Air Monitoring Tools & 

Techniques

Practical Applications for Savvy Air 

Investigators
Outline

Optical Remote Sensing (ORS) Tools:

1) Passive Fourier Transform 

Infrared (FTIR)

2) Ultraviolet Differential Optical 

Absorption Spectroscopy (UV- DOAS)

3) Open-Path FTIR (OP-FTIR)

4) Tunable Diode Laser (TDL)

5) Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy 

(CRDS)

Readily Available Tools & Techniques

1) Photo-Ionization Detector (PID)

2) Gas Imaging Cameras

3) Air Monitoring Data Analysis Estimating Mass Emissions Rates:

1) EPA Other Test Method 10 

(OTM-10)

2) Differential Absorption LIDAR 

(DIAL)
PID: Photo-Ionization Detector

• $4,000 to $6,000 per unit

• Lamp Energy (usually 10.6 eV so no ethane or propane) 

lamp energy must > ionization potential

• Benzene pre-treatment tube

• Data Logging and alarms

• Non-destructive (can collect air sample)

• Photvac, RAE Systems & Ion Science

• Location records (GPS or aerial imagery)

• Identify locations for air sample collection

EPA Region 6 PID Resources

Craig Lutz
PID: Photo-Ionization Detector

Limitations:

• Not suitable for detection of semi-volatile compounds. 

• Indicates if VOCs are present but does not identify type (unless 

combined with a pretreatment tube or gas chromatography). 

• May give false positive readings for water vapor. 

• Rain may affect operational performance. 

• High humidity can cause lamp fogging and decreased 

sensitivity. 

• High concentrations of methane can cause a downscale 

deflection of the meter. 

• Rapid variations in temperature at the detector, strong 

electrical fields, and naturally occurring compounds, such as 

terpenes in wooded areas, may affect instrument response. 

• Hand-held PIDs are not compound-specific unless 

pretreatment tube is used. 
Gas Imaging Cameras

• Image example (visible vs. infrared image)

• Digital video connection, USB, and a direct connection 

to charge the battery inside the camera

• Contrast, polarity and brightness adjustments

• High sensitivity mode

• Alternate work practice

• Integrated visual camera 

• Cost: ~$102,000 with telephoto and standard lens

EPA Region 6 Gas Imaging Camera Resources

Don Smith
Thermal Infrared Camera
Gas Imaging Cameras: 

Thermal IR Cameras

VENDORS 

FLIR, Inc. www.flir.com 

Gas Imaging 

Technology, LLC 

http://www.gitint.com/ 

Leak Surveys, Inc. www.leaksurveys.com

Gaseous Compounds that can be 

Detected by Thermal IR Cameras

•Acetic Acid 

•Anhydrous Ammonia 

•Benzene 

•Butane

•Carbon Monoxide

•Chlorine Dioxide 

•Dichlorodifluoromethane

•Ethane 

•Ethanol

•Ethylbenzene

•Ethyl Cyanoacrylate

•Ethylene 

•Heptane

•Hexane

•Isoprene 

•Methane

•Methanol 

•MEK

•MIBK

•Nitrous Oxide 

•Octane 

•Pentane

•1-Pentene 

•Propane 

•Propylene 

•Sulfur Hexafluoride 

•Toluene 

•Xylene
Gas Imaging Cameras: 

Thermal IR Cameras

Gas Imaging Camera Limitations 

•Qualitative-no numerical “data”

•Training required

•Cannot be used during rain or fog 

•Not as effective during overcast skies 

•Specified nominal operating range for 

ambient temperature

•Not intrinsically safe-use is limited in 

hazardous areas

Gas Imaging Camera Strengths

•Qualitative-relative size of each leak

•Identification of the exact source of a leak 

•Real time detection results

•Record leaks in a video format

•Leak Detection from a Distance-identify 

leaking components in unconventional 

places with minimal exposure risk
Air Monitoring Data Analysis

• Helpful GIS layers (aerial imagery, Emissions 

Inventory, Toxics Release Inventory, parcel data)

• GIS spatial analysis: distances, locations and 

directions

• Fixed platform vs. mobile platform

• Sample collection and PID surveys

• Vector analysis 

• National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA)
PID Survey Spatial Data Examples

Northerly winds Light variable winds

SDAF

NDAF

J323

J328 J327 J326

J324 J325
Aerial Imagery as a Screening Tool 
Aerial Imagery Resources

Imagery and Mapping Services

• Google Earth

• Arc Explorer (ESRI)

Need license for government use (EPA has ESRI 

license)

Mosaic of best available imagery

Meta data (date of image capture) may not be 

readily available

Good for screening
Aerial Imagery Resources

• *US Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer: 

http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov

• *US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Geospatial Gateway: 

http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/

• Texas Imagery, Texas Natural Resources Information System 

(TNRIS): http://data.tnris.org/datadownload/download.jsp

• Arkansas Imagery: 

http://www.geostor.arkansas.gov/G6/Home.html

• Louisiana Imagery: http://www.atlas.lsu.edu/

• New Mexico Imagery: http://rgis.unm.edu/

• Oklahoma Imagery: http://geo.ou.edu/DataFrame.htm

*USDA and USGS data are also available through web-based applications in ArcMap (ESRI)
Fixed Platform Monitoring Data

• EPA: Air Quality System (AQS) Data Mart, some data sets not included, formatting 

issues

– http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/aqsdatamart/index.htm

• Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ): Daily Data by Site, no 

speciated PM or VOC data

– http://www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/DIVISIONS/Assessment/AirFieldServices/

AmbientAirMonitoringProgram/AirMonitoringData.aspx

• Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ)

– Texas Air Monitoring Information System (TAMIS), no AutoGC data 

http://www5.tceq.state.tx.us/tamis/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.welcome

– Website: Multiple report options, some formatting limitations 

http://www5.tceq.state.tx.us/tamis/index.cfm?fuseaction=report.site_list

– Geographical Texas Air Monitoring (GEOTAM) interactive map to display site 

information spatially http://gis3.tceq.state.tx.us/geotam/index.html
Air Monitoring Data Analyses Methods

Calculate Resultant Vector (useful when 

concentration data is 24-hr and wind data is 

hourly): 

• Associate wind speed and direction data with 

highest concentration data 

• resolve wind vectors into x (sin) and y (cos) 

components

• Sum x components and y components, use tan to 

calculate resultant angle, and Pythagorean 

theorem for resultant magnitude 

• Compare results to prevailing/historical winds
Air Monitoring Data Analyses Methods

Exclude data for vector analysis (hourly concentration and 

wind data): use only data expected to have linear, 

stable and laminar flow

Associate all concentration data with wind speed, wind 

direction and standard deviation (SD) of horizontal 

wind direction

Exclude data where: 

– wind speed > 13 mph

– SD of horizontal wind direction > 30 degrees

– Daytime (10 am to 6 pm)

Identify wind angles associated with elevated 

concentrations for spatial analysis

Air Monitoring Data Analyses Methods

After excluding data, identify wind directions associated with 

elevated concentrations (directional intensity is the average 

concentration for the wind bin divided by the average 

concentration for the site). 

Wind Angle 

(Degrees)

Average Benzene 

Concentration (ppbv)

330-360 0.43

300-330 0.52

270-300 0.31

240-270 0.21

210-240 0.17

180-210 0.14

150-180 0.10

120-150 0.14

90-120 0.43

60-90 0.35

30-60 0.98

0-30 1.31

Wind Angle (Degrees) Average Benzene Concentration (ppbv) Directional Intensity Ratio

340-350 0.32 1.0

350-360 0.74 2.4

0-10 0.83 2.6

10-20 1.26 4.0

20-30 1.65 5.3

30-40 1.60 5.1

40-50 0.59 1.9

50-60 0.46 1.5

60-70 0.29 0.9

70-80 0.36 1.1

Spatial Data Analysis

Identify monitor location

Draw wind angle associated with elevated concentration data

Add layer(s) with source data, such as land parcel ownership data, emissions 

inventory data, Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) data and/or aerial imagery

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ppbv

Year

Solar Estates 

AQS 483550041 CAMS 633 

Hourly Ambient Sulfur Dioxide

4th Highest Hourly (Daily Maximum)

Maximum Hourly

NAAQS

Note: Monitor does not meet EPA QA requirements.

Trajectory Tool (Corpus Christi, TX only)

http://www.utexas.edu/research/ceer/ccaqp/trajectory_tool.htm

Air Monitoring Analysis Example: 

Geismar, LA and Corpus Christi, TX

Data Element Corpus Christi Geismar

NATA 2011, County or 

Parish Cancer Risk 

Contributors (point 

sources), ranked by risk, risk 

> 2 in one hundred million)

Chromium, 

Benzene and

Formaldehyde

Ethylene Dichloride, Chromium, 

Ethylene Oxide, Benzene, 

Formaldehyde, Nickel, Vinyl Chloride, 

1,3-Butadiene, Arsenic, Carbon 

Tetrachloride, Naphthalene, 

Ethylbenzene and Acrylonitrile

NATA 2011, County or 

Parish Respiratory Hazard 

Contributors (point 

sources), ranked by hazard 

quotient (HQ), HQ > 0.1

Acrolein and

Formaldehyde

Acrolein, Formaldehyde and 

Acetaldehyde

Air contaminants in bold are not monitored within fifteen miles of the community.
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ppbv

Year

Nueces County, TX and Ascension Parish, LA

Benzene Trend-Annual Averages

Oak Park

Solar Estates

Palm

Dona Park

Huisache

Hillcrest

Ascension

Linear (IRIS 10E-05 Cancer Risk Upper & Lower 

Bound)
Air Monitoring Analysis Example: 

Geismar, LA and Corpus Christi, TX
Air Monitoring Analysis Example: 

Geismar, LA and Corpus Christi, TX

A spatial evaluation of the wind data associated with elevated ambient benzene 

concentrations in 2010 and 2011, considering monitor and benzene emissions source 

locations, indicates that the most significant contributing sources of elevated ambient 

benzene concentrations are refineries, specifically Valero Refining, East Plant, Flint Hills 

Resources, West Refinery and Citgo Refining, East Plant 
Air Monitoring Analysis Example: 

Geismar, LA and Corpus Christi, TX

A spatial evaluation of 

the wind data 

associated with 

elevated ambient 

benzene concentrations 

at the Ascension Parish 

monitor (3-hr averages 

greater than 1 ppbv) in 

2009, 2010 and 2011, 

considering the monitor 

location, indicates that 

the most significant 

contributing sources of 

elevated ambient 

benzene concentrations 

are located southsouthwest of the 

monitor. 
Mobile Gas Chromatograph (GC) 

Platforms for VOC Analyses

• Texas Commission on Environmental Quality: GC/Flame 

Ionization Detector (FID) Platform, Contact Ken Rozacky. 

• City of Houston: GC/Mass Spectrometry (MS)/FID Platform, 

Contact Don Richner. 

• Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality: 

GC/PID/electrolytic conductivity detector (ELCD) Platform, 

Contact David Wagenecht.

• Environmental Response Team Center, EPA-Trace Ambient 

Gas Analyzer (TAGA): GC/MS Platform, Contact Melvin 

Ritter. 

Each platform can utilize additional equipment for other air 

contaminant monitoring.
Trace Ambient Gas Analyzer (TAGA) Data

“The use of the TAGA 

by a non-Superfund 

Program requires a 

buy-in to EPA’s ERTC.”
Remote Quantification of Combustion Efficiency - Passive 

Fourier Transform Infrared (PFTIR) Spectroscopy

• Hot gases from flares radiate 

spectra that are unique to each 

compound

• A PFTIR is a spectrometer that can 

“see” the gas spectra from the 

ground

• Measures CO2, CO and 

Hydrocarbon to calculate 

Combustion Efficiency

• Flare Combustion Efficiency Tests 

(demonstrated importance of 

steam minimization): Various 

Marathon sites, Shell Deer Park

Draft 29
Open Path Technologies

Open-path technologies measure the average 

concentration of chemicals or particulates across 

an open path of air or line of sight. They do this by 

emitting a concentrated beam of electromagnetic 

energy into the air and measuring its interactions 

with the air’s components. 
UV DOAS

UV-DOAS Vendors Websites 

Argos Scientific www.argos-sci.com 

Environnement S.A. Sanoa 

UV/Visable DOAS 

www.environnement-sa.com 

ETG Risorse e Tecnologia www.etgrisorse.com 

IMACC www.ftirs.com 

Opsis, Inc. www.opsis.se 

Spectrex www.spectrex-inc.com 

Cerex Monitoring Solutions www.cerexms.com 

Approximate 

Detection Limits 

for UV-DOAS 

Pollutant 

Lower Detection 

Limit (ppb) 

Path 

Length (m) 

Ammonia 4 150

Benzene single digit ppb 500 

Carbon Disulfide 5 250 

Formaldehyde single digit ppb 500 

Nitrous Acid single digit ppb 500 

Nitrogen Dioxide single digit ppb 1000 

Nitrogen Oxide 10 150

Ozone single digit ppb 1000 

Sulfur Dioxide single digit ppb 1000 

Toluene single digit ppb 200 

m,p-Xylene 10 500 

o-Xylene 20 ppb 500 

Can also measure 1,3-Butadiene with lowrange IR detector (Opsis AR600), Acrolein, 

Chlorine, Ethyl Benzene, Hydrogen 

Fluoride, Styrene, Isoprene and Mercury
UV DOAS

UV-DOAS Strengths 

•Automated: Real- time measurements up to 24/7 

continuous remote data

•Economical: Relatively low instrument cost 

(about $60,000 - $200,000) 

•Low-cost long term deployment 

•Multiple Wavelength Operation: Monitoring of three 

species simultaneously. 

•Spectra can be saved and post analyzed 

•Long measurement path length – up to 500 m. Many 

compounds are detectable in the low ppb range 

UV-DOAS Limitations

•Meteorological Limitations: Fixed 

observation area (winds). Affected by 

poor visibility conditions.

•Limited Compounds: A number of 

species are undetectable by UV-DOAS 

•Application Limitations: Some models 

have difficulty aligning optics from 

multiple paths and long path lengths, 

making radial plume mapping more 

difficult (the Opsis 130 telescope has 

overcome this, it can move).
UV DOAS Applications

• Chlor Alkali Study: Olin Corporation in Augusta Georgia: Used 

UV-DOAS in 2000 to measure mercury emissions from a ChlorAlkali plant (produces chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide by 

electrolysis using a mercury cathode). 

• Westlake Petrochemicals: Under a consent decree, a UV-DOAS 

system is being used for fence-line monitoring at the facility in 

Westlake, Louisiana. The data generated from this system, 

which is measuring primarily monoaromatics are made 

available to the public on an Internet webpage. A special 

condition of the decree requires the company to provide data 

to any nearby resident requesting it by the next business day 

following the request.

• Cary Secrest, UV DOAS Expert, EPA OCE
FTIR Open Path

Can detect more than a hundred 

compounds, including:

Acetylaldehyde

Acrolein

Acrylonitrile

Ammonia

Benzene

1,3-Butadiene

Carbonyl Sulfide

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

Formaldehyde

Hydrogen Chloride

Hydrogen Cyanide

Hydrogen Sulfide

MEK

Styrene

Sulfur Dioxide

Toluene

Vinyl Chloride

Xylenes
Open Path FTIR

Vendors OP-FTIR Instruments 

KASSAY FSI –

*Ail Systems Inc.

www.kassay.com 

*Spectrex, Inc. http://www.spectrex-inc.com 

IMACC Instruments http://www.ftirs.com/ 

MIDAC Corporation http://www.midac.com/

ruker Optics http://www.brukeroptics.com/opag.html 

ABB/Bomem http://www.abb.com/analytical 

OP-FTIR’s Strengths 

•Economical: Relatively low instrument cost (about $80,000 - $125,000). Low-cost long term 

deployment

•Equipment is fairly rugged and easily portable

•There are a large number of compounds that are infrared active (absorb IR light)

•Large number of compounds can be analyzed simultaneously.

•Spectra can be saved and post analyzed 

•No gas calibration standards necessary for field testing (uses standard reference spectral library), 

needed for laboratory confirmation of instrument performance and calibration. 

•Automated Real-time Measurements: Equipment can be allowed to run with minimal attention for 

months at a time with remote access to check instrument operation, schedule cryogen replenishment 

and recover data. 

•No sample collection, handling, or preparation is necessary

*Verified by EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification Program
Open Path FTIR

OP-FTIR’s Limitations

Spectral Interferences: Gas-phase water, CO and CO2 spectral interference.

Diatomoic Molecules: Not applicable to homonuclear diatomic gases such as chlorine, 

oxygen, and nitrogen

IR Wavelength Range and Interferences: Because of weak IR absorption features for many 

molecules, interferences and limited IR beam range, may not be sensitive enough to meet 

ambient data quality objectives for many species

Path Length Range: Maximum path length is on the order of 400–500 meters

Field Implementation Requirements: Typical infrared detectors require cryogenic cooling 

to operate, liquid nitrogen used for detector cooling must be refilled and maintained 

regularly (weekly), field implementation and data collection requires highly experienced 

personnel

Setup Time Consuming and Costly: Typical set-up time usually requires about 5 to 8 hours 

and a minimum of two people, if multiple vertical or horizontal path measurements are 

necessary, can require significant time and cost to set up and implement.

Measurement Limitations: Single beam open-path method measures concentration along 

a path. The path must capture most if not all of an analyte plume to provide accurate 

measure of emissions.
FTIR Open Path Applications

• Texas Petrochemicals: Settlement agreement 

with City of Houston requires OP-FTIR 

monitoring at north and south fence lines for 

1,3-butadiene.

• Houston Refining: Under Texas’ Audit 

Privilege, used OP-FTIR to measure total 

hydrocarbon and benzene emissions from 

delayed coker unit. 
Tunable Diode Laser

*These compounds are not commonly measured; therefore detection 

limits are not readily available.

Gaseous Compounds 

Measured by OP-TDL 

Systems

Approximate λ 

(nm) 

Reported 

Detection Limit 

(ppm-m) 

ammonia 760, 1500 0.5-5.0 

carbon monoxide 1570 40-1,000 

carbon dioxide 1570 40-1,000 

hydrogen chloride 1790 0.15-1 

hydrogen cyanide 1540 1.0 

hydrogen fluoride 1310 0.1-0.2 

hydrogen sulfide 1570 20 

methane 1650 0.5-1 

nitric oxide 1800 30 

nitrogen dioxide 680 0.2 

oxygen 760 50 

water 970, 1200, 1450 0.2-1.0 

acetylene 1520 *

ethylene 1693 *

formaldehyde 1930 *

hydrogen bromide 1960 *

hydrogen iodide 1540 *

nitrous oxide 2260 *

phosphine 2150 *

propane 1400, 1500, 1700 *

OP-TDL Vendors 

Boreal Laser www.boreal-laser.com 

OPSIS AB www.opsis.se 

Leister Process Technologies, 

Axetris Division 

www.ir-microsystems.com 

Norsk Elektro Optikk (NEO, 

Norway) 

www.neo.no 

PKL Technologies, Inc. www.pktechnologies.com 

PSI Physical Sciences, Inc. www.tdlas.com 

www.psicorp.com 

Senscient www.senscient.com 

Simtronics group www.simtronics.eu 

Unisearch Associates, Inc. 

(Concord, Canada) 

www.unisearch-associates.com 
Tunable Diode Laser

Tunable Diode Laser Strengths

• Minimal maintenance required and no 

consumables. Potential for remote access 

and control and user friendly

• High temporal resolution and real-time 

results

• Stable multi-pass optical cell: High sensitivity, 

longer effective path lengths, insensitive to 

vibrations

• Internal temperature and pressure controls: 

Minimal drift, frequent calibration 

unnecessary, immune to ambient relative 

humidity and temperature changes and laser 

intensity fluctuations

• No sample pre-conditioning or treatment 

required before analysis. 

• Easy field deployment and installation, can 

use low power optical sources

Tunable Diode Laser Limitations

•Detects only one compound per 

laser, fewer measureable 

compounds, and limited sensitivity

•limited to compounds with 

overtone absorbencies in the nearand mid-IR range 

•Dust and objects can block the 

optical path
Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer

•Laser absorption spectrometry, measures optical extinction of 

compounds that scatter and absorb light in a closed sample path 

(longer effective sample path lengths for greater detection sensitivity)

•Good for measurements of weakly-absorbing or highly-dilute 

atmospheric samples

•Measures the rate of decay of light intensity exiting from an optical 

cavity rather than the change in light intensity

•Current application involves methane detection from oil and gas 

operations in the DFW region

Example list of CRDS detectable pollutants

Methane-52 ppbv

Acetylene-4 ppbv

TNT-0.075 ppbv

Chlorobenzenes-ppmv levels

Ammonia-19 ppbv

Mercury-0.01 ppbv

Minimum detectable mixing ratio at 1σ noise level 

CRDS Vendors

Picarro, Inc. (CRDS) www.picarro.com 

Tiger Optics www.tigeroptics.com 

Los Gatos Research 

(ICOS) 

www.lgrinc.com
Cavity Ring-down Spectrometer

Air canister samples collected if 

methane is detected to 

determine other constituents.

Soon, mini-UV DOAS instead.

Vertical transects 

collected along the length 

of plume to get average 

concentration
Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer (CRDS)

CRDS Strengths 

•Simple design: Minimal maintenance, 

no consumables, user friendly 

•Fast detector: High temporal 

resolution and real-time results

•Stable optical cell: Insensitive to 

vibrations during measurements 

•Internal temperature and pressure 

controls: Frequent calibration 

unnecessary, immune to ambient 

changes (such as relative humidity and 

temperature) and laser intensity 

fluctuations

•Direct sampling: No sample preconditioning or treatment required 

•Compact and can use low power 

optical sources: Easy field deployment 

and installation 

CRDS Limitations

•May need to apply sample filtering 

components to avoid interferences 

•Lasers limitations: Only certain 

spectral ranges available 

•Mirrors are only able to reflect over a 

small wavelength range (about ±

15%)

•Multiple species detection difficult 

•High quality lasers and mirror: drive 

up the cost of the instrumentation
OTM-10 VRPM
OTM-10 VRPM Applications

• Chlor Alkali Study, Occidental Chemical, Muscle 

Sloals, Alabama: Used UV-DOAS and OTM-10 in 

2006 to measure mercury emissions from a 

Chlor-Alkali plant (produces chlorine gas and 

sodium hydroxide by electrolysis using a mercury 

cathode). 

• Houston Refining: Under Texas’ Audit Privilege, 

used OP-FTIR and OTM-10 in 2010 to estimate 

total hydrocarbon and benzene emissions from a 

delayed coker unit. 
Graphic from NPL
Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging 

(DIAL) DIAL Strengths

•Provides spatially resolved pollutant 

concentration in two dimensions 

•Measurements are provided in a relatively 

short period of time

•Deployable in many different applications 

and configurations, moveable 

•Can measure long path lengths (1 to 3 km) 

DIAL Limitations

•Due to limited availability, DIAL systems 

used in North America are typically 

imported, which increases the expense

•Chemical species that can be 

characterized are limited to those 

compounds with the unique chemical 

properties required to be detected 

•Only a few wavelengths are measured 

(spectral artifacts cannot be fixed or 

investigated)

Species 

Measured by 

DIAL

Sensitivity

(1)

Maximum 

Range (2)

Benzene 10 ppb 800 m

Sulfur Dioxide 10 ppb 3 km

Toluene 10 ppb 800 m

Ethane 20 ppb 800 m

Ethylene 10 ppb 800 m

Methane 50 ppb 1 km

General 

Hydrocarbons

40 ppb 800 m

Hydrogen 

Chloride

20 ppb 1 km

Methanol 200 ppb 500 m

(1) Concentration sensitivities from NPL for measurements of a 50 meter 

wide plume at a range of 200 meters, under typical meteorological 

conditions.

(2) The range value represents the typical working maximum range for the 

NPL DIAL system.
DIAL Applications

• Tonawanda Coke: Coke oven site, July 2009 Test Order 

for Benzene Emissions, May 2010 

• BP Texas City: Voluntary Study with TCEQ and EPA 

funding, Benzene and VOC emissions, July to August, 

2007 

• Shell Deer Park: Voluntary Study with EPA, 

Environment Canada and City of Houston funding, 

Benzene and VOC emissions, January to March, 2010

DIAL Vendors 

Spectrasyne http://www.spectrasyne.ltd.uk/ 

LASEN http://www.lasen.com/ 

National Physical Laboratory http://www.npl.co.uk/ 

ITT http://www.itt.com/ 
Tonawanda Coke DIAL Data Example
References

• Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, Field Sampling and Analysis 

Technologies, Matrix Version 1.0, Accessed April 25, 2012 

http://www.frtr.gov/site/6_2_1.html

• EPA Handbook: Optical Remote Sensing for Measurement and Monitoring of 

Emissions Flux, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, Air Quality Analysis Division, Measurement Technology 

Group, December 2011, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/guidlnd/gd-052.pdf

• The National Air Toxics Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 

2011 http://www.epa.gov/nata2005/

• The Integrated Risk Information System, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceList

• Final Analytical TAGA Report, Urban Air Toxics Study in Harris County, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Emergency Response Team/Lockheed Martin, 

March 2007

• Marathon Petroleum Company, LP and Cattlets Refining, LLC Settlement 

Information Sheet, April 2012, 

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/caa/marathonrefining.html
References

• Shell Deer Park Refining LP, Deer Park Refinery, East Property Flare Test Report by 

Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc., April 2011, 

http://www.tceq.texas.gov/assets/public/implementation/air/rules/Flare/2010flar

estudy/sdp-epf-test.pdf

• Tonawanda, NY DIAL Study Results, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 

2, September 2010, 

http://www.epa.gov/region02/capp/TCC/tonawanda_docs.html

• Characterization of Mercury Emissions at a Chlor-Alkali Plant, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk 

Management Research Laboratory, January 2002, 

http://www.epa.gov/region05/mercury/pdfs/Chloralkalireport.pdf

• Measurement of Total Site Mercury Emissions for a Chlor-Alkali Plant Using OpenPath UV-DOAS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and 

Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, July 2007, 

http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1009COE.txt

• Other Test Method 10 (OTM 10) - Optical Remote Sensing for Emission 

Characterization from Non-Point Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Technology Transfer network, Emissions Measurement Center, June 2006, 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/prelim/otm10.pdf