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Filed 11/12/21 P. v. Stewart CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for 

publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

TRAEVON DENAE STEWART,

Defendant and Appellant.

E074335

(Super.Ct.No. BAF1700447)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Kelly L. Hansen, Judge. 

Affirmed.

Randi Covin, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Andrew S. Mestman and Randall 

D. Einhorn, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

A jury found defendant and appellant Traevon Denae Stewart guilty of (1) first 

degree murder with the special circumstances of the killing occurring during a 
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kidnapping and an attempted robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 190.2, subds. 

(a)(17)(A) & (B))1; (2) attempted robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 211); (3) kidnapping 

(Pen. Code, § 207); (4) assault with a semiautomatic firearm (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. 

(b)); (5) reckless driving while fleeing from a pursuing peace officer (Veh. Code, 

§ 2800.2, subd. (a)); and (6) two counts of dissuading a witness with force or a threat of 

force (Pen. Code, § 136.1, subd. (c)(1)).

The jury found true the allegations that (A) during the murder, defendant 

discharged a firearm causing death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)); (B) during the kidnapping 

and attempted robbery, defendant personally used a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)); and

(C) during the assault with a semiautomatic firearm, defendant personally used a 

firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). Defendant admitted suffering two prior strike 

convictions. (§§ 667, subds. (c) & (e)(2)(A), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(A).) The trial court 

sentenced defendant to prison for four years, plus 110 years to life, plus life without the 

possibility of parole (LWOP).

Defendant raises nine issues on appeal. First, defendant contends the trial court 

erred by admitting out-of-court statements the victim made to her mother. Second, 

defendant asserts the trial court erred by admitting evidence of defendant’s uncharged 

acts of domestic violence. (Evid. Code, § 1109.) Third, defendant contends the trial 

court erred by omitting the jury instruction regarding each count being separately 

considered. (CALCRIM No. 3515.) Fourth, defendant asserts the prosecutor 

1

 All subsequent statutory references will be to the Penal Code unless otherwise 

indicated. 
3

committed misconduct. Fifth, defendant contends cumulative prejudice requires 

reversal.

Sixth, defendant asserts the trial court erred by not dismissing the prior strikes. 

Seventh, defendant asserts his indeterminate sentence and LWOP sentence constitute 

cruel and unusual punishment. Eighth, defendant contends the trial court erred by not 

dismissing the firearm enhancement associated with the murder conviction (Count 1). 

Ninth, defendant asserts that if any of the foregoing issues were forfeited, then his trial 

counsel rendered ineffective assistance. We affirm the judgment. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. MURDER, KIDNAPPING, AND ATTEMPTED ROBBERY

Michael Wayne Bird was 63 years old in April 2017. Bird receives 

approximately $4,400 per month from social security and two pensions. Bird was 

homeless; he abused drugs and alcohol and tended to spend all of his money shortly 

after receiving it. In approximately 2012, Bird met Latoya Calhoun (the victim) and her 

girlfriend, Shayona (Girlfriend). Bird allowed the victim to manage approximately half 

of his money for him so that he would not immediately spend the entire amount and 

thus have money for later in the month.

In 2016, Bird met defendant, who was Girlfriend’s cousin. Defendant wanted to 

manage Bird’s money. One month, Bird gave defendant Bird’s money to manage, but 

defendant kept the money and did not distribute it to Bird. One day, defendant left 

approximately $700 of Bird’s money by a bathroom sink while defendant showered. 
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Bird took the $700. Defendant accused Bird of stealing from him and said Bird owed 

defendant $700. 

In April 2017, defendant increasingly demanded that Bird pay him. Defendant 

threatened Bird’s life while demanding payment. An unidentified person told defendant 

that the victim had a $1,049 check for Bird. Defendant threatened to “shoot [the victim] 

in the face over [Bird’s] money.” The victim was scared of defendant. 

Defendant and Bird drove to the victim’s apartment. The victim reached into her 

pocket for the check, in order to give it to defendant, but the check was not there. Bird 

believed Girlfriend took the check from the victim. On that occasion, defendant was 

polite with the victim because “the real gangsters [were] in the neighborhood.” 

Several days later, around noon on April 28, 20172, the victim communicated 

with Bird regarding her anxiety about defendant’s threat to shoot her in the face. Later 

that same day, at approximately 8:30 p.m., the victim called her mother and said that 

defendant threatened “to shoot her in the face.”

2

 During the witnesses’ testimony, there were inconsistencies regarding the date 

of the killing. There was testimony that the events of the murder occurred on the night 

of April 27, 2017, into the morning of April 28, 2017. There was also testimony that 

the events of the murder occurred on the night of April 28, 2017, into the morning of 

April 29, 2017. Yet, at other times there was testimony that the murder occurred on the 

night of April 29, 2017, into the morning of April 30, 2017. Additionally, there was 

some confusion among people in the trial court regarding whether April 28, 2017, was a 

Thursday or Friday, which further contributed to inconsistencies concerning the dates. 

We take judicial notice of the fact that April 28, 2017, was a Friday. (Evid. 

Code, § 452, subd. (g).) From our reading of the record, it appears the killing and the 

events surrounding it occurred late on Friday night into early Saturday morning. 

Therefore, we infer the killing and the events surrounding it occurred on April 28, 2017, 

into April 29, 2017. 
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Also on the night of April 28, 2017, Bird was sitting in the van of Ugochukwu 

Okoro, in a parking lot. Defendant arrived, held a gun to Bird’s head, and threatened to 

kill Bird if Bird did not pay defendant. Okoro offered defendant $40 in order to calm 

defendant, but Okoro did not have the money with him. Okoro and Bird drove to 

Okoro’s home to get Okoro’s ATM card, and defendant followed. The three men went 

to an ATM machine where Okoro withdrew money, and he gave defendant $40. 

Defendant still wanted the check that the victim had previously been holding for 

Bird. Defendant instructed Bird to get in defendant’s car, which Bird did. Defendant 

drove to the victim’s apartment, in Hemet. The victim lived with Girlfriend, Roger 

Rook, three other adults, and some teenagers. Upon exiting the vehicle, defendant 

walked with Bird to the victim’s apartment. When knocking on the door of the 

apartment, defendant held the gun to Bird’s head. Bird opened the apartment door, and 

he and defendant stepped inside.

The victim was in a bedroom on a lounge chair. Defendant stood over the 

victim, pointed the gun at her face, and said “ ‘I want my fucking money.’ ” Defendant 

fired the gun twice, shooting the victim in the foot. The victim screamed and urinated 

on herself. Defendant forced the victim to stand and then defendant, Bird, and the 

victim exited the apartment. 

Defendant instructed Bird to retrieve the car, which Bird did. In the meantime, 

defendant and the victim went to another apartment, where a person named Sleeps 

lived. Defendant and the victim exited Sleeps’s apartment. The victim was carrying a 

stack of mail.
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The victim was crying, screaming, and did not want to get into defendant’s car, 

but she ultimately did. Defendant drove the car; Bird was in the front passenger seat; 

and the victim was in the backseat on the passenger side. Defendant drove with his left 

hand on the steering wheel and his right arm extended behind the front passenger seat, 

with the gun pointed at the victim. 

Defendant “zigzagged” through various streets, avoiding the police who were 

“all over th[e] place.” The victim was “freaking out” and rifling through the stack of 

mail that was “all over the backseat.” Defendant instructed Bird to “look for 

something,” in the stack of mail. Bird turned around and leaned toward the backseat, to 

look through the mail. Bird did not know what he was looking for, so he ultimately 

turned back around facing forward. Bird assumed the mail had something to do with 

the check, but it was not clear to him. 

As the car traveled down Esplanade Avenue, in Hemet, the victim opened the car 

door to jump out. Bird assumed the victim was trying to leave the car before she was 

shot. However, nearly instantaneous to the door being opened, defendant fired three 

shots at the victim in rapid succession. The victim suffered a fatal gunshot to the back 

of her neck. The victim fell or jumped out of the car. The victim landed face-up in a 

ditch along Esplanade.

Defendant took his hand off the steering wheel, reached back, and shut the car 

door. Defendant continued driving. He drove to Okoro’s house, which is behind a 

fence, in order to hide the vehicle in which the victim was shot. They arrived at 

Okoro’s house at approximately 2:00 a.m. on April 29, 2017. Bird told Okoro about the 
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killing. Okoro did not permit defendant to hide the vehicle at his house. Defendant 

drove away, and Bird walked away from Okoro’s house.3

At approximately 5:58 a.m. on April 29, 2017, two people in a vehicle on 

Esplanade contacted police about the victim’s body. The victim had gunshot wounds on 

the back of her neck, the right side of her lower back, her left calf, and her left foot. 

B. FLEEING POLICE

A “be on the lookout” alert was issued to law enforcement officers regarding 

defendant’s mother’s car, which was the vehicle in which the victim was shot. City of 

Banning Police Officer Campa saw the car at 12:15 a.m. on May 1, 2017. Officer 

Campa activated his vehicle’s overhead lights and sirens. Defendant stopped his 

vehicle along the side of the road. Five to 10 times, Officer Campa directed defendant 

to turn off the vehicle, place the keys on the car’s roof, and raise his hands. 

Defendant did not comply. Instead, defendant “kept reaching down in the lower 

right floorboard of the vehicle. Kept saying, ‘Why? Why? What did I do?’ ” Then 

defendant drove away. Officer Campa pursued defendant. Defendant and Campa drove 

at approximately 75 miles an hour, in areas with speed limits of 35 and 45 miles an 

hour, and did not stop at stop signs. Defendant jumped out of his mother’s car while it 

was moving. Approximately one hour and 40 minutes later, defendant surrendered and 

was arrested.

3

 In connection with the foregoing events, Bird pled guilty to the felony of being 

an accessory after the fact. (§ 32.) 
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C. DEFENDANT’S STATEMENT

Defendant spoke with Riverside County Sheriff’s investigators after being 

arrested. During the police interview, defendant said, “I do a lot of drugs” and “Like I 

said, I do a lot of drugs.” Investigator Stoyer asked if defendant consumed drugs on 

Friday when defendant went to the victim’s apartment. Defendant replied, “Of course.” 

When asked about the type of drugs he abused, defendant said, “I smoke sherm[4]and, 

uh crystal meth.” Defendant also said he takes pills for pain. 

Investigator Stoyer asked defendant if an argument occurred on Friday night. 

Defendant replied, “I be so high and drugged up, I don’t know.” Defendant went on to 

discuss his recollection of the events of Friday night. According to defendant, Bird 

owed defendant $1,400 for the money that Bird stole from defendant and the drugs and 

alcohol that defendant purchased for Bird. The victim said she would give defendant 

the money that Bird owed defendant, but the victim never gave defendant the money. 

Defendant explained that the victim and Girlfriend would beat Bird, give Bird drugs, 

and/or prostitute themselves with Bird in order to keep Bird’s money.

Bird told defendant that Girlfriend took the check that defendant wanted. On the 

night of April 28, 2017, defendant and Bird went to the victim’s and Girlfriend’s 

apartment. The victim said Girlfriend had the money, but Girlfriend denied that 

allegation. Defendant shot the victim’s foot. The victim urinated on herself. The 

victim rifled through papers and then said, “ ‘I got it.’ ” Defendant said, “ ‘Show me, 

4

 “Sherms” are cigarettes laced with phencyclidine (PCP). (People v. Williams

(1988) 44 Cal.3d 1127, 1134; In re Avena (1996) 12 Cal.4th 694, 723.)
9

show me, show me.’ ” Another person said they had about 90 seconds until the police 

arrived at the apartment. 

The victim said the check was at Sleeps’s apartment. Defendant and the victim 

went to Sleeps’s apartment, and Bird brought the car around. Defendant and the victim 

left Sleeps’s apartment with mail and entered the car. Defendant was driving, and the 

victim was in the backseat on the passenger side. While driving down various streets, 

the victim was searching through the stack of mail.

The victim did not have Bird’s check. The victim was scared, and then she 

jumped out of the car while it was moving. Defendant said, “So, whatever happened to 

her when she got out of my car, I don’t know.” After the victim jumped out of the car, 

defendant and Bird went to Okoro’s house. Defendant then went to his mother’s house 

where he cried. Investigator Stoyer asked defendant why defendant shot the victim 

inside the car. Defendant said he did not recall shooting the victim inside the car. 

Investigator Dickey asked what happened to the gun after the shooting in the 

apartment. Defendant said he put the gun in the car’s center console upon entering the 

car with Bird and the victim. Defendant said that, while driving in the car with Bird and 

the victim, defendant realized that the situation “went too far” because the police had 

been called due to the shooting in the apartment. The following exchange occurred 

between defendant and Investigator Dickey:

Defendant: “So I told [Bird], ‘No, motherfucker, you do it.’ 

“Dickey: You do what?

“[Defendant]: ‘You shoot her.’
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“Dickey: Shoot who?

“[Defendant]: [The victim].

“Dickey: In the car?

“[Defendant]: Yeah, so I gave [Bird] the gun, [Bird] sat up on his knees and got 

behind the seat and he was like, ‘Give me the fuckin’ check . . . . Give me the check.’ 

And she wouldn’t give him the check at all. Just adamant about—‘Just give him the 

fuckin’ check.’ I’m tryin’ to tell her, ‘Why don’t you just fuckin’ give it to him? It 

ain’t yours, it’s his. Give it to him.’ I never seen him shoot, nothin’. All I heard was 

the shots and that’s when I motherfucking looked back and she was already jumpin’ out 

of the car. Already. Instantly. Soon as I heard the bow, that was the first one. I guess 

that’s because she just did it on him. ‘Cause I never seen her do it. When I looked 

back, she was—all I can see was her body goin’ out. I didn’t see her open the door, I 

didn’t see none of that part. All I seen was her going out of the car.”

Dickey asked why Bird would shoot the victim, rather than shoot defendant. 

Defendant said Bird did not want to shoot the victim. Dickey asked why defendant did 

not go back at some point to check on the victim. Defendant replied, “I didn’t care. I 

didn’t wanna—I didn’t care whether she was—I was kinda mad.” Dickey asked 

defendant where to find the gun. Defendant said, “I don’t know where they put it but I 

know where it’s at.” 

D. POLICE INVESTIGATION

The gun was never recovered. Gunshot residue would not transfer from the 

shooter’s hand to the steering wheel or door handle because gunshot residue is fragile. 
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If a gun is fired in a vehicle, the gunshot residue could move as a cloud and permeate 

throughout the vehicle. 

E. DISSUADING OKORO

After the incidents in this case occurred, Okoro was arrested and jailed for an 

unrelated matter. Okoro was subpoenaed to testify in the preliminary hearing in 

defendant’s case. In November 2018, Okoro was transported by bus from the jail in 

Banning to the courthouse in Riverside. Defendant, who was also in custody, was on 

the same bus as Okoro. Defendant said to Okoro, “ ‘I’m going to send someone to kill 

you.’ ” Okoro feared for his life. Okoro testified at defendant’s preliminary hearing. 

Upon returning to jail, Okoro was physically attacked. Okoro was then moved into 

protective custody. Upon being released from jail, Okoro was scared to be at home, so 

he moved to another city. 

F. DISSUADING C.R.

C.R. dated defendant “[o]ff and on for about ten years,” and they occasionally 

lived together. C.R. had a son, A.R. A.R.’s age in 2017 is unclear from the record, but 

it can be inferred that he was likely in his twenties. On April 7, 2017, at approximately 

10:30 p.m., C.R., A.R., and defendant were at a convenience store. 

A.R. and defendant argued and stood “chest to chest.” Defendant asked A.R. if 

A.R. was scared and if he wanted defendant “to kick his ass.” A.R. looked scared. C.R.

asked the store clerk to call the police. Defendant told C.R. “that he was gonna break 

her of that habit and if she called the police, that he was going to kill her.” C.R. told 

defendant to leave A.R. alone.
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C.R. went to the Banning police station to report defendant’s threats. C.R. said 

she feared defendant because, in the past, he physically and mentally abused her. C.R.

told the police that she feared defendant would kill her. Part of C.R.’s fear was caused 

by her knowledge that defendant carried a handgun. 

DISCUSSION

A. HEARSAY REGARDING DEFENDANT’S THREAT TO KILL THE 

VICTIM

1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

a. Motions in Limine

In the days prior to the killing, defendant threatened “to shoot [the victim] in the 

face over [Bird’s] money.” On the night of the killing, prior to defendant and Bird 

arriving at the victim’s apartment, the victim called her mother (Mother). According to 

Mother, during the call, the victim was afraid because defendant had threatened to kill 

the victim by shooting her in the face.

During motions in limine, the defense sought to exclude all of the victim’s outof-court statements. The prosecutor sought to have the victim’s statements to Mother 

admitted as spontaneous statements (Evid. Code, § 1240) or as statements of the 

victim’s then-existing state of mind (Evid. Code, § 1250). The trial court reserved 

ruling on the issue until trial because, during motions in limine, it was unclear what 

stressful event, if any, preceded the victim’s phone call to Mother.
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b. Mother’s Testimony

Mother testified at trial. Mother saw the victim on April 27, 2017, i.e., the day 

before the murder. The victim had called Mother and asked Mother to bring the 

victim’s mail, which included Bird’s mail, to a liquor store in Banning. When Mother 

met the victim at the liquor store, Bird and Okoro were with the victim. The victim was 

acting normally.

The next day, April 28, 2017, at approximately 8:30 p.m., the victim called 

Mother. The victim said she was with Girlfriend at the intersection of Inez Street and 

Florida Avenue in Hemet. The victim sounded scared; her voice was trembling. The 

victim said, “ ‘Mom, can you come and get me? Just come and get me.’ ” Mother told 

the victim that she could not pick her up because she did not have gas to travel to 

Hemet.

During the direct examination of Mother, the following exchange occurred:

“[Prosecutor:] [D]id you ask her why she wanted you to pick her up in Hemet?

“[Mother:] Yeah. I asked her what was wrong, yes.

“[Prosecutor:] And what did she tell you?

“[Mother:] She said that—

“[Defense Counsel]: Objection. Hearsay. Lack of foundation.

“The Court: Overruled. It’s a spontaneous statement. It’s also a statement under 

emotional duress.

“[Prosecutor]: What did she tell you?
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“[Mother:] She told me that I need to come and pick her up, that [defendant] 

said he was going to shoot her in the face.” 

On redirect examination, Mother said, “I mean, with me not having no gas to 

pick her up, when she hung up the phone, it wasn’t that she just hung up the phone. She 

just said, ‘Okay, but I’m dead,’ and the phone went dead.” 

On cross-examination, defense counsel asked, “Just to be clear, she didn’t say 

[defendant] said that morning or the day before that he was going to shoot her?” 

Mother replied, “No.” Mother did not call the police to assist the victim after the victim 

ended their phone call. 

c. Bird’s Testimony

When Bird testified, he said, “[B]asically [defendant] was threatening to kill [the 

victim] if he—if one of us didn’t give him the money.” The prosecutor asked Bird, “Do 

you remember [the victim] on April 28th, approximately noontime, sending you a text 

message saying that [defendant] was threatening her as though she owed him some 

money?” Bird responded, “Somewhere in this time frame, I remember she was worried 

he was going to shoot her in the face over my money.” Further, Bird testified that, in 

the victim’s apartment, when defendant was pointing the gun at the victim’s face, Bird 

recalled that defendant “had been threatening to blow her face off the last couple, few 

days.” 
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2. ANALYSIS

a. Spontaneous Statement

Defendant contends the trial court erred by admitting the out-of-court statements 

the victim made to Mother. “[A]n appellate court applies the abuse of discretion 

standard of review to any ruling by a trial court on the admissibility of evidence.” 

(People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 717.) 

“Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the 

statement: [¶] (a) Purports to narrate, describe, or explain an act, condition, or event 

perceived by the declarant; and [¶] (b) Was made spontaneously while the declarant was 

under the stress of excitement caused by such perception.” (Evid. Code, § 1240.)

Thus, in order for a spontaneous statement to be admissible, “ ‘ “(1) there must 

be some occurrence startling enough to produce this nervous excitement and render the 

utterance spontaneous and unreflecting; (2) the utterance must have been before there 

has been time to contrive and misrepresent . . . ; and (3) the utterance must relate to the 

circumstance of the occurrence preceding it.” ’ ” (People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 

856, 925.)

The focus of this issue is the second factor. “Whether the statement was made 

before there was ‘time to contrive and misrepresent’ is informed by a number of factors, 

including the passage of time between the startling occurrence and the statement, 

whether the statement was a response to questioning, and the declarant’s emotional state 

and physical condition.” (People v. Clark, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 925.) Thus, “ ‘[t]he 

amount of time that passes between a startling event and subsequent declaration is not 
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dispositive, but will be scrutinized, along with other factors, to determine if the 

speaker’s mental state remains excited.’ ” (Id. at p. 926.) In other words, the crucial 

determination is the declarant’s mental state. (People v. Liggins (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 

55, 63; People v. Saracoglu (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1584, 1590.)

Because timing is a relevant part of this element, we begin with discussing the 

timeline. We will construct a timeline with the clearest evidence, and then move to the 

less clear evidence. Several days prior to April 28, 2017, defendant threatened to kill 

the victim over Bird’s money. On April 27, 2017, the victim called Mother to have 

Mother meet her a liquor store and give the victim her mail. The victim was acting 

normally when Mother met the victim at the liquor store. On April 28, 2017, around 

noon, the victim communicated with Bird about her concern that defendant would kill 

her. Later that same day, around 8:30 p.m., the victim was with Girlfriend at an 

intersection in Hemet and called Mother asking for a ride because the victim was 

worried that defendant would kill her. Because the victim was acting “normally” on 

April 27, it would be difficult to conclude that the victim lacked time to reflect between 

the threat that was made several days prior to April 28 and the April 28th phone call. 

Next, we look at the less clear evidence, which indicates defendant may have 

threatened the victim multiple times in the days preceding the murder. In the victim’s 

apartment, when defendant was pointing the gun at the victim’s face, Bird recalled that 

defendant “had been threatening to blow her face off the last couple, few days.” One 

could infer from the foregoing statement that defendant made repeated threats toward 

the victim during the days preceding the murder. According to Bird, “[i]n the final days 
17

of April 2017,” the victim “was scared shitless” of defendant. Bird was unsure how to 

describe the victim’s fear but noted that she cried. Around noon on April 28, the victim 

communicated with Bird about being “worried [defendant] was going to shoot her in the 

face over [Bird’s] money.” At approximately, 8:30 p.m. on April 28, the victim called 

Mother and said she needed a ride because “[defendant] said he was going to shoot her 

in the face.” The victim’s voice was trembling during the phone call. Given how 

emotional and worried the victim appeared on April 28, one could infer that defendant 

repeatedly threatened the victim, with the threats continuing through April 28.

We now turn to the victim’s mental state. There are at least two ways of looking 

at that evidence. First, one could conclude the victim went to the intersection to call

Mother for a ride precisely because the victim had time to reflect on defendant’s threats. 

It was the victim’s reflection that caused her to want to leave Hemet. In that situation, 

the victim’s statements to Mother would be inadmissible because the victim had time to 

reflect. 

However, a second way to look at the evidence is that the victim was placed in a 

state of fear due to repeated threats by defendant. In that state of fear and panic, the 

victim sought help by texting Bird, going to the intersection with Girlfriend, and calling 

Mother. During that time, the victim was not reflecting on defendant’s threats—she 

was desperately trying to get away. The victim’s ongoing panic was demonstrated by 

her trembling voice when speaking with Mother. In that situation, the victim’s 

statements to Mother would be admissible because the victim did not have time to 

reflect; she was in a state of fear due to defendant’s repeated threats. Because one can 
18

view the evidence as the victim lacking time to reflect, we conclude the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion. 

Defendant contends the trial court erred because there is no indication of when 

defendant threatened the victim; it is unclear if defendant threatened the victim directly 

or through a third party; and while the victim’s voice was trembling when speaking with 

Mother, the victim was not hysterical. We address these contentions in turn.

Defendant is correct that there is a lack of clarity concerning precisely when 

defendant threatened the victim. Nevertheless, it can be inferred that defendant 

threatened the victim multiple times in the days leading up to and including April 28, 

2017, such that the victim was likely threatened within a day or hours of calling Mother 

on April 28, 2017. The passage of time, however, is only one of the factors to consider 

in determining the victim’s mental state. (People v. Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 64-

65.) Another factor to consider is the victim’s emotional and physical states. (Ibid.) 

The victim’s trembling voice when speaking with Mother about defendant’s threat 

indicated that the victim was scared due to defendant’s threats. Further, Bird testified 

that the victim cried and was “scared shitless” due to defendant’s threats, which 

supports a finding that the victim was in a state of panic due to defendant’s threats. 

Therefore, while the timing of the threats is unclear, the victim’s fearful emotional state 

is supported by the evidence, and that emotional state supports the conclusion that the 

victim’s mental state so overwhelmed her that she did not have time to contrive her 

statement to Mother. 
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The second issue is that it is unclear if defendant threatened the victim directly or 

through a third party. It is difficult to decipher from the record if defendant repeatedly 

threatened the victim directly, or if he, for example, spoke to Bird about killing the 

victim and perhaps Bird passed along those threats to the victim. It may be that there is 

another level of hearsay. However, the issue raised by defendant on appeal is focused 

on the victim-to-Mother level of hearsay. Therefore, that is the level of hearsay we are 

focused on in this appeal.

The third issue is that the victim was not hysterical when speaking with Mother. 

We agree that there is no indication the victim was hysterically screaming or crying

during her telephone call with Mother. However, after Mother said she could not help 

the victim, the victim told Mother, “ ‘Okay, but I’m dead,’ ” and then ended the call. 

This evidence indicates that the victim’s stress was displayed in more of a desperate and 

despondent way. So, while the victim was not hysterical, she was “under the stress of 

excitement caused by” the threats. (Evid. Code, § 1240.)

In sum, it was within the bounds of reason for the trial court to conclude that the 

victim spoke to Mother before the victim had time to reflect because defendant’s threats

sent the victim into a state of panic, which overwhelmed her ability to reflect on the 

situation. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion. Although we have 

concluded the trial court did not err, we will examine whether, if an error had occurred, 

that error would be harmless. 
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b. Prejudice

i. Procedural History

(a) Theories of Murder

The prosecutor offered a variety of theories by which the jury could reach a 

guilty verdict on the murder charge. The first theory was the killing was willful, 

deliberate and premeditated, and defendant was the actual killer. The second theory 

was felony murder with defendant as the actual killer during the kidnapping and 

robbery. The third theory was felony murder with Bird as the actual killer and 

defendant aiding and abetting the murder by defendant handing the gun to Bird and 

telling Bird to kill the victim. The fourth theory was felony murder with Bird as the 

actual killer, defendant as a major participant in the robbery and kidnapping, and 

defendant acting with reckless indifference to human life. 

(b) Accomplice Instruction

The trial court instructed the jury on accomplice testimony in regard to Bird. 

The trial court explained to the jury that if the jury found Bird was defendant’s 

accomplice, then Bird’s testimony had to be corroborated. (CALCRIM No. 334.)

(c) Prosecutor’s Closing Argument

The prosecutor’s closing argument included the following statements:

“What did he do to [the victim]? He began calling her and threatening her. He 

told her that he was going to shoot her in the face the next time he saw her. Did he keep 

his word?”
21

“You can’t promise that you’re going to shoot somebody and then fulfill that 

promise and have it be anything other than first degree special circumstance murder.” 

“And when [the victim] called her mom, panicked and scared, it was [defendant] 

that she was hoping to avoid.” 

“Don’t you think that [Mother] has every interest in seeing justice done and 

seeing the right person convicted of her daughter’s murder? Do you think she would 

make up a phone call about her daughter to make up false evidence against [defendant] 

and let the real killer get away? 

“And what she told you is too awful for a mother to make up. Think about the 

cross the defendant has made her bear for the rest of her life. The defendant didn’t just 

take her daughter. The defendant gave her something much worse. She has to walk 

around with that phone call for the rest of her life knowing that her daughter called for 

help, and she couldn’t help. Do you think she would make something like that up? 

She’s an honorable woman. She carries herself that way, answers questions directly.

“And despite what the defendant did, she never embellished or made things up. 

‘This is what my daughter told me. This is the only thing my daughter told me.” 

“Again, you can’t do what he did to [the victim] and have it be anything other 

than first degree murder. You can’t tell somebody that you’re going to shoot them in 

the face and then fulfill that promise and have it be anything other than first degree 

murder. There isn’t a better example of that.”

“When [Mother] tells you that [the victim] told her that [defendant] threatened to 

shoot her in the face, that’s obviously relevant to the homicide.” 
22

(d) Verdict

The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder. The jury found 

defendant was the actual killer as indicated by the enhancement finding that defendant 

personally and intentionally discharged a firearm during the murder. 

ii. Analysis

Despite our conclusion that the trial court did not err, we consider whether it is 

reasonably probable the jury’s verdict would have been different if the victim’s out-ofcourt statements to Mother had been excluded. (People v. Ruiz (1988) 44 Cal.3d 589, 

610.) 

The only people in the car at the time of the killing were defendant, Bird, and the 

victim. Gunshot residue tests were not effective in this case for determining who fired 

the gun because the residue would have spread like a cloud throughout the car. The gun 

was never recovered so it could not be checked for fingerprints. Thus, it was Bird, a 

possible accomplice, who testified about defendant shooting the victim. Other 

witnesses at trial, such as Okoro, helped to place defendant in the car with a gun, but it 

was Bird who connected defendant to the killing. 

In closing argument, the prosecutor argued, “At any point did you hear anybody 

say it was [Okoro]? He was the problem; he was the one with the gun; he was one 

making threats; he was the one that [the victim was scared of]? Or Mike Bird? He was 

the one with the gun; he was the one threatening [the victim]? [¶] . . . And when [the 

victim] called her mom, panicked and scared, it was [defendant] that she was hoping to 

avoid.” Thus, the prosecutor used the victim’s fear and defendant’s threat to kill the 
23

victim as corroboration for Bird’s testimony that it was defendant—not Bird—who 

killed the victim. Mother’s testimony about defendant’s threat is the primary 

corroboration for Bird’s testimony that defendant threatened the victim and shot the 

victim. 

“A conviction can not be had upon the testimony of an accomplice unless it be 

corroborated by such other evidence as shall tend to connect the defendant with the 

commission of the offense; and the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the 

commission of the offense or the circumstances thereof.” (§ 1111.) In other words, 

corroborating evidence must “ ‘directly connect the accused with the commission of the 

specific crime . . . . It is not sufficient that it merely connect him with the accomplice or 

other person participating in the crime. Nor is it sufficient if it merely shows the 

commission of the offense or its circumstances. It is however sufficient if it tends to 

connect him with the commission of the crime.’ ” (People v. Blackwell (1967) 257 

Cal.App.2d 313, 317-318.)

The problem we confront in this analysis is that we do not know whether the jury 

found Bird was an accomplice whose testimony required corroboration. If Bird was a 

bystander, rather than defendant’s accomplice, then we could conclude that the alleged 

error was harmless because Bird testified to nearly the same information as Mother—

that defendant threatened to kill the victim by shooting the victim in the face.

If the jury found Bird was an accomplice, then the issue is more complicated

because there is a lack of corroboration for Bird’s testimony that it was defendant who 

shot the victim. Okoro placed defendant in the car with a gun, but that testimony only 
24

corroborates the circumstances of the offense—not defendant’s commission of the 

offense. (§ 1111.) The threat evidence demonstrated an intent to kill that was central to 

the prosecutor’s argument, e.g., “Again, you can’t do what he did to [the victim] and 

have it be anything other than first degree murder. You can’t tell somebody that you’re 

going to shoot them in the face and then fulfill that promise and have it be anything 

other than first degree murder. There isn’t a better example of that.”

To summarize, at one end of the spectrum of possibilities, the jury may have 

concluded Bird was a bystander (not an accomplice), and in that situation, Bird’s 

testimony about defendant’s threats to the victim render harmless the alleged hearsay 

error. At the other end of the spectrum, the jury may have concluded Bird was an 

accomplice, so without Mother’s hearsay there is no corroboration for Bird’s testimony 

about defendant’s threats, which means the prosecutor should not have made the threat 

central to the theories of premeditation and defendant being the shooter. (See People v. 

Carrington (2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 193 [jury could have viewed witness as an 

accomplice or as not being an accomplice].) 

The prosecutor’s alternate basis for admission of the hearsay, i.e., the state of 

mind exception (Evid. Code, § 1250), also does not render the error harmless. If

Mother’s testimony about the victim’s out-of-court statements had been admitted to 

show the victim’s fear for purposes of the kidnapping count, the jury would have been 
25

given a limiting instruction about the statements not being admitted for their truth.5 

And, more importantly, the victim’s state of mind would not have been relevant to the 

5

 “[A] statement which does not directly declare a mental state, but is merely 

circumstantial evidence of that state of mind, is not hearsay. It is not received for the 

truth of the matter stated, but rather whether the statement is true or not, the fact such 

statement was made is relevant to a determination of the declarant’s state of mind.” 

(People v. Ortiz (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 377, 389; see also People v. Riccardi (2012) 54 

Cal.4th 758, 822-823 abrogated on other grounds by People v. Rangel (2016) 62 Cal.4th 

1192, 1216.)

“The threshold determination is whether the proffered statement is hearsay, i.e., 

whether it is being offered to prove the truth of its contents. (§ 1200.) The statement: 

‘I am afraid of John,’ is hearsay if offered to prove that the declarant fears John. If the 

declarant’s state of mind is relevant, the statement is admissible under section 1250. If 

a declarant says: ‘John is dangerous,’ the analysis becomes more difficult. If offered to 

prove John is dangerous, the statement is inadmissible hearsay. If, however, the 

statement is offered merely to prove the victim believed John to be dangerous, the 

statement is not offered for its truth (thus not hearsay) but merely as circumstantial 

evidence of the declarant’s mental state. A similar result obtains when the statement 

describes conduct which the victim believes the appellant has engaged in. Examples 

include, ‘John keeps calling my house and hanging up when I answer,’ or ‘John keeps 

driving by my house at night, but when I get to the window, he’s gone.’ The statement 

reflects a conclusion by the declarant which is manifestly unsupported by personal 

knowledge. However, if offered to prove the declarant’s state of mind, the accuracy of 

the conclusion is irrelevant. If offered to prove a fearful state of mind of the declarant, 

what is important is not whether John actually engaged in the conduct, but that declarant 

believes he did. Certainly, there remains the question whether the declarant honestly 

believes John engaged in the reported conduct. However, a jury could find the declarant 

honestly believed John had engaged in the conduct without necessarily finding that John 

had, in fact, done so. A clear limiting instruction can, in large part, dispel prejudicial 

misuse of such evidence.

“A greater difficulty arises when the statement, fully asserting personal 

knowledge as opposed to mere belief, describes a past act of the defendant. For 

instance, if a declarant says: ‘John has beaten me many times,’ the statement would be 

inadmissible to prove John committed the batteries. However, if the evidence is offered 

to prove the declarant feared John, and, as a result of this mental state would not have 

accompanied him, the statement only has the proffered evidentiary value if the declarant 

is truthful when describing the event. If the statement is a lie, it cannot constitute 

circumstantial evidence of fear. In this situation, it is more difficult to fashion, and 

more demanding to expect the jury will follow, a limiting instruction. The jury can only 

[footnote continued on next page]
26

murder allegations.6 Thus, the prosecutor’s alternate basis for admission, i.e., the state 

of mind exception, does not solve the lack of corroboration for Bird’s testimony about 

the threat and the threat being central to the prosecutor’s argument as to why (1) the 

murder was premeditated, and (2) it was defendant, not Bird, who shot the victim. 

legitimately conclude the declarant feared John if the statement is truthful. However, 

the jury would have been instructed not to consider the statement itself as true, because 

it is not admitted for its truth, but only as circumstantial evidence of state of mind. The 

difficulty is compounded the more inflammatory the prior conduct.” (Ortiz, at pp. 389-

390; see also People v. Riccardi, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 822-823.)

Mother testified that the victim said Mother “need[ed] to come and pick her up, 

that [defendant] said he was going to shoot her in the face,” and the victim said, 

“ ‘Okay, but I’m dead,’. . . .” None of the victim’s statements needed to be true for 

purposes of proving the victim’s fear/state of mind. For example, if the victim misheard 

defendant, such that the victim was wrong about defendant threatening her, that would 

not matter because the point is that the victim believed defendant threatened her. Thus, 

for purposes of proving the victim’s state of mind, the victim’s out-of-court statements 

are not hearsay because they did not need to be offered for the truth of the matters 

asserted. 

6

 Our Supreme Court has “made clear, ‘a victim’s out-of-court statements of fear 

of an accused are admissible under [Evidence Code] section 1250 [(the state of mind 

exception)] only when the victim’s conduct in conformity with that fear is in dispute. 

Absent such dispute, the statements are irrelevant. [Citations.]’ ” In other words, 

evidence of a victim’s state of mind is “not admissible to prove the defendant’s conduct 

or motive (state of mind).” (People v. Ruiz, supra, 44 Cal.3d at p. 609.) So, for stateof-mind evidence to be relevant there must be a dispute regarding the victim’s conduct. 

(Ruiz, at p. 608.) For example, “[w]here a defendant has claimed that a victim engaged 

in certain conduct which led to an accidental or justifiable homicide, then hearsay 

evidence of the victim’s state of mind has been held admissible where such evidence 

tended to negate the claimed conduct of the victim.” (People v. Arcega (1982) 32 

Cal.3d 504, 527.)

In this case, there was no dispute regarding the victim’s conduct as it related to 

the murder charge. Rather, defendant argued his own intoxication as a defense to the 

murder charge. Thus, evidence of the victim’s state of mind had no purpose in relation 

to the murder allegations “other than as proof that those fears were justified, and that 

defendant in fact killed [her].” (People v. Ruiz, supra, 44 Cal.3d at p. 608.) In sum, the 

victim’s fear was irrelevant to the murder charge. 
27

The People assert the trial court’s error was harmless because the victim’s out-ofcourt statements were “a minor element in the case” and it was “undisputed . . . that [the 

victim] was scared of [defendant].” The victim’s out-of-court statements were used to 

prove (1) premeditation, and (2) that defendant (not Bird) was the shooter. Further, the 

victim’s fear was not relevant to the murder charge. To the extent the People are 

focused on the fear element of the kidnapping charge, the prosecutor did not limit use of 

the evidence to the kidnapping charge. Therefore, we are not persuaded by the People’s 

harmless error argument. 

With this appellate record, we cannot determine whether the jury saw Bird as a 

bystander or an accomplice. It is defendant who bears the burden of demonstrating 

prejudice. (People v. Nero (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 504, 510, fn. 11.) On this record, 

prejudice has not been demonstrated because the jury may have viewed Bird as a 

bystander, in which case his testimony did not require corroboration, and in that case,

Bird’s statements about defendant’s threats would render the trial court’s alleged 

hearsay error harmless. In sum, we conclude the trial court did not err, but if it had 

erred then prejudice has not been demonstrated. 

c. Due Process

Defendant asserts Mother’s testimony about the victim’s out-of-court statements 

violated defendant’s right of due process because he could not cross-examine the victim 

and the jurors’ emotions could have been inflamed by the evidence. “[T]he admission of 

evidence, even if erroneous under state law, results in a due process violation only if it 

makes the trial fundamentally unfair.” (People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 439.) 
28

We have concluded the trial court did not err by admitting the hearsay statements. 

Therefore, we conclude defendant’s right of due process was not violated by the 

admission. 

B. UNCHARGED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In motions in limine, defendant moved to exclude evidence of uncharged acts of 

domestic violence. Defendant asserted his domestic violence against C.R. occurred in 

2005, which was more than 10 years prior to the alleged witness intimidation of C.R. 

Defendant argued that because the uncharged domestic violence was more than 10 years 

old, it was inadmissible unless admitted in the interests of justice. (Evid. Code, § 1109, 

subd. (e).) In the written motion, defendant did not make an offer of proof regarding 

what C.R. might testify to concerning the charged threat involving C.R.

In the prosecutor’s trial brief, there was also no offer of proof regarding C.R.’s 

testimony about the charged threat involving C.R. In court, the prosecutor argued the 

prior domestic violence against C.R. was relevant to C.R.’s state of mind in regard to 

the witness intimidation charge. The prosecutor said, “I don’t have the specific 

language of [defendant’s threat to C.R.] in front of me. I know that it’s not as specific 

as ‘I’m going to kill you,’ but it’s essentially a statement which tells her that it’s going 

to be bad for her.” Defense counsel said defendant threatened C.R. by saying “ ‘It’s 

going to turn out bad.’ ” 

The trial court said, “I tend to think it has relevance even though it’s past the ten 

years because it is the same victim.” Defense counsel asserted the uncharged domestic 
29

violence evidence would be prejudicial in relation to the murder charge. Defense 

counsel contended the jury might convict defendant of murder due to “his nature, that 

he’s basically a bad person.” 

The trial court said, “Over the defense’s objection, the Court finds there are valid 

reasons under [Evidence Code section] 352 and in the furtherance and in the interest of 

justice to allow in the prior conviction from what would actually be . . . 12 years prior.” 

During defendant’s trial in the instant case, the prosecutor asked C.R. about prior 

domestic violence by defendant in 2005. C.R. did not recall any such incidents. The 

prosecutor asked if defendant punched C.R.’s face; if defendant brandished a knife; if 

defendant slammed C.R.’s head into a wall; and if defendant said to C.R., “ ‘I’m about 

two seconds from killing you.’ ” C.R. said she did not recall. 

The prosecutor asked if it would refresh C.R.’s recollection if she read a 2005 

police report. C.R. said she had poor eyesight and could not read. Defense counsel 

asked if it would help if the police report were read to C.R. C.R. said it would not assist 

her poor memory. C.R. was crying by the end of the prosecutor’s direct examination. 

The trial court took judicial notice of defendant’s August 15, 2005, guilty plea to a 

charge of domestic violence (§ 273.5), in which C.R. was the victim.

In regard to the charged threat involving C.R., which occurred in 2017, C.R.

testified that defendant argued with A.R. at the convenience store and then A.R. said, 

“ ‘You know what? Just come by for a beer, and we’ll talk about it.’ ” C.R. did not 

recall telling the store clerk to call the police, nor did she recall defendant threatening 

her in response to her request that the police be summoned.
30

Banning Police Officer Jimenez testified that C.R. came to the Banning Police 

Department in April 2017 to report criminal threats that defendant made at a 

convenience store. Jimenez testified that C.R. stated defendant said “he was gonna 

break her of that habit [of calling the police] and if she called the police, that he was 

going to kill her.” Jimenez said C.R. began crying while making the report. 

During closing argument, the prosecutor said, “What did we learn? [Defendant] 

is an abuser of women, someone who abused and threatened to kill his own family, his 

own live-in girlfriend.” The prosecutor further argued, “[C.R.] pretends that she doesn’t 

remember anything about the prior incident or about the most recent threats. You know 

it’s a lie, because there would be no forgetting that.” 

2. ANALYSIS

a. Error Under State Law

Defendant asserts the trial court erred by admitting evidence of defendant’s prior 

uncharged acts of domestic violence. (Evid. Code, § 1109.) 

We apply the abuse of discretion standard of review. (People v. Johnson (2010) 

185 Cal.App.4th 520, 539.) “Evidence of [uncharged] acts [of domestic violence] 

occurring more than 10 years before the charged offense is inadmissible under this 

section, unless the court determines that the admission of this evidence is in the interest 

of justice.” (Evid. Code, § 1109, subd. (e).) Thus, evidence of uncharged domestic 

violence that is more than 10 years old is presumed inadmissible. (Johnson, at p. 539.) 

Due to that presumed inadmissibility, “some greater justification for admissibility is 

necessary under [Evidence Code section 1109,] subdivision (e) than under [Evidence 
31

Code] section 352. . . . By including a specific ‘interest of justice’ requirement under 

subdivision (e), the Legislature must have intended to require a more rigorous standard 

of admissibility for remote priors.” (Ibid.) 

“To the extent a higher degree of scrutiny is called for, it is the conclusion drawn 

from the balancing test, not the process itself, that must change under subdivision (e). 

Under [Evidence Code section 1109, subdivision,] (a)(1) and [Evidence Code] section 

352, evidence may be excluded only where its probative value is ‘substantially 

outweighed’ by its prejudicial effect. Though it reversed the presumption in subdivision 

(e), we believe the Legislature intended to allow admission of evidence whose probative 

value weighs more heavily on those same scales.” (People v. Johnson, supra, 185 

Cal.App.4th at p. 539.)

The trial court ruled on the admissibility of the domestic violence evidence prior 

to trial. However, C.R.’s recantation of the witness intimidation events during trial 

caused the probative value of the uncharged domestic violence evidence to greatly 

increase because that evidence offered insight into what may have been the reason for 

C.R. recanting. (See generally People v. Morris (1991) 53 Cal.3d 152, 189-190 

[“Events in the trial may change the context in which the evidence is offered”], 

disapproved on other grounds in People v. Stansbury (1995) 9 Cal.4th 824, 830, fn. 1; 

contra, People v. Hendrix (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 216, 243 [“In assessing the trial 

court’s evidentiary ruling, we must consider the facts known to the court at the time the 

ruling was made”].) Thus, the uncharged domestic violence evidence had great 

probative value in terms of the witness intimidation charge (§ 136.1, subd. (c)(1)). 
32

We now turn to the prejudice side of the scale. “ ‘The factors affecting the 

prejudicial effect of uncharged acts include whether the uncharged acts resulted in 

criminal convictions and whether the evidence of uncharged acts is stronger or more 

inflammatory than the evidence of the charged offenses.’ ” (People v. Hollie (2010) 

180 Cal.App.4th 1262, 1274.) The jury was informed that defendant was charged and 

pled guilty in relation to the prior domestic violence, so there was no risk of the jury 

seeking to punish defendant for that prior conduct. (People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 

380, 405 [if the uncharged conduct did not result in a conviction, then “the jury might 

have been inclined to punish defendant for the uncharged offenses”].)

The uncharged act evidence was not more inflammatory than the charged 

conduct in the witness intimidation count. In the witness intimidation count, the 

charged conduct involved defendant threatening to kill C.R.7 The uncharged conduct 

lacked clarity in terms of what violence defendant inflicted. Officer Jimenez testified 

that “[C.R.] said she was scared of him because in the past he abused her. He mentally 

and physically hurt her, and she basically described him as a man of his word. So if he 

told her he was going to beat her, then that’s what he did.” C.R. denied past physical 

7

 When the trial court ruled on the motion in limine, the offer of proof as to 

defendant intimidating C.R. was that defendant said “ ‘It’s going to turn out bad.’ ” 

However, during trial, the evidence was that defendant said “he was going to kill her.” 

We evaluate the admissibility of the uncharged act evidence in the context of the actual 

trial evidence, rather than the pretrial offer of proof. (See generally People v. Morris,

supra, 53 Cal.3d at pp. 189-190 [events during trial may impact the ruling on a motion 

in limine such that an objection should be renewed during trial]; contra, People v. 

Hendrix, supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 243 [“In assessing the trial court’s evidentiary 

ruling, we must consider the facts known to the court at the time the ruling was made”].)
33

abuse by defendant, so the precise manner of defendant’s physical violence was unclear. 

Thus, the charged conduct involved a specific threat to kill, while the uncharged 

conduct involved a vague infliction of violence, e.g., “He mentally and physically hurt 

her.” Given the lack of clarity concerning the past conduct, it was not more 

inflammatory than the charged conduct. 

Defendant contends the uncharged domestic violence evidence was prejudicial 

due to the risk that the jury would misuse it in deciding the murder charge. Defendant 

points to the prosecutor’s argument, in which the prosecutor misused the evidence in 

arguing in favor of a murder conviction. Drawing a character distinction between 

defendant and Bird, the prosecutor argued that defendant “is an abuser of women” while 

Bird is merely “an old white guy” and “a small, disabled 63-year-old retired State Bros. 

clerk, who . . . gets taken advantage of, gets pushed around.” 

When instructing the jury concerning the uncharged domestic violence evidence, 

the trial court explained, “If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged 

domestic violence, you may, but are not required to, conclude from that evidence that 

the defendant was disposed or inclined to commit domestic violence, and based on that 

decision, also conclude that the defendant was likely to commit and did commit 

intimidating a witness as charged in Count 8. If you conclude that the defendant 

committed the uncharged domestic violence, that conclusion is only one factor to 

consider along with all the other evidence. It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the 

defendant is guilty of intimidating a witness as charged in Count 8. The People must 
34

still prove each charge beyond a reasonable doubt. [¶] Do not consider this evidence 

for any other purpose.” (CALCRIM No. 852A.) 

We must presume that the jury followed the instruction and did not use the 

uncharged domestic violence evidence when deciding the murder charge. (People v. 

Williams (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1157, 1171; People v. Lopez (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 

505, 525.) Therefore, the uncharged domestic violence evidence would not have had a 

prejudicial impact on the murder charge, despite the prosecutor’s argument. 

In sum, the uncharged domestic violence evidence was probative as to the 

witness intimidation charge because it provided a possible reason for C.R. recanting the 

events pertaining to that charge. The uncharged act evidence was not more 

inflammatory than the charged conduct, and the jury was instructed to not use the 

evidence for any charge other than the witness intimidation charge. Therefore, it was 

within the bounds of reason for the trial court to admit the evidence under the higher 

“interests of justice” standard. We conclude the trial court did not err. 

b. Harmless Error

Despite our conclusion that the trial court did not err, we examine whether it is 

reasonably probable the result would have been more favorable to defendant had the 

uncharged domestic violence evidence been excluded. (People v. Disa (2016) 1 

Cal.App.5th 654, 675.) Although the jury was instructed to limit its use of the 

uncharged act evidence to the witness intimidation charge, we will not limit our 

harmless error analysis to the witness intimidation count due to the prosecutor utilizing 
35

the uncharged domestic violence evidence when arguing in favor of guilt on the murder 

count.

The alleged error in admitting the uncharged domestic violence evidence was not 

prejudicial. The evidence that defendant premeditated the murder and killed the victim 

is: defendant was in the car with Bird and the victim; defendant was angry about the 

money; defendant threatened to kill Bird over the money; defendant held Bird at 

gunpoint due to the money; defendant threatened to kill the victim over the money;

defendant shot the victim’s foot; Bird said defendant held the gun pointed at the victim 

during the car ride; Bird said defendant shot the victim; defendant had knowledge of 

where the gun went after the shooting; and defendant fled from police. 

One key piece of evidence, which the prosecutor repeatedly turned to during 

closing argument, was defendant’s threat to kill the victim. Defendant’s threat to kill 

the victim indicates that he premediated the murder and that he was the shooter because 

it demonstrates that he thought about killing the victim due to the money. The 

uncharged domestic violence evidence bolsters the evidence that defendant threatened 

the victim, but if it had been excluded, it is not reasonably probable that the result would 

have been different.

If the evidence of the 2005 domestic violence had been excluded, the jury still 

would have heard evidence of defendant threatening the victim, Bird, Okoro, A.R., and 

C.R. This is not a case in which the jury was limited to evidence of isolated acts against 

a single victim, such that, if the uncharged act evidence had been excluded, then the jury

would have been ignorant of other bad acts by defendant. This jury was given evidence 
36

of defendant threatening a variety of people over a period of time. The evidence of 

defendant threatening Bird, Okoro, A.R., and C.R. also bolstered the evidence that 

defendant threatened the victim. Thus, if the evidence of the uncharged domestic 

violence had been excluded, it is not reasonably probable that defendant would have 

obtained a more favorable result on the murder charge.

In regard to the witness intimidation count pertaining to C.R., the alleged error 

was harmless as to that count as well. Officer Jimenez’s testimony that C.R. was in the 

police station crying as she reported defendant’s threat to her and the separate threat to 

A.R., combined with the evidence that defendant threatened Bird, Okoro, and the victim 

on separate occasions, causes us to conclude that even if the uncharged domestic 

violence evidence had been excluded, it is not reasonably probable that defendant would 

have obtained a more favorable result absent the error.

Another issue to address in regard to prejudice is the use of the uncharged act 

evidence in inflaming the jury. In this case, there was a great deal of argument about 

defendant’s character, e.g., that defendant “is an abuser of women.” In regard to the 

issue of inflaming the jury, the uncharged domestic violence evidence was just one 

thread in that tangle. If the uncharged domestic violence evidence had been excluded, 

there would, for example, still be the implication that defendant was responsible for 

Okoro being beaten after the preliminary hearing and that defendant threatened A.R. 

Given the tangle of uncharged acts and words of violence attributed to defendant, we 

cannot conclude that it is reasonably probable a different result would have occurred if 

the uncharged domestic violence evidence had been excluded.
37

c. Due Process

Defendant contends his due process right to a fair trial was violated by the 

admission of the uncharged domestic violence evidence combined with the prosecutor’s 

closing argument. “[T]he admission of evidence, even if erroneous under state law, 

results in a due process violation only if it makes the trial fundamentally unfair.” 

(People v. Partida, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 439.)

The uncharged domestic violence evidence was not a particularly significant

aspect of the case such that the admission of the uncharged act evidence combined with 

the prosecutor’s closing argument would result in defendant being denied his right to a 

fair trial. The evidence was not particularly significant because (1) to the extent it 

bolstered the evidence that defendant threatened the victim, there was evidence of 

defendant threatening several other people, which lessened the significance of the 

uncharged domestic violence evidence; and (2) to the extent the uncharged domestic 

violence evidence inflamed the jury, there was other evidence of unobjected to 

uncharged conduct that would have similarly inflamed the jury, e.g., the implication that 

defendant caused Okoro to be beaten in jail after Okoro testified.

C. CALCRIM No. 3515

1. FORM INSTRUCTION

The form CALCRIM No. 3515 provides, “Each of the counts charged in this 

case is a separate crime [except for Counts ______, which are charged as alternative 

offenses]. You must consider each count separately and return a separate verdict for 
38

each one [except for Counts ______, which are for lesser included offenses and will be 

addressed in other instructions].”

2. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant and the People requested the jury be instructed with CALCRIM No. 

3515. At the start of the discussion of jury instructions, the trial court said, “I’ll go 

through the instructions one by one. If we need to talk about it, we’ll stop and do it 

then.” The trial court proceeded to go through the jury instructions that had been 

requested by the parties. At one point, the trial court said, “3515, separate offenses.” 

No one objected, and the trial court proceeded to the next instruction. When the trial 

court instructed the jury, it omitted CALCRIM No. 3515. Neither defendant nor the 

People raised the issue of the omitted instruction in the trial court.

3. ANALYSIS

Defendant contends the trial court erred by omitting the jury instruction 

regarding each count being separately considered. (CALCRIM No. 3515.) The People 

concede the trial court erred but assert the error was harmless. 

The bench notes for CALCRIM No. 3515 provide that a trial court should give 

the instruction on request if there are separate offenses and multiple counts. Because 

both parties requested the instruction and the trial court gave the impression it would 

include the instruction, the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on considering 

the counts separately. 

We now consider whether the trial court’s error was prejudicial. If the 

instruction had been given, the instruction “would not have instructed the jury ‘to 
39

disregard its finding on the facts as regards any count in determining any other count in 

which those facts are relevant.’ ” (People v. Beagle (1972) 6 Cal.3d 441, 456, 

abrogated on another point in People v. Diaz (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1176, 1190.) Thus, a 

“jury is free to apply its factual findings on one count in deciding any other count to 

which those facts are relevant. [Citation.] However, while the jury is free to apply 

relevant factual findings across counts, it is admonished that it must return a separate 

verdict on each count. [Citation.] In other words, the jury may not simply conclude 

that because it found the defendant guilty of one count, he must be guilty of the others.” 

(People v. Villatoro (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1152, 1170 (conc. opn. of Corrigan, J.).)

There is no indication in this case the jury was under the impression that guilt on 

one count meant defendant was guilty on all counts. For example, the record does not 

include a question from the jury expressing confusion as to how many verdict forms the 

jury needed to complete. Accordingly, defendant has not demonstrated that the error 

was prejudicial. 

Defendant contends the failure to give the instruction to the jury rises to the level 

of a due process violation. We are not persuaded that the error was so great that it 

violated due process. 

D. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The prosecutor’s closing argument included the following passages:

• “[Defendant] is an abuser of women.”
40

• “What did he teach his family? That he was a man of his word, that if he said he 

was going to kill you, he would; that if he said he was going to beat you up, he would.”

• “Is it just who he is? Is it just the things he chooses to do because he revels in 

striking fear into people’s hearts?” 

• “[Defendant] was the one [the victim] was scared of.”

• When referring to Bird, the prosecutor described Bird as “an old white guy”8 and 

“a small, disabled 63-year-old retired Stater Bros. clerk” who “gets pushed around.”

• “The defendant is a large, powerful, much larger man, armed with a firearm and 

a fearsome reputation.”

• “It’s a rare circumstance when a witness is there to watch it, and you have it, an 

eyewitness to a homicide.”

• When discussing Okoro giving defendant $40, the prosecutor said, “Now, I’ve 

never been to Nigeria, but I did grow up in a third world country. And the reality is that 

paying ransom is sometimes what you do to survive.”

• When discussing Mother, the prosecutor said, “Think about the cross the 

defendant has made her bear for the rest of her life. The defendant didn’t just take her 

daughter. The defendant gave her something much worse. She has to walk around with 

that phone call for the rest of her life knowing that her daughter called for help, and she 

couldn’t help.” 

8

 Because the prosecutor mentioned Bird’s race, we note that defendant is Black.
41

• The prosecutor said Mother is “an honorable woman” who “never embellished or 

made things up.”

• The prosecutor repeatedly characterized defendant’s statement to the police as 

“defendant’s confession.”

• “When things happen like this in our community, when people like [defendant] 

viciously rip a woman from her home and force in her in [sic] the car and shoots her and 

leaves her on the side of the road like that, there are limits to what the law enforcement 

community can do. The police officers can go out there and investigate. They can 

arrest people and detain them and question them. They can hold them. And the D.A.’s 

office, they can raise criminal charges and collect evidence and present it. [¶] The 

Court can hold the trial. But only you, the people who voluntarily chose to give up their 

own time, weeks of their lives, who sacrificed to be here every day in order to be able to 

make this decision, you are the only ones capable of delivering justice for [the victim].” 

2. ANALYSIS

a. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Defendant asserts the prosecutor committed misconduct by (1) appealing to the 

jurors’ emotions by attacking defendant’s character, eliciting sympathy for Mother, and 

telling the jurors that only they could provide justice for the victim; (2) arguing facts not 

in evidence by using defendant’s prior domestic violence conviction beyond the limited 

purpose of proving the witness intimidation count involving C.R., i.e., using it to prove 

the murder, by explaining the prosecutor’s experience that ransoms are paid in third 

world countries, and by telling the jury that it is rare to have an eyewitness to a 
42

homicide; and (3) improperly vouching for the credibility of witnesses and the strength 

of the case by calling Mother an honorable woman, explaining that it is common in third 

world countries for ransoms to be paid, and suggesting the evidence is stronger in this 

case because there was an eyewitness to the killing.

“It is well settled that making a timely and specific objection at trial, and 

requesting the jury be admonished (if jury is not waived), is a necessary prerequisite to 

preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct for appeal. [Citations.] ‘The primary 

purpose of the requirement that a defendant object at trial to argument constituting 

prosecutorial misconduct is to give the trial court an opportunity, through admonition of 

the jury, to correct any error and mitigate any prejudice.’ ” (People v. Seumanu (2015) 

61 Cal.4th 1293, 1328 (Seumanu).) And, it might be added, to prevent further 

misconduct of the same nature.

As defendant concedes, he did not raise an objection based upon prosecutorial 

misconduct. However, defendant contends an objection would have been futile in that 

admonitions could not have cured the severe harm caused by the prosecutor’s argument. 

“ ‘A defendant will be excused from the necessity of either a timely objection 

and/or a request for admonition if either would be futile. [Citations.] In addition, 

failure to request the jury be admonished does not forfeit the issue for appeal if “ ‘an 

admonition would not have cured the harm caused by the misconduct.’ ” ’ ” (People v. 

Seumanu, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1328.)

We could perhaps understand the futility in failing to object to each objectionable 

instance within the prosecutor’s closing argument. In some instances, such as the 
43

propensity argument, there was a series of brief comments that one might not view as 

objectionable until aggregated together, and therefore it would have been futile to object 

to the individual segments of the argument. However, one would have expected 

defense counsel to object and seek an admonition at the end of the prosecutor’s closing 

argument. Defense counsel reasonably could have requested an admonition or limiting 

instruction regarding the propensity evidence, the misuse of the prior domestic violence 

evidence, the inclusion of facts that were not in the record, the appeal to sympathy, and 

the vouching for Mother’s credibility. 

Defendant contends an admonition would not have cured those errors, but we 

disagree. It could have been quite effective to have the judge tell the jury to disregard 

parts of the prosecutor’s argument, inform the jury of the limits on how the evidence 

could be used, and remind the jurors of their proper role in evaluating the evidence. 

Accordingly, because it would not have been futile to request an admonition, we 

conclude the issue has been forfeited. 

Defendant asserts that if the issue has been forfeited then this court should 

choose to overlook the forfeiture and address the merits of the issue. (See Seumanu, 

supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1329.) We decline to address the merits of this forfeited issue 

because the forfeiture doctrine has an important purpose. Defendants need to raise the 

issue of prosecutorial misconduct in the trial courts where the problem can be remedied 

in a far more efficient manner than at the courts of appeal.
44

b. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Defendant contends that if he failed to preserve the prosecutorial misconduct 

issue for appellate review, then his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. 

Defendant contends there could be no satisfactory explanation for counsel’s failure to 

object to the prosecutor’s misconduct.

“When examining an ineffective assistance claim, a reviewing court defers to 

counsel’s reasonable tactical decisions, and there is a presumption counsel acted within 

the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. It is particularly difficult to 

prevail on an appellate claim of ineffective assistance. On direct appeal, a conviction 

will be reversed for ineffective assistance only if (1) the record affirmatively discloses 

counsel had no rational tactical purpose for the challenged act or omission, (2) counsel 

was asked for a reason and failed to provide one, or (3) there simply could be no 

satisfactory explanation.” (People v. Mai (2013) 57 Cal.4th 986, 1009.)

In the prosecutor’s attempt to paint defendant as the shooter and Bird as a 

bystander rather than an accomplice, the prosecutor resorted to shocking arguments 

concerning reputation and race. For example, the prosecutor described defendant, who 

is Black, as having “a fearsome reputation,” while he described Bird as “an old white 

guy.” The prosecutor also misused the prior domestic violence evidence to argue 

defendant’s guilt on the murder count. 

Defense counsel was aware of such potential problems in the case. During 

motions in limine, when arguing that the uncharged domestic violence evidence should 

be excluded, defense counsel said, “[T]hey might not convict him because he committed 
45

the 187 offense, but they’re saying how—his nature, that he’s basically a bad person.” 

Because defense counsel was well aware of this issue from the start of the case, there 

may have been a reason for counsel’s lack of an objection. Perhaps defense counsel 

thought that the worse the prosecutor portrayed defendant, the more likely it would be 

that the jury would conclude defendant was a drug addict who was intoxicated at the 

time of the killing. We cannot know why counsel failed to object to the prosecutor’s 

remarks, but, on this record, it is possible that there could be a satisfactory explanation

for the lack of an objection.

The same conclusion holds for the appeal to sympathy. Perhaps defense counsel 

believed that an admonition about disregarding sympathy for Mother would simply 

draw more attention to the issue and make Mother appear more sympathetic so it was 

best to avoid raising that issue again. 

As to arguing facts that were not in the record and vouching for witnesses’ 

credibility, defense counsel may have concluded that drawing more attention to the 

testimonies of Okoro and Mother was not a good strategy because the jury might view 

them as sympathetic witnesses. During defense counsel’s closing argument, he urged 

the jury to discount Okoro’s and Mother’s testimonies because they were not present for 

the shooting. Defense counsel argued, “There is only one story to be told, actually two, 

as to what occurred in that car. That would be [defendant] and Mr. Bird. [¶] So there 

is only two people. [Mother] wasn’t there. Mr. Okoro wasn’t in the car at the time the 

shots were fired.” Thus, defense counsel may have believed drawing the jury’s 

attention back to those witnesses would be a poor choice. In regard to asking the jury to 
46

provide the victim with justice and asserting the case was strong because there was an 

eyewitness, defense counsel again may have felt that it was best not to remind the jurors 

of those topics by raising them again through an admonition. 

When all the issues with the prosecutor’s argument are bundled together, it is 

possible that defense counsel thought his closing argument would be sufficient to 

counteract the prosecutor’s points. Defense counsel argued to the jury that there were 

only three people in the car when the victim was killed, so Mother’s and Okoro’s 

testimonies had little to do with the murder finding. Defense counsel could have 

believed that reminding the jury of the actual issues in the case was a better path than 

having the prosecutor’s points raised again through admonitions.

In sum, we cannot conclude that there could be no satisfactory explanation for 

defense counsel’s failure to object. Further, the record does not affirmatively disclose 

that counsel lacked a rational tactical purpose for failing to object, and defense counsel 

was not asked why he failed to object. Therefore, we cannot find ineffective assistance 

of counsel on this record.9

E. CUMULATIVE ERROR

Defendant contends cumulative prejudice requires reversal. “[A] series of trial 

errors, though independently harmless, may in some circumstances rise by accretion to 

the level of reversible and prejudicial error.” (People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 

844-845.) In this case, the trial court erred by omitting the jury instruction about 

9

 Our conclusion should not dissuade defendant from bringing a writ based upon 

ineffective assistance of counsel if defendant has further evidence to add on the subject. 
47

considering the offenses separately, and we concluded that error was harmless. Because 

there was only one error, there are not errors to aggregate.

F. PRIOR STRIKES

1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant admitted suffering two prior strike convictions. (§§ 667, subds. (c) &

(e)(2)(A), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(A).) The first strike was an assault with a semiautomatic firearm (§ 245, subd. (b)) conviction in October 2010. The second strike was 

a first-degree burglary (§ 459) conviction in August 2015. 

Defendant moved for dismissal of the strikes. The motion provided an overview 

of defendant’s life. Defendant’s father (Father) physically and verbally abused 

defendant’s mother. Defendant witnessed the abuse. Father was verbally abusive 

toward defendant. In 1990, defendant was involved with a gang, and he discharged a 

firearm in a park. Defendant served 18 months in juvenile hall. Later, defendant sold 

marijuana and served nine years in prison. While in prison, defendant “was diagnosed 

as bipolar and schizophrenic and was prescribed medication.” After being released 

from prison, defendant began abusing methamphetamine. Defendant stopped taking his 

prescribed medications because they made him drowsy. In 2016 or 2017, defendant 

participated in a three-month drug rehabilitation program. In his motion, defendant 

asserted the California and federal constitutions prohibit sentences that are grossly 

disproportionate to the crimes committed.

In discussing defendant’s motion, the trial court found that defendant’s crimes in 

the instant case were serious and violent crimes. The trial court found that defendant’s 
48

prior strikes were also serious, in that they showed defendant used a firearm and 

invaded someone’s home. The trial court found defendant has a history of violence, 

using weapons, and being imprisoned. The trial court found defendant has made little 

effort to change his life in a positive way. The trial court noted that defendant has a 

history of mental illness, which was one factor in defendant’s favor. 

2. ANALYSIS

Defendant asserts the trial court erred by not dismissing the prior strikes. 

“[A] trial court may strike or vacate an allegation or finding under the Three 

Strikes law that a defendant has previously been convicted of a serious and/or violent 

felony . . . ‘in furtherance of justice’ pursuant to Penal Code section 1385(a).” (People 

v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 158.) “In making its decision, the court must 

consider both the constitutional rights of the defendant and the interests of society 

represented by the People. [Citation.] ‘[I]n ruling whether to strike or vacate a prior 

serious and/or violent felony conviction allegation . . . the court in question must 

consider whether, in light of the nature and circumstances of his present felonies and 

prior serious and/or violent felony convictions, and the particulars of his background, 

character, and prospects, the defendant may be deemed outside the scheme’s spirit, in 

whole or in part, and hence should be treated as though he had not previously been 

convicted of one or more serious and/or violent felonies.’ ” (People v. Thimmes (2006) 

138 Cal.App.4th 1207, 1213.) We apply the abuse of discretion standard of review. 

(People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 376.)
49

The trial court weighed various factors including defendant’s current crimes, 

defendant’s past crimes, defendant’s history of incarceration, defendant’s history of 

trying to improve his life, and defendant’s mental illness. The trial court reasonably 

concluded that only the mental illness factor weighed in defendant’s favor. Therefore, it 

was within the bounds of reason to conclude that the interests of justice would not be 

served by dismissing defendant’s prior strikes. We conclude the trial court did not err.

G. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

Defendant asserts the trial court’s denial of his motion to dismiss his strikes

resulted in a sentence of 75 years to life10 which is a cruel and unusual punishment 

given defendant’s mental illnesses and childhood trauma. 

There are three factors to consider when determining whether a punishment is 

cruel and usual: (1) “ ‘the nature of the offense and/or the offender’ ”; (2) how the 

punishment compares to punishments imposed in the same jurisdiction for more serious 

offenses; and (3) how the punishment compares to the punishment imposed for the same 

offense in other jurisdictions. (People v. Martinez (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 1502, 1510; 

see also Harmelin v. Michigan (1991) 501 U.S. 957, 1004-1005 (conc. opn. of Kennedy, 

J.).)

In the trial court, defendant failed to provide information about the punishments 

for more serious offenses within California and the punishments for the same offenses 

10

 We read the record as the indeterminate portion of defendant’s sentence being 

110 years to life.
50

in other jurisdictions. As a result, we lack the information required to conduct the 

comparative analyses. 

To the extent the analysis could be based solely upon the nature of the offense 

and/or defendant’s nature, we do not find a constitutional violation. (See Harmelin v. 

Michigan, supra, 501 U.S. at p. 1004 (conc. opn. of Kennedy, J.) [“one factor may be 

sufficient to determine the constitutionality of a particular sentence”].) The information 

about defendant’s diagnosis came from the public defender’s investigator’s written 

report of what defendant’s mother said about the diagnosis someone gave defendant 

while he was in prison in the 1990s. It is unclear who diagnosed defendant, from whom 

defendant’s mother heard of the diagnosis, and the severity of the illnesses. In other 

words, the mental illness evidence is multiple level hearsay and lacks details. Further, 

there is not a more recent diagnosis or update on how defendant’s illnesses have 

progressed in the past 25 years. Due to the lack of information about defendant’s 

mental illness, we cannot conclude the punishment is cruel and unusual.

Defendant asserts his LWOP sentence is cruel and unusual because he is 

mentally ill. As explained ante, we lack the information required for the comparative 

analyses, and the information about defendant’s mental illness diagnosis is 

approximately 25 years old, multiple level hearsay, and lacks details about the severity 

of the illnesses. Therefore, it has not been demonstrated that the LWOP sentence is 

cruel and unusual.
51

H. FIREARM ENHANCEMENT

1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel moved the trial court to dismiss the 

firearm enhancements for Counts 1 through 4 in the interests of justice (§ 1385), or, 

alternatively, to stay the punishments. The People opposed the motion. The trial court 

denied the motion. The trial court explained, “The use of the firearm in this case—the 

discharge was not simply a discharge into the air or over the head, but someone died 

from the defendant’s use of that firearm. The [L]egislature and the people have spoken 

clearly that there should be enhanced punishments for people who use firearms which 

cause the death of other individuals. And the court does not see those laws as 

unreasonable and declines to exercise its discretion and dismiss or stay those crimes.”

2. ANALYSIS

Defendant asserts the firearm enhancement for Count 1, which has a sentence of 

25 years to life (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), should have been dismissed because defendant 

is mentally ill and needs treatment, not a life sentence. We apply the abuse of discretion 

standard of review to the trial court’s decision that it was not in the interests of justice to 

dismiss the firearm enhancement. (People v. Pearson (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 112, 116.) 

As explained ante, the information about defendant’s mental illness diagnosis is 

multiple level hearsay, the diagnosis information is approximately 25 years old, there is 

no updated medical information about his mental illness, and there is a lack of details 

about the severity of the illness. Due to the lack of information about defendant’s 
52

mental illness, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

defendant’s motion.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

MILLER

Acting P. J.

We concur:

FIELDS

J.

RAPHAEL

J.