NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING 

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED 

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL 

OF FLORIDA 

SECOND DISTRICT 

TJADA T. SMITH, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant, ) 

 ) 

v. ) Case Nos. 2D12-5937 

 ) 2D12-6016 

STATE OF FLORIDA, ) 

 ) CONSOLIDATED 

 Appellee. ) 

 ) 

Opinion filed August 8, 2014. 

Appeal from the Circuit Court for 

Hillsborough County; Martha J. Cook, 

Judge. 

Howard L. Dimmig, II, Public Defender, 

and Timothy J. Ferreri, Assistant Public 

Defender, Bartow, for Appellant. 

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and Christina Zuccaro, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for 

Appellee. 

ALTENBERND, Judge. 

 In this consolidated appeal, Tjada T. Smith appeals adjudications of guilt 

for contempt of court and the sentences imposed thereon in two cases. The State 

concedes reversible error as to one of the two cases. We reverse the adjudications of 
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guilt and sentences in both cases due to fundamental error that occurred as a result of a 

legally deficient order to show cause in this indirect criminal contempt proceeding. 

 Apparently, Ms. Smith reported to law enforcement that she was the victim 

of one or more offenses allegedly committed by a Mr. Brown, which resulted in the State 

filing charges against him in either or both trial court case numbers 12-CF-5210 and 12-

CF-5263. The trial court clerk's docketing statements for those cases reflects that the 

charge in case number 12-CF-5210 was aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and 

the charges in case number 12-CF-5263 were throwing a deadly missile at, within, or 

into a vehicle; burglary of a conveyance with assault or battery; and aggravated battery 

with a deadly weapon. Ms. Smith did not appear on September 24, 2012, the day that a 

trial was scheduled in case number 12-CF-5210 and perhaps in case number 12-CF5263. 

 The State dropped the charges in both cases. It immediately initiated 

contempt proceedings against Ms. Smith, apparently by making an oral motion for an 

order to show cause. The appellate record reveals only limited information about how 

the State presented its motion. A transcript of the proceeding or proceedings at which 

the State made its oral motion and presented its argument for the issuance of an order 

to show cause was not included in the appellate record. It appears that the State did 

not file a written motion, an affidavit, or any sort of verified pleading in support of or 

requesting the issuance of an order to show cause. Several days after the scheduled 

trial, the trial court issued a single order to show cause directed to Ms. Smith. That 

order is styled as "State of Florida [v. Brown]," case numbers 2012-CF-5210 and 2012-
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CF-5263. Significantly, the order to show cause makes no reference to "contempt." 

The body of the order states, in pertinent part: 

 THIS CAUSE coming on for approval of the Court, 

and the Court being advised by The State of Florida that the 

State's Witness, Tjada Theresa Smith, was served with a 

subpoena on August 2nd, 2012 for Jury Trial the week of 

September 24th, 2012 by CSA #3455. On the referenced 

subpoena date; September 24th, the witness failed to 

appear before this court for jury trial it is 

 ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the said Tjada 

Theresa Smith, is to appear . . . and show cause why she 

failed to appear. 

 A hearing on the order to show cause was held on November 1, 2012. 

Ms. Smith attended this hearing with her attorney. No evidence was introduced and no 

testimony was presented by either the State or Ms. Smith during the portion of the 

hearing concerning Ms. Smith's failure to appear. Ms. Smith's attorney argued that Ms. 

Smith was not served with the subpoena and thus she did not willfully and knowingly fail 

to appear. The trial court indicated that the return of service was part of the court file1

and concluded that the defense was not legally sufficient. It orally found that Ms. Smith 

"failed to appear as noticed on the date and time in question which appeared to be 

September 24, 2012 at 8:00 for a jury trial [in] the cause [Brown,] case number 12-

5210." Based on the foregoing finding, the court determined "[t]hat as a consequence 

 

 1The initial record on appeal, which included a first supplemental record, 

contained little from Mr. Brown's criminal court files. The critical subpoena and related 

return were not in the initial record. Because of this and other deficiencies in the 

appellate record, this court sua sponte ordered the record supplemented. The second 

supplemental record, which was provided in response to our order, includes copies of 

two subpoenas for deposition directed to Ms. Smith and returns of service for those 

subpoenas, but it does not include a copy of the subpoena for trial and the related 

return of service. Thus, the record contains no evidence that Ms. Smith was ever 

served with a trial subpoena. 
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she is in contempt of court." The trial court did not mention case number 12-CF-5263 in 

its oral finding, despite the fact that the prosecutor had listed the three counts in that 

case when asked by the trial court to describe the nature of the underlying charges.2 

 After the trial court determined that Ms. Smith was in contempt of court, 

the State requested that the court impose some period of jail time. The court then 

heard Ms. Smith's testimony with respect to mitigation and the sanctions to be imposed. 

It delayed sentencing to give Ms. Smith an opportunity to make arrangements for the 

care of her young children. 

 A sentencing hearing was held on November 14, 2012. At that hearing 

the prosecutor requested that Ms. Smith be sentenced to either a few days in jail or a 

short term of probation. The trial court orally pronounced that Ms. Smith was to be 

sentenced to sixty days' probation and that during her probation she was to complete a 

domestic violence course. 

 On the same day as the sentencing hearing, the trial court rendered a 

written "Judgment and Sentence" in case number 12-CF-016434 and a separate written 

"Judgment and Sentence" in case number 12-CF-016436, which were not the same 

case numbers as the case numbers for the underlying criminal charges against Mr. 

Brown. Apparently, the clerk of the trial court had created new court files with new case 

numbers for the purpose of the contempt proceedings, but the parties in this appeal 

 

 2When asked the nature of the charges, the prosecutor responded "Count 

One throwing a deadly missile within and to a vehicle. Count Two burglary of a 

conveyance with assault or battery. Count Three aggravated battery with a deadly 

weapon." These charges track those listed in the trial court clerk's docketing statement 

for case number 12-CF-5263. 
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have not explained, and the record does not reveal, the correlation of the new case 

numbers to the case numbers for the underlying charges against Mr. Brown. While both 

of these judgments listed the charges against Ms. Smith as "contempt of court," they did 

not indicate whether the trial court adjudicated Ms. Smith guilty or whether it withheld 

adjudication. Additionally, neither judgment contained "a recital of the facts constituting 

the contempt of which the defendant [had] been found and adjudicated guilty." Fla. R. 

Crim. P. 3.840(f).3 After Ms. Smith's notices of appeal were filed in each of these cases, 

the trial court rendered a separate single order of probation that adjudicated her guilty of 

"contempt of court" in the two separate cases. 

 The trial court never identified the type of contempt for which Ms. Smith 

was adjudicated guilty. However, in this district when a subpoenaed witness is not 

tardy, but actually does not appear at a court proceeding, any effort to bring the missing 

witness into court to establish that her nonappearance was an act of willful contempt 

must be addressed under the rules applicable to indirect criminal contempt. See 

Kelley v. Rice, 800 So. 2d 247, 253 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001).4 This is true because the 

 

 3Failure to comply with rule 3.840(f) is not necessarily reversible error, but, 

as this case demonstrates, it can result in a record that is confusing. See Gidden v. 

State, 613 So. 2d 457, 460 (Fla. 1993) (addressing the predecessor to rule 3.840(f), the 

court stated that "the rule's purpose is fulfilled when sufficient oral findings are made on 

the record"). 

 4But see J.D.J. v. State, 120 So. 3d 229, 230 n.1 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013) 

(opining that, absent an adequate excuse for nonappearance, a defendant's failure to 

appear may be summarily punished as direct criminal contempt and recognizing that in 

Kelley the Second District disagreed with the Fourth District's position on this point); 

Speer v. State, 742 So. 2d 373, 373 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999) (opining that the failure to 

appear in court pursuant to a court order can constitute direct criminal contempt); 

Porter v. Williams, 392 So. 2d 59, 60 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981) (same); James v. State, 385 

So. 2d 1145, 1145 (Fla. 3d DCA 1980) (explaining that an attorney's failure to appear at 

a scheduled court hearing "may be a direct criminal contempt or, if explained, may be 
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witness is not present in the courtroom to allow for a summary proceeding and the acts 

that may or may not make the nonappearance a willful contempt necessarily occurred 

outside the courtroom. 

 The State concedes that because the record does not reflect the reason 

Ms. Smith was found in contempt in one of the two cases, the "order" in the "second" 

case must be vacated. Unfortunately, on this record, it is not entirely clear which case 

number should be considered the "second" case. One difficulty in making this 

determination arises from the shift in case numbers. Another difficulty arises from the 

confusion in the record regarding which of Mr. Brown's cases was set for a trial and 

required Ms. Smith's testimony as the victim. 

 Without regard to the error that the State concedes, it is clear to us that 

the contempt proceedings were fundamentally flawed from the moment of their initiation 

by the State. Fundamental error occurred at that early stage of the proceeding with the 

issuance of a legally deficient order to show cause. See Mix v. State, 827 So. 2d 397, 

399 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002). Rule 3.840 governs the prosecution of indirect criminal 

contempt proceedings. With respect to orders to show cause, it provides: 

 A criminal contempt, except as provided in rule 3.830 

concerning direct contempts, shall be prosecuted in the 

following manner: 

 (a) Order to Show Cause. The judge, on the judge's 

own motion or on affidavit of any person having knowledge 

of the facts, may issue and sign an order directed to the 

defendant, stating the essential facts constituting the criminal 

 

shown not to be contemptuous"). See also Martinez v. State, 799 So. 2d 313, 314-15 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2001) (recognizing a split in authority as to whether a failure to appear 

constitutes indirect criminal contempt rather than direct criminal contempt, but declining 

to decide whether the appellant's failure to appear was direct or indirect contempt 

because reversal was required due to lack of proof). 
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contempt charged and requiring the defendant to appear 

before the court to show cause why the defendant should 

not be held in contempt of court. The order shall specify the 

time and place of the hearing, with a reasonable time 

allowed for preparation of the defense after service of the 

order on the defendant. 

Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.840(a). 

 Here, it is arguable that the order stated the essential facts constituting the 

criminal contempt charged, but it did not direct Ms. Smith that she was to show cause 

why she "should not be held in contempt of court" and nothing on the face of the order 

indicated that she was being charged with criminal contempt of court. Without regard to 

these deficiencies, predicating the finding of contempt on the State's unsworn motion for 

an order to show cause amounted to fundamental error in this case. See Proctor v. 

State, 764 So. 2d 752, 753 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000). We reach this conclusion because the 

criminal contempt proceeding was initiated by the State, rather than by the judge, and 

the essential facts were not supported by an affidavit, as required by rule 3.840(a), or a 

suitable alternative to support the order to show cause, such as a verified pleading. 

See Starchk v. Wittenberg, 411 So. 2d 1000, 1001 (Fla. 5th DCA 1982) (holding that an 

unverified pleading was insufficient to support the request for an order to show cause, 

but observing that "[s]ince a prosecuting attorney is allowed to verify an information on 

sworn facts given him by a person with personal knowledge, such verification has been 

held sufficient when the prosecuting attorney is charging a criminal contempt of court"). 

Based on this fundamental error, we reverse Ms. Smith's adjudications of guilt for 

contempt of court and her sentences on those adjudications in both cases. Our reversal 
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is without prejudice to the initiation of new proceedings that conform with rule 3.840.5 

See Mix, 827 So. 2d at 399. 

 Reversed and remanded. 

KELLY and LaROSE, JJ., Concur. 

 

 5In the likely event that Ms. Smith has served her sentences in full, she 

may not be resentenced. Additionally, service of her sentences does not render this 

appeal moot. See Sramek v. State, 946 So. 2d 1235, 1236 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007).