1

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

_________________

NO. 09-15-00211-CR

_________________

JOHNNY CHEVIS, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

__________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the Criminal District Court

Jefferson County, Texas

Trial Cause No. 14-19766 

__________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant Johnny Chevis appeals his conviction and sentence for possession 

of marijuana. In three issues, Chevis contends that: (1) the evidence is insufficient 

to support his conviction; (2) the evidence is insufficient to support a finding that 

the enhancement paragraphs alleged in the indictment are true; and (3) he received 

ineffective assistance of counsel during the punishment phase of trial. For the 

reasons set forth below, we affirm Chevis’s conviction, but reverse the portion of 

the judgment assessing punishment and remand for a new punishment hearing.
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I. Background

Chevis was charged by indictment with the offense of possession of 

marijuana in an amount of five pounds or less but more than four ounces, a state 

jail felony. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.121(a), (b)(3) (West 2010). 

The indictment contained enhancement paragraphs alleging that Chevis had prior

convictions for three felony offenses. The enhancement allegations, if found true, 

raised the applicable punishment range to that for a second-degree felony. See Tex. 

Penal Code Ann. § 12.425(b) (West Supp. 2016). Chevis entered a plea of “not 

guilty” to the charged offense, and the case proceeded to a jury trial.

1

The evidence at trial included testimony from a number of witnesses. A 

patrol sergeant with the Beaumont Police Department testified that while working 

as a narcotics detective with the Beaumont Police Department in 2013, he received 

information from a confidential informant that prompted him to initiate an 

investigation into a house located in Beaumont, Texas. As part of his investigation, 

the sergeant conducted surveillance of the house “on different days at different 

times” over a period of at least two weeks. During that time, he observed several 

 1 Chevis was also indicted in cause number 14-19765 for the offense of 

unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. Cause number 14-19765 was 

consolidated with this case for purposes of trial. Chevis was not convicted of 

unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, and that charge is not at issue in this 

appeal. 
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people go into the house, stay for approximately five minutes or less, and then 

leave. He also observed “a lot of other people coming and staying at the house.” 

He estimated that at any given time, there were ten or so people at the residence. 

According to the sergeant, none of the vehicles that he observed at the house were 

registered to that address. Further, although the house had electricity, the water to 

the house was not turned on. The sergeant testified that based on his investigation, 

it did not appear that anyone actually lived at the residence. Instead, the house 

appeared to be used as a place of “commerce” or “a shop” where people went to 

make purchases and then leave. 

The sergeant testified that during his surveillance of the house, he observed 

Chevis at the residence on at least two different occasions. On one occasion, he 

observed Chevis entering the residence, and on another occasion, he saw Chevis 

sitting on the front porch of the house. Through his investigation, the sergeant 

ultimately formed a belief that Chevis was distributing illicit drugs from the house 

and that he possessed a number of firearms at that location. Based on this belief 

and the information gathered during his investigation, the sergeant applied for and 

obtained a warrant authorizing a search of the property. 

On August 15, 2013, officers executed the search warrant on the house, to 

specifically search for Chevis and the presence of any controlled substances at the 
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residence. To execute the warrant, SWAT officers initially approached the house in 

an armored vehicle and used a PA system to instruct the individuals inside to exit

the house. Shortly thereafter, nine people exited the house through the front door. 

Chevis also exited the house, but he came out through a side door, which was 

located on the west side of the house towards the back of the residence. All ten 

individuals who exited the house, including Chevis, were taken into custody. At 

trial, the State introduced a copy of a video recorded by a camera that was attached 

to the sergeant’s police vest during the execution of the warrant. The video was 

admitted into evidence and played for the jury. The video corroborates the 

sergeant’s testimony regarding the execution of the search warrant and the manner 

in which Chevis and the other individuals exited the residence. At trial, the 

sergeant identified the only man in the video who exited through the side door of 

the residence as Chevis. 

The sergeant testified that after the house was secured, he and other 

narcotics detectives entered the house and searched the rooms inside. In the 

bathroom, which was located in the back of the house, the officers found a duffle 

bag on the countertop next to the sink. According to the sergeant, the duffle bag 

was partially unzipped, and inside the duffle bag, in plain view, there were four, 

clear bags containing a green, leafy substance that appeared to be marijuana. The 
5

sergeant testified that he was able to identify the substance in the duffle bag as 

marijuana based on its appearance and odor. It was his opinion that the quantity of

marijuana in the duffle bag was “far more” than necessary to make one marijuana 

cigarette. The officers also found a bag of what appeared to be synthetic marijuana 

on the bathroom countertop next to the duffle bag. The sergeant later weighed the 

marijuana contained in the duffle bag and determined that, in total, it weighed 

approximately three pounds, ten ounces. At trial, the sergeant identified State’s 

Exhibit 5, which was later admitted through a different witness, as the marijuana 

that he found in the duffle bag in the bathroom of the residence on August 15, 

2013. 

The officers also found other drugs, drug paraphernalia, and weapons at the 

residence. In the kitchen, which was also located in the back of the house, the 

officers found a 9-millimeter handgun and a loaded magazine lying in plain view 

on the floor. On the kitchen counter next to the sink, the officers found a loaded 

revolver in plain view. In the sink area, there was a white, powdery substance, 

which appeared to be baking soda. The officers also found a glass cylinder and a 

whisk in the kitchen with white residue on them. The sergeant testified that these 

items were consistent with manufacturing crack cocaine. In the living room, which 

was located in the front of the house and into which the front door opened, the 
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officers found a piece of crack cocaine and a digital scale on top of a small table. A

pistol was also found hidden behind one of the living room couches. Further, in a 

bedroom next to the living room, the officers found another small scale. 

The sergeant testified that the bathroom where the marijuana was found was 

located in the back right corner of the house. He testified that although he could

not know for certain whether Chevis ever went into the bathroom, the door through 

which Chevis exited the house when the search warrant was executed was located 

in the dining room, which was located towards the back of the house. The sergeant 

testified that Chevis was the only person who exited through this door at the time 

the search warrant was executed; every other person in the house exited through 

the front door. 

After Chevis exited the residence, he was searched by the sergeant. 

Although the sergeant did not find any drugs or a key to the residence on Chevis,

he discovered that Chevis was carrying $12,071 in cash on his person. The money 

was divided into $1,000 bundles, each of which was rolled up and wrapped with a 

rubber band. The sergeant testified that based on his experience, many individuals 

who are in the business of dealing, manufacturing, and delivering controlled 

substances and marijuana carry large sums of money on them, and in his opinion, 

possessing large amounts of cash is strongly indicative of illegal drug sales, 
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particularly when the money is divided and bundled together in the manner that 

Chevis’s money was. Further, he testified that considering the fact that Chevis was 

found to have a large amount of cash on his person in a house that also contained 

cocaine, marijuana, and firearms, it was his opinion that the money found on 

Chevis was derived from illegal drug sales. 

On cross-examination, the sergeant testified that the electricity to the house 

was registered in the name of someone other than Chevis, although he could not 

recall to whom it was registered. He testified, however, that “[i]t’s a common thing 

with drug dealers” not to put utilities for a residence in their name when they are 

using the residence to deal drugs. The sergeant also testified that at the time the 

warrant was executed, there was a vehicle parked in the front yard of the residence 

and that vehicle was not registered to Chevis. He testified, however, that the 

vehicle “was consistent with [his] investigation for being the car driven to that 

house to bring drugs.” 

Two narcotics detectives also testified on behalf of the State. The first 

detective corroborated the sergeant’s testimony that a pistol was found behind one 

of the couches in the living room of the residence. The second detective testified 

that after the house was secured, he entered the house and made a video recording 

of the interior of the residence and the items located inside the residence. He also 
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video recorded the individuals who had exited the house during the execution of 

the search warrant. At trial, the State introduced a copy of the video, which was 

admitted into evidence and played for the jury.2 The video largely corroborates the 

sergeant’s testimony at trial regarding the items discovered in the house. The video 

also shows that the bathroom where the marijuana was found is located in the back 

right corner of the house, and that the bathroom opens into a short hallway, at the 

end of which is the dining room containing the side door leading outside. The 

dining room containing the side door is located on the west, or left, side of the 

house. 

A crime scene technician for the Beaumont Police Department testified that 

he processed the handguns that were found inside the residence for latent 

fingerprints, but he was not able to locate any useable fingerprints on the 

handguns. Additionally, a forensic scientist with the Jefferson County Regional 

Crime Lab testified that she performed testing on the green, leafy substance 

contained in one of the four plastic bags included in State’s Exhibit 5. The tests she 

performed confirmed that the substance was marijuana. She testified that she also 

weighed the contents of the tested bag of marijuana and determined that, without 

the packaging, the contents of the bag weighed 14.22 ounces. She then weighed the 

 2 The trial court admitted the video portion of State’s Exhibit 6, but excluded 

the audio portion of it. 
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other three untested bags and determined that the weight of the untested bags 

(including the contents and the packaging) was 43.85 ounces. In total, the tested 

and untested marijuana weighed 3.6 pounds.

At the close of the State’s case-in-chief, Chevis moved for an instructed 

verdict of not guilty, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to prove the 

elements of possession of marijuana as charged in the indictment. After hearing 

arguments from both sides, the trial court denied Chevis’s motion. Chevis did not 

testify at trial or call any witnesses to testify on his behalf, and after closing 

arguments, the jury found Chevis guilty of possession of marijuana as charged in 

the indictment. At the punishment phase of the trial, Chevis pleaded “true” to each 

of the enhancement allegations, and after hearing additional evidence presented by 

the State, the jury assessed punishment at twenty years in prison and a $10,000 

fine. Chevis timely filed this appeal. 

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support the Conviction

In his first issue, Chevis contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to 

support his conviction for possession of marijuana. Specifically, Chevis challenges 

the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding that he knowingly possessed 

the seized marijuana. 
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A. Standard of Review

We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction under the 

standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). See Brooks v. 

State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under that standard, we view 

all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine, based 

on that evidence and any reasonable inferences therefrom, whether any rational 

factfinder could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a 

reasonable doubt. Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)

(citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19). The jury is the sole judge of the credibility 

and weight to be attached to the testimony of the witnesses. Id. In this role, the jury 

may choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the parties. 

Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Further, the jury 

is permitted to draw multiple reasonable inferences from facts as long as each is 

supported by the evidence presented at trial. Temple, 390 S.W.3d at 360. When the 

record supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the jury resolved those

conflicts in favor of the verdict and therefore defer to that determination. Id.

In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence 

in the record, regardless of whether it was properly admitted. Clayton v. State, 235 

S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Direct and circumstantial evidence are 
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equally probative of an actor’s guilt, and “‘circumstantial evidence alone can be 

sufficient to establish guilt.’” Temple, 390 S.W.3d at 359 (quoting Hooper v. State, 

214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). In a circumstantial evidence case, each 

fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the defendant so long 

as the combined and cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances 

warrants the conclusion that the defendant is guilty. Id. (quoting Johnson v. State, 

871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. “After 

giving proper deference to the factfinder’s role, we will uphold the verdict unless a 

rational factfinder must have had reasonable doubt as to any essential element.” 

Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 518 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

B. Applicable Law

A person commits a state jail felony offense if the person intentionally or 

knowingly possesses a usable quantity of marijuana in an amount of five pounds or 

less but more than four ounces. Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.121(a), 

(b)(3). “Possession” is statutorily defined as “actual care, custody, control, or 

management.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(39) (West Supp. 2016); Tex. 

Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.002(38) (West Supp. 2016). To prove unlawful 

possession of a controlled substance, the State must show that: (1) the defendant 

exercised control, management, or care over the substance; and (2) the defendant
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knew the matter possessed was contraband. Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 

405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see also Blackman v. State, 350 S.W.3d 588, 594 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Although the elements of possession may be proven 

through direct or circumstantial evidence, the evidence must establish “‘that the 

accused’s connection with the drug was more than just fortuitous.’” Poindexter, 

153 S.W.3d at 405–06 (quoting Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1995)).

“Possession need not be exclusive.” Wiley v. State, 388 S.W.3d 807, 813 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d). “‘[W]hen the accused is not in 

exclusive possession of the place where the substance is found, it cannot be 

concluded that the accused had knowledge of and control over the contraband 

unless there are additional independent facts and circumstances which 

affirmatively link the accused to the contraband.’” Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 406

(quoting Deshong v. State, 625 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981)). A 

defendant’s mere presence at the scene where contraband is found is insufficient, 

by itself, to establish possession. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2006). This requirement protects innocent bystanders from conviction based 

solely on their proximity to someone else’s contraband. Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 

406. However, presence or proximity, combined with other direct or circumstantial 
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evidence (e.g., “links”), may be sufficient to establish the elements of possession 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162.

“An affirmative link generates a reasonable inference that the accused knew 

of the contraband’s existence and exercised control over it.” Roberson v. State, 80 

S.W.3d 730, 735 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d). Links that may 

establish knowing possession include: (1) the accused’s presence when a search is 

conducted; (2) whether the contraband was in plain view; (3) the accused’s 

proximity to and the accessibility of the contraband; (4) whether the accused was 

under the influence of drugs when arrested; (5) whether the accused possessed 

other contraband or narcotics when arrested; (6) whether the accused made 

incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether the accused attempted to flee; 

(8) whether the accused made furtive gestures; (9) whether there was an odor of 

contraband; (10) whether other contraband or drug paraphernalia were present; 

(11) whether the accused owned or had the right to possess the place where the 

drugs were found; (12) whether the place where the drugs were found was 

enclosed; (13) whether the accused was found with a large amount of cash; and 

(14) whether the conduct of the accused indicated a consciousness of guilt. Evans, 

202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12. Additionally, a large quantity of contraband may be a 

factor affirmatively linking the accused to the contraband. Wright v. State, 401 
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S.W.3d 813, 819 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). The Court of 

Criminal Appeals has cautioned that these factors are “not a litmus test[,]” but are 

“simply some factors which may circumstantially establish the legal sufficiency of 

the evidence to prove a knowing ‘possession.’” Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12. “It 

is . . . not the number of links that is dispositive, but rather the logical force of all 

of the evidence, direct and circumstantial.” Id. at 162. 

C. Analysis

In the present case, the evidence establishes several factors that link Chevis 

to the marijuana found at the residence. First, the evidence shows that Chevis was 

present at the residence at the time the search warrant was executed. Second, 

during the officers’ search of the residence, the officers found marijuana in plain 

view in the only bathroom in the house. Third, the bathroom in which the 

marijuana was found was located in the back right corner of the house. Although 

no eyewitness testified to seeing Chevis in the bathroom, the evidence shows that 

when the warrant was executed, Chevis was the only person who exited the house 

through the side door, which was located near the back of the residence. All of the 

other occupants of the house exited through the front door. The video recorded by 

the narcotics detective depicting the interior of the residence shows that the 

bathroom where the marijuana was found opened into a short hallway that led 
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directly into the dining room containing the side door through which Chevis exited.

While this evidence does not by itself establish that Chevis was in the bathroom, it 

does give rise to a reasonable inference that Chevis was in or near the back of the 

house immediately before the search warrant was executed and that he had access 

to the marijuana in the bathroom. 

Fourth, the marijuana found in the bathroom constituted a large quantity of 

contraband. The evidence shows that, in total, the marijuana seized from the duffle 

bag in the bathroom weighed 3.6 pounds. The sergeant testified that this was “far 

more” marijuana than was necessary to make one marijuana cigarette. Fifth, other 

contraband, including crack cocaine, and drug paraphernalia, including two scales, 

were found at the residence. Two loaded firearms were also found in plain view in 

the kitchen, and a third firearm was found hidden behind a couch in the living 

room. Sixth, Chevis was found with over $12,000 on his person when he was taken 

into custody. There was no evidence that any other occupant of the house 

possessed a large sum of money at the time the warrant was executed. The 

“[p]resence of a large amount of cash can supply an inference that an individual is 

trafficking and, therefore, in possession of contraband.” Coleman v. State, 113 

S.W.3d 496, 501 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), aff’d, 145 S.W.3d 649 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Moreover, the money in Chevis’s possession was divided 
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into $1,000 bundles, each of which was rolled and wrapped with a rubber band. 

The sergeant testified that, based on his experience, carrying a large amount of 

cash that is bundled in such a manner is “strongly indicative of illegal drug 

sales[.]” Further, he testified that considering the fact that Chevis was found to 

have over $12,000 on his person in a house that also contained cocaine, marijuana, 

and firearms, it was his opinion that the money found on Chevis was derived from 

illegal drug sales. See Blackman, 350 S.W.3d at 596 (concluding that a jury may 

reasonably rely on the opinion of an experienced narcotics investigator that the 

defendant acted like a narcotics trafficker). 

Seventh, prior to the execution of the search warrant, the police observed 

suspicious activity at the residence consistent with the distribution of illicit drugs

over a period of approximately two weeks. Specifically, the sergeant testified that 

during the period that he conducted surveillance of the residence, he observed 

“several” people go to the house, stay for approximately five minutes or less, and 

then leave. He testified that based on his investigation, it did not appear that 

anyone actually lived at the residence and that it instead seemed that the house was 

being used as “a shop” where people went to make purchases and then leave. 

Further, the sergeant observed Chevis at the residence during the two weeks that 

the suspicious activity was occurring. 
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Based on the totality of the evidence, and viewing the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the verdict, a rational jury could have found sufficient 

affirmative links to reasonably infer that Chevis had knowledge of the marijuana in 

the bathroom based on the fact that Chevis was present when the search warrant 

was executed, the large quantity of marijuana that was found, the fact that the 

marijuana was in plain view and was located in the only bathroom in the house, 

and Chevis’s proximity and ready access to the marijuana in the house. Further, a 

rational jury could have reasonably inferred that Chevis was engaged in the act of 

selling—and, thus, was exercising “care, custody, or control” over—the marijuana 

based on the quantity of marijuana found, the presence of scales and multiple 

weapons in the house, the $12,000 found on Chevis’s person arranged in a manner 

indicative of illegal drug sales, the fact that no other occupant of the house was 

shown to be carrying a large amount of cash, and the officer’s testimony that he

had observed Chevis and activity consistent with illegal drug sales at the house 

prior to the execution of the warrant.

Chevis argues that the evidence is nevertheless insufficient to show that he 

knowingly possessed the marijuana in the bathroom because there are a number of 

other “factors” that did not link him to the marijuana. However, “[t]he absence of 

various affirmative links does not constitute evidence of innocence to be weighed 
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against the affirmative links present.” Henry v. State, 409 S.W.3d 37, 43 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (quoting Wiley, 388 S.W.3d at 814). 

Moreover, “[i]t is the logical force of the circumstantial evidence, not the number 

of links, that supports a jury’s verdict.” Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 166. 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude 

that a rational factfinder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Chevis 

intentionally or knowingly possessed the marijuana found in the bathroom of the 

residence. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Temple, 390 S.W.3d at 360. We overrule 

Chevis’s first issue.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support the Enhancement Allegations

In his second issue, Chevis argues that there is insufficient evidence to 

support a finding that the enhancement paragraphs alleged in the indictment are 

true. Specifically, Chevis contends that although he pleaded “true” to the 

enhancement paragraphs in the indictment, the evidence introduced by the State at 

the punishment phase of trial affirmatively shows that the convictions alleged in 

the first two enhancement paragraphs did not become final until after the 

commission of the offense that forms the basis of the conviction alleged in the 

third enhancement paragraph. Accordingly, he contends that the evidence is 

insufficient to enhance the punishment range for the offense to that of a second-
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degree felony and that we should therefore reverse the portion of the trial court’s 

judgment imposing punishment and remand the case to the trial court for a new 

punishment hearing. 

A. Facts

In the present case, the indictment contained three enhancement paragraphs, 

which alleged as follows: 

AND THE GRAND JURORS AFORESAID, upon their oaths 

aforesaid, do further present in and to said Court, at said term, that 

before the commission of the primary offense, the Defendant was 

finally convicted of the felony of POSSESSION OF A 

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE– THIRD DEGREE FELONY and 

was finally convicted of such felony on July 6, 2009, in Cause No. 08-

05201, in the CRIMINAL District Court of JEFFERSON County, 

Texas, 

AND THE GRAND JURORS AFORESAID, upon their oaths 

aforesaid, do further present in and to said Court, at said term, that 

before the commission of the primary offense, the Defendant was 

finally convicted of the felony of DELIVERY OF A CONTROLLED 

SUBSTANCE– FIRST DEGREE FELONY and was finally convicted 

of such felony on JULY 6, 2009, in Cause No. 09-06248, in the 

CRIMINAL District Court of JEFFERSON County, Texas, 

AND THE GRAND JURORS AFORESAID, upon their oaths 

aforesaid, do further present in and to said Court, at said term, that 

before the commission of the primary offense, and after the conviction 

in Cause No. 08-05201 became final, and after the conviction in 

Cause No. 09-06248 became final, the Defendant committed the 

felony of DELIVERY OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE–

SECOND DEGREE FELONY and was finally convicted of such 

felony on FEBRUARY 14, 2011, in Cause No. 10-09328, in the 

[252ND] District Court of JEFFERSON County, Texas[.] 
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At the punishment phase of trial, Chevis pleaded “true” to all three enhancement 

allegations in the indictment. 

Following the entry of Chevis’s pleas, the State introduced State’s Exhibits 

9, 10, and 11, which contained documents evidencing the three prior convictions 

alleged in the enhancement paragraphs, and these exhibits were admitted into 

evidence. Specifically, State’s Exhibit 9 contains a certified copy of the judgment 

of conviction in cause number 08-05201, which shows that Chevis was convicted 

of the offense of possession of a controlled substance, a third-degree felony, and 

sentenced to ten years in prison on July 6, 2009. However, the judgment also states 

that Chevis’s sentence was suspended and that he was placed on community 

supervision for a period of ten years. The judgment further states that the 

possession offense that forms the basis of the conviction in cause number 08-

05201 was committed on November 24, 2008. State’s Exhibit 9 also contains 

certified copies of: (1) a motion to revoke community supervision filed by the State 

in cause number 08-05201; (2) a judgment revoking Chevis’s community 

supervision and imposing a ten year sentence in cause number 08-05201 on 

February 22, 2011; and (3) the criminal docket sheet for cause number 08-05201, 

which contains entries stating: “2/22/11 Notice of Appeal[,]” “5/25/11 OPINION 
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ENTERED. APPEAL DISMISSED[,]” and “7/20/11 MANDATE ISSUED. 

APPEAL DISMISSED.” 

State Exhibit 10 contained a certified copy of the judgment of conviction in 

cause number 09-06248, which shows that Chevis was convicted of the offense of 

delivery of a controlled substance, a first-degree felony, and sentenced to ten years 

in prison on July 6, 2009. However, the judgment also states that Chevis’s sentence 

was suspended and that he was placed on community supervision for a period of 

ten years. The judgment states that the delivery offense that forms the basis of the 

conviction in cause number 09-06248 was committed on March 4, 2009. State’s 

Exhibit 10 does not contain a copy of a motion to revoke community supervision 

or a copy of a judgment revoking Chevis’s community supervision in cause 

number 09-06248. However, State’s Exhibit 10 contains a certified copy of the 

criminal docket sheet for cause number 09-06248, which contains entries stating: 

“2/22/11 Notice of Appeal[,]” “5/25/11 OPINION ENTERED. APPEAL 

DISMISSED[,]” and “7/20/11 MANDATE ISSUED. APPEAL DISMISSED.” 

State’s Exhibit 11 contains a certified copy of the judgment of conviction in 

cause number 10-09328, which shows that Chevis was convicted of the offense of 

delivery of a controlled substance, a second-degree felony, and sentenced to five 

years in prison on March 12, 2011. The judgment does not place Chevis on 
22

community supervision, but instead orders the five-year sentence imposed to be 

executed. The judgment states that the delivery offense that forms the basis of the 

conviction in cause number 10-09328 was committed on January 5, 2010. State’s 

Exhibit 11 also contains a certified copy of the criminal docket sheet for cause 

number 10-09328, but the docket sheet does not contain any entries following 

Chevis’s conviction. 

The trial court’s charge to the jury instructed the jury that Chevis pleaded 

“true” to the three enhancement paragraphs alleged in the indictment. Further, the 

jury charge instructed the jury that Chevis qualified under law for enhanced 

punishment and that the jury was to assess Chevis’s punishment in accordance

with the punishment range for a second-degree felony. The jury’s verdict assessed 

a punishment of twenty years in prison and a fine of $10,000. 

B. Standard of Review

In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding that an 

enhancement allegation is true, we consider all of the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the finding and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have 

found the essential elements of the enhancement beyond a reasonable doubt. Wood 

v. State, 486 S.W.3d 583, 589 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). The sufficiency of the 

evidence to support an enhancement should be measured by the hypothetically 
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correct jury charge for the enhancement, as defined by statute. See Roberson v. 

State, 420 S.W.3d 832, 841 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Young v. State, 14 S.W.3d 

748, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 

C. Applicable Law

The jury found Chevis guilty of the state jail felony offense of possession of 

marijuana. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.121(a), (b)(3). A state jail 

felony offense carries a punishment range of confinement in a state jail for a term 

of not more than two years and not less than 180 days and a fine not to exceed 

$10,000. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.35(a), (b). However, the range of punishment 

may be enhanced to the range applicable to a second-degree felony if it is shown 

that: (1) the defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felonies other 

than a state jail felony punishable under section 12.35(a); and (2) the second 

previous felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first 

previous conviction having become final. Id. § 12.425(b). The punishment range 

for a second-degree felony is imprisonment for a term of not more than twenty 

years and not less than two years and a fine not to exceed $10,000. Tex. Penal 

Code Ann. § 12.33 (West 2011).

For punishment to be enhanced under section 12.425(b), the chronological 

sequence of events must be proved as follows: (1) the first conviction becomes 
24

final; (2) the offense leading to a later conviction is committed; (3) the later 

conviction becomes final; and (4) the offense for which the defendant presently 

stands accused is committed. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.425(b); see also 

Jordan v. State, 256 S.W.3d 286, 290–91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (explaining 

required sequencing of events under nearly identical language in Penal Code 

section 12.42(d)). “‘[A] conviction from which an appeal has been taken is not 

considered final until the appellate court affirms the conviction and issues its 

mandate.’” Jordan v. State, 36 S.W.3d 871, 875 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting 

Johnson v. State, 784 S.W.2d 413, 414 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). Further, a

probated sentence is not final for purposes of enhancement until that probation has 

been revoked and any appeal of the revocation has been resolved. Donaldson v. 

State, 476 S.W.3d 433, 438 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Jordan, 36 S.W.3d at 875. 

When there is no evidence to show that the offenses were committed and the 

convictions became final in the proper sequence, the defendant’s sentence may not 

be enhanced under the State’s habitual offender statutes. Jordan, 256 S.W.3d at 

291. 

“The State has the burden of proof to show that any prior conviction used to 

enhance a sentence [is] final under the law and that the defendant [is] the person 

previously convicted of that offense.” Donaldson, 476 S.W.3d at 439; Wilson v. 
25

State, 671 S.W.2d 524, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Further, when the State seeks 

to enhance a defendant’s punishment under a “habitual felony offenders” statute, 

such as section 12.425(b), the State carries the burden of proving beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the defendant’s second previous felony conviction was 

committed after the defendant’s first previous felony conviction became final. See

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.425(b); Donaldson, 476 S.W.3d at 439; see also 

Jordan, 256 S.W.3d at 291.

Generally, when a defendant pleads “true” to an enhancement paragraph, it 

relieves the State of its evidentiary burden to prove the enhancement allegations, 

and the defendant cannot complain on appeal that the evidence is insufficient to 

support the enhancements. Hopkins v. State, 487 S.W.3d 583, 586 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2016); Ex parte Rich, 194 S.W.3d 508, 513 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). 

However, there is a narrow exception to this rule. If the record “affirmatively 

reflects” that the enhancement itself was improper, then the conviction cannot be 

used to enhance punishment, even though the defendant pled “true” to the 

enhancement paragraph. Rich, 194 S.W.3d at 513–14; Mikel v. State, 167 S.W.3d 

556, 559–60 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (concluding that 

where the record affirmatively showed that the necessary sequence of convictions 

was not proved, the evidence was legally insufficient to support the enhancement 
26

allegations despite the defendant’s plea of “true” and the defendant was not 

precluded on appeal from challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support 

the enhancement allegations). 

D. Analysis

Chevis argues that the evidence is insufficient to show that his three prior 

convictions meet the sequencing requirements for enhancement under section 

12.425(b). Specifically, he contends that, despite his pleas of “true” to the 

enhancement allegations at trial, the record affirmatively reflects that his 

convictions in cause numbers 08-05201 and 09-06248 did not become final before 

the commission of the offense that led to his conviction in cause number 10-09328. 

The State concedes error, acknowledging that Chevis’s prior convictions “are not 

properly sequenced for purposes of enhancement” under section 12.425(b). 

In the present case, the enhancement paragraphs in the indictment alleged 

the existence of three prior convictions: (1) a conviction for possession of a 

controlled substance in cause number 08-05201; (2) a conviction for delivery of a 

controlled substance in cause number 09-06248; and (3) a conviction for delivery 

of a controlled substance in cause number 10-09328. Further, the third 

enhancement paragraph alleged that the delivery offense that forms the basis of the 

conviction in cause number 10-09328 was committed after the convictions in cause 
27

numbers 08-05201 and 09-06248 became final. Although the third enhancement 

paragraph, if true, would satisfy the sequencing requirements of section 12.425(b), 

we agree with the parties that the record affirmatively demonstrates that Chevis’s

prior convictions did not actually occur in the required sequence. 

First, the judgment of conviction in cause number 10-09328, which was 

admitted into evidence at the punishment hearing, shows that the delivery offense 

that forms the basis of the conviction in that case was committed on January 5, 

2010. The judgment of conviction in cause number 08-05201, which was also 

admitted into evidence at the punishment hearing, shows that Chevis was 

convicted of the offense of possession of a controlled substance and sentenced to 

ten years in prison on July 6, 2009. However, the judgment in cause number 08-

05201 also shows that Chevis’s sentence was suspended and that he was placed on 

probation for a period of ten years. A separate document, entitled “Judgment 

Revoking Community Supervision,” shows that Chevis’s probation in cause 

number 08-05201 was later revoked on February 22, 2011. Therefore, Chevis’s 

conviction in cause number 08-05201 did not become final until February 22, 

2011, at the earliest. See Donaldson, 476 S.W.3d at 438; Jordan, 36 S.W.3d at 875. 

As such, the record affirmatively demonstrates that the offense that forms the basis 
28

of the conviction in cause number 10-09328 was not committed “after the 

conviction in Cause No. 08-05201 became final[.]” 

Second, the judgment of conviction in cause number 09-06248 shows that 

Chevis was convicted of the offense of delivery of a controlled substance and 

placed on probation for a period of ten years on July 6, 2009. Because the sentence 

was probated, the July 6, 2009 judgment in cause number 09-06248 does not 

reflect a final conviction. See Donaldson, 476 S.W.3d at 438; Jordan, 36 S.W.3d at 

875. The record does not contain an order revoking Chevis’s probation in cause 

number 09-06248. The record, however, does contain the criminal docket sheet for 

cause number 09-06248. The docket sheet contains the following entry: “2/14/11 

Hearing held on States MTRP. Defendant plead true to count one. Court found 

count one to be true. Count 2 abandoned[.] Defendant duly sentenced to 10 yr 

TDCJ[,] this sentence shall run consecutive upon completion of cause # 08-

05201[.]” The docket sheet also contains entries stating: “2/22/11 Notice of 

Appeal[;]” “5/25/11 OPINION ENTERED. APPEAL DISMISSED[;]” and 

“7/20/11 MANDATE ISSUED. APPEAL DISMISSED[.]” Neither party has 

specifically addressed whether a docket entry, by itself, constitutes evidence 

sufficient to prove the finality of a prior conviction for purposes of punishment 
29

enhancement.3 See Kerr v. State, 83 S.W.3d 832, 834 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2002, no pet.) (noting that docket sheet entries do not become part of the record in 

the cases that they describe); State v. Shaw, 4 S.W.3d 875, 878 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

1999, no pet.) (noting that docket sheet entries “are inherently unreliable, lacking 

the formality of orders and judgments” and are merely “a memorandum made for 

the convenience of the trial court and clerk”); see also Belle v. State, No. 14-05-

01111-CR, 2006 WL 2074662, *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 27, 

2006, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (noting that although it 

may supply facts in certain situations, a docket entry may not be used to contradict 

or prevail over a final judicial order and concluding that the docket entry in 

question did not establish that the defendant’s prior conviction was not final).

 3 A review of our own records indicates that Chevis did, in fact, file a notice 

of appeal in cause numbers 08-05201 and 09-06248, that this Court dismissed the 

appeals in both cases by an opinion dated May 25, 2011, and that we issued a 

mandate in both cases on July 20, 2011. See Chevis v. State, Nos. 09-11-00077-

CR, 09-11-00078-CR, 2011 WL 2135235 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 25, 2011, 

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). However, an appellate court 

may not “look to records in other cases to supply factual deficiency in the case 

before it.” Turner v. State, 733 S.W.2d 218, 223 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987); see also 

Fletcher v. State, 214 S.W.3d 5, 8–9 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (concluding that court 

of appeals erred by taking judicial notice of mandate issued in a different case for 

the purpose of finding that the defendant’s prior conviction was final). Further, the 

State has not requested that we take judicial notice of our records in the appeals of 

cause numbers 08-05201 and 09-06248. We therefore decline to take judicial 

notice of the notices of appeal filed or the opinion and mandates issued in the 

appeals of cause numbers 08-05201 and 09-06248 for the purpose of finding that 

Chevis’s convictions in those cases were final. 
30

However, we need not answer that question here because it would not change the 

outcome of our analysis. 

To the extent the docket entries in cause number 09-06248 constitute 

sufficient evidence to prove that the events they purport to describe actually 

occurred, the record affirmatively demonstrates that Chevis’s conviction in cause 

number 09-06248 became final, at the earliest, on February 14, 2011, when his 

probation was revoked. See Donaldson, 476 S.W.3d at 438; Jordan, 36 S.W.3d at 

875. However, as already noted, the judgment of conviction in cause number 10-

09328 shows that the delivery offense that forms the basis of the conviction in that 

case was committed on January 5, 2010. Under these facts, the record affirmatively 

demonstrates that the offense in cause number 10-09328 did not occur “after the 

conviction in Cause No. 09-06248 became final[.]” On the other hand, if the 

docket entries in cause number 09-06248 do not constitute sufficient evidence of 

the events that they purport to describe, then the record shows that Chevis was 

convicted of the delivery offense in cause number 09-06248 and placed on 

probation for a period of ten years on July 6, 2009, but it does not show that the 

conviction in cause number 09-06248 ever became final. Under these 

circumstances, we conclude that the record affirmatively reflects that the 

enhancement of Chevis’s sentence under section 12.425(b) was improper because 
31

the prior offenses and convictions alleged in the indictment did not occur in the 

required sequence.4 See Williams v. State, 309 S.W.3d 124, 131 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (concluding that where the record affirmatively 

showed that the prior conviction on which the enhancement was based had been 

appealed, but there was no evidence to show that the conviction had become final, 

the record affirmatively demonstrated that the enhancement was improper, despite 

the defendant’s plea of “true” to the enhancement allegations). Therefore, the 

evidence was not legally sufficient to sustain the enhancement under section 

12.425(b), despite Chevis’s pleas of “true” to the enhancement allegations. See

Rich, 194 S.W.3d at 513–14; Mikel, 167 S.W.3d at 559–60. 

The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that a harm analysis is inappropriate 

and should not be undertaken when insufficient evidence exists to prove an 

enhancement allegation. See Jordan, 256 S.W.3d at 292–93 (concluding that a 

harm analysis was inappropriate where the evidence was insufficient to prove the 

 4 Further, we note that even if the alleged prior convictions are considered in 

a different sequence than that alleged in the indictment, they do not satisfy the 

sequencing requirement under section 12.425(b). Cf. Roberson v. State, 420 

S.W.3d 832, 840 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (concluding that the evidence was 

sufficient to support enhancement of the defendant’s punishment to that of a 

habitual offender, even though the indictment’s enhancement paragraphs were 

alleged in the incorrect sequence on the face of the indictment, where the record 

reflected that the sequence of the alleged prior convictions did indeed occur in the 

required order). 
32

chronological sequence of punishment enhancement allegations as required under 

habitual felony offender statute); see also Mikel, 167 S.W.3d at 560 (concluding 

that a harm analysis is inappropriate when the evidence is insufficient to support 

findings of true to habitual offender enhancements). This is because the State’s 

failure to meet its evidentiary burden with respect to habitual offender 

enhancement “can never be deemed harmless.” Jordan, 256 S.W.3d at 292, 293. 

Accordingly, we sustain Chevis’s second issue without conducting a harm 

analysis. Because the error affects only the validity of the sentence, the proper 

remedy is to remand the case for reassessment of punishment.5 See Tex. Code 

Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.29(b) (West Supp. 2016); Jordan, 256 S.W.3d at 293; 

Williams, 309 S.W.3d at 131. 

IV. Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment as to guilt, but reverse the portion of the 

judgment assessing punishment and remand for a new punishment hearing. 

 5 Because of our disposition of Chevis’s second issue, we need not address 

his third issue, which complains of ineffective assistance of counsel during the 

punishment phase of trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. 
33

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART. 

_____________________________

 CHARLES KREGER

 Justice

Submitted on November 30, 2015

Opinion Delivered November 30, 2016

Do not publish

Before Kreger, Horton, and Johnson, JJ.