NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 16a0655n.06

No. 16-3319

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

EDGAR BAMACA-PEREZ,

Petitioner,

v.

LORETTA E. LYNCH, U.S. Attorney 

General,

Respondent.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

FROM THE UNITED STATES 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS

BEFORE: SILER, BATCHELDER, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM. Edgar Bamaca-Perez petitions this court for review of an order of the 

Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing his appeal from the denial of his application for 

cancellation of removal. 

Bamaca-Perez, a native and citizen of Guatemala, entered the United States without 

inspection in December 1999. In 2011, the Department of Homeland Security served BamacaPerez with a notice to appear in removal proceedings, charging him with removability as an alien 

present in the United States without being admitted or paroled. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). 

Bamaca-Perez appeared before an immigration judge (IJ) and conceded removability. BamacaPerez subsequently applied for cancellation of removal on the basis that his removal would result 

in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his United States citizen children. See 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1229b(b)(1)(D). After a hearing, the IJ denied Bamaca-Perez’s application for cancellation of 

removal, finding that hardship did exist but did not rise to the level of exceptional and extremely 
No. 16-3319

Bamaca-Perez v. Lynch

- 2 -

unusual hardship. Bamaca-Perez appealed the IJ’s decision. Dismissing the appeal, the BIA 

rejected Bamaca-Perez’s argument that the IJ should have considered the “best interests of the 

children” and concluded that the IJ “provided a proper and full consideration of the appropriate 

hardship standard for purposes of cancellation of removal.” This timely petition for review 

followed. 

To be eligible for cancellation of removal under Section 240A(b) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act (INA), the alien must establish “that removal would result in exceptional and 

extremely unusual hardship to the alien’s spouse, parent, or child, who is a citizen of the United 

States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D). The 

agency’s hardship determination is a discretionary decision outside the scope of our review. See

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i); Aburto-Rocha v. Mukasey, 535 F.3d 500, 503 (6th Cir. 2008). 

Bamaca-Perez contends that the “best interests of the child” must be considered as an explicit 

factor in the hardship analysis when the qualifying relative is a child. We have jurisdiction to 

review this legal question. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Ettienne v. Holder, 659 F.3d 513, 517 

(6th Cir. 2011). “Questions of law are reviewed de novo, but substantial deference is given to 

the BIA’s interpretation of the INA and accompanying regulations.” Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 

429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). 

Article 3(1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Nov. 1, 

1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3, 28 I.L.M. 1448, states: “In all actions concerning children, whether 

undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative 

authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.” 

28 I.L.M. at 1459. As Bamaca-Perez acknowledges, the United States has not ratified the CRC. 

See Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 576 (2005). Bamaca-Perez asserts that the CRC’s “best 
No. 16-3319

Bamaca-Perez v. Lynch

- 3 -

interests of the child” standard has attained the status of customary international law and 

therefore must be considered as an explicit factor in the hardship analysis under INA 

§ 240A(b)(1)(D) when the qualifying relative is a child. Resort to customary international law is 

appropriate “where there is no treaty and no controlling executive or legislative act or judicial 

decision.” The Paquete Habana, 175 U.S. 677, 700 (1900); see Oliva v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 

433 F.3d 229, 233 (2d Cir. 2005). Congress has enacted legislation establishing the applicable 

standard for cancellation of removal—“removal would result in exceptional and extremely 

unusual hardship to the alien’s . . . child.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D). That statutory standard,

and not the CRC’s “best interests of the child” standard, applies to Bamaca-Perez’s application 

for cancellation of removal. See Oliva, 443 F.3d at 234; see also Flores-Nova v. Attorney Gen. 

of U.S., 652 F.3d 488, 495 (3d Cir. 2011); Payne-Barahona v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 1, 3-4 (1st Cir. 

2007). Even if the CRC’s standard were relevant, as the Ninth Circuit has pointed out, the 

“child’s ‘best interests’ are precisely the issue before the agency, in the sense that ‘best interests’ 

are merely the converse of ‘hardship.’ In other words, the agency’s entire inquiry focuses on the 

qualifying children, making their interests a ‘primary consideration’ in the cancellation-ofremoval analysis.” Cabrera-Alvarez v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 1006, 1012 (9th Cir. 2005).

The BIA properly concluded that the CRC’s “best interests of the child” standard did not 

apply and that the IJ considered the appropriate hardship standard under INA § 240A(b)(1)(D). 

Accordingly, we DENY Bamaca-Perez’s petition for review.