COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Beales, Alston and Senior Judge Haley 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

THADDEUS ANTHONY RUANE 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1285-15-2 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES 

 NOVEMBER 22, 2016 

CYNTHIA ANN RUANE 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY 

Joseph J. Ellis, Judge 

 Mary Elizabeth White for appellant. 

 Darcey Geissler for appellee. 

 Thaddeus Anthony Ruane (“husband”) appeals the circuit court’s entry of the final decree 

of divorce. Specifically, husband presents three assignments of error: (1) the circuit court erred 

when it awarded spousal support to Cynthia Ann Ruane (“wife”) in the final decree of divorce, 

(2) the circuit court erred when it incorporated the parties’ 2010 separation agreement into the 

pendente lite order,1

 and (3) the circuit court erred in granting attorney’s fees and costs at trial to 

wife. For the following reasons, we affirm the circuit court in part, reverse the circuit court in part, 

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

I. BACKGROUND

 Under settled principles of appellate review, we view the evidence in the light most 

favorable to wife, as the party prevailing below, Chretien v. Chretien, 53 Va. App. 200, 202, 670 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 The pendente lite order was entered by the Honorable J. Howe Brown, Jr., Judge 

Designate. 

UNPUBLISHED 
- 2 - 

S.E.2d 45, 46 (2008), and we grant to wife “all reasonable inferences fairly deducible 

therefrom,” Anderson v. Anderson, 29 Va. App. 673, 678, 514 S.E.2d 369, 372 (1999). So 

viewed, husband and wife were married on June 20, 1987 and had three children together (each 

child has now reached the age of majority). Husband retired from the United States Marine 

Corps and was employed at the time of the trial by the Department of Defense. Wife was 

employed by a care facility for senior citizens at the time of the trial. In March 2010, the parties 

separated. The parties then signed a separation agreement (“the separation agreement”) on 

March 18, 2010. The parties subsequently reconciled, but their reconciliation was ultimately 

unsuccessful. On December 1, 2013, the parties formed the intention to remain permanently 

separated, and they have lived separate and apart without cohabitation and without interruption 

since that date. 

Wife filed for divorce on adultery grounds on March 21, 2014. Her complaint requested 

the incorporation of the terms of the separation agreement into a final decree of divorce. Wife 

also filed a motion for pendente lite relief on March 21, 2014, and she asked the circuit court to 

incorporate the terms of the separation agreement into any order granting pendente lite relief. 

Husband filed objections to wife’s request to incorporate the separation agreement into an order 

for pendente lite relief or a final decree of divorce. Husband argued that the separation 

agreement had been abrogated by the parties’ subsequent reconciliation. Judge J. Howe Brown, 

Jr. presided over the hearing dealing with pendente lite relief on May 8, 2014. The circuit court 

entered its order for pendente lite relief on May 18, 2014, and that order incorporated the terms 

of the separation agreement. Pursuant to those terms, the circuit court ordered husband to pay 

75% of his paycheck to wife each month in spousal support (or the amount of $7,500, whichever 

was greater), found that husband owed wife an arrearage of $12,984 in spousal support, to be 
- 3 - 

paid within 75 days, ordered husband to provide wife with 50% of his military retirement 

payments, and awarded wife $4,601.74 in attorney’s fees and costs. 

Husband filed his complaint for divorce on December 3, 2014 on the grounds that the 

parties had lived separate and apart, without interruption or cohabitation, for a period in excess 

of one year. Husband requested equitable distribution of the parties’ marital property and asked 

the circuit court to “make an appropriate award of spousal support.” Wife filed an answer to 

husband’s complaint on January 30, 2015. In her answer, wife requested attorney’s fees and 

costs incurred in defense of husband’s complaint. On February 6, 2015, the circuit court 

consolidated the two matters. A hearing was held on March 24, 2015 before Judge Joseph J. 

Ellis. The parties then filed post-trial briefs. After an additional hearing post-trial on May 28, 

2015, the circuit court entered a final decree of divorce on July 23, 2015. 

 The circuit court granted a divorce to husband on the ground that the parties had lived 

separate and apart without cohabitation and without interruption for more than one year. The 

circuit court declined to incorporate the terms of the separation agreement into the final decree. 

The circuit court specifically found that the separation agreement had been abrogated and 

“rendered unenforceable” by the parties’ subsequent reconciliation. The circuit court then 

ordered husband to pay wife $4,000 per month in spousal support, citing husband’s conduct in 

the breakdown of the marriage, his superior earning capacity, and the fact that his current income 

was greater than wife’s income. The circuit court also ordered husband to pay wife $25,000 in 

attorney’s fees, citing wife’s good-faith pursuit of a divorce based on adultery, the economic 

disparity of the parties, and husband’s “significant negative non-monetary contributions leading 

to the dissolution of the marriage.” An amended final decree of divorce was entered on 

December 4, 2015. That amended decree “ratified, affirmed, and incorporated as though fully 
- 4 - 

set out herein” the final decree entered July 23, 2015, and made the amended decree “the final 

order of this Court.” 

II. ANALYSIS

A. AWARD OF SPOUSAL SUPPORT TO WIFE

 Husband contends that the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to award spousal support to 

wife because wife’s complaint for divorce made no request for spousal support. “Fundamental 

rules of pleading provide that no court can base its judgment or decree upon a right which has 

not been pleaded and claimed.” Boyd v. Boyd, 2 Va. App. 16, 18, 340 S.E.2d 578, 580 (1986). 

In divorce cases, “the absence of a specific request for an adjudication of spousal support 

[precludes courts] from obtaining jurisdiction over that subject matter.” Reid v. Reid, 24 

Va. App. 146, 150, 480 S.E.2d 771, 773 (1997). Husband contends that wife’s complaint for 

divorce failed to request an award of spousal support. Alternatively, husband alleges that, even 

if wife’s complaint had specifically requested spousal support, her subsequent failure to prove a 

divorce on the grounds of adultery meant that wife had no valid pleading for divorce before the 

circuit court upon which the circuit court could base its award of spousal support to her. 

Pursuant to Code § 20-79(b): 

In any suit for divorce, the court in which the suit is instituted or 

pending, when either party to the proceedings so requests, shall 

provide in its decree for the maintenance, support, care or custody 

of the child or children in accordance with Chapter 6.1 (§ 20-124.1 

et seq.), support and maintenance for the spouse, if the same be 

sought, and counsel fees and other costs, if in the judgment of the 

court any or all of the foregoing should be so decreed. 

(Emphasis added). In Werner v. Commonwealth, 212 Va. 623, 186 S.E.2d 76 (1972), the 

Supreme Court held: 

[A] support order of a juvenile and domestic relations court 

continues in full force and effect notwithstanding the entry by a 

court of record of a divorce decree that is silent as to support. 

Either Werner or his wife could have asked the Circuit Court to 
- 5 - 

make specific provision in the final divorce decree for allowance 

or denial of alimony. If such a provision had been included in the 

decree, the jurisdiction of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations 

Court would have ceased under § 20-79(a). But neither party 

sought to have such provision made. 

Id. at 625, 186 S.E.2d at 78 (emphasis added). Therefore, the Supreme Court held in Werner that 

either spouse could have petitioned the circuit court for a provision in the final decree awarding 

spousal support (or, as it was called at that time, alimony). Id. 

 Furthermore, this Court has already explained that the Supreme Court’s holding in 

Werner also applies in the context of spousal support: 

As the Court instructed in Werner, either party, by proper pleading, 

“could have asked the Circuit Court to make specific provision in 

the final divorce decree for allowance or denial of [spousal 

support]. If such a provision had been included in the decree, the 

jurisdiction of the [district court] would have ceased under 

§ 20-79(a).” Werner, 212 Va. at 625, 186 S.E.2d at 78; see also 

Code § 16.1-244(A). However, because “neither party sought to 

have such provision made,” the preexisting support order 

“continued in full force and effect.” Werner, 212 Va. at 625, 186 

S.E.2d at 78. 

Reid, 24 Va. App. at 151, 480 S.E.2d at 773 (alterations in Reid). Thus, under the Supreme 

Court’s decision in Werner (and this Court’s decision in Reid), either party can request the 

circuit court for a provision in a final divorce decree awarding spousal support. 

Husband relies on Harrell v. Harrell, 272 Va. 652, 636 S.E.2d 391 (2006), and 

Wroblewski v. Russell, 63 Va. App. 468, 759 S.E.2d 1 (2014), to argue that wife’s failure to 

prove a divorce on adultery grounds divested the circuit court of jurisdiction to award her 

spousal support. In Harrell, Mrs. Harrell’s complaint requested spousal support, but that 

complaint was dismissed upon Mr. Harrell’s motion because it had been filed before the passage 

of time required by statute. 272 Va. at 654-55, 636 S.E.2d at 393. Likewise, in Russell, the 

circuit court granted husband’s motion to strike wife’s complaint for divorce at the conclusion of 

wife’s evidence. 63 Va. App. at 474, 759 S.E.2d at 4. 
- 6 - 

We find that Harrell and Russell are inapposite where, as here, a valid pleading of a party 

requesting the adjudication of the issue of spousal support remained before the circuit court at 

the time it entered the final decree of divorce. 

In this instance, husband’s own complaint for divorce, filed eight months after wife’s 

complaint, represented to the circuit court, “[T]here are issues for the court to determine 

regarding property and support.” In addition, husband’s complaint specifically requested the 

following relief: “That the Court make an appropriate award of spousal support.” In the context 

of this litigation, given that husband has always been the breadwinner throughout the marriage 

and given that the evidence showed that he currently had more income in one month than she 

earned in an entire year, husband’s statement in his pleading must be understood as a request for 

the circuit court to determine the amount of his spousal support obligation to wife.2 In addition, 

husband maintained up through the trial a willingness to pay spousal support to wife (“My 

position on spousal support is I want to pay my wife what she deserves, what is fair and right. 

We were married a very, very long time. She followed me around the Marine Corps. She 

sacrificed just like I did. I just want to pay what is fair.” (emphasis added)). Husband’s 

testimony at trial contained a specific request that the circuit court award to wife “Two thousand 

dollars a month” in spousal support. Finally, husband concedes in his opening brief that 

“Husband’s Complaint raises Spousal Support.” Husband’s Br. at 15. Based on the pleadings 

filed and the issues litigated by the parties, the circuit court found that an award of $4,000 to wife 

in monthly spousal support was appropriate based on the parties’ evidence. 

 2

 Husband filed his own complaint for divorce several months after the circuit court had 

ordered him to pay to wife a minimum of $7,500 in pendente lite spousal support per month – an 

order husband now contests in this appeal. Because husband has maintained throughout the 

litigation and on appeal that such payments were excessive, husband would have every reason to 

request in his complaint for divorce that the trial court’s final decree of divorce should include 

“an appropriate award of spousal support” to wife to reduce his support obligation in the future. 
- 7 - 

At the time of the entry of the final decree of divorce in this case, husband’s request for 

the adjudication of the issue of spousal support was properly before the circuit court by way of 

his complaint for divorce. In divorce cases, it is “the absence of a specific request for an 

adjudication of spousal support [that precludes courts] from obtaining jurisdiction over that 

subject matter.” Reid, 24 Va. App. at 150, 480 S.E.2d at 773. Both Harrell and Russell are 

different from the situation in this case because the complaints for divorce in those cases, once 

struck by the court, were the only pleadings requesting an award of spousal support to the wife.3

 

Accordingly, we find that husband’s request in his own complaint for divorce that “the Court 

make an appropriate award of spousal support” was sufficient to permit the circuit court to award 

spousal support to wife in the final decree of divorce, even though it was husband who made the 

request to the court.4 

B. PENDENTE LITE ORDER

 Husband argues that the circuit court “erred when it incorporated the 2010 agreement of 

the parties pendente lite over the written objections of the appellant and without the requested 

evidentiary hearing.” We agree. 

 3

 On July 1, 2016, Code § 20-107.1(A) was amended to state the trial court may award 

spousal support in a final decree of divorce “notwithstanding a party’s failure to prove his 

grounds for divorce, provided that a claim for support has been properly pled by the party 

seeking support.” Because the trial court entered the amended final decree of divorce on 

December 4, 2015 prior to the amending of the statute and because the amendments to Code 

§ 20-107.1 have no retroactive effect, these amendments to the statute have no bearing on the 

outcome of this matter. 

4

 This interpretation of Code 20-79(b) is consistent with our decision in the unpublished 

matter of Ozfidan v. Ozfidan, No. 1265-14-2, 2015 Va. App. LEXIS 148 (Va. Ct. App. May 5, 

2015), a case cited by wife in her brief. In that case, this Court concluded, “Under the Supreme 

Court’s decision in Werner (and this Court’s decision in Reid), either party can request the 

circuit court for a provision in a final divorce decree awarding or denying spousal support.” Id. 

at *28 (emphasis in original). 
- 8 - 

In Derby v. Derby, 8 Va. App. 19, 378 S.E.2d 74 (1989), this Court stated, 

Code § 20-109.1 provides that “[a]ny court may affirm, ratify and 

incorporate by reference in its decree dissolving a marriage or 

decree of divorce whether from the bond of matrimony or from 

bed and board, any valid agreement between the parties.” While 

this section grants a trial court discretion in dealing with 

agreements, that discretion extends only to “valid agreements.” 

Id. at 25-26, 378 S.E.2d at 77 (emphasis added). The Court went on to state, “[B]efore a court 

may exercise its discretion, it must determine the threshold issue of validity.” Id. at 26, 378 

S.E.2d at 77. In Forrest v. Forrest, 3 Va. App. 236, 349 S.E.2d 157 (1986), this Court held that a 

circuit court is not required to conduct a separate inquiry into the validity of an agreement which 

appears valid on its face and whose validity is not challenged by the parties. Id. at 240, 349 

S.E.2d at 160. Conversely, the circuit court is required to conduct an inquiry into the validity of 

an agreement when its validity is challenged by one of the parties. 

In the present matter, husband did challenge the validity of the separation agreement 

when wife offered it as the basis for the provisions of the circuit court’s pendente lite order. At 

the pendente lite hearing, husband attempted to demonstrate that the parties’ subsequent 

reconciliation had abrogated the agreement – rendering the separation agreement unenforceable. 

Husband’s attempts to elicit testimony from wife that the parties had reconciled (App. at 29-36) 

and his attempted proffer of similar evidence (App. at 38-40) were summarily denied by the 

circuit court. Despite husband’s attempts to demonstrate that the separation agreement was 

unenforceable because of the parties’ subsequent reconciliation, the circuit court relied solely on 

husband’s signature on the separation agreement to determine its validity. We find that the 

circuit court committed an error of law when it incorporated a contested separation agreement 

into a court order, over husband’s objection, without first making the threshold inquiry required 

by Code § 20-109.1 as to the validity of the separation agreement. 
- 9 - 

Apparently recognizing its initial error, the circuit court subsequently made a finding in 

its final decree of divorce that the separation agreement “was ultimately rendered unenforceable 

by [the parties’] ultimately unsuccessful attempt to reconcile.” More specifically, the circuit 

court found that “the physical reconciliation was objectively sufficient to render unexecuted 

provisions of the property settlement agreement abrogated and unenforceable.” Pursuant to 

Code § 20-155, “[a] reconciliation of the parties after the signing of a separation or property 

settlement agreement shall abrogate such agreement unless otherwise expressly set forth in the 

agreement.” 

The circuit court found in the final decree of divorce that the separation agreement was 

abrogated and unenforceable for the very reason husband alleged at the pendente lite hearing. In 

addition, the Court notes that the parties’ reconciliation in 2013 occurred prior to the entry of the 

pendente lite order on May 18, 2014. Thus, it is clear from the record that the separation 

agreement was unenforceable at the time it was incorporated into the pendente lite order of the 

court. For all of these reasons, we find that the circuit court’s incorporation of a contested

separation agreement – one that was later found to be unenforceable at the time it was 

incorporated into a pendente lite order – without first resolving the issue of its validity was 

reversible error. 

 Code § 20-103(A) provides: 

In suits for divorce, . . . the court having jurisdiction of the matter 

may, at any time pending a suit pursuant to this chapter, in the 

discretion of such court, make any order that may be proper (i) to 

compel a spouse to pay any sums necessary for the maintenance 

and support of the petitioning spouse . . . . 

In this instance, the trial court heard no evidence as to wife’s need for spousal financial support 

or husband’s ability to pay spousal support at the pendente lite hearing. Instead, the trial court 

relied entirely upon the existence of the separation agreement, which the record indicates was 
- 10 - 

abrogated and unenforceable at the time of the pendente lite hearing. As a direct consequence of 

the circuit court’s improper incorporation of an abrogated separation agreement, husband was 

required to make a minimum monthly spousal support payment of $7,500 to wife. 

Husband now requests an award of $49,000 to remedy the circuit court’s error – “the 

difference between the pendente lite support payments ($7,500/month) and the actual financial need 

established by both the Wife and eventually ordered by the Trial Court ($4,000/month) for a total of 

$49,000 from March 2014 to May 2015 ($3,500/month X 14 months).” Husband’s Br. at 26. 

We have previously held that a trial court has no statutory or 

inherent authority to order restitution of child support paid 

pursuant to an erroneous order. See Wilson v. Wilson, 25 

Va. App. 752, 760, 492 S.E.2d 495, 499 (1997) (reaching such a 

conclusion in dicta, based on Reid v. Reid, 245 Va. 409, 415, 429 

S.E.2d 208, 211 (1993) (involving request for restitution of spousal 

support paid under order later declared erroneous)). 

Nordstrom v. Nordstrom, 50 Va. App. 257, 266, 649 S.E.2d 200, 205 (2007). In Reid v. Reid, 

245 Va. 409, 429 S.E.2d 208 (1993), the Supreme Court concluded “the General Assembly has 

not made statutory provision for restitution of spousal support paid pursuant to an order that is 

later reversed.” Id. at 415, 429 S.E.2d at 211. Accordingly, husband is not entitled to actual 

reimbursement of those overpayments. However, we find that husband is entitled to a credit 

against future spousal support payments totaling $49,000 for the fourteen months of such 

overpayments made pursuant to the pendente lite order. See id. at 267 n.2, 649 S.E.2d at 205 

n.2. Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court and award to husband a $49,000 credit towards his 

future spousal support obligations, based on the amounts husband already paid that exceeded the 

$4,000 per month in spousal support ordered in the final decree. 

In addition, the pendente lite order required husband to pay to wife 50% of his monthly 

military retirement pension as a direct consequence of the circuit court’s incorporation of an 

abrogated and unenforceable separation agreement in the pendente lite order. Husband also 
- 11 - 

notes that such an order impermissibly and prematurely performed equitable distribution of 

marital property – i.e., his military retirement pension. For these reasons, husband requests an 

award of $27,746.48 to make him whole for the improper division in the pendente lite order of 

an asset that was largely marital – and subject to equitable distribution only in the final decree of 

divorce – for military retirement payments made pursuant to the pendente lite order. 

Pursuant to Code § 20-107.3(A), a circuit court may perform equitable distribution of 

marital property “upon decreeing a divorce from the bond of matrimony.” “The court may direct 

payment of a percentage of the marital share of any pension, profit-sharing or deferred 

compensation plan or retirement benefits, whether vested or nonvested, which constitutes marital 

property and whether payable in a lump sum or over a period of time.” Code § 20-107.3(G)(1). 

“General principles for the valuation and division of property in equitable distribution 

proceedings also apply to the valuation and division of retirement benefits, including the 

principle that ‘[t]he court shall determine the value of any such property as of the date of the 

evidentiary hearing on the evaluation issue.’” Cusack v. Cusack, 53 Va. App. 315, 320, 671 

S.E.2d 420, 423 (2009) (quoting Code § 20-107.3(A)). 

In Virginia, “no decree of equitable distribution can be made before the parties are 

divorced.” Parra v. Parra, 1 Va. App. 118, 124, 336 S.E.2d 157, 160 (1985) (emphasis in 

original). In this matter, the circuit court impermissibly transferred 50% of husband’s military 

retirement to wife in a pendente lite order prior to the entry of a final decree of divorce. The 

equitable distribution of such a marital asset cannot be made prior to the entry of the final decree 

of divorce and a proper hearing determining valuation of the asset. Code § 20-107.3(A). See 

Cusack, 53 Va. App. at 320, 671 S.E.2d at 423. The circuit court’s division of this largely 

marital asset also occurred without first having an evidentiary hearing to determine what is the 

marital share of husband’s military pension – and what share of the pension is his separate 
- 12 - 

property. For these reasons, wife must repay husband all payments made to her from husband’s 

military retirement pension that were paid pursuant to the circuit court’s pendente lite order as it 

was the result of the improper equitable distribution of an asset by a pendente lite decree (that 

was also done pursuant to the circuit court’s incorporation of an abrogated and unenforceable 

separation agreement). 

C. ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS IN THE CIRCUIT COURT

 Husband argues that the circuit court abused its discretion when it awarded $25,000 in 

attorney’s fees and costs to wife in the final decree of divorce. “An award of attorney’s fees to a 

party in a divorce suit is a matter for the trial court’s sound discretion after considering the 

circumstances and equities of the entire case.” Artis v. Artis, 4 Va. App. 132, 138, 354 S.E.2d 

812, 815 (1987); see Joynes v. Payne, 36 Va. App. 401, 429, 551 S.E.2d 10, 24 (2001) (“The key 

to a proper award of counsel fees is reasonableness under all the circumstances.”). 

We cannot say that the circuit court’s decision to award $25,000 in attorney’s fees to wife 

was an abuse of discretion, was not supported by the record, and, therefore, was not reasonable 

under the circumstances of this case. The circuit court made the following findings with respect 

to its award of attorney’s fees and costs: 

The Wife pursued her claims in good faith. Based upon the 

economic disparity of the parties and Husband’s significant 

negative non-monetary contributions leading to the dissolution of 

the marriage, the Husband is ordered to pay $25,000.00 to the Wife 

as a contribution to her attorney’s fees and costs incurred. This 

payment shall be made to her within ten (10) days after closing in 

the sale of the martial residence. 

The circuit court found that husband’s monthly income was $19,627.73. Wife’s 2014 tax return 

indicated that she earned only $17,390.85 for the entire year. The circuit court also found that 

wife was not underemployed. Wife provided evidence that she had incurred attorney’s fees and 

costs of approximately $42,000. The circuit court ordered husband to pay $25,000 towards 
- 13 - 

wife’s fees and costs to “be paid from the equity in the home and not until the home is sold.” 

Thus, husband was not ordered to pay all of wife’s attorney’s fees and costs or to make any such 

payment until he received his share of the sale of the marital residence. 

The circuit court found from the evidence that husband made negative non-monetary 

contributions to the dissolution of the marriage. Those factual findings included husband’s 

admission that he committed adultery in 2008, wife’s support of husband in his military career 

after he admitted that he committed adultery, husband’s subsequent conduct that created wife’s 

reasonable suspicion that he was having another affair with a different woman, and husband’s 

failure to complete marital counseling. Therefore, in light of these findings of fact and the 

significant income disparity between the two parties, we find that the circuit court did not abuse 

its discretion with its award of $25,000 in attorney’s fees and costs in the circuit court to wife. 

D. ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS ON APPEAL

 Both husband and wife request that this Court award them attorney’s fees and costs 

incurred on appeal. This Court takes into consideration factors such as whether the requesting 

party has prevailed or whether other reasons exist to support an award of appellate attorney’s 

fees and costs. See O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 

(1996). Because husband has substantially prevailed on important issues on appeal, we conclude 

that an award of appellate attorney’s fees and costs to husband is justified. Accordingly, we 

remand the case to the circuit court for an assessment of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs that 

husband incurred on appeal. 
- 14 - 

III. CONCLUSION

 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court in part, reverse the circuit court in 

part, and remand the matter for further proceedings (and any necessary actions on remand during 

those proceedings) that are consistent with this opinion. 

Affirmed in part, and reversed and remanded in part.