{"id":615689,"date":"2024-02-22T08:28:26","date_gmt":"2024-02-22T13:28:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?p=615689"},"modified":"2024-02-22T15:45:54","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T20:45:54","slug":"nasa-center-boosted-yf-12-supersonic-engine-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/nasa-center-boosted-yf-12-supersonic-engine-research\/","title":{"rendered":"NASA Center Boosted YF-12 Supersonic Engine Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\"padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro\"><div class=\"width-full maxw-full article-header\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full\"><p class=\"label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0\">4 min read<\/p><h1 class=\"display-48 margin-bottom-2\">NASA Center Boosted YF-12 Supersonic Engine Research<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"749\" height=\"397\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg?w=749\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"A black YF-12C aircraft with a white U.S. Air Force logo on the front section and an orange NASA logo on the tail flies above white clouds and a blue sky.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg 749w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg?resize=300,159 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg?resize=400,212 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg?resize=600,318 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">NASA pilots flew this YF-12C aircraft from 1971 and 1978 to perform airspeed calibrations and collect propulsion system data at numerous flight conditions.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Credit: NASA<\/strong><\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Supersonic flight became a reality in October 1947, when the Bell X-1 rocket plane broke the sound barrier. NASA\u2019s Lewis Research Center in Cleveland (now, NASA Glenn), which had served as the agency\u2019s aeropropulsion leader since it was established in the 1940s<strong>, <\/strong>subsequently helped NASA advance the technology needed to make longer supersonic flights possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A host of military aircraft capable of reaching supersonic speeds followed the Bell X-1. In the 1960s, Lockheed\u2019s family of Blackbirds (the original A-12, the YF-12 interceptor, and the SR-71 reconnaissance vehicle) became the world\u2019s first aircraft able to cruise at supersonic speeds for extended periods. However, the expansion of this capability to larger transport aircraft was difficult, in large part due to the lack of data collected about propulsion systems during longer supersonic flights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To solve problems that weren\u2019t found during design-phase testing of these aircraft and to advance crucial technology, like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/research-and-engineering\/inlet-and-nozzle\/inlet-technology\/#supersonic-mixedcompression-inlets\" rel=\"noopener\">supersonic mixed-compression inlet<\/a>, the military loaned <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/image-article\/where-are-they-now-yf-12-06935\/\">two retired YF-12s<\/a> to the Dryden Flight Research Center (today, NASA Armstrong) in 1969 as part of a collaborative NASA\/Air Force effort. They planned to compare data from YF-12 flights to data collected in wind tunnels at NASA\u2019s Ames, Langley, and Lewis Research Centers.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/yf-12-inlet-in-10x10-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"797\" height=\"869\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/yf-12-inlet-in-10x10-1.jpg?w=797\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"A black-and-white photo of two people dressed in suits and ties crouching under a YF-12 flight inlet in a wind tunnel. The person on the left looks up at the large, pointy inlet and writes in a binder.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 54% 75%; object-position: 54% 75%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/yf-12-inlet-in-10x10-1.jpg 797w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/yf-12-inlet-in-10x10-1.jpg?resize=275,300 275w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/yf-12-inlet-in-10x10-1.jpg?resize=768,837 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/yf-12-inlet-in-10x10-1.jpg?resize=367,400 367w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/yf-12-inlet-in-10x10-1.jpg?resize=550,600 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 797px) 100vw, 797px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Bobby Sanders (left) and Robert Coltrin check a full-scale YF-12 flight inlet prior to a February 1972 test run in the NASA Lewis Research Center (now NASA Glenn) 10×10 Supersonic Wind Tunnel. Although the 5-foot 9-inch diameter inlet was large for the test section, no problems arose<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Credit: NASA\/Martin Brown<\/strong><\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Lewis\u2019 researchers had studied supersonic inlets in wind tunnels since the early 1950s and were in the midst of an extensive evaluation of supersonic nozzles and inlets using an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/lewis-acquired-f-106b-for-supersonic-transport-research-in-the-1960s\/\">F-106 Delta Dart<\/a>. In this new effort, Lewis was responsible for testing a full-scale YF-12 inlet in the center\u2019s 10×10 Supersonic Wind Tunnel and analyzing a 32,500-pound thrust Pratt & Whitney J58 engine in the Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although mixed-compression inlets, which allowed the engines to operate as turbojets at subsonic speeds and as ramjets at higher Mach numbers, were highly efficient, their design left the engines vulnerable to flow disturbances that often caused \u201cunstarts.\u201d Unstarts produced instantaneous drag that could stall the engine or cause the aircraft to quickly roll or yaw. Lewis researchers tested an actual inlet from a crashed SR-71, which they installed into the 10×10 in November 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the next year, researchers collected aerodynamic data under different conditions in the wind tunnel. They also tested a new inlet control system patented by Lewis engineers Bobby Sanders and Glenn Mitchell that used mechanical valves to protect the aircraft against unstarts. It was the first time the system was tested on a full-scale piece of hardware.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers also studied the relationships between the airframe, inlet, engine, and control system during normal flight conditions and when experiencing realistic flow disturbances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1208\" height=\"855\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?w=1208\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"A large engine with many pipes and wires on its sides sits in a large testing facility.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg 1208w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?resize=300,212 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?resize=768,544 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?resize=1024,725 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?resize=400,283 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?resize=600,425 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?resize=900,637 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/j58-engine-in-grc-psl.jpg?resize=1200,849 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1208px) 100vw, 1208px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">A Pratt & Whitney J58 engine installed in the NASA Lewis Research Center (now, NASA Glenn) Propulsion Systems Laboratory No. 4 facility in November 1973. The center\u2019s technicians had to take great precautions to protect the instrumentation and control systems from the engine\u2019s 1000-degree-Fahrenheit surface temperatures during the testing. <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\"><strong>Credit: NASA\/Martin Brown<\/strong><\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>In the summer of 1973, a full-scale J-58 engine became the first hardware tested in Lewis\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/historic-facilities\/psl1-2\/return-to-jet-engines\/#addition-of-psl-no-3-and-4\" rel=\"noopener\">new PSL second altitude chamber<\/a>. For the next year, researchers captured data under normal conditions and while using mesh inlet screens to simulate in-flight air-flow distortions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The PSL tests also measured the engine\u2019s emissions as part of a larger effort to determine the high-altitude emissions levels of potential supersonic transports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the YF-12 program was terminated in 1979 as the agency\u2019s aeronautical priorities shifted, a year\u2019s worth of ground testing had already been completed in NASA\u2019s wind tunnels and the YF-12s had completed nearly 300 research flights. The program had expanded to include the development of high-temperature instrumentation, airframe pressure and flow mapping, thermal loads, and the inlet control system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NASA engineers demonstrated that small-scale models could be successfully used to design full-scale supersonic inlets, while the flight data was used to better understand the effect of subscale models and tunnel interference on data. Perhaps most importantly, the program at Lewis led to a digital control system that improved the response of the supersonic inlet to flow disturbances, which nearly eliminated engine restarts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many of the program\u2019s concepts were integrated into the SR-71\u2019s design in the early 1980s and have contributed to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/is-a-mach-4-passenger-jet-possible-nasa-industry-explore-idea\/\">NASA\u2019s continuing efforts over the decades <\/a>to achieve a supersonic transport aircraft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Additional Resources:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/fs-047-dfrc-04-20-20.pdf?emrc=d37994\">NASA Facts:  The Lockheed YF-12<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/88796main_yf-12.pdf?emrc=e17503\">Mach 3+ NASA\/USAF YF-12 Flight Research, 1969-1979<\/a> by Peter Merlin<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/495839main_fs-030_sr-71.pdf?emrc=0612db\">NASA Facts:  SR-71 Blackbird<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles\">\t\t<section class=\"hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h2 style=\"max-width: 100%;\" class=\"width-full w-full maxw-full\">Explore More<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/flag-day-2024-one-small-flags-incredible-journey\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=900,675 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">7 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Flag Day 2024 \u2013 One Small Flag\u2019s Incredible Journey<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17 hours ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/armstrong\/nasa-supports-california-students-aiming-to-advance-technology\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1279&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1279&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=300&h=200&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=768&h=512&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=1024&h=682&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=1536&h=1023&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=400&h=266&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=600&h=400&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=900&h=600&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/AFRC2024-0082-22\/AFRC2024-0082-22~large.jpg?w=1200&h=799&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">2 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA Supports California Students Aiming to Advance Technology<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/newsletters\/aerospace-frontiers\/nasa-glenn-visits-duluth-for-air-and-aviation-expo-steam-festival\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg 4032w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=2048,1536 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/grc-2024-cn-00014.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">1 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA Glenn Visits Duluth for Air and Aviation Expo, STEAM Festival\u00a0\u00a0<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supersonic flight became a reality in October 1947, when the Bell X-1 rocket plane broke the sound barrier. NASA\u2019s Lewis Research Center in Cleveland (now, NASA Glenn), which had served as the agency\u2019s aeropropulsion leader since it was established in the 1940s, subsequently helped NASA advance the technology needed to make longer supersonic flights possible. [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":119,"featured_media":615706,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2856,2660,2855,2671],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[10224,3911,8598],"coauthors":[10218,12636],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"NASA Center Boosted YF-12 Supersonic Engine Research","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/nasa-center-boosted-yf-12-supersonic-engine-research\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/nasa-center-boosted-yf-12-supersonic-engine-research\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg"},"articleSection":"NASA Centers & Facilities","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Robert S. Arrighi"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Glenn Communications"}],"creator":["Robert S. Arrighi","Glenn Communications"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA History","Glenn Research Center","Aeronautics","Armstrong Flight Research Center"],"dateCreated":"2024-02-22T13:28:26Z","datePublished":"2024-02-22T13:28:26Z","dateModified":"2024-02-22T20:45:54Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"NASA Center Boosted YF-12 Supersonic Engine Research\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/glenn\/nasa-center-boosted-yf-12-supersonic-engine-research\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2024-02-22T13:28:26Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"NASA Centers & Facilities\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA History,Glenn Research Center,Aeronautics,Armstrong Flight Research Center\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Robert S. Arrighi\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Glenn Communications\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":4,"time_ago":"4 months","featured_image":{"id":615706,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/nasa-yf-12.jpg","title":"NASA YF-12","alt":"A black YF-12C aircraft with a white U.S. Air Force logo on the front section and an orange NASA logo on the tail flies above white clouds and a blue sky.","caption":"NASA pilots flew this YF-12C aircraft from 1971 and 1978 to perform airspeed calibrations and collect propulsion system data at numerous flight conditions."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615689"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/119"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=615689"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615689\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":671153,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/615689\/revisions\/671153"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/615706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=615689"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=615689"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=615689"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=615689"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=615689"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}