Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: 

AMY KAROZOS ROBERT J. HENKE 

Greenwood, Indiana DCS Central Administration 

 PATRICK M. RHODES 

Indiana Department of Child Services 

Indianapolis, Indiana 

IN THE 

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN RE THE INVOLUNTARY TERMINATION ) 

OF THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP OF ) 

A.P.: ) 

 ) 

T.P. ) 

) 

Appellant-Respondent, ) 

) 

vs. ) No. 49A02-1201-JT-28 

) 

THE INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD ) 

SERVICES, ) 

) 

Appellee-Petitioner, ) 

 ) 

and ) 

 ) 

CHILD ADVOCATES, INC. ) 

 ) 

 Guardian Ad Litem. ) 
2

APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT 

The Honorable Marilyn A. Moores, Judge 

The Honorable Larry E. Bradley, Magistrate 

Cause No. 49D09-1109-JT-34377 

October 26, 2012 

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION 

FRIEDLANDER, Judge 

 T.P. (Father) appeals the involuntary termination of his parental rights to his child, 

A.P. Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile court’s 

judgment. 

 We affirm. 

Father is the biological father of A.P., born in July 2009.1

 The facts most favorable to 

the trial court’s judgment reveal that A.P. was removed from the family home and placed in 

relative foster care in July 2010 after the local Marion County office of the Indiana 

Department of Child Services (DCS) substantiated a report alleging domestic violence and 

substance abuse in the family home. At the time of A.P.’s removal, Father was incarcerated 

on domestic battery and battery charges relating to Mother, and Mother was already working 

 

1 A.P.’s biological mother, An.P. (Mother), signed a consent for adoption of A.P. by the maternal grandfather 

and does not participate in this appeal. In addition, three of A.P.’s half-siblings, who were also removed from 

the family home with A.P., are not Father’s biological children and are not subject to this appeal. We 

therefore limit our recitation of the facts to those pertinent solely to Father’s appeal of the juvenile court’s 

judgment terminating Father’s parental rights to A.P. 
3

with DCS through an Informal Adjustment to address her issues with substance abuse.2

 DCS 

thereafter filed a petition alleging that A.P. was a child in need of services (CHINS). 

An evidentiary hearing on the CHINS petition was eventually held in November 2010. 

During the CHINS hearing, Father signed and submitted an Admission and Agreement on 

Services (Agreed Entry), acknowledging that he had failed to provide A.P. with a safe and 

appropriate living environment, free from domestic violence. The Agreed Entry further stated 

that Father agreed to participate in and successfully complete a variety of tasks and services 

including: (1) maintaining a legal and stable source of income sufficient to support the 

family; (2) participating in home-based counseling; (3) submitting to random drug screens; 

and (4) successfully completing a domestic violence assessment, substance abuse assessment, 

and psychological evaluation and follow any and all resulting treatment recommendations. 

The juvenile court accepted the Agreed Entry and adjudicated A.P. a CHINS. The 

court thereafter proceeded to disposition the same day and entered an order formally 

removing A.P. from Father’s care and custody. A Participation Decree was also entered 

directing Father to successfully complete a variety of tasks and services designed to improve 

his parenting skills and to facilitate reunification with A.P. In addition to the services set 

forth in the Agreed Entry, Father was ordered to, among other things: (1) refrain from all 

criminal activity, acts of domestic violence, and drug use; (2) maintain clean, safe, and 

appropriate housing at all times; and (3) exercise regular supervised visits with A.P. 

Father’s participation in court-ordered services was inconsistent and ultimately 

 

2

 A Program of Informal Adjustment is a negotiated agreement between a family and DCS whereby the family 

agrees to participate in various services in an effort to prevent the child/children from being formally deemed 
4

unsuccessful. Although he participated in domestic violence classes, Father had to be referred 

to the program twice for failing to regularly attend class during the first referral. 

Additionally, in June 2011, Father pled guilty to a new charge of domestic violence 

following an incident during which he bit Mother. Father eventually completed the domestic 

violence classes in September 2011, but DCS continued to receive reports of violent 

incidents occurring in the family home despite Father’s completion of the program. 

Father also struggled with substance abuse, testing positive for cocaine, marijuana, 

and alcohol throughout the underlying proceedings. Although Father underwent a substance 

abuse evaluation and eventually completed an intensive out-patient treatment program (IOP), 

he had to be referred to the IOP program twice because he stopped attending the first referral. 

 Father also continued to use and/or sell illegal substances following his completion of the 

IOP. In addition, Father tested positive for cocaine in June 2011 while still working with his 

addictions therapist, Stephen Kramar. Father was also unsuccessfully discharged from his 

first referral for random drug testing because he refused to submit to twenty separate drug 

screen requests. 

In September 2011, DCS filed a petition seeking the involuntary termination of 

Father’s parental rights to A.P. During the termination hearing, DCS presented significant 

evidence establishing that although Father had completed several of the court-ordered 

reunification services, including an IOP and domestic violence classes, he nevertheless 

remained unable to demonstrate that he had achieved any long-term benefit from 

participating in these programs. In addition to showing that Father continued to struggle with 

 

children in need of services. See Ind. Code 31-34-8 et seq. 
5

substance abuse issues, DCS also established that Father refused to take his prescribed antianxiety medications, choosing instead to use alcohol in an attempt to self-medicate. Father 

also admitted during the termination hearing that he had smoked marijuana the day before 

trial. 

DCS also presented evidence that Father continued to engage in violent domestic 

conflicts with Mother despite his completion of domestic violence classes, was convicted of 

new domestic violence charges during the underlying proceedings as recently as June 2011, 

and was involved in a physically violent altercation with Mother approximately one week 

prior to the termination hearing, resulting in damage to his truck. Finally, DCS presented 

evidence showing A.P. was happy and thriving in the pre-adoptive relative foster care home 

of his maternal grandfather. 

At the conclusion of the termination hearing, the juvenile court took the matter under 

advisement. On December 19, 2012, the juvenile court entered its judgment terminating 

Father’s parental rights to A.P. Father now appeals. 

 Initially, we note that when reviewing the termination of parental rights, we will not 

reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable 

inferences that are most favorable to the judgment. Id. In deference to the juvenile court’s 

unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside the court’s judgment terminating a 

parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 1999), trans. denied. Thus, if the evidence and inferences support the juvenile court’s 

decision, we must affirm. Id.
6

 Here, the juvenile court made detailed findings in its order terminating Father’s 

parental rights to A.P. Where the juvenile court enters specific findings of fact and 

conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of 

Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143 (Ind. 2005). First, we determine whether the evidence 

supports the findings, and second we determine whether the findings support the judgment. 

Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to support them 

either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). A 

judgment is clearly erroneous only if the findings do not support the juvenile court’s 

conclusions or the conclusions do not support the judgment thereon. Quillen v. Quillen, 671 

N.E.2d 98. 

Initially, we recognize that the traditional right of parents to “establish a home and 

raise their children is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States 

Constitution.” In re M.B., 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. Although 

parental rights are of a constitutional dimension, the law provides for the termination of these 

rights when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities. In re R.H., 

892 N.E.2d 144 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). In addition, a juvenile court must subordinate the 

interests of the parents to those of the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding 

the termination. In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). 

 Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur in Indiana, the State is 

required to allege and prove, among other things: 

(B) that one (1) of the following is true: 

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted 
7

in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the 

home of the parents will not be remedied. 

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the 

child. 

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a 

child in need of services. 

 

Ind. Code Ann. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) (West, Westlaw current with all 2012 legislation).3

 The 

State’s burden of proof for establishing these allegations in termination cases “is one of ‘clear 

and convincing evidence.’” In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009) (quoting Ind. 

Code Ann. § 31-37-14-2 (West, Westlaw current with all 2012 legislation)). If the court 

finds that the allegations in a petition described in section 4 of this chapter are true, the court 

shall terminate the parent-child relationship. I.C. § 31-35-2-8 (West, Westlaw current with 

all 2012 legislation). 

 On appeal, Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile 

 

3 We observe that I.C. § 31-35-2-4 was amended by Pub. L. No. 48-2012 (eff. July 1, 2012). The changes to 

the statute became effective after the filing of the termination petition involved herein and are not applicable 

to this case. 
8

court’s findings as to subsection (b)(2)(B) of the termination statute cited above.4

 See I.C. § 

31-35-2-4(b)(2). Specifically, Father claims he was “making progress” at the time of the 

termination hearing, and that the juvenile court’s decision to terminate his parental rights was 

“premature and fail[ed] to consider how much progress [Father had] made in correcting the 

circumstances that led to [A.P.’s] removal from the home.” Appellant’s Brief at 13. Father 

therefore asserts he is entitled to reversal. 

 At the outset, we note that DCS needed to establish only one of the three requirements 

of subsection (b)(2)(B) by clear and convincing evidence before the juvenile court could 

terminate parental rights. See In re L.V.N., 799 N.E.2d 63 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Here, the 

juvenile court found DCS presented sufficient evidence to satisfy the first two subsections of 

(b)(2)(B) of the termination statute. See I.C. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i) & (ii). Because we find 

it dispositive under the facts of this particular case, however, we shall consider only whether 

clear and convincing evidence supports the juvenile court’s findings regarding subsection 

(b)(2)(B)(i), namely, whether there is a reasonable probability the conditions resulting in 

A.P.’s removal or continued placement outside Father’s care will not be remedied. 

 In making such a determination, a juvenile court must judge a parent’s fitness to care 

for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence 

 

4 Father does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile court’s findings regarding 

the remaining elements of Indiana’s termination statute, including whether the child was removed from his 

care for the requisite amount of time, whether termination of parental rights is in A.P.’s best interests, and 

whether there is a satisfactory plan for the future care and treatment of the child. See I.C. §§ 31-35-2-

4(b)(2)(A), (C), and (D). Father has therefore waived appellate review of these issues. See Davis v. State, 

835 N.E.2d 1102 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (concluding that failure to present a cogent argument or citation to 

authority constitutes waiver of issue for appellate review), trans. denied. 
9

of changed conditions. In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. The 

court must also evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there 

is a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. In re M.M., 733 

N.E.2d 6 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Similarly, courts may consider evidence of a parent’s prior 

criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support, and 

lack of adequate housing and employment. A.F. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family & 

Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. The juvenile court may also 

consider the services offered to the parent by a county office of the Indiana Department of 

Child Services and the parent’s response to those services, as evidence of whether conditions 

will be remedied. Id. Finally, a juvenile court need not wait until a child is irreversibly 

influenced by a deficient lifestyle such that his or her physical, mental, and social growth are 

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. In re E.S., 762 

N.E.2d 1287 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). 

 Here, in determining that there is a reasonable probability the conditions resulting in 

A.P.’s removal and/or continued placement outside of Father’s care will not be remedied, the 

juvenile court made detailed findings regarding Father’s unresolved substance-abuse and 

domestic violence issues, as well as his lack of progress in improving his ability to provide a 

safe home for A.P. Specifically, the juvenile court found that although Father had eventually 

completed the court-ordered drug and alcohol assessment, as well as an IOP, his last 

addictions therapist, Stephen Kramer, advised that he “did not feel the completion was 

successful because [Father] remained in an ambivalent contemplation stage.” Appellant’s 

Appendix at 6. The juvenile court further determined that Father’s substance abuse treatment 
10

had been unsuccessful “due to [Father’s] ongoing use of alcohol, marijuana[,] and cocaine. 

In addition, [Father] has a history of dealing illegal drugs to support himself, including 

during the Summer of 2011.” Id. The court also specifically found Father “suffers from 

anxiety and self[-]medicates by drinking alcohol” and that he “minimizes his alcohol use.” 

Id.

 As for Father’s unresolved domestic violence issues, the juvenile court acknowledged 

in its findings that, notwithstanding his struggle with “nonattendance,” Father did submit to 

a psychological examination and eventually completed domestic violence classes. Id. 

Nevertheless, the juvenile court went on to find that it was “clear from the evidence 

presented that [Father] remains in a violent relationship.” Id. The court further observed that 

when home-based services were “closed out” in late August 2011, “drugs and violence 

continued to be an ongoing issue” in Father’s home. Id. The juvenile court thereafter 

indicated: 

There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in [A.P.’s] 

removal and continued placement outside the home will not be remedied by 

[Father]. Although [Father] has made the effort to complete substance abuse 

treatment and domestic violence classes, he still uses, and remains in a violent 

relationship. He has had ample time and opportunity to make progress, but has 

failed to do so. [DCS] would require another substance abuse program and 

another twenty-six week domestic violence class which evidences that [Father] 

is back to where he first began. 

Id. Our review of the record leaves us convinced us that these findings are supported by 

abundant evidence. 

 During the termination hearing, DCS case manager Jonathan Robbins recommended 

termination of Father’s parental rights. In so doing, Robbins confirmed that Father had 
11

participated in substance-abuse treatment and domestic violence counseling. Robbins further 

informed the juvenile court, however, that he did not “believe that a change was made 

within” Father and further testified, “I don’t believe the services were successful.” 

Transcript at 19. When specifically questioned about the importance of Father maintaining 

sobriety and participating in domestic violence counseling, Robbins explained that Father’s 

“[s]obriety” was important “in this particular case” because “there seemed to be a correlation 

between substance use and violence in the home.” Id. at 14. When asked whether Father had 

ever progressed in services to the point of having unsupervised and/or trial in-home visits 

with A.P., Robbins answered in the negative and reiterated that DCS never felt that the 

“issues in the case regarding substance abuse [and] domestic violence ha[d] been successfully 

addressed to the point that we felt that [A.P.] would be safe in the home.” Id. at 21. Robbins 

later confirmed that the “issues in the case that we had in the beginning are the same issues 

that we have now in spite of the home-based counseling and all of the other services.” Id. at 

29. 

 Robbins’s concerns regarding Father’s unresolved parenting, substance-abuse, and 

domestic violence issues were likewise echoed in the testimony of service providers, as well 

as the Guardian ad Litem (GAL). For example, home-based counselor Bruce Joray testified 

that Father failed to complete a majority of his treatment plan goals, attended at least one 

home-based counseling session “inebriated,” and continued to “minimize” that his drinking 

was “a problem.” Id. at 68 and 73. Similarly, addictions counselor Kramar informed the 

court that when Father ceased participating in group therapy, he remained in a 

“contemplative stage of change,” meaning Father demonstrated “considerable ambivalence 
12

about whether he should return to the use of alcohol or cannabis or cocaine. . . . .” Id. at 133 

and 143. GAL Earlon Hollowell also recommended termination of Father’s parental rights. 

In so doing, Hollowell testified that he believed termination of Father’s parental rights was in 

A.P.’s best interests because he was not “capable of parenting [A.P.] at this time.” Id. at 146. 

 When asked whether he believed Father should receive more time to complete services, 

Hollowell answered in the negative and further explained, “I just feel like there’s been 

enough time to[,] you know[,] show efforts of . . . making those correct steps . . . .. [W]e need 

to start looking at more permanency so that . . . [A.P.] can go on . . . .” Id. at 148. 

 Finally, Father’s own testimony lends support to the juvenile court’s findings. During 

the termination hearing, Father admitted that he had a history of using cocaine, marijuana, 

and alcohol. In fact, Father confirmed that he had used cocaine less than a month ago and 

had smoked marijuana “yesterday.” Id. at 50. Father also informed the juvenile court that he 

sold marijuana and cocaine “to get some money for [A.P.’s] birthday” in July 2011, 

explaining that selling drugs “used to be my sole survivor skill.” Id. at 49. Finally, Father 

admitted that he and Mother continued to be in a relationship and to engage in violent 

domestic disputes, thereafter describing an incident that had occurred the week before during 

which Mother “tore up” the family’s new truck as well as another violent encounter the day 

before trial during which Mother scratched Father’s ear and the police were called. Id. at 59. 

 As previously explained, a juvenile court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for his 

or her children at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration the parent’s 

habitual patterns of conduct to determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of 

the children. D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Where a parent’s 
13

“pattern of conduct shows no overall progress, the court might reasonably find that under the 

circumstances, the problematic situation will not improve.” In re A.H., 832 N.E.2d 563, 570 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Here, Father has demonstrated a persistent unwillingness and/or 

inability to take the actions necessary to show he is capable of providing A.P. with the safe, 

stable, and drug-free home environment the child needs. Moreover, Father’s arguments on 

appeal, including his assertions that he was denied due process of law “where he followed the 

case plan or Parental Participation Order, but his rights were terminated because his 

completion of services was not thought to be successful” amount to an impermissible 

invitation to reweigh the evidence. Appellant’s Brief at 17; see also D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258. 

We have repeatedly recognized that “simply going through the motions of receiving services 

alone is not sufficient” to show that conditions have been remedied if the services “do not 

result in the needed change, or only result in temporary change.” In re J.S., 906 N.E.2d 266, 

234 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). 

 This Court will reverse a termination of parental rights “only upon a showing of ‘clear 

error’– that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been 

made.” In re A.N.J., 690 N.E.2d 716, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting Egly v. Blackford 

Cnty. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 592 N.E.2d 1232, 1235 (Ind. 1992)). We find no such error 

here. 

 Judgment affirmed. 

BROWN, J., and PYLE, J., concur.