UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

HARDY EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION : 

(INDIA), INC., : 

 : 

 Petitioner, : Civil Action No.: 16-0140 (RC) 

 : 

 v. : Re Document Nos.: 16 

 : 

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY : 

OF PETROLUEM AND NATURAL GAS, : 

 : 

 Respondent. : 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS

I. INTRODUCTION 

Petitioner Hardy Exploration & Production (India), Inc. (“HEPI”) has filed a Petition to 

confirm an arbitration award (“Award”) against Respondent, the Government of India (“India”), 

acting through its Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (“Ministry”). See generally Pet. 

Confirm Arbitration Award (“Pet.”), ECF No. 1. HEPI filed its Petition pursuant to Section 207 

of the Federal Arbitration Act. 9 U.S.C. § 207. Because India is a foreign state, HEPI must 

effect service under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”). 28 U.S.C. § 1608. India 

moves to dismiss the Petition, arguing that HEPI did not properly effect service on India and, 

thus, that this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over India. See generally Specially-Appearing 

Resp’t’s Mot. Dismiss (“Mot. Dismiss”), ECF No. 16; Specially-Appearing Resp’t’s Mem. Law 

Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Resp’t’s Mem.”), ECF No. 16-1. India’s motion is now ripe and ready for 

decision. 
2 

The Court finds that HEPI has failed to demonstrate that it properly served India. The 

contract between the parties does not constitute a special arrangement for service for the 

purposes of the FSIA, and, therefore, India has not been served. The Court will not, however, 

dismiss the Petition. Instead, HEPI will be permitted another opportunity to serve India by 

relying on the other methods for service identified in the FSIA. 

II. BACKGROUND 

The Court will begin its analysis by providing an overview of the facts giving rise to this 

dispute before turning to the parties’ subsequent arbitration and litigation. 

A. Factual Background1

This case originates in the parties’ participation in a Production Sharing Contract (“PSC”) 

for the development and production of hydrocarbons. The PSC governs the exploration of a 

geographic block called CY-OS/2 (the “Block”) found off the southeastern coast of India. See 

Pet. ¶ 5; Decl. of Ian MacKenzie (“MacKenzie Decl.”) ¶ 3, ECF No. 1-2. See generally

Production Sharing Contract (“PSC”), MacKenzie Decl., Ex. 2, ECF No. 1-4. The PSC has been 

in force since November 19, 1996. See Pet. ¶ 6; see also PSC at 136. At that time, an agreement 

was reached by three private companies, India’s state-owned oil company, and “the President of 

India, acting through the Joint Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.” See Pet. ¶ 6 

(quoting PSC at 1). The PSC permitted the private companies to explore the Block and, if they 

found commercially viable hydrocarbon reserves, extract those resources under a production 

 1

 The following facts are taken from the Petition and documents attached to the Petition, 

and those facts are taken as true in this procedural posture. See Orange Middle E. & Afr. v. 

Republic of Equatorial Guinea, No. 15-0849, 2016 WL 2894857, at *1 (D.D.C. May 18, 2016) 

(citing Baird v. Gotbaum, 792 F.3d 166, 169 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 2015)). 
3 

sharing arrangement. See Pet’r’s Mem. Law Supp. Pet. to Confirm Arbitration Award (“Pet’r’s 

Mem.”) at 2–3, ECF No. 1-1; PSC art. 14–15. 

HEPI was not an original participant in the PSC. See Pet. ¶ 7. Instead, HEPI acquired a 

25% participation share in the PSC from one of the original private companies in 1997. See 

Pet’r’s Mem. at 3. HEPI’s interest was confirmed in the initial addendum to the PSC executed 

on March 30, 2000. See MacKenzie Decl., Ex. 3 at 1–2, ECF No. 1-5. Subsequently, each of the 

other private companies decided not to participate further in the PSC, and HEPI acquired a 100% 

participation share. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 3; see also Arbitration Award at 3, MacKenzie Decl., 

Ex. 1, ECF No. 1-3. This change was reflected in the second addendum to the PSC, which was 

executed on August 17, 2001. See MacKenzie Decl., Ex. 4 at 1–2, ECF No. 1-6. Finally, HEPI 

transferred a 25% share of its interest in the PSC to GAIL (India) Ltd., a state-owned, Indian 

company in the business of gas processing and distribution. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 3. This change 

was reflected in an additional amendment to the PSC.2 See generally MacKenzie Decl., Ex. 5, 

ECF No. 1-7. India was a signatory to each of these three amendments to the PSC. See 

MacKenzie Decl., Ex. 3 at 6; Ex. 4 at 4; Ex. 5 at 5. HEPI continued to own a 75% share during 

the period giving rise to the underlying dispute between the parties. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 4. 

In late 2006, an exploratory well drilled in the Block yielded hydrocarbons. See id. at 4; 

Arbitration Award at 6. HEPI and GAIL alerted the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas 

about the discovery on January 8, 2007. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 4; Arbitration Award at 6–7. 

The PSC defined the procedure the parties would follow in the event of such a discovery. 

See PSC art. 9. Under the PSC, an appraisal period followed any discovery of hydrocarbons. 

 2

 The document is styled as “Amendment No. 3” to the PSC, while the first two changes 

are referred to as “Addendum” and “Addendum No. 2,” respectively. See MacKenzie Decl., Ex. 

3 at 1; Ex. 4 at 1; Ex. 5 at 1. 
4 

See Pet’r’s Mem. at 4; Arbitration Award at 7. At the end of the appraisal period, the PSC 

required the participating companies to issue a determination as to whether the discovery was a 

“Commercial Discovery,” meaning that the production of the hydrocarbons would be 

economically feasible. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 4; PSC arts. 9.5, 21.4.4. The PSC provided different 

appraisal period durations depending on the type of hydrocarbons discovered. See Pet’r’s Mem. 

at 4. If the discovery was crude oil, as defined by the PSC, the appraisal period would be two 

years. See PSC art. 9.5. If the discovery was natural gas, on the other hand, the appraisal period 

would be five years. See PSC art. 21.4.4. 

 The parties disagreed about whether the discovery was crude oil or natural gas. 

See Pet’r’s Mem. at 5. The Ministry maintained that the discovery was crude oil, and informed 

HEPI that its rights to the Block were relinquished after the shorter two-year appraisal period 

concluded on January 7, 2009. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 5; Arbitration Award at 9–10. During 2009 

and 2010, HEPI pursued a number of avenues in an attempt to convince the Ministry to change 

its position. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 5; Arbitration Award at 10–12. The Ministry refused, insisting 

that the discovery was crude oil and that HEPI had forfeited its rights to the Block. See Pet’r’s 

Mem. at 5. 

B. The Arbitration and Subsequent Litigation 

The PSC includes an arbitration provision. See PSC art. 33. Specifically, Article 33 of 

the PSC provides that “any unresolved dispute, difference or claim which cannot be settled 

amicably within a reasonable time may . . . be submitted to an arbitral tribunal for final 

decision.” PSC art. 33.3. Article 33 sets forth the procedures for any arbitration, including 

selecting Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia as the venue. See PSC art. 33.12. The PSC provides that 
5 

“[t]he decision of the arbitral tribunal, and, in the case of difference among the arbitrators, the 

decision of the majority, shall be final and binding upon the Parties.” PSC art. 33.8. 

HEPI initiated an arbitration proceeding following the parties’ inability to resolve which 

assessment period applied to the discovery of hydrocarbons in the Block. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 5. 

Both HEPI and India nominated former Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of India to serve as 

party-appointed arbitrators, and the two party-appointed arbitrators nominated another former 

Chief Justice to serve as the presiding arbitrator. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 5; Arbitration Award at 4. 

The Tribunal first turned to preliminary issues, and issued an order on May 28, 2011 finding that 

the dispute between the parties was subject to arbitration and within the Tribunal’s jurisdiction. 

See MacKenzie Decl., Ex. 7, ECF No. 1-9; see also Arbitration Award at 4. 

After considering the merits of the dispute, the Tribunal issued a unanimous award on 

February 2, 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. See Arbitration Award at 43. On the central 

question, the Tribunal found that “the nature of the discovery in the Block . . . would 

unequivocally qualify under the term of the [PSC] as Non Associated Natural Gas.” Id. at 28. 

Because the discovery was natural gas, not crude oil, the Tribunal decided that HEPI was 

“denied the time provided for in the contract for appraisal and to come to [a] conclusion about 

the commerciality of the discovery.” Id. at 35. The Tribunal concluded that severing HEPI’s 

interest in the Block was “illegal, being on the erroneous impression that the discovery was Oil.” 

Id. at 42. 

As a remedy, the Tribunal stated that “the parties shall be immediately relegated to the 

position in which they stood prior to the order of the relinquishment and the block shall be 

restored to [HEPI].” Id. The Tribunal also awarded HEPI financial compensation of 5 billion 

Indian Rupees, see id., which HEPI alleges corresponds to roughly $74 million, see Pet’r’s Mem. 
6 

at 7 n.1. Finally, the Tribunal also ordered India to pay certain costs of the arbitration. 

See Arbitration Award at 42–43. 

HEPI alleges that India has not complied with the Award. See Pet’r’s Mem. at 7. HEPI’s 

declarant, Mr. Ian MacKenzie, states that no legal proceedings related to the Award have been 

filed in Malaysia, the venue of the arbitration. See MacKenzie Decl. ¶ 9. India did, however, 

file a petition in Delhi High Court challenging the Award in July 2013. Id. ¶ 6. In November 

2013, HEPI filed its own petition to enforce the award in the same court. Id. ¶ 8. India’s petition 

was dismissed by the Delhi High Court on July 9, 2015. Id. ¶ 6. A request for reconsideration of 

that decision was rejected on January 20, 2016.3

 Id. ¶ 7. HEPI’s petition to enforce the award in 

India remained pending in the Delhi High Court in January 2016. Id. ¶ 8. 

C. Proceedings before this Court 

On January 28, 2016, HEPI filed this Petition before the Court, seeking the confirmation 

of the Award. See generally Pet. On February 17, 2016, HEPI filed a Certificate of Service

asserting that India was served by Federal Express and attaching the relevant receipts and 

confirmations. See Pet’r’s Certificate of Service, ECF No. 10. India moves to dismiss the 

Petition. See generally Mot. Dismiss. India argues that HEPI’s method of service, delivery by 

Federal Express, is insufficient under the FSIA. See Resp’t’s Mem. at 1. India also argues that 

this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over it because of HEPI’s purportedly faulty service. 

See id. at 1–2. For these two reasons, India argues that the Petition must be dismissed. See id. 

At this time, India has not addressed the merits of HEPI’s Petition. See id. at 2. 

 3

 India asserts that it appealed the decision of the Delhi High Court and that the appeal 

remained pending on May 20, 2016. See Resp’t’s Mem. at 4. 
7 

In response, HEPI argues that the PSC specifically contemplates service by Federal 

Express, and that method therefore constitutes a special arrangement for service for the purposes 

of the FSIA. See Pet’r’s Mem. P. & A. Opp’n to Resp’t’s Mot. Dismiss (“Pet’r’s Opp’n”) 

at 6–13, ECF No. 17. Because the parties agree that the PSC is governed by Indian law, HEPI 

also provides the declaration of former Indian Supreme Court Justice Deepak Verma, who 

discusses principles of Indian contract law. See id. at 6; see also Decl. of Justice Deepak Verma 

(“Verma Decl.”), ECF No. 17-1. In the alternative, HEPI argues that it should be given 

additional time to serve India if this Court determines that HEPI’s first attempt was not effective. 

See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 13–15. Finally, HEPI requests leave to skip one of the usual steps in 

serving foreign states under the FSIA. See id. at 15–16. 

In its reply, India provides a competing declaration prepared by former Chief Justice of 

the Indian Supreme Court K.G. Balakrishnan. See Specially-Appearing Resp’t’s Reply Mem. of 

Law Supp. Mot. Dismiss (“Resp’t’s Reply”) at 1, ECF No. 20; see also Decl. of Justice K.G. 

Balakrishnan (“Balakrishnan Decl.”), ECF No. 20-1. India argues that portions of Justice 

Verma’s interpretation of the PSC are inadmissible because they consist of legal conclusions. 

See Resp’t’s Reply at 3–5. India also argues that Chief Justice Balakrishnan’s explanation of 

Indian contract law is more persuasive. See id. at 5–7. Finally, India restates its position that the 

Petition must be dismissed, and that, if the Court permits HEPI another opportunity to serve 

India, HEPI must strictly comply with the usual requirements of the FSIA. See id. at 17–21. 

III. LEGAL STANDARD 

“Service of process, under longstanding tradition in our system of justice, is fundamental 

to any procedural imposition on a named defendant.” Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe 

Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 350 (1999). “Before a federal court may exercise personal 
8 

jurisdiction over a defendant, the procedural requirement of service of summons must be 

satisfied.” Omni Capital Int’l, Ltd. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., Ltd., 484 U.S. 97, 104 (1987). When 

the propriety of service is challenged, “[b]y the plain text of Rule 4, the plaintiff has the burden 

to ‘demonstrate that the procedure employed to deliver the papers satisfies the requirement of the 

relevant portions of Rule 4.’” Mann v. Castiel, 681 F.3d 368, 372 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting 

4A Charles Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1083 (3d ed. 2002 & 

Supp. 2012)). 

The FSIA is the source of jurisdiction in federal court over claims against foreign states, 

their agencies, or their instrumentalities. See Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping 

Corp., 488 U.S. 428, 443 (1989). Under the FSIA, “subject matter jurisdiction plus service of 

process equals personal jurisdiction.” Practical Concepts, Inc. v. Republic of Bolivia, 811 F.2d 

1543, 1548 n.11 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting Tex. Trading & Milling Corp. v. Fed. Republic of 

Nigeria, 647 F.2d 300, 308 (2d Cir. 1981)). “[A] rule 12(b)(5) motion is the proper vehicle for 

challenging the mode of delivery or the lack of delivery of the summons and complaint.” 

Candido v. District of Columbia, 242 F.R.D. 151, 162 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting 5B Charles 

Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1353 (3d ed. 2006)). There are two 

requirements to obtain personal jurisdiction over a foreign state under the FSIA. First, there 

must be an exception to the sovereign immunity that otherwise applies under 28 U.S.C. 

§§ 1605–07 “or under any applicable international agreement.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1330(a). 

Second, service must be made by one of the means identified in 28 U.S.C. § 1608. See id.

§ 1330(b). 
9 

IV. ANALYSIS 

The Court can exercise personal jurisdiction over India only if it has been properly served 

pursuant to the FSIA. The central question before the Court is whether the agreement between 

the parties, embodied in the PSC, constitutes a special arrangement for service. Relying on 

Indian contract law principles and federal case law, the Court finds that the relevant language of 

the PSC does not constitute a special arrangement for service. Thus, India has not been properly 

served and this court lacks personal jurisdiction over India. At this time, however, the Court 

finds that dismissal of the Petition would be inappropriate. Therefore, HEPI will be afforded 

another opportunity to effect service on India. 

A. Service of the Petition 

The core of India’s argument is that HEPI’s service of process was insufficient under the 

FSIA. A federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a foreign state that has been 

properly served. See 28 U.S.C. § 1330(b); see also TMR Energy Ltd. v. State Prop. Fund of 

Ukr., 411 F.3d 296, 299 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“The FSIA confers . . . subject matter jurisdiction as to 

any claim for relief in personam with respect to which the foreign state is not entitled to 

immunity, and personal jurisdiction follows where proper service has been made . . . .” (citations 

and internal quotation marks omitted)). The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that a 

“foreign state or its political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality must be served in 

accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1608.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(j)(1). The parties agree that Respondent is 

a sovereign state and therefore service in this case is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a). 

See Pet’r’s Mem. at 8; Resp’t’s Mem. at 5 n.3. That subsection of the FSIA prescribes four 

methods of service, listed in order of preference. See 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a). Plaintiffs must 
10 

attempt service by each method, in order, before proceeding to the next available method. See

id. § 1608(a). 

The first available method of service is delivery of the summons and complaint “in 

accordance with any special arrangement for service between the plaintiff and the foreign state.” 

Id. § 1608(a)(1). If there is no special arrangement for service, then service must be made “in 

accordance with an applicable international convention on service of judicial documents.” 

Id. § 1608(a)(2). If the first two methods are not available, a plaintiff may send the summons, 

complaint, and a notice of suit (as well as a translation of each document in the official language 

of the foreign state) “by any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and 

dispatched by the clerk of the court to the head of the ministry of foreign affairs of the foreign 

state concerned.” Id. § 1608(a)(3). Finally, if the third method cannot be accomplished within 

thirty days, then the FSIA allows a plaintiff to request that the Clerk of the Court send two copies 

of the summons, complaint, and notice of suit (as well as translated versions) to the United States 

Secretary of State, who “shall transmit one copy of the papers through diplomatic channels to the 

foreign state and shall send to the clerk of the court a certified copy of the diplomatic note 

indicating when the papers were transmitted.” Id. § 1608(a)(4). The D.C. Circuit has made clear 

that “[s]trict adherence to the terms of 1608(a) is required.” Transaero, Inc. v. La Fuerza Aerea 

Boliviana, 30 F.3d 148, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1994). 

1. Special Arrangement for Service 

The parties agree that the first method for service found in Section 1608(a) is currently at 

issue in this case. The crucial question is whether the relevant portion of the PSC, Article 36, 

constitutes a “special arrangement for service between the plaintiff and the foreign state.” 

28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(1). Article 36 of the PSC provides that: 
11 

All notices, statements, and other communications to be given, submitted or made 

hereunder by any Party to another shall be sufficiently given if given in writing in 

the English Language and sent by registered post, postage paid . . . to the address 

or addresses of the other Party or Parties . . . . 

PSC art. 36.1 

In apparent reliance on Article 36, HEPI sent the Petition, summons, and related 

documents to the address listed in the PSC on January 31, 2016. See Pet’r’s Certificate of 

Service at 1. HEPI filed a Certificate of Service stating that the documents were transmitted by 

Federal Express to “the President of India through the Secretary of the Government of India, 

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.” Id. 

India argues that the language in Article 36 “did not address service of a summons” and 

does not constitute “a ‘special arrangement’ for service of process within the meaning of FSIA 

§ 1608(a)(1).” Resp’t’s Mem. at 8. India makes two arguments based on the application of 

Indian law. First, India argues that, under Indian law, contract interpretation turns on the plain 

meaning of a contract, and nothing in the PSC “can fairly be read as consenting to accept service 

of a summons and complaint from a foreign judicial proceeding delivered by Federal Express.” 

Id. at 10. Second, India argues that Indian law “prohibits service by mail or private courier,” and 

because the PSC is governed by Indian law, Article 36 cannot be read to permit service by mail. 

Id. at 11. India also relies on federal court decisions to argue that a special arrangement for 

service cannot be found “absent explicit language in the parties’ contract specifying a method of 

service of judicial documents in the event of suit.” Id. at 12. 

In response, HEPI argues that India’s description of Indian contract law is overly 

technical and that the Court should interpret Article 36 in a manner that considers commercial 

realities and attempts to harmonize different portions of the PSC. See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 6. HEPI 

asserts that the weight of U.S. case law suggests that “notice provisions like Article 36 form a 
12 

‘special arrangement for service’ within the meaning of the FSIA.” Id. at 8. And to the extent 

certain decisions reach the opposite conclusion, particularly Orange Middle East & Africa v. 

Republic of Equatorial Guinea, HEPI attempts to distinguish the facts of this case. See id. at 

10–12. Finally, HEPI briefly argues that the fact that Indian law “does not permit service of 

foreign legal documents by postal channel as a general rule . . . does not speak to the 

arrangements it entered into with HEPI under the terms of the PSC.” Id. at 13. 

2. Indian Contract Law Experts 

The parties agree that the PSC is governed by Indian law. See Resp’t’s Mem. at 8 

(“As an initial matter, the validity of Article 36 . . . must be determined by Indian law, which 

governs the PSC.”); Pet’r’s Opp’n at 6 (“Both parties agree that the PSC must be interpreted in 

accordance with Indian law.”). The terms of the PSC are explicit on this point. Article 32 of the 

PSC provides that the contract “shall be governed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of 

India.” PSC art. 32.1. Both parties have put forward expert testimony that provides principles of 

Indian contract law and examines the PSC. HEPI provides the declaration of former Justice of 

the Indian Supreme Court Deepak Verma. See generally Verma Decl. And India provides a 

competing declaration prepared by former Chief Justice of the Indian Supreme Court K.G. 

Balakrishnan. See generally Balakrishnan Decl. 

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 44.1, a court interpreting a foreign country’s law 

“may consider any relevant material or source, including testimony, whether or not submitted by 

a party or admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 44.1. Frequently, 

the contours of foreign law are established by “written or oral expert testimony accompanied by 

extracts from foreign legal material.” Ganem v. Heckler, 746 F.2d 844, 854 (D.C. Cir. 1984). 

Expert testimony on foreign law should assist the court in “determining the content of the 
13 

applicable foreign law—not to apply [the law] to the facts of the case.” Minebea Co. Ltd, v. 

Papst, 444 F. Supp. 2d 68, 182 (D.D.C. 2006); see also Estate of Botvin ex rel. Ellis v. Islamic 

Republic of Iran, 772 F. Supp. 2d 218, 227–28 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Such expert testimony is 

intended to aid the court in determining the content of the law, not in applying that law to the 

facts of the case.”). A court, remembering the partisan nature of these expert reports, should 

critically evaluate expert testimony, and may “engage in its own research . . . [or] reexamine and 

amplify material that has been presented by counsel in partisan fashion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 44.1 

(advisory committee’s note); see also 9A Charles Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice and 

Procedure § 2444 (3d ed. 2002 & Supp. 2016) (“All too often counsel will do an inadequate job 

of researching and presenting foreign law or will attempt to prove it in such a partisan fashion 

that the court is obliged to go beyond their offerings.”). 

India argues that the Court should view the declaration of Justice Verma “with a 

jaundiced eye and exclude as inadmissible” portions of his testimony that are “legally 

conclusory.” Resp’t’s Reply at 3. India takes particular exception to Justice Verma’s conclusion 

that “as a matter of Indian Contract Law, Article 36.1 of the PSC encompasses the service of the 

Petition.” Verma Decl. ¶ 10. In contrast, India claims that Chief Justice Balakrishnan’s 

declaration “presents a straightforward explanation of Indian contract principles that comports 

with Indian case law.” See Resp’t’s Reply at 5. The Court notes that Chief Justice 

Balakrishnan’s declaration could also be construed as applying foreign law “to the facts of the 

case.” Minebea Co., 444 F. Supp. 2d at 182. For example, Chief Justice Balakrishnan states that 

[A]n Indian court interpreting Article 36.1 of the PSC would construe the clause 

according to its terms to exclude service of a foreign court’s judicial summons 

because the language of Article 36.1 is unambiguous and makes clear that it only 

applies to notices required by the contract and issued between the parties. 
14 

Balakrishnan Decl. ¶ 30. The declaration applies Indian law to the specifics of the PSC, 

regardless of the fact that the declaration is phrased in terms of what a hypothetical Indian court 

would do. 

Both declarations may, nevertheless, assist the Court in understanding the content of 

Indian law. Thus, the Court will consider the portions of Justice Verma’s and Chief Justice 

Balakrishnan’s declarations that merely state the content of Indian law, but will not rely on legal 

conclusions provided by either. See HTC Corp. v. IPCOM GMBH & Co., KG, No. 08-1897, 

2009 WL 5908010, at *1 (D.D.C. Dec. 18, 2009) (explaining that where an expert “has merely 

stated what [the foreign] law is, his declaration may be helpful,” but “to the extent he has 

attempted to identify relevant facts and discuss the outcomes of the case, or to the extent his 

opinions appear partial . . . , the Court may exercise its discretion not to consider his 

statements”). The Court will also consider the judicial opinions and other resources provided by 

the parties and their experts to the extent those materials are helpful and relevant to the Court’s 

understanding of Indian contract law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 44.1 (“In determining foreign law, the 

court may consider any relevant material or source . . . .”); see also Mot. Dismiss, Exs. B–C, 

ECF Nos. 16-3, 16-4 (cases cited by India); Verma Decl., app. A, ECF Nos. 17-2, 17-3, 17-4, 

17-5 (authorities provided by Justice Verma); Balakrishnan Decl., app., ECF No 20-3 

(authorities provided by Chief Justice Balakrishnan). 

Justice Verma, HEPI’s expert, begins his declaration with a description of what he 

describes as the “cardinal rules of interpretation governing commercial contracts in India.” 

Verma Decl. ¶ 12. Justice Verma states that contracts should be construed “strictly” and 

interpreted as they were “understood between the parties.” Id. ¶ 13. One of the main thrusts of 

Justice Verma’s declaration is that Indian contract law seeks to avoid overly technical 
15 

interpretations. See id. ¶ 31. To that end, Justice Verma states that contract interpretation should 

consider the ordinary meaning of words found in the agreement and the commercial objectives of 

the parties to the contract. See id. ¶¶ 14, 17. HEPI relies on Justice Verma’s explanation that 

contracts should be read “harmonious[ly].” See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 6–7. The judicial decision that 

includes that language states: 

It is settled canon of construction that a contract of partnership must be read as a 

whole and the intention of the parties must be gathered from the language used in 

the contract by adopting harmonious construction of all the clauses contained 

therein. The cardinal principle is to ascertain the intention of the parties to the 

contract through the words they have used, which are key to open the mind of the 

makers. 

Verma Decl. ¶ 15 (quoting M.O.H. Udaman and Ors. v. M.O.H. Aslum, AIR 1991 SC 1020 

(India)).4

Chief Justice Balakrishnan, India’s expert, suggests that Justice Verma’s analysis 

identifies genuine principles of contract interpretation, but elevates those ideas over the “cardinal 

principle.” Balakrishnan Decl. ¶¶ 15, 27. That cardinal principle is that “the words of the 

agreement mean what the parties have in fact said, so that their words must be construed as they 

stand.” Id. ¶ 18 (citing 1 Chitty on Contracts at 932 (31st ed. 2012)); see also Verma Decl., 

app. A at 19–20 (attaching the same source). Along the same lines, Chief Justice Balakrishnan 

cites a range of authorities in support of the principle that language in a contract should be 

interpreted in its “plain and ordinary sense,” and where a provision is “unambiguous, the contract 

needs no interpretation.” Balakrishnan Decl. ¶ 16. Chief Justice Balakrishnan also provides a 

 4

 India argues that the decision quoted by Justice Verma is limited to the context of 

partnerships under the Indian Partnership Act. See Resp’t’s Reply at 6 n.2. 
16 

litany of authorities standing for the principle that the intention of the parties should be 

determined from the language of the contract itself. Id. ¶¶ 18–22.5

The Court will consider the expert reports provided by Justice Verma and Chief Justice 

Balakrishnan when interpreting the PSC and deciding whether Article 36 constitutes a special 

arrangement for service under the FSIA. See Ganem, 746 F.2d at 854 (explaining that a court 

may consider “written or oral expert testimony accompanied by extracts from foreign legal 

material”); Estate of Botvin, 772 F. Supp. 2d at 227–28 (“[E]xpert testimony is intended to aid 

the court in determining the content of the [foreign] law . . . .”). 

3. Interpretation of the PSC 

Although HEPI argues that the Court should avoid an overly technical reading of the 

PSC, the parties and their experts agree that any analysis of the agreement must begin with the 

language of the contract. See Verma Decl. ¶ 13 (“[T]erms of a contract have to be construed 

strictly without altering the nature of the contract . . . .”); Balakrishnan Decl. ¶ 17 (“[B]ecause 

the cardinal presumption is that the parties have intended what they have in fact said, their words 

must be construed as they stand.”). To the extent possible, clauses in contracts should be 

interpreted in their plain and ordinary sense. See Verma Decl. ¶ 14; Balakrishnan Decl. ¶ 16. 

As previously stated, Article 36 of the PSC provides that: 

All notices, statements, and other communications to be given, submitted or made 

hereunder by any Party to another shall be sufficiently given if given in writing in 

the English Language and sent by registered post, postage paid . . . to the address 

or addresses of the other Party or Parties . . . . 

 5

 Chief Justice Balakrishnan also asserts that Indian law does not contemplate parties 

agreeing in advance to a particular method for service from a foreign court. See Balakrishnan 

Decl. ¶¶ 39–46. He also states that, under Indian law, a contract cannot override the methods for 

service created by India’s rules of civil procedure and its participation in international 

conventions for service. See id. ¶ 45. 
17 

PSC art. 36.1 

The crucial question is whether the service of legal process is one of the communications 

contemplated by Article 36 of the PSC. At first glance, the language appears to be very broad, 

encompassing “all notices, statements, and other communications.” Id. Crucially, however, the 

initial language is limited to communications “given, submitted, or made hereunder by any Party 

to another.” Id. The term “hereunder” can mean either “[l]ater in this document” or “[i]n 

accordance with this document.” Hereunder, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). The older 

definition put forth by Chief Justice Balakrishnan similarly defines the term as a “word of 

reference in a document or law, directing attention to matter therein which follows in such 

document or is contained therein.” Balakrishnan Decl. ¶ 33 (quoting Hereunder, Black’s Law 

Dictionary (6th ed. 1990)). The thrust of both definitions is the same. The word “hereunder” is 

used in reference to other portions of the same legal document—pointing to language that 

appears on a later page or to a directive that expresses how an action must be carried out 

pursuant to the document. 

Thus, the plain language of Article 36 appears to be limited to notices and 

communications specifically prescribed in the PSC itself. In fact, the PSC sets forth a number of 

explicit notice provisions. India identifies eighteen distinct types of notices, see Resp’t’s Mem. 

at 14–15, and none expressly reference service of process, see, e.g., PSC art. 10.1 (notice of 

discovery of hydrocarbons); PSC art. 19.4.3 (notice of default); PSC art. 21.3.4 (notice of 

meeting); PSC art. 30 (notice of intention to cancel contract). Therefore, the term “hereunder” 

limits the application of Article 36 to communications specifically contemplated by the PSC, and 

does not include service of process. 
18 

An analogous section of the PSC bolsters this reading of Article 36. Article 32.3 of the 

PSC states that “[a]ll communications, hearing or visual materials or documents relating to this 

Contract shall be written or prepared in English.” PSC art. 32.3. Like the relevant language in 

Article 36, this provision begins with “all communications,” but it is limited to communications 

“relating to” the PSC instead of communications “given, submitted or made hereunder.” 

Compare PSC art. 32.3 (“All communications, hearing or visual materials or documents relating 

to this Contract shall be written or prepared in English.”), with PSC art. 36.1 (“All notices, 

statements, and other communications to be given, submitted or made hereunder . . . .”). 

HEPI, relying on Justice Verma’s declaration, argues that these provisions should be read 

“harmonious[ly],” by which it means the provisions should be understood to mean the same 

thing. See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 7 (citing Verma Decl. ¶ 20). This argument is not persuasive. The 

plain and ordinary meaning of the two phrases is not the same—the word “relating” implies a 

broader, more flexible connection to the PSC. See Relate, Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary, 

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relate (last visited Nov. 30, 2016) (defining the 

intransitive verb “relate” to mean “to have relationship or connection”). The parties could 

certainly have used the broader “relating” language in Article 36, but because they did not, 

interpreting different language to have the same meaning would not serve the purpose of 

ensuring a harmonious reading of the PSC. See 1 Chitty on Contracts at 932 (31st ed. 2012) 

(“[T]he words of the agreement mean what the parties have in fact said, so that their words must 

be construed as they stand.”). 

The other principles of Indian contract law emphasized by Justice Verma do not change 

the outcome. Justice Verma states that words should be “construed in their ordinary and popular 

sense,” Verma Decl. ¶ 14, but “hereunder” is not commonly used outside of a legal setting. 
19 

In fact, its general dictionary definition is almost identical to its legal definition. See Hereunder, 

Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hereunder 

(last visited Nov. 30, 2016) (defining hereunder to mean “under or in accordance with this 

writing or document”). Giving meaning to the word is not an overly technical application. 

Instead, this interpretation simply reflects the intention of the parties as made clear through their 

language. See Verma Decl. ¶ 15 (“The cardinal principle is to ascertain the intention of the 

parties to the contract through the words they have used, which are key to open the mind of the 

makers.” (quoting M.O.H. Udaman and Ors. v. M.O.H. Aslum, AIR 1991 SC 1020 (India))). 

Similarly, Justice Verma presents a range of cases explaining that contracts should be 

interpreted in light of the business objectives of the clause itself and the contract as a whole. See 

id. ¶ 15, 30–34. But HEPI’s only suggestion for why its proposed interpretation of Article 36 

makes better business sense, is that “it would ‘make little commercial sense’ for the contract to 

specify a mode for the proper delivery of some communications relating to the PSC but not for 

others.” Pet’r’s Opp’n at 7 (quoting Verma Decl. ¶ 20). As India correctly points out, it would 

be perfectly reasonable for the parties to ease the process for providing certain notices—

specifically those enumerated in the PSC—without “supersed[ing] legal protections . . . for 

service of process.” Resp’t’s Reply at 10. 

HEPI also makes a series of arguments relying on materials outside of Article 36, but 

each must also fail. First, HEPI asserts that India “itself has served HEPI with legal process in 

accordance with Article 36 of the PSC, supporting” the argument that the parties intended the 

provision to include service. See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 8; see also Verma Decl. ¶ 28. India disputes 

HEPI’s factual characterization. See Resp’t’s Reply at 11–12. The Court need not wade into this 

factual dispute, however, because it is not relevant here. The Court must focus on the contract 
20 

itself. See Verma Decl. ¶ 13; Balakrishnan Decl. ¶ 17. Whether or not India served HEPI 

according to Article 36 is irrelevant to the plain and ordinary sense of the PSC. See Verma Decl. 

¶ 14; Balakrishnan Decl. ¶ 16. 

Second, HEPI notes that Article 33.9 of the PSC incorporates by reference the 

UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration of 1985 and argues that the 

model law “explicitly contemplates the enforcement of awards in the courts.” Pet’r’s Opp’n at 8; 

see also Verma Decl. ¶¶ 26–27. Through this roundabout method, HEPI and Justice Verma 

conclude that the PSC implicitly contemplates service of process. Stretching the PSC in this 

manner, however, would be precisely the sort of overly technical reading that HEPI objects to. 

See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 6; Verma Decl. ¶ 31. At any rate, the mere fact that the PSC incorporates 

the UNCITRAL Model Law, which in turn contemplates a lawsuit to enforce arbitration, says 

nothing about whether the parties consented to a particular method of service. 

Third, HEPI argues that Appendix E6

 of the PSC provides support for HEPI’s 

interpretation of Article 36. See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 7–8; Verma Decl. ¶¶ 24–25. Appendix E, a 

financial and performance guarantee form, states that the guarantee shall remain in effect until no 

sum remains payable “under the Contract or as a result of any decision or award made by any 

expert or arbitral tribunal thereunder.” PSC at 187. HEPI and Justice Verma contend that the 

use of “thereunder” in Appendix E suggests that the term is used broadly throughout the PSC. 

See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 7–8; Verma Decl. ¶¶ 24–25. But the PSC explicitly authorizes both expert 

dispute resolution and arbitration. See PSC art. 33. Logically, those procedures would take 

place pursuant to (or, used in context, “thereunder”) the PSC. If anything, this provision cuts 

 6

 It appears that HEPI unintentionally referred to Appendix F, which does not exist, 

instead of Appendix E. See PSC at 186. 
21 

against HEPI’s argument. “Thereunder” is used in Appendix E to limit the provision, not expand 

its meaning. Because the parties used “thereunder,” the clause only applies to arbitrations 

initiated pursuant to the contract, not the entire universe of arbitrations. The use of “hereunder” 

in Article 36 is similarly restrictive. 

Because the Court finds that the term “hereunder” restricts the application of Article 36 to 

forms of communication specifically contemplated by the PSC, the Court need not address 

India’s argument that Article 36 only applies to communications from one party to another and 

that service of process is, instead, a notice from the court. See Resp’t’s Reply at 7.7 

4. FSIA Precedent

The Court’s conclusion that Article 36 of the PSC does not constitute a special 

arrangement for service pursuant to the FSIA also comports with recent case law in this District. 

The analysis found in Orange Middle East & Africa v. Republic of Equatorial Guinea, No. 

15-0849, 2016 WL 2894857 (D.D.C. May 18, 2016), which was decided earlier this year, is 

particularly compelling. In that case, a petitioner sought to enforce an international arbitration 

award and contended that it had served the sovereign respondent pursuant to a special 

arrangement for service. See id. at *1, *3. The respondent moved to dismiss. See id. at *2. The 

court quoted the relevant contract language, which stated “how the parties were to transmit 

‘notices, agreements, waiver declarations, and other communications made under this 

Agreement.’” Id. at *3. The Court determined that the quoted language, “[l]imited as it is to the 

 7

 For the same reasons, the Court need not reach India’s argument that “Indian law 

governing the service of foreign judicial documents within India prohibits service by mail or 

private courier.” Resp’t’s Mem. at 11. The Court notes, however, that the question before the 

Court is whether the PSC creates a special arrangement for service under the FSIA. Although 

Indian law governing service could, perhaps, be relevant to interpreting the PSC, the foreign law, 

alone, would not be construed to prevent all service if a special arrangement existed. 
22 

Agreement . . . does not constitute a special arrangement for service of legal process under 

FSIA.” Id. 

The court found a “distinction in the case law [was] evident” that “distinguished 

[between] communications provisions limited to a contract/agreement and more general 

provisions.” Id. at *4. In other words, courts in this District have found a special arrangement 

for service in broad, unrestricted contract language.8 See, e.g., Int’l Road Fed’n v. Embassy of 

the Dem. Rep. Congo, 131 F. Supp. 2d 248, 251 (D.D.C. 2001) (“[A]ll notices, demands, or 

requests between Sublessor and Sublessee shall be delivered in person, by certified mail, return 

receipt requested, or by registered mail . . . .”); Marlowe v. Argentine Naval Comm’n, 604 

F. Supp. 703, 707 (D.D.C. 1985) (“All notices, requests, demands, or other communications to or 

upon the respective parties hereto shall be deemed to have been given or made when deposited in 

the mail, postage prepaid . . . .”). But courts have refused to find a special arrangement for 

service where the relevant provision is restricted to communications specifically contemplated 

by the contract. See, e.g., Underwood v. United Republic of Tanzania, No. 94-902, 1995 WL 

46383, at *2 (D.D.C. Jan. 27, 1995) (“[A]ny notices ‘required or permitted herein’ would be 

effective when mailed or hand-delivered . . . .”); see also Orange Middle E. & Afr., 2016 WL 

2894857, at *3 (referring to “notices, agreements, waiver declarations, and other 

communications made under this Agreement”).

As HEPI correctly argues, the Orange Middle East & Africa decision appears to conflict 

with G.E. Transportation System S.P.A. v. Republic of Albania, 693 F. Supp. 2d 132 (D.D.C. 

 8

 The court also found that the same distinction could be found in other jurisdictions. See 

Orange Middle E. & Afr., 2016 WL 2894857, at *4 (citing Berdakin v. Consulado de la 

Republica de El Sal., 912 F. Supp. 458, 466 (C.D. Cal. 1995); Glencore Ltd. v. Occidental Arg. 

Expl. and Prod., Inc., No. 11-3070, 2012 WL 591226, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 22, 2012)). 
23 

2010). In that case, the court found a special arrangement for service based on a contract 

provision requiring that “[a]ny notice to be given to [Albania] . . . shall be in writing . . . .” Id. at 

136–37. Crucially, the court omitted language that appears to limit the breadth of the contract 

provision. As recounted in Orange Middle East & Africa, the full phrase stated, “[a]ny notice to 

be given to [Albania] under these Conditions shall be in writing, and shall be sent by personal 

delivery, air post . . . .” 2016 WL 2894857, at *4 (emphasis added).9 The Orange Middle East 

& Africa court concluded, “[s]ince the Judge did not include the limiting words in his opinion, 

they were clearly not important to his analysis. To the extent that the Judge would have found a 

special arrangement even with the omitted words, this Judge disagrees.” Id. at *4. HEPI notes 

this disagreement, and argues that the Court should follow the path set by G.E. Transport instead 

of Orange Middle East & Africa. See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 11 & n.13. The Court is not persuaded. 

In light of Section 1608(a)’s requirement for “a special arrangement for service,” see 28 U.S.C. § 

1608(a)(1) (emphasis added), and the D.C. Circuit’s emphasis on “[s]trict adherence” to the 

statute, see Transaero, Inc. v. La Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, 30 F.3d 148, 154 (D.C. Cir. 1994), the 

Court finds the analysis of Orange Middle East & Africa to be compelling. Thus, the restrictive 

provision found in Article 36 does not constitute a special arrangement for service. 

HEPI’s remaining objections to this approach are not persuasive. First, HEPI attempts to 

distinguish this case from Orange Middle East & Africa because “Indian law governs the 

contract at issue here, and Indian law avoids overly technical interpretations of contracts, but 

instead interprets them harmoniously and in a commercially sensible way.” Pet’r’s Opp’n at 10. 

The Court must reject this argument because it has already determined that Article 36 does not 

 9

 The original language can also be found in the filings of the parties to the original case. 

See Decl. of Henry Weisburg, Ex. B, G.E. Transp. Sys. v. Albania, No. 08-2042 (D.D.C. Apr. 17, 

2009), ECF No. 12-2. 
24 

contemplate service of process under Indian contract law. See supra Part IV.A.3. Similarly, 

HEPI argues that this case is distinguishable because India has used Article 36 to serve legal 

process on HEPI and because the PSC contemplates a lawsuit to enforce arbitration by 

incorporating the UNCITRAL Model Law. See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 10. The Court has explained 

why these arguments are not persuasive, and they are no more compelling in the context of 

attempting to distinguish this case from Orange Middle East & Africa. See supra Part IV.A.3.

Finally, HEPI argues that the Court’s approach will “lead to anomalous results,” meaning 

that “if the parties to a contract actually wanted to establish a procedure for the service of process 

for lawsuits arising out of or relating to that contract (but not disputes having no relationship to 

that contract), they could not do so.” Id. at 11. This argument is perplexing. If the parties 

wanted to achieve the result described by HEPI, they could simply agree, for instance, that “all 

legal process related to this contract must be delivered” in a specified manner. Or, they could 

agree, more broadly, that “all communications and notices related to the contract must be 

delivered” in a specified manner. See, e.g., Int’l Road Fed’n, 131 F. Supp. 2d at 251; Marlowe, 

604 F. Supp. at 707. That language would surely constitute a special arrangement for service of 

a suit related to the contract, but not for a completely unrelated action. 

The Court’s review of the relevant case law bolsters its analysis of Article 36 through the 

lens of Indian contract principles. Thus, the Court finds that Article 36 does not constitute a 

special arrangement for service under the FSIA, and that HEPI’s attempt to serve India by 

Federal Express was insufficient for the purposes of the FSIA. 

B. Personal Jurisdiction 

As previously explained, the FSIA establishes that a district court has personal 

jurisdiction over a foreign state if the court has jurisdiction over the claims brought against the 
25 

state and if “service has been made under section 1608.” 28 U.S.C. § 1330(b). The parties agree 

that this Court may exercise personal jurisdiction over India only if it has been properly served 

pursuant to the FSIA. See Resp’t’s Mem. at 17–18; Pet’r’s Opp’n at 16. Nor is there any dispute 

that HEPI has only attempted to serve India pursuant to the first available method in Section 

1608(a)—a special arrangement for service. See Resp’t’s Mem. at 16–17 (noting that HEPI has 

not attempted service through the Hague Service Convention pursuant to Section 1608(a)(2)); 

Pet’r’s Opp’n at 15 (acknowledging that HEPI has not attempted any other method of service). 

Because the Court finds that HEPI’s first attempt to serve India was insufficient and the parties 

agree that HEPI has made no other attempt to effect service, the Court lacks personal jurisdiction 

over India at this time. 

India argues that this Court must now dismiss the case for lack of personal jurisdiction. 

See Resp’t’s Mem. at 17–18. HEPI suggests, however, that “dismissal on personal jurisdiction 

grounds is . . . an improper remedy.” Pet’r’s Opp’n at 16–17. The Court notes that India’s 

motion to dismiss for lack for personal jurisdiction turns entirely on the fact that service has not 

been perfected. For the reasons explained below, the Court will permit HEPI another 

opportunity to effect service, and therefore finds that dismissal on personal jurisdiction grounds 

is not appropriate at this time. See Barot v. Embassy of the Republic of Zam., 785 F.3d 26, 

29–30 (D.C. Cir. 2015); see infra Part IV.C. 

C. HEPI May Attempt to Perfect Service 

India argues that the Petition must be dismissed because HEPI has not properly served 

the Petition and, thus, the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over India. See Resp’t’s Mem. at 17. 

In its opposition to the motion to dismiss, HEPI argues that it should be given another 

opportunity to serve India if the Court decides that the first attempt to effect service by Federal 
26 

Express was insufficient. See Pet’r’s Opp’n at 13. HEPI notes that the statute of limitations for 

enforcing the Award has now passed and dismissal would preclude HEPI from refiling its 

Petition. Id. In response, India argues that “courts in this Circuit consistently dismiss lawsuits 

where the plaintiff has failed to properly effect service pursuant to § 1608(a)” and that HEPI will 

not be irreparably harmed because its petition to enforce the Award before an Indian court 

remains pending. See Resp’t’s Reply at 18. In light of recent D.C. Circuit precedent, the Court 

will allow HEPI another opportunity to effect service of process on India. 

India cites a string of cases where courts in this District dismissed actions because service 

was not properly effected under Section 1608(a) instead of granting additional time to perfect 

service. See id. at 18 (citing Orange Middle E. & Afr. v. Republic of Equatorial Guinea, No. 15-

0849, 2016 WL 2894857, at *5 (D.D.C. May 18, 2016); Howe v. Embassy of Italy, 68 F. Supp. 

3d 26, 34 (D.D.C. 2014); Sabbithi v. Al Saleh, 623 F. Supp. 2d 93, 97 (D.D.C. 2009); I.T. 

Consultants, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan, No. 00-0503, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22548, 

at *11 (D.D.C. Sep. 28, 2000)). At the outset, the Court notes that one of the cases India cites, 

Sabbithi v. Al Saleh, was vacated on reconsideration after the plaintiffs successfully served 

Kuwait pursuant to the Hague Service Convention. See Sabbithi v. Saleh, No. 07-0115, 2011 

WL 11709042, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 8, 2011).10 Despite certain distinguishing features, there is no 

doubt that India has provided a series of cases where courts in this District dismissed actions for 

similar defects. Nevertheless, the Court finds that more recent and more analogous D.C. Circuit 

precedent controls the outcome of this case. 

 10 Similarly, the decision in I.T. Consultants appears to rely, at least in part, on the fact 

that the plaintiff had already attempted service twice and had notice of a letter written by a State 

Department official explaining that the prior attempt was not sufficient. See I.T. Consultants, 

2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22548, at *11. 
27 

In Barot v. Embassy of the Republic of Zambia, the district court granted the Embassy of 

Zambia’s motion to dismiss for failure to serve process. 785 F.3d 26, 28 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The 

plaintiff, proceeding in forma pauperis but represented by counsel, attempted to serve process 

several times, but the district court decided each attempt was flawed. Id. at 28–29. The plaintiff 

appealed, and the D.C. Circuit held that the district court abused its discretion by dismissing the 

case and remanded to the district court to afford the plaintiff another opportunity to effect 

service. Id. at 29–30. The D.C. Circuit noted that, “[i]n general, ‘district courts have broad 

discretion to dismiss a complaint for failure to effect service.’” Id. at 29 (quoting Novak v. World 

Bank, 703 F.2d 1305, 1310 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). The court also restated its guidance that, “in cases 

of sua sponte dismissals for inadequate service, . . . ‘dismissal is not appropriate when there 

exists a reasonable prospect that service can be obtained.’” Id. at 29 (quoting Novak, 703 F.2d at 

1310). Furthermore, “dismissal ‘for failure to prosecute due to a delay in service is appropriate 

only when there is no reasonable probability that service can be obtained or there is a lengthy 

period of inactivity.’” Id. (quoting Angellino v. Royal Family Al–Saud, 688 F.3d 771, 775 (D.C. 

Cir. 2012)). 

India contends that Barot is not analogous to this case. Its objection is that the Barot 

plaintiff was only permitted another opportunity to effect service “because the plaintiff 

‘demonstrat[ed] a good faith effort at timely compliance amidst the sometimes confusing 

directions from the district court.’” Resp’t’s Reply at 19 (alteration in original) (citing Barot, 

785 F.3d at 27). But the court’s analysis did not turn solely on the district court’s role in creating 

confusion, as India suggests. The court also referred to the plaintiff’s “good faith effort at timely 

compliance.” Barot, 785 F.3d at 27. Here, HEPI attempted timely service under a reading of the 

PSC and the FSIA that was certainly colorable, especially in light of possible disagreement 
28 

between courts in this District. See supra Part IV.A.3; Orange Middle E. & Afr., 2016 WL 

2894857, at *4 (“To the extent that the Judge would have found a special arrangement even with 

the omitted words, this Judge disagrees.”). Furthermore, because the FSIA prevents a party from 

skipping to the next method of service unless the previous method is unavailable or has proven 

unsuccessful, see 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a), HEPI’s failure to pursue subsequent methods of service 

while pursuing the first available method should not be considered evidence of delay. 

In Barot, the court also noted that the statute of limitations had run on the plaintiff’s 

claim, meaning that dismissal would have led to harsh consequences. See 785 F.3d at 29. On 

the other hand, the Embassy of the Republic of Zambia had identified no prejudice it would 

suffer if the plaintiff were permitted another opportunity to effect service. Id. So too here. 

HEPI asserts that the statute of limitations has run, see Pet’r’s Opp’n at 14, and India appears to 

agree, see Resp’t’s Reply at 19–20. The Court is not persuaded by India’s argument that HEPI is 

not harmed because it is also conducting similar litigation in the courts of India. See id. at 19. 

To the extent HEPI is permitted to enforce the Award in the venue of its choosing, the Court 

finds that the loss of that right is a cognizable harm. The Court also notes that India has provided 

no authority to the contrary. 

Furthermore, the Barot court took note of the fact that “there is no statutory deadline for 

service under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, unlike the presumptive 120-day time limit 

in Rule 4(m) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” 785 F.3d at 29. Although India cites the 

importance of “strict adherence” to Section 1608(a), see Resp’t’s Reply at 17 (quoting 

Transaero, 30 F.3d at 154), the terms of the statute contain no time limitation, see 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1608(a). Although the Court must require “strict adherence to the terms of 1608(a),” 

Transaero, Inc., 30 F.3d at 154, a time limit for service is simply not one of those terms. 
29 

Finally, the Barot court also found that the plaintiff had a reasonable prospect of effecting 

service. See 785 F.3d at 29. In this case, HEPI also has a reasonable possibility of effecting 

service on India. In fact, India has vouched for the Indian Central Authority’s ability to receive 

and distribute international service. See Resp’t’s Reply at 21. For these reasons, the Court finds 

that dismissal of the petition is not the proper remedy for HEPI’s failure to effect service of 

process. Instead, consistent with D.C. Circuit precedent, HEPI will be permitted to attempt 

service through the next available method in the FSIA. 

D. HEPI Must Strictly Comply with the FSIA Service Requirements 

Finally, the Court turns to HEPI’s request that it should be permitted to serve India by 

mail, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3), without first attempting service “in accordance with an 

applicable international convention on service,” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(2). See Pet’r’s 

Opp’n at 15. HEPI argues that “the FSIA, while strictly construed, also contemplates the 

efficient and timely effectuation of service.” Pet’r’s Opp’n at 15. HEPI asserts that India’s 

compliance with the Hague Service Convention sometimes results in “intolerable delay or failure 

to serve.” Id. In support of that position, HEPI cites several cases where district courts have 

permitted substituted methods of service on non-state parties in India. See id. at 15–16 (citing 

FTC v. PCCare247 Inc., No. 12-7189, 2013 WL 841037, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2013); Gurung 

v. Malhotra, 279 F.R.D. 215, 218–219 (S.D.N.Y. 2011); Richmond Tech., Inc. v. Aumtech Bus. 

Sols., No. 11-2460, 2011 WL 2607158, at *13–14 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2011)). HEPI concludes 

that, in light of India’s purported “dilatory record,” requiring HEPI to attempt service under the 

relevant international convention “will only delay the resolution of this proceeding despite the 

summary nature of arbitral confirmation, all to the detriment of HEPI and this Court, and solely 

to [India’s] benefit.” Pet’r’s Opp’n at 16. 
30 

HEPI’s argument is not persuasive. The D.C. Circuit has made clear that “strict 

adherence to the terms of 1608(a) is required.” Transaero, 30 F.3d at 154. This strict 

application stands in contrast with Section 1608(b), which governs service on agencies or 

instrumentalities of a foreign state (not the state itself or its political subdivisions), and “may be 

satisfied by technically faulty service that gives adequate notice to the foreign state.” Id. at 153. 

The cases that HEPI relies on are not even governed by that more lenient standard. As India 

correctly points out, none of the three cases cited by HEPI involve service on a sovereign nation 

or its agency. See Resp’t’s Reply at 21; see also PCCare247 Inc., 2013 WL 841037, at *6 

(permitting service of private defendants by both email and Facebook message); Gurung, 279 

F.R.D. at 221 (permitting alternative means of service on private defendants); Richmond 

Technologies, Inc., 2011 WL 2607158, at *14 (same). 

The law is clear that “FSIA lists the methods [of service] in descending order of 

preference” and a party “may only attempt service through the second method, for example, if 

service through the first method is unavailable or has proven unsuccessful.” Doe I v. State of 

Israel, 400 F. Supp. 2d 86, 101 (D.D.C. 2005). At this point, HEPI has not attempted to serve 

India through the relevant international convention. HEPI admits that it could attempt service 

under the Hague Service Convention, but suggests that the Indian body responsible for 

administering that convention “has a demonstrably dilatory record.” Pet’r’s Opp’n at 16. 

In other words, the process may be slow, or eventually prove unsuccessful, but it is available. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(3) (permitting service by mail only when “service cannot be made 

under paragraphs (1) or (2)” (emphasis added)). HEPI has not pointed to any case where a court 

permitted service on a sovereign nation in the method HEPI suggests, and the Court is mindful of 

the D.C. Circuit’s instruction that “leniency . . . would disorder the statutory scheme.” 
31 

Transaero, Inc., 30 F.3d 154. For these reasons, HEPI must attempt service on India using the 

methods listed in the FSIA in their proper order of preference. 

V. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will GRANT IN PART and DENY IN PART 

Specially-Appearing Respondent’s Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Service of Process and 

Lack of Personal Jurisdiction (ECF No. 16). An order consistent with this Memorandum 

Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued. 

Dated: November 30, 2016 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS 

 United States District Judge