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20-4064 (L)

Immerso v. U.S. Department of Labor

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST 

CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 

30th day of November, two thousand twenty-two.

Present:

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

Chief Judge,

GUIDO CALABRESI,

GERARD E. LYNCH,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

SANDRA IMMERSO,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. 20-4064 (Lead)

21-2024 (CON)*

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,

Defendant-Appellee.

_____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant: JACK JORDAN, North Kansas City, Missouri.

For Defendant-Appellee: VARUNI NELSON, Kathleen A. Mahoney, Assistant 

United States Attorneys, for Breon Peace, United States 

Attorney for the Eastern District of New York.

* 21-2024 (CON) was withdrawn by the order filed on September 15, 2021.
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Appeal from a judgment of the Eastern District of New York (Garaufis, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Plaintiff-Appellant Sandra Immerso (“Immerso”) appeals from decisions and orders of the 

district court in an action brought under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, 

seeking a document referred to as the Powers email. In these decisions and orders, dated 

November 20, 2020, March 2, 2020, March 13, 2020, and July 28, 2021, and in its November 23, 

2020 final judgment, the district court granted summary judgment to Defendant-Appellee 

Department of Labor (“DOL”) with respect to Immerso’s FOIA claims and imposed filing 

injunctions on Immerso and her counsel, Jack Jordan (“Jordan”). For the reasons set forth below, 

we affirm the district court’s judgment, including all of its orders in this action.1

 We assume the 

parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on 

appeal.

I. Summary Judgment

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Nat. Res. Def. 

Council v. EPA, 19 F.4th 177, 183 (2d Cir. 2021). “In resolving summary judgment motions in 

a FOIA case, a district court proceeds primarily by affidavits in lieu of other documentary or 

testimonial evidence.” Long v. Off. of Pers. Mgmt., 692 F.3d 185, 190 (2d Cir. 2012). While 

“the defending agency has the burden of showing that . . . any withheld documents fall within an 

exemption to the FOIA, . . . we accord a presumption of good faith to an agency’s affidavits or 

declarations, and when an agency provides reasonably detailed explanations to support its decision 

1 All pending motions before the Court are also denied, including Immerso’s November 10, 

2022 motion to supplement the record on appeal.
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to withhold a document, its justification is sufficient if it appears logical and plausible.” Nat. 

Res. Def. Council, 19 F.4th at 183 (cleaned up). This presumption “cannot be rebutted by purely 

speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.” Grand Cent. 

P’ship, Inc. v. Cuomo, 166 F.3d 473, 489 (2d Cir. 1999) (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted).

Having conducted an independent and de novo review of the record in light of these 

principles, we affirm the district court’s order granting summary judgment with respect to 

Immerso’s FOIA claims, for substantially the same reasons stated by the district court in its careful 

and well-reasoned memorandum dated November 20, 2020. With respect to Immerso’s argument 

that she was entitled to discovery regarding any nonprivileged parts of the Powers email, we agree 

with the district court that segregation was unwarranted in this case. See Cook v. Nat’l Archives 

& Recs. Admin., 758 F.3d 168, 178 (2d Cir. 2014) (“[A] court may . . . decline to order an agency 

to commit significant time and resources to the separation of disjointed words, phrases, or even 

sentences which taken separately or together have minimal or no information content.” (citation 

omitted)).

II. Filing Injunctions

We review a district court’s sanctions order pursuant to its inherent powers for abuse of 

discretion, to “ensure that the district court’s sanctions are not based on an erroneous view of the 

law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Enmon v. Prospect Cap. Corp., 675 

F.3d 138, 143 (2d Cir. 2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Courts have an 

inherent “power to impose silence, respect, and decorum[ ] in their presence, and submission to 

their lawful mandates,” which includes the power to discipline attorneys. Int’l Techs. Mktg., Inc. 

v. Verint Sys., Ltd., 991 F.3d 361, 367 (2d Cir. 2021) (alteration in original) (citation omitted); see 
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also Mickle v. Morin, 297 F.3d 114, 125 (2d Cir. 2002) (“A court has the inherent power to 

supervise and control its own proceedings and to sanction counsel or a litigant for bad-faith 

conduct or for disobeying the court’s orders.”). “In order to impose sanctions pursuant to its 

inherent power, a district court must find that: (1) the challenged claim was without a colorable 

basis and (2) the claim was brought in bad faith, i.e., motivated by improper purposes such as 

harassment or delay.” Emmon, 675 F.3d at 143 (citation omitted). 

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in enjoining Immerso and Jordan from 

making further filings in this action or initiating new proceedings in the Eastern District of New 

York without first obtaining leave of the court, or in requiring Jordan to file a copy of Judge 

Garaufis’s memorandum and order on the dockets of pending and new cases in federal district 

court that meet certain criteria. Judge Garaufis gave Immerso and Jordan both ample notice that 

he was considering imposing sanctions, including four specific warnings, as well as the 

opportunity to be heard. The court correctly found that Immerso and Jordan acted in bad faith in 

making numerous frivolous motions and in making egregious and slanderous accusations against 

Judge Garaufis and opposing counsel. The filing requirements were an appropriate sanction in 

this circumstance. See In re Sassower, 20 F.3d 42, 44 (2d Cir. 1994) (“[T]he normal opportunity 

to initiate lawsuits may be limited once a litigant has demonstrated a clear pattern of abusing the 

litigation process by filing vexatious and frivolous complaints.”); see also Safir v. United States 

Lines, Inc., 792 F.2d 19, 24 (2d Cir. 1986) (describing the factors district courts should consider 

in determining whether to restrict a litigant’s future access to the courts).

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We have considered Immerso’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk