{"id":130041,"date":"2019-06-28T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-06-28T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-444687"},"modified":"2023-07-26T15:17:47","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T19:17:47","slug":"origins-of-21st-century-space-travel","status":"publish","type":"topic","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/origins-of-21st-century-space-travel\/","title":{"rendered":"Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\" hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-secondary-navigation\"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-wrapper z-top width-100 padding-0\"><div id=\"\" class=\"hds-secondary-navigation width-full border-bottom-1px text-center hds-color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-hdsnav\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"hds-secondary-nav-mobile-button display-flex tablet:display-flex desktop:display-none width-full flex-align-center bg-carbon-90 border-color-carbon-80 color-spacesuit-white\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"hds-secondary-nav-track\"><span>NASA History<\/span><svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"hds-secondary-nav-track grid-container grid-container-extrawide padding-0 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-2 \"><div class=\"hds-secondary-navigation-menu-items\"><nav><ul class=\"usa-nav__primary usa-accordion flex-justify-center margin-0\"><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/explore-nasas-history\/\">Explore NASA’s History<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-office\/\">NASA History Office<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"basic-nav-section-one\"><span>Publications and Resources<\/span><svg class=\"hds-desktop-submenu-toggle-icon display-none tablet:display-none desktop:display-block\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"\" enable-background=\"new 0 0 400 400\" viewBox=\"0 0 400 400\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"m4.2 122.2 195.1 195.1 196.5-196.6-37.9-38-157.8 157.8-156.8-156.8z\" \/><\/svg><svg class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon display-block tablet:display-block desktop:display-none\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle cx=\"8\" cy=\"8\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0B3D91\" stroke=\"white\"\/><rect x=\"4\" y=\"7.6001\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" fill=\"white\"\/><rect class=\"hds-mobile-submenu-toggle-icon-line-vertical\" x=\"7.59998\" y=\"12\" width=\"8\" height=\"0.8\" transform=\"rotate(-90 7.59998 12)\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg><\/button><ul id=\"basic-nav-section-one\" class=\"usa-nav__submenu\" hidden><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/\">NASA History Series<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/news-and-notes\/\">News and Notes<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/aeronautics-and-space-report-of-the-president\/\">Aeronautics and Space Report of the President<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/oral-histories\/\">Oral Histories<\/a><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__submenu-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/other-research-resources\/\">Research Resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"usa-nav__primary-item \"><a class=\"usa-nav__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/archives\/\">NASA Archives<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-full\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1399\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?w=1399\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Cover design with 2 awards for Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg 1435w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=205,300 205w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=768,1124 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=700,1024 700w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=1050,1536 1050w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=1399,2048 1399w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=273,400 273w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=410,600 410w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=615,900 615w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=820,1200 820w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=1367,2000 1367w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1399px) 100vw, 1399px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A History of NASA’s Decadal Planning Team and the Vision for Space Exploration, 1999\u20132004<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:36px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>By Glen R. Asner and Stephen J. Garber<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Winner of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronomics (AIAA) History Manuscript Award for 2020<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>2020 Winner of the Society for History in the Federal Government\u2019s Henry Adams Book Prize<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Less than one year after the Columbia Space Shuttle accident on 1 February 2003, President George W. Bush announced at NASA Headquarters that the Agency would embark on a new Vision for Space Exploration as it resumed Shuttle flights and worked toward completion of the International Space Station. The President\u2019s ambitious agenda included lunar and Martian exploration with robotic precursors followed by human missions. The conceptual foundations of the President\u2019s plan had their origins in 1999, when NASA Administrator Dan Goldin initiated a Decadal Planning Team to generate viable plans for humans and robots to explore space beyond low-Earth orbit. This book provides a detailed historical account of the ideas, debates, and decisions that opened the way for a new generation of spaceflight at the start of the 21st Century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NASA SP-4415<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-featured-link-list bg-spacesuit-white padding-x-2 tablet:padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-4 padding-y-5 desktop:padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-featured-link-list\">\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-22\">\n\t\t\t\tDownload the e-Book\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Cover design with 2 awards for Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">Fixed Layout<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black\">PDF format (4 MB)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins_of_21st_century-tagged.pdf?emrc=7e72a1\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"\">\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row padding-y-2 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-30-important\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row featured-link-list-row width-full flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 tablet:padding-right-3 desktop:padding-right-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full ratio-1x1 radius-pill overflow-hidden\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Cover design with 2 awards for Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?resize=200,200 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8 desktop:grid-col-10 padding-left-3 desktop:padding-left-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 margin-0\">e-Book Readers<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p-md margin-0 color-carbon-black\">EPUB format (8 MB)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-2 desktop:grid-col-1 display-flex flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www3.nasa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/origins_of_21st_century_space_travel-asner_and_garber.epub\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                            <svg class=\"hds-featured-link-list-button margin-left-auto margin-right-0\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\">\n                                <circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path>\n                            <\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-card-grid padding-top-7 padding-bottom-3 padding-x-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid\">\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"section-heading-sm line-height-sm\">More History Publications<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"margin-0 padding-0\">Explore more titles in NASA's History Series.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary link-external-true\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1 \" >\n\t\t\t\tAll NASA History Publications                \t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cards-included grid-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/science-advice-to-nasa-conflict-consensus-partnership-leadership\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Science Advice to NASA: Conflict, Consensus, Partnership, Leadership<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"791\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?w=791\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg 1623w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=232,300 232w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=768,994 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=791,1024 791w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=1187,1536 1187w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=1583,2048 1583w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=309,400 309w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=464,600 464w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=696,900 696w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=927,1200 927w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/science_advice_cover-web.jpg?resize=1546,2000 1546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 791px) 100vw, 791px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/not-yet-imagined-a-study-of-hubble-space-telescope-operations\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Not Yet Imagined: A Study of Hubble Space Telescope Operations<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?w=700\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=205,300 205w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=768,1124 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=700,1024 700w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=1050,1536 1050w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=273,400 273w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=410,600 410w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=615,900 615w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/not_yet_imagined_front_cover.jpg?resize=820,1200 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/50-years-of-solar-system-exploration-historical-perspectives\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>50 Years of Solar System Exploration: Historical Perspectives<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?w=700\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg 1688w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=205,300 205w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=768,1123 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=700,1024 700w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=1050,1536 1050w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=1400,2048 1400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=273,400 273w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=410,600 410w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=615,900 615w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=820,1200 820w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/solar_system_dust_jacket-front-cover_0.jpg?resize=1367,2000 1367w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/historical-studies-in-the-societal-impact-of-spaceflight\/\" class=\"hds-card-topic hds-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-5 mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 margin-bottom-6\"><div class=\"hds-card-inner\"><div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper z-300 display-flex flex-direction-column flex-align-end flex-justify-end\"><div class=\"hds-card-content padding-3\"><h3 class=\"heading-29 hds-topic-card-heading color-spacesuit-white\"><span>Historical Studies in the Societal Impact of Spaceflight<\/span><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg><\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"hds-card-thumbnail\"><div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\"><\/div><figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?w=683\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=683,1024 683w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=1365,2048 1365w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/cover.jpg?resize=1333,2000 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel A History of NASA’s Decadal Planning Team and the Vision for Space Exploration, 1999\u20132004 By Glen R. Asner and Stephen J. Garber Winner of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronomics (AIAA) History Manuscript Award for 2020 2020 Winner of the Society for History in the Federal Government\u2019s Henry Adams […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":131003,"parent":163226,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[]},"categories":[11793,2671],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[4962,11519,12369],"coauthors":[],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/origins-of-21st-century-space-travel\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/origins-of-21st-century-space-travel\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg"},"articleSection":"E-Books","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Michele Ostovar"}],"creator":["Michele Ostovar"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA History","E-Books"],"dateCreated":"2019-06-28T16:00:00Z","datePublished":"2019-06-28T16:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-07-26T19:17:47Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/history-publications-and-resources\/nasa-history-series\/origins-of-21st-century-space-travel\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"index\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2019-06-28T16:00:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"E-Books\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA History,E-Books\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Michele Ostovar\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":1,"time_ago":"5 years","featured_image":{"id":131003,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards.jpg","title":"origins-of-21st-c-cover-w-2awards","alt":"Cover design with 2 awards for Origins of 21st-Century Space Travel","caption":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/130041"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/topic"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/130041\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":388768,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/130041\/revisions\/388768"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic\/163226"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/131003"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130041"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130041"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=130041"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=130041"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=130041"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}