IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

In re the Marriage of: No. 47809-9-II

MICHAEL KENICHI GRAY,

 Appellant,

 v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SARA JUNE GRAY,

 Respondent.

MELNICK, J. — Michael Kenichi Gray appeals the trial court’s denial of his request to 

modify the parenting plan with his former spouse, Sara June Gray. He contends the trial court did 

not apply the statutory factors, failed to consider the children’s best interests, and failed to find an 

abusive use of conflict by Sara.1 Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm. 

FACTS

In 2012, the trial court dissolved Michael and Sara’s marriage and entered a parenting plan 

for their two children, then three and one. The parenting plan’s residential schedule provided that 

the children would reside with Sara during the week and with Michael every weekend, except if 

there was a fifth weekend in the month, the children would stay with Sara. The parties agreed that 

the plan may need to be modified when the children started school. 

 

1 Since the parties share the same last name, we use their first names for clarity and intend no 

disrespect.

Filed

Washington State

Court of Appeals

Division Two

November 29, 2016
47809-9-II

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In 2014, Sara contacted Child Protective Service (CPS), accusing Michael of abuse and 

neglect of the children. She based these allegations on comments from the children that they 

witnessed domestic violence between Michael and his girlfriend. The Department of Social and 

Health Services investigated and determined the allegations were unfounded. Sara also alleged 

that Michael’s girlfriend sexually abused the children based on the children’s report that the 

girlfriend sometimes bathed them and saw them naked. According to Michael, these allegations 

came back unfounded. A temporary restraining order against Michael existed for three months. 

In September 2014, Sara filed a motion to modify the parenting plan. She argued the 

children’s environment at Michael’s home was detrimental to their “physical, mental or emotional 

health.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 32. She also argued that Michael’s change in residence made the 

residential schedule impractical. 

Michael denied the allegations and accused Sara of using “an excessive amount of 

unnecessary conflict.” CP at 63. Michael moved to modify the residential schedule to have the 

children be with him during the week, and be with Sara for the first three weekends of the month. 

Michael also noted he moved two and a half years prior to Sara’s motion and Sara voiced no 

objection. He relocated within the same county approximately 10-15 minutes further away than 

his prior residence. 

The trial court determined adequate cause existed to proceed to a full hearing on both 

parties’ modification motions. The therapist for the parties’ oldest child submitted a report, 

opining that it was not in the oldest child’s best interest to change the parenting plan. 

In May 2015, the trial court denied the requests for modification. The court found 

“[t]here’s little evidence here to support either one of your positions.” CP at 185. The court also 

stated it was “satisfied by the admission of [the therapist] . . . that suggest that the children would 
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be better . . . in terms of stability and routine to maintain the current schedule.” CP at 185-86. 

Michael filed a motion for reconsideration which the court denied. He now appeals. 

ANALYSIS

Michael contends substantial evidence did not support the trial court’s findings of fact and 

the court abused its discretion by not modifying the parenting plan to his proposed residential 

schedule. Specifically, he contends the trial court failed to consider the required statutory factors, 

failed to consider the children’s best interests, and failed to find an abusive use of conflict by Sara 

We will uphold the trial court’s findings of fact if those findings are supported by 

substantial evidence. In re Marriage of Raskob, 183 Wn. App. 503, 510, 334 P.3d 30 (2014). 

Because our review of the record demonstrates that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s 

findings, we uphold the trial court’s findings. 

We review a trial court’s decision to modify a parenting plan for abuse of discretion. In re 

Marriage of Zigler, 154 Wn. App. 803, 808, 226 P.3d 202 (2010). We will not reverse the decision 

unless the trial court’s reasons are untenable or outside the range of acceptable choices. Zigler,

154 Wn. App. at 808. On appeal, we do not reweigh the evidence or evaluate a witness’s 

credibility. In re Marriage of Wilson, 165 Wn. App. 333, 340, 267 P.3d 485 (2011).

I. RULE COMPLIANCE

Initially, Michael argues that Sara’s statement of facts do not comply with RAP 10.3(a)(5), 

which requires a party to make “[a] fair statement of the facts and procedure relevant to the issues 

presented” and include “[r]eference to the record . . . for each factual statement.” The purpose of 

this rule is to enable the court and opposing counsel to efficiently and expeditiously review the 

accuracy of the factual statements made in the briefs. Litho Color, Inc. v. Pac. Emp’rs Ins. Co., 

98 Wn. App. 286, 305, 991 P.2d 638 (1999). Both parties are self-represented litigants (SRL’s) in 
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this appeal. In general, SRL’s are held to the same standard and rules of procedure as attorneys. 

In re Marriage of Olson, 69 Wn. App. 621, 626, 850 P.2d 527 (1993). While not all statements 

include citations to the record, Sara provides enough citations for us to assess whether her alleged 

facts are supported by the record. We disregard any alleged facts not supported by the record. 

Lemond v. Dep’t of Licensing, 143 Wn. App. 797, 807, 180 P.3d 829 (2008).

We also note that Sara argues in her response brief that the trial court erred in denying her 

motion for modification. But in order to obtain affirmative relief, a respondent must file a notice 

of cross-appeal. RAP 5.1(d). Because Sara failed to file a notice of cross-appeal, we decline to 

consider her alleged trial court errors. See Phillips Bldg. Co., Inc. v. An, 81 Wn. App. 696, 700 

n.3, 915 P.2d 1146 (1996) (“[A] notice of a cross appeal is essential if the respondent seeks 

affirmative relief as distinguished from the urging of additional grounds for affirmance.”)

II. SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCES

The first step for the trial court in a modification proceeding is to determine if adequate 

causes exists to permit a full hearing. RCW 26.09.270. Here, Michael does not appeal the trial 

court’s finding of adequate cause. 

Next, the trial court determines whether there has been a substantial change in 

circumstances. In assessing this issue the court looks to the factors set forth in RCW 26.09.260(2). 

Relevant to this appeal is RCW 26.09.260(2)(c), which requires the court to consider, “The child’s 

present environment is detrimental to the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health and the 

harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed by the advantage of a change 

to the child[.]”

The trial court found, “none of the statutory reasons” for modification applied. CP at 122. 

Specifically, the court stated, “[t]here’s little evidence here to support either one of your positions.” 
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CP at 185. And that it was “satisfied by the admission of [the therapist] . . . that suggest that the 

children would be better . . . in terms of stability and routine to maintain the current schedule.” CP 

at 185-86. Further, at the reconsideration hearing, the court stated, “when I talk about the stability 

of children to be able to rely on specific parenting plans, parenting plans that in this case have been 

expressly approved by a Court-registered guardian ad litem, and when I have not been provided 

evidence that supports the proposition that a substantial change is necessary or appropriate 

pursuant to the statute, . . . I’m left with one conclusion. . . . I’m maintaining the status quo.” 

Report of Proceedings at 30. This finding is supported by substantial evidence. 

Also, the record shows the parties followed the parenting plan, even after Michael moved. 

Allegations of neglect or abuse were unfounded. A family therapist opined that it would not be in 

the oldest child’s best interest to change the parenting plan. Our record shows substantial evidence 

supports the court’s finding that there has been no substantial change in circumstances to warrant 

modification of the parties’ parenting plan. 

III. BEST INTERESTS

Michael next contends the trial court did not properly consider the children’s best interests. 

In addition to deciding whether there has been a substantial change in circumstances, the court 

looks to whether modification is in the child’s best interests and necessary to serve the child’s best 

interests. RCW 26.09.260(1). The best interests of the child are served by parenting arrangements 

that best maintain a child’s “emotional growth, health and stability, and physical care.” RCW 

26.09.002. The best interests of the child are ordinarily served when the existing pattern of 

interaction between a parent and the child is altered only to the extent necessitated by the changed 

relationship of the parents or as “required to protect the child from physical, mental, or emotional 
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harm.” RCW 26.09.002. In assessing the child’s best interests, the court applies the same RCW 

26.09.260(2) criteria used when assessing whether there has been a substantial change. 

As stated above, the record shows no founded allegations of neglect or abuse, the oldest 

child’s therapist opined that it would not be in the child’s best interests to change the parenting 

plan, and the parties have been following the parenting plan even after Michael relocated. 

Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the court’s finding that the best interests of the children 

are not best served by modifying the parties’ parenting plan. 

IV. RCW 26.09.191(3)(e) AND ABUSIVE USE OF CONFLICT. 

Michael next contends the trial court should have restricted Sara’s parenting role based on 

abusive use of conflict. RCW 26.09.191(3)(e) permits a trial court to place restrictions on a 

parent’s involvement in the child’s life where there is “abusive use of conflict by the parent which 

creates the danger of serious damage to the child’s psychological development.” The statute does 

not require a showing of actual damage to the child’s psychological development, only a danger 

of such damage. In re Marriage of Burrill, 113 Wn. App. 863, 872, 56 P.3d 993 (2002).

The trial court found there was “little evidence here to support either one of [Michael’s or 

Sara’s] positions.” CP at 185. The court noted that the children were suffering because of the 

continued conflict between both parties and not just Sara’s actions alone. While Sara did accuse 

Michael and his girlfriend of unfounded instances of abuse, Sara provided declarations explaining 

why the accusations were made. Michael contends Sara did not adequately address his allegations 

in the modification hearing, thus admitting to his allegations. We, however, defer to the trial court 

regarding witness credibility and conflicting evidence. Burrill, 113 Wn. App. at 868.
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The trial court found that the continued conflict between the parties had the greater 

potential of damage to the children’s psychological development. Substantial evidence supports 

the court’s finding that there was no abusive use of conflict by Sara alone. 

In summary, the legislature has recognized that the child’s best interests are normally 

served “when the existing pattern of interaction between a parent and child is altered only to the 

extent necessitated by the changed relationship of the parents or as required to protect the child 

from physical, mental, or emotional harm.” RCW 26.09.002. Therefore, because changes in 

custody are viewed as “highly disruptive for the children,” there is a “strong presumption in favor 

of custodial continuity and against modification.” In re Marriage of Stern, 57 Wn. App. 707, 712, 

789 P.2d 807 (1990). Based on the substantial evidence in our record to support the trial court’s 

findings and the presumption in favor of custodial continuity, tenable grounds exist to deny 

Michael’s request for modification. The trial court did not abuse its discretion. 

We affirm. 

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, 

it is so ordered.

Melnick, J.

We concur:

Worswick, J.

Maxa, A.C.J.