{"id":344528,"date":"2023-06-09T13:55:26","date_gmt":"2023-06-09T17:55:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=344528"},"modified":"2023-09-15T09:43:32","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T13:43:32","slug":"electrostatics-and-surface-physics-laboratory","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/exploration-research-and-technology\/electrostatics-and-surface-physics-laboratory\/","title":{"rendered":"Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-light hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center 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href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/exploration-research-and-technology\/\" class=\"usa-breadcrumb__link\"><span>Exploration Research and...<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-breadcrumb__list-item usa-current\" aria-current=\"page\"><span>Electrostatics and Surface...<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/kennedy\/\">Kennedy Home<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>About Kennedy<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path 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target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/kennedy\/launch-services-program\/\">Launch Services Program<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/exploration-research-and-technology\/\">Research and Technology<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Labs and Facilities<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 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class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/stem-engagement-at-kennedy-space-center\/\">Education and STEM<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/kennedy\/kennedy-space-center-news\/\">News and Events<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/images.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Multimedia<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/kennedy\/media-accreditation\/\">Media Accreditation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-spacer\"> <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-hero position-relative bg-carbon-black overflow-hidden width-full maxw-full grid-container display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-center minh-tablet padding-y-9 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-hero\"><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"Aerospace engineer Jerry Wang uses a laser beam to determine the dust density inside the electrostatic precipitator, a technology under development to filter dust from the Martian atmosphere.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg 6720w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"hds-grid-container position-relative display-flex flex-align-center flex-justify-start width-full\">\n\t\t<div class=\"width-full maxw-tablet\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-7\">\n\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"display-72 font-weight-extrabold line-height-sm margin-bottom-2 color-spacesuit-white-important\">Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-lg margin-0 color-spacesuit-white-important\"><\/p>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-hero-stats\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"color-spacesuit-white-important label margin-bottom-2\"><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-row flex-align-center padding-right-2 desktop:padding-right-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-col-auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stat-number line-height-sm color-nasa-blue-tint font-weight-thin font-mono-2xl\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"color-spacesuit-white-important grid-col padding-left-2 tablet:padding-left-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"stat-value line-height-md\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-row flex-align-center padding-right-2  desktop:padding-right-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col grid-col-auto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stat-number line-height-sm color-nasa-blue-tint font-weight-thin font-mono-2xl\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"color-spacesuit-white-important grid-col padding-left-2 tablet:padding-left-3 tablet:padding-left-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"stat-value line-height-md\"><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory (ESPL) is a research facility located at NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center. The lab conducts scientific investigations to protect flight hardware and launch equipment from the phenomenon of electrostatic discharges, commonly known as sparks, since a spark near rocket propellant or other chemicals could be catastrophic. The lab studies lunar and Martian dust and the physics behind the particles\u2019 dynamic electrical states. The lab also develops new technologies that leverage electrostatics to solve problems, such as filtering dust from air or repelling dust off surfaces using electrostatic forces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">History<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory began operations in May 2000 to support the Space Shuttle Program. The ESPL provided electrostatic studies for a number of shuttle components, including hydrogen fuel lines, crew escape life preserver and life raft inflators, thrust vector control actuator blankets and thermal control system blankets. The lab also provided an electrostatic evaluation and some design change recommendations for the Hubble Space Telescope\u2019s imaging spectrograph hardware.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lab characterized lunar dust samples brought back from the Apollo 14 mission. The ESPL measured the moon dust\u2019s dielectric properties, finding it to have low electrical conductivity.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Aerospace engineer Michael Johansen prepares equipment for an optical test to help visualize the flow of dust particles inside the electrostatic precipitator.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 51% 100%; object-position: 51% 100%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg 6720w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0051.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Aerospace engineer Michael Johansen prepares equipment for an optical test to help visualize the flow of dust particles inside the electrostatic precipitator.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA\/Chris Chamberland<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The ESPL developed a way to measure a dust particle\u2019s diameter and electric charge using a laser and an applied electric field. This dust particle analyzer could potentially be miniaturized and sent to Mars as a science tool, or it could be used in the lab to study Martian samples if they are brought back to Earth one day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lab designed the Mars Environmental Compatibility Assessment (MECA) Electrometer to characterize electrostatic and triboelectric properties of Martian soil, measure the electric field strength above the Martian soil, and measure atmospheric ion currents. The initial design was slated to fly on the 2001 Marie Curie Mars Lander, but that lander mission was canceled. Since then, the lab has developed more advanced variations of the electrometer that can be embedded in a rover wheel or installed on the end of a robot arm. The electrometer now is being proposed to perform measurements on lunar landing missions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2012, the lab became part of Swamp Works and started focusing on more in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) work. For example, the ESPL worked jointly with the Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations lab to test the idea of a heat shield made from space dirt. Making a heat shield in space instead of launching it from Earth could potentially save fuel and launch costs. The lab made rounded bricks out of a lunar simulant, then tested the bricks under extreme heat similar to what a payload would experience entering an atmosphere. The bricks stayed relatively cool on the back, showing that, with more investigation, space dirt might work as a material to thermally protect payloads.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"width-full maxw-full bg-carbon-05 padding-bottom-9 padding-top-9 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link\">\n\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0 padding-top-9 desktop:padding-top-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-right-5 margin-bottom-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label margin-bottom-2\">related story<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"page-heading-md\">Researchers Look to Alien Soils for Heat Shield<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md\">Researchers are looking to see whether a heat shield made from the soil of the Moon, Mars, or an asteroid will stand up to the searing demands of a plunge through Earth's atmosphere.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/kennedy\/news\/regoltihheatshield.html\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md\" aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-left-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"582\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/686507main-regolithintesting.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"A 2-inch by 4-inch brick is heated by a welding torch in a test of a concept for making heat shields from the soil of other worlds.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/686507main-regolithintesting.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/686507main-regolithintesting.jpg?resize=300,171 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/686507main-regolithintesting.jpg?resize=768,437 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/686507main-regolithintesting.jpg?resize=400,227 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/686507main-regolithintesting.jpg?resize=600,341 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/686507main-regolithintesting.jpg?resize=900,512 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">A 2-inch by 4-inch brick is heated by a welding torch in a test of a concept for making heat shields from the soil of other worlds.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The lab also investigated graphene-based ultra-capacitors, which are lightweight energy storage devices made from a highly conductive form of carbon in a hexagonal lattice structure. They can operate for tens of thousands of cycles at high current and wide temperature ranges and, unlike lithium-ion batteries, aren\u2019t at risk for catching fire. Remarkably, early prototypes showed almost no loss in performance after 30,000 charge\/discharge cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Current Work<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 2003, the ESPL has been developing Electrodynamic Dust Shield technology to clear dust off a number of different materials including glass, plastics, metals, and potentially spacesuit fabrics. The dust shields are important for keeping solar panels, heat radiators, optical instruments and other equipment clean so they can operate properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lab flew Electrodynamic Dust Shield experiments twice on reduced gravity flights. The testing showed the dust shields could operate using Martian dust simulant, lunar dust simulant, and actual Moon dust. They worked in lunar and Martian gravities and atmospheric pressures. Another experiment slated to fly on the International Space Station in 2019 will expose material samples and coatings to the harsh environment of space for a year. The experiment will provide data that will inform future dust shield designs.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Mike Dupuis, project manager for Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory, is shown working in the lab.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 53% 100%; object-position: 53% 100%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg 6720w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0080.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Mike Dupuis, project manager for Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory, is shown working in the lab. Mike is a research engineer specializing in the control of robotic and autonomous systems. Mike also manages the Electrodynamic Dust Shield project.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA\/Chris Chamberland<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Since about 2010, the lab has been developing a Mars-based electrostatic precipitator, a type of air filter that uses electric fields to remove the dust. This technology is important for ISRU plants pulling in the carbon dioxide-rich Martian atmosphere to produce commodities such as oxygen, water and methane. The air must be cleaned before it enters the reactor so dust doesn\u2019t damage the equipment or make its way into final products, including breathing air, drinking water or rocket fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"width-full maxw-full bg-carbon-05 padding-bottom-9 padding-top-9 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link\">\n\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0 padding-top-9 desktop:padding-top-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-right-5 margin-bottom-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label margin-bottom-2\">related story<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"page-heading-md\">Kennedy Scientists Developing Technology to Remove Martian Dust<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md\">NASA's Journey to Mars requires cutting-edge technologies to solve the problems explorers will face on the Red Planet. Scientists at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida are developing some of the needed solutions.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/science-research\/kennedy-scientists-developing-technology-to-remove-martian-dust\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md\" aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-left-5\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"735\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Two scientists modify an electrostatic precipitator at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg 2600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=300,215 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=768,551 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=1024,735 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=1536,1103 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=2048,1471 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=400,287 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=600,431 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=900,646 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=1200,862 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/ksc-20170609-ph-kls01-0036b.jpg?resize=2000,1436 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Dr. Carlos Calle, lead scientist in the Kennedy Space Center’s Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory, left, and Jay Phillips, a research physicist, are modifying an electrostatic precipitator. On Mars the device would allow astronauts to extract useful elements such as oxygen, water and methane.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Accomplishments<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory has published more than 150 papers and journal articles. The lab has one patent with the University of Arkansas Little Rock on the Electrodynamic Dust Shield.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From NASA<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=topic&p=155124\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Science & Research<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg 6048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=1024,681 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=1536,1022 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=2048,1363 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=400,266 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=600,399 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=900,599 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=1200,798 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/kacar_betul_lab21_1179.jpg?resize=2000,1331 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/moontomarsarchitecture\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Moon to Mars Architecture<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1505\" height=\"852\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?w=1505\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png 1505w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?resize=300,170 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?resize=768,435 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?resize=1024,580 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?resize=400,226 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?resize=600,340 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?resize=900,510 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/moon-and-mars-1.png?resize=1200,679 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1505px) 100vw, 1505px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/space-travel-technology\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Space Travel Technology<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/image_11182021_lugreupdate.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); 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transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg 5691w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=300,214 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=768,547 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=1024,730 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=1536,1095 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=2048,1460 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=400,285 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=600,428 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=900,642 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=1200,855 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/tom-moss.jpg?resize=2000,1426 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory (ESPL) is a research facility located at NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center. The lab conducts scientific investigations to protect flight hardware and launch equipment from the phenomenon of electrostatic discharges, commonly known as sparks, since a spark near rocket propellant or other chemicals could be catastrophic. The lab studies lunar [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":344530,"parent":175518,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[2862],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[3917,12640],"coauthors":[8382],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/exploration-research-and-technology\/electrostatics-and-surface-physics-laboratory\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/exploration-research-and-technology\/electrostatics-and-surface-physics-laboratory\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg"},"articleSection":"NASA Centers & Facilities","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Danielle Sempsrott"}],"creator":["Danielle Sempsrott"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA Centers & Facilities","Kennedy Space Center"],"dateCreated":"2023-06-09T17:55:26Z","datePublished":"2023-06-09T17:55:26Z","dateModified":"2023-09-15T13:43:32Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/exploration-research-and-technology\/electrostatics-and-surface-physics-laboratory\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-06-09T17:55:26Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities,Kennedy Space Center\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Danielle Sempsrott\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":4,"time_ago":"1 year","featured_image":{"id":344530,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/espl-ksc-20181019-ph-cdc02-0022.jpg","title":"ESPL Photos for Website Update","alt":"Aerospace engineer Jerry Wang uses a laser beam to determine the dust density inside the electrostatic precipitator, a technology under development to filter dust from the Martian atmosphere.","caption":"Aerospace engineer Jerry Wang uses a laser beam to determine the dust density inside the electrostatic precipitator, a technology under development to filter dust from the Martian atmosphere."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/344528"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/344528\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":508667,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/344528\/revisions\/508667"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/175518"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/344530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=344528"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=344528"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=344528"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=344528"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=344528"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}