UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

SPANSKI ENTERPRISES, INC., )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 12-cv-957 (TSC)

)

TELEWIZJA POLSKA S.A., )

)

Defendant. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION SETTING FORTH

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

Plaintiff Spanski Enterprises, Inc. (“SEI”) sued Defendant Telewizja Polska, S.A. 

(“TVP”) for copyright infringement under 17 U.S.C. §101 et seq., alleging that TVP displayed 

television show episodes in the United States over which Plaintiff holds exclusive rights. 

The court held a five-day bench trial from February 22, 2016 through February 26, 2016, 

and the parties filed post-trial briefs on April 1, 2016.

Based upon the evidence presented at trial, and having reviewed the parties’ submissions,

the court makes the findings of fact and conclusions of law set forth below. Based on these 

findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court concludes that Plaintiff has sustained its burden 

of proof on its copyright claim, and that judgment must therefore be entered in favor of SEI. 

Specifically, the court finds that Plaintiff has carried its burden of establishing by a 

preponderance of the evidence that: (1) SEI was the exclusive licensee and owner of valid 

copyrights over 51 TVP Polonia episodes discussed herein; (2) TVP infringed SEI’s exclusive 

copyright on the 51 shows by making them available in the U.S. via the website www.tvp.pl
2

from the period of December 2011 to March 1, 2012; (3) TVP’s infringement was volitional and 

intentional, and not due to a failure of its geoblocking system or an effort at circumventing

geoblocking by SEI; and (4) Defendant did not carry its burden of establishing by a 

preponderance of the evidence that SEI should be equitably estopped from bringing this claim. 

I. FINDINGS OF FACT

A. Whether Plaintiff held valid copyrights for TVP Polonia episodes 

Three witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding SEI’s claim that 

it held an exclusive copyright for TVP Polonia programming in the United States: (i) SEI 

President Boguslaw Spanski; (ii) former Loeb & Loeb attorney Michael Barnett; and (iii) former 

Loeb & Loeb paralegal Christian Jensen. The court finds that all three witnesses testified 

credibly regarding Plaintiff’s copyright. 

The court makes the following findings of fact regarding whether SEI held a copyright 

for TVP Polonia episodes in the United States:

1. TVP is Poland’s national public television broadcasting company and is 

owned by the Polish Treasury. (Tr. 280:22-23). 

2. TVP owns and operates twelve national and sixteen regional Polishlanguage television channels, including the channel TVP Polonia.

(Stipulated Facts ¶ 3; Tr. 280:21–281:7).

3. TVP distributes TVP Polonia content, as well as content from TVP’s other

channels, through its www.tvp.pl website (or “TVP website”) in Poland, 

some of which is free and some of which is offered on a pay-per-view 

basis. (Tr. 283:22–284:11).

4. TVP creates all TVP Polonia content, and while it owns a copyright in the 

material it created, TVP licenses some of its material to other distributors. 

(PX 1, § 2; Tr. 282:5-10, 283:4-11).

5. SEI is a Canadian corporation which, together with its subsidiaries and 

affiliated companies, distributes Polish-language television and radio 

content in North and South America via satellite, cable television, and the

internet. (Stipulated Facts ¶ 1).
3

6. On December 14, 1994, TVP and SEI entered into an agreement in which

TVP granted SEI the exclusive right to one-time use of TVP Polonia (then 

called “TV Polonia”) shows in its programming in North and South 

America (the “Territory”). (PX 1, § 2).

7. TVP and SEI executed an Addendum to the 1994 Agreement in 1999, 

giving SEI the exclusive right to use—e.g., distribute, broadcast, and 

display—TVP Polonia content over the internet within the Territory. (PX 

2, § 1).

8. SEI and TVP engaged in discussions involving geoblocking content as 

early as 2000. (PX 44; Tr. 26:4-16). 

a. Geoblocking is a method to prevent user access to a network, 

based on the geographic location of that user. (DX 7 at 6)

9. Beginning in 2007, TVP and SEI engaged in litigation in the Southern 

District of New York, which resulted in a 2009 Settlement Agreement 

specifying that SEI is the exclusive licensee of TVP Polonia, including its 

copyrighted content, in the Territory. SEI therefore has the exclusive right 

to distribute, broadcast, perform, and display TVP Polonia content, 

including over the internet and mobile devices, in the United States. (PX 

10§ II.A-B; see also Tr. of Motions Hearing, dated July 9, 2015 [ECF No. 

33] at 73:15-18; DX 9; Tr. 46:19-25–47:4).

10. TVP Polonia’s individual episodes are all foreign works. (Tr. 20:25-21:9; 

Tr. 283:4-11). 

11. SEI registered 51 separate individual TVP Polonia episodes for copyright

in 2012. (PX 34, 35, 36).

a. Between January 18, 2012 and February 14, 2012, SEI, through 

then Loeb & Loeb attorney Michael Barnett and then Loeb & Loeb 

paralegal Christian Jensen, filed pre-registration applications with 

the U.S. copyright office for 51 TVP Polonia episodes. (PX 34, 

49).

b. SEI pre-registered these episodes prior to having any knowledge 

that they were available in the United States on TVP’s website. 

(Tr. 202:9-25). 

c. The 51episodes are Galeria episodes 4 – 25, Gleboka woda

episode 13, M jak Milosc episodes 884 – 895, Plebania episodes 

1825 – 1829, and Rezydencja episodes 48 – 58. (Stipulated Facts 

para 15; PX 34).
4

d. Between February 8, 2012 and March 8, 2012, SEI registered the 

51 episodes with the U.S. Copyright Office. (PX 34 and 35). 

e. Between February 13, 2012 and March 13, 2012, the U.S. 

Copyright Office issued copyright registration certificates for the 

51 Episodes. (PX 35).

f. The original copyright registrations were made under the name 

“Euro Vu, S.A.,” and on May 31, 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office

issued supplemental registrations changing the copyright claimant 

name for the 51 episodes from “Euro Vu, S.A.” to “Spanski 

Enterprises, Inc.” (PX 36). Euro Vu, S.A. is a subsidiary of SEI. 

(Compl. ¶ 17). 

12. As part of the copyright process, Christian Jensen made recordings in the 

U.S. of 36 of the 51 episodes for the purpose of having deposit copies. 

The 36 episodes are Galeria episodes Nos. 4-14; M jak Milosc episodes 

Nos. 884-894; Plebania episodes Nos. 1825-1829; and Rezydencja

episodes Nos. 48-56. (PX 38, Tr. 223:18-228:19). The remaining 15 

episodes of the 51 were filmed outside of the U.S. for deposit copy 

purposes. (Tr. 190:8-17; PX 38, 45). 

B. TVPs geoblocking capability

Three witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding TVP’s 

geoblocking capability: (i) TVP Deputy Director for Informatics or Computer Technology in the 

department of TVP technology Jacek Terlicki; (ii) TVP expert witness Dr. Phillip Hallam-Baker; 

and (iii) SEI expert witness Dr. Matthew Edman. The court finds the testimony of Terlicki on 

the subject of whether there was a failure of geoblocking to have been severely undermined by 

other credible testimony and evidence. Similarly, as set forth in more detail below, the court 

finds that much of Dr. Hallam-Baker’s testimony was not supported by the evidence, and that on 

cross-examination, he was unable to provide credible explanations for many of his conclusions.

The court makes the following findings of fact regarding TVP’s geoblocking capability:

1. TVP uses an online video-on-demand (“VOD”) system to make 

programming available to the public through the internet. (Tr. 283:22-24). 

Individuals access content by entering the web portal at www.tvp.pl, then 

selecting an episode from a list of programming. (Tr. 284:3-11).
5

2. The VOD function works through an online distribution system that has 

four main components: (a) the Workflow System, which accepts video 

content in various source formats and converts those formats to the 

formats required for online distribution; (b) the Content Management 

System (“CMS”), which allows descriptive information to be added to 

material loaded to the Workflow System; (c) the Web Portal Engine 

(“Portal Engine”), which creates the internet user’s website viewing 

experience (except for the video content, which is separately handled)

from information supplied by the CMS system, and (d) the Content 

Delivery Network, which delivers the video content to internet users. (DX 

7 at 4-5). 

3. First, the workflow system receives the actual video of TVP programming 

that will be displayed online. Audio/visual (“AV”) technicians receive the 

video of an episode from the production department, and then convert it 

into video formats which can be viewed from computers, smart phones, or 

other devices that can access the internet. (DX 7 at 4-6).

a. When AV technicians receive a new program to load into the 

workflow system, the technicians create a file with a basic format 

that is used as a template from which other formatted files are 

created. (Tr. 290: 2-9).

b. At times, TVP programming is released through the VOD system 

first as a pay-per-view episode, before it is broadcast to the general 

public. (Tr. 284:12-23).

c. Each episode receives a format in the workflow system. If the 

episode is first released on a pay-per-view basis, it receives one 

format, and then after the episode has been broadcast and is 

available for free viewing, it is given a second format. (Tr. 290:2-

291:1, 421:17-21).

d. As technology evolved, and demand for higher quality video grew, 

TVP modified formats in the workflow system to be MP4 formats, 

a type of video formatting that allows video to be streamed on a 

smartphone. TVP AV technicians were engaged in changing 

episode formats in the workflow system to MP4 during the period 

of alleged infringement at issue. (Tr. 290:17-291:1, DX 3, 26). 

e. Modifications to formats in the workflow system are retained by 

TVP for an extended period of time, and TVP was able, after the 

initiation of this litigation, to print out and save workflow logs 

from the infringing period. (Tr. 317:18-23, 318:12-17, 340:5–

350:4).
6

i. TVP argues that the workflow system logs displayed in DX 

5 show that no modifications were made to the geographic 

restrictions in workflow, but, as Plaintiff points out, DX 5 

is incomplete. (Compare DX 3 at TVP-Internet 066222 

which shows the deletion of format number 342670 for 

Episode 9 of Galeria, with DX 5 at TVP-internet 000078, 

which shows the creation and distribution of format number 

342670 for Episode 9 of Galeria, but not its deletion). 

f. While the court finds that TVP actively engaged in changing video 

formats over the infringing period, as discussed below, reformatting to MP4 was not the reason why multiple formats for the 

same episode, some containing a minus “minus ameryki” (minus 

America) restriction—e.g., the episode was geoblocked from being 

shown in the Territory—and some not, were created. Rather, the

court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the reason was 

to intentionally make the programming available in the U.S. (PX 

57, Tr. 438:5-440:24). 

4. The second part of the system is the CMS. Program editors receive

information such as schedules, show descriptions, plot summaries, etc., 

and enter this information into CMS. Program editors also enter a 

“digitization card” for each episode of a show, which is a set of 

instructions for the AV technicians who operate the workflow system. 

The digitization card contains any territorial restrictions applicable to the 

episode, such as minus America. (Tr. 288:3-289:6).

a. The CMS system’s default setting is minus ameryki, which blocks

access to the VOD system from IP addresses associated with any 

country in the Territory. (Tr. 299:2-23, 514:1-3). 

b. In order for the default of minus ameryki to be removed in the 

CMS, a program editor must take the volitional step of selecting a 

different setting from a drop-down menu. (Tr. 299:12–300:4, 

514:10-21).

c. CMS also logs entries in its system, similar to the workflow 

system, but CMS logs are saved only for one month, then 

overwritten. Thus, no logs from the infringing period were saved. 

(Tr. 315:22-25, 316:14–317:17, 500:6–501:14, 513:3-16). 

d. Workflow entries for territorial restrictions could also be seen by 

the program editors, but they could not edit the information. (Tr. 

291:9-19).
7

5. The third part of the system is the portal engine, which takes information entered 

into CMS, and displays it on a webpage that can be read in a user’s web browser.

In addition to providing all of the visual and text elements of the TVP website, 

except for the actual video of the episode, the portal engine also provides the 

interface for a user to log in and access VOD, as well as make payments if the 

video is pay-per-view. (Tr. 292:19–293:20).

a. The portal engine also logs the IP addresses of users who request 

to view VOD materials through the TVP website, and whether 

access to the programming was blocked because it came from an 

area that is geo-blocked. However, during the infringing period, 

this information was automatically overwritten after 14 days, and 

was therefore not available. (Tr. 311:1-13, 312:5–314:24, DX 1, 

2).

b. The portal engine interfaces with TVP’s external payment system, 

which accepts credit card payment for pay-per-view access. The 

portal engine logs this information, and during the infringing 

period, according to logs provided by the Defendant, did not show 

any IP addresses located in either North or South America. (DX 

24). However, entries 1466 through 4198 show IP addresses that 

have no listed country of origin. (Id.).

6. The fourth part of the system is the Content Delivery Network, which 

delivers the video content that is pushed from the workflow system, and 

displays it on a user’s screen. (Tr. 293:21–294:1, 305:1-24).

7. Devices such as computers and smartphones have unique IP addresses that 

show where they are located, and, when they access the internet, allow

content to reach the device. (Tr. 558:14-22, 560:2–561:17).

8. Geoblocking is used to prevent user access to a network, based on the 

geographic location of that user. (DX 7 at 6). 

a. In VOD systems, such as TVP’s, the video content is stored on 

servers and delivered in response to a request for access.

Geoblocking works by comparing the IP address of the user 

requesting access with a third party database. If the programming 

is designated to be blocked in the geographic region where the IP 

address of a requesting device originates, then access is denied. 

(Tr. 284:3-11, 295:21–296:4, 602:2-10).

b. Geoblocking is an automated process, and as such, can have 

inherent flaws. TVP uses the MaxMind database for its 

geoblocking system, which is at least 98% accurate in blocking IP 
8

addresses on a country level. (Tr. 636:15-638:19, 694:14-17, DX 7 

a 7). 

i. While the court agrees that geoblocking is not a perfect 

system, and thus is never 100% accurate, the court, as 

discussed below, does not find that a malfunction of the 

MaxMind database caused SEI’s copyrighted TVP Polonia 

episodes to be accessible in the Territory via TVP’s 

website. 

9. TVP has a geoblocking system built into its VOD system, which in 2007 

was activated to block access from the Territory, based on an agreement 

with SEI. (Tr. 295:12-20, 296:5–297: 17). This territorial restriction was

in place during the infringing period. (Id.). 

10. During the infringing period, the CMS and workflow systems had a 

default territorial restriction of minus ameryki. (Tr. 299:2-11).

11. On the workflow system half of the VOD architecture, territorial 

restrictions were emplaced by adding an access channel at the format 

level, which was defined by the type of device (for example, mobile 

phone) and the location (minus ameryki). An AV technician would create 

an access channel for each format based on the territorial restriction in the 

digitization card generated in CMS. Then the AV technician would 

distribute the format with the territorial restriction. (Tr. 302:22–303:7, 

303:24–304:20).

12. Since minus ameryki was the default setting in the CMS system, even if a 

TVP employee did not enter a territorial restriction into the workflow 

system, access to the VOD by an IP address in the U.S. would be

automatically denied unless the territorial restriction in CMS was also 

removed. (Tr. 344:2-14, 602:20–603:9, 604:4-16, DX 7 at 5-6).

a. Since the default setting in CMS was minus ameryki, a program 

editor would have to select a different setting from a dropdown 

menu to change the geo-block setting in CMS. (Tr. 299:7–

300:23).

b. Thus, for an IP address in the Territory to gain access to TVP’s 

VOD, there would either have to be a failure of the geoblocking 

system, or a volitional step by a TVP employee to give access. 

13. TVP has used geoblocking for various other non-TVP Polonia content on 

its website, including broadcasts of the Olympics and World Cup. (Tr. 

295:12-17, 297:3-8, 307:4-9, 617:2-9, DX 7 at 8). 
9

14. No organization other than SEI reported that TVP’s geoblocking system 

did not work. (Tr. 306:23–308:5, 617:2–618:11, DX 7 at 8).

15. TVP continually checks the functioning of its geoblocking, and from 2007 

to 2012, tested its effectiveness and found it was functioning. (Tr. 

301:12–302:7). 

C. Whether Defendant infringed Plaintiff’s copyrights

Five witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding SEI’s claim that 

TVP infringed its exclusive copyright over TVP Polonia programming: (i) Michael Barnett; (ii) 

Christian Jensen; (iii) Jacek Terlicki; (iv) Loeb & Loeb network operations manager Courtney 

Spence; and (v) Tomasz Gladkowski, a contractor who provided website development and 

monitoring services to Plaintiff (Gladkowski was deceased at the time of trial, but his deposition 

testimony was presented). The court finds that Barnett, Jensen, Spence and Gladkowski testified 

credibly. The court finds Terlicki’s testimony to have been credible in some respects, but also 

finds some aspects of it to have been less than credible and contradicted by other, more reliable 

testimony and evidence. Moreover, the court notes that Barnett, Jensen, and Gladkowski were 

tasked with checking and reporting on whether TVP programming was available without charge 

on the TVP website, and finds that while they may not have had specific recollections of viewing 

each individual episode, their testimony, taken together, was sufficient to show that the 

registered episodes were available for viewing and viewed in the U.S. 

The court makes the following findings of fact regarding whether TVP infringed SEI’s 

copyright in the United States:

1. SEI held a valid copyright for 51 episodes of TVP Polonia. (PX 35, 36).

2. As part of the copyright process, Christian Jensen made recordings in the U.S. 

of 36 of the 51 episodes for the purpose of having deposit copies. He did so

by going to the TVP website and accessing the recordings. None of these 

episodes should have been available in the U.S. under the geoblocking

agreements between TVP and SEI. The 36 episodes are Galeria episodes 

Nos. 4-14; M jak Milosc episodes Nos. 884-894; Plebania episodes Nos. 
10

1825-1829; and Rezydencja episodes Nos. 48-56. (PX 34, 38, Tr. at 223:18-

228:19).

a. Michael Barnett also viewed TVP episodes through TVP’s website

in the U.S. at the Loeb & Loeb office in Manhattan, and at his

home in Brooklyn, New York. While Barnett could not testify as 

to which specific episodes of the 51 he viewed, his general 

recollection adds credence to Jensen’s recordings and testimony. 

(Tr. 168:18-22; 172:15-21, 197:18-198:16).

i. Barnett testified that he was able to click on videos on 

TVP’s website, and they were available to view without 

charge. He then watched portions of multiple TVP serial 

show episodes. (Tr. 169:10–170:18; 171:13-20).

ii. Barnett was able to capture screenshots of six of the fifteen 

registered episodes that were not recorded by Jensen. (PX 

40 at SEI-INTERNET 0000273).

b. Tomasz Gladkowski testified that he was able to access TVP 

content, including the registered episodes, in Canada between 

December 2011 and March 2012, and that he checked the website 

almost daily during that period. (Gladkowski Dep. 22:9-24). 

Because TVP’s geoblocking system set North and South America 

as a restriction, programming that would be blocked in the U.S. 

would also be blocked in Canada, and programming available in 

Canada would also be available in the U.S. (Tr. 299:12-16, 603:1-

15). 

c. The testimony of Barnett, Jensen, and Gladkowski established that 

TVP content was available in the U.S. free of charge and viewed 

on the internet from December 2011 to March 2012. 

3. The court credits the testimony of the SEI witnesses that they did not attempt 

to circumvent TVP’s geoblocking when they viewed the copyrighted shows in 

North America, and there was no evidence to indicate that such attempts were 

made.

a. Both Barnett and Jensen testified that when they viewed the TVP 

serial shows in the United States, they did so from the Loeb &

Loeb offices, and at home, and did not use a proxy server or virtual 

private network which could trick geoblocking technology. 

i. Barnett stated he did not use either technology. (Tr. 171:9–

172:14; 180:21–181:2, 190:8–191:2, 214:11-22)

ii. Barnett stated that he did not order Mr. Jensen to use any 

geoblock evading technology. (190:22-25).
11

iii. Jensen stated he did not use geoblock evading technology. 

(Tr. 223:21–224:16, 227:8–228:19, 242:19-23). 

iv. Gladkowski stated he did not use geoblock evading 

technology. (Gladkowski Dep. 16:6-9).

v. Defendant’s expert witness Dr. Hallam-Baker admitted that 

TVP had no evidence that Barnett or Jensen had used 

geoblock evading technology. (Tr. at 653:11-17). 

b. The fact that Barnett and Jensen did not record web session 

information, such as the IP address of the computer they used to 

access the 36 serial shows, does not undermine their testimony. 

Neither Jensen nor Barnett are IT professionals or investigators. 

c. Courtney Spence testified that Loeb & Loeb has software that

precludes the use of proxy tricking software, and he confirmed that 

any internet traffic from the law firm’s New York office, where 

Jensen recorded the 36 serial shows, would be directed through a 

dedicated circuit located in the U.S., not overseas. (Tr. 769-771, 

PX 67).

d. Barnett (Tr. 171:3-8) and Gladkowski (Dep. 15:3-16:5, 44:8-

45:14) testified that some episodes were blocked, while others 

were not, which showed that they were not using geoblock evading 

tools. Additionally, on March 1, 2012, neither Barnett nor Jensen 

could access any more shows without charge. (Tr. 187:21–188:16, 

230:11–231:6). Had they been using geoblock evading 

technology, they would have been able to continue accessing TVP 

Polonia episodes. 

4. The court therefore finds that Plaintiff established by a preponderance of 

the evidence that the 51 episodes copyrighted by SEI were available and 

viewed in the U.S. via TVP’s website. 

a. Jensen viewed the 36 shows he preregistered in the U.S. over the 

TVP website, and did not view the 15 that were recorded overseas. 

(Tr. 230:11-19, 240:23–241:12, 276:11-14)

b. Barnett testified he was able to view the 51 TVP Polonia shows in 

the United States, although he could not recall the specific 

episodes he viewed, and did not create a contemporaneous list. 

(Tr. 197:23–200:21, 203:16–204:16). He also testified that he did 

not have a specific recollection of watching all 51 episodes, but 

that he “certainly watched a lot of episodes and confirmed that 

they were streaming.” (Tr. 200:12-21). Gladkowski also testified 
12

that he believed he was able to access all of the registered episodes 

during the relevant period. (Dep. 33:17-18)

c. Barnett made screenshots of 6 of the 15 episodes displayed in PX 

40—Bates number SEI-INTERNET 0000273 (Galeria eps. 16), 

287 (Galeria eps. 18), 295 (Galeria eps. 17), 296 (Galeria eps. 19), 

297 (Galeria eps. 20), 351 (Rezydencja eps. 58).

d. The court concludes that Barnett’s, Gladkowski’s, and Jensen’s 

testimony established by a preponderance of the evidence that all 

51 registered episodes were in fact available and viewed on the 

TVP website for free, and Plaintiff’s rights in all 51 were therefore 

infringed. 

5. The period of infringement was from December 2011 to March 2012. (Tr.

167:13; 187:21-25). 

a. On March 1, 2012, Barnett and Jensen could no longer view 

TVP Polonia programming through TVP’s website. (Tr. 187:21–

188:16, 230:11–231:6).

D. Whether Defendant’s infringement was volitional and willful 

Six witnesses testified about the facts and circumstances surrounding SEI’s claim that 

TVP infringed its exclusive copyright over TVP Polonia programming in the United States: (i) 

Michael Barnett; (ii) Christian Jensen; (iii) Jacek Terlicki; (iv) Courtney Spence; (v) Dr. Phillip 

Hallam-Baker; and (vi) Dr. Matthew Edman. The court found the testimony of Dr. HallamBaker to be unhelpful in determining whether the infringement was volitional and willful. Dr. 

Hallam-Baker did not speak with TVP employees Tomporowski or Jezewski, (Tr. 667:11-12; 

674:11-16), and only speculated about “hypothetical” reasons why TVP’s geoblocking 

technology might not have worked. (Tr. 620:20-22). His answers on cross-examination 

demonstrated that he did not have a complete understanding of TVP’s geoblocking system, and 

he appeared to have done little or no independent research. Moreover, despite his testimony that 

geoblocking failure could have been caused by a failure of the Mongo database (Tr. 628:8-11), 

Dr. Hallam-Baker admitted that there was no evidence of such a system failure (Tr. 697:11-22), 
13

and that such a scenario was only a “hypothetical” explanation. (Tr. 626:20-22). Similarly, Dr. 

Hallam-Baker’s testimony that a geoblocking failure could have occurred from a flaw in the 

MaxMind database of IP addresses was mere speculation, since there was no evidence presented 

of such a flaw, and Dr. Hallam-Baker conceded that the MaxMind database is 99.8% accurate on 

a country basis. (DX 7 at 7).

 The court makes the following findings of fact regarding whether TVP willfully and 

volitionally infringed Plaintiff’s copyrights:

1. TVP acted volitionally in infringing SEI’s copyright. As noted in the court’s findings 

above regarding TVP’s geoblocking technology:

a. AV technicians manually input regional restrictions into the formats for each 

episode in the workflow system. (Tr. 302:22–303:7, 303:24–304:20).

b. The CMS system is set to a default of minus ameryki, and in order for the 

default to be removed, a program editor must select a different setting from a 

drop-down menu. (Tr. 299:12–00:4, 514:10-21).

c. TVP program editors working on the CMS would be able to see any changes 

to territorial restrictions that were made in the workflow system. (Tr. 291:9-

19). 

d. In order to make TVP Polonia programming accessible in North America, 

TVP personnel working on the workflow system and CMS would have to take 

specific actions.

e. Since the court finds that the SEI witnesses did actually view TVP Polonia 

content in the U.S., it also finds that TVP employees took the required 

volitional actions to remove territorial restrictions.

2. TVP acted willfully and intentionally to infringe SEI’s copyright.

a. The person in charge of TVP’s geoblocking system, Jacek Terlicki, denied 

that multiple formats of episodes—one geoblocked, the other not 

geoblocked—were created. Having two formats would enable the territorial 

restrictions on shows to be changed without having to remove the show from 

distribution. (Tr. 418:11–419:9).

b. However, contrary to Terlicki’s assertions on the witness stand, screenshots of 

the TVP workflow system show that multiple formats were made for episodes, 
14

and these formats included one with a minus ameryki territorial restriction, 

and one without a territorial restriction. (PX 55, 56, 60, 63, 64).

i. The workflow screen shots at issue are for episode 894 of M jak

Milosc, episode 4 of Galeria, episode 52 of Rezydencja, episode 878 

of M jak Milosc, episode 1810 of Plebania, episode 1829 of Plebania, 

episode 10 of Galeria, episode 11 of Galeria, and episode 21 of 

Galeria.

ii. PX 57, which is a copy of DX 5, is a workflow activity log from the 

infringing period, and shows multiple formats created for a number of 

TVP Polonia episodes in the workflow system.

iii. PX 58 shows that 46 of the 51 episodes which SEI copyrighted had 

multiple formats created.

c. The creation of multiple formats for SEI copyrighted demonstrates that the 

infringement was intentional and willful, since creating a format is an 

intentional act, and there was no evidence that a format could be created 

accidentally.

d. Further, TVP employees acted intentionally to delete the multiple formats.

i. PX 58 shows that for the 46 copyrighted episodes which had multiple 

formats, all of the non-geoblocked formats were deleted.

ii. In particular, on February 25, 2012, TVP AV technician Mariusz 

Tomporowski deleted/removed (in Polish, “usuniety”) 27 formats 

which had no territorial restriction. These 27 deletions, all of which 

were done sequentially, were done only for episodes which SEI had 

preregistered. (PX 57, 58).

iii. The deletions do not appear to have been done by mistake or accident. 

(Tr. 440:9-24). 

iv. The deletions were not a coincidence, nor did they occur merely 

because TVP was replacing old material, as TVP witnesses Terlicki 

and Hallam-Baker speculated. (Tr. 436:2-11, 749:6-24).

v. Further, in the case of an unregistered episode, episode 874 of M jak 

Milosc (which had two formats created), TVP personnel did not delete 

the alternative format that was withdrawn. Only registered episodes 

had alternative formats deleted. (PX 57, 58, 59, Tr. 436:14–437:18). 

vi. The deletions occurred weeks after the formats were withdrawn and 

prior to distribution of new formats, indicating that the deletions were
15

not done in order to distribute these episodes in updated formats, such 

as MP4. (PX 57, Tr. 438:5–440:24). 

vii. The odds that, of all of TVP’s shows, 27 registered episodes were 

deleted in sequence on the same day were estimated by two witnesses 

to be “substantially more than a billion to one, and less than one in a 

quintillion.” (Tr. 672:16–673:18, 812:13–813:5). 

e. The evidence also shows intentional manipulation of workflow logs prior to 

TVP taking screenshots being taken of them for purposes of this litigation.

i. On August 31, 2012, AV technician Przemyslaw Jezewski removed

formats from distribution, changed the workflow settings, and then

republished the formats in distribution just prior to taking a screenshot 

of the workflow format screens for use in this litigation. (Compare PX 

57 at TVP-Internet 00091 which shows that on August 31, 2012 from 

2:49 to 2:50 p.m., Jezewski removed format number 340770 (episode 

895 of M jak Milosc) from distribution, then manipulated its settings in 

the Workflow system, and re-published the format in distribution, with 

DX 3 at TVP-Internet 000065 (Workflow screenshot for format 

number 340770 (episode 895 of M jak Milosc), printed on August 31, 

2012 at 2:52 p.m.). 

ii. Other examples of this conduct include: 

 Compare PX 57 TVP-Internet 00090-91 (on August 31, 2012 

from 2:47 to 2:48 p.m., Jezewski removed format number 

340776 (episode 894 of M jak Milosc) from distribution, 

manipulated its settings in the Workflow system, and republished the format in distribution) with DX 3 at TVPInternet 000064 (Workflow screenshot for format number 

340776 (episode 895 of M jak Milosc), printed on August 31, 

2012 at 2:48 p.m.); 

 Compare also PX 57 at TVP-Internet 00094 (on August 31, 

2012 at 2:55 p.m., Jezewski removed format number 332756 

(episode 1828 of Plebania) from distribution, manipulated its 

settings in the Workflow system, and re-published the format 

in distribution) with DX 3 at TVP- Internet 000069 

(Workflow screenshot for format number 332756 (episode 

1828 of Plebania) printed on August 31, 2012 at 2:55 p.m.).

iii. The method of changing these formats—removing one episode from 

distribution, manipulating the format, and republishing it—is the 

method used to change the territorial restriction for a format. (Tr. 

464:16-19).
16

iv. These formats were not removed from distribution for the purpose of 

changing the publication end date, they were removed because 

Defendant’s employee, Jezewski, altered the territorial restrictions to 

geoblock them. (DX 3 at TVP-Internet 066279, 066282).

f. As noted above, CMS system records are overwritten, so any changes during 

the infringing period would not have been captured when this litigation 

commenced. The CMS records that were produced were printed on August 

31, 2012, which is the same day Jezewski removed formats in the workflow 

system, then republished them prior to screenshots being taken. (DX 4). The 

court did not find Defendant’s exhibits dealing with the CMS system and 

purporting to show geoblocked content to be helpful or credible.

3. There is no evidence that a failure in TVP’s geoblocking system caused the 

infringement.

a. Jacek Terlicki testified that he had not heard of any problems with the 

geoblocking system, and was “absolutely certain the system was working with 

one hundred percent reliability.” (Tr. 309:8-12). 

b. Dr. Hallam-Baker speculated about several possible flaws or malfunctions that 

could have led to an inadvertent failure in geoblocking, but, as noted above,

the court did not find his testimony on this issue to be useful or credible. 

Moreover, Dr. Hallam-Baker testified that:

i. He was unaware of any technological failure in TVP’s geoblocking 

system that would have allowed TVP Polonia shows to be accessed in 

the U.S. via TVP’s website. (Tr. 697:11-22). 

ii. He had no information that a replication failure in the Mongo database 

led to a geoblocking failure, but suggested this as a “hypothetical” 

explanation. (Tr. 626: 20-22). 

iii. The MaxMind database is between 98 and 99.8% accurate in blocking 

access on a country basis, and he had no information to suggest that 

there was a database flaw leading to TVP Polonia shows being 

available on the TVP website in the U.S. (DX 7 at 7; Tr. 694:14-17).

c. Dr. Erdman testified that had a database failure occurred, TVP IT 

administrators would have noticed it. (Tr. 807). 

d. PX 37, screenshots taken by Gladkowski over the infringing period, show that 

some TVP shows were geoblocked, while others were not, lending further 

credence to the assertion that TVP employees selectively removed the 

geoblock for some shows, instead of there being a mass failure of the system. 

(PX 37). 
17

E. Defendant’s equitable estoppel defense

The court finds that the evidence did not support Defendant’s equitable estoppel defense, 

and makes the following findings of fact regarding whether SEI is equitably estopped from 

pursuing its copyright infringement claims:

1. TVP employees were aware that they infringed SEI’s copyrights. As set forth above, 

since the default settings for programs were to geoblock TVP Polonia content from 

being accessible in the U.S., TVP employees had to take willful and volitional steps 

to remove the geo-block for the 36 episodes that were viewed and recorded in the 

U.S. by Jensen. (Tr. 344:2-14, 602:20–603:9, 604:4-16, DX 7 at 5-6).

2. Further, a TVP employee took the deliberate step of deleting formats that did not 

contain the minus ameryki restriction prior to taking screen shots of the workflow 

system. (Compare PX 57 at TVP-Internet 00091 with DX 3 at TVP-Internet 000065). 

3. No evidence was presented to show that SEI had advance knowledge that its 

copyrights were being infringed; rather, the evidence shows that SEI discovered the 

infringement after TVP employees removed the territorial restrictions, and after 

discovering this, SEI acted to register the 36 shows in the U.S. (Tr. 202:9-203:1). 

II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

A. Copyright Infringement Generally

1. “In order to prevail in a copyright infringement action, a plaintiff must 

show two elements: First, that he is the rightful owner of the copyright at 

issue, and second, that the defendant infringed his copyright.” Staggers v. 

Real Authentic Sound, 77 F. Supp. 2d 57, 61 (D.D.C. 1999) (citing Feist 

Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991)). 

2. The plaintiff bears the burden of proving that any infringement of its 

copyrights occurred. See Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 134 S. 

Ct. 1962, 1976 (2014). 

B. Whether Plaintiff Possessed A Valid Copyright Over TVP Polonia Programming 

In The US 

1. Plaintiff has met its burden of establishing that it possesses a valid copyright over 

TVP Polonia programming in the U.S. 

2. Defendant is the creator of TVP Polonia programming, and thus originally held 

all rights over its use. 
18

a. “An author holds a bundle of exclusive rights in the copyrighted work.” 

Stewart v. Abend, 495 U.S. 207, 220 (1990). 

b. The bundle of rights “is entirely statutory and is set forth in 17 U.S.C. § 

106.” Staggers, 77 F. Supp. 2d at 60–61 (citing Sony Corp. of America v. 

Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984)). 

c. TVP, as the originator and owner of TVP Polonia programing, had the 

right to license its exclusive rights to another party. 17 U.S.C. § 201(d). 

3. SEI is the exclusive licensee of TVP’s rights in TVP Polonia. SEI therefore has 

the exclusive license to broadcast TVP Polonia programming in the U.S. This 

legal conclusion is not in dispute.

a. Under 17 U.S.C. § 204(a), in order to validly transfer of copyright 

ownership, a transfer of exclusive rights must be in writing and signed by 

the owner of the rights conveyed or such owner’s duly authorized agent. 

Atkins v. Fischer, 331 F.3d 988, 991 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

b. SEI and TVP executed multiple written agreements—the December 14, 

1994 agreement and the 199 Addendum to the 1994 Agreement—which 

give SEI the exclusive right to “use” TVP Polonia content over the 

internet within the U.S. 

4. Since TVP validly transferred copyright ownership to SEI, SEI is the exclusive 

owner of any copyrights over TVP Polonia programming in the U.S. 17 U.S.C. § 

101; see also William Patry, 2 Patry on Copyright § 5:101 (2016). 

5. TVP Polonia programming are foreign works, and “holders of copyrights for 

foreign works need not register those works in order to bring a suit for copyright 

infringement. Registration is only a prerequisite when the foreign copyright 

holder seeks statutory damages and attorney’s fees.” Rudnicki v. WPNA 1490 

AM, 580 F. Supp. 2d 690, 694 (N.D. Ill. 2008). Thus SEI was not required to 

register its copyright of TVP Polonia programming in the U.S.

6. However, SEI registered 51 episodes of TVP Polonia with the Copyright Office. 

Copyright registration certificates are prima facie evidence of a valid copyright.

17 U.S.C. § 410(c); see also Stenograph L.L.C. v. Bossard Associates, Inc., 144 

F.3d 96, 99 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“Stenograph’s certificates of registration for 

Premier Power . . . constitute prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright 

of the software, and [defendant] makes no argument that such certificates were 

improvidently issued); MOB Music Pub. v. Zanzibar on the Waterfront, LLC, 698 

F. Supp. 2d 197, 202 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[C]opyright registration certificates 

constitute prima facie evidence of plaintiffs’ valid copyrights . . .”).
19

a. The 51 registered episodes are Galeria episodes 4 – 25, Gleboka woda

episode 13, M jak Milosc episodes 884 – 895, Plebania episodes 1825 –

1829, and Rezydencja episodes 48 – 58.

7. Thus, SEI is the valid holder of copyrights for all TVP Polonia programming in 

the U.S., including the 51 registered episodes.

C. Whether TVP Infringed SEI’s Public Performance Right1

1. SEI has met its burden to prove that its public performance right was infringed by 

TVP for all 51 episodes of TVP Polonia programming. 

2. SEI holds the exclusive right to “perform the copyrighted work publicly.” 17 

U.S.C. § 106(4).2 SEI’s public performance right includes the exclusive right to 

transmit TVP Polonia shows to viewers in the U.S. 17 U.S.C. § 101.

a. Under 17 U.S.C. § 101, “[t]o ‘perform’ a work means to recite, render, 

play, dance, or act it, either directly or by means of any device or process 

or, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its 

images in any sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible. 

To ‘transmit’ a performance is to communicate [a work] by any device or 

process whereby images or sounds are received beyond the place from 

which they are sent. To perform a work ‘publicly’ is to transmit or 

otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to . . . the 

public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the 

public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the 

same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times 

[the ‘Transmit Clause’].” Fox Broad. Co., 160 F. Supp. 3d at 1158

(internal citations omitted). 

b. The Transmit Clause defines the public performance right as the right to 

“transmit a performance to the public ‘whether the members of the public 

capable of receiving the performance ... receive it ... at the same time or at 

different times.’” Am. Broad. Companies, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 

2498, 2509 (2014) (citing 17 U.S.C. § 101). 

3. “For the Transmit Clause to apply, there must be (1) a transmission or other 

communication; (2) of a performance of a work; (3) to the public. Not all 

transmissions are performances, and not all performances are transmissions.” Fox 

Broad. Co., 160 F. Supp. 3d at 1158 (internal citation omitted).

4. Both parties agree that unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content can 

constitute a violation of the public performance right. (Def.’s Trial Brief at 4; 

 

1 Plaintiff does not appear to allege an infringement of its distribution rights. 
20

Pl.’s Trial Brief at 5). See Aereo, 134 S. Ct. at 2506-2507 (Provider that sold 

subscribers broadcast television programming streamed over the Internet from 

small antennas housed in a central warehouse “performed” copyrighted works 

within the meaning of the Copyright Act. Although the provider’s system 

remained inert until a subscriber indicated that he or she wanted to watch a 

program and may have emulated equipment a viewer could use at home, it 

allowed subscribers to watch programs almost as they were being broadcast); 

United States v. Am. Soc. of Composers, Authors, Publishers, 627 F.3d 64, 74 (2d 

Cir. 2010) (“The Internet Companies’ stream transmissions, which all parties 

agree constitute public performances, illustrate why a download is not a public 

performance. A stream is an electronic transmission that renders the musical 

work audible as it is received by the client-computer’s temporary memory. This 

transmission, like a television or radio broadcast, is a performance because there 

is a playing of the song that is perceived simultaneously with the transmission.”).

5. Both Michael Barnett and Christian Jensen were able to stream and view TVP 

Polonia episodes by accessing TVP’s website, www.tvp.pl in the U.S. Thus SEI’s 

public performance right was infringed.3

6. TVP argues that even if the shows were viewed in the U.S. by Barnett and Jensen, 

and in Canada by Gladkowski, that the Copyright Act requires volitional conduct 

by the Defendant for direct infringement to have occurred; “A defendant may be 

held directly liable only if it has engaged in volitional conduct that violates the 

Act.” Aereo, 134 S. Ct. at 2512.

a. Because “the Supreme Court did not find it necessary to address the 

‘volitional conduct’ requirement in Aereo III to hold that both Aereo and 

its subscribers perform within the meaning of the Transmit Clause,” the 

Court indicated that the requirement that a direct infringer act volitionally 

has been met in circumstances involving streaming transmission. Fox 

Television Stations, Inc. v. FilmOn X LLC, 150 F. Supp. 3d 1, 31 (D.D.C. 

2015).

7. TVP volitionally and intentionally infringed Plaintiff’s copyrights over the 51

infringed episodes of TVP Polonia.

 

3 While the infringing content was streamed from overseas into the U.S., “[w]ith respect to 

extraterritoriality, the Court adopts the reasoning in Automattic Inc. v. Steiner, from the Northern 

District of California, which held that copyright infringement that commenced abroad but was 

completed in the United States was not wholly extraterritorial, and thus the Copyright Act 

covered the defendant’s conduct.” (Transcript of July 9, 2015 Motions Hearing at 74:2-25) 

(citing Automattic v. Steiner, 82 F. Supp. 3d 1011, 1028 (N.D. Cal. 2015)). 
21

D. Whether SEI Should Be Equitably Estopped From Claiming Infringement

1. TVP did not carry its burden to prove that SEI should be equitably estopped from 

claiming that its copyrights were infringed.

2. “[W]hen a copyright owner engages in intentionally misleading representations 

concerning his abstention from suit, and the alleged infringer detrimentally relies 

on the copyright owner’s deception, the doctrine of estoppel may bar the 

copyright owner’s claims completely, eliminating all potential remedies.” Petrella 

v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 134 S. Ct. at 1966.

3. “To establish equitable estoppel as a defense to a copyright infringement action, 

the defendant must prove four conjunctive elements: “(1) the plaintiff must know 

the facts of the defendant’s infringing conduct; (2) the plaintiff must intend that 

its conduct shall be acted on or must so act that the defendant has a right to 

believe that it is so intended; (3) the defendant must be ignorant of the true facts; 

and (4) the defendant must rely on the plaintiff’s conduct to its injury.” Tech 7 

Sys., Inc. v. Vacation Acquisition, LLC, 594 F. Supp. 2d 76, 86 (D.D.C. 2009)

(citing Carson v. Dynegy, Inc., 344 F.3d 446, 453 (5th Cir. 2003)).

4. Because the court finds that TVP took intentional and volitional action to infringe 

SEI’s copyright, TVP could not be ignorant of the true facts in this dispute, and 

therefore cannot meet its burden to prove the third and fourth element of estoppel.

a. TVP could not have been ignorant that it was infringing SEI’s copyright 

because it (1) granted the exclusive license over TVP Polonia content to 

SEI and (2) then intentionally infringed SEI’s rights. Nor could TVP 

have relied on SEI’s actions to its own injury, as it was the party 

intentionally harming SEI.

E. Damages

Because the court has determined that TVP infringed SEI’s copyrights with regards to 51

TVP Polonia episodes which SEI had registered in the U.S., and the court has wide discretion in 

determining the amount of damages, the court requests supplementary briefing from the parties 

on the issue of the appropriate amount of damages it should award. 
22

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, and based upon the evidence presented at trial, the court 

concludes that Plaintiff Spanski Enterprises has sustained its burden of proof on its copyright 

infringement claim, and that judgment must therefore be entered in favor of Plaintiff. 

Date: December 2, 2016

Tanya S. Chutkan 

TANYA S. CHUTKAN

United States District Judge