IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN SECTION AT JACKSON

______________________________________________________________________________

JEAN KELLY FISHER WALLACE, Shelby Chancery No. 20775-1

C.A. No. 02A01-9702-CH-00029

Plaintiff,

v. Hon. C. Neal Small, Judge

RICHARD EDWARD WALLACE,

Defendant.

HAL GERBER and KAREN R. CICALA, Gerber Law Office, Memphis, Attorneys for Plaintiff.

DANIEL LOYD TAYLOR and JAMES H. TAYLOR, Memphis, Attorneys for Defendant.

AFFIRMED

Opinion filed:

______________________________________________________________________________

TOMLIN, Sr. J.

This is a post-divorce custody proceeding. Jean Kelly Fisher Wallace (“mother”) was

granted a divorce in the Chancery Court of Shelby County from Richard Edward Wallace

(“father”) in May, 1992. Mother was awarded custody of the parties’ minor child, Caroline. In

April, 1995, father filed a petition to change legal custody from mother to father. Following a

bench trial, the court denied the relief sought by father and permitted custody to remain with

mother. The court delayed its decision for six months, principally to allow mother the

opportunity to make changes in two aspects of her life: (1) the neighborhood in which she and

the minor child had been living for slightly over a year and (2) her ongoing association and

relationship with her boyfriend. The trial court felt both aspects were detrimental to the welfare

of the parties’ child. 

At the hearing some six months following, based upon the stipulation of the parties that

mother had moved to a more appropriate neighborhood and mother’s sworn affidavit that she had

terminated her relationship with the man in question, the trial court decreed that custody of the

child would remain with mother. He ordered father to pay the full amount of attorney fees for

mother’s first attorney and half the amount of the attorney fees of mother’s second attorney. He

denied father’s motion for the payment of his attorney fees by mother. Father has raised the

following issues on appeal: the trial court erred in: (1) failing to change custody from mother to

father, (2) allowing mother to introduce as evidence facts which predated the divorce and which
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were not disclosed during discovery, (3) refusing to allow testimony comparing similarities

between mother’s present boyfriend and a former boyfriend, and (4) in assessing attorney fees for

mother against father and in failing to award father his attorney fees. For the foregoing reasons,

we affirm the decree of the chancellor.

The record reflects that mother met Harry Nicholas, her boyfriend at the time of trial

below, approximately one year after her divorce. Nicholas owned and operated a small but

popular restaurant in Memphis. They soon became close personal friends. As mother described

it, they had “an exclusive relationship.” They traveled together, took vacations together and,

according to the testimony of Nicholas, saw each other four to six nights a week. 

Mother has been employed since the divorce in a business owned and operated by her

family. Her income has been approximately forty thousand dollars per year from all sources. 

Mother comes from a prominent, well-to-do family in Memphis and they help support her and

their granddaughter. There was some testimony to the effect that the parents paid for the

kindergarten which the child attended. The child was approximately seven years of age at the

time of trial below. 

Shortly after the divorce, mother began looking for a new home for her and her daughter. 

She had been living in a townhouse in east Memphis in a nice section of the city, but she felt

there was not enough of an outside yard or a play area for her daughter. Mother ultimately found

a small but well kept two bedroom home on New York Street. This is where mother and her

daughter were living at the time of the hearing. From most of the witnesses who testified, New

York Street could best be considered as being “in a transition stage.” New York Street is not a

long street, but it is separated into two segments by Central Avenue. Most if not all of the street

runs parallel to a railroad track serving one of the railroads in Memphis. 

Photographs of the neighborhood reveal that there were older, vacant houses in the area,

as well as commercial properties, some bounded with fences topped with barbed wire. In

addition, between January 1, 1994 and June 30, 1995, the records of the Memphis Police

Department showed that thirty-nine criminal offenses took place on New York Street, although it

is not clear how many took place in the vicinity of mother’s residence. Among these offenses

were an assault, a bomb threat, robberies, thefts, stolen automobiles, vandalism and burglaries. 

The testimony concerning Harry Nicholas was in some ways even more detrimental than
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the testimony pertaining to New York Street. Mother admitted to her psychiatrist that Nicholas

was both an alcoholic and a crack smoker. In this regard, the testimony at trial was to the effect

that while Nicholas had broken his crack habit, he was still drinking on a regular basis, albeit not

necessarily to excess. Nicholas testified that he was going to seek treatment, but up to the time

of trial had not done so. 

In 1995, in Lonoke, Arkansas, mother and Nicholas were in a vehicle stopped by police. 

Mother, who was driving, refused to take a breathalyzer test. During the incident, the officer

testified that Nicholas became belligerent, argumentative, and cursed him, causing the officer to

handcuff him and place him in the back of the squad car. Nicholas was subsequently convicted

of possession of a controlled substance, marijuana. The record reflects that Nicholas had been

arrested previously and convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol in both Florida and

Tennessee. Nicholas testified that he could not remember the number of times he had been

arrested in Tennessee since 1989.

In addition, there was testimony concerning other incidents involving Nicholas, such as

assaulting a man with whom he had started an argument by driving his car onto a sidewalk and

striking the man with his car. Nicholas left the scene without rendering aid to the victim, who

suffered a fractured leg. Another incident related by a witness was Nicholas’ attempt to run his

car through a chain-link fence in an effort to run over his neighbor’s dog, whose barking had

irritated Nicholas. 

Mother testified that she never spoke to Nicholas about his arrests or drunken behavior

because they “were in the past and did not concern her.” She further testified that she did not

believe that Nicholas was a danger to Caroline and she had occasionally allowed him to

supervise Caroline alone. Prior to the filing of his petition, father had expressed concern to

mother about Caroline being around Nicholas. At the time of trial, an injunction was in effect

prohibiting mother from permitting Caroline to be in Nicholas’ presence.

Inasmuch as father was seeking to have custody transferred from mother to him, mother

presented relevant testimony concerning the conduct of the father in dealing with both her and

Caroline as well as other aspects of his life. It was brought out that father, an independent

realtor, lived in a nice home in east Memphis. There was further testimony in the record that

father had a bad temper and that it showed from time to time. The record itself reflects that
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during cross-examination of father by lead counsel for mother, father lost his temper in the

courtroom and it was necessary for father’s counsel to ask for a suspension of the examination at

that time to permit father to cool down. 

In addition, there was testimony of witnesses concerning father’s conduct at a family gettogether and another time at the wedding and reception of a relative of mother. Father’s conduct

was described as rude, inappropriate and an embarrassment to both mother and Caroline, to the

extent that on one occasion Caroline became upset and hysterical. There was also testimony

from mother that on several occasions father had made arrangements for he and Caroline to be

together on a weekend when it was mother’s time for custody, resulting in further upset to the

parties’ child. It also should be noted that the proof reflected that father was a rehabilitated

alcoholic, although he occasionally had a drink or a beer from time to time. 

In the case before us, the chancellor noted that he had two serious questions about

mother’s conduct insofar as the issue of custody is concerned. The first dealt with her choosing

to live in the neighborhood that she selected on New York Street. The court noted that it was far

removed from where she worked and where the rest of her family lives in east Memphis and that

it was not financially necessary for her to live there. The court also noted that after hearing the

proof and making a personal inspection it was less than a desirable place to raise a child. 

The court’s second concern which alarmed it more than the first was mother keeping

company with Nicholas, noting that Nicholas had or did have drug problems and was an

admitted alcoholic. The court further commented upon Nicholas’ temper and his recorded

actions of seeking to strike a neighbor’s dog with his car and running onto the sidewalk with his

car to run over a man. As the court stated: “There’s just no justification in having any kind of

relationship with a person like that that would involve this daughter.” 

Having so stated, the chancellor then addressed the desirability of placing full custody

with father. The court observed: “Had Mr. Wallace been a little more careful in his conduct in

relation with his daughter and ex-wife, the court might see this case differently. The court just

doesn’t believe that he has really given the wife a chance to show what she can do with the

child...” The court was of the opinion that father had attempted to manipulate child visitation

arrangements and had used poor judgment from time to time in seeking to plan activities with the

parties’ daughter. The court also took a dim view of the father’s “quick temper.” After
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analyzing the options on both sides, the court stated:

I may have said this before. From time to time in these cases we just wish there

was some body else available that could step up and say, well, I’ll take care of

these children, or this child or children, it has been a time or two when the court

made that kind of choice.

The court continued the case for six months. He expressed his desire to know what mother’s

number one priority was, the child or Nicholas. He further expressed interest in knowing what

took place during this period of time relative to her living on New York Street. Concluding his

observations regarding Nicholas and mother, the court stated:

Let me just say flat out right now that if there has been no change in that

relationship, the court will be very seriously interested in exploring all

possibilities for making arrangements for this child that I think would be in the

best interest of the child.

Finally, the chancellor made it plain that there would not be a further evidentiary hearing,

but that in addition to relying upon the record already made the court would be appropriately

advised as to what steps mother had taken in response to the statements made in open court by

the court. The court’s order continuing the cause stated, in part:

[T]he Court finds that it is not satisfied with the conduct of Petitioner in his

dealings with Respondent concerning the interests and welfare of their child, nor

is it satisfied with the location of Respondent’s residence and her continued

association with a male friend, as the result of all of which it is the opinion of the

Court that this cause should be continued for further consideration.

Following the expiration of the six month waiting period, the order of the chancellor

reflects that the parties stipulated that mother had moved to a satisfactory residential location. In

addition, mother filed a sworn affidavit to the effect that she had discontinued her association

with her boyfriend, Harry Nicholas. The concluding statement in her two-page affidavit sums it

up in this manner:

I have no plans to resume any kind of romantic relationship with Mr. Nicholas
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and do not think that it is possible to have an active friendship, as it would

possibly cause him to be around my daughter or possibly cause him to get the

wrong idea about my intentions regarding reforming a relationship with him.

The trial court’s order concluded that the best interest of the child would be served by the child

remaining in the custody of mother. The petition for change of custody was denied. 

In addition, the court ordered father to pay mother’s former counsel fees in the amount of

$3,612.50 and to pay mother’s present counsel, the Gerber Law Firm, one-half of the total fees

incurred at trial, in the amount of $13,483.48. This appeal followed.

I. The Custody Issue.

Our scope of review in a custody case is de novo upon the record accompanied by a

presumption of correctness. We must affirm, unless the preponderance of evidence is otherwise. 

Hass v. Knighton, 676 S.W.2d 554 (Tenn. 1984). We have reviewed the evidence in this record,

to a point more extensive than just those incidents recited in this opinion. This court is of the

opinion that the chancellor did not err in denying father’s petition for change of custody, thereby

permitting the child to remain with mother. 

The paramount consideration in a custody proceeding such as this is the best interest of

the child. The issue before the trial court and this court is whether to modify a prior custody

order. In such cases the comparative fitness analysis, most appropriate at the time of the original

custody decree, need not be repeated. Musselman v. Acuff, 826 S.W.2d 920, 922 (Tenn. App.

1991). Rather, in a modification proceeding such as this, in order to change custody the trial

judge must find a material change in circumstances that is compelling enough to warrant the

dramatic remedy of changed custody. The burden is on the non-custodial parent to prove

changed circumstances. Id.

This case is one of the more unusual child custody cases. It was readily apparent to the

trial court and likewise to this court that as the petitioner seeking to modify a custody decree,

father was able to establish two material changes in circumstances affecting the parties’ daughter:

that of the residence of the custodial family and perhaps of even more importance, mother’s

involvement with a person found by the court as being an undesirable companion to have in the

presence of the parties’ minor daughter. This court was a bit puzzled by the action of the
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chancellor in postponing his decision in this case at the conclusion of all the proof. However,

after reading the record this court readily understands and commends the chancellor for his

action. 

What the trial court obviously observed was that while the proof presented revealed two

circumstances that if left unmodified could well adversely affect the welfare of this child, in

looking at the alternative of placing the child in the custody of father, the court opined that the

child would not likely be much better off. In addition, the court recognized that there were overt

steps that mother might take to rectify the situation in order to retain custody of the parties’ child. 

During this recess, mother eliminated both of the negative factors preventing her from retaining

custody. With these out of the way there were no material changes in circumstances that could

be laid at the feet of the mother. 

It was apparent to the trial court, as it is apparent to this court, that the negatives that the

court observed in father were so innately a part of his personality and outlook that he was not

likely to be able to correct them as quickly as mother had. Through exercising a bit of wisdom

and perhaps some courageous action, mother readily eliminated the cloud over her custody. 

Having said all the above, this court feels constrained to speak both to mother and father. 

They have a continuing, ongoing obligation to conduct themselves at all times in a loving, caring

manner in dealing with their daughter, whether it is through their interpersonal relationships with

her or indirectly through their associates and their lifestyle. While there might not be any love

lost between mother and father, they must each develop civility and demonstrate respect for the

other and realize that notwithstanding the extent of blame to be placed upon each of them in the

breakup of their marriage, their daughter was and is the innocent victim. She deserves the very

best in love, affection and moral upbringing that they can give to her. 

Without attempting to ascertain and set forth the reasons therefore, it is also apparent that

mother in the past has had to deal with some emotional and psychological trauma that affects her

relationship to others. Father must keep this in mind in his dealings with her. On the other hand,

mother must be aware of this as she chooses her friends and relationships during the years ahead. 

She should seek to develop a few close friends of character and integrity who can give her the

quality of advice and counsel that she might need from time to time. 

To the father, we strongly urge him to control his temper, both in public and otherwise. 
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While the record does not reflect any serious display of temper towards the child, he should learn

to be solicitous, considerate and kind in all his dealings with her. Both parties’ should avoid

using this child in any attempt to get back at the other party. We join with the chancellor in

alerting both mother and father that if they cannot give this child the upbringing that she

deserves-nay, that she is going to need in this world today, then there are always alternatives in

the form of a foster home or similar accommodations to assist this little girl in growing up to

womanhood, equipped to become a loving wife and mother in her own right. Accordingly, we

conclude that this issue is without merit.

II. The Evidentiary Issues.

A. The allowance of evidence predating the divorce decree. 

Father contends that the court, over objection of father’s counsel, allowed mother’s

mother to testify regarding statements by father, prior to the divorce, whereby he admitted that he

was an alcoholic and that he attended AA meetings. Mother contends that the testimony was

offered and admitted not for the purpose of relitigating the issue of alcohol, but was relevant in

light of the fact that father testified that he still drinks from time to time. From reading the

record it does not appear that this testimony had any bearing on the ruling of the chancellor and it

was not error on his part in admitting it into evidence. On the other hand, if it was error we hold

it to be harmless error.

B. The comparable boyfriend issue.

It seems that on direct examination mother was asked by her counsel to describe the

difference between Harry Nicholas, and a former boyfriend named David. In response to this

questioning she described David as being abusive and Harry as not being abusive. David was

also characterized as a freeloader while Harry was described as a successful businessman. Father

contends that the court erred in sustaining objections to father’s counsel attempting to crossexamine mother’s father for the purpose of bringing out comparisons between Harry and David. 

To say the least, the testimony would have been redundant, and of less materiality coming from

the father of the person involved, rather than the person herself. We find this issue without merit

as not being erroneous, and again, if error to be harmless error.
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III. The Attorney Fee Issue.

At the conclusion of the trial below, the chancellor ordered father to pay the full amount

of $3,612.50 to mother’s former attorney, and one-half of the total fees due to the Gerber Law

Office by mother, said amount being $13,483.48. It denied father’s request that the trial court

order mother to pay his attorney fees. It is well settled that in this state the trial court has the

discretion to award attorney fees to the “prevailing” party in an action for a change of custody of

a minor child. T.C.A. § 36-5-103(c) (Supp. 1997). Here we have both the custodial parent and

the noncustodial parent seeking court-ordered attorney fees. Given the unusual circumstances of

this case, we are of the opinion that the chancellor did not reach the correct result. 

There were conditions existing in and about the custodial home that were potentialy

harmful to the best interest of the child. These conditions were called to the attention of the court

by virtue of father’s petition to change custody. Therefore, despite the fact that mother retained

custody, father claims to have been the prevailing party because his action in filing the petition

and litigating this matter resulted in the correction of the child’s deleterious circumstances and

enured to the best interest of the child. 

However, while father did society in general and his daughter specifically a favor in

bringing this action, it appears from the record and from the conclusion reached by the trial court

that he had very little positive to offer the court as an alternative custodial domicile to the

circumstances surrounding mother. In other words, but for the residence of mother and the

existence of her boyfriend, there would have been no basis to change custody to father. 

Therefore, father cannot be properly considered the prevailing party and should not be awarded

attorney fees.

On the other hand, it could be contended that mother was the “prevailing party” in this

litigation. However, she became so only as a result of the trial court giving her a second chance

to straighten her life out. Mother has the resources to pay her own attorney fees, and under the

peculiar circumstances of this case, it would be unjust to require the father to pay any part of

these fees. In this court’s opinion, the trial court’s award of attorney fees should be vacated and

neither party should collect attorney fees from the other.

Lastly, this court is constrained to call to the attention of counsel for both parties that
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when dealing with child custody cases, which are ordinarily charged with emotion and strong

feelings on the part of the two parents involved, counsel for the parties should endeavor to keep

this tension at a minimum, if not eliminate it from the proceedings, and not let the passions of the

day arouse them to create even more tension and hostility in the trial of such cases. 

The judgment of the trial court is vacated as to attorney fees, but affirmed in all other

respects. Costs in this cause on appeal are taxed one-half to father and one-half to mother, for

which execution may issue if necessary.

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TOMLIN, S.J., W.S.

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CRAWFORD, P.J. W.S. (CONCURS)

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FARMER, J. (CONCURS)