{"id":320207,"date":"2023-04-25T13:45:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T17:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?post_type=migration&p=320207"},"modified":"2023-09-12T15:57:16","modified_gmt":"2023-09-12T19:57:16","slug":"creating-new-and-better-drugs-with-protein-crystal-growth-experiments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/iss-research\/creating-new-and-better-drugs-with-protein-crystal-growth-experiments\/","title":{"rendered":"Creating New and Better Drugs with Protein Crystal Growth Experiments"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=1024,768 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=900,675 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=1200,900 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/jaxa-pcg.png?resize=2000,1500 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Protein crystals form in microgravity in the space station\u2019s Kibo Module.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">Credits: JAXA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>For more than two decades, the International Space Station has provided a platform for growing and studying protein crystals. In the early days of microgravity research, scientists discovered that they protein crystals grown in space were more uniform and larger than those grown in Earth\u2019s gravity. Since then, drug companies and academic researchers have conducted hundreds of protein crystal growth (PCG) experiments on the space station \u2013 by far the largest single category of experiments conducted on the orbiting lab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/humans-in-space.jaxa.jp\/protein\/en\/public\/about\/what.html#ctop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Proteins<\/strong><\/a> are involved in every aspect of our lives, including as essential components of our immune system and as parts of viruses that can make us sick. When we take a medication, it binds to a specific protein in the body. This process changes the protein\u2019s function \u2013 and if it works properly, that can make us well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In many diseases, the proteins that can trigger the disease state fit into very specific locations, like a biological keyhole. The protein of a potential drug for treating that disease must be designed to fit that keyhole. A good key and keyhole fit results in a more effective medicine with fewer side effects, but to achieve that fit, scientists need detailed knowledge of the structure of both proteins. One of the best ways to analyze a protein structure is to grow it in crystalline form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 2005, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/explorer\/Investigation.html?#id=1522\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Kristallizator<\/strong><\/a> program from the State Space Corporation Roscosmos has created single protein crystals especially suited for analysis using X-ray diffraction.  One outcome of these studies was identifying the structure of a target for anti-tuberculosis drugs, which could help scientists develop a treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1363\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg 4928w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=1536,1022 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=2048,1363 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=400,266 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=600,399 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=900,599 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=1200,799 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf-canisters.jpg?resize=2000,1331 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet and cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin pose with canister bags from the Protein Crystallization Research Facility (PCRF) during Kristallizator operations.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">Credits: NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) has been active in <a href=\"https:\/\/humans-in-space.jaxa.jp\/protein\/en\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>protein crystal growth<\/strong><\/a> research in microgravity, accounting for about two-thirds of all PCG experiments on the station. A series of studies, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/explorer\/Investigation.html?#id=151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>JAXA PCG<\/strong><\/a>, has provided precise structures of many protein types<sup>1<\/sup> and has led to the discovery of potential drugs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of these <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/explorer\/Investigation.html?#id=2031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>studies<\/strong><\/a> examined the crystal structure of a protein associated with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), a currently incurable genetic disorder. The work provided hints for compounds that could inhibit the disease, leading to several promising compounds, including one called TAS-205. The research team estimates the drug may slow the progression of DMD by half, increasing the lifespan of many patients. A clinical trial<sup>2<\/sup> in human patients was completed in 2017. Co-investigator Mitsugu Yamada of JAXA says a larger Phase 3 trial to examine the effectiveness of TAS-205 in situations similar to actual clinical use began in December 2020 and will continue until 2027.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>JAXA Moderate Temperature PCG continued this work, producing high quality crystals to advance basic biochemical knowledge and support drug discovery.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg 5568w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcg-sample-canisters.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">JAXA astronaut Koichi Wakata prepares Moderate Temperature PCG samples to ride the SpaceX Dragon cargo craft back to Earth for additional analysis.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">Credits: NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In addition to creating completely new treatments, PCG research on station can lead to drug formulations that are easier to store and last longer \u2013 such as those stable at room temperature that eliminate the need for refrigeration. This modification lowers the cost and simplifies distribution of drugs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PCG 5, work sponsored by the ISS National Lab, focused on how drugs known as monoclonal antibodies are given to patients. Monoclonal antibodies do not dissolve easily in liquid and typically are delivered intravenously, requiring a patient to spend hours in a clinic setting. High-quality crystalline suspensions produced<sup>3<\/sup> by PCG 5 could enable delivery by injection, making treatment more convenient for patients and caregivers and significantly reducing cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Merck Research Laboratories, developer of a series of PCG experiments, produced simple hardware and processes that scientists from other disciplines can use to conduct microgravity research. JAXA has worked to increase interest in PCG research in microgravity as well, developing a <a href=\"https:\/\/humans-in-space.jaxa.jp\/protein\/en\/researchers\/technology\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>technology<\/strong><\/a> for membrane protein crystallization, for example. Other studies have advanced the field of protein crystallization by producing<sup>4<\/sup> new processes for growing high-quality crystals aboard the space station.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By providing a platform for PCG research, the space station plays a key role in bringing people on Earth new and better treatments for diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"citations\"><strong>Citations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> Yamada M, Kihira K, Iwata M, Takahashi S, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Yoshizaki I. Protein crystallization in space and its contribution to drug development. Handbook of Space Pharmaceuticals. 2021 1-26. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-319-50909-9_40-1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>2<\/sup> Komaki H, Maegaki Y, Matsumura T, Shiraishi K, Awano H, Nakamura A, Kinoshita A, Ogata K, Ishigaki K, Saitoh S, Funato M, Kuru S, Nakayama T, Iwata Y, Yajima H, Takeda S. Early phase 2 trial of TAS-205 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2020 Feb;7(2):181-190. doi: 10.1002\/acn3.50978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>3<\/sup> Reichert P, Prosise W, Fischmann TO, Scapin G, Narasimhan C, Spinale AC, Polniak R, Yang X, Walsh E, Patel D, Benjamin W, Welch J, Simmons D, Strickland C. Pembrolizumab microgravity crystallization experimentation. npj Microgravity. 2019 December 2; 5(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1038\/s41526-019-0090-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>4<\/sup> Warzecha M, Verma L, Johnston BF, Palmer JC, Florence AJ, Vekilov PG. Olanzapine crystal symmetry originates in preformed centrosymmetric solute dimers. Nature Chemistry volume 12, pages914\u2013920 (2020). doi.org\/10.1038\/s41557-020-0542-0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"resources\"><strong>Resources for Additional Learning<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Crystallization of LRRK2 Under Microgravity Conditions-2 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/explorer\/Investigation.html?#id=7855\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CASIS PCG 16<\/a>)<br>Structural and Crystallization Kinetics Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/explorer\/Investigation.html?#id=8226\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monoclonal Antibodies PCG<\/a>)<br>Screening and Batch Manufacture of Complex Biotherapeutics in Microgravity (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/explorer\/Investigation.html?#id=8928\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monoclonal Antibodies PCG-2<\/a>)<br>Monoclonal Antibody Stability in Microgravity-Formulation Study (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/experiments\/explorer\/Investigation.html?#id=7914\">CASIS PCG 19<\/a>)<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/benefits\/crystallizing-proteins-helping-identify-treatments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crystallizing Proteins in Space Helping to Identify Potential Treatments for Diseases<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/research\/news\/iss-20-years-20-breakthroughs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20 Breakthroughs from 20 Years of Science aboard the International Space Station<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/humans-in-space.jaxa.jp\/protein\/en\/public\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Protein Crystal Growth on the International Space Station<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Space-Grown Crystals Offer Clarity on Parkinson's Disease\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6ILU7-945L8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Melissa Gaskill<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>International Space Station Program Science Office<\/strong><br><a href=\"\/johnson\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Johnson Space Center<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-center nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission\/station\/research-explorer\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-false\" aria-label=\"Space Station Research Explorer\">\n\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Space Station Research Explorer<\/span>\n\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t<\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Space Station Research and Technology<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=682,1024 682w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/benefits-for-humanity\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Station Benefits for Humanity<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/benefits-cover-cupola-for-web-mod.png?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/iss-national-laboratory\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>ISS National Laboratory<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/issnl-logo-white-digitalquality-blkbkgrnd.png?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-overview\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>International Space Station Overview<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1049\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg 4288w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=300,205 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=768,525 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=1024,699 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=1536,1049 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=2048,1399 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=400,273 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=600,410 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=900,615 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=1200,820 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s132-e-012212.jpg?resize=2000,1366 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" 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2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"\/><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Sep 12, 2023<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\"><div class=\"grid-col-4\"><div class=\"subheading\">Editor<\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-col-8\">Ana Guzman<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\"><div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2><\/div><ul class=\"article-tags\"><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/\">ISS Research<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/researchers\" rel=\"noopener\">For Researchers<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/\">Humans in Space<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/\">International Space Station (ISS)<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Science & Research<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For more than two decades, the International Space Station has provided a platform for growing and studying protein crystals. In the early days of microgravity research, scientists discovered that they protein crystals grown in space were more uniform and larger than those grown in Earth\u2019s gravity. Since then, drug companies and academic researchers have conducted […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":321284,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"64","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[11285,2846,2656,2735,2662],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[3995,8610,5093],"coauthors":[12294],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Creating New and Better Drugs with Protein Crystal Growth Experiments","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/iss-research\/creating-new-and-better-drugs-with-protein-crystal-growth-experiments\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/iss-research\/creating-new-and-better-drugs-with-protein-crystal-growth-experiments\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf_canisters.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf_canisters.jpg"},"articleSection":"Missions","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Melissa L. Gaskill"}],"creator":["Melissa L. Gaskill"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["Science & Research","ISS Research","For Researchers","Humans in Space","International Space Station (ISS)"],"dateCreated":"2023-04-25T17:45:00Z","datePublished":"2023-04-25T17:45:00Z","dateModified":"2023-09-12T19:57:16Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Creating New and Better Drugs with Protein Crystal Growth Experiments\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/iss-research\/creating-new-and-better-drugs-with-protein-crystal-growth-experiments\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf_canisters.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-04-25T17:45:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"Missions\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"Science & Research,ISS Research,For Researchers,Humans in Space,International Space Station (ISS)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Melissa L. Gaskill\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":5,"time_ago":"1 year","featured_image":{"id":321284,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pcrf_canisters.jpg","title":"pcrf_canisters","alt":"ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet and cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin pose with canister bags from the Protein Crystallization Research Facility (PCRF) during Kristallizator operations.","caption":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320207"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/65"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=320207"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320207\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":506605,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320207\/revisions\/506605"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/321284"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=320207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=320207"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=320207"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=320207"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=320207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}