This opinion will be unpublished and 

may not be cited except as provided by 

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014). 

STATE OF MINNESOTA 

IN COURT OF APPEALS 

A16-0975 

State of Minnesota, 

Appellant, 

vs. 

Bradley Edward Reps, 

Respondent. 

Filed November 21, 2016 

Affirmed 

Schellhas, Judge 

Winona County District Court 

File No. 85-CR-15-2869 

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and 

Karin L. Sonneman, Winona County Attorney, George R. Kennedy, Assistant County 

Attorney, Winona, Minnesota (for appellant) 

Melvin R. Welch, Welch Law Firm, LLC, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent) 

 Considered and decided by Kirk, Presiding Judge; Schellhas, Judge; and Bjorkman, 

Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N 

SCHELLHAS, Judge 

 In this pretrial prosecution appeal, the state challenges the district court’s order 

suppressing blood-test results on the basis that a driver’s due-process rights were violated. 

We affirm. 
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FACTS 

In the late morning of September 23, 2015, a citizen called Winona police to report 

that a car traveling eastbound on Interstate 90 was swerving, drove into the ditch, hit road 

signs, and kept driving. Police responded by stopping the car at about 11:30 a.m. The car, 

which was visibly damaged, was driven by respondent Bradley Reps. In the center console 

of the car, police found a prescription pill bottle for diazepam (Valium) with Reps’s name 

on it. The prescription label on the bottle stated a dosage of one pill twice daily. Reps 

admitted that he had taken two pills about an hour earlier, and that he felt the effect of the 

diazepam at the same time that he “drove off the road.” Reps’s speech was so slurred that 

he was difficult to understand. Because Reps is partially paralyzed on his right side from a 

1980 car accident, he could not perform the walk-and-turn or one-legged-stand field 

sobriety tests. He failed the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, and police arrested him for 

driving while impaired. 

At the Winona County Jail, a police officer read the implied-consent advisory to 

Reps, informing him that refusing to take a chemical test is a crime. Because diazepam 

cannot be measured in the blood through a breath test, the officer asked Reps to submit to 

a blood test, and Reps agreed. Reps was cooperative and conversed with officers at the jail 

during the blood draw. The officers concluded that Reps was under the influence of a drug 

and that he was unable to operate a motor vehicle safely. Reps’s blood sample was sent to 

the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension for testing, which confirmed that the 

blood contained diazepam and reported on the concentration level found in the sample. 
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Appellant State of Minnesota charged Reps with fourth-degree driving while 

impaired, operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of a controlled substance, 

and hit-and-run damage to property along a roadway. Following a contested omnibus 

hearing, the district court granted Reps’s motion to suppress the blood-test results, 

concluding that when Reps “was read an implied consent advisory that expressly stated it 

was a crime to refuse a [blood] test, . . . [his] due process rights were violated because he 

was threatened with penalties the state is not authorized to impose.” 

This appeal follows. 

D E C I S I O N 

The state alleges that the district court erred by suppressing Reps’s blood-test 

results. “When reviewing a district court’s pretrial order on a motion to suppress evidence, 

the district court’s factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard. But 

legal determinations . . . are reviewed de novo.” State v. Eichers, 853 N.W.2d 114, 118 

(Minn. 2014) (citation omitted). 

Critical Impact 

The state argues that suppression of Reps’s blood-test results will have a critical 

impact on the state’s ability to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Reps was under the 

influence of a controlled substance while operating a motor vehicle. “A pretrial order may 

be appealed only when the State shows the district court’s alleged error, unless reversed, 

will have a critical impact on the outcome of the trial.” State v. Stavish, 868 N.W.2d 670, 

674 (Minn. 2015) (quotation omitted). “When a pretrial order suppresses evidence in a 

criminal prosecution, the State must show that excluding the evidence significantly reduces 
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the likelihood of a successful prosecution.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[C]ritical impact is 

established if the exclusion of evidence would prevent the State from successfully 

prosecuting one of the specific charges.” Id. (citing State v. Underdahl, 767 N.W.2d 677, 

684 (Minn. 2009)). Exclusion of direct evidence of the crime generally has a critical impact 

on the outcome of a trial. State v. McLeod, 705 N.W.2d 776, 784 (Minn. 2005). 

Citing State v. Kim, 398 N.W.2d 544, 550 (Minn. 1987), Reps argues that the state 

failed to establish that suppression of the blood-test results will have a critical impact on 

the state’s ability to prosecute, because the state has other significant direct and 

circumstantial evidence. Reps quotes language from Kim that indicates that to demonstrate 

critical impact, the state “must show that the remaining evidence is so weak that all 

possibility of conviction has been destroyed . . . or that the absence of the evidence will 

cause the State’s case to collapse.” 398 N.W.2d at 550 (quotations omitted). This language 

is taken out of context, and the supreme court characterized the standard that Reps seeks 

to impose as being based on a repealed statute, rather than on controlling caselaw. Id. The 

supreme court went on to explain that critical impact may be established “not only in those 

cases where the lack of the suppressed evidence completely destroys the state’s case, but 

also in those cases where the lack of the suppressed evidence significantly reduces the 

likelihood of a successful prosecution.” Id. at 551. 

Although Reps admitted to taking diazepam, the blood-test results confirmed both 

that the drug taken by Reps was diazepam and the amount of the drug in his system. 

Because exclusion of the blood-test results significantly reduces the likelihood of a 

successful prosecution on the charge that Reps was under the influence of a controlled 
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substance while operating a motor vehicle, we conclude that the state has established 

critical impact. 

Due Process

The district court suppressed the blood-test results because it concluded that the 

advisory was misleading and violated Reps’s right to due process. 

Defendant was read an implied consent advisory that expressly 

stated [that] it was a crime to refuse a test, but it is not a crime 

to refuse a blood test; therefore, Defendant’s due process rights 

were violated because he was threatened with penalties the 

state is not authorized to impose. 

The state cannot “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of 

law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; see also Minn. Const. art. I, § 7. A due-process 

violation “presents a question of constitutional law, which [is] review[ed] de novo.” State 

v. Beecroft, 813 N.W.2d 814, 836 (Minn. 2012). 

A due-process analysis is appropriate when police misinform drivers asked to 

submit to chemical tests about the risk of criminal penalties by misstating the law. See 

McDonnell v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 473 N.W.2d 848, 853, 855 (Minn. 1991) (holding, 

in case in which driver’s license had not been revoked previously, that driver’s 

constitutional due-process rights were violated when police officer read an implied-consent 

advisory that misinformed driver by stating that driver’s refusal to submit to chemical test 

would be a crime); see also Johnson v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, No. A16-0502, ___ N.W.2d 

___, ___, 2016 WL 6570284, at *9 (Minn. App. Nov. 7, 2016) (affirming determination 

that driver’s due-process rights were violated because implied-consent advisory threatened 

a criminal charge for refusing to consent to unconstitutional urine test). 
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 In McDonnell, the supreme court held that a driver’s constitutional due-process 

rights were violated when a police officer misinformed her that refusal to submit to a 

chemical test would be a crime. McDonnell, 473 N.W.2d at 853, 855. Applying 

McDonnell, this court noted that “[t]he focus of the supreme court’s concern was the 

inaccuracy of the advisory,” which “gives misleading and inaccurate information to every 

first-time offender,” regardless of “the driver’s subsequent decision” to take or refuse 

testing. Steinolfson v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 478 N.W.2d 808, 809 (Minn. App. 1991). 

“We decline to hold that the Commissioner may benefit from an advisory which our 

supreme court has determined misinformed the driver, and threatened criminal charges that 

were not actually authorized.” Id. Accordingly, the existence of a due-process violation 

arising from a misleading advisory does not depend on whether the driver takes the test or 

refuses. 

Our supreme court has held unequivocally that in the absence of a warrant or a 

showing of exigent circumstances a driver cannot be prosecuted for refusing a blood test. 

State v. Trahan, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ , 2016 WL 5930153, at *3 (Minn. Oct. 12, 2016). 

The advisory given to Reps was misleading, and it misinformed him about the 

consequences of refusing the blood test. The fact that he consented to an unconstitutional 

search does not change the due-process analysis. This court has recently held that an 

implied-consent advisory that improperly threatens a criminal test-refusal charge violates 

a driver’s right to due process. Johnson, 2016 WL 6570284, at *9. Accordingly, we 

conclude that the district court did not err in suppressing the blood-test results. 

 
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Fourth Amendment 

Citing State v. Mellett, the state also argues that the district court erred by declining 

to consider the search of Reps under the search-and-seizure provisions of the United States 

and Minnesota Constitutions. 642 N.W.2d 779, 783 (Minn. App. 2002), review denied 

(Minn. July 16, 2002). The district court did not base its decision on the Fourth 

Amendment. 

The Minnesota Supreme Court has consistently analyzed challenges to the adequacy 

and accuracy of the advisory in terms of due process. See State v. Melde, 725 N.W.2d 99, 

101 (Minn. 2006) (analyzing whether advisory’s failure to provide adequate notice of 

consequences of test refusal violated procedural due-process rights); Davis v. Comm’r of 

Pub. Safety, 517 N.W.2d 901, 904 (Minn. 1994) (addressing whether “deficiencies” of 

advisory violated driver’s right to procedural due process); McDonnell, 473 N.W.2d at 855 

(concluding that advisory that misinformed driver of consequences of refusing testing 

violated due process). The district court correctly held that the validity of Reps’s consent 

to a blood test “is not the controlling issue.” A constitutionally valid search “does not 

answer the question of what procedure is due an arrestee” facing a decision about whether 

to submit to testing. Davis, 517 N.W.2d at 904. 

The district court’s decision turned on the adequacy of the advisory, and that issue 

implicates the driver’s due-process rights. For the reasons stated in Johnson, 2016 WL 

6570284, at *4, 7−9, we conclude that Reps’s assertion that the advisory in this case was 

misleading was correctly analyzed as a due-process challenge. Because we agree that the 
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district court correctly concluded that Reps’s right to due process was denied, we need not 

address the state’s assertion that it would prevail on a Fourth Amendment claim. 

Affirmed.