Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the 

Atlantic and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the 

Court of any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound 

volumes go to press.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

No. 19-CV-0737

U.S. BANK TRUST, N.A., APPELLANT,

V.

OMID LAND GROUP, LLC, ET AL., APPELLEES.

Appeal from the Superior Court

of the District of Columbia

(CAR-6302-18)

(Hon. Hiram Puig-Lugo, Trial Judge)

(Argued March 30, 2021 Decided August 4, 2022)

Melissa O. Martinez, with whom Samantha E. Thompson was on the brief, 

for appellant.

Tracy Buck, with whom Stephen O. Hessler and Ian G. Thomas were on the 

brief, for appellee Omid Land Group, LLC. 

Before MCLEESE and DEAHL, Associate Judges, and KRAVITZ, Associate 

Judge, Superior Court of the District of Columbia.∗

KRAVITZ, Associate Judge: Appellant U.S. Bank Trust, N.A. appeals from 

the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of appellee Omid Land 

 ∗

 Sitting by designation pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-707(a).
2

Group, LLC. We vacate the order of summary judgment and remand for further 

proceedings. 

Factual and Procedural Background

Rosslyn Snowden purchased a condominium unit at 701 Delaware Avenue,

S.W. on May 19, 2005. To finance the purchase, Ms. Snowden took out a 

mortgage in the amount of $315,000.00 from CTX Mortgage Company, LLC and 

executed a promissory note, endorsed in blank. Ms. Snowden and Tyrone E. 

Evans executed a deed of trust on the condominium unit as security for the note. 

Through a series of assignments, U.S. Bank Trust, N.A. (“U.S. Bank”) later

became the holder of the note and the beneficiary of the deed of trust. 

Ms. Snowden defaulted on the note beginning in May 2009 by failing to 

make her monthly mortgage payments. In October 2014, Ms. Snowden also 

became delinquent on monthly condominium assessments she was required to pay 

to Capital Park Condominium Association (“Capital Park”). 

Capital Park recorded a lien against Ms. Snowden’s unit on February 18, 

2016 based on $12,368.04 in unpaid monthly condominium assessments covering 
3

the period October 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016. Capital Park subsequently

recorded a notice on December 12, 2016 stating that it would hold a foreclosure 

sale of Ms. Snowden’s unit on January 18, 2017 based on the twenty-seven months 

of unpaid condominium assessments specified in the lien. The notice recorded on 

December 12, 2016 stated that the amount of unpaid assessments totaled 

$14,653.54. 

Capital Park published an advertisement for the upcoming foreclosure sale 

in the Washington Post on three dates in January 2017. The advertisement stated: 

“The property will be sold subject to any prior liens, encumbrances, and/or 

municipal assessments if any, including subject to the first mortgage lien.” 

The condominium foreclosure sale went forward as scheduled on January 

18, 2017. Bidding for Ms. Snowden’s unit began at $16,000.00 and ended with a

winning bid, by Omid Land Group, LLC (“Omid”), of $63,000.00. On March 15, 

2017, Omid recorded a trustee’s deed of foreclosure for unpaid condominium 

assessments. The deed stated that Omid purchased the unit at the foreclosure sale 

for $63,000.00 “subject to any prior liens and mortgages, including the first 

mortgage lien.” 
4

U.S. Bank filed a verified complaint for judicial foreclosure on August 31, 

2018 against Ms. Snowden, Mr. Evans, Omid, and the United States. The bank 

alleged in the complaint that Ms. Snowden had been in default on the note since 

May 2009 and that she owed $545,769.36 as of the date of filing. The complaint

identified Omid as the owner of record of the unit based on the trustee’s deed of 

foreclosure recorded on March 15, 2017 but was otherwise silent regarding the 

condominium foreclosure sale. The United States was named as a defendant based 

on a federal government lien on the property related to a federal court restitution 

order against Mr. Evans in the amount of $126,561.87. 

Omid filed an answer to the complaint together with an equitable 

counterclaim on October 15, 2018. Omid asserted that it was the record owner of 

the property based on the trustee’s deed recorded on March 15, 2017 and that a 

break in the chain of title dating back to 2014 rendered its interest in the property 

superior to any entity asserting ownership based on an assignment of the note and 

deed of trust. 

U.S. Bank filed an answer and affirmative defenses to Omid’s counterclaim 

on October 23, 2018. The bank denied that the condominium foreclosure sale was 
5

valid, contending that the sale was not conducted in compliance with District of 

Columbia law and that its terms were unconscionable. 

With the agreement of the parties, the trial court entered a Track 2

scheduling order at the initial scheduling conference on December 14, 2018. 

Among other dates and deadlines, the scheduling order set April 29, 2019 as the 

close of the discovery period and May 28, 2019 as the deadline for the filing of 

dispositive motions. 

On May 28, 2019, the last day on which dispositive motions could be filed, 

U.S. Bank filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint. Appended to the

bank’s motion was a proposed amended complaint that sought to add Capital Park 

as a party defendant and to allege new claims requesting a declaratory judgment 

that the bank’s first deed of trust survived the condominium foreclosure sale or, 

alternatively, that the condominium foreclosure sale was void as a matter of law

because Capital Park advertised the sale as “subject to any prior liens and 

mortgages, including the first mortgage lien” and the sales price was 

unconscionably low. The amended complaint also alleged a claim of unjust 

enrichment against Capital Park and Omid and claims of equitable estoppel and 

breach of contract against Capital Park. 
6

Later the same day, May 28, 2019, Omid filed a motion for summary 

judgment on both U.S. Bank’s complaint for judicial foreclosure and its own 

equitable counterclaim for declaratory relief. Omid argued that the condominium 

association’s foreclosure sale to recover unpaid condominium assessments,

including the six months immediately preceding the sale, extinguished the bank’s

mortgage lien and gave Omid free and clear title to the property. 

The parties filed oppositions to each other’s motions, and on June 13, 2019, 

the trial court issued a written order denying U.S. Bank’s motion for leave to file 

an amended complaint and granting Omid’s motion for summary judgment. 

Regarding the bank’s motion for leave to amend, the court stated that the case had 

been pending for ten months and that the bank had not provided any explanation 

for its delay in seeking to amend the complaint despite its knowledge, from the 

beginning of the case, of the condominium foreclosure sale and Omid’s claim that 

the sale extinguished the bank’s first deed of trust. The court stated further that the 

amended complaint proffered by U.S. Bank lacked merit and that an order granting 

leave to amend would prejudice Omid because the periods for discovery and 

dispositive motions had expired. 
7

As to Omid’s motion for summary judgment, the trial court determined that 

the amended complaint proffered by U.S. Bank along with its motion for leave to 

amend was not part of the summary judgment record because it was never accepted 

for filing, given the court’s denial of the bank’s motion. The court thus excluded 

the allegations and evidence referenced in the amended complaint from its 

consideration and found that U.S. Bank had presented no evidence to support its

assertion, made in opposition to Omid’s motion for summary judgment, that the 

condominium foreclosure sale was invalid. The court accordingly entered 

summary judgment in favor of Omid on U.S. Bank’s complaint for judicial 

foreclosure and ruled in Omid’s favor on its counterclaim for declaratory relief, 

determining, as a matter of law, that the bank’s first deed of trust was extinguished 

and that Omid obtained free and clear title to the property through its purchase at 

the condominium foreclosure sale. 

U.S. Bank filed a timely notice of appeal.

1

Discussion

 1 No parties other than U.S. Bank and Omid have participated in the 

litigation either in the trial court or on appeal. 
8

We begin with the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of 

Omid. Our review of the order is de novo. Zere v. District of Columbia, 209 A.3d 

94, 98 (D.C. 2019). We apply the same standard the trial court was required to 

apply in considering whether the motion for summary judgment should be granted. 

Kuder v. United Nat’l Bank, 497 A.2d 1105, 1106-07 (D.C. 1985). We view the 

evidentiary materials in the record, including any depositions, documents, 

electronically stored information, affidavits, declarations, admissions, and 

interrogatory responses, in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and 

draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. Liu v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 

179 A.3d 871, 876 (D.C. 2018); Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c). Summary judgment is 

properly granted only if the record contains no genuine issue of material fact and 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Radbod v. Moghim, 

269 A.3d 1035, 1041 (D.C. 2022); Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(a). 

It is fundamental, moreover, that an order granting summary judgment 

cannot stand if the trial court erroneously excluded from its consideration evidence 

that, either alone or in combination with other evidence before the court, was 

sufficient to create a genuine dispute as to a material fact. See Cormier v. District 

of Columbia Water & Sewer Auth., 959 A.2d 658, 663-67 (D.C. 2008). Similarly, 

an order of summary judgment must be reversed if the trial court misinterpreted the 
9

governing substantive law and a material issue of fact would remain to be tried had 

the law been properly applied. Burch v. Amsterdam Corp., 366 A.2d 1079, 1084 

(D.C. 1976). 

We conclude that the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in 

Omid’s favor must be vacated. The trial court mistakenly excluded from its 

summary judgment analysis the amended complaint proffered by U.S. Bank along 

with its motion for leave to amend. Although the trial court correctly noted that 

the amended complaint had not been accepted for filing as the bank’s operative 

pleading, the court erred in deciding that the amended complaint—and the 

allegations and evidence referenced therein—were not part of the materials to be 

considered in addressing Omid’s motion for summary judgment. U.S. Bank

expressly stated in its opposition to the motion for summary judgment that it “fully 

incorporates herein its Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint and its Second 

Amended Complaint.” The allegations and evidence referenced in the bank’s 

proffered amended complaint therefore were part of the summary judgment 

record—and should have been considered by the trial court in determining whether 

Omid had established its entitlement to judgment as a matter of law—

notwithstanding the court’s order denying the bank’s motion for leave to file the 

amended complaint (an order we will address further below). 
10

We could go on to determine whether the evidence the trial court 

erroneously excluded from its consideration was sufficient, either alone or in 

combination with other evidence in the record, to create a genuine dispute as to any 

material fact. We decline to do so, however, because we conclude, in the 

circumstances, that certain factual and legal questions raised by recent 

developments in the governing law are best addressed by the trial court in the first 

instance. 

A brief summary of the governing law is helpful here. The District of 

Columbia Condominium Act authorizes a condominium association to impose a 

lien against a condominium unit for unpaid assessments. D.C. Code § 42-

1903.13(a). The statute grants the association’s lien “super-priority” status, with 

priority over even a first mortgage lienholder, when the association’s lien is based 

on unpaid assessments within the six-month period immediately preceding the 

institution of an action to enforce the lien. Id. at § 42-1903.13(a)(2). 

The “super-priority” lien provision of the Condominium Act has been the 

subject of several recent decisions of this court. We first addressed the provision 

in Chase Plaza Condominium Ass’n v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 98 A.3d 166

(D.C. 2014), a case decided before the condominium foreclosure sale in the matter
11

now before us. We held in Chase Plaza that when a condominium association 

enforces its lien through a foreclosure sale, the association may distribute the 

proceeds of the sale first to itself to satisfy the super-priority portion of its lien and 

then to other lienholders to satisfy any remaining liens in order of lien priority. Id. 

at 172. We held further that a valid foreclosure sale to enforce the association’s 

super-priority lien extinguishes all other liens on the property left unsatisfied by 

the proceeds of the sale—including a lien based on a first mortgage or first deed of 

trust—and thereby grants the purchaser at the foreclosure sale free and clear title to 

the property. Id. 

We returned to the “super-priority” lien provision of the Condominium Act 

in Liu v. U.S. Bank National Ass’n, 179 A.3d 871 (D.C. 2018), and 4700 Conn 305 

Trust v. Capital One, N.A., 193 A.3d 762 (D.C. 2018), two cases decided after the 

condominium foreclosure sale in this case but before the trial court’s order of 

summary judgment. We held in Liu that a condominium foreclosure sale to 

enforce the association’s super-priority lien extinguishes the first deed of trust even 

if the association tried to preserve the first mortgage holder’s lien by advertising 

the foreclosure sale as subject to the first mortgage or deed of trust. 179 A.3d at

878-79. We held in 4700 Conn that the result is the same—the extinguishment of 

the first deed of trust—even if the association sought to recover more than the most 
12

recent six-month portion of the arrearage in assessments entitled to super-priority 

status. 193 A.3d at 764. 

Importantly, however, we also determined in 4700 Conn that, as a matter of 

equity, the holder of a first deed of trust may seek to avoid the extinguishment of 

its lien under § 42-1903.13(a)(2) by challenging the validity of a condominium 

foreclosure sale on the ground that the unit sold at a price “greatly below the 

amount of the mortgage and apparent value of the unit” and pursuant to terms of 

sale “erroneously conditioned on [the] assumption of the first deed of trust.” 193 

A.3d at 766. More recently, we held in RFB Properties II, LLC v. Deutsche Bank 

Trust Co. Americas, 247 A.3d 689 (D.C. 2021), a case decided after the issuance of 

the summary judgment order in this case, that where there is a dispute over the 

validity of a condominium foreclosure sale based on the condominium 

association’s first-priority lien—and thus a dispute over whether the sale 

extinguished the first mortgage holder’s deed of trust—the reasonableness of the 

price paid for the unit at foreclosure must be considered as of the time of the sale 

rather than the time of the litigation. Id. at 692.

We review the trial court’s summary judgment order with these legal rules 

and developments in mind. 
13

As previously noted, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of 

Omid without considering the allegations and evidence referenced in the amended 

complaint proffered by U.S. Bank in support of its motion for leave to amend. The 

bank’s amended complaint alleged, among other things, that the condominium 

foreclosure sale was invalid in light of the erroneous statement in the Capital 

Park’s Advertisement of Sale—that the property was being sold subject to any 

prior liens and mortgages, including the first mortgage lien—and what U.S. Bank

asserted was the resulting insufficient and unconscionably low sale price. 

The summary judgment record, properly defined, contained evidence 

supportive of both factual assertions underlying U.S. Bank’s contention. The 

Advertisement of Sale, in the record as part of an exhibit to Omid’s motion for 

summary judgment, stated, erroneously, that “[t]he property will be sold subject to 

any prior liens, encumbrances, and/or municipal assessments if any, including 

subject to the first mortgage lien.” The Trustees’ Deed of Foreclosure for Unpaid 

Condominium Assessments, also in the record, both as an exhibit to the bank’s 

initial complaint and as part of an exhibit to Omid’s motion for summary 

judgment, similarly misrepresented the effect of the foreclosure sale on the bank’s 

deed of trust, stating that the property was sold “subject to any prior liens and 

mortgages, including the first mortgage lien.” Finally, the note and a computation
14

in the bank’s initial verified complaint for judicial foreclosure showing the amount 

owed on the note as of the date the complaint was filed (August 31, 2018) 

established that the $63,000.00 sale price was only 20% of the amount of the initial 

mortgage on the property ($315,000.00) and a significantly smaller percentage of

the amount owed on the mortgage ($545,769.36) at the time the bank initiated this 

litigation. 

Under RFB Properties, however, the reasonableness of the sale price paid at 

the condominium foreclosure sale must be considered as of the time of the sale

(January 18, 2017) rather than the time of the litigation. Because we had not yet 

decided either Liu or 4700 Conn as of the date of the sale, it was unknown to the 

parties at the relevant time whether the sale would extinguish U.S. Bank’s first 

deed of trust even though the Advertisement of Sale said the sale was subject to all 

prior liens, including the first mortgage lien, and even though Capital Park was 

foreclosing on the property based on an arrearage in assessments covering more 

than the six months immediately preceding the sale. All of these uncertainties, and 

perhaps others, could have affected the parties’ respective assessments of the risks 

attendant to the sale and, thus, of the reasonableness or unreasonableness of the 

sale price. See RFB Properties, 247 A.3d at 697 (“[A] contract to purchase 
15

property at a foreclosure sale, like all contracts, involves the assessment of risks.” 

(internal quotation omitted)). 

It is for the trial court to determine, in the first instance, and based on an

accurate understanding of the summary judgment record and the governing law, 

whether Omid has established beyond genuine factual dispute that the sale was 

valid so as to extinguish U.S. Bank’s first deed of trust under Chase Plaza and its 

progeny. See 4700 Conn, 193 A.3d at 766 (remanding for the trial court to 

consider, in the first instance, the validity of a condominium foreclosure sale 

challenged on equitable grounds). We accordingly vacate the order granting 

summary judgment in favor of Omid and remand for further proceedings. 

On remand, the trial court may choose to reopen the summary judgment 

record to allow the parties to present evidence relevant to the temporal analysis 

required by RFB Properties. The record currently contains virtually no evidence 

of the parties’ beliefs and expectations at the time of the foreclosure sale regarding

the likely effect of the sale on U.S. Bank’s first deed of trust, and the trial court 

may conclude, in its discretion, that additional evidence will assist its consideration 

of the risks facing the parties at the time of the sale and, ultimately, of the 

reasonableness or unreasonableness of the sale price. 
16

Before addressing Omid’s motion for summary judgment on remand, 

however, the trial court should reconsider its denial of U.S. Bank’s motion for 

leave to amend the complaint. Rule 15(a)(3) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil 

Procedure provides that a trial judge “should freely give leave [to amend] when 

justice so requires.” We have emphasized that Rule 15(a)(3) must be applied 

liberally to ensure that cases are “decided upon the merits rather than upon

technical pleading rules.” See Killingham v. Wilshire Invs. Corp., 739 A.2d 804, 

807 (D.C. 1999) (quoting Int’l Tours & Travel, Inc. v. Khalil, 491 A.2d 1149, 1152 

(D.C. 1985)); see also Pellerin v. 1915 16th St., N.W., Coop. Ass’n, Inc., 900 A.2d 

683, 688 (D.C. 2006) (noting “this jurisdiction’s well-established policy favoring 

resolution of cases on the merits” (internal quotation omitted)). At the same time, 

and as the trial court correctly noted, leave to amend is not automatic, and several 

factors must be considered in the exercise of the court’s discretion, including (1) 

the number of previous requests to amend, (2) the length of time the case has been 

pending, (3) the existence of bad faith or dilatory reasons for the request, (4) the 

merit of the proffered amended pleading, and (5) any prejudice to the non-moving 

party. Nat’l Ass’n of Postmasters of the U.S. v. Hyatt Regency Washington, 894 

A.2d 471, 477 (D.C. 2006) (citing Pannell v. District of Columbia, 829 A.2d 474, 

477 (D.C. 2003)).
17

We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny leave to amend a pleading 

only for abuse of discretion, Flax v. Schertler, 935 A.2d 1091, 1105 (D.C. 2007), 

and we rarely disturb a ruling if, as here, the trial court identified and addressed the 

factors required by our decisions. We are concerned, however, that the trial court 

appears to have conducted its analysis of the factors based on an inaccurate 

understanding of some of the pertinent facts. 

For example, the trial court placed great weight on U.S. Bank’s failure to 

provide an explanation for its delay in seeking leave to amend the complaint, 

stating that the bank “has known about the Condo Sale for the entirety of this case” 

and that “Omid’s Answer included an equitable counter-claim requesting the Court 

to enter declaratory judgment in favor of Omid that Plaintiff’s first Deed of Trust 

was extinguished and that Omid obtained free and clear title to the subject 

property.” It is true that U.S. Bank was aware of Omid’s purchase of the property 

at the time the bank filed its complaint. But Omid’s answer did not contain an 

equitable counterclaim alleging the extinguishment of the bank’s first deed of trust 

under D.C. Code § 42-1903.13(a)(2) and/or Chase Plaza, as the trial court seemed 

to believe. To the contrary, Omid’s counterclaim alleged it was a gap in the bank’s 

chain of title that gave the condominium association’s lien priority and Omid a 

superior ownership interest following the foreclosure sale. 
18

We are similarly concerned about the trial court’s consideration of the merit 

of U.S. Bank’s proffered amended complaint. The trial court stated summarily that 

the bank “did not include any evidence beyond conclusory allegations to show the 

Court that there is any merit of the proffered amendments.” This was not an 

accurate statement. As discussed previously, the amended complaint alleged, 

based on properly authenticated documentary evidence in the record, that the 

condominium foreclosure sale was invalid because of Capital Park’s erroneous 

statements in the Advertisement of Sale and what U.S. Bank contended was the 

insufficient and unconscionable sale price paid by Omid. 

The amended complaint, moreover, alleged new claims of unjust 

enrichment, equitable estoppel, and breach of contract. The trial court did not even 

mention these claims in its one-sentence dismissal of the merit of the amended 

complaint. See Johnson v. United States, 398 A.2d 354, 364 (D.C. 1979) (“[T]he 

determinations committed to the trial court’s discretion are rational acts of 

decision-making. An informed choice among the alternatives requires that the trial 

court’s determination be based upon and drawn from a firm factual foundation. 

Just as a trial court’s action is an abuse of discretion if no valid reason is given or 

can be discerned for it, so also it is an abuse if the stated reasons do not rest upon a 

specific factual predicate.” (internal citations omitted)). 
19

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s order granting summary judgment 

in Omid’s favor is vacated and the case is remanded for further proceedings not 

inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.