{"id":625427,"date":"2024-03-01T13:47:29","date_gmt":"2024-03-01T18:47:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?p=625427"},"modified":"2024-03-01T18:18:47","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T23:18:47","slug":"can-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth\/can-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no\/","title":{"rendered":"Can Volcanic Super Eruptions Lead to Major Cooling? Study Suggests No"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Some 74,000 years ago, the Toba volcano in Indonesia exploded with a force 1,000 times more powerful than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The mystery is what happened after that \u2013 namely, to what degree that extreme explosion might have cooled global temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Etna Eruption\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg 3032w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=300,204 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=768,523 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=1024,697 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=1536,1046 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=2048,1394 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=400,272 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=600,408 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=900,613 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=1200,817 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?resize=2000,1361 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Crew aboard the International Space Station photographed the eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily in October 2002. Ashfall was reported more than 350 miles away. When it comes to explosive power, however, no eruption in modern times can compare with a super eruption \u2013 which hasn\u2019t occurred for tens of thousands of years.\n<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>When it comes to the most powerful volcanoes, researchers have long speculated how post-eruption global cooling \u2013 sometimes called volcanic winter \u2013 could potentially pose a threat to humanity. Previous studies agreed that some planet-wide cooling would occur but diverged on how much. Estimates have ranged from 3.6 to 14 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 8 degrees Celsius).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/37\/4\/JCLI-D-23-0116.1.xml\" rel=\"noopener\">In a new study in the Journal of Climate<\/a>, a team from NASA\u2019s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and Columbia University in New York used advanced computer modeling to simulate super-eruptions like the Toba event. They found that post-eruption cooling would probably not exceed 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius) for even the most powerful blasts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe relatively modest temperature changes we found most compatible with the evidence could explain why no single super-eruption has produced firm evidence of global-scale catastrophe for humans or ecosystems,\u201d said lead author Zachary McGraw, a researcher at NASA GISS and Columbia University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To qualify as a super eruption, a volcano must release more than 240 cubic miles (1,000 cubic kilometers) of magma. These eruptions are extremely powerful \u2013 and rare. The most recent super-eruption occurred more than 22,000 years ago in New Zealand. The best-known example may be the eruption that blasted Yellowstone Crater in Wyoming about 2 million years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Small Particles, Big Questions<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McGraw and colleagues set out to understand what was driving the divergence in model temperature estimates because \u201cmodels are the main tool for understanding climate shifts that happened too long ago to leave clear records of their severity.\u201d They settled on a variable that can be difficult to pin down: the size of microscopic sulfur particles injected miles high into the atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the stratosphere (about 6 to 30 miles in altitude), sulfur dioxide gas from volcanoes undergoes chemical reactions to condense into liquid sulfate particles. These <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.gsfc.nasa.gov\/climate\/data\/deep-blue\/aerosols\" rel=\"noopener\">particles<\/a> can influence surface temperature on Earth in two counteracting ways: by reflecting incoming sunlight (causing cooling) or by trapping outgoing heat energy (a kind of greenhouse warming effect).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years, this cooling phenomenon has also spurred questions about how humans might turn back global warming \u2013 a concept called geoengineering \u2013 by intentionally injecting aerosol particles into the stratosphere to promote a cooling effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The researchers showed to what extent the diameter of the volcanic aerosol particles influenced post-eruption temperatures. The smaller and denser the particles, the greater their ability to block sunlight. But estimating the size of particles is challenging because previous super eruptions have not left reliable physical evidence. In the atmosphere, the size of the particles changes as they coagulate and condense. Even when particles fall back to Earth and are preserved in ice cores, they don\u2019t leave a clear-cut physical record because of mixing and compaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By simulating super-eruptions over a range of particle sizes, the researchers found that super-eruptions may be incapable of altering global temperatures dramatically more than the largest eruptions of modern times. For instance, the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines caused about a half-degree drop in global temperatures for two years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Luis Mill\u00e1n, an atmospheric scientist at NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California who was not involved in the study, said that the mysteries of super-eruption cooling invite more research. He said the way forward is to conduct a comprehensive comparison of models, as well as more laboratory and model studies on the factors determining volcanic aerosol particle sizes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Given the ongoing uncertainties, Mill\u00e1n added, \u201cTo me, this is another example of why geoengineering via stratospheric aerosol injection is a long, long way from being a viable option.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/37\/4\/JCLI-D-23-0116.1.xml\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/clim\/37\/4\/JCLI-D-23-0116.1.xml\" rel=\"noopener\">The study<\/a>, titled “Severe Global Cooling After Volcanic Super-Eruptions? The Answer Hinges on Unknown Aerosol Size,” was published in the Journal of Climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By Sally Younger<\/strong><\/em><br><em><strong>Earth Science News Team<\/strong><\/em><br><em><strong>NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.<\/strong><\/em><br><a href=\"mailto:sally.m.younger@jpl.nasa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em><strong>sally.m.younger@jpl.nasa.gov<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 article_a hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"social-icons social-icons-round\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-x\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/intent\/tweet?via=NASA&text=Can%20Volcanic%20Super%20Eruptions%20Lead%20to%20Major%20Cooling%3F%20Study%20Suggests%20No&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fcan-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on X.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"1200\" height=\"1227\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 1227\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fcan-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-linkedin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fearth%2Fcan-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5c0 1.381-1.11 2.5-2.48 2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"\/><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Mar 01, 2024<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row\"><div class=\"grid-col-4\"><div class=\"subheading\">Location<\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-col-8\">Jet Propulsion Laboratory<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\"><div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2><\/div><ul class=\"article-tags\"><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth\/earth-atmosphere\/\">Earth's Atmosphere<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/\">General<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/goddard-institute-for-space-studies\/\">Goddard Institute for Space Studies<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>New research suggests that sunlight-blocking particles from an extreme eruption would not cool surface temperatures on Earth as severely as previously estimated.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":532,"featured_media":625451,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":["283579"],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[3228,9424,1,2858],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[],"coauthors":[12413],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Can Volcanic Super Eruptions Lead to Major Cooling? Study Suggests No","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth\/can-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth\/can-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg"},"articleSection":"Earth","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Goddard Digital Team"}],"creator":["Goddard Digital Team"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA Centers & Facilities","Goddard Institute for Space Studies","Earth","Earth's Atmosphere","General"],"dateCreated":"2024-03-01T18:47:29Z","datePublished":"2024-03-01T18:47:29Z","dateModified":"2024-03-01T23:18:47Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Can Volcanic Super Eruptions Lead to Major Cooling? Study Suggests No\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/earth\/can-volcanic-super-eruptions-lead-to-major-cooling-study-suggests-no\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2024-03-01T18:47:29Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"Earth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities,Goddard Institute for Space Studies,Earth,Earth's Atmosphere,General\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Goddard Digital Team\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":4,"time_ago":"4 months","featured_image":{"id":625451,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/iss005e19024orig.jpg","title":"Etna Eruption","alt":"Etna Eruption","caption":"Crew aboard the International Space Station photographed the eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily in October 2002. Ashfall was reported more than 350 miles away. When it comes to explosive power, however, no eruption in modern times can compare with a super eruption \u2013 which hasn\u2019t occurred for tens of thousands of years.\n"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/625427"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/532"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=625427"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/625427\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":625717,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/625427\/revisions\/625717"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/625451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=625427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=625427"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=625427"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=625427"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=625427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}