not typically practiced by homeowners, and as such only 

estimates for leaf burning and brush burning were developed. Approximately 25 to 32 percent of 

all waste that is subject to open burning is actually burned (PE, 1994). A median value of 28 

percent was assumed to be burned on St. John in 2002. 

b. Control Data 

Controls for yard waste burning are generally in the form of a ban on open burning of waste in a 

given municipality. There are no bans on open burning on St. John. 

c. Emission Factors 

Table IV-12 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions from residential burning 

of brush species (Huntley, 2009). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 39 Final Report 

Table IV-12. Emission Factors for Open Burning of Brush Waste 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/ton 

of Brush 

Burned)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 15.21 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 19.73 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 15.21 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 19.73 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 1.66 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Sulfur dioxide emissions in St. John from open burning of brush waste: 

Population of St. John in 2002 = 4,252 

Per capita waste yard waste generated (lb/person/day) = 0.54 

Brush fraction of waste = 0.70 

Fraction of population that burns yard waste = 0.40 

Fraction of yard waste generated that is actually burned = 0.28 

Number of days in a year = 365 

Factor to convert from lbs to tons = 1/2000 

2002 brush burning activity in St. John = 4,252 person × 0.54 lb/person/day × 0.70 × 0.40 × 0.28 

× 365 days/year × 1 ton/2000 lbs 

2002 brush burning activity in St. John = 32.85 tons 

SO2 emissions = tons of brush burned × SO2 emission factor 

SO2 emission factor = 1.66 lb/ton 

SO2 emissions from brush burning on St. John in 2002 = 32.85 tons × 1.66 lbs/ton × 1 ton/2000 

lbs 

SO2 emissions from brush burning on St. John in 2002 = 2.72E-2 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Open Burning – Yard - Brush.” 

3. References 

EPA, 2002: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 

2000 Facts and Figures, EPA530-R-02-001, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency 
PECHAN June 2010 

 40 Final Report 

Response. June 2002. Available at 

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/report-00.pdf. 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan and Associates, Inc., December 

16, 2009. 

Huntley, 2009: Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical 

Advisory Committee (ERTAC), “state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 

2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 23, 2009. 

Mills et al, 2004: Frank L. Mills, Marcy Mason, Annette Gumbs, and James Richardson, 2002 

Unites States Virgin Islands Statistical Digest, Eastern Caribbean Center, University of the 

Virgin Islands, May 2004, available at 

http://www.pacificweb.org/DOCS/usvi/2002%20yearbook/2002%20Statistical%20Digest.p

df. 

PE, 1994: Two Rivers Regional Council of Public Officials and Patrick Engineering, Inc. 

“Emission Characteristics of Burn Barrels,” prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Region V. June 1994. 

J. OPEN BURNING – YARD WASTE - LEAVES 

1. Description 

Open burning of yard waste is the purposeful burning of leaf and brush species in outdoor areas. 

Criteria air pollutant emission estimates for leaf and brush waste burning are a function of the 

amount of waste burned per year. 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2610000100 Waste Disposal, 

Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Leaf 

Species Unspecified 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

The amount of leaves burned was estimated using data from EPA’s report Municipal Solid Waste 

in the United States: 2000 Facts and Figures (EPA, 2002). The report presents the total mass of 

waste generated in the United States by type of waste, including yard waste, for the calendar year 

2000. This information was used to calculate a daily estimate of the per capita yard waste, 0.54 

lbs/person/day. Of the total amount of yard waste generated, the yard waste composition was 

assumed to be 10 percent leaves, 70 percent brush, and 20 percent grass by weight (George, 

2009). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 41 Final Report 

The per capita estimate was then multiplied by the 2002 population on St. John that is expected 

to burn waste. Forty percent of the population on St. John burns yard waste (George, 2009) and 

the 2002 population of St. John was 4,252 (Mills et. al, 2004). 

Open burning of grass clippings is not typically practiced by homeowners, and as such only 

estimates for leaf burning and brush burning were developed. Approximately 25 to 32 percent of 

all waste that is subject to open burning is actually burned (PE, 1994). A median value of 28 

percent was assumed to be burned on St. John in 2002. 

b. Control Data 

Controls for yard waste burning are generally in the form of a ban on open burning of waste in a 

given municipality. There are no bans on open burning on St. John. 

c. Emission Factors 

Table IV-13 lists the emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions from residential burning 

of leaf species (Huntley, 2009). 

Table IV-13. Emission Factors for Open Burning of Leaf Waste 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/ton of

Leaves Burned)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 22 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 22 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 22 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 22 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 0.76 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Sulfur dioxide emissions in St. John from open burning of leaf waste: 

Population of St. John in 2002 = 4,252 

Per capita waste yard waste generated (lb/person/day) = 0.54 

Leaf fraction of waste = 0.10 

Fraction of population that burns yard waste = 0.40 

Fraction of yard waste generated that is actually burned = 0.28 

Number of days in a year = 365 

Factor to convert from lbs to tons = 1/2000 

2002 leaf burning activity in St. John = 4,252 person × 0.54 lb/person/day × 0.10 × 0.40 × 0.28 × 

365 days/year × 1 ton /2000 lbs 
PECHAN June 2010 

 42 Final Report 

2002 leaf burning activity in St. John = 4.69 tons 

SO2 emissions = tons of leaves burned × SO2 emission factor 

SO2 emission factor = 0.76 lb/ton 

SO2 emissions from leaf burning on St. John in 2002 = 4.69 tons × 0.76 lbs/ton × 1 ton/2000 lbs 

SO2 emissions from leaf burning on St. John in 2002 = 1.78E-3 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Open Burning – Yard - 

Leaves.” 

3. References 

EPA, 2002: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 

2000 Facts and Figures, EPA530-R-02-001, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency 

Response. June 2002. Available at 

http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/report-00.pdf. 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 

16, 2009. 

Huntley, 2009: Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical 

Advisory Committee (ERTAC), “state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 

2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 23, 2009. 

Mills et al, 2004: Frank L. Mills, Marcy Mason, Annette Gumbs, and James Richardson, 2002 

Unites States Virgin Islands Statistical Digest, Eastern Caribbean Center, University of the 

Virgin Islands, May 2004, available at 

http://www.pacificweb.org/DOCS/usvi/2002%20yearbook/2002%20Statistical%20Digest.p

df. 

PE, 1994: Two Rivers Regional Council of Public Officials and Patrick Engineering, Inc. 

“Emission Characteristics of Burn Barrels,” prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Region V. June 1994. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 43 Final Report 

K. PRESCRIBED FOREST BURNING 

1. Description 

Prescribed burning of forests is a natural resource management strategy to reduce the potential 

for destructive wildfires by selectively burning, under controlled conditions, the accumulated 

underbrush and dead plant material in forests. The major air pollutant of concern is the smoke 

produced (EPA, 1996). 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2810015000 Miscellaneous Area 

Sources 

Other 

Combustion 

Prescribed 

Forest Burning Unspecified 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

There was no prescribed forest burning on St. John in 2002 (George, 2009). 

3. References 

EPA, 1996: AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources, Section 13.1: 

Wildfires and Prescribed Burning, page 13.1-5, October 1996, at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, viewed March 2010. 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 

16, 2009. 

L. PRESCRIBED RANGELAND BURNING 

1. Description 

Prescribed burning of rangelands is a natural resource management strategy to stimulate the 

rejuvenation of grasses by selectively burning, under controlled conditions, the accumulated 

brush and dead plant material on rangelands. The major air pollutant of concern is the smoke 

produced (EPA, 1996). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 44 Final Report 

For this category, the following SCC was assigned: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2810020000 Miscellaneous Area 

Sources 

Other 

Combustion 

Prescribed 

Rangeland 

Burning 

Unspecified 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

There was no prescribed rangeland burning on St. John in 2002 (George, 2009). 

3. References 

EPA, 1996: AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 13: Miscellaneous Sources, Section 13.1: 

Wildfires and Prescribed Burning, page 13.1-5, October 1996, at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html, viewed March 2010. 

George, 2009: Daryl George, Assistant Director, Virgin Islands Fire Service, response to 

questionnaire prepared by Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 

16, 2009. 

M. RESIDENTIAL BOILERS - LPG 

1. Description 

This source category covers air emissions from LPG combustion in residential sectors for space 

heating, water heating, and cooking. This category includes small boilers, heaters, and other 

heating units that are not inventoried as major sources. Only structures containing fewer than 20 

living units are included in this category, thus excluding large apartment buildings. According to 

the activity data report (EPA, 2003), other fuels (i.e., natural gas, distillate oil, and kerosene) are 

not used by the residential sector in the U.S. Virgin Islands. 

For this sector, Pechan assigned the following SCC for residential LPG combustion: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2104007000 Stationary Source 

Fuel Combustion 

Residential Liquefied Petroleum 

Gas (LPG) 

Total: All 

Combustor Types 
PECHAN June 2010 

 45 Final Report 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

Table 4.4.4 of the activity data report (EPA, 2003) provides the final 1999 activity data for the 

U.S. Virgin Islands. The following excerpts of the discussion of the activity data in the activity 

report provide a brief overview of how Pechan estimated the LPG activity data. 

Representatives of VIDPNR stated that no fuel is combusted for residential space and hot water 

heating; this is performed using electricity provided by the local utility company. The only 

residential fuel combustion in the U.S. Virgin Islands consists of cooking with LPG. VIDPNR 

provided information on the purchases of LPG tanks used for residential cooking. This 

information is collected annually by VIDPNR from the private gas companies located in the 

islands. Data on the number of residential buildings or dwellings having more than 20 units in 

1999 and the number of residents dwelling in those units was provided by VIDPNR. The data 

showed that the only buildings and dwellings having more than twenty (20) units were located 

on St. Thomas. No such buildings were reported for St. John. 

The data provided by VIDPNR did not report the residential LPG consumption by island, but 

reported both St. Thomas and St. John combined as one figure. To estimate the distribution 

between these islands, the combined value was apportioned according to the residential 

population present on each of the islands in 1999 (i.e., 92% for St. Thomas and 8% for St. John). 

In accordance with May 2002 guidance (Required Activity Level Data for Area Source 

Categories in the Virgin Islands), the total residential fuel consumption volumes reported were 

corrected by removing that portion attributed to residents living in buildings having more than 

twenty (20) units. To perform this correction, it was assumed that all residents consumed an 

equal volume of LPG. 

For the Virgin Islands, 95 percent of the total LPG consumption occurs in the residential sector 

(per 1999 activity estimates). Pechan developed the growth factor for this category from the U.S. 

Virgin Islands LPG Consumption Data from EIA's International Energy Annual (EIA, 2005). 

The growth factor was used to estimate 2002 LPG consumption for St. John. 

b. Control Data 

The activity data report stated that residential LPG use is confined to cooking (EPA, 2003). 

Pechan assumed that the emission units were uncontrolled for CAPs. 

c. Emission Factors 

Table IV-14 shows the uncontrolled emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions for small 

residential combustion units burning LPG (Huntley, 2009). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 46 Final Report 

Table IV-14. Emission Factors for Residential Liquefied 

Petroleum Gas (LPG) Combustion 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor 

(lb/thousand 

gallons) 

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.01 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.02 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0.03 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.04 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.05 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 13.4 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 0.06 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Growth Factor For LPG Consumption in Virgin Islands:

1999 LPG consumption = 5 thousand barrels per day 

2002 LPG consumption = 7 thousand barrels per day 

Growth Factor = 2002 LPG consumption /1999 LPG consumption 

 = 7 / 5 

 = 1.4 

This shows a 40% increase and thus the growth factor used was 1.4. 

Estimate of LPG Consumption in 2002

As an example, 2002 LPG usage is calculated using 1999 usage and the growth factor (GF) of 

1.4. 

 FC2002,x, = FC1999,x × GF 

where: 

 FC2002,x,p = year 2002 consumption for fuel type x (gallons) 

 FC1999,x,p = year 1999 consumption for fuel type x (gallons) 

 GF = growth factor 

 FC1999, LPG = 391,329 gallons 

 FC2002, LPG = 391,329 gallons × 1.4 

 = 547,861 gallons 
PECHAN June 2010 

 47 Final Report 

CAP Emissions

Annual CAP emissions are calculated using emission factors and activity as: 

 Ex,p = FCx × EFx,p× 1/1000× 1/2000

where: 

 Ex,p = annual emissions for fuel type x and pollutant p (ton/year) 

 FCx = annual fuel consumption for fuel type x (gallon) 

 EFx,p = emission factor for fuel type x and pollutant p (lb/1,000 gallon) 

 1/1000 = unit conversion factor (gallon/1,000 gallon) 

 1/2000 = unit conversion factor (ton/lb). 

Example:

ELPG, PM2.5-FIL = 547,861 gallon/year × 0.01 lb/1,000 gallon × 1

/1,000 (gallon /1,000 

gallon) × 1

/2,000 (ton/lb) 

 = 2.74 E-03 ton/year 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Residential Boilers - LPG.” 

3. References 

EIA, 2005: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International 

Energy Annual 2003, Table 3.5, World Apparent Consumption of Refined Petroleum 

Products. Available at 

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/SearchResults.asp?title=International+Energy+Annual&

submit=Search&product= 

EPA, 2003: Virgin Islands 1999 Area Source Inventory Data Collection Effort, Volumes 1 and 

2, prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2, State Implementation 

Plan Section, by Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Durham, NC, September 4, 2003. 

Huntley, 2009: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in 

consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee (ERTAC), 

“state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 

23, 2009. 

N. RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION 

1. Description 

Emissions from residential construction activity are a function of the acreage disturbed and 

volume of soil excavated for residential construction. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 48 Final Report 

For this sector, Pechan assigned the following SCC for residential LPG combustion: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2311010000 Industrial 

Processes 

Construction

: SIC 15 - 17 

General Building 

Construction Total 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

There are two activity calculations performed for this SCC, acres of surface soil disturbed and 

volume of soil removed for basements. In 2002, there were 279 building permits issued for St. 

John and 80 percent of these were for residential construction (Blyden, 2010). All residential 

construction permits were for single-unit structures and roughly half of the structures had part of 

their foundation below grade (Blyden, 2010). 

Surface Soil Disturbed

Of the 223 housing units built on St. John in 2002, all were single unit structures. Table IV-15 

lists the surface area disturbed for a 1-unit structure (EPA, 2010). 

Table IV-15. Surface Area Disturbed per 1-Unit Structure 

Unit Type Area of Soil 

Disturbed 

1- Unit 1⁄4 acre per 

structure 

Soil Removed for Below Ground Construction

Of the 223 housing units built on St. John in 2002, 111 were built on slopes and have part of 

their foundations below grade. Below grade volume is calculated by assuming a 20 percent land 

slope (USGS, 2010), that the length of the house foundation parallel to the mountain is 50 feet 

and that the depth below grade at the rear of the foundation is 10 feet. An additional 10 percent 

was added for peripheral soil bringing the total to 2,331 ft3 or 86 yd3 of soil excavated per unit. 

b. Control Data 

There are no controls for this category. 

c. Emission Factors 

Initial PM10 emissions from construction of single unit structures were calculated using the 

emission factors given in Table IV-16 (EPA, 2000). The duration of construction activity for 

houses was assumed to be 6 months. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 49 Final Report 

Table IV-16. Emission Factors for Residential Construction 

Type of Structure Emission Factor Duration of 

Construction

1-Unit Structures w/o Below 

Grade Foundations 

0.032 tons PM10/acremonth 6 months 

1-unit Structures with Below 

Grade Foundations 

0.011 tons PM10/acremonth 6 months 

0.059 tons PM10/1000 

cubic yards 

Regional variances in construction emissions were corrected using soil moisture level and silt 

content. These correction parameters were applied to initial PM10 emissions from residential 

construction to develop the final emissions inventory. To account for the soil moisture level, the 

PM10 emissions were weighted using the 30-year average precipitation-evaporation (PE) value 

from Thornthwaite’s PE Index. The average PE value for St. John was assumed to be the same 

as the PE value for Hawaii (57.9). 

To account for the silt content, the PM10 emissions were weighted using average silt content of 

soils on St. John where construction was occurring. The average silt content is 30 percent 

(USDA, 2000). 

The equation for PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content is (EPA, 

2010):

Corrected E Initial

PE

S

PM PM E 10 10  

24

9%

where: Corrected EPM10 = PM10 emissions corrected for soil moisture and silt content 

PE = precipitation-evaporation value for St. John 

S = % dry silt content in soil for area being inventoried 

Once PM10 adjustments were made, PM2.5 emissions were set to 10% of PM10 
PECHAN June 2010 

 50 Final Report 

Table IV-17. Corrected Emission Factors for 1-Unit Structures 

Without Below Grade Foundations 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(tons/acremonth)

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.00442 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.04421 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.00442 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.04421 

Table IV-18. Corrected Emission Factors for 1-Unit Structures 

With Below Grade Foundations 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(tons/acremonth)

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.00152 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.0152 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.00152 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.0152 

Table IV-19. Corrected Emission Factors for Soil Excavated 

for Below Grade Foundations 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(tons/acremonth)

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.00815 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 0.08152 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 0.00815 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 0.08152 

d. Sample Calculations 

Total Volume of Soil Excavated for Below Ground Construction

Soil excavated = # units with below grade construction × depth below grade at rear of foundation 

× (depth below grade at rear of foundation/sin(land slope)) × sin(90-land slope)/2 × 

average length of foundation/27 × (1 + additional fraction for peripheral soil excavation) 

Soil excavated = 111.5 × 10 ft × (10 ft/sin(20)) × sin(90-20)/2 × 50 ft/27 ft3

/yd3 × (1 + 0.1) 

Soil excavated = 9,627 yd3
PECHAN June 2010 

 51 Final Report 

Corrected PM10 Emission Factor for 1-Unit Structures

Corrected E Initial

PE

S

PM PM E 10 10  

24

9%

Corrected PM10 Emission Factor = 0.032 tons PM10/acre-month × (24/57.9) × (30/9) 

Corrected PM10 Emission Factor = 0.0442 tons PM10/acre-month 

PM10 Emissions from Single Unit Structures Without Below Ground Construction

PM10 emissions = # single unit structures w/o below grade construction × area disturbed per 

structure × corrected emission factor × construction duration 

PM10 emissions = 111.5 × 0.25 acres per structure × 0.0442 tons PM10/acre-month × 6 months 

PM10 emissions = 7.39 tons 

Total PM10 Emissions from Residential Construction

Total PM10 emissions = emissions from single units without below grade construction + 

emissions from single units with below grade construction + emissions from below grade 

excavation 

Total PM10 emissions = 7.39 tons + 2.54 tons + 0.78 tons 

Total PM10 emissions = 10.72 tons 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Residential Construction.” 

3. References 

Blyden, 2010: Joseph Blyden, Division of Building Permits, Virgin Islands Department of 

Planning and Natural Resources, personal communication with Jonathan G. Dorn, E.H. 

Pechan & Associates, Inc., 20 January 2010 and personal communication with Raymond 

Forde, EPA Region 2, March 5, 2010. 

EPA, 2000: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Technical Memorandum: Revised Methodology for Estimating Emissions from 

Construction, Prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates. Research Triangle Park, NC. 

September 2000. 

EPA, 2010: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “2008 National Emissions Inventory Data 

and Documentation”, at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2008inventory.html, viewed 

April 2010. 

USDA, 2000: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey of the United States Virgin Islands, 

2000. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 52 Final Report 

USGS, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey, Web Soil Survey, at 

http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx, viewed April 2010. 

O. SMALL ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS 

1. Description 

NOTE: Emissions from small electric utility boilers are accounted for under emissions 

from VI Water & Power Authority in the small point source inventory and are therefore 

excluded from the emissions summaries in Chapter VII. Section O has been retained 

simply to allow the reader to understand the alternative calculation method. 

Small electric utility boilers are the primary electric generators for many rural communities. 

This source category includes all boilers used to produce electric power at facilities that are not 

considered a major facility for CAPs. They are categorized by the boiler type or firing method 

(normal or tangential), fuel burned (typically residual or distillate oil), electrical power 

generation capacity, and location. Residual and distillate oils are further categorized by their fuel 

number (typically #2, #4, and #6 fuel oils). 

For this sector, only distillate oil is burned on St. John. The following SCC was assigned for 

distillate oil combustion: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8 

2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion 

Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC 

Engines 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

Pechan estimated throughput data for small electric utility boilers in St. John for individual backup diesel generators using information on the power source, type, and amount of fuel consumed 

annually provided in air permit applications (i.e., permit to construct or permit to operate). For 

most permits, annual operating time was not available but the consumption rate (in gallons fuel 

per hour) at various load rates was provided. Therefore, Pechan estimated total annual fuel 

consumption for the back-up generators assuming the generators operated 52 hours per year 

(EPA, 2003). 

Distillate (diesel) fuel usage is summarized in Table 4.1.4c of the activity data report for the 

Virgin Islands (EPA, 2003). 

All the electricity generated in the U.S. Virgin Islands is from conventional thermal generation. 

As such, Pechan developed growth factors using 1999 and 2002 thermal electricity generation 

values for the Virgin Islands as reported by the 2004 International Energy Annual (EIA, 2004). 

This growth factor was used to estimate distillate fuel usage in 2002. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 53 Final Report 

b. Control Data 

The activity data reported notes that CAP control information is incomplete in the permit 

applications used to compile activity data for this category (EPA, 2003). Therefore, Pechan 

assumed that the emission units were uncontrolled for CAPs. 

c. Emission Factors 

Table IV-20 lists the uncontrolled emission factors used to calculate CAP emissions for small 

electric utility boilers burning distillate oil (Huntley, 2009). 

Table IV-20. Uncontrolled Small Electric Utility Boiler Emission Factors for 

Distillate Oil Combustion 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor 

(lb/thousand 

gallons)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.25 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 1 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 1.3 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 1.55 Huntley, 2009 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 2.3 Huntley, 2009 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 20 Huntley, 2009 

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 42.6 Huntley, 2009 

d. Sample Calculations 

Growth Factor For Distillate Fuel Consumption:

1999 thermal generation = 1.02 billion kilowatt-hours 

2002 thermal generation = 0.98 billion kilowatt-hours 

Growth Factor = 2002 thermal generation /1999 thermal generation 

 = 0.98 / 1.02 

 = 0.959 

This shows a 4.1% decrease and thus the growth factor used was 0.959. 

Estimate of Distillate Fuel Consumption in 2002

As an example, 2002 distillate fuel usage is calculated using 1999 usage and the growth factor 

(GF) of 0.959. 

 FC2002,x = FC1999,x × GF 
PECHAN June 2010 

 54 Final Report 

where: 

 FC2002,x = year 2002 consumption for fuel type x (gallons) 

 FC1999,x = year 1999 consumption for fuel type x (gallons) 

 GF = growth factor 

 FC1999, distillate oil = 1,316 gallons 

 FC2002, distillate oil = 1,316 gallons × 0.959 

 = 1,262 gallons 

CAP Emissions

Annual CAP emissions are calculated using emission factors and activity as: 

 Ex,p = FCx × EFx,p × 1

/1000 × 1/2000

where: 

 Ex,p = annual emissions for fuel type x and pollutant p (ton/year) 

 FCx = annual fuel consumption for fuel type x (gallon) 

 EFx,p = emission factor for fuel type x and pollutant p (lb/1,000 gallon) 

 1/1000 = unit conversion factor (gallon/1,000 gallon) 

 1/2000 = unit conversion factor (ton/lb). 

Example:

Edistillate oil, PM25-FIL = 1,262 gallon/year × 0.25 lb/1,000 gallon × 1/1,000 (gallon /1,000 

gallon) × 1/2,000 (ton/lb) 

 = 1.58 E-04 ton/year 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Small Electric Utility Boilers.” 

3. References 

EIA, 2004: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual, 2004, Table 6.1, 

World Total Net Thermal Electricity Generation, 1980-2004. 

EPA, 2003: Virgin Islands 1999 Area Source Inventory Data Collection Effort, Volumes 1 and 

2, Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2, State Implementation 

Plan Section, by Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Durham, North Carolina, September 4, 2003. 

Huntley, 2009: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Huntley.Roy@epamail.epa.gov) in 

consultation with the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee (ERTAC), 

“state_comparison ERTAC SS_version7_4 Nov 23 2009.mdb [electronic file],” November 

23, 2009. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 55 Final Report 

P. STRUCTURE FIRES 

1. Description 

The structure fires nonpoint source category results from unintentional actions, arson, or natural 

events that occur in residential and commercial structures (including garage fires). This category 

does not include accidental industrial fires. The types of materials consumed in a structure fire 

range from construction materials (insulation and wood) to interior materials (textiles and 

clothing, carpets, plastics, paper, and furniture; EPA, 2003). 

The following SCC was assigned for structure fires: 

SCC Descriptor 1 Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor 8

2810030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Structure Fires Total 

2. Methodology 

a. Activity Data 

The final 1999 activity data for the U.S. Virgin Islands is provided in Table 4.13.4 of the activity 

data report (EPA, 2003). The activity is reported for each island based on the number of fire 

incident reports collected from fire stations. The activity collected was for the fiscal year 

October 1998 to September 1999. It was assumed that the data collected during this period was 

representative of the frequency of structure fires for calendar year 1999. 

Information was not available to determine structure fire activity for 2002 in the U.S. Virgin 

Islands. Therefore, in the absence of data for 2002, the 1999 inventory was used as a surrogate 

for 2002 emissions. 

b. Control Data 

Controls are not applicable for this source category. 

c. Emission Factors 

Table IV-21 lists the CAP emission factors for structure fires (Pechan, 2004). 

Table IV-21. Emission Factors for Structure Fires 

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission Factor 

(lb/ton burned)

Emission Factor 

Reference

Primary PM2.5, Filterable Portion Only PM25-FIL 9.828 Pechan, 2004 

Primary PM10, Filterable Portion Only PM10-FIL 10.8 Pechan, 2004 

Primary PM Condensible Portion Only PM-CON 0 Pechan, 2004 

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + Condensible) PM25-PRI 9.828 Pechan, 2004 

Primary PM10 (Filterable + Condensible) PM10-PRI 10.8 Pechan, 2004 

Nitrogen Oxides NOX 1.4 Pechan, 2004 
PECHAN June 2010 

 56 Final Report 

d. Sample Calculations 

Tons of Material Burned in Structure Fires:

An average fuel loading factor of 1.15 ton per fire was used to calculate tons of material burned 

(EIIP, 2001). In 1999, there were six structure fires on St. John. 

 Tons of Material Burned = 1.15 ton per fire × 6 fires = 6.9 tons 

CAP Emissions

Annual CAP emissions are calculated using emission factors and activity as: 

 Ex,p = MBx × EFp × 1

/2000

where: 

 Ep = emissions from structure fires for year x and pollutant p (ton/year) 

 MB = mass of material burned in structure fires in year x (tons) 

 EFp = emission factor for pollutant p (lb/ton) 

 1/2000 = unit conversion factor (ton/lb). 

Example:

E2002, PM2.5-FIL = 6.9 tons/year × 9.828 lb/ton × 1

/2,000 (ton/lb) 

 = 3.39 E-02 ton/year 

A Microsoft Excel workbook, which accompanies this report, provides the activity data, 

emission factors, growth factors and calculations used to estimate 2002 criteria air pollutant 

emissions. Pechan developed separate emission result worksheets for each major source 

category. The name of the worksheet for this source category is “Structure Fires.” 

3. References 

EIIP, 2001: Emissions Inventory Improvement Program, Volume III, Chapter 18: Structure 

Fires, Revised Final, January 2001. 

EPA, 2003: Virgin Islands 1999 Area Source Inventory Data Collection Effort, Volumes 1 and 

2, prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2, State Implementation 

Plan Section, by Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Durham, NC, September 4, 2003. 

Pechan, 2004: Documentation for the Final 1999 National Emissions Inventory (Version 3.0) for 

Criteria and Ammonia Area Sources, prepared for the Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, Environmental Protection Agency by 

E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., January 31, 2004. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 57 Final Report 

CHAPTER V. COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSEL EMISSIONS 

INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT 

This chapter provides descriptions of the source categories, methods, emissions factors, and 

information sources used to calculate emissions for commercial marine vessels (CMV). 

Example calculations are also provided for each CMV source category using actual data. 

A. DESCRIPTION 

This section describes the ports of interest for which emission estimates were developed, and 

discusses the types of operations and vessels each port supports. Information on the ports/docks 

on St. John was obtained from the Virgin Islands Port Authority. 

1. Ports of Interest 

The Loredon L. Boynes Sr. Dock

Located in Cruz Bay, this dock is the main port of entry to St. John. The dock can accommodate 

up to four vessels simultaneously. Several ferry operators provide service from this facility to 

Red Hook and the Charlotte Amalie Harbor in St. Thomas. 

The St. John Cargo Dock

Prior to completion of the Theodore Eric Moorehead Marine Facility in 2006, the St. John Cargo 

Dock handled cargo and foreign vessels in Cruz Bay. After completion of the Theodore Eric 

Moorehead Marine Facility, all cargo activity was shifted to Enighed Pond. 

The Theodore Eric Moorehead Marine Facility

Located in Enighed Pond, this facility was completed in 2006 to accommodate an increase in 

cargo traffic at the St. John Cargo Dock. The facility consists of 650 lineal feet of berthing space 

for cargo vessels, six acres for cargo handling and storage, and a channel and turn-around area 

for vessels up to 175 feet in length. The Port Authority shifted all cargo activity to Enighed Pond 

in 2006. 

The Victor William Sewer Marine Facility 

Located in Cruz Bay, this facility had a small, one-acre area for cargo handling and temporary 

storage in 2002. However, after the completion of the Theodore Eric Moorehead Marine Facility, 

the Port Authority ceased all cargo operations at this port. This dock is now used for the berthing 

of passenger ferries and tenders. 

2. Vessel Types 

The CMV emissions inventory for St. John includes general container ships, passenger ships 

(i.e., cruise ships), and ferries. The ports of interest engage in freight cargo and passenger 

operation activities. Table V-1 lists the vessel categories that are expected to be included in the 

inventory for each of the ports. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 58 Final Report 

Table V-1. Vessel Categories by St. John Port 

Port Cruise 

Ship Ferry General Cargo 

The Loredon L. Boynes Sr. Dock  

The St. John Cargo Dock 

The Theodore Eric Moorehead Marine Facility 

The Victor William Sewer Marine Facility  

The remaining sections in this chapter describe the data collected to estimate activity for each 

vessel category, including vessel calls, time-in-mode and load factors. This is followed by a 

discussion of the available emission factors, Source Classification Code (SCC) assignments, and 

references. 

B. ACTIVITY DATA 

Activity for each CMV category was calculated using the following equation: 

Activity Power LoadFactor Time Calls mode    mode 

 Activitymode = activity by mode (kilowatt [kW]-hours) 

 Power = rated engine power by vessel and engine type (kW) 

 Load Factor = load factor of the engine by vessel type and mode 

 Timemode = time in mode per call by vessel type (hours) 

 Calls = number of port calls by vessel and engine type 

This calculation was performed for both propulsion and auxiliary engines and for each activity 

mode. Four activity modes are typically used to characterize CMV operations; cruise, reduced 

speed zone (RSZ), maneuver, and hotel. Underway emissions may be defined as the combined 

activity of cruise and RSZ modes. Port emissions typically reflect the combined activity of 

maneuvering and hotelling modes. Hotelling is defined as the time the vessel is at dock. Only 

auxiliary engines operate during hotelling. Pechan disaggregated the fleet according to engine 

type (i.e., 2-stroke or 4-stroke) and hp range to assign appropriate emission factors that are based 

on these characteristics. 

1. Oceangoing vessels 

a. Vessel Calls 

For general cargo ships, cruise ships, and ferries, vessel calls were based on data from the VI 

Port Authority (VIPA, 2010). The VI Port Authority has three vessel classifications: “Cruise 

Ships, “Other, Over 100 Gross Tons” (cargo ships), and “Other, Under 100 Gross Tons” 

(ferries). The calls were based on recorded arrivals of vessels, categorized by vessel type. A 

summary of annual 2002 vessel calls is provided in Table V-2. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 59 Final Report 

Table V-2. 2002 St. John Vessel Calls by Vessel Type 

Vessel Type Vessel Type Name Number of Calls 

FER Ferry 8,679 

GGC General Cargo 43 

MPR Cruise 12 

Characterizing the vessel-specific fleets by engine type, engine configuration, and engine size is 

necessary to assign the appropriate loading factors and emission factors. Pechan and EPA were 

unable to acquire engine specific data from the VI Port Authority, requiring the use of combined 

surrogate data from a similar study of several Alaskan ports and from an EPA study of “typical 

ports” (Pechan, 2005; EPA, 1999a). For example, diesel engines were not identified as either 2-

stroke (i.e., slow speed), or 4-stroke (i.e., medium speed). As such, Pechan assigned each diesel 

propulsion engine to 2-stroke or 4-stroke based on data from the Alaskan study. In general, 

cruise ships are diesel-electric, medium speed engines. General cargo ships were all assumed to 

be 2-stroke slow speed engines. Data from the Alaskan study was deemed an appropriate 

surrogate for St. John since the number of calls and vessel types are similar to the St. John port 

data. 

Table V-3 provides a summary of average propulsion and auxiliary power by vessel type. The 

average values were developed by weighting the reported engine size from the Alaska study for 

Juneau (i.e., ferries) and Kodiak (i.e., cruise ships and general cargo ships) by the number of ship 

calls for those vessel types. 

 For vessel type i, 

 Weighted Propulsion Enginei = (∑propulsion engine power)i/# callsi 

Table V-3 also provides average speeds used for estimating time in cruise mode, which are 

discussed in more detail below, along with other time-in-mode estimates (average speed data for 

the Port of Tampa from EPA, 1999a). 

Table V-3. Summary of Listed Vessel and Engine Data 

Vessel 

Type 

Vessel Type 

Name 

Engine 

Type 

Engine 

Configuration 

Total 

Calls 

Weighted 

Propulsion 

Engine, kW 

Weighted 

Auxiliary 

Engine, kW 

Service 

Speed, 

knots 

FER Ferry DSL 2-stroke 290 7,502 1,514 13 

GGC General Cargo DSL 2-stroke 57 800 79 14 

MPR Cruise DSL 4-stroke 1 37,800 11,925 20 
PECHAN June 2010 

 60 Final Report 

b. Time-in-Mode 

Four activity modes are accounted for including cruise, RSZ, maneuver, and hotel. Modespecific emission factors have been developed for larger vessels, though these data are not 

available for smaller Category 1 and 2 vessels such as ferries. Most engines operate at different 

load factors depending on the mode, which is important to reflect in the overall activity estimate. 

Table V-4 presents definitions of each of these modes. An additional discussion of the 

procedures for calculating time-in-mode is described below. 

Table V-4. Vessel Mode Definitions 

Vessel Mode Description1

Cruise Time at service or normal cruising speed calculated for a port area from 25 

miles outside of the breakwater, which is the geographic marker for the 

change from open ocean to inland waterway. 

Reduced Speed Zone Time at a speed less than cruise and greater than maneuvering. This is the 

maximum safe speed the vessel uses to traverse distances within the 

waterway. RSZ often occurs from the breakwater or waterway entrance until 

maneuvering starts, and then again when the vessel is clearing the waterway. 

Maneuvering Time at dead slow (2 to 5 knots), which is typically carried out for the last 2 

miles before the vessel reaches its pier/wharf/dock (PWD) or anchorage, or 

reverse. 

Hotelling Time at port when vessel is operating auxiliary engines only 

1 Source: Commercial Marine Activity for Deep Sea Ports in the United States (EPA, 1999a). 

 

Cruise

Emissions for ocean-going vessels in cruise mode are typically estimated for each port from 25 

miles outside of the harbor area, or breakwater, consistent with the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) methodology for deep sea port inventories (EPA, 1999a). Cruise 

time-in-mode is typically estimated based on this 25-mile distance and average ship speeds, 

using the equation below: 

 Cruise = (25 miles / Vessel Speed) * 2 

However, cruise ships and cargo ships traveling to St. John first stop in St. Thomas (Webbe, 

2010). Since the distance between Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas and Cruz Bay on St. John is 

approximately 15 miles, it is assumed that all travel between St. Thomas and St. John will occur 

in the RSZ mode. This is a valid assumption since vessels are restricted by the breakwater 

distance at each port. For ferries, the average trip distance is 10 miles (Webbe, 2010). Since 

ferries are small vessels, it is assumed that they will travel at cruise speed for 90 percent of the 

trip distance, even inside the harbor area. This agrees with the travel time required to meet 

known ferry arrival/departure schedules (USVI, 2010). 

Vessel speeds for the different vessel types were estimated from available data compiled by EPA 

for the Port of Tampa, Florida (EPA, 1999a). Speeds were assigned by matching available 

average speeds to vessel types. The Port of Tampa data was used because domestic vessel 

activity, which can influence vessel speeds, is likely similar to St. John. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 61 Final Report 

Reduced Speed Zone (RSZ) and Maneuvering

Not all harbor areas have a specific RSZ, but speeds slower than service speed are typical once 

the harbor pilot boards the vessel. Pilots may consider any speed less than service speed to be 

maneuvering, although EPA distinguishes between RSZ and maneuver, defining RSZ as the 

speed in open or somewhat congested water at speeds between 5 and 15 knots, and maneuvering 

as the time at speeds under 5 knots used for movements in close proximity to a PWD or 

anchorage. 

Shifting is the practice of a vessel entering a port area, and docking at anchor or PWD for a time, 

and then proceeding to another anchor or PWD within the same port area, which would impact 

maneuvering time. For St. John, shifting is not expected to occur. 

For St. John, times for these modes were estimated according to EPA procedures (EPA, 1999a). 

Using average speeds for cruise ships and cargo ships, a minimum RSZ time per call was 

calculated by dividing 15 miles, the estimated round-trip distance for deceleration and 

acceleration, by 65 percent of the average speed. Using average speeds for ferries, a minimum 

RSZ time per call was calculated by dividing 1 mile, 10 percent of the estimated round-trip 

distance for deceleration and acceleration, by 65 percent of the average speed. 

 (minimum RSV time per call)cruise ships = 15 miles / (average speed * 0.65) 

For cruise ships and cargo ships, maneuvering time-in-mode was assumed to be 1 hour for each 

port call based on data from EPA for the Port of Tampa, Florida (EPA, 1999a). For ferries, the 

maneuvering time in mode was assumed to be 0.15 hours based on arrival/departure schedules 

(USVI, 2010). 

Hotelling

Hotelling represents the time the ship spends at port. Hotelling times for cruise ships and cargo 

ships were based on data obtained from the Alaskan study (Pechan, 2005) as opposed to the EPA 

study (EPA, 1999a) because a comparison of the times indicated that the Alaskan study better 

reflects what is expected for St. John. For example, it is likely that cruise ships and cargo ships 

will dock in St. John for less than a day. For ferries, hotelling time was assumed to be 0.25 hours 

per call based on ferry schedules (USVI, 2010). 
PECHAN June 2010 

 62 Final Report 

c. Load Factors 

Pechan used average load factors developed by other studies for each vessel type and mode of 

operation. Table V-5 presents the load factors that EPA recommends for propulsion engine 

loads for various vessel types in cruise, RSZ, and maneuvering mode (EPA, 2000). Auxiliary 

load assumptions for cruise ships were based on data available from the Port of Los Angeles 

(POLA, 2004; Pechan, 2005). Like the propulsion load factors, these values represent load 

factors that vary by time-in-mode, which is expected for auxiliary engines as well. See Table 

V-6 for auxiliary load factors by vessel type. 

Table V-5. Propulsion Engine Load Factors by Vessel Type and Mode 

Codes Vessel Type Cruise RSZ Maneuver 

GC General Cargo 0.80 0.35 0.20 

PA Cruise 0.80 0.20 0.10 

MS Miscellaneous* 0.80 0.30 0.15 

*Used for Ferries 

Table V-6. Auxiliary Engine Load Factors by Vessel Type and Mode 

Vessel Type Cruise RSZ Maneuver Hotelling 

General Cargo 0.17 0.27 0.45 0.22 

Miscellaneous* 0.17 0.27 0.45 0.22 

Cruise 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.64 

*Used for Ferries 

C. EMISSION FACTORS 

In its 1999 final rule for commercial marine diesel engines, EPA defined three categories of 

marine diesel engines based on engine displacement, power and revolutions per minute (EPA, 

1999b). Table V-7 presents the definitions for each category. EPA developed a baseline 

emissions inventory for each category. In 2003, a separate rule was finalized for Category 3 

engines. EPA prepared a more detailed emissions inventory for Category 3 engines in the 

regulatory support document for that rulemaking (EPA, 2003a). 

Table V-7. U.S. EPA Marine Engine Category Definitions 

Category Displacement per Cylinder Power Range (kW) 

Revolutions per 

Minute Range 

1 disp. < 5 liters and power > 37 kW 37 - 2,300 1,800 - 3,000 

2 5 < disp. < 30 liters 1,500 - 8,000 750 - 1,500 

3 disp > 30 liters 2,500 - 80,000 60 - 900 

Using EPA methodologies, Pechan assigned each propulsion and auxiliary engine to an EPA 

Marine Engine Category based on the vessel type (EPA 2002; EPA, 2003a). Table V-8 presents 

Pechan’s assignments for each vessel and engine type. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 63 Final Report 

Table V-8. EPA Marine Engine Category by Vessel Type 

Vessel Type Propulsion Auxiliary

General Cargo Cat 3 Cat 2 

Cruise Cat 3 Cat 3 

Ferry Cat 2 Cat 1 

Pechan obtained Category 3 engine emission factors for NOx, hydrocarbons (assumed equivalent 

to VOC), CO, PM, and SO2 from EPA (EPA, 2002). Category 1 and Category 2 engine emission 

factors for NOx, hydrocarbons, CO, and PM were obtained from EPA (1999b) and emission 

factors for SO2 were obtained from a CMV emission inventory prepared for the European 

Commission (ENTEC, 2002). Table V-9 and Table V-10 present the emission factor values for 

each mode of operation, where available. Fine particulate matter (less than or equal to 2.5 

microns [PM2.5]) emissions are assumed to be 97 percent of the PM10 (less than or equal to 10 

microns) emissions. This ratio is based on an updated analysis of particle size distribution data 

analysis performed for nonroad diesel engines in EPA’s NONROAD2004 model (EPA, 2004). 

Table V-9. Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for Category 3 Engines

 VOC NOx CO PM10-PRI SO2

Mode Engine 

Grams per 

kW-hour 

Grams per 

kW-hour 

Grams per 

kW-hour 

Grams per 

kW-hour 

Grams per 

kW-hour 

Cruise 2-stroke 0.530 23.60 1.10 1.73 12.82 

 4-stroke 0.530 16.60 0.70 1.76 12.99 

RSZ 2-stroke 0.530 23.60 1.10 1.73 12.82 

 4-stroke 0.530 16.60 0.70 1.76 12.99 

Maneuver 2-stroke 2.803 32.06 8.14 2.91 19.81 

 4-stroke 2.910 22.64 5.94 2.98 20.30 

Hotel 2-stroke 0.134 13.36 2.48 0.32 1.43 

 4-stroke 0.134 13.36 2.48 0.32 1.43 

Table V-10. Criteria Pollutant Emission Factors for Category 1 and 2 Engines 

Engine 

Category 

Power CO NOx VOC PM10-PRI SO2

(kW) 

(Grams per 

kW-hour] 

(Grams per 

kW-hour) 

(Grams per 

kW-hour] 

(Grams per 

kW-hour] 

(Grams per 

kW-hour] 

Category 2 all 2.48 13.36 0.134 0.32 3.92 

Category 1 

75-130 1.7 10 0.27 0.4 2.27 

130-225 1.5 10 0.27 0.4 2.27 

225-450 1.5 10 0.27 0.3 2.27 

450-560 1.5 10 0.27 0.3 2.27 

560-1000 1.5 10 0.27 0.3 2.27 

1000+ 2.5 13 0.27 0.3 2.27 

NH3 from the combustion of residual and distillate diesel was based on EPA emission factors 

developed on a fuel consumption basis for heavy-duty highway diesel engines (EPA, 2003b). 

The ammonia emission factor is estimated to be 83.3 milligrams per gallon diesel fuel. Since 
PECHAN June 2010 

 64 Final Report 

emission factors are based on fuel consumption, Pechan converted the activity data in kW-hour 

to gallons using brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) rates for each engine type. The BSFC 

values for Category 1 and 2 engines are available from a South Coast Air Quality Management 

District study of marine vessels (AQMD, 2004). The Category 3 BSFC values were obtained 

from an International Maritime Organization report on emissions from CMV (IMO, 2000). 

Table V-11 presents the BSFC values. 

Table V-11. Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption for Marine Engines 

Engine Type Product BSFC, 

gallons/kW-hr

Cat 1 Diesel 0.07249 

Cat 2 Diesel 0.06447 

Cat 3 2-stroke Diesel 0.06473 

Cat 3 4-stroke Diesel 0.07099 

Annual 2002 emissions were calculated by vessel type, engine type and mode of operation using 

the port-specific activity data in kW-hours. Emission amounts were calculated by multiplying 

the activity in kW-hours by the emissions factor in grams per kW-hour and a conversion factor 

from grams to tons. 

D. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODE (SCC) ASSIGNMENTS 

For inventory reporting purposes, EPA classifies CMV emissions by fuel type (coal, residual, 

diesel) and by either vessel type (e.g., cruise, cargo, ferry) or mode of operation (port and 

underway). The SCCs assigned to each vessel category are listed in Table V-12. Due to limited 

data availability, all vessels were assumed to burn marine diesel fuel. 

Table V-12. SCC Assignments by Vessel and Engine Type 

Vessel 

Type Vessel Category Engine SCC SCC Description 

MPR Cruise Ships Diesel 2280002100 Marine Vessels, Commercial, Diesel, Port Emissions 

GGC General Cargo Diesel 2280002100 Marine Vessels, Commercial, Diesel, Port Emissions 

FER Ferries Diesel 2280002100 Marine Vessels, Commercial, Diesel, Port Emissions 

MPR Cruise Ships Diesel 2280002200 Marine Vessels, Commercial, Diesel, Underway Emissions 

GGC General Cargo Diesel 2280002200 Marine Vessels, Commercial, Diesel, Underway Emissions 

FER Ferries Diesel 2280002200 Marine Vessels, Commercial, Diesel, Underway Emissions 

E. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 

PM10 Emissions for Cruise Ships Underway

EmissionsPM10, underway = ∑average time in mode per call (h/call) × # of calls × engine powermode, 

engine type (kW) × Emission Factormode, engine type (g/kW-h) ÷ 907,185 g/ton 
PECHAN June 2010 

 65 Final Report 

Example : EmissionsPM10, underway = [0 h/call × 12 calls × 30,240 kW× 1.76 g/kW-h) ÷ 907,185 

g/ton]cruise, propulsion + [0 h/call × 12 calls × 9,540 kW × 1.76 g/kW-h ÷ 907,185 g/ton]cruise, 

auxiliary + [1.15 h/call × 12 calls × 7,560 kW× 1.76 g/kW-h ÷ 907,185 g/ton]rsv, propulsion + 

[1.15 h/call × 12 calls × 9,540 kW× 1.76 g/kW-h ÷ 907,185 g/ton]rsv, auxiliary

Example Result: EmissionsPM10, underway = 0.46 tons 

F. REFERENCES 

AQMD, 2004: South Coast Air Quality Management District, Carl Moyer Program Appendix 4 

– Marine Vessels, information retrieved February 20, 2004 from 

http://www.aqmd.gov/tao/carl_moyer_program_2003.html. 

ENTEC, 2002: Quantification of Emissions from Ships Associated with Ship Movements 

between Ports in the European Community. Final Report. European Commission, July 

2002. 

EPA, 1999a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Commercial Marine Activity for Deep Sea 

Ports in the United States, prepared by ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., EPA420-R99-020, September 1999. 

EPA, 1999b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Final Regulatory Impact Analysis: 

Control of Emissions from Marine Diesel Engines, Office of Mobile Sources, Engine 

Programs and Compliance Division, EPA420-R-99-026, November 1999. 

EPA, 2000: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analysis of Commercial Marine Vessel 

Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data, Revised Draft Report, prepared by ENVIRON 

International Corp., EPA420-R-00-002, February 2000. 

EPA, 2002: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Commercial Marine Emission Inventory 

Development, Revised Draft Report, prepared by ENVIRON International Corp., April 

2002. 

EPA, 2003a: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Final Regulatory Support Document: 

Control of Emissions from New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 

Liters per Cylinder, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA420-R-03-004, 

January 2003. 

EPA, 2003b: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Draft Documentation for the NONROAD 

Model Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutant Components of the National Emissions 

Inventory (NEI) for 2002 Version: January 2004,” U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Emission Factor and Inventory Group, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, 

Inc., December 2003. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 66 Final Report 

EPA, 2004: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors 

for Nonroad Engine Modeling--Compression-Ignition, Office of Transportation and Air 

Quality, EPA420-P-04-009, April 2004. 

IMO, 2000: International Maritime Organization, Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from 

Ships; Issues No. 2, 31, March 2000. 

Pechan, 2005: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Commercial Marine Inventories for Select 

Alaskan Ports, Final Report, prepared for Alaska Department of Environmental 

Conservation, June 2005. 

POLA, 2004: Port of Los Angeles, Port-Wide Baseline Air Emissions Inventory, Final Draft , 

Prepared For POLA, Prepared By Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC, Houston, TX 77007, 

June 2004. 

USVI, 2010: St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, Ferry Schedules from 

http://www.stjohnusvi.com/ferry.html, viewed May 15, 2010. 

VIPA, 2010: Virgin Islands Port Authority, Marine Traffic, from 

http://www.viport.com/statistics.html, accessed April 28, 2010. 

Webbe, 2010: Keshema Webbe, EPA-CEPD/VI, personal communication with Jonathan G. 

Dorn, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., May 20, 2010. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 67 Final Report 

CHAPTER VI. HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 

INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT 

This section of the study was deleted by the EPA WAM through technical direction. EPA 

Region 2 will use highway mobile source activity data and emissions developed in support of the 

2002 NEI. 
PECHAN June 2010 

 68 Final Report 

CHAPTER VII. EMISSION SUMMARIES 

Table VII-1. Emissions Summary by Inventory and Pollutant 

Pollutant 

Code 

Emissions Numeric Value (tons/yr) 

Small 

Point Nonpoint CMV TOTAL 

VOC 0.011 4.149 4.159 

NOX 0.715 3.675 318.357 322.747 

CO 60.101 60.101 

SO2 1.432 0.045 94.210 95.687 

PM10-PRI 0.079 143.991 8.581 152.651 

PM25-PRI 0.062 23.245 8.324 31.631 

PM10-FIL 0.035 143.982 8.581 152.599 

PM25-FIL 0.018 23.237 8.324 31.579 

PM-CON 0.044 0.008 0.000 0.052 

NH3 0.132 0.132 

Table VII-2. Small Point Emissions Summary by Pollutant and Facility 

Pollutant 

Code 

Emissions Numeric Value (tons/yr) 

Caneel 

Bay 

Resort 

Gallows 

Point 

Resort 

Grand 

Bay 

Resort 

Myrah Keating 

Smith 

Community 

Health Center Sirenusa

VI Water & 

Power 

Authority TOTAL

PM25-FIL 0.010 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.018

PM10-FIL 0.014 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.017 0.035

PM-CON 0.016 0.000 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.022 0.044

PM25-PRI 0.027 0.000 0.008 0.001 0.000 0.026 0.062

PM10-PRI 0.030 0.000 0.009 0.001 0.000 0.038 0.079

SO2 0.537 0.000 0.162 0.021 0.000 0.711 1.432

NOX 0.252 0.019 0.083 0.027 0.000 0.334 0.715

VOC 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.011
PECHAN 

 69 

Table VII-3. Small Point Emissions by Facility and SCC 

Facility Name 

SIC 

Code SCC SCC Level 1 Description 

SCC Level 2 

Description SCC Level 3 Description SCC Level 4 

Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Caneel Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Gallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGallows Point Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Grand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComGrand Bay Resort 7000 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers 
PECHAN 

 70 

Facility Name 

SIC 

Code SCC SCC Level 1 Description 

SCC Level 2 

Description SCC Level 3 Description SCC Level 4 

Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComMyrah Keating Smith Community Health Center 8060 2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All ComSirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Sirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Sirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Sirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Sirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Sirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Sirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers Sirenusa 7000 2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/ Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers VI Water & Power Authority 3612 2101004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total: Boilers 
PECHAN 

 71 

Table VII-4. Nonpoint Emissions by SCC 

SCC SCC Level 1 Description SCC Level 2 Description SCC Level 3 Description SCC Level 4 Description 

2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types 2294000000 Mobile Sources Paved Roads All Paved Roads Total: Fugitives 2294000000 Mobile Sources Paved Roads All Paved Roads Total: Fugitives 2294000000 Mobile Sources Paved Roads All Paved Roads Total: Fugitives 2294000000 Mobile Sources Paved Roads All Paved Roads Total: Fugitives 2294000000 Mobile Sources Paved Roads All Paved Roads Total: Fugitives 2296000000 Mobile Sources Unpaved Roads All Unpaved Roads Total: Fugitives 2296000000 Mobile Sources Unpaved Roads All Unpaved Roads Total: Fugitives 2296000000 Mobile Sources Unpaved Roads All Unpaved Roads Total: Fugitives 2296000000 Mobile Sources Unpaved Roads All Unpaved Roads Total: Fugitives 2296000000 Mobile Sources Unpaved Roads All Unpaved Roads Total: Fugitives 2305070000 Industrial Processes Mineral Processes SIC 32 - Concrete, Gypsum, Plaster Products Total 2305070000 Industrial Processes Mineral Processes SIC 32 - Concrete, Gypsum, Plaster Products Total 2305070000 Industrial Processes Mineral Processes SIC 32 - Concrete, Gypsum, Plaster Products Total 2305070000 Industrial Processes Mineral Processes SIC 32 - Concrete, Gypsum, Plaster Products Total 2305070000 Industrial Processes Mineral Processes SIC 32 - Concrete, Gypsum, Plaster Products Total 2311010000 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construction Total 2311010000 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construction Total 2311010000 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construction Total 2311010000 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construction Total 2311010000 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construction Total 2610000100 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Leaf Species Unspecified 2610000100 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Leaf Species Unspecified 2610000100 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Leaf Species Unspecified 2610000100 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Leaf Species Unspecified 2610000100 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Leaf Species Unspecified 2610000100 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Leaf Species Unspecified 2610000400 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Brush Species Unspecified 2610000400 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Brush Species Unspecified 2610000400 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Brush Species Unspecified 2610000400 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Brush Species Unspecified 2610000400 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Brush Species Unspecified 2610000400 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning All Categories Yard Waste - Brush Species Unspecified 2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning Residential Household Waste (use 26-10-000-xxx for Yard W2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning Residential Household Waste (use 26-10-000-xxx for Yard W
PECHAN 

 72 

SCC SCC Level 1 Description SCC Level 2 Description SCC Level 3 Description SCC Level 4 Description 

2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning Residential Household Waste (use 26-10-000-xxx for Yard W2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning Residential Household Waste (use 26-10-000-xxx for Yard W2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning Residential Household Waste (use 26-10-000-xxx for Yard W2610030000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Open Burning Residential Household Waste (use 26-10-000-xxx for Yard W2620000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Landfills All Categories Total 2620000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Landfills All Categories Total 2620000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Landfills All Categories Total 2620000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Landfills All Categories Total 2620000000 Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery Landfills All Categories Total 2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set on fire Unspecified 2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set on fire Unspecified 2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set on fire Unspecified 2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set on fire Unspecified 2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set on fire Unspecified 2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set on fire Unspecified 2810001000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Forest Wildfires Wildfires - Unspecified 2810001000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Forest Wildfires Wildfires - Unspecified 2810001000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Forest Wildfires Wildfires - Unspecified 2810001000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Forest Wildfires Wildfires - Unspecified 2810001000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Forest Wildfires Wildfires - Unspecified 2810015000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Forest Burning Unspecified 2810015000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Forest Burning Unspecified 2810015000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Forest Burning Unspecified 2810015000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Forest Burning Unspecified 2810015000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Forest Burning Unspecified 2810020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Rangeland Burning Unspecified 2810020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Rangeland Burning Unspecified 2810020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Rangeland Burning Unspecified 2810020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Rangeland Burning Unspecified 2810020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Prescribed Rangeland Burning Unspecified 2810030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Structure Fires Total 2810030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Structure Fires Total 2810030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Structure Fires Total 2810030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Structure Fires Total 2810030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Structure Fires Total 2810030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Structure Fires Total 2810050000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris) Unspecified Burn Method (use 2610000500 for n2810050000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris) Unspecified Burn Method (use 2610000500 for n2810050000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris) Unspecified Burn Method (use 2610000500 for n2810050000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris) Unspecified Burn Method (use 2610000500 for n2810050000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion Managed Burning, Slash (Logging Debris) Unspecified Burn Method (use 2610000500 for n
PECHAN June 2010 

 73 Final Report 

Table VII-5. CMV Emissions Summary by Pollutant and Vessel Type 

Pollutant Code 

Emissions Numeric Value (tons/yr) 

Cargo 

Ship 

Cruise 

Ship Ferry TOTAL 

VOC 0.035 0.786 3.327 4.149 

NOX 0.957 21.809 295.591 318.357 

CO 0.122 3.733 56.246 60.101 

SO2 0.489 8.411 85.311 94.210 

PM10-PRI 0.065 1.307 7.209 8.581 

PM25-PRI 0.063 1.268 6.993 8.324 

PM10-FIL 0.065 1.307 7.209 8.581 

PM25-FIL 0.063 1.268 6.993 8.324 

PM-CON 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 

NH3 0.000 0.009 0.123 0.132 
PECHAN 

 74 

Table VII-6. CMV Emissions by Vessel Type and SCC 

Vessel 

Type SCC 

SCC Level 1 

Description SCC Level 2 Description 

SCC Level 3 

Description 

SCC Level 4 

Description 

Po

Cargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions VOCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions NOCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions CO Cargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions SOCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions NHCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions VOCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions NOCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions CO Cargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions SOCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCargo Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions NHCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions VOCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions NOCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions CO Cruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions SOCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions NHCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions VOCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions NO
PECHAN 

 75 

Vessel 

Type SCC 

SCC Level 1 

Description SCC Level 2 Description 

SCC Level 3 

Description 

SCC Level 4 

Description 

Po

Cruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions CO Cruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions SOCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMCruise Ship 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions NHFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions VOFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions NOFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions CO Ferry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions SOFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions PMFerry 2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions NHFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions VOFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions NOFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions CO Ferry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions SOFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions PMFerry 2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underway emissions NH
PECHAN June 2010 

 76 Final Report 

[This page intentionally left blank.]
PECHAN 

 A-77 

APPENDIX A. FINAL CLOSE OUT PRESENTATION 
Development of 2002 Regional Haze 

Source Emission Inventories for St. 

John, U.S. Virgin Islands

E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.

Jonathan G. Dorn, Ph.D.

Frank Divita Jr., Ph.D.

June 28, 2010
2

Presentation Outline

• Project Background

• Project Scope

• Project Approach

• Source Categories Included

• Methods

• Example Calculations

• Results

• Summary 
3

Emissions Inventory Experience

• More than 15 years experience supporting the EPA:

– National Emissions Inventory (NEI)

• Point, Stationary Nonpoint, Onroad Mobile, Nonroad Mobile

• For 2008 NEI, Pechan developed Nonpoint, EGU, Nonroad, and Onroad

– Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID)

• Base and future year inventories for RIA:

– Tier 2 Vehicle Standards, HDDV, NOx SIP Call, CAIR, Nonroad Engine 

Standards, Regional Haze

• State Agencies and Regional Planning Organizations

– Criteria Pollutant Inventories for SESARM, CENRAP, OTC, MANE-VU, 

MARAMA, WRAP, VISTAS, LADCO

– Criteria/HAP Pollutant Inventories for Texas, Kansas, Pennsylvania, 

Arizona, Delaware

– GHG inventories/forecasts for AK, CO, ID, MT, NV, SD, UT, WA, WY
4

Project Background

• Section 169A of the Clean Air Act provides 

authority to the EPA to require SIPs to protect 

visibility in Federal Class I areas.

• The Regional Haze Rule (RH), promulgated 

by EPA, calls for state and federal agencies 

to work together to improve visibility in 

Federal Class I areas.

• The U.S. Virgin Islands National Park, located 

on St. John, VI, is a Federal Class I area.
5

Project Background (cont.)

• Regional Haze Rule requires annual 

emissions estimates

• Pollutants taken into account are:

– primary PM10 and PM2.5 (filterable and 

condensable)

– oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

– volatile organic compounds (VOC)

– sulfur dioxide (SO2)

– ammonia (NH3)
6

Project Scope

• Develop a 2002 RH emissions inventory 

that contains annual emissions from 

selected point, stationary nonpoint, 

nonroad mobile, and onroad mobile 

source categories expected to 

contribute to air pollution in St. John, VI.

• Estimate PM10, PM2.5, NOx, VOC, SO2, 

and NH3, as applicable.
7

Project Approach

• Estimate emissions using EPA methods

• Develop and implement Quality 

Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)

• Obtain local activity data, when possible

• Develop Excel calculation workbooks to 

provide transparency and ability to 

update

• Develop detailed written documentation 

with examples
Proprietary & Confidential 8

Geographic Coverage, St. John Only
9

Source Categories Considered

EPA supplied the list of source categories

– Small Point Sources

• 6 named facilities

– Stationary Nonpoint Sources

• 16 nonpoint categories

– Commercial Marine Vessels

• 3 vessel types

– Highway Mobile Sources 
10

Small Point Sources

• Caneel Bay Resort

• Gallows Point Resort

• Grand Bay Resort

• Sirenusa

• Myrah Keating Smith Community Health 

Center

• Virgin Islands Water & Power Authority
11

Stationary Nonpoint Sources

• Agricultural Field Burning

• Concrete Batch Mixing (Majestic Concrete)

• Forest Wildfires

• Fugitive Dust – Paved Roads

• Fugitive Dust – Unpaved Roads

• Landfills

• Managed Burning – Logging Debris

• Open Burning – Household Waste

• Open Burning – Yard Waste – Brush

• Open Burning – Yard Waste – Leaves

• Prescribed Forest Burning

• Prescribed Rangeland Burning

• Residential Boilers – LPG

• Residential Construction

• Small Electric Utility Boilers (not included in summary)

• Structure Fires
12

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Commercial Marine Vessel and Highway Mobile Sources

• Commercial Marine Vessels

– Cargo Ship

– Cruise Ship

– Ferry

• Highway Mobile Sources

– Used 2002 NEI estimates because local 

data was not available. Emissions are not 

included in the report.
13

Organization of the Final Report

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II. DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSIONS 

ESTIMATES

A. ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

B. GENERAL EMISSION ESTIMATION 

METHODOLOGIES

C. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES

D. AUDIT

E. REFERENCES

CHAPTER III. SMALL POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 

INVENTORY 

A. CANEEL BAY RESORT

B. GALLOWS POINT RESORT

C. GRAND BAY RESORT

D. MYRAH KEATING SMITH COMMUNITY HEALTH 

CENTER

E. SIRENUSA

F. VIRGIN ISLANDS WATER & POWER AUTHORITY

CHAPTER IV. NONPOINT SOURCE EMISSIONS 

INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT

A. AGRICULTURAL FIELD BURNING

B. FOREST WILDFIRES

C. FUGITIVE DUST – PAVED ROADS

D. FUGITIVE DUST – UNPAVED ROADS

E. LANDFILLS

F. MAJESTIC CONCRETE – BATCH MIXING FACILITY

G. MANAGED BURNING – LOGGING DEBRIS

H. OPEN BURNING – HOUSEHOLD WASTE

I. OPEN BURNING – YARD WASTE - BRUSH

J. OPEN BURNING – YARD WASTE - LEAVES

K. PRESCRIBED FOREST BURNING

L. PRESCRIBED RANGELAND BURNING

M. RESIDENTIAL BOILERS - LPG

N. RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

O. SMALL ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

P. STRUCTURE FIRES

CHAPTER V. COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSEL 

EMISSIONS INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT

A. DESCRIPTION

B. ACTIVITY DATA

C. EMISSION FACTORS

D. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODE (SCC) 

ASSIGNMENT

E. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

F. REFERENCES

CHAPTER VI. HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS 

INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER VII. EMISSION SUMMARIES
14

Methods
15

Small Point and Stationary Nonpoint Sources

Estimated year 2002 emissions at the SCC 

level

Ey = uy × EF × CF

Ey = annual emissions (ton/year)

uy = annual activity (e.g., volume of fuel used (gallons))

EF = emission factor (tons of pollutant emitted/gallon of fuel)

CF = control factor (Note: CF= (1-CE), where CE is the 

control efficiency)

Note: In some cases surrogate data was used to approximate year 2002 activity
16

Commercial Marine Vessels

Activity for each CMV category was calculated using the 

following equation:

Activitymode = activity by mode (kilowatt [kW]-hours) 

Power = rated engine power by vessel and engine type (kWs)

Load Factor = load factor of the engine by vessel type and mode 

Timemode = time in mode per call by vessel type (hours)

Calls = number of port calls by vessel and engine type

Activity = Power × LoadFactor ×Time ×Calls mode mode
Proprietary & Confidential 17

Local Activity Data Ratings

Rating Description

A Data acquired for 100% of variables used in estimating activity and 

emissions factors (where applicable).

B Data acquired for 80% of variables used in estimating activity and 

emissions factors (where applicable).

C Data acquired for 60% of variables used in estimating activity and 

emissions factors (where applicable).

D Data acquired for 40% of variables used in estimating activity and 

emissions factors (where applicable).

E Data acquired for 20% of variables used in estimating activity and 

emissions factors (where applicable).

F No data received. 

Note: When data acquired was less than 100%, missing variables were 

approximated using surrogate data.
Proprietary & Confidential 18

Data Collected – Small Point Sources

Category Description Data Collected Surrogate Data Data Rating

Resort Caneel Bay 

Resort

Back-up power generator size, type 

and fuel consumption.

A

Resort Gallows Point 

Resort

Fuel consumption for two propane 

laundry dryers, back-up generator 

size, type and hours of operation.

fuel consumption B

Condominium Grand Bay Back-up generator is used on site. 

No information on size or fuel usage. 

Propane pool heater and 

approximate fuel consumption.

generator size and fuel consumption E

Hospital Myrah

Keating Smith 

Community 

Health Center

Back-up generator type, size, fuel 

consumption rate, and hours of 

operation. Propane hot water heater 

type and size. No medical waste 

burning.

No information on fuel consumption 

for hot water heater. 

B

Condominium Sirenusa No data received. Did not break 

ground until 2006, so emissions 

assumed to be zero for 2002 

inventory.

F

Industry VI Water & 

Power 

Authority

Back-up power generator type, size, 

fuel consumption rate, annual fuel 

consumption, and no emission 

control system. No power generation 

facility on site. Power is supplied via 

undersea cable from .

A
Proprietary & Confidential 19

Data Collected – Nonpoint

Category Description Data Collected Surrogate Data Data Rating

Landfills Total; All Categories Landfill volume, status of landfill (i.e., inactive) and information on 

methane flaring

A

Fugitive Dust from 

Paved and Unpaved 

Roads

All Paved Roads; 

Total; Fugitives

No data received. F

Managed Burning -

Slash

Total; Managed 

Burning -Slash 

(Logging Debris)

No burning in 2002 A

Prescribed Burning Total; Forest 

Management; 

Prescribed Burning

No burning in 2002 A

Prescribed Burning Total; Rangeland 

Management; 

Prescribed Burning

No burning in 2002 A

Residential 

Household Waste 

Open Burning

Total; Household 

Waste; Open Burning

No burning in 2002 A

Agriculture 

Production - Crops

Agricultural Field 

Burning; Total

No burning in 2002 A

Industry Concrete Batch, 

Majestic Concrete

Sand and aggregate storage method, concrete mixing, concrete 

constituent loading, surface at site, controls, and quantity of 

concrete mixed in 2006.

windspeed, moisture 

content

C

Residential Yard 

Waste Burning -

Leaves

Total; Yard Waste; 

Open Burning -

Leaves

Percent composition of yard waste by vegetation type (i.e., grass, 

brush, and leaves), percent of population that burns yard waste.

per capita yard waste, 

% of material burned

C

Residential Yard 

Waste Burning -

Brush

Total; Yard Waste; 

Open Burning - Brush

Percent composition of yard waste by vegetation type (i.e., grass, 

brush, and leaves), percent of population that burns yard waste.

per capita yard waste, 

% of material burned

C

Wildfires Total; Wildfires Acres burned in 2002. fuel load factor C

Residential 

Construction -

Fugitive Dust

Total; All Processes; 

Construction

Number of residential building permits, percent of houses that 

have part of their foundation below grade.

precipitationevaporation indexC
Proprietary & Confidential 20

Data Collected – Mobile Sources

Major 

Category

Minor 

Category Description Data Collected Surrogate Data Data Rating

Commercial

Marine 

Vessels

Ferry Traffic Cruz Bay No data received. Data on ship 

calls obtained from Virgin 

Islands Water and Power 

Authority (VI WAPA) web site.

power by vessel and 

engine type, load factor 

by vessel type, time in 

mode per call by vessel 

type

E

Commercial

Marine 

Vessels

Cruise Ship 

Traffic

Cruz Bay No data received. Data on ship 

calls obtained from VI WAPA 

web site.

power by vessel and 

engine type, load factor 

by vessel type, time in 

mode per call by vessel 

type

E

Commercial

Marine 

Vessels

Marine Cargo 

Traffic

Enighed Pond 

Marine Facility

No data received. Data on ship 

calls obtained from VI WAPA 

web site.

power by vessel and 

engine type, load factor 

by vessel type, time in 

mode per call by vessel 

type

E

Highway

Mobile 

Source

No data received F
21

Emission Factors

• Emissions factors obtained from:

– Emission Inventory Improvement Program 

Guidance

– AP-42 Documents, other EPA approved inventory 

development guidance

– Pechan’s work on the 2008 nonpoint NEI for EPA

– Pechan’s work on Commercial Marine Inventories 

for EPA and Alaska DEP

• Emission factors/SCC assignments by 

pollutant clearly documented
Proprietary & Confidential 22

Example Calculations
Proprietary & Confidential 23

Example Calculation – Caneel Bay Resort

• Data Rating A

• Two 725 kW back-up diesel generators

• Consumed 25,232 gallons of diesel fuel

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor 

(lb/103

Gallons)

Primary PM2.5, Filterable 

Portion Only PM25-FIL 0.83

Primary PM10, Filterable 

Portion Only PM10-FIL 1.08

Primary PM Condensible 

Portion Only PM-CON 1.3

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable + 

Condensible) PM25-PRI 2.13

Primary PM10 (Filterable + 

Condensible) PM10-PRI 2.38

Nitrogen Oxides NOx 20

Volatile Organic Carbon VOC 0.34

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 42.6

PM2.5, filterable emissions = PM2.5 EF ×

total diesel consumption

PM2.5, filterable emissions = 0.83 lb/103

Gallons × 25.232 × 103 Gallons 

PM2.5, filterable emissions = 20.94 lb or 

1.05E-2 tons
Proprietary & Confidential 24

Example Calculation – Open Burning Leaf Waste

• Data Rating – C

• Population of St. John in 2002 = 4,252

• Per capita waste yard waste generated (lb/person/day) = 0.54

• Leaf fraction of waste = 0.10

• Fraction of population that burns yard waste = 0.40

• Fraction of yard waste generated that is actually burned = 0.28

Activity = population x per capita yard waste generation x fraction of 

leaves x fraction that burn waste x fraction of waste burned

Activity = 4,252 person × 0.54 lb/person/day × 0.10 × 0.40 × 0.28 ×

365 days/year × 1 ton /2000 lbs

Activity = 4.69 tons of leaves burned

SO2 emissions = tons of leaves burned × SO2 emission factor

SO2 emissions = 4.69 tons × 0.76 lbs/ton × 1 ton/2000 lbs

SO2 emissions = 1.78E-3 tons

Pollutant Description

Pollutant 

Code

Emission 

Factor (lb/103

Gallons)

Primary PM2.5, Filterable 

Portion Only PM25-FIL 22

Primary PM10, Filterable 

Portion Only PM10-FIL 22

Primary PM Condensible 

Portion Only PM-CON 0

Primary PM2.5 (Filterable 

+ Condensible) PM25-PRI 22

Primary PM10 (Filterable 

+ Condensible) PM10-PRI 22

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 0.76
Proprietary & Confidential 25

Commercial Marine Vessels – Ports of Call

Port Cruise 

Ship Ferry General 

Cargo

The Loredon L. Boynes Sr. Dock √ √

The Cargo Dock √

The Theodore Eric Moorehead Marine 

Facility (Cruz Bay)

The Victor William Sewer Marine Facility √ √
Proprietary & Confidential 26

Commercial Marine Vessels – Engine Data and Port Calls

Vessel 

Type

Engine 

Type

Engine 

Config.

Total 

Calls

Weighted 

Propulsion 

Engine, kW

Weighted Aux 

Engine, kW

Service 

Speed, 

knots

Ferry Diesel 2-stroke 8,679 7,502 (Cat 2) 1,514 (Cat 1) 13

Cargo Diesel 2-stroke 43 800 (Cat 3) 79 (Cat 2) 14

Cruise Diesel 4-stroke 12 37,800 (Cat 3) 11,925 (Cat 3) 20
Proprietary & Confidential 27

Commercial Marine Vessels – Operation Modes

Vessel Mode Description

Cruise Time at service or normal cruising speed calculated for a port area 

from 25 miles outside of the breakwater, which is the geographic 

marker for the change from open ocean to inland waterway.

Reduced Speed Zone Time at a speed less than cruise and greater than maneuvering. 

This is the maximum safe speed the vessel uses to traverse 

distances within the waterway, RSZ often occurs from the 

breakwater or waterway entrance until maneuvering starts, and then 

again when the vessel is clearing the waterway. 

Maneuvering Time at dead slow (2 to 5 knots), which is typically carried out for the 

last 2 miles before the vessel reaches its pier/wharf/dock (PWD) or 

anchorage, or reverse. 

Hotelling Time at port when vessel is operating auxiliary engines only 
Proprietary & Confidential 28

Example Calculation – Commercial Marine Vessels

PM10 Emissions 

for Cruise Ships Underway:

EmissionsPM10, underway = ∑average time per call (h/call) × # of calls × engine powermode, engine 

type (kW) × Emission Factormode, engine type (g/kW-h) ÷ 907,185 g/ton

EmissionsPM10, underway = [0 h/call × 12 calls × 30,240 kW × 1.76 g/kW-h) ÷ 907,185 g/ton]cruise, propulsion + 

[0 h/call × 12 calls × 9,540 kW × 1.76 g/kW-h ÷ 907,185 g/ton]cruise, auxiliary + [1.15 h/call × 12 calls 

× 7,560 kW × 1.76 g/kW-h ÷ 907,185 g/ton]RSZ, propulsion + [1.15 h/call × 12 calls × 9,540 kW × 1.76 

g/kW-h ÷ 907,185 g/ton]RSZ, auxiliary

EmissionsPM10, underway = 0.46 TONS

VOC NOx CO PM10-PRI SO2

Mode Engine

Grams per 

kW-hour

Grams per 

kW-hour

Grams per 

kW-hour

Grams per 

kW-hour

Grams per 

kW-hour

Cruise 2-stroke 0.530 23.60 1.10 1.73 12.82

4-stroke 0.530 16.60 0.70 1.76 12.99

RSZ 2-stroke 0.530 23.60 1.10 1.73 12.82

4-stroke 0.530 16.60 0.70 1.76 12.99

Maneuver 2-stroke 2.803 32.06 8.14 2.91 19.81

4-stroke 2.910 22.64 5.94 2.98 20.30

Hotel 2-stroke 0.134 13.36 2.48 0.32 1.43

4-stroke 0.134 13.36 2.48 0.32 1.43
Proprietary & Confidential 29

Results
Proprietary & Confidential 30

Total Emissions – Summaries

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

NH3 NOX PM 10 PRI PM 2.5 PRI SO2 VOC

Tons/Year

Overall Emissions

Small Point

Non Point

Commercial Marine Vessels

On Road Mobile

Total
Proprietary & Confidential 31

Compared to Other Regions

VOC NOx SO2 PM2.5 Primary Ammonia PM10 Primary

Delaware 64,177 58,346 84,889 7,019 7,070 17,628 

Los Angelos MSA 186,116 111,877 46,823 26,452 3,768 48,147 

St. John, VI 40 330 97 32 2 153 

-

20,000 

40,000 

60,000 

80,000 

100,000 

120,000 

140,000 

160,000 

180,000 

200,000 

Tons/Year

Annual Emissions
Proprietary & Confidential 32

Total Emissions – By Type and Source

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Marine 

Vessel - Port

Marine 

Vessel -

Underway

Light-Duty 

Gas Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

Ammonia (NH3)

1% 6%

80%

8%

4% 1%
Proprietary & Confidential 33

Total Emissions – By Type and Source

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Tons/Year

Nitrous Oxides (NOX)

1%

11%

80%

5% 1% 2%
Proprietary & Confidential 34

Total Emissions – By Type and Source

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Tons/Year

PM10 Primary

1% 5%

21%

65%

7%
Proprietary & Confidential 35

Total Emissions – By Type and Source

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Tons/Year

PM2.5 Primary

4%

22%

20%

46%

3%

1% 1% 1%
Proprietary & Confidential 36

Total Emissions – By Type and Source

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Tons/Year

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

1% 1%

11%

86%

1%
Proprietary & Confidential 37

Total Emissions – By Type and Source

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tons/Year

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

3%

7%

73%

1%

7%

6% 2% 1%
Proprietary & Confidential 38

Small Point Emissions – By Source

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Caneel Bay Resort Gallows Point Resort Grand Bay Resort Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center

VI Water & Power Authority

Tons/Year

Nitrous Oxides (NOX)

35%

3% 11%

4%

47%
Proprietary & Confidential 39

Small Point Emissions – By Source

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

Caneel Bay Resort Gallows Point Resort Grand Bay Resort Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center

VI Water & Power 

Authority

Tons/Year

PM10 Primary

38%

11%

2%

49%
Proprietary & Confidential 40

Small Point Emissions – By Source

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Caneel Bay Resort Gallows Point Resort Grand Bay Resort Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center

VI Water & Power Authority

Tons/Year

PM2.5 Primary

43%

13%

2%

42%
Proprietary & Confidential 41

Small Point Emissions – By Source

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Caneel Bay Resort Gallows Point Resort Grand Bay Resort Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center

VI Water & Power Authority

Tons/Year

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

38%

11%

1%

50%
Proprietary & Confidential 42

Small Point Emissions – By Source

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

0.0035

0.004

0.0045

0.005

Caneel Bay Resort Gallows Point Resort Grand Bay Resort Myrah Keating Smith 

Community Health Center

VI Water & Power Authority

Tons/Year

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

40%

7% 15%

7%

31%
Proprietary & Confidential 43

Nonpoint Emissions – By Source

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Residential, LPG Structure Fires

Tons/Year

Nitrous Oxides (NOX)

100%
Proprietary & Confidential 44

Nonpoint Source Emissions – By Source

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Residential, 

LPG

Paved Roads Unpaved 

Roads

Concrete, 

Gypsum, 

Plaster

Construction Leaf Burning Brush Burning Forest fires Structure Fires

Tons/Year

PM10 Primary

23%

69%

8%
Proprietary & Confidential 45

Nonpoint Source Emissions – By Source

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Residential, 

LPG

Paved Roads Unpaved 

Roads

Concrete, 

Gypsum, 

Plaster

Construction Leaf Burning Brush Burning Forest fires Structure Fires

Tons/Year

PM2.5 Primary

28%

64%

5% 1% 2%
Proprietary & Confidential 46

Nonpoint Source Emissions – By Source

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Residential, LPG Leaf Burning Brush Burning

Tons/Year

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

36%

4%

60%
Proprietary & Confidential 47

CMV Emissions - By Vessel Type

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

Cruise Ship Ferry Cargo Ship

Tons/Year

Ammonia (NH3)

7%

93%
Proprietary & Confidential 48

CMV Emissions - By Vessel Type

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Cruise Ship Ferry Cargo Ship

Tons/Year

Nitrous Oxides (NOX)

7%

93%
Proprietary & Confidential 49

CMV Emissions - By Vessel Type

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Cruise Ship Ferry Cargo Ship

Tons/Year

PM10 Primary

15%

84%

1%
Proprietary & Confidential 50

CMV Emissions - By Vessel Type

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Cruise Ship Ferry Cargo Ship

Tons/Year

PM2.5 Primary

15%

84%

1%
Proprietary & Confidential 51

CMV Emissions - By Vessel Type

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Cruise Ship Ferry Cargo Ship

Tons/Year

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

9%

91%
Proprietary & Confidential 52

CMV Emissions - By Vessel Type

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Cruise Ship Ferry Cargo Ship

Tons/Year

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

19%

80%

1%
Proprietary & Confidential 53

On Road Mobile Emissions – By Type

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Light-Duty Gas 

Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

CO 

81%

1%

9%

7%

2%
Proprietary & Confidential 54

On Road Mobile Emissions – By Type

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Light-Duty Gas 

Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

NH3

86%

8%

1% 1% 4%
Proprietary & Confidential 55

On Road Mobile Emissions – By Type

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Light-Duty Gas 

Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

NOX

63%

1%

7%

5%

4%

20%
Proprietary & Confidential 56

On Road Mobile Emissions – By Type

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Light-Duty Gas 

Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

PM10 Primary

59%

1%

6%

4%

3%

24%

2% 1%
Proprietary & Confidential 57

On Road Mobile Emissions – By Type

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Light-Duty Gas 

Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

PM2.5 Primary

50%

1% 6%

4%

3%

33%

2% 1%
Proprietary & Confidential 58

On Road Mobile Emissions – By Type

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Light-Duty Gas 

Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

SO2

73%

1%

9%

6%

3%

8%
Proprietary & Confidential 59

On Road Mobile Emissions – By Type

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Light-Duty Gas 

Vehicles

Motorcycles LDGT1 LDGT2 Other HDDV LDDT LDDV

Tons/Year

VOCs

81%

2% 8%

6% 2% 1%
Proprietary & Confidential 60

Compared to Other Regions

VOC NOx SO2 PM2.5 Primary Ammonia PM10 Primary

Delaware 64,177 58,346 84,889 7,019 7,070 17,628 

Los Angelos MSA 186,116 111,877 46,823 26,452 3,768 48,147 

St. John, VI 40 330 97 32 2 153 

-

20,000 

40,000 

60,000 

80,000 

100,000 

120,000 

140,000 

160,000 

180,000 

200,000 

Tons/Year

Annual Emissions
Proprietary & Confidential 61

Compared to Other Regions

VOC NOx SO2 PM2.5 Primary Ammonia PM10 Primary

Delaware 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.02 

Los Angelos MSA 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

St. John, VI 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.04 

-

0.02 

0.04 

0.06 

0.08 

0.10 

0.12 

Tons/Year

Per Capita Emissions (2000 Census Data)
62

Summary

• Emissions from St. John are small and likely only have a small 

effect on visibility

• Largest emission categories are NOx from ferry’s and PM for 

paved/unpaved roads

• Emissions from ‘small point sources’ are insignificant

• Per capita NOx and PM10 emissions in St. John are larger than 

Los Angeles and Delaware

• Local data not available for all source categories, (i.e., highway 

mobile sources)
63

Recommendations for Improvement

• Emissions from recreational motor craft should be estimated

• Emissions from commercial marine vessels are significant, but 

details on the local activity were unavailable and had to be 

estimated

• Sulfur limits on US refined diesel fuels have been reduced. 

Future estimates should consider using revised SO2 emissions 

factors
64

Acknowledgements

• EPA Region 2: New York

– Raymond Forde (Project Manager)

– Bob Kelly

– Matthew Laurita

– Reema Loutan

– Michael Moltzen

– Megan Pease

– Steven Riva

– Richard Ruvo

– Bonnie Weinbach

– Raymond Werner

• EPA Region 2, Virgin Islands Coordinator Office

– Keshema Webbe
65

Acknowledgements (Continued)

• Virgin Islands Waste Management Authority

– May Adams Cornwall

• Virgin Islands Fire Service

– Daryl George

• Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources

– Verline Marcellin

– Dr. Nadine Noorhasan

– Douglas Hodge

• Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority

– Greg Rhymer

• Caneel Bay

– Alvin Nazario

• Gallows Point Resort

– Akhil Deshwal

• Grand Bay Resort

– Robert Messick, Attorney At Law, Icard, Merrill, Cullis, Timm, Furen & Ginsburg, P.A.

• Myrah Keating Smith Community Health Center

– Bernard Richardson

• Sanford, Amerling & Associates, Sirenusa

– Josh Amerling
66

QUESTIONS?