{"id":620637,"date":"2021-03-04T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?p=620637"},"modified":"2024-03-05T16:57:01","modified_gmt":"2024-03-05T21:57:01","slug":"harold-kaufman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/glenn-history\/harold-kaufman\/","title":{"rendered":"Harold Kaufman"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1484\" height=\"1480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?w=1484\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Hall of Fame Plaque with Portrait.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg 1484w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=768,766 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=1024,1021 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=600,598 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=900,898 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-hof-plaque.jpg?resize=1200,1197 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1484px) 100vw, 1484px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Citation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Harold Kaufman began his career at the center in 1951 and developed and tested the first electron-bombardment ion thruster in 1959. The Space Electric Rocket Tests (SERT I and II) used Kaufman\u2019s ion engine in the first successful demonstration of electric propulsion in space and confirmed the technology for long-duration spaceflights. Dr. Kaufman\u2019s research revolutionized the exploration of deep space, becoming the basis for ion propulsion systems that are in use today and planned for future NASA deep space missions. Dr. Kaufman retired from NASA in 1974 and became a professor at Colorado State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biography<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Center researcher Harold Kaufman has the rare distinction of inventing an experimental spaceflight hardware system that has not only been demonstrated in testing but is being flown in space today. In the early 1960s Kaufman developed the electron bombardment ion thruster. All ensuing U.S. ion propulsion systems have been derived from his original Kaufman thruster, and electric propulsion remains one of the center\u2019s core competencies. After retiring from NASA, Dr. Kaufman adapted the technology for a number of Earth applications and developed a gridless thruster that has become another industry standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaufman was born in Audobon, Iowa, in 1926 but was raised in Evanston, Illinois. He was trained as an electrical engineer in the Navy during World War II. After the war, however, he decided to pursue a mechanical engineering degree at Northwestern University. He joined the NACA Lewis Research Center shortly after graduating in 1951, initially working on aeropropulsion issues such as afterburner cooling and the experimental use of liquid hydrogen in jet engines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Following the Soviet Union\u2019s launch of Sputnik in 1957, the NACA became a part of the new NASA space agency, and the center reorganized to focus on space-related issues. Electric propulsion involved ion thrusters, which create charged plasma and expel it as thrust. The concept was not new, but it had yet to be demonstrated when NASA Lewis took up the effort in 1958. Lewis devised mission applications for such a thruster, began constructing vacuum test facilities, and formed the Electromagnetic Propulsion Division to explore a range of different types of electric propulsion for spaceflight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1958 Kaufman was reassigned to the new Electromagnetic Propulsion Division. He was initially instructed to design a thruster using a Manfred Von Ardenne-designed duoplasmatron but quickly realized that it was impractical. He began work on his own duoplasmatron, which was similar in nature, but used different proportions. Kaufman spent the next year studying plasma physics and ways to produce high electrical currents at low voltage. After some trial and error with the Lewis Machine Shop, Kaufman decided to design the thruster himself. The electronic bombardment thruster (Kaufman thruster) emerged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaufman\u2019s engine vaporized liquid mercury, which was then bombarded by electrons to create more electrons and ions. A negatively charged electric field and a positively charged screen drew the ions rearward and out of the engine as thrust. The thruster was tested extensively in Lewis vacuum facilities with excellent results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1960 Kaufman and his colleagues began planning the Space Electric Rocket Test (SERT I) to test the thruster in space. The SERT I spacecraft, which was launched in July 1964, also included an alternative style thruster designed at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Kaufman\u2019s thruster operated for over 30 minutes, but the Marshall engine failed to activate. SERT I provided the first demonstration of electric propulsion in space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1964 Kaufman was named head of the Ion Physics Branch and began planning a second space demonstration of his thruster, SERT II. SERT II employed two solar-powered mercury ion bombardment thrusters. Lewis subjected the thrusters to an array of tests, including long-duration performance. Although SERT II\u2019s initial mission, which was launched in February 1970, did not meet its intended 6-month duration, engineers were able to restart the engines in 1973. They then were able to operate the thrusters for eight years and restart them hundreds of times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During this period the Electromagnetic Propulsion Division not only improved the ion acceleration, generation, efficiency, and life expectancy for Kaufman\u2019s thruster, but developed alternative electric thrusters. Kaufman was named assistant chief of the division in 1968 and earned a Ph.D. at Colorado State University (CSU) in 1971. Dr. Kaufman and his thruster were widely recognized during this period. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) awarded him the James H. Wyld Propulsion Award in 1969, the thruster won an IR 100 award (predecessor to the R&D 100 Awards) in 1970, and Kaufman received NASA\u2019s Exceptional Service Award in 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NASA\u2019s budget was rapidly decreasing in the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly for programs with long development periods\u2014such as electric propulsion. The Electromagnetic Propulsion Division was disbanded during a 1972 reorganization. After serving two years as assistant chief of the new Spacecraft Technology Division, in which electric propulsion was just one of several branches, Dr. Kaufman retired in June 1974 with 23 years of NASA experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Kaufman subsequently accepted a faculty post in the Physics and Mechanical Engineering departments at CSU and returned to research. He later commented, \u201cI am proud that after being a manager for 15 years, I was still competent enough to go back and do work myself.\u201d He served as chair of the Physics Department from 1978 until his retirement in 1984.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During his academic career, Dr. Kaufman became aware that others were exploring alternative applications for ion bombardment technology. He accepted an invitation from IBM to modify the electron beam for thin-film applications. The near-term development of the technology excited him. He later claimed to have averaged a patent per week for the first two months. A colleague asserted that Dr. Kaufman has the most patents of anyone in the IBM Corporation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Kaufman used his ion sources for processes like etching and sputtering. The Kaufman ion source is now also used for other applications, such as the ion implanters used in semiconductor processing<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After retiring from CSU, Dr. Kaufman formed Kaufman & Robinson, Inc., to continue his work, which included the invention of the end-Hall ion source, which is the basis for most gridless ion sources used in industry today. Dr. Kaufman is currently professor emeritus for CSU in Fort Collins, Colorado, and runs Kaufman and Robinson, Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, NASA researchers have continued to advance the Kaufman thruster design for space propulsion. This eventually led to a 1990s NASA Lewis collaboration with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to develop the NASA Solar Electric Power Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) thruster. NASA used the NSTAR thrusters to power its Deep Space I spacecraft in 1998. It was the first spacecraft to use ion thrusters as its primary propulsion system. The NSTAR also powered the 2007 Dawn spacecraft, which is currently exploring large objects in the asteroid belt. The center has since developed an even more powerful version\u2014NASA\u2019s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT). All were derived from Kaufman\u2019s invention from the early 1960s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kaufman\u2019s ion thruster is one of the most influential and far-reaching technologies to ever come out of the center. With roots in Kaufman\u2019s work, Glenn researchers continue to refine this technology and develop the next generation of long-duration spaceflight capabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr. Harold Kaufman passed away in January 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Related Documents<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/biographical-sketch-of-kaufman-1974.pdf?emrc=9ad767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Biographical Sketch of Kaufman (1974)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/harold-kaufman-articles-1966-71.pdf?emrc=c35da4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Harold Kaufman Articles (1966-71)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/Kaufman-Thruster-Development-1971.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kaufman Thruster Development (1971)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/kaufman-thruster-award-release-1970.pdf?emrc=964b14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kaufman Thruster Award release (1970)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/avs.org\/awards\/awards\/awardee-interviews\/harold-kaufman\/interview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kaufman Biography and Interview (1991)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/avs.org\/awards\/awards\/awardee-interviews\/harold-kaufman\/interview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oral History with Harold Kaufman (1991)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Photographs<\/h3>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1690\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?w=1690\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Man with spacecraft model.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg 2307w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=248,300 248w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=768,931 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=845,1024 845w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=1267,1536 1267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=1690,2048 1690w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=330,400 330w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=495,600 495w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=743,900 743w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=990,1200 990w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?resize=1650,2000 1650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1690px) 100vw, 1690px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Harold Kaufman with a model of the SERT II spacecraft (8\/16\/1971).<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1944\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Three men standing in front of building.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg 2552w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=300,285 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=768,729 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=1024,972 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=1536,1458 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=2048,1944 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=400,380 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=600,570 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=900,855 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=1200,1139 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1956-c-42806.jpg?resize=2000,1899 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Harold Kaufman hosts T.L. Britton and J.P. Laviolette from Avro\u2019s Orenda Engines (8\/16\/1956 ). <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1776\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?w=1776\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Man staning in front of vacuum chamber.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg 2486w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=260,300 260w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=768,885 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=888,1024 888w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=1332,1536 1332w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=1776,2048 1776w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=347,400 347w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=520,600 520w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=781,900 781w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=1041,1200 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01602.jpg?resize=1735,2000 1735w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1776px) 100vw, 1776px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Researcher Harold Kaufman poses with his ion thruster in the Electric Propulsion Laboratory. <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1741\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Three men working with components at table.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg 2670w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=300,255 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=768,653 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=1024,871 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=1536,1306 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=2048,1741 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=400,340 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=600,510 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=900,765 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=1200,1020 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1961-c-57462.jpg?resize=2000,1700 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Harold Kaufman works with colleagues to assembly an electron bombardment thruster (1961). <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1586\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?w=1586\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Man standing and holding thruster.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg 2072w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=232,300 232w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=768,992 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=793,1024 793w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=1189,1536 1189w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=1586,2048 1586w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=310,400 310w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=465,600 465w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=697,900 697w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=929,1200 929w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-2001-c-01603.jpg?resize=1549,2000 1549w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1586px) 100vw, 1586px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Harold Kaufman poses with his electron bombardment thruster. <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1659\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Three men reading book.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg 2850w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=300,243 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=768,622 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=1024,829 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=1536,1244 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=2048,1659 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=400,324 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=600,486 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=900,729 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=1200,972 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1969-c-00953.jpg?resize=2000,1620 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Harold Kaufman and Ted Olson (right) meet with Gunther Au from the German Aerospace Center (3\/13\/1969). <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1747\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?w=1747\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Man with spacecraft model.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg 2372w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=256,300 256w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=768,900 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=874,1024 874w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=1311,1536 1311w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=1747,2048 1747w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=341,400 341w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=512,600 512w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=1024,1200 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02939.jpg?resize=1706,2000 1706w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1747px) 100vw, 1747px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Kaufman examines a model of the SERT II, which was powered by ion engines (1971). <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Three men seated at table.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg 2792w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=300,262 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=768,671 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=1024,894 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=1536,1341 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=2048,1788 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=400,349 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=600,524 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=900,786 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=1200,1048 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1974-c-01844.jpg?resize=2000,1746 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Harold Kaufman and D. Byers host French engineer R.B. Becherer (center) in May 1974. <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-center nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/glenn-hall-of-fame\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-true\" aria-label=\"NASA Glenn Hall of Fame website\">\n\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">NASA Glenn Hall of Fame website<\/span>\n\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t<\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles\">\t\t<section class=\"hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h2 style=\"max-width: 100%;\" class=\"width-full w-full maxw-full\">Explore More<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/glenn-history\/bonnie-mcbride\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg 3000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=300,256 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=768,654 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=1024,872 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=1536,1308 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=2048,1744 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=400,341 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=600,511 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=900,767 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=1200,1022 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1964-c-69984.jpg?resize=2000,1703 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">3 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Bonnie McBride<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 years ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/glenn-history\/lonnie-reid\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?w=235\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg 2003w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=235,300 235w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=768,979 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=803,1024 803w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=1205,1536 1205w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=1606,2048 1606w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=314,400 314w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=471,600 471w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=706,900 706w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=941,1200 941w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1979-c-03640.jpg?resize=1569,2000 1569w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">6 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Lonnie Reid<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 years ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/glenn-history\/eli-reshotko\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?w=272\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg 2331w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=272,300 272w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=768,846 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=929,1024 929w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=1394,1536 1394w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=1859,2048 1859w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=363,400 363w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=545,600 545w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=817,900 817w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=1089,1200 1089w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1963-c-63312.jpg?resize=1815,2000 1815w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">6 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Eli Reshotko<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5 years ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Citation Dr. Harold Kaufman began his career at the center in 1951 and developed and tested the first electron-bombardment ion thruster in 1959. The Space Electric Rocket Tests (SERT I and II) used Kaufman\u2019s ion engine in the first successful demonstration of electric propulsion in space and confirmed the technology for long-duration spaceflights. Dr. Kaufman\u2019s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":119,"featured_media":620646,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"604544","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":["283574"],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":["621939","621026","621073"],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[13014,2856,2668],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[],"coauthors":[10218],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Harold Kaufman","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/glenn-history\/harold-kaufman\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/glenn-history\/harold-kaufman\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg"},"articleSection":"NASA Centers & Facilities","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Robert S. Arrighi"}],"creator":["Robert S. Arrighi"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["People of NASA","Glenn History","Glenn Research Center"],"dateCreated":"2021-03-04T14:00:00Z","datePublished":"2021-03-04T14:00:00Z","dateModified":"2024-03-05T21:57:01Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Harold Kaufman\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/glenn-history\/harold-kaufman\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2021-03-04T14:00:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"People of NASA,Glenn History,Glenn Research Center\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Robert S. Arrighi\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":7,"time_ago":"3 years","featured_image":{"id":620646,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/grc-1971-c-02940.jpg","title":"GRC-1971-C-02940","alt":"Man with spacecraft model.","caption":"Harold Kaufman with a model of the SERT II spacecraft (8\/16\/1971)."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/620637"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/119"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=620637"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/620637\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":627949,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/620637\/revisions\/627949"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/620646"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=620637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=620637"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=620637"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=620637"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=620637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}