Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

In re Thomas T., 2016 IL App (1st) 161501

Appellate Court 

Caption

In re THOMAS T., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois,

Petitioner-Appellee, v. Thomas T., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No. First District, Sixth Division

Docket No. 1-16-1501

Filed September 23, 2016

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 16-JD-597; the 

Hon. Stuart P. Katz, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.

Counsel on

Appeal

Michael J. Pelletier and Heidi Linn Lambros, both of State Appellate 

Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney (Alan J. Spellberg, Joseph 

Alexander, and Andrea N. Williams, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of 

counsel), for the People.

Panel JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court, with 

opinion.

Presiding Justice Hoffman and Justice Delort concurred in the 

judgment and opinion.
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 OPINION 

¶ 1 Following a bench trial, the Cook County circuit court adjudicated respondent, Thomas T., 

a delinquent minor, pursuant to the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq.

(West 2012)) on the grounds that he committed the offenses of vehicular invasion, burglary, 

and theft, and committed respondent to the Illinois Department of Juvenile Justice to an 

indeterminate term not to exceed his twenty-first birthday or 15 years, whichever came first. 

Respondent challenges only the finding of delinquency as to the vehicular invasion offense on 

the ground that the evidence did not establish that he entered the vehicle “by force.” We agree 

with respondent and reverse the finding of delinquency as to the vehicular invasion offense 

only and remand this matter for a new dispositional hearing. 

¶ 2 On March 11, 2016, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship that alleged that 

respondent, on March 7, 2016, had committed the offenses of vehicular invasion, in violation 

of section 18-6(a) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/18-6(a) (West 2012)); burglary, 

in violation of section 19-1(a) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West 

2012)); and theft, in violation of section 16-1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 

5/16-1(a)(1) (West 2012)). The petition asserted that respondent, “by force,” reached into the 

interior of a 2014 Toyota Prius occupied by Chad Smalls, with the intent to commit a theft, and 

obtained currency belonging to Mr. Smalls. 

¶ 3 At trial, Chad Smalls, a taxi driver, testified that on March 7, 2016, at approximately 2 

p.m., he was sitting in his taxi, a Toyota Prius, at a stoplight located at 46 West Wacker Drive 

in Chicago. The doors of the taxi were not locked. Mr. Smalls’s pouch, which held his money 

and daily taxi receipts, was on the front passenger’s seat. Respondent approached the taxi on 

the front passenger’s side, placed a flyer on the window of the passenger’s side door, and 

pressed his face against the window. Respondent’s face was not covered, and nothing 

obstructed Mr. Smalls’s view of respondent. 

¶ 4 Mr. Smalls told respondent to get away from the window, and respondent moved toward 

the rear of the taxi. At that point, a second person approached the driver’s side door of the taxi. 

As Mr. Smalls was looking at the second person standing at the driver’s side door, he heard the 

front passenger’s side door open. He immediately looked toward the front passenger’s side 

door and saw respondent had opened the door and was removing the pouch from the 

passenger’s seat. Respondent then closed the taxi door and fled with the pouch. The second 

person also fled. Mr. Smalls turned from Wacker Drive and parked his taxi on Dearborn Street. 

He exited his taxi and chased respondent down a flight of stairs west of the Chicago River. 

When he was unable to catch respondent, Mr. Smalls dialed 911 and reported the incident. 

When the police arrived, Mr. Smalls toured the nearby area with the police, but they were 

unable to locate respondent. 

¶ 5 On March 10, 2016, at approximately 12:40 p.m., Mr. Smalls was driving his taxi on 

Michigan Avenue in the vicinity of Madison Street in Chicago, when he observed two young 

men crossing the intersection; one of the young men was carrying flyers. When police officers 

stopped the young men, Mr. Smalls was able to fully observe them. He immediately 

recognized respondent as one of the two men. Mr. Smalls informed the police that respondent 

was involved in the incident on March 7, 2016, and respondent was placed under arrest. 

¶ 6 Officer Upchurch testified that on March 10, 2016, at 12:40 p.m., at the intersection of 

Michigan Avenue and Madison Street, he stopped respondent and another individual for a field 
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interview. While speaking with respondent, Mr. Smalls approached the squad car and spoke 

with the officer’s partner. Respondent was then placed under arrest.

¶ 7 Respondent testified that on March 7, 2016, he was not in the downtown Chicago area and 

did not take a pouch from a taxi. 

¶ 8 The trial court found respondent had committed the offenses of vehicular invasion, 

burglary, and theft. The court committed respondent to the Illinois Department of Juvenile 

Justice to an indeterminate term not to exceed his twenty-first birthday, or 15 years, whichever 

came first. In sentencing respondent, the trial court found that he had an extensive criminal 

background, had been charged in three criminal cases while on electronic monitoring in this 

case, and had refused services and to attend school. Respondent now appeals. 

¶ 9 On appeal, respondent argues that his adjudication of delinquency for committing the 

offense of vehicular invasion was not supported by the evidence because it was not shown that 

he entered the taxi by “force.” The State responds that the evidence, when viewed most 

favorably to the State, was sufficient to prove respondent guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 10 When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “ ‘the relevant question is 

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational 

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” 

(Emphasis omitted.) People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985) (quoting Jackson v. 

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). A reviewing court may not substitute its judgment for that 

of the trier of fact on questions involving the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the 

witnesses (People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213, 224-25 (2009)) and will not set aside a 

criminal conviction unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that it creates a 

reasonable doubt of a defendant’s guilt. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d at 261. 

¶ 11 The vehicular invasion statute requires the State to show a respondent “knowingly, by 

force and without lawful justification, enter[ed] or reache[d] into the interior of a motor vehicle 

while the motor vehicle [was] occupied by another person or persons, with the intent to commit 

therein a theft or felony.” 720 ILCS 5/18-6(a) (West 2012). The statute does not define “force.”

¶ 12 Respondent’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence requires this court to construe 

the meaning of the term “force” in the vehicular invasion statute. Where there are undefined 

terms in a statute, the “well-settled principle of statutory interpretation” requires us to give 

those terms “their ordinary and popularly understood meanings.” People v. Ward, 215 Ill. 2d 

317, 325 (2005). Further, “[w]hen the statute contains undefined terms, it is entirely 

appropriate to employ a dictionary to ascertain the plain and ordinary meaning of those terms.” 

People v Davison, 233 Ill. 2d 30, 40 (2009). Our overall guiding rule for statutory construction 

“is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent.” Id. Our review is de novo. Id.

¶ 13 Both respondent and the State have cited People v. Isunza, 396 Ill. App. 3d 127 (2009), in 

support of their positions, and we find the case instructive. 

¶ 14 In that case, the defendant and Nicholas Brower approached a vehicle, and Mr. Brower 

reached into the open window and twice punched the driver in the head. Id. at 129. The 

defendant was convicted of aggravated battery and vehicular invasion against the driver on the 

basis of accountability. Id. The defendant challenged his conviction for vehicular invasion by 

arguing that the evidence did not show that Mr. Brower, for whose conduct the defendant was 

found accountable, entered the vehicle with force, as the window was open. Id. at 129-30. The 
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appellate court affirmed the conviction after construing the meaning of the term “force” in the 

statute. In its interpretation of force, the court stated as follows: 

“The term ‘force’ is not defined by the vehicular-invasion statute. However, section 

12-12 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/12-12 (West 2006)), which pertains to 

sexual-assault offenses, defines force as ‘the use of force or violence.’ This is 

consistent with the definition provided in Black’s Law Dictionary, defining force as 

‘[p]ower, violence, compulsion, or constraint exerted upon or against a person or 

thing.’ Black’s Law Dictionary 644 (6th ed. 1990).” Isunza, 396 Ill. App. 3d at 130-31. 

¶ 15 The court then found based on the evidence that “Brower’s actions indicate that, in 

reaching into the vehicle, he used his strength directed to a specific end, that being to punch 

[the driver] in the head.” Id. at 131; see also People v. Reese, 2015 IL App (1st) 120654, ¶ 86, 

appeal allowed, No. 120011 (Ill. Mar. 30, 2006) (where court, relying on holding in Isunza, 

found the force element of vehicular invasion statute was met when defendant engaged in a 

struggle with occupant of bus after his entry through an open door). In reaching its conclusion 

that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction, the Isunza court cited our decision in 

People v. Jones, 289 Ill. App. 3d 1 (1997). In Jones we affirmed the defendant’s conviction for 

vehicular invasion where he thrust a knife through an open car window at the occupant, who 

avoided injury. Id. at 3. 

¶ 16 The court in Isunza, however, found the fact that the window of the vehicle was open was 

not dispositive of whether Mr. Brower used force to reach into the vehicle. Isunza, 396 Ill. 

App. 3d at 131. The court also rejected the defendant’s argument that Mr. Brower’s reaching 

into the vehicle’s open window did not fall within the vehicular invasion statute because the 

legislative intent in enacting the statute was to deter crimes related to “smash and grab.” Id. at 

133. The court explained that the vehicular invasion statute did not include an express 

requirement that a “smash” of the vehicle occur. Id. Instead, the force element in Isunza was 

satisfied by Mr. Brower’s act of punching the victim who was inside the vehicle. Id. 

¶ 17 Similarly, we find the facts that the door was unlocked when respondent entered the taxi 

and that respondent did not physically damage the taxi are not dispositive here regarding 

whether respondent used force when reaching into the taxi. Further, we recognize that 

respondent did exert some authority over the taxi in order to open its unlocked door. However, 

respondent’s authority was exercised without a showing of strength, power, or violence and 

without a threat to do so. Respondent did not seek to injure or physically struggle with Mr. 

Smalls as did the defendants in Isunza, Reese, and Jones. In opening the unlocked taxi door, 

respondent did not exercise constraint or compulsion over Mr. Smalls or his taxi. Therefore, 

we find the State did not meet its burden of showing that force was used by respondent in his 

entry into the taxi. 

¶ 18 The State cites State v. Harris, No. 90699, 2008 WL 4885049 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 13, 

2008), and State v. Lane, 361 N.E.2d 535 (Ohio Ct. App. 1976), and argues that respondent’s 

act of opening the unlocked door of the taxi was an act of force. We find the cases have no 

relevance. 

¶ 19 Both cases relate to the Ohio aggravated burglary statute (see Harris, 2008 WL 4885049, 

at *3; Lane, 361 N.E.2d 535), which includes an element that a defendant commits a trespass 

“by force, stealth or deception.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Harris, 2008 WL 

4885049, at *3. Force is expressly defined by Ohio statute as “any violence, compulsion, or 

constraint physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” (Internal 
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quotation marks omitted.) Id. at *4. Based on this statutory definition, which does not provide 

for any measure of physical exertion that might constitute force (State v. Austin, No. 20445, 

2005 WL 567305, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Mar. 11, 2005)), Ohio courts have long recognized that 

“ ‘the force element of an aggravated burglary charge can be accomplished through the 

opening of a closed but unlocked door.’ ” Harris, 2008 WL 4885049, at *4 (quoting Austin, 

2005 WL 567305, at *2). 

¶ 20 The relevant statute here is not aggravated burglary but vehicular invasion. Additionally, in 

this state, there is no statutory or well-established common law that defines force as found in 

the vehicular invasion statute to include any measure of physical exertion by any means 

against a thing. The Ohio cases are not persuasive. We reject the State’s contention that the 

mere act of opening an unlocked door, without more, constitutes force as contemplated by the 

vehicular invasion statute. 

¶ 21 The State also argues that, because respondent was found to have committed burglary, a 

“forcible felony” (720 ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2012)), and does not challenge that finding, the force 

element of the vehicular invasion statute has been met. The State maintains that the offenses of 

burglary and vehicular invasion have similar elements and the “only essential difference 

between the vehicular invasion statute and the burglary statute is that the vehicle be occupied.” 

We disagree with the State. 

¶ 22 The burglary statute provides that “[a] person commits burglary when without authority he 

or she knowingly enters or without authority remains within a building, housetrailer, 

watercraft, aircraft, motor vehicle, railroad car, or any part thereof, with intent to commit 

therein a felony or theft.” 720 ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West 2012). The burglary statute does not 

include the term “force,” and therefore, the burglary charge did not require the State to 

establish respondent’s entry into the taxi was done by force. In contrast, the vehicular invasion 

statute required both that respondent’s entry into the taxi be done without lawful justification 

and by the use of force. 720 ILCS 5/18-6(a) (West 2012). The fact that respondent was found 

to have committed burglary does not establish that he used force when entering the taxi. 

¶ 23 For the above reasons, we reverse only the finding of the trial court that respondent was 

delinquent on the ground that he committed the offense of vehicular invasion, affirm the 

findings that he was delinquent on the grounds that he committed the offenses of burglary and 

theft, and remand this matter for a new dispositional hearing. 

¶ 24 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.