NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ALEKSANDAR MACKOVSKI and

ANDRIJANA MACKOVSKA,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.

CITY OF GARDEN GROVE, a municipal

entity; et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 14-56880

D.C. No. 

8:11-cv-01538-CJC-AN

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Cormac J. Carney, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted October 17, 2016** 

Pasadena, California

Before: TALLMAN and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and KENNELLY,*** 

District Judge.

FILED

NOV 28 2016

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

 ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

 *** The Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly, United States District Judge for

the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
Aleksandar Mackovski and Andrijana Mackovska sued the City of

Garden Grove, the City of Garden Grove Police Department, and Officer Ray Bex

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 asserting violations of their Fourth Amendment rights. 

The plaintiffs argued that the defendants conducted unreasonable searches and

seizures of their shared property on June 17 and 18, 2010. Mackovski also argued

that the defendants unlawfully used excessive force during his July 14, 2010 arrest. 

Their complaints included state law tort claims. 

The district court consolidated the actions and granted summary judgment

on all claims. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing de novo,

and construing all facts in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, see Torres v. City

of Madera, 648 F.3d 1119, 1123 (9th Cir. 2011), we affirm in part, reverse in part,

and remand to the district court.

1. Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment claims against Officer Bex pertaining to

the Garden Grove Police Department’s June 17 visit to 13472 Epping Way, Tustin,

California, 92780 fail. At most, the record shows that Officer Bex arrived at the

Epping Property around 11:00 p.m., that he likely entered through the gate and into

the curtilage, that he knocked on the front door of the property, and that he

departed once the officers discovered that Mr. Mackovski was not present. The

declarations plaintiffs offered in opposition to summary judgment suggest that

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police officers may have exceeded the scope of the knock-and-talk exception by

circling the property, and not merely approaching the exterior doors of the

premises. 

But only Officer Bex is a defendant here, and plaintiffs offered no evidence

that Officer Bex himself exceeded the scope of the knock-and-talk exception to the

warrant requirement. The exception “permits law enforcement officers to

‘encroach upon the curtilage of a home for the purpose of asking questions of the

occupants.’” United States v. Lundin, 817 F.3d 1151, 1158 (9th Cir. 2016)

(quoting United States v. Perea-Rey, 680 F.3d 1179, 1187 (9th Cir. 2012)). Its 

scope is coterminous with the implied license to approach a home, “knock

promptly, wait briefly to be received, and then (absent invitation to linger longer)

leave.” Florida v. Jardines, 133 S. Ct. 1409, 1415 (2013). We have held that

“unexpected visitors are customarily expected to knock on the front door of a home

only during normal waking hours.” Lundin, 817 F.3d at 1159. 

Although Officer Bex and the other officers approached the property at

11:00 p.m., on the border of normal waking hours, there is no evidence that they

intended to do anything more than ask Mackovski questions. And although there

was evidence that some officers circled the property and walked through the

backyard, plaintiffs offered no evidence that Officer Bex was one of those officers

3
or that he directed any of the others to do so. The district court properly granted

summary judgment on this claim.

2. Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment claims relating to the June 18 search of

13472 Epping Way also fail. We review the issuance of a search warrant by a

magistrate judge for clear error, in order “to determine whether the magistrate had

a substantial basis to conclude that the warrant was supported by probable cause.”

United States v. Fernandez, 388 F.3d 1199, 1252 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting United

States v. Celestine, 324 F.3d 1095, 1100 (9th Cir. 2003)), modified, 425 F.3d 1248

(9th Cir. 2005). “Probable cause exists when, considering the totality of the

circumstances, the affidavit shows that there is a fair probability that contraband or

evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Id. (internal quotation

marks omitted). 

Here, the magistrate judge had a substantial basis to conclude that the search

warrant was supported by probable cause because Officer Bex’s affidavit

demonstrated there was a fair probability that guns Mackovski allegedly

removed from 6541 Chapman Avenue would be found at his house. The district

court correctly noted that “[t]he affidavit gave a detailed explanation of the

underlying investigation and the success of the prior Chapman Property search in

uncovering a number of illegal firearms, explosives, methamphetamine, chemicals,

4
and glassware used in the manufacturing of methamphetamine.” Officer Bex’s

affidavit relied on two informants who independently reported that Mackovski

removed guns from the Chapman property. Their reports were based on first-hand

knowledge, and they provided reliable information in the past.

“A warranted search is unreasonable if it exceeds in scope or intensity the

terms of the warrant.” United States v. Becker, 929 F.2d 442, 446 (9th Cir. 1991)

(quoting United States v. Penn, 647 F.2d 876, 882 n.7 (9th Cir. 1980) (en banc)).

Here, the search warrant authorized the seizure of firearms, ammunition, gun

cleaning equipment, and “[a]ny personal papers or writings, photographs, or other

documentation showing dominion and control over the aforementioned items to be

seized.” The police did not exceed the search warrant’s scope by seizing receipts,

bank statements, passports, and credit cards found in Mackovski’s room showing

dominion and control. 

We also agree with the district court that a reasonable juror would have to

engage in “pure speculation” to find that the police seized $350,000 of diamonds

from Mackovski’s room during the search. The only evidence Mackovski

submitted pertaining to the diamonds was an appraisal from January 2010,

indicating they were worth $350,000 at that time. Mackovski was not present

during the search, did not return to the property until one week later, does not

5
know whether anyone else went into his room after the search and before his

return, and submitted no other evidence that the police stole the diamonds.

3. We reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment with respect to

Mackovski’s Fourth Amendment claim stemming from the July 14 arrest. The

arrest warrant was supported by probable cause, but a reasonable jury could find

that Officer Bex used excessive force under the circumstances. 

The arrest warrant was based on evidence obtained during the June 18

search, including 1.3 grams of marijuana packaged in individual 0.5" x 0.5" ziplock bags, additional empty zip-lock bags, and a gun matching the description of

one of the guns Mackovski allegedly removed from the Chapman property. The

gun was registered to another individual, whom the police could not locate. They

did not find any paraphernalia that could be used for the purpose of smoking

marijuana. The district court correctly concluded that based on the totality of the

circumstances there was a fair probability Mackovski had committed a crime by

possessing marijuana for sale in violation of California Health and Safety Code

§ 11359, with an enhancement for committing a felony while armed with a firearm

pursuant to California Penal Code § 12022(a)(1). 

“Under the Fourth Amendment, officers may only use such force as is

‘objectively reasonable’ under the circumstances.” Jackson v. City of Bremerton,

6
268 F.3d 646, 651 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397

(1989)). “To determine whether the force used was reasonable, courts balance ‘the

nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests

against the countervailing governmental interests at stake.’” Id. (quoting Graham,

490 U.S. at 396).

Mackovski asserts that when the police approached him on the street “with

guns drawn,” he “immediately went down on the ground.” Once he was on the

ground the officers handcuffed him and then “jumped all over” him. The “pressure

and pain from when they pushed [his] arms backwards” allegedly caused him to

black out. The hospital report from Mackovski’s visit to Saint Joseph’s Hospital

the day after the arrest shows he suffered bruises and abrasions. 

Mackovski had no prior criminal record, the search of his room yielded a

relatively small quantity of marijuana, and Mackovski expressed a willingness to

meet with the officers when they contacted him by telephone on the night of the

knock and talk. Although Mackovski allegedly removed three guns from the

Chapman property, there is no evidence that he was otherwise involved in any of

the criminal activity at the Chapman address and the officers knew he had no prior

criminal history. Officer Bex avers that he only used reasonably necessary force to

push Mackovski to the ground during the arrest, and that he ceased using force

7
once Mackovski was handcuffed. But Mackovski’s declaration asserts that Officer

Bex “jumped all over” him after he was handcuffed, at which point Mackovski no

longer posed a threat. Interpreting these conflicting declarations in the light most

favorable to Mackovski, a reasonable jury could find that he was tackled after he

was handcuffed. Therefore, the district court erred by ruling no reasonable jury

could find a Fourth Amendment violation.

4. Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendments claims against the City of Garden Grove

and the Garden Grove Police Department fail under Monell v. Department of

Social Services of New York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978). “[A] municipality cannot be

held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor—or, in other words, a

municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.”

Id. at 691. Rather, in order to prevail on a § 1983 claim against a city, a plaintiff

must prove that the constitutional injury was inflicted pursuant to city policy,

regulation, custom, or usage. Id; see also Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1444 (9th

Cir. 1994). “City policy causes an injury where it is the moving force behind the

constitutional violation, or where the city itself is the wrongdoer.” Chew, 27 F.3d

at1444 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

The plaintiffs did not identify any specific policy or regulation that caused

8
the alleged constitutional violations in this case. “Liability for improper custom

may not be predicated on isolated or sporadic incidents; it must be founded upon

practices of sufficient duration, frequency and consistency that the conduct has

become a traditional method of carrying out policy.” Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d

911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing Bennett v. City of Slidell, 728 F.2d 762, 767 (5th

Cir. 1984)). To demonstrate a custom, plaintiffs point to the events that occurred

on June 17, June 18, and July 14; their immigrant status; the fact that the police

officers “refused to give plaintiff Mr. Mackovski a break as he struggled” with

English during the depositions in this case; and the police department’s refusal to

return seized property to the plaintiffs absent a court order mandating that the

police do so. These “isolated or sporadic incidents” are insufficient to show a

“longstanding practice or custom.” See Trevino, 99 F.3d at 918. Even if the events

of this case constitute a custom, plaintiffs have not demonstrated that this custom

caused the alleged constitutional violations. Thus, the district court properly

granted summary judgment for the City of Garden Grove and the Garden Grove

Police Department on plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims.

5. The California Government Tort Claims Act bars plaintiffs’ state law

claims, except for negligence, because the date on the required claim forms, and

the theories of liability set forth therein, varied materially from that which was

9
alleged in their civil complaints. The Act requires a plaintiff to file a written claim

stating “the date, place, and other circumstances of the occurrence or transaction

which gave rise to the claim asserted,” Cal. Gov’t Code § 910, within six months

of the accrual of the cause of action, id. § 911.2. “If a plaintiff relies on more than

one theory of recovery against the state, each cause of action must have been

reflected in a timely claim.” Nelson v. State, 188 Cal. Rptr. 479, 483 (Cal. Ct.

App. 1982). The Act’s purpose “is to provide the public entity sufficient

information to enable it to adequately investigate claims and to settle them, if

appropriate, without the expense of litigation.” Stockett v. Ass’n of Cal. Water

Agencies Joint Powers Ins. Auth., 99 P.3d 500, 502 (Cal. 2004) (internal quotation

marks omitted). 

The plaintiffs’ second amended complaints alleged state law claims for

negligence, conversion/trespass, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and

interference with prospective economic advantage arising from the June 17 visit,

June 18 search, and July 14 arrest. Mackovski and Mackovska only listed

“unreasonable search and seizure, negligence, and violation of a constitutional

right” stemming from the June 18 search on their claim forms. The forms did not

provide an account of the factual basis underlying the claims. Instead, plaintiffs

attached photos of the Epping house taken after the search, a list of property

10
damage, fifty pages of government documents (including a copy of the June 18

search warrant and underlying affidavit), and the diamond appraisals. These

documents only related to the June 18 search, and were insufficient to present the

additional causes of action in the second amended complaints because they did not

provide the city with enough information “to enable it to adequately investigate”

the claims. See Stockett, 99 P.3d at 502. The district court correctly dismissed the

claims for conversion/trespass, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and

interference with prospective economic advantage.

6. Plaintiffs’ remaining negligence claim fails as a matter of law because the

defendants are entitled to immunity under California Government Code §§ 815 and

821.6. Section 815(a) states: “Except as otherwise provided by statute . . . [a]

public entity is not liable for an injury, whether such injury arises out of an act or

omission of the public entity or a public employee or any other person.” On

appeal, the plaintiffs argue that the entity defendants are liable under California

Government Code § 815.2(a), which holds a public entity “liable for injury

proximately caused by an act or omission of an employee of the public entity

within the scope of his employment if the act or omission would, apart from this

section, have given rise to a cause of action against that employee or his personal

representative.” However, under § 815.2(b), “a public entity is not liable for an

11
injury resulting from an act or omission of an employee of the public entity where

the employee is immune from liability.” Here, Officer Bex is immune under

§ 821.6, and the entity defendants are therefore immune as well.

Section 821.6 states: “A public employee is not liable for injury caused by

his instituting or prosecuting any judicial or administrative proceeding within the

scope of his employment, even if he acts maliciously and without probable cause.”

California courts have repeatedly held that § 821.6 applies broadly beyond

malicious prosecution claims to investigations “prior to the institution of a judicial

proceeding . . . because investigations are an essential step toward the institution of

formal proceedings.” Cty. of Los Angeles v. Superior Court, 104 Cal. Rptr. 3d 230,

238 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009), as modified (Jan. 22, 2010); see also Baughman v. State,

45 Cal. Rptr. 2d 82, 89 (Cal. Ct. App. 1995); Amylou R. v. Cty. of Riverside, 34

Cal. Rptr. 2d 319, 321 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994). The district court correctly ruled that

the defendants are entitled to immunity from plaintiffs’ negligence claim under

these statutes.

Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

12
Mackovski v. City of Garden Grove, No. 14-56880

TALLMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

I concur in the disposition except for the remand on plaintiffs’ excessive

force claim. On all claims, I would hold Officer Bex is entitled to qualified

immunity and would affirm entry of summary judgment for all defendants. 

At the time of Mackovski’s arrest, Officer Bex had ample probable cause to

believe that Mackovski was armed and dangerous. Police had already connected

Mackovski to his accomplice, a convicted felon and known methamphetamine

manufacturer and distributor, Micky Apostolovic. An earlier search of

Apostolovic’s residence (the “Chapman property”) had revealed

methamphetamine, marijuana, and chemicals and glassware used in the

manufacturing of methamphetamine. Police had also discovered ammunition and a

cache of weapons, including a .22-caliber rifle, an “Uzi” submachine gun and

“silencer,” a loaded .380 Smith and Wesson revolver, a live hand grenade, and two

pipe bombs that had to be disarmed by the Orange County Sheriff’s Department

Bomb Squad. A reliable informant told police that, after the search, Mackovski

had removed additional weapons from the Chapman property that police had failed

to locate. Indeed, one weapon—a chrome, western-style revolver—that had gone

missing from the Chapman property was recovered during the search of

FILED

NOV 28 2016

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Mackovski’s residence on June 18, 2010, along with marijuana intended for

distribution. 

In sum, at the time Officer Bex executed the warrant for Mackovski’s arrest,

reasonable officers could objectively believe that they were making a high-risk,

felony arrest of a suspect known to carry weapons and involved with others’

serious crimes. The recovery of the revolver at Mackovski’s residence—which

Officer Bex reasonably believed Mackovski had removed at Apostolovic’s

direction and to assist Apostolovic in evading further detection by law

enforcement—belies the majority’s assertion that police had “no evidence” to

connect Mackovski with Apostolovic’s criminal activities. The scope of

substantive criminal liability easily encompasses the conduct of both men, and a

reasonable officer would exercise great caution in apprehending either of them.

The Fourth Amendment permits police officers to use force as reasonably

necessary to effectuate an arrest and neutralize any ongoing threat to the officers

and others, even if doing so causes some injury. Jackson v. City of Bremerton, 268

F.3d 646, 650, 652–53 (9th Cir. 2001) (finding no Fourth Amendment violation

where police officers pushed an arrestee to the ground to handcuff her, pulled her

up to her feet, and put her in a police vehicle in ninety-degree heat with the

windows rolled up, and the arrestee suffered a fractured finger); see also Saucier v.

Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 208–09 (2001) (finding that officers did not violate clearly
established Fourth Amendment law by shoving a protestor wearing a leg brace into

a military police van). “Our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has long recognized

that the right to make an arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the

right to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it.”

Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989). As the Supreme Court has

reminded us, “‘[n]ot every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in

the peace of a judge’s chambers,’ violates the Fourth Amendment.” Id. (quoting

Johnson v. Glick, 481 F.2d 1028, 1033 (2d Cir. 1973)). 

The intrusion on Mackovski’s Fourth Amendment interests was minimal. 

Mackovski states that during the arrest he was on the ground when officers

handcuffed him and then “jumped all over him.” Even assuming that Mackovski’s

statement can be construed to mean that Officer Bex “tackled” Mackovski after he

was forced to the ground and handcuffed, as the majority suggests, Officer Bex

was justified in using force to subdue this dangerous suspect. After the officers

“jumped all over him,” Mackovski alleges they pulled his arms back and he

blacked out. According to hospital records, Mackovski’s injuries were limited to

“bruises and abrasions.” As the district court noted, “[a]dmittedly, the officers did

not treat Mr. Mackovski gently, but such facts demonstrate a minimal to moderate

intrusion, at most.”
Balancing the “nature and quality of the intrusion” on Mackovski’s Fourth

Amendment rights against the officers’ interests in making a safe arrest clearly

favors the officers here. If we are to take Supreme Court doctrine seriously and

view the reasonableness of the arrest “in light of the facts and circumstances

confronting [officers]” at the time, id. at 397, then we should find as a matter of

law that Officer Bex’s use of force was justified to apprehend a known dangerous

suspect. I fear that decisions like this one are converting federal civil rights actions

into common law negligence suits. That was not the evil Congress was addressing

in the post-Civil War era when section 1983’s predecessor was enacted into law. I

would grant summary judgment for the defendants on plaintiffs’ excessive force

claim and affirm the district court’s judgment in its entirety.