IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

September 22, 2016 Session

JOAN STEPHENS, ET AL. v. HOME DEPOT U.S.A., INC., ET AL.

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County

No. 2014-78 Michael Binkley, Judge

No. M2016-00509-COA-R3-CV – Filed November 30, 2016

This case arises out of a workplace injury. The injured worker and her husband filed this 

lawsuit asserting various causes of action against numerous defendants. The trial court 

dismissed one of the defendants upon finding that the defendant was entitled to workers‟ 

compensation immunity. The trial court certified its order of dismissal as final pursuant 

to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02. Plaintiffs appeal, claiming that the 

defendant waived the affirmative defense of workers‟ compensation immunity, that the 

trial court applied the wrong standard for a motion to dismiss, and that the particular 

claims asserted are not barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the workers‟ 

compensation law. We affirm. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and 

Remanded

BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN 

STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., joined.

Constance F. Mann, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellants, Joan Stephens and Doug 

Stephens.

Richard E. Spicer and Lance William Thompson, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, 

Bayer CropScience, LP.

OPINION

 

I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In 2013, Joan Stephens was employed by a temporary staffing company called 
2

Belcan Corporation (“Belcan”).1 She was hired by Belcan to work in Home Depot stores 

in a “Weekend Warrior” program, in which she would assist Home Depot customers with 

pesticides and other products manufactured by Bayer CropScience, LP. Belcan had a 

contract with Bayer CropScience whereby Belcan contractually agreed to provide safety 

training to employees such as Mrs. Stephens. Belcan provided Mrs. Stephens with a job 

description requiring her to refill the product shelves at the beginning and end of her 

shift. On April 13, 2013, Mrs. Stephens fell from a ten-foot ladder while attempting to 

retrieve a box of Bayer CropScience product from an upper shelf. 

On February 19, 2014, Mrs. Stephens and her husband instituted this lawsuit in the 

circuit court for Williamson County, seeking to recover for her injuries. The procedural 

history of the case is convoluted. The original complaint named only one defendant --

Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. d/b/a Home Depot. Plaintiffs‟ complaint acknowledged that 

Mrs. Stephens was not a Home Depot employee and that she was hired by Belcan, the 

staffing agency, to help Home Depot customers with “Bayer products.” Still, Plaintiffs 

alleged that Home Depot should have either trained Mrs. Stephens regarding the safe use 

of ladders or instructed her not to use its ladders. On June 13, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a 

petition for joinder and “First Amended Complaint” seeking to add Bayer Corporation as 

a party defendant.2 On July 17, 2014, Plaintiffs filed another petition for joinder and a 

“Petition for Leave to file Supplemental Pleadings” seeking leave to file another amended 

complaint to add Bayer CropScience as a party. On August 27, 2014, the trial court 

entered an “Order of Joinder of Party Defendant” permitting Plaintiffs to join Bayer 

Corporation and Bayer CropScience as party defendants in the lawsuit. 

On October 3, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a “Motion for Leave to File Supplemental 

Pleadings” and a “Second Amended Complaint.” Although the caption listed Home 

Depot as the only defendant, the complaint itself stated that it was amended to add Bayer 

CropScience as a party defendant. On October 17, 2014, the trial court deferred ruling on 

the motion for leave to amend the pleadings. Before the matter was resolved, and 

without leave of court, on November 25, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a “Third Amended 

Complaint.” The trial court had previously entered a scheduling order setting December 

1, 2014, as the deadline for filing motions to amend the pleadings. On December 18, 

2014, the Defendants jointly filed a motion to strike Plaintiffs‟ third amended complaint 

on the basis that they had not received leave of court or consent of the Defendants to file 

either the third or the second amended complaint. The trial court granted this motion and 

struck the third amended complaint from the record, but it also granted Plaintiffs‟ request 

for leave to file another amended complaint to replace all prior complaints. 

 

1According to a motion filed by Belcan, the correct entity is “Belcan Services Group DBA Belcan Tech 

Service DBA Belcan Alliance, Inc. DBA Belcan Corporation.” However, these variations are not 

material for purposes of this opinion. 

2Bayer Corporation was eventually dismissed from the case and is not involved with this appeal. 
3

On January 26, 2015, Plaintiffs filed an “Amended Complaint,” which stated that 

it was “meant to fully replace the prior complaints in this matter.” Bayer CropScience 

was one of the named defendants. Like the original complaint, the Amended Complaint 

alleged that Mrs. Stephens was employed by a temporary staffing agency, Belcan, to help 

Home Depot customers with products manufactured by Bayer CropScience. The 

Amended Complaint alleged that Mrs. Stephens was hired at the direction and for the 

direct benefit of Bayer CropScience when she was hired to sell its products. Plaintiffs 

claimed that Bayer CropScience simply “used a temporary staffing company to hire 

[her].” Still, Plaintiffs alleged that Bayer CropScience was responsible for training and 

overseeing Mrs. Stephens in the sale of the products and had a duty to properly train her. 

Plaintiffs alleged that Bayer CropScience was negligent in failing to properly train, warn, 

and supervise Mrs. Stephens. They also alleged that Bayer CropScience breached a 

contract existing between it and Home Depot by failing to make Mrs. Stephens aware of 

safety standards, and she sought to recover as a third party beneficiary of that contract. 

On February 13, 2015, Bayer CropScience filed its answer to the Amended 

Complaint, which was the first answer filed by Bayer CropScience in this matter. Bayer 

CropScience admitted that Mrs. Stephens was employed by Belcan and that her duties 

included assisting Home Depot customers with Bayer CropScience products. Bayer 

CropScience alleged that Mrs. Stephens was not employed by Bayer CropScience, and 

therefore, it had no obligation to provide safety training or instruct her regarding how to 

complete her job duties. Bayer CropScience denied that its agent was responsible for 

training or overseeing her in the sale of its products. 

Numerous motions for summary judgment and partial summary judgment were 

filed by the parties. In the context of these summary judgment motions, Bayer 

CropScience maintained that it was not in charge of providing safety training to Mrs. 

Stephens because she was employed by Belcan, not Bayer CropScience. Bayer 

CropScience asserted that Belcan, her employer, should have provided Mrs. Stephens 

with safety training. In a response to a motion for summary judgment filed by Home 

Depot, on October 6, 2015, Plaintiffs acknowledged that “Belcan provided workers 

compensation benefits” for Mrs. Stephens‟s injuries and “accept[ed] the injury.” On 

October 9, 2015, a new law firm entered a notice of appearance on behalf of Bayer 

CropScience. 

A hearing on the various motions for summary judgment was held on October 29, 

2015. Relevant to this appeal, the trial court denied a motion for summary judgment filed 

by Bayer CropScience and also denied a counter-motion for summary judgment filed by 

Plaintiffs. The trial court‟s order resolving the motions for summary judgment was 

entered December 8, 2015. 
4

On December 10, 2015, Bayer CropScience filed a motion to extend the 

scheduling order and to continue the trial along with a motion to amend its answer. 

Bayer CropScience sought to add an additional affirmative defense asserting that 

Plaintiffs‟ claims against it were barred by the exclusive remedy provision of Tennessee‟s 

workers‟ compensation law. Specifically, Bayer CropScience claimed that Plaintiffs‟ 

claims were barred by the “loaned servant” doctrine, pursuant to which Bayer 

CropScience would be considered a “statutory employer” or “borrowing employer” of 

Mrs. Stephens and therefore immune from common law liability. Bayer CropScience 

acknowledged that the existing scheduling order established December 1, 2014, as the 

deadline for amendments to the pleadings. However, the motion noted that Bayer 

CropScience‟s current counsel had just recently appeared in the case as of October 2015. 

The motion also noted that the scheduling order required the parties to attempt to resolve 

the case through mediation by August 2015 and no such mediation had occurred. Bayer 

CropScience cited Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15 and asserted that justice would 

be served by permitting it to assert the exclusive remedy defense and having the defense 

addressed through a dispositive motion. Bayer CropScience claimed that its request was 

offered in good faith. It argued that Plaintiffs would not be prejudiced by the amendment 

because Bayer CropScience had maintained throughout the proceedings that Belcan was 

the direct or actual employer of Mrs. Stephens and that Bayer CropScience contracted 

with Belcan for the services of Mrs. Stephens in order for her to promote Bayer 

CropScience products. Bayer CropScience asserted that its position on these issues was 

not changing and that it would be prejudiced if the amendment was not allowed.

Plaintiffs filed a response in opposition to Bayer CropScience‟s motion to amend 

its answer. Plaintiffs noted that workers‟ compensation immunity is an affirmative 

defense listed in Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 8.03 and argued that it was waived 

when not asserted in the original answer filed by Bayer CropScience. Plaintiffs also 

argued that the motion to amend should be denied because of Bayer CropScience‟s delay 

in asserting the defense and opportunity to raise it in earlier pleadings and motions. They 

also argued that Bayer CropScience waived its exclusive remedy defense by insisting 

throughout the proceedings that Mrs. Stephens was not its “employee” and that it was not 

her “employer.” Plaintiffs alleged a purposeful dilatory motive and claimed that they 

would be prejudiced by the amendment. 

The motions to extend the scheduling order and to amend the answer were heard 

on December 14, 2015. The trial court found that “good and just cause” was set forth in 

the motions and concluded that justice required allowing Bayer CropScience to amend its 

answer. Accordingly, the trial court set aside the scheduling order to permit amendment 

of the answer.3 The trial date was moved from January 2016 to August 2016. 

 

3

Plaintiffs filed a “motion to alter or amend” the trial court‟s order amending the scheduling order and a 

“motion to alter or amend” the trial court‟s order allowing Bayer CropScience to amend its answer. 
5

Bayer CropScience filed an amended answer to the Amended Complaint on 

January 4, 2016. Just as in the original answer, Bayer CropScience admitted that Mrs. 

Stephens was employed by Belcan as part of the Weekend Warrior program and that her 

duties included assisting Home Depot customers with Bayer CropScience products. 

Bayer CropScience again asserted that Mrs. Stephens “was not employed by Bayer 

CropScience” and therefore it did not have an obligation to provide safety training for her 

or inform her regarding how to complete her job duties. However, Bayer CropScience 

also asserted, as an affirmative defense, that Plaintiffs‟ claims were barred by the 

exclusive remedy provision of Tennessee‟s workers‟ compensation law under the loaned 

servant doctrine. 

Meanwhile, on December 18, 2015, Plaintiffs had filed a motion for leave to file 

yet another amended complaint in order to add Belcan as an additional party defendant. 

On January 6, 2016, an agreed order was entered granting Plaintiffs leave to amend its 

existing Amended Complaint filed January 26, 2015. On January 8, 2016, Plaintiffs filed 

a “Second Amended Complaint to Add Belcan Tech Services.” This Second Amended 

Complaint incorporated every claim made in the existing Amended Complaint but also 

added a claim for breach of contract against Belcan.4 Bayer CropScience filed another 

answer to the amendment, again raising the affirmative defense of workers‟ 

compensation immunity pursuant to the loaned servant doctrine. This answer alleged that 

Mrs. Stephens “was not directly employed by Bayer CropScience” and that she was 

“directly employed by Belcan,” but Bayer CropScience asserted that it was nevertheless 

 

Plaintiffs again argued that Bayer CropScience waived its right to claim workers‟ compensation immunity 

by failing to raise the issue in its original answer or earlier in the litigation and instead arguing that it was 

not the employer of Mrs. Stephens. The trial court denied the motions to alter or amend upon concluding 

that its previous rulings were “proper, in accordance with applicable law and were within the discretion of 

[the] Court.” 

4Although this pleading was styled as a “Second Amended Complaint to Add Belcan Tech Services,” it 

only included an introductory “summary” section and a “Count 14” with a claim against Belcan. It stated, 

“This document incorporates herein and includes each and every claim made the original amended [sic] 

but adds the following as to Belcan Tech services.”

It is important to note that “an „amended‟ complaint and an „amendment‟ to a complaint are two 

different things.” Shell v. Williams, No. M2013-00711-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 118376, at *2 n.4 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2014); H.G. Hill Realty Co. v. Re/Max Carriage House, Inc., 428 S.W.3d 23, 35 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. 2013). An “„amended complaint‟ [is] complete in itself without adoption or reference to the 

original,” while an “„amendment‟ to a complaint merely modifies the existing complaint[,] which remains 

before the court as modified.” McBurney v. Aldrich, 816 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). An 

“amended complaint” supersedes the original complaint, rendering it of no legal effect. Christian v. 

Lapidus, 833 S.W.2d 71, 73 n.2 (Tenn. 1992). Here, the “Second Amended Complaint to Add Belcan 

Tech Services” was clearly an amendment to the existing “Amended Complaint.” Despite its title, we 

will treat it as an amendment for purposes of this opinion. See, e.g., Shell, 2014 WL 118376, at *2 n.4 

(looking to the substance of an amendment, rather than its form, to determine the filer‟s intent, and 

concluding that the pleading was intended as an amendment to the complaint rather than an amended 

complaint).
6

her “statutory employer” or “borrowing employer” for purposes of the workers‟ 

compensation law. 

On January 27, 2016, Bayer CropScience filed a motion to dismiss for failure to 

state a claim pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6), claiming workers‟ 

compensation immunity. Bayer CropScience argued that it was clear from the face of the 

amended complaint that Bayer CropScience was a borrowing employer of Mrs. Stephens. 

It noted the complaint‟s allegation that Mrs. Stephens was hired by Belcan, a temporary 

staffing company used by Bayer CropScience, to work in the Weekend Warrior program 

and promote Bayer CropScience products. It also noted that the complaint alleged the 

existence of a contract between Belcan and Bayer CropScience. Specifically, the 

complaint alleged that Belcan is a company in the business of staffing, and Bayer 

CropScience entered into a contract with Belcan whereby Belcan administered the 

employment of Mrs. Stephens. The complaint alleged that an agent of Bayer 

CropScience was responsible for training and overseeing Plaintiff. Bayer CropScience 

also noted the complaint‟s allegation that Mrs. Stephens “was hired at the direction, and 

for the direct benefit of Bayer CropScience.” According to Bayer CropScience, these 

facts conclusively established that it was a statutory employer or borrowing employer of 

Mrs. Stephens for purposes of the workers‟ compensation law, and therefore, the claims 

asserted by Mrs. Stephens in this lawsuit were barred. 

Plaintiffs filed a response to the motion to dismiss, again arguing, as they

previously did in response to the motion to amend the answer, that Bayer CropScience 

waived its right to rely on workers‟ compensation immunity by failing to raise the 

affirmative defense in its original answer or otherwise asserting it earlier in the litigation 

and instead arguing that it was not the employer of Mrs. Stephens. However, Plaintiffs 

did not respond to the substantive merits of the issue involving workers‟ compensation 

immunity. 

On February 26, 2016, the trial court entered an order granting Bayer 

CropScience‟s motion to dismiss. Construing the amended complaint liberally, 

presuming all of its factual allegations to be true, and giving Plaintiffs the benefit of all 

reasonable inferences, the trial court concluded that the complaint failed to state a claim 

upon which relief could be granted. Specifically, the trial court found that Bayer 

CropScience was immune from the claims asserted by Plaintiffs pursuant to the exclusive 

remedy provision of Tennessee‟s workers‟ compensation law. Therefore, the trial court 

dismissed Bayer CropScience from the case and certified its order of dismissal as final 

pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02. Plaintiffs timely filed a notice of 

appeal.
7

II. ISSUES PRESENTED

Plaintiffs present the following issues, as we perceive them, for review on appeal:

1. Whether the trial court‟s Rule 12.02(6) dismissal for failure to state a 

claim must be reversed because the trial court referenced “the entire 

record” in its order of dismissal;

2. Whether workers‟ compensation immunity from common law claims 

extends to a breach of contract claim that was based on Bayer 

CropScience‟s agreement to provide benefits beyond workers‟ 

compensation; and 

3. Whether the trial court erred in allowing Bayer CropScience to 

amend its answer when it had waived its right to assert workers‟ 

compensation immunity by failing to raise it in its original answer or 

at an earlier point in the litigation and instead arguing that it was not 

the employer of Mrs. Stephens.

For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court and remand for 

further proceedings.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Rule 12.02(6) Standard

At the outset, we address Plaintiffs‟ argument that the trial court failed to apply the 

correct legal standard for Rule 12.02(6) motions for failure to state a claim by citing “the 

entire record” in its order of dismissal. Plaintiffs argue that Rule 12.02 required the trial 

court to confine its review to the pleadings in order to determine whether immunity was 

established. Plaintiffs contend that “this is clearly not a judgment on the Pleadings, but 

on the entire record as a whole, and the dismissal must be reversed.” 

Whether the trial court should have treated a motion to dismiss as a motion for 

summary judgment is a question of law subject to de novo review on appeal. Belton v. 

City of Memphis, No. W2015-01785-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 2754407, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. 

App. May 10, 2016) (no perm. app. filed). A motion to dismiss for failure to state a 

claim, pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6), challenges only the legal 

sufficiency of the complaint and is determined by an examination of the pleadings alone. 

Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422, 426 (Tenn. 2011). 

A defendant who files such a motion admits the truth of the relevant and material 
8

allegations in the complaint but asserts that those allegations fail to establish a cause of 

action. Id. “In considering a motion to dismiss, courts „must construe the complaint 

liberally, presuming all factual allegations to be true and giving the plaintiff the benefit of 

all reasonable inferences.‟” Id. (quoting Tigg v. Pirelli Tire Corp., 232 S.W.3d 28, 31-32 

(Tenn. 2007)). “A complaint is subject to dismissal under rule 12.02(6) for failure to 

state a claim if an affirmative defense clearly and unequivocally appears on the face of 

the complaint.” Anthony v. Tidwell, 560 S.W.2d 908, 909 (Tenn. 1977).

To briefly recap, Bayer CropScience filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a 

claim, asserting that the allegations on the face of the complaint demonstrated that it was 

entitled to workers‟ compensation immunity under the loaned servant doctrine. 

Plaintiffs‟ response did not address the substantive merits of the issue but instead 

reasserted the waiver argument already rejected by the trial court in the context of other 

motions. The trial court‟s order of dismissal states:

ORDER GRANTING BAYER CROPSCIENCE‟S MOTION TO DISMISS

THIS MATTER came to be heard on February 11, 2016, upon the 

Defendant Bayer CropScience‟s Rule 12 T.R.C.P. Motion to Dismiss, the 

Plaintiffs‟ response to said motion which also contained a “counter motion 

to dismiss” Bayer CropScience‟s motion to dismiss, arguments of counsel 

and the entire record, from which the Court finds that construing the 

Second Amended Complaint liberally, presuming all factual allegations to 

be true and giving the plaintiffs the benefit of all reasonable inferences, it is 

established that Bayer CropScience‟s motion to dismiss is well taken, and 

Bayer CropScience is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, in that the 

Second Amended Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be 

granted. Specifically, Bayer CropScience is immune from the claims of the 

Plaintiffs herein, pursuant to the exclusive remedy provisions of the 

Tennessee Workers Compensation law and governing law.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED 

that Bayer CropScience‟s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. Bayer 

CropScience LP is hereby dismissed from this action with prejudice and 

upon the merits. . . . 

(Emphasis added.) The trial court‟s order is somewhat unclear in that it states that the 

matter was heard on the motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs‟ response, arguments of counsel, 

“and the entire record.” On the other hand, the order also states that it grants the “Rule 

12” motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, after 

construing the allegations in the complaint liberally, presuming all factual allegations to 

be true, and giving Plaintiffs the benefit of all reasonable inferences. We must determine 
9

how to construe this somewhat contradictory order.

This Court faced a similar dilemma in Vandergriff v. ParkRidge East Hospital, 

482 S.W.3d 545 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015). In that case, the defendants filed Rule 12 

motions to dismiss based on the statute of limitations, but the trial court‟s order granting 

the motions stated that “[s]ummary judgment” was entered on the claims. Id. at 555 n.8. 

We recognized that a motion to dismiss can be converted into a motion for summary 

judgment when matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the 

trial court. Id. However, we also noted that the trial court‟s order did not state what 

matters outside the pleadings it considered, and our review of the record did not reveal 

anything relevant to the statute of limitations issue other than the complaint. Id. 

“Moreover,” we noted, “consistent with a decision on a Rule 12 motion to dismiss, the 

order state[d] that the trial court presumed that all the allegations in the complaint were 

true.” Id. Considering all these circumstances, we reviewed the trial court‟s decision as 

one granting a motion to dismiss despite the isolated reference to summary judgment. Id.

We reach the same conclusion here. The motion at issue was one to dismiss for 

failure to state a claim, and it only asked the trial court to consider the allegations on the 

face and “within the four corners” of the complaint. The trial court‟s order states that the 

matter was heard on the motion to dismiss, the response, and “the entire record,” but it 

also states that the court “constru[ed] the Second Amended Complaint liberally, 

presume[d] all factual allegations to be true and g[ave] the plaintiffs the benefit of all 

reasonable inferences.” The order does not specifically reference anything outside the 

complaint that would have influenced the trial court‟s decision. The court ultimately 

concluded that “the Second Amended Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief 

can be granted.” When interpreting a trial court‟s order, “we ascertain the intent of the 

court, and, if possible, make the order in harmony with the entire record in the case and to 

be such as „ought to have been rendered.‟” Byrnes v. Byrnes, 390 S.W.3d 269, 277 

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2012) (quoting Lamar Advertising Co. v. By-Pass Partners, 313 S.W.3d 

779, 786 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009)). The determinative factor is the intention of the court as 

collected from all parts of the judgment. Corrozzo v. Corrozzo, No. M2012-01317-COAR3-CV, 2013 WL 4107625, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2013). Despite the reference 

in this order to “the entire record,” it is apparent that the trial court intended to resolve the 

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12.02(6). 

On appeal, Plaintiffs contend that their response to the motion to dismiss required 

the trial court to look outside the pleadings, so a Rule 12 dismissal was inappropriate. 

Specifically, their response to the motion to dismiss asserted that Bayer CropScience 

waived workers‟ compensation immunity based on the position it took or failed to take in 

its pleadings and dispositive motions filed earlier in the litigation. It is not clear to this 

Court that the trial court re-considered the waiver argument in the context of the motion 
10

to dismiss. The trial court had already heard and rejected this exact waiver argument 

when it was raised in response to Bayer CropScience‟s motion to amend the answer. The 

trial court heard and rejected the waiver argument again when Plaintiffs filed a motion to 

alter or amend that decision. The order of dismissal does not mention waiver. 

Nevertheless, even if the trial court did consider the position taken by Bayer CropScience 

in its prior pleadings and dispositive motions in the context of the motion to dismiss, such 

consideration would not require the motion to be converted into one for summary 

judgment. 

There are exceptions to the general rule that a court must convert a Rule 12.02(6) 

motion to a motion for summary judgment if the court considers matters outside the 

pleadings. Haynes v. Bass, No. W2015-01192-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 3351365, at *4 

(Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2016), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 21, 2016). Courts resolving 

a motion to dismiss may consider “„items subject to judicial notice, matters of public 

record, orders, [and] items appearing in the record of the case . . . without converting the 

motion into one for summary judgment.‟” Id. (quoting Ind. State Dist. Council of 

Laborers v. Brukardt, No. M2007-02271-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 426237, at *8 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2009)); see also Cochran v. City of Memphis, No. W2012-01346-COAR3-CV, 2013 WL 1122803, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 19, 2013) (concluding that 

consideration of the existing complaint, a prior complaint, and various orders did not 

require conversion to a motion for summary judgment). Assuming arguendo that the trial 

judge did consider the position taken by Bayer CropScience in its original answer and 

earlier motions regarding its status as an employer, this does not mean that the trial court 

erred in applying the Rule 12 standard.5 Plaintiffs‟ argument to the contrary is without 

merit.

B. Workers’ Compensation Immunity

Next, we address Plaintiffs‟ issue regarding the applicability of workers‟ 

compensation immunity.

Tennessee‟s workers‟ compensation law “provides the exclusive remedy for an 

employee who is injured during the course and scope of his employment, meaning the 

employee is precluded from seeking tort damages for the injury.” Valencia v. Freeland 

& Lemm Constr. Co., 108 S.W.3d 239, 242 (Tenn. 2003) (citing Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. 

Stevenson, 212 Tenn. 178, 368 S.W.2d 760 (1963)). The so-called “exclusivity” 

provision provides, in pertinent part:

 

5We note that Plaintiffs‟ response to the motion to dismiss did not ask the trial court to consider any 

evidentiary materials that were filed earlier in the case in the context of the summary judgment motions or 

otherwise. Instead, they asked the court to consider the position taken and arguments made by Bayer 

CropScience in the prior pleadings regarding whether it was an employer.
11

The rights and remedies granted to an employee subject to this chapter, on 

account of personal injury or death by accident . . . shall exclude all other 

rights and remedies of the employee, the employee‟s personal 

representative, dependents or next of kin, at common law or otherwise, on 

account of the injury or death.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-108(a). Accordingly, “an employee injured in an accident while 

in the course and scope of employment is generally limited to recovering workers‟ 

compensation benefits from the employer.” Murray v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 46 

S.W.3d 171, 175 (Tenn. 2001). In exchange for potential liability for workers‟ 

compensation benefits, an employer is immune from liability in tort to the injured 

employee. Blackwell v. Comanche Constr., Inc., No. W2012-01309-COA-R9-CV, 2013 

WL 1557599, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 15, 2013).

For purposes of the workers‟ compensation law, “[s]ometimes an employee may 

be employed by two or more employers.” Joseph H. King, Jr., The Exclusiveness of an 

Employee’s Workers’ Compensation Remedy Against His Employer, 55 Tenn. L. Rev. 

405, 433 (1988). A worker “should not be deprived of benefits for injuries sustained 

while performing work on the premises of a large industry merely because he is on the 

payroll of a smaller concern which has loaned his services to the large industry.” 

Carpenter v. Hooker Chem. & Plastics Corp., 553 S.W.2d 356, 360 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

1977). However, being subject to liability under the workers‟ compensation law, the 

entity being treated as an employer is entitled to have its liability limited in accordance 

with the workers‟ compensation law as well. Id. 

“Under the loaned servant doctrine, if an employer „loans‟ an employee to a 

„special employer,‟ the special employer may become liable for workers‟ compensation 

benefits in the event the loaned employee is injured on the job.” Blackwell, 2013 WL 

1557599, at *8. In addition, “the borrowing employer may be entitled to the protection of 

the exclusive remedy rule.” King, supra. The “borrowed servant” or “loaned employee” 

doctrine implicates the following three-pronged test:

When a general employer lends an employee to a special employer, the 

special employer becomes liable for workmen‟s compensation only if

(a) The employee has made a contract of hire, express or implied, with the 

special employer;

(b) The work being done is essentially that of the special employer; and

(c) The special employer has the right to control the details of the work.
12

When all three of the above conditions are satisfied in relation to both 

employers, both employers are liable for workmen‟s compensation.

Bennett v. Mid-S. Terminals Corp., 660 S.W.2d 799, 801 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983) (quoting 

Winchester v. Seay, 409 S.W.2d 378, 381 (Tenn. 1966)). 

“Under established Tennessee precedent, an employee of a temporary manpower 

service is considered also to be an employee of the company to which the employee is 

assigned, for workers‟ compensation purposes.” Abbott v. Klote Int’l Corp., No. 03A01-

9810-CV-00328, 1999 WL 172646, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 24, 1999), perm. app. 

denied (Tenn. Sept. 13, 1999). When a temporary worker accepts employment and enters 

into an employment agreement with a temporary agency, he or she “necessarily consents 

to work for the clients of the agency” and enters into “an implied contract with a special 

employer.” Tedder v. Union Planters Corp., No. W1999-01971-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 

589139, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 29, 2001) (concluding that an employee of a 

temporary employment agency was a co-employee of the bank where she was assigned to 

work, pursuant to the loaned servant doctrine, and therefore, her exclusive remedy 

against the bank was under the workers‟ compensation statutes); see also Bennett, 660 

S.W.2d at 801-02 (finding the loaned servant doctrine applicable to an employee of a 

supplier of temporary manpower). 

Plaintiffs apparently do not dispute that Mrs. Stephens was a loaned servant under 

the circumstances of this case. They do not cite or discuss the three-pronged test noted 

above. Instead, Plaintiffs argue that “workers compensation immunity does not extend to 

a breach of contract claim, when Bayer agreed to provide more than the statute allowed.” 

Without citing to any particular contract provisions, Plaintiffs assert that Bayer 

CropScience “agreed to extend their liability beyond workers compensation benefits via 

contract” and voluntarily “promise[d] in writing, to undertake all sorts of additional legal 

obligations for safety and damages.” Plaintiffs argue that it is unconstitutional to extend 

workers‟ compensation immunity to contract claims.

From our review of the record, however, this argument was not raised before the 

trial court. Plaintiffs‟ response to Bayer CropScience‟s motion to dismiss only argued 

that workers‟ compensation immunity was waived. “„It is axiomatic that parties will not 

be permitted to raise issues on appeal that they did not first raise in the trial court.‟” 

Ellithorpe v. Weismark, 479 S.W.3d 818, 830 (Tenn. 2015) (quoting Powell v. Cmty. 

Health Sys., Inc., 312 S.W.3d 496, 511 (Tenn. 2010)). “Issues raised for the first time on 

appeal are waived.” Dick Broad. Co. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 

670 (Tenn. 2013). “This principle applies equally to constitutional challenges.” 

Ellithorpe, 479 S.W.3d at 830. Because Plaintiffs failed to raise these issues in the trial 
13

court, we decline to address them on appeal.6

C. Waiver

Finally, we address Plaintiffs‟ argument that Bayer CropScience waived its right 

to rely on workers‟ compensation immunity. Plaintiffs argue that waiver occurred when 

Bayer CropScience failed to raise workers‟ compensation immunity in its original 

answer, did not raise the issue in a timely manner, and argued instead that it was not the 

employer of Mrs. Stephens. 

Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 8.03 lists affirmative defenses that must be 

raised in a pleading to a preceding pleading. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 8.03, Adv. Comm‟n cmt. 

One of those affirmative defenses is “workers‟ compensation immunity.” Tenn. R. Civ. 

P. 8.03. “As a general rule, a party waives an affirmative defense if it does not include 

the defense in an answer or responsive pleading.” Pratcher v. Methodist Healthcare

Memphis Hosps., 407 S.W.3d 727, 735 (Tenn. 2013) (citations omitted). “This rule, 

however, is not rigid and inflexible because trial judges have wide latitude to allow a 

defendant to amend its answer before trial.” Id. at 735-36 (citing Biscan v. Brown, 160 

S.W.3d 462, 471 (Tenn. 2005)).

Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.08 provides that a party waives all defenses 

and objections (with certain exceptions not relevant here) that are not presented either by 

motion or in the party‟s “answer or reply, or any amendments thereto.” (Emphasis 

added.) Rule 12.08 lists certain defenses that “shall not be raised by amendment,” but 

workers‟ compensation immunity is not one of those defenses. Accordingly, we reject 

Plaintiffs‟ assertion that Bayer CropScience waived the defense of workers‟ 

compensation immunity simply by failing to assert it in its original answer. “While the 

Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure require claims and defenses to be raised in a timely 

manner, they do not necessarily require plaintiffs to include all their claims in their 

original complaint nor defendants to include all their defenses in their original answer.” 

Hardcastle v. Harris, 170 S.W.3d 67, 83 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

Rule 15.01 governs amendments. It provides, in relevant part:

A party may amend the party‟s pleadings once as a matter of course 

at any time before a responsive pleading is served or, if the pleading is one 

to which no responsive pleading is permitted and the action has not been set 

 

6We note that Plaintiffs raised a similar argument in response to a separate motion to dismiss filed by 

Belcan. Plaintiffs argued that “Belcan has agreed to extend their liability via contract.” However, 

Plaintiffs point to nothing in the record indicating that this argument was made in response to the motion 

to dismiss filed by Bayer CropScience. 
14

for trial, the party may so amend it at any time within 15 days after it is 

served. Otherwise a party may amend the party‟s pleadings only by written 

consent of the adverse party or by leave of court; and leave shall be freely 

given when justice so requires.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 15.01 (emphasis added). This rule “applies equally to plaintiffs and 

defendants who seek to amend their pleadings.” Pratcher, 407 S.W.3d at 741. The 

Tennessee Supreme Court has “emphasized the liberality of this rule where pre-trial 

amendments are sought.” Gardiner v. Word, 731 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tenn. 1987). 

According to the Court, the rule “„needs no construction, it means precisely what it says, 

that leave shall be freely given.‟” Id. (quoting Branch v. Warren, 527 S.W.2d 89, 92 

(Tenn. 1975)). 

Tennessee courts adhere to “the time-honored principle that „the determination of 

whether to allow an amendment to the pleadings is left to the sound discretion of the trial 

court.‟” Pratcher, 407 S.W.3d at 741 (quoting George v. Bldg. Materials Corp. of Am., 

44 S.W.3d 481, 486 (Tenn. 2001)). “Trial courts have broad authority to decide motions 

to amend pleadings and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.” Id. (citing 

Hawkins v. Hart, 86 S.W.3d 522, 532 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). This standard of review 

does not allow us to substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Id. at 742. 

However, the liberal language of Rule 15.01 has “substantially lessened the exercise of 

pre-trial discretion on the part of the trial judge.” Gardiner, 731 S.W.2d at 891.

Numerous factors should guide a trial court‟s discretionary decision regarding 

whether to allow a late-filed amendment, including “undue delay, bad faith by the 

moving party, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous amendments and futility 

of the amendments.” Pratcher, 407 S.W.3d at 741 (citing Merriman v. Smith, 599 

S.W.2d 548, 559 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979)). Here, Plaintiffs assert that Bayer CropScience 

waived its right to assert workers‟ compensation immunity due to its delay in raising the 

affirmative defense and its previous assertions that it was the employer of Mrs. Stephens. 

Despite these arguments, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in 

concluding that justice required allowing Bayer CropScience to amend its answer.

Plaintiffs claim that Bayer CropScience delayed “for years” without raising 

workers‟ compensation immunity and “fail[ed] to raise workers compensation immunity 

in a response to four complaints,” but the record does not support these assertions. 

Plaintiffs‟ original complaint was filed in February 2014, but Bayer CropScience was not 

involved in the case at that time. The only named defendant at that point was Home 

Depot. Plaintiffs‟ first amended complaint added Bayer Corporation but not Bayer 

CropScience. The trial court entered an “order of joinder” to permit the addition of Bayer 
15

CropScience in August 2014,7but Plaintiffs did not file a second amended complaint to 

add claims against Bayer CropScience until October 2014, and even then, the trial court 

deferred ruling on whether to grant the motion to supplement the pleadings. Obviously, 

“„a prospective party cannot fairly be required to answer an amended pleading not yet 

permitted, framed, and served.‟” City of Oak Ridge v. Levitt, 493 S.W.3d 492, 501 

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2015) (quoting Nelson v. Adams USA, Inc., 529 U.S. 460, 467-68 

(2000)). “„[T]he clock on an added party‟s time to respond does not start running until 

the new pleading naming that party is served.‟” Id. (quoting Nelson, 529 U.S. at 501). 

Plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint the following month, without leave of court, 

but it was stricken. Finally, Plaintiffs properly filed their “Amended Complaint” 

superseding all other complaints on January 26, 2015. Bayer CropScience promptly filed 

its original answer on February 13, 2015. Its new attorney filed a notice of appearance in 

October 2015, and the motion to amend the answer was filed in December 2015. 

In Gardiner, the Tennessee Supreme Court reversed a trial court‟s decision to 

deny a motion to amend the defendants‟ answers and specifically disagreed with the trial 

court‟s finding of undue delay and prejudice. Gardiner, 731 S.W.2d at 892. The 

supreme court noted that the motions to amend were filed within one year after the 

complaint was filed and only two months after the trial court permitted the defendants‟ 

attorney to withdraw from the case. Id. The court noted that the defendants‟ new 

attorneys filed the motions to amend within sixty days, which was “not an unreasonable 

time for new counsel to familiarize themselves with the facts and status of a case already 

in progress.” Id. The court also noted the delays already caused by the plaintiff in the 

case. Id. The court concluded that, under the circumstances, the possibility of one 

further delay and the inconvenience of being called to answer the amendment were not 

sufficient reasons for denying the motion to amend. Id.

Here, the motion to amend the answer was likewise filed within one year of 

Plaintiffs‟ Amended Complaint asserting claims against Bayer CropScience and just two 

months after Bayer CropScience retained new counsel. We do not deem this to be an 

unreasonable or undue delay under the circumstances of this case. Although the 

amendment did take place after the deadline for amendments to pleadings set out in the 

scheduling order, and shortly before trial was set to begin, the parties still had not 

completed mediation as required by the scheduling order. In addition, Plaintiffs had 

amended their complaint numerous times throughout the litigation, including once after 

the deadline for amendments to the pleadings. We have a hard time sympathizing with 

Plaintiffs when they had already filed or attempted to file five different complaints 

 

7Additionally, it is not clear when Bayer CropScience received notice of this order of joinder because it 

states that “[s]ervice on Bayer Corporation who lists Bayer CropScience as one of their companies on the 

Bayer website of Bayer.com; is sufficient service on [sic] for the purpose of the Petition for Joinder of 

Bayer Corporation and Bayer CropScience.”
16

(original and amended) and this was the first amendment for Bayer CropScience. 

Plaintiffs filed yet another amendment to the amended complaint after the amended 

answer was filed by Bayer CropScience.

We also disagree with Plaintiffs‟ assertion that the prior positions taken by Bayer 

CropScience required denial of its motion to amend. Bayer CropScience had consistently 

denied that it was the “employer” of Mrs. Stephens in the sense that it would have had a 

duty to provide her with safety training rather than her direct employer, Belcan. 

However, Bayer CropScience had not made any assertions regarding its entitlement to 

workers‟ compensation immunity or its status as a “borrowing employer” for purposes of 

the workers‟ compensation law. In fact, Bayer CropScience admitted all along that Mrs. 

Stephens was hired by Belcan, a temporary staffing company, to assist Home Depot 

customers with Bayer CropScience products. “A trial court does not abuse its discretion 

by granting leave to amend a complaint when the amendment is „necessary to bring 

before the Court an issue which, if found in favor of the pleader, would be conclusive of 

the case.‟” City of Oak Ridge, 493 S.W.3d at 499 (quoting Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. 

Taylor, 590 S.W.2d 920, 921 (Tenn. 1979)).

Plaintiffs strenuously argue that the result in this case is controlled by Hammett v. 

Vogue, Inc., 165 S.W.2d 577 (Tenn. 1942). We disagree. Hammett was a suit for 

personal injuries filed by an employee against her employer and her manager. Id. at 578. 

After the plaintiff‟s declaration was filed, the plaintiff moved the court to require the 

defendants to plead their defenses specially. Id. The motion was granted and the 

defendants filed their special pleas. Id. They did not specially plead workers‟ 

compensation immunity. Id. The plaintiff recovered a judgment against the defendants, 

and a motion for new trial was made and overruled. Id. Subsequently, after the statute of 

limitations ran against plaintiff‟s right to claim benefits, the defendants filed a motion in 

arrest of judgment on the ground that the plaintiff‟s declaration did not state a cause of 

action as it showed that plaintiff and defendants were subject to the workers‟

compensation law and its exclusive remedy. Id. at 581. The trial judge sustained the 

motion as to the defendant-employer, and the plaintiff appealed, arguing that the trial 

court erred in concluding that the defense of workers‟ compensation immunity did not 

have to be specially pleaded as a matter of affirmative defense and could be raised for the 

first time by motion in arrest of judgment. Id. at 578. The Tennessee Supreme Court 

concluded that the workers‟ compensation law must be specially pleaded as an 

affirmative defense. Id. at 579. The court found no reference to the workers‟ 

compensation act in the pleadings, either in the plaintiff‟s complaint or in the defendants‟ 

special pleas. Id. The court also specifically recognized that, pursuant to controlling 

statutes, the defendant could be ordered to specially plead his defenses, and no matter of 

defense not pleaded could be shown in evidence. Id. Additionally, a judgment could not 

be arrested on account of any matter that the defendant might have pleaded and relied on 
17

as a defense to the action, with the exception of jurisdiction. Id. at 579-80. The passage 

that Plaintiffs now rely on included the following language:

Where a common-law right of action is brought, the defendant, if he claims 

the benefits of the Compensation Act, should plead it as notice to his 

adversary as well as the court who is asked to decide the question. He 

should not be permitted to interpose his common-law defenses, in the hope 

of defeating the employee entirely, and, having failed, try to avail himself 

of benefits under the act.

Id. at 580. Recognizing that the defendant-employer raised the issue of immunity only 

after judgment and the denial of a motion for new trial, and after the statute of limitations 

ran, the Court held this was “too devious and uncertain a path to travel” and reversed the 

trial court‟s ruling in favor of the defendant. Id. at 581.

The differences between Hammett and this case are obvious. Hammett involved a 

post-trial motion in arrest of judgment after the defendant was ordered to specially plead 

its defenses; this case involves a pre-trial motion to amend. “Whether a claim has been 

asserted in a timely manner must be determined with reference to the applicable 

procedural rules.” Hardcastle, 170 S.W.3d at 83. After the Hammett decision in 1942, 

the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure were enacted in 1970. See Jones v. Prof’l 

Motorcycle Escort Serv., L.L.C., 193 S.W.3d 564, 572 n.7 (Tenn. 2006). “Prior to the 

adoption of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, [] amendments were hard to come 

by.” Pratcher, 407 S.W.3d at 743 (J. Koch, dissenting). Rule 15.01 “substantially 

lessened” the trial court‟s discretion to deny a pre-trial motion to amend. Gardiner, 731 

S.W.2d at 891. Today, “[t]he Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure are sufficiently 

flexible to permit the parties to modify their claims and defenses as the exigencies of the 

case require.” Hardcastle, 170 S.W.3d at 83. Because such modifications generally take 

the form of amendments to the parties‟ pleadings, the timeliness of asserting a new claim 

or defense should be judged using the standards set forth in Rule 15.01, and courts should 

conclude that a new claim or defense is untimely only if the party asserting it would not 

be entitled to amend its pleading under Rule 15.01. Id. In light of the liberal policy set 

forth in Rule 15.01, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing 

Bayer CropScience to amend its answer prior to trial.8

 

8We do not reach the issue raised by Plaintiffs on appeal regarding whether Bayer CropScience would 

have been entitled to “resurrect” workers‟ compensation immunity if it had been properly raised for the 

first time only in the January 13, 2016 answer to the January 8, 2016 “Second Amended Complaint to 

Add Belcan,” which we have deemed an amendment to the “Amended Complaint.” We have concluded 

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in its earlier ruling allowing Bayer CropScience to amend 

its answer to the Amended Complaint, so the defense was properly raised in the January 4, 2016 

“Amended Answer to Amended Complaint” prior to any additional amended pleadings. The January 13, 

2016 answer only reasserted workers‟ compensation immunity after it was properly and timely raised in 
18

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the circuit court is hereby affirmed. 

Costs of the appeal are taxed to the appellants, Joan and Doug Stephens, and their surety, 

for which execution may issue if necessary.

_________________________________ 

BRANDON O. GIBSON, JUDGE

 

the previous amended answer.