{"id":191089,"date":"2023-02-24T14:06:13","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T19:06:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=191089"},"modified":"2024-02-20T10:21:04","modified_gmt":"2024-02-20T15:21:04","slug":"history","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn\/history\/","title":{"rendered":"NASA Glenn History"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>Glenn Research Center<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 hds-secondary-navigation-has-breadcrumbs\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-breadcrumbs display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-flex flex-align-center\"><nav class=\"usa-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list\"><li class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/\" class=\"usa-breadcrumb__link\"><span>Home<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn\/\" class=\"usa-breadcrumb__link\"><span>Glenn Research Center<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list-item usa-current\" aria-current=\"page\"><span>NASA Glenn History<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn\/\">Glenn Home<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>About Glenn<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/about-glenn-research-center\/\">Overview<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/about-glenn-research-center\/nasa-glenn-leadership\/\">Leadership<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn-business-and-partnerships\/\">Doing Business with Glenn<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn\/history\/\">History<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn-media-contacts-and-resources\/\">Media Resources<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/aerospacefrontiers\/\">Center Newsletter<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/contact-nasa\/\">Contact<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn\/#expertise-facilities\">Expertise and Facilities<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Engage With Us<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn-communityengagement\/\">Community Engagement <\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn-stem\/\">STEM Engagement<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Multimedia<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/gallery\/glenn-images\/\">Featured Images<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/nasaglenn\" rel=\"noopener\">Videos<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Visit Glenn<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/register-for-a-tour\/\">Public Tours<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nasa-glenn-virtual-tours\/\">Virtual Tours<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/greatscience.com\/explore\/exhibits\/nasa-glenn-visitor-center\" rel=\"noopener\">Visitor Center<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>More<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/neil-armstrong-test-facility\/\">Neil Armstrong Test Facility<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-spacer\"> <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-hero position-relative bg-carbon-black overflow-hidden width-full maxw-full grid-container display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center minh-tablet padding-y-9 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-hero\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1041\" height=\"833\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg?w=1041\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"aerial view of nasa glenn in 1958\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 8% 46%; object-position: 8% 46%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg?resize=300,240 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg?resize=768,615 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg?resize=1024,819 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg?resize=400,320 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg?resize=600,480 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958-0.jpg?resize=900,720 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"hds-grid-container position-relative display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-start width-full\">\n\t\t<div class=\"width-full maxw-tablet\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-7\">\n\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"display-72 font-weight-extrabold line-height-sm margin-bottom-2 color-spacesuit-white-important\">Glenn History<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg margin-0 color-spacesuit-white-important\">NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, has been making the future for over 80 years. The center’s accomplished staff, strong leadership, and unique test facilities have yielded a steady stream of technological advancements with a broad spectrum of applications.<\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-hero-stats\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"color-spacesuit-white-important label margin-bottom-2\"><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-row flex-align-center padding-right-2 desktop:padding-right-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-col-auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stat-number line-height-sm color-nasa-blue-tint font-weight-thin font-mono-2xl\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"color-spacesuit-white-important grid-col padding-left-2 tablet:padding-left-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"stat-value line-height-md\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-row flex-align-center padding-right-2  desktop:padding-right-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-col-auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stat-number line-height-sm color-nasa-blue-tint font-weight-thin font-mono-2xl\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"color-spacesuit-white-important grid-col padding-left-2 tablet:padding-left-3 tablet:padding-left-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"stat-value line-height-md\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-meet-the bg-carbon-90 maxw-full width-full padding-y-5 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-meet-the\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-x-0 minh-4\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"label line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white\">Glenn Center Directors<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-left-0 hds-meet-the-container padding-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-cards hds-meet-the-slider grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/edward-r-sharp\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1944-c-05205.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Raymond Sharp portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1.4); transform-origin: 38% 12%; object-position: 38% 12%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1944-c-05205.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1944-c-05205.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1944-c-05205.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1944-c-05205.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/edward-r-sharp\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Edward R. Sharp<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1942 – 1960<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/abe-silverstein\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Abe Silverstein portrait.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.7); transform-origin: 45% 5%; object-position: 45% 5%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg 971w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=300,298 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=768,762 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=400,397 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=600,595 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1969-c-03491.jpg?resize=900,893 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/abe-silverstein\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Abe Silverstein<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1961 – 1969<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/bruce-t-lundin\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00218.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Bruce Lundin portrait.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 46% 15%; object-position: 46% 15%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00218.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00218.jpg?resize=1014,1024 1014w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00218.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00218.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00218.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/bruce-t-lundin\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Bruce T. Lundin<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1969 – 1977<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/john-f-mccarthy\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"John McCarthy portrait.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.6); transform-origin: 56% 16%; object-position: 56% 16%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg 679w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1981-c-03218.jpg?resize=600,600 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/john-f-mccarthy\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">John F. McCarthy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1978 – 1982<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/andrew-j-stofan\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1982-c-03602.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Andy Stofan portrain\" style=\"transform: scale(1.4); transform-origin: 54% 9%; object-position: 54% 9%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1982-c-03602.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1982-c-03602.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1982-c-03602.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1982-c-03602.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/andrew-j-stofan\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Andrew J. Stofan<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1982 – 1986<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/john-m-klineberg\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1990-c-07998.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"John Klineberg portrait.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.3); transform-origin: 61% 17%; object-position: 61% 17%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1990-c-07998.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1990-c-07998.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1990-c-07998.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1990-c-07998.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/john-m-klineberg\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">John M. Klineberg<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1987 – 1990<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/lawrence-j-ross\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00222.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Larry Ross Portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 20%; object-position: 50% 20%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00222.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00222.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00222.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1998-c-00222.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/lawrence-j-ross\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Lawrence J. Ross<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1990 – 1994<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/donald-j-campbell\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Donald Campbell portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1.6); transform-origin: 52% 14%; object-position: 52% 14%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg 978w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2002-c-01561.jpg?resize=900,900 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/donald-j-campbell\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Donald J. Campbell<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">1994 – 2003<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/julian-m-earls\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2005-c-01776.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Julian Earls portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1.4); transform-origin: 50% 14%; object-position: 50% 14%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2005-c-01776.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2005-c-01776.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2005-c-01776.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2005-c-01776.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/julian-m-earls\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Julian M. Earls<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2003 – 2005<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/woodrow-whitlow-jr\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2006-c-00405.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Woodrow Whitlow portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1.5); transform-origin: 50% 12%; object-position: 50% 12%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2006-c-00405.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2006-c-00405.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2006-c-00405.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2006-c-00405.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/woodrow-whitlow-jr\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Woodrow Whitlow, Jr.<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2005 – 2010<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/ramon-lugo-iii\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2011-c-00751.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Ramon Lugo Portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1.3); transform-origin: 51% 15%; object-position: 51% 15%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2011-c-00751.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2011-c-00751.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2011-c-00751.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2011-c-00751.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/ramon-lugo-iii\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Ramon Lugo III<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2010 – 2013<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/james-free\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"James Free Portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1.3); transform-origin: 58% 6%; object-position: 58% 6%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg 1098w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=768,771 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=1020,1024 1020w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=598,600 598w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2013-c-00189b.jpg?resize=897,900 897w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/james-free\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">James M. Free<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2013 – 2016<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/janet-l-kavandi\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Janet Kavandi portrait.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.3); transform-origin: 42% 21%; object-position: 42% 21%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg 1692w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=298,300 298w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=768,773 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=1017,1024 1017w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=1525,1536 1525w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=397,400 397w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=596,600 596w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=894,900 894w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2019-c-01955.jpg?resize=1192,1200 1192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/janet-l-kavandi\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Janet L. Kavandi<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2016 – 2019<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/marla-perez-davis\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2021-c-03925.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Marla Perez-Davis portrait.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 43% 17%; object-position: 43% 17%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2021-c-03925.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2021-c-03925.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2021-c-03925.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2021-c-03925.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/marla-perez-davis\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Marla Perez-Davis<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2020 -2022<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-card padding-right-7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-inner display-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/biography-dr-james-a-kenyon\" target=\"_self\" class=\"hds-meet-the-image padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/kenyon-james-flag-2022-06.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"James A. Kenyon portrait\" style=\"transform: scale(1.5); transform-origin: 49% 22%; object-position: 49% 22%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/kenyon-james-flag-2022-06.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/kenyon-james-flag-2022-06.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/kenyon-james-flag-2022-06.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/kenyon-james-flag-2022-06.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-meet-the-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/biography-dr-james-a-kenyon\" target=\"_self\" class=\"display-block margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading-18 color-spacesuit-white link-underline-dashed-light border-carbon-30 margin-0 display-inline-block\">Jimmy Kenyon<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"line-height-md color-carbon-40 margin-0 padding-0 p-sm\">2023 – present<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"meet-the-icons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav hds-carousel-nav-next display-flex margin-right-auto margin-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-left-0 margin-right-0\" aria-label=\"Next Person\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t<div class=\"padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-page-intro width-full maxw-full padding-y-6 padding-x-4\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"heading-41\">Center History<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg margin-0 margin-bottom-2\">A brief historical overview of the over 80 years activities at NASA’s Glenn Research Center.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-left-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-lg flex-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Early-Years\" class=\"display-flex line-height-sm color-carbon-black text-no-underline flex-align-center border-bottom-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>The Early Years<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M3.40281 4.46225e-07L3.40281 7.87725L0.836149 5.47479L4.90799e-07 6.25727L4 10L8 6.25727L7.16385 5.47479L4.59719 7.87725L4.59719 6.0285e-07L3.40281 4.46225e-07Z\" fill=\"black\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Earth-Resources\" class=\"display-flex line-height-sm color-carbon-black text-no-underline flex-align-center border-bottom-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Earth Resources<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M3.40281 4.46225e-07L3.40281 7.87725L0.836149 5.47479L4.90799e-07 6.25727L4 10L8 6.25727L7.16385 5.47479L4.59719 7.87725L4.59719 6.0285e-07L3.40281 4.46225e-07Z\" fill=\"black\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#NACA-Era\" class=\"display-flex line-height-sm color-carbon-black text-no-underline flex-align-center border-bottom-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>The NACA Era<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M3.40281 4.46225e-07L3.40281 7.87725L0.836149 5.47479L4.90799e-07 6.25727L4 10L8 6.25727L7.16385 5.47479L4.59719 7.87725L4.59719 6.0285e-07L3.40281 4.46225e-07Z\" fill=\"black\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Mainstream\" class=\"display-flex line-height-sm color-carbon-black text-no-underline flex-align-center border-bottom-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Return to the Mainstream<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M3.40281 4.46225e-07L3.40281 7.87725L0.836149 5.47479L4.90799e-07 6.25727L4 10L8 6.25727L7.16385 5.47479L4.59719 7.87725L4.59719 6.0285e-07L3.40281 4.46225e-07Z\" fill=\"black\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Space-Program\" class=\"display-flex line-height-sm color-carbon-black text-no-underline flex-align-center border-bottom-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>The Space Program<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M3.40281 4.46225e-07L3.40281 7.87725L0.836149 5.47479L4.90799e-07 6.25727L4 10L8 6.25727L7.16385 5.47479L4.59719 7.87725L4.59719 6.0285e-07L3.40281 4.46225e-07Z\" fill=\"black\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-6 margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#Recent-Years\" class=\"display-flex line-height-sm color-carbon-black text-no-underline flex-align-center border-bottom-1px border-color-carbon-30-important padding-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Recent Years<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 8 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M3.40281 4.46225e-07L3.40281 7.87725L0.836149 5.47479L4.90799e-07 6.25727L4 10L8 6.25727L7.16385 5.47479L4.59719 7.87725L4.59719 6.0285e-07L3.40281 4.46225e-07Z\" fill=\"black\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The Glenn Research Center was established by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1941 to study all aspects of aircraft propulsion. From the very beginning, however, the center has continued to expand both its range of research and its testing capabilities. It was incorporated into NASA in October 1958. Glenn’s current expertise in areas such as propulsion, energy conversion, communications, and materials has its roots in the center’s accomplishments in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The center, which has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/glenn\/2021\/history\/center-names-evolve-to-honor-people-and-achievements-in-research\">undergone several name changes<\/a>, includes both the main campus in Cleveland, referred to as Lewis Field, and a remote test site in Sandusky, Ohio which has recently been renamed as the Armstrong Test Facility (formerly Plum Brook Station). Glenn is NASA\u2019s third oldest center and only facility located in the Midwest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Early-Years\"><\/h3>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1171\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?w=1500\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Piston engine in wind tunnel.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?resize=300,234 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?resize=768,600 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?resize=1024,799 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?resize=400,312 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?resize=600,468 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?resize=900,703 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/grc-1944-c-05554.jpg?resize=1200,937 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">A Wright R-3350 engine being tested in the Altitude Wind Tunnel in July 1944. The B-29 Superfortress was powered by four R-3350s.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>The Early Years<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Congress established the NACA in 1915 as an advisory committee to coordinate U.S. aviation research activities. In 1920, the committee began constructing the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia to conduct its own research. Langley made a number of aircraft advancements, but by the late 1930s it became apparent that the NACA would have to expand its operations in order to keep up with aviation progress in Europe. In 1939, the NACA established the Ames Aeronautic Laboratory in Sunnyvale, California and began planning for a new aircraft engine laboratory that today is NASA\u2019s Glenn Research Center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The NACA examined 72 potential locations for its Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory (AERL) before <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/glenn-history\/nasa-glenns-arrival-in-cleveland\/\" rel=\"noopener\">selecting 200 acres adjacent to the Cleveland Municipal Airport<\/a> in November 1940.   The AERL\u2019s focus on propulsion was unique within the NACA. Construction of the AERL began in January in 1941. By the time the first test was run in May 1942, the nation was involved in World War II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the war, the laboratory was charged with the improvement of the powerful piston engines that powered US military aircraft. The laboratory conducted complementary component, full-scale engine, and flight testing of modifications to piston engines that led to improved engine cooling and supercharger performance. Researchers also made advances improving thrust, developing synthetic fuels, and understanding aircraft icing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Importantly, the AERL also tested some of the nation\u2019s first turbojet and ramjet engines in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/historic-facilities\/altitude-wind-tunnel\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Altitude Wind Tunnel<\/a> in the final years of the war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"NACA-Era\"><\/h3>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Engine in wind tunnel test section.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg 2944w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=300,190 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=768,488 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=1024,650 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=1536,975 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=2048,1300 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=400,254 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=600,381 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=900,571 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=1200,762 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1948-c-20863.jpg?resize=2000,1270 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Installation of a General Electric J35 turbojet with afterburner in the Altitude Wind Tunnel (1948).<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>The NACA Era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the end of World War II in 1945, the laboratory quickly focused its resources to address issues involving jet propulsion and high-speed flight. Construction began on a series of supersonic wind tunnels and new test chambers capable of handling these more powerful engines.  The laboratory spent the next decade immersed in the jet engine, particularly those with axial-flow compressors. Researchers studied compressor and turbine design, thrust augmentation, high-temperature materials, and combustion at high altitudes. The laboratory tested nearly all existing US turbojet models in the 1940s and 1950s. Engine thrust limits increased dramatically over a short period, and by the late 1950s the first US jet airliners were in service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the post-War years, the laboratory also worked to resolve aviation safety issues involving icing and crash fires. Using both its <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/facilities\/irt\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Icing Research Tunnel<\/a> and specially-equipped icing aircraft, researchers conducted intensive studies on the effects of ice buildup, deicing systems, and the atmospheric conditions that caused icing. The lab also conducted an extensive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/glenn\/about\/history\/crashtst.html\">Crash Fire program<\/a> using dozens of surplus military aircraft to study the causes and develop solutions of fires occurring during low-altitude crashes.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1526\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Small rocket firing horizontally out door.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg 2940w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=300,223 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=768,572 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=1024,763 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=1536,1144 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=2048,1526 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=400,298 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=600,447 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=900,670 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=1200,894 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1949-c-24354.jpg?resize=2000,1490 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Firing of a liquid hydrogen engine at the Rocket Lab in 1949.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The fuels research shifted from improving aviation fuels to a systematic evaluation of non-traditional, high-energy propellants that yielded the highest specific impulse without damaging aircraft or rocket engines.  This effort eventually led to NASA\u2019s selection of the liquid hydrogen\/liquid oxygen combination for all of its upper-stage vehicles in the 1960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The laboratory was also interested in the application of atomic energy for aircraft propulsion. Since they did not have access to secret nuclear materials, the NACA researchers concentrated their efforts on examining the effects of radiation on different materials that could be used to construct nuclear aircraft. In 1955, the NACA <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/nasas-arrival-in-sandusky-ohio\/\">leased 500 acres at the shuttered Plum Brook Ordnance Works<\/a> in Sandusky, Ohio to construct a large test reactor. In 1963, the center formally acquired all 6,400 acres at the site to build an array of test facilities at Plum Brook Station (today, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/glenn\/about\/testfacilities\/index.html\">NASA\u2019s Neil Armstrong Test Facility<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Space-Program\"><\/h3>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1548\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Mercury capsule hung horizontally.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg 2418w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=300,227 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=768,581 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=1024,774 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=1536,1161 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=2048,1548 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=400,302 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=600,454 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=900,680 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=1200,907 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1960-c-53288.jpg?resize=2000,1512 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Testing of the escape tower rockets for the Mercury capsule in the Altitude Wind Tunnel.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>The Space Program<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The launch of Sputnik in October 1957 brought the Space Age to both the nation and the NACA.  The NACA\u2019s Cleveland laboratory, which had already been analyzing possible missions, played <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/glenn-history\/glenn-impact-on-the-apollo-program\/#getting-apollo-running-\" rel=\"noopener\">a critical role in the creation of the new space agency<\/a>. On October 1, 1958, the laboratory became part of NASA and was renamed the Lewis Research Center. The center\u2019s new role necessitated the transfer of nearly all of its resources to space-related undertakings and rapid increases in its personnel and test facilities. A number of aeronautics facilities were modified to accommodate space testing. This included to acquisition of the West Area and additional land at Plum Brook Station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1959 and 1960, <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/historic-facilities\/altitude-wind-tunnel\/project-mercury-testing\/\" rel=\"noopener\">the center supported the Mercury Program<\/a> by assembling the Big Joe capsule, testing retrorockets and control systems, and training the initial astronaut crew in the MASTIF, or Gimbal Rig, how to reign in an out-of-control spacecraft. The center\u2019s large supersonic wind tunnels were used to conduct base heating tests of Saturn launch vehicles, while entering new fields such as electric propulsion and space power systems.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Rocket stage being lifted into tower.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg 4765w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=300,244 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=768,625 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=1024,833 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=1536,1250 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=2048,1667 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=400,326 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=600,488 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=900,732 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=1200,977 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/p63-01696.jpg?resize=2000,1628 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">An Atlas booster being installed in the Dynamics Stand at Plum Brook for structural load testing in 1963.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The center spent a great deal of time in the 1960s resolving issues involving the cryogenic liquid hydrogen. The center\u2019s high-energy propellant testing in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/glenn-history\/glenn-impact-on-the-apollo-program\/#the-hydrogen-foundation\" rel=\"noopener\">1950s led to NASA\u2019s decision to use liquid hydrogen in the Centaur, Saturn, and nuclear rocket upper stages<\/a>, but there were a host of issues that had to be addressed. Lewis researchers performed an array of hydrogen research in the 1960s, that included its combustion, heat transfer, storage, pumping, and behavior in low gravity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lewis was NASA\u2019s lead center for nuclear propulsion and power work in the 1960s. The Atomic Energy Commission led the development of the reactors for these systems, and Lewis pursued the hydrogen-powered engines that would utilize the reactor\u2019s heat. Many of the issues were similar to those in conventional chemical engines. In addition, Lewis researchers used the Plum Brook Reactor Facility used to study the durability of various irradiated materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The center\u2019s expertise with liquid hydrogen led to its being <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/glenn\/about\/history\/centaur.html\">assigned responsibility for the Centaur rocket program<\/a> in 1962. The center put the unproven vehicle through several years of intensive testing and proof flights. Under Lewis\u2019 management, Atlas-Centaur vehicles sent six Surveyor spacecraft to the lunar surface from 1966 to 1968 to explore landing sites for Apollo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Earth-Resources\"><\/h3>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1116\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Trailer with set of satellite dishes.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg 2592w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=300,163 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=768,418 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=1024,558 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=1536,837 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=2048,1116 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=400,218 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=600,327 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=900,490 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=1200,654 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1976-c-00391.jpg?resize=2000,1090 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Ground station at Lewis for the Communications Technology Satellite. The center won an Emmy in 1987 for developing the satellite’s multistage depressed collector.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Earth Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With its contributions to space program nearly complete, the center pivoted once again in the late 1960s with a return to aeronautics. This included research supporting the nation\u2019s proposed supersonic transport aircraft and the beginning of a long series of efforts to create energy efficient engines, clean combustors, and noise reduction technologies.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The steady reduction of NASA\u2019s budget in the early 1970s in conjunction with a mandate to develop the space shuttle. As a result, long-range programs, including the nuclear rocket, were cancelled. Lewis was ordered to close down Plum Brook Station in 1973 and reduce hundreds of staff positions.  The center, which did not have a primary role in the shuttle, embarked on new efforts to apply its aerospace expertise to problems on earth. The center partnered with other federal agencies and organizations to develop novel solar and wind energy systems, remote sensing equipment, and new satellite communication technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, Lewis continued to manage Centaur which was regularly launching both satellites and interplanetary spacecraft. In the early 1970s, NASA paired the Centaur with a Titan IV booster <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/glenn\/about\/history\/centaur_anniv.html\">to launch a series of high-profile missions,<\/a> including the Viking mission to Mars and the twin Voyager spacecraft to explore the outer planets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Mainstream\"><\/h3>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1321\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Solar concentrator in high-bay.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg 2996w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=300,193 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=768,495 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=1024,660 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=1536,991 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=2048,1321 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=400,258 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=600,387 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=900,580 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=1200,774 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1989-c-05564.jpg?resize=2000,1290 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Testing of the Solar Dynamic Collector for Space Freedom in the Power Systems Facility (1989).<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Return to the Mainstream<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early 1980s, the center returned to NASA\u2019s mainstream by proactively gaining responsibility for several high-profile agency programs including the space station power system, the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite, the Advanced Turboprop Program, and a proposed integration of the Centaur stage into the space shuttle. These new endeavors improved employee morale and led to the first significant hiring in years. The center also resurrected its icing research program and became a primary contributor to the shuttle\u2019s experimental microgravity program.  The new activity, both at the center and by the agency, led to the restoration of several of the world-class facilities at Plum Brook Station<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lewis\u2019 resurgence continued into the 1990s with an entire directorate working on the space station power system, an expansion of the microgravity and icing programs, and the development of advanced technologies for the National Aerospace Plane and Space Exploration Initiative.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The federal government\u2019s introduction of a dramatic austerity program in the mid-1990s, however, led to significant reductions and restructuring across the agency. The center lost several major programs, including the space station power system and launch vehicles. Nonetheless, Lewis continued to make significant contributions in icing, electric propulsion, aeropropulsion, as well as supporting agency missions like Mars Pathfinder and Deep Space 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the fall of 1998, Ohio politicians passed legislation to rename the center after John Glenn, who had recently returned to space aboard the shuttle. In March 1999 the center was officially renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Recent-Years\"><\/h3>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Semi truck in front of hangar.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg 2688w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=300,206 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=768,527 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=1024,702 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=1536,1054 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=2048,1405 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=400,274 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=600,412 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=900,617 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=1200,823 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2008-c-03477.jpg?resize=2000,1372 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Shipment of Glenn-fabricated Ares I-X segments to the Kennedy Space Center prior to the vehicle’s successful launch in October 2009.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Recent Years<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The loss of the space shuttle Columbia in early 2003 spurred a transformation of NASA\u2019s exploration program that had significant effects on the center.  Glenn was active in both the accident investigation and the subsequent Return to Flight effort. NASA\u2019s introduction of the Constellation Program in 2004 led to a major reorganization and cuts to aeronautics and science programs. In 2006, however, Glenn secured <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/glenn\/exploration\/exploration_feature.html\">responsibility for several high-profile elements of Constellation<\/a>, including the Orion Service Module and the assembly of the Ares I-X mass model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of the Glenn assignments were transferred or cancelled when Constellation was terminated in 2010. The center reorganized to balance its assets along a set of core competencies to better withstand future agency shifts and future federal budget cuts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the mid-2000s, Glenn began developing a long-range master plan for its campus and facilities. This included the demolition of a number of historic, but under-utilized facilities, the construction of new modern office buildings, and significant improvements to infrastructure. In addition, the Space Power Facility at Plum Brook Station was transformed into the Space Environments Complex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Glenn continues to contribute to the International Space Station by monitoring the power system, participating in the Human Research Program, and designing experimental hardware such as the Fluids and Combustion Integration Rack and the Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Glenn has contributed to the Artemis Program, NASA\u2019s latest plan to return to Moon, by subjecting the Orion European Module to space simulation testing at Space Environments Complex prior to its first launch in 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1367\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"People painting NASA logo on hangar roof.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg 3000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=768,513 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=1536,1025 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=2048,1367 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=900,601 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=1200,801 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-2016-c-07512.jpg?resize=2000,1335 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">The NASA logo is applied to the roof of the Hangar in 2016.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 bg-spacesuit-white color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-news-manual\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-md\">Featured Glenn History<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary link-external-true\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tMore NASA History                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col\"><div class=\"grid-row latest-news-items\"><div class=\"grid-col mobile:grid-col tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col latest-news-item latest-news-item-0 margin-bottom-2 -tablet:margin-bottom-0 desktop:margin-bottom-0 padding-right-0 tablet:padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/nasa-glenn-history-includes-contributions-of-women-in-aerospace-research\/\" class=\"tablet:grid-col latest-news-item news-item tablet:padding-right-0\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200\"><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"display-block\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1\">2 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0\"><span>NASA Glenn History Includes Contributions of Women in Aerospace Research<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"822\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg 1797w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=300,241 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=768,617 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=1024,822 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=1536,1233 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=400,321 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=600,482 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=900,723 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1944-c-05385.jpg?resize=1200,964 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/a><\/div><div class=\"tablet:grid-col grid-row latest-news-items\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/nasa-glenn-research-center-the-early-years-a-pictorial-history\/\" class=\"tablet:grid-col latest-news-item news-item margin-bottom-2 tablet:margin-bottom-0 desktop:margin-bottom-0 tablet:padding-right-2 desktop:padding-right-2\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200\"><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"display-block\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1\">1 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0\"><span>NASA Glenn Research Center: The Early Years – A Pictorial History<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/apppage_side01.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/a><div class=\"grid-col news-item-stack\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/glenn-launch-vehicle-history\/\" class=\"tablet:grid-col latest-news-item news-item tablet:margin-right-0 desktop:margin-right-0 margin-bottom-2 mobile:margin-bottom-2 tablet:margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-2\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200\"><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"display-block\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1\">2 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0\"><span>Glenn Launch Vehicle History<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg 3000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/rh_titan-iv_full.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/nasa-glenn-had-key-role-in-nasas-1997-return-to-mars\/\" class=\"tablet:grid-col latest-news-item news-item tablet:margin-right-0 desktop:margin-right-0 margin-bottom-2 mobile:margin-bottom-0 tablet:margin-bottom-0 desktop:margin-bottom-0\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-column flex-align-start flex-justify-start z-200\"><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><div class=\"display-block\"><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1\">4 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-22 color-spacesuit-white margin-0\"><span>NASA Glenn Had Key Role in NASA\u2019s 1997 Return to Mars<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg 1044w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=1024,1024 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/grc-2006-c-00510-crop-1.jpg?resize=900,900 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-row padding-top-2 desktop:padding-top-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people-of-nasa\/from-naca-to-nasa-engineer-has-extensive-family-legacy-at-glenn\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col padding-left-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t<div class=\"display-flex hds-news-item-bubble\"><div class=\"padding-right-3\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/grc-2022-c-10556.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/grc-2022-c-10556.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/grc-2022-c-10556.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/grc-2022-c-10556.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/grc-2022-c-10556.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black\">4 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1\">From NACA to NASA: Engineer Has Extensive Family Legacy at Glenn<\/p><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/nasa-glenn-library-has-provided-technical-resources-for-80-years\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col padding-left-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t<div class=\"display-flex hds-news-item-bubble\"><div class=\"padding-right-3\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1959-c-51404-1.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1959-c-51404-1.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1959-c-51404-1.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1959-c-51404-1.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1959-c-51404-1.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black\">3 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1\">NASA Glenn Library has Provided Technical Resources for 80 Years<\/p><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/glenns-legacy-of-testing-spacecraft-spans-from-apollo-to-artemis\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col padding-left-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t<div class=\"display-flex hds-news-item-bubble\"><div class=\"padding-right-3\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black\">3 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1\">Glenn\u2019s Legacy of Testing Spacecraft Spans from Apollo to Artemis<\/p><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/rocket-lab-provided-nearly-75-years-of-propulsion-testing\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-6 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col padding-left-0 padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-2 padding-bottom-4 desktop:padding-bottom-0\">\n\t<div class=\"display-flex hds-news-item-bubble\"><div class=\"padding-right-3\"><div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black circle-10 minw-10 maxh-10 minh-10\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/grc-1946-c-14478_0.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/grc-1946-c-14478_0.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/grc-1946-c-14478_0.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/grc-1946-c-14478_0.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/grc-1946-c-14478_0.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-black\">3 Min Read<\/div><p class=\"heading-14 color-carbon-black line-height-md margin-top-1 margin-bottom-1\">Rocket Lab Provided Nearly 75 Years of Propulsion Testing<\/p><div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-auto\"><svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg><span>Article<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"width-full maxw-full bg-carbon-05 padding-bottom-9 padding-top-9 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link\">\n\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0 padding-top-9 desktop:padding-top-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-right-5 margin-bottom-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label margin-bottom-2\">NASA's Test Facilities<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"page-heading-md\">Armstrong Test Facility History<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md\">NASA Glenn has been utilizing a remote test site in Sandusky, Ohio since the late 1950s. The facility, formerly known as Plum Brook Station, has performed testing for Centaur, Skylab, the space station, and Orion.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/armstrong-test-facility-history\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md\" aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Learn More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-left-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Aerial view of two test stands.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 25% 11%; object-position: 25% 11%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg 2850w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=300,259 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=768,662 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=1024,882 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=1536,1324 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=2048,1765 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=400,345 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=600,517 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=900,776 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=1200,1034 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1966-c-04025.jpg?resize=2000,1724 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">The High Energy Rocket Engine Research Facility (B-1) and Nuclear Rocket Dynamics and Control Facility (B-3) at Plum Brook Station in 1966.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-card-carousel padding-x-4 padding-y-5 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-carousel\">\t<div class=\"hds-card-carousel-header grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-3\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-sm line-height-sm\">Center History Features<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"hds-card-carousel-cards grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-cards-included position-relative  hds-card-type-custom hds-card-type-custom hds-card-type-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-carousel-slider\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"897\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Saturn V launch.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 48% 54%; object-position: 48% 54%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg 2400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=300,263 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=768,673 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=1024,897 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=1536,1346 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=2048,1795 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=400,351 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=600,526 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=900,789 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=1200,1052 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/s67-50433d.jpg?resize=2000,1753 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Glenn Impact on Apollo Program<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">Glenn Research Center made key scientific, technological, and managerial contributions that impacted both the formation and success of NASA\u2019s Apollo Program.<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/glenn-history\/glenn-impact-on-the-apollo-program\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Black and white image of the cyclotron facility\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg 2840w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=300,209 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=768,535 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=1024,714 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=1536,1071 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=2048,1428 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=400,279 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=600,418 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=900,627 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=1200,837 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1957-c-45988-1.jpg?resize=2000,1394 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Glenn Historic Facilities<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">For over 75 years, NASA\u2019s Glenn Research Center has been using its state-of-the-art test facilities to conduct research.\u00a0<\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/historic-facilities\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\" rel=\"noopener\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column margin-bottom-5 \"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"NACA Plot Model\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg 1992w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=300,168 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=768,430 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=1024,574 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=1536,861 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=400,224 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=600,336 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=900,504 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?resize=1200,672 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"padding-right-0\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"heading-18\">Glenn History Timeline<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"margin-top-0 line-height-lg\">For decades, our scientists and engineers have advanced technology in both aviation and space exploration. <\/p><div class=\"margin-top-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn-historical-timeline\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-0\"><span role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Write button text here\" class=\"line-height-alt-1\" style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; min-width: 1px;\">Read More<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-gallery-preview padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-7 padding-x-3 bg-spacesuit-white width-full maxw-full hds-gallery-preview-count-62 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-gallery-preview\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row width-full\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-8\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-22\">Glenn History Gallery<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-wrap flex-align-center margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label hds-gallery-preview-label z-400 color-carbon-60 margin-right-3 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 20 20;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><path style=\"fill:#585858;\" d=\"M10,0C4.5,0-0.1,4.5,0,10.1c0.1,5.4,4.5,9.9,10.1,9.9c5.5-0.1,10-4.6,9.9-10.1C19.9,4.4,15.4,0,10,0z M10.3,19 C5.1,19.1,1,15,1,10c0-5,4-9,9-9c4.9,0,8.9,3.9,9,8.9C19.1,14.9,15.1,18.9,10.3,19z\"\/><path style=\"fill:#585858;\" d=\"M14,9c-0.8,1.2-1.5,2.5-2.3,3.7C10.5,10.5,9.2,8.2,8,6c-1.5,2.7-3,5.3-4.5,8c4.5,0,9,0,13.5,0 C16,12.3,15,10.7,14,9z\"\/><path style=\"fill:#585858;\" d=\"M13,8c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2c-1.1,0-2,0.9-2,2C11,7,11.8,8,13,8z\"\/><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>62 Images<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-4 display-none padding-bottom-2 desktop:display-flex flex-align-start flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/gallery\/glenn-history-gallery\/\" class=\"button-primary margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"section-heading-md\">Go To Gallery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-images grid-container grid-container-widescreen padding-x-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-row hds-gallery-preview-row-lg\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-col hds-gallery-preview-flex-two hds-gallery-preview-items hds-gallery-preview-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-row hds-gallery-preview-row-1-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-item \">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full height-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg?resize=300,240 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg?resize=768,615 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg?resize=1024,819 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg?resize=400,320 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg?resize=600,480 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/alt-history-grc-1958-c-48958_0.jpg?resize=900,720 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-item \">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full height-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg 5608w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=300,181 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=768,463 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=1024,617 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=1536,926 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=2048,1234 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=400,241 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=600,362 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=900,542 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=1200,723 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-1949-c-23330.jpeg?resize=2000,1205 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-row hds-gallery-preview-row-1-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-gallery-preview-item \">\n\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full height-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"227\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/grc-1955-c-37427_0.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); 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transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg 1926w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=300,241 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=768,617 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=1024,822 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=1536,1234 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=400,321 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=600,482 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=900,723 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/grc-1959-c-51545b.jpg?resize=1200,964 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-12 display-block desktop:display-none\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/gallery\/glenn-history-gallery\/\" class=\"button-primary margin-top-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"section-heading-md\">Go To Gallery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Glenn Research Center was established by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1941 to study all aspects of aircraft propulsion. From the very beginning, however, the center has continued to expand both its range of research and its testing capabilities. It was incorporated into NASA in October 1958. Glenn’s current expertise in [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":119,"featured_media":191314,"parent":163460,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"119","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":["119"],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[2671,13014,2856],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[10821,10639,10268,3911,10510],"coauthors":[10218,9524,12636],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"NASA Glenn History","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn\/history\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn\/history\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/grc-1943-c-01253.jpg"},"articleSection":"NASA History","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Robert S. 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