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DRAFT

TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT:

ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM

FOR COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT:

High-Intensity Discharge Lamps

Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

Docket #: EE-DET-03-001

December 2004

U.S. Department of Energy

Assistant Secretary

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Building Technologies Program

Appliances and Commercial Equipment Standards

Washington, DC 20585

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 directed the Department of Energy (the Department or

DOE) to determine whether energy conservation standards are justified for high-intensity

discharge (HID) lamps. (42 U.S.C. 6317) The Department prepared this draft analysis to

examine if energy conservation standards would be technologically feasible and economically

justified, and would result in significant energy savings.

This draft technical support document (TSD) contains six chapters:

• Introduction

• Technology Assessment

• Market Assessment

Substitution Analysis

o Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) and Payback Period (PBP) Analyses

• National Energy Savings (NES) and National Net Present Value (NPV) Analyses

The executive summary provides an overview of the analysis and results presented in

Chapter 2 through Chapter 6 of this report.

Technology Assessment

Chapter 2 of this report presents the results of the technology assessment. There are three

broad categories of HID lamps: mercury vapor (MV), high-pressure sodium (HPS) and metal

halide (MH). MV lamps are the least-efficient HID lamps, and replacement by substitute HPS

and MH technologies would save energy. However, the performance and characteristics of each

HID lamp type differ significantly enough that specific applications must be carefully considered

to determine suitable replacements. The technology assessment describes each lamp type by its

basic construction, photometric performance, and electrical characteristics. In addition, the

technology assessment identifies existing standards and test procedures for HID lamps. The

technology assessment provides the foundation for development of product applications and

subsequent structure for the substitution analysis.

Market Assessment

Chapter 3 of this report presents the HID lamp market assessment. In previous work, the

Department examined the installed base and energy consumption of all lighting nationally,

including HID lamps.' Figure ES-I shows the shares of sectoral energy use by lighting

technology. Across all four sectors in 2001, HID sources consumed approximately 1.4

quadrillion British thermal units (quads) of primary energy (or about 130 terawatt-hours (TWh)

of site electrical energy), with MV constituting 0.24 quads of the HID total.1 Thus, of the 8.2

quads of total U.S. lighting energy consumption in 2001, HID lamps accounted for

approximately 17 percent of consumption.

ES- I

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

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Outdoor

Stationary

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

o 100 200 300 400 500

Annual Energy Consumption (TWh/yr)

Figure ES-i. Shares of Sectoral Energy Use by Lighting Technology

Source: NC], US. Lighting Market characterization Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy

Consumption Estimate, 2002.

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) provided the Department

with detailed HID lamp shipment data, illustrating market trends over a 12-year period. As

shown in Figure ES-2, MV shipments decreased, while MU and HPS shipments increased.

Since 1999, HPS shipments have leveled off.

40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

. 15.0

4-i o 10.0

H

5,0

0,0,- ----- -.-- -

c "\

' ' \ \ ' ' '

Shipment Year

Figure ES-2. Total U.S. HID Lamp Shipments by Type, 1990-2002

ES- 2

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofPotential Energy Savings

#14

The Department developed a classification system for all HID lamp applications and then

selected those applications where MV lamps are still in use today. Table ES-i lists these product

applications by lamp wattage. The product applications and wattage combinations marked with

a large "X" represent wattages where MV lamps constitute a majority in a given product

application; the Department selected these for study in this analysis.

Table ES-i. Product Applications and Wattages for the Mercury Vapor Lamp*

Substitution Analysis

Chapter 4 of this report presents the substitution analysis. This analysis identifies the

substitute tecimology options that end-users would choose if MV lamps were not available under

a standards scenario. The Department identified three "HID lamp purchasing events" that trigger

the purchase of an HID lamp. Once such an event occurs, the end-user has one or more

"replacement options" with regard to the equipment they choose to replace. Table ES-2

summarizes three possible HID lamp purchasing events, the baseline technology, and

replacement options that the end-user may select.

ES- 3

*A small "x" indicates wattages where MV lamps are used in a particular product application; a large bold

"X" indicates wattages where MV shipments are most significant.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

#14

Table ES-2. HID Lamp Purchasing Events and Mercury Vapor Replacement Options

I?vliV New

'*T1

Compare installation or replacement of an

New Installation Luminaire Luminaire

luminaire with a substitute luminaire of equivalent

light output.

MV Ballast/Lamp Compare replacement of an MV ballast and lamp

Ballast/Lamp Replacement combination to a substitute lamp and ballast

IT combination of equivalent light output.

Ballast Failure MV Luminaire Compare replacement of an MV ballast and lamp

Ballast/Lamp Replacement combination to a substitute luminaire (lamp,

ballast, and fixture) of equivalent light output.

MV Lamp

Lamp Compare replacement of an MV lamp with that of

Replacement a screw-in substitute (or retrofit) lamp.

III Ballast/Lam Compare replacement of an MV lamp with that of

Lamp Failure MV Lamp Replacement a substitute ballast and lamp conthination utilizing

the existing fixture.

MV Lamp Luminaire Compare replacement of an MV lamp with that of

Replacement a substitute luminaire (lamp, ballast, and fixture).

For each of the replacement options discussed above, there are several possible

"substitution technology options" (substitute lamps, ballasts, and luminaires) that end-users may

select in response to a standard. These substitution technology options use HPS, MH,

fluorescent, or induction systems as their light source.

Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analyses

Chapter 5 presents the LCC and PBP analyses. The LCC and PBP analyses provide the

Department with information on the economic impact of potential standards on end-users. Upon

installation or replacement, the end-user pays the initial costs for equipment (including markups

and sales tax) and installation. The end-user incurs operating costs as HID systems consume

electricity and lamps burn-out and require replacement. The Department calculated the LCC by

adding the equipment and installation costs, plus lifetime operating costs (discounted and

summed over the analysis period, set as the HID ballast service life). The analysis compares lifecycle costs for the baseline MV technology with those of the substitution technology options and

calculates net costs or savings of the options due to standards. The Department also calculated

the simple payback period for these options, as well as an alternative version of payback period

that includes lamp replacement costs. The Department conducted LCC and PBP analyses for the

appropriate sectors on each of the product application and wattage combinations marked with a

large bold "X" in Table ES-I.

ES-4

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DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

#14

Reviewing the results of the LCC analysis, the Department identified three trends:

o Most substitution technology options yield LCC savings. However, there are

exceptions, especially for substitute (retrofit) lamps.

o Within a product application, one or more replacement options may increase costs;

however, other replacement options are available that provide LCC savings (e.g.,

replacing the luminaire instead of just replacing the lamp). Some of those changes

involve increasing total installed costs, but operating costs from the more-efficient

systems compensate to yield net LCC savings.

• For all commercial sector product applications analyzed, the Department identified a

"white light" replacement option (either MH or fluorescent) that provides LCC

savings.

Table ES-3 through Table ES-8 summarize the LCC results for substitution of MH and

HPS technologies for MV technologies by product application in the commercial, industrial,

residential, and public sectors. In these tables, "Yes" means that LCC savings are positive (i.e.,

the user receives net savings due to standards), while "No" means that LCC savings are negative

(i.e., the user incurs net costs due to standards). In the tables for the commercial and industrial

sectors (Table ES-3 through Table ES-6), the bottom row summarizes the total number of types

of technologies that have positive or negative LCC savings. If a table cell is marked with "nla"

in the new installation column, new MV luminaires are not available in the market for that

particular product application. If a cell in a ballast failure or lamp failure column is marked with

an "nla", there is no available substitution technology option for that light source type.

ES- 5

Table ES-3. Summary of Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Substitution of Metal Halide

Technology for Mercury Vapor Technology, Commercial Sector

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofPolenlial Energy Savings

Table ES-5. Summary of Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Substitution of Metal Halide

ES- 6

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Table ES-4. Summary of Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Substitution of High-Pressure Sodium

Technology for Mercury Vapor Technology, Commercial Sector

Technology for Mercury Vapor Technology, Industrial Sector

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

Due to geographic variations in public sector electricity price, Table ES-7 and Table ES-8

present results under a range of electricity prices to account for this variability.

ES- 7

#14

Table ES-6. Summary of Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Substitution of High-Pressure Sodium

Technology for Mercury Vapor Technology, Industrial and Residential Security Sectors

Table ES-7. Summary of Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Substitution of Metal Halide

Technology for Mercury Vapor Technology, Public Sector

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofpolenlial Energy Savings

The Department also considered fluorescent and induction system substitution

technology options that are not shown in the tables above. For the two interior lighting

applications (high-bay and low-bay), linear fluorescent options (T8 and T5HO) yield LCC

savings, while compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) options do not yield LCC savings. The

Department did not consider fluorescent systems as substitution technology options for the

public or residential sector, as they are rarely used for the product applications in those sectors.

For product applications in the commercial and industrial sectors, induction systems are

available only by special order and market pricing was not available, induction systems are

available for public sector applications, but the Department found that they did not yield LCC

savings with the public sector electricity rates used in the analysis.

National Energy Savings and National Net Present Value Analyses

The Department estimated NES and NPV for the period from 2011 through 2035. In

preparing this analysis, the Department found that the most critical input to the NES and NPV

analyses is the projection of MV lamp shipments over this analysis period. The Department

based the annual shipments forecasts on historical shipments, and calculated NES and NPV for

three shipment scenarios: reference, high, and low. The low scenario projects shipments

between the two estimates proposed by NEMA in stakeholder comments on the draft framework

document. Figure ES-3 shows the three shipment scenarios.

ES- 8

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Table ES-8. Summary of Life-Cycle Cost Results for Substitution of High-Pressure Sodium

Technology for Mercury Vapor Technology, Public Sector

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

#14

6

5

4

U)

E

-J

'4-

03

U)

C

0

2

Year

Figure ES-3. Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipment Scenarios

The Department based its NES analysis on the two largest wattage categories of MV

lamp shipments, 175W and 400W, and estimated energy savings and costs of other MV lamps

based on findings at these wattages. The Department estimated the fraction of shipments of

175W MV lamps and 400W MV lamps shipped to each product application in each sector. The

Department estimated HID lamp purchasing event frequencies, or weights, based on lamp and

ballast lifetimes, and estimated the fraction of end-users who would select a substitution

technology option for each HID lamp purchasing event. Finally, the Department estimated

weights for each replacement option. Figure ES-4 shows the results of the NES analysis for the

three shipment scenarios.

ES- 9

0

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD. HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

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1.0

0.9

0.8

U) D 0.7

2.0.6

U)

0)

C Q•5

>

0.3

w

0.2

0.1

0.0

Scenario

Figure ES-4. Cumulative Energy Savings of HID Standards (2011-2035)

Figure ES-5 and Figure ES-6 show the results for the NPV analyses based on discount

rates of 3 percent and 7 percent real, respectively, for the three shipment scenarios.

ES- 10

C

Ec

1cl)

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

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2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

U)

1.2

1.0

0

E 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Figure ES-S. National Net Present Value of HID Standards, 3% Real Discount Rate

0.9

0.8

0.7

0

0.6

U)

ft

0.5

U)

,9 0.4

.0

0.3

0

z

0.2

0.1

0.0

Figure ES-6. National Net Present Value of HID Standards, 7% Real Discount Rate

ES-Il

- I

UI 00

Cod., CO

.c

Scenario

- U

C)

CO(l) cod,

Scenario

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofPaienlial Energy Savings

#4

The estimated NES of the HID lamp standard is about 0.5 quads for the reference

shipment scenario. The Department found that the energy savings projected in the NES are

sensitive to lamp shipments, ranging from approximately 0.1 quads for the low shipment

scenario to 0.7 quads for the high shipment scenario. The estimated NPV of the HID lamp

standard is about $1.2 billion dollars for the reference scenario at a 3 percent real discount rate,

or $0.5 billion dollars at a 7 percent real discount rate. The Department also found NPV to be

sensitive to the shipment scenario, with a range of approximately $0.3 billion for the low

shipment scenario to $1.9 billion for the high shipment scenario at a discount rate of 3 percent

real, or $0.2 billion for the low shipment scenario to $0.8 billion for the high shipment scenario

at a discount rate of 7 percent real.

ES- 12

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DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

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REFERENCES

'Navigant Consulting, Inc., US. Lighting Market Characterization Volume I. NationalLighting

Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate, September 2002, Navigant Consulting, Inc. for the

U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C.

ES- 13

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . ES-i

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 LEGAL AUTHORITY

1.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITION

vii

viii

x

1-1

1-1

1-2

CHAPTER 2. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2-1

2.1 SPECIFICATIONS, TEST STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES 2-1

2.2 MERCURY VAPOR 2-3

2.2.1 Construction 2-4

2.2.2 Lamp Performance 2-5

2.2.3 Electrical Characteristics 2-8

2.2.4 Other Issues 2-8

2.3 HIGH-PRESSURE SOL)JUM 2-9

2.3.1 Construction 2-9

2.3.2 Lamp Performance 2-10

2.3.3 Electrical Characteristics 2-12

2.3.4 Other Issues 2-13

2.4 METAL HALIDE 2-14

2.4.1 Construction 2-15

2.4.2 Lamp Performance 2-19

2.4.2.1 Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps 2-21

2.4.2.2 Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps 2-22

2.4.3 Electrical Characteristics 2-23

2.4.4 Other Issues 2-24

2.5 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP BALLASTS 2-24

CHAPTER 3. MARKET ASSESSMENT 3-1

3.1 SHIPMENT ESTIMATES 3-1

3.1.1 EnergyUsebySector 3-1

3.1.2 High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipment Estimates 3-4

3.1.3 High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipment Estimates 3-9

3.1.3.1 Commercial-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures 3-10

3.1.3.2 Industrial-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures 3-11

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DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

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3.1.3.3 Outdoor-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures 3-12

3.2 MARKET AND STRUCTURE 3-13

3.2.1 Manufacturers of High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, Luminaires, and Ballasts.. 3-13

3.2.2 Distribution Channels 3-15

3.2.3 Decision Makers 3-17

3.2.3.1 Residential Decision Makers 3-17

3.2.3.2 Commercial, industrial, and Public Sector Lighting Decision Makers 3-18

3.3 APPLICATIONS FOR HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS 3-19

3.3.1 Residential Applications 3-19

3.3.2 Commercial Applications 3-19

3.3.3 Industrial Applications 3-20

3.3.4 Public Sector Applications 3-20

3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH-iNTENSITY DISCHARGE LUMINAIRES 3-21

3.4.1 Proposed High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Classification System 3-21

3.4.1.1 Product Applications: indoor 3-21

3.4.1.2 Product Applications: Outdoor 3-23

3.4.1.3 Product Applications: Specialty 3-26

3.4.2 Mercury Vapor Lamp Product Applications 3-26

3.5 REGULATORY AND NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS 3-27

3.5.1 Regulatory Programs Impacting High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 3-27

3.5.2 Non-Regulatory Programs Impacting High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 3-28

CHAPTER 4. SUBSTITUTION ANALYSIS 4-1

4.1 SUBSTITUTiON ANALYSIS STRUCTURE: LAMP PURCHASING EVENTS

AND REPLACEMENT OPTIONS 4-1

4.2 SUBSTITUTION TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 4-3

4.2.1 Event I: New HID Luminaire installations 4-4

4.2.2 Event II: HID Ballast Failure 4-5

4.2.2.1 Ballast/Lamp Replacement Option 4-5

4.2.2.2 Luminaire Replacement 4-7

4.2.3 Event III: HID Lamp Failure 4-7

4.2.3.1 Lamp Replacement Option 4-8

4.2.3.2 Ballast/Lamp Replacement Option 4-8

4.2.3.3 Luminaire Replacement Option 4-8

4.3 SUMMARY OF RELEVANT SUBSTITUTiON ANALYSES 4-9

4.4 RELEVANT COMPONENTS FOR THE LIFE-CYCLE COST AND NATIONAL

ENERGY SAVINGS 4-10

4.5 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 4-12

4.5.1 Substitution Technology Options for High-Bay Applications 4-12

4.5.2 Substitution Technology Options for Low-Bay Applications 4-13

4.5.3 Substitution Technology Options for Roadway Architectural Applications 4-14

4.5.4 Substitution Technology Options for Streetlighting Applications 4-15

4.5.5 Substitution Technology Options for Large Area Applications 4-16

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4.5.6 Substitution Technology Options for Small Area Applications ......................... 4-17

4.5.7 Substitution Technology Options for Security Applications .... .......................... 4-18

4.5.8 Substitution Technology Options for Landscape Applications .......................... 4-19

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CHAPTER 5. LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES 5-1

5.1 FIXTURE TYPES FOR PRODUCT APPLICATIONS AND SECTORS 5-1

5.1.1 Representative Fixture Types for Product Applications 5-1

5.1.2 Sectors 5-1

5.2 LIFE-CYCLE COST METHODOLOGY 5-2

5.3 TOTAL INSTALLED COST 5-4

5.3.1 Equipment Cost 5-5

5.3.1.1 Equipment Price 5-5

5.3.1.2 Contractor Markup 5-6

5.3.1.3 End-User Direct Price 5-6

5.3.1.4 Sales Tax 5-6

5.3.2 Installation Cost 5-7

5.3.2.1 Labor Times 5-7

5.3.2.2 Labor Rates 5-7

5.4 LIFETiME OPERATING COST 5-7

5.4.1 Operating Cost 5-8

5.4.1.1 Annual Electricity Cost 5-8

5.4.1.2 Lamp Replacement Costs 5-10

5.4.2 Ballast Lifetime and Analysis Period 5-1 1

5.4.2.1 Ballast Lifetime and Ballast Service Life 5-1 1

5.4.2.2 Analysis Period 5-1 1

5.4.3 Discount Rate for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 5-1 1

5.4.4 Electricity Price Trends 5-12

5.5 TERMINAL VALUES 5-12

5.6 INCOME TAX EFFECTS 5-13

5.7 PAYBACK PERIOD METHODOLOGY 5-14

5.7.1 Simple Payback Period 5-14

5.7.2 Payback Period Sensitivity Analysis: Alternative Calculation Method 5-15

5.8 RESULTS OF THE LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD

ANALYSES 5-16

5.8.1 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Results 5-16

5.8.2 Payback Period Analysis Results 5-17

CHAPTER 6. NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE 6-1

6.1 INTRODUCTiON 6-1

6.2 INPUTS FOR NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE ... 6-3

6.2.1 Projected Shipments 6-4

6.2.2 Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipments by Wattage 6-7

6.2.3 Product Application Market Shares 6-8

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6.2.4 High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Purchasing Event Weights 6-11

6.2.5 Substitution Technology Option Weights 6-13

6.2.6 Conversion from Site to Source Energy 6-15

6.2.7 Analysis Period 6-17

6.2.8 Discount Rate for the Net Present Value Calculation 6-17

6.3 CUMULATIVE REGULATORY BURDEN 6-17

6.4 CALCULATION OF ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE 6-17

6.4.1 Energy Savings Calculation 6-17

6.4.2 Net Present Value Calculation 6-19

6.4.2.1 Electricity Cost Savings 6-19

6.4.2.2 Incremental Equipment Costs 6-19

6.5 RESULTS OF NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE

ANALYSIS 6-22

TABLE OF CONTENTS: APPENDICES Appendices-i

APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY OF TERMS A-i

APPENDIX B. INDUSTRY HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITIONS B-i

APPENDIX C. EXISTING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS C-i

APPENDIX D. NON-REGULATORY INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-1

APPENDIX E. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP BALLASTS E-1

APPENDIX F. PRODUCT AVAILABILITY TABLES F-i

APPENDIX G. ILLUMiNATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA G-1

APPENDIX H. MODEL INSTRUCTIONS, DETAILED INPUTS, AND SENSITIVITY

RESULTS FOR LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD

ANALYSIS H-I

APPENDIX I. MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS

AND NET PRESENT VALUE MODEL I-i

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1.

Table 2-2.

Table 2-3.

Table 2-4.

Table 2-5.

Table 2-6.

Table 2-7.

Table 3-1.

Table 3-2.

Table 3-3.

Table 3-4.

Table 3-5.

Table 3-6.

Table 3-7.

Table 3-8.

Table 3-9.

Table 3-10.

Table 3-11.

Table 3-12.

Table 3-13.

Table 3-14.

Table 4-1.

Table 4-2.

Table 4-3.

Table 4-4.

Table 4-5.

Table 4-6.

Table 4-7.

Table 4-8.

Table 4-9.

Table 4-10.

Table 4-Il.

Table 4-12.

Table 4-13.

Table 4-14.

Table 4-15.

Table 4-16.

Table 5-1.

Table 5-2.

Table 5-3.

Table 5-4.

Table 5-5.

Table 5-6.

Table 5-7.

Table 5-8.

Standards Documents Pertaining to High-Intensity Discharge Lighting 2-2

Performance Summary of Mercury Vapor Lamps 2-8

Performance Summary of General-Purpose High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 2-12

Performance Summary of High Color Rendering High-Pressure Sodium Lamps.. 2-12

Performance Summary of Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps 2-22

Performance Summary of Quartz Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps 2-23

Performance Summary of Ceramic Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps 2-23

U.S. National Energy Use for Lighting by Sector 3-2

Installed Base of High-Intensity Discharge Luminaires in the U.S. by Sector 3-4

Distribution of High-Intensity Discharge Lighting Electricity Consumed 3-4

National Sales of High-itntensity Discharge Lamps 3-5

Total Imported High-Intensity Discharge Lamps and NEMA Percentages 3-6

Mercury Vapor Shipments by Wattage 3-9

High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Manufacturers 3-14

High-Intensity Discharge Ballast Manufacturers 3-14

High-Intensity Discharge Luminaire Manufacturers 3-15

Classification for Indoor Applications 3-22

Classification for Outdoor Applications 3-24

Classification for Specialty Applications 3-26

Product Applications and Wattages for the Mercury Vapor Lamp 3-27

Non-Regulatory Programs Relating to High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 3-29

HID Lamp Purchasing Events and MV Replacement Options 4-3

Ballast/Lamp Substitutions* 4-6

Luminaire Substitutions* 4-7

Lamp Replacement* 4-8

Summary of HID Lamp Purchasing Event Analyses 4-9

Lamp Types by Technology 4-10

Ballast Types by Lamp Technology 4-11

Luminaire Types by Technology 4-1 1

High-Bay 400W MV Baseline (System Power: 453 watts) 4-13

Low-Bay 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts) 4-14

Roadway Architectural 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts) 4-15

Streetlighting 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts) 4-16

Large Area 400W MV Baseline (System Power: 453 watts) 4-17

Small Area 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts) 4-18

Security 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts) 4-19

Landscape 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts) 4-20

Representative Fixture Types for Product Applications 5-1

Annual Operating Hours for HID Lighting 5-9

LCC and PBP Results for High-Bay, Commercial Sector 5-18

LCC and PBP Results for High-Bay, Industrial Sector 5-19

LCC and PBP Results for Low-Bay, Commercial Sector 5-20

LCC and PBP Results for Low-Bay, Industrial Sector

LCC and PBP Results for Roadway Architectural, Public Sector

LCC and PBP Results for Streetlighting, Public Sector

5-21

5-22

5-23

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Table 5-9. LCC and PBP Results for Large Area, Commercial Sector .................................... 5-24

Table 5-10. LCC and PBP Results for Large Area, Industrial Sector ...................................... 5-25

Table 5-1 1. LCC and PBP Results for Small Area, Commercial Sector .................................. 5-26

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Table 5-12. LCC and PBP Results for Small Area, Industrial Sector 5-27

Table 5-13. LCC and PBP Results for Security, Commercial Sector 5-28

Table 5-14. LCC and PBP Results for Security, Industrial Sector 5-29

Table 5-15. LCC and PBP Results for Security, Residential Sector 5-30

Table 5-16. LCC and PBP Results for Landscape, Commercial Sector 5-31

Table 6-1. Historical Shipments of Mercury Vapor Lamps (millions) 6-4

Table 6-2. Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipment Projections (in millions) 6-6

Table 6-3. Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipments by Wattage 6-8

Table 6-4. Estimated Product Application Market Shares by Wattage, Unadjusted 6-9

Table 6-5. Product Application Shares by Wattage, Adjusted 6-9

Table 6-6. Product Application Shares by Sector 6-10

Table 6-7. Product ApplicationlSector Shares by Wattage 6-10

Table 6-8. Possible Replacement Options for Each HID Lamp Purchasing Event 6-11

Table 6-9. Percent of Shipments to New Installations 6-12

Table 6-10. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 175W MV, Lamp Failure Event 6-13

Table 6-11. Substitution Teclmology Option Weights, 400W MV, Lamp Failure Event 6-14

Table 6-12. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 175W MV, Ballast Failure Event 6-14

Table 6-13. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 400W MV, Ballast Failure Event 6-15

Table 6-14. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 175W MV, New Installation Event 6-15

Table 6-15. Site-to-Source Conversion Factors 6-16

Table 6-16. Summary of National Energy Savings * 6-23

Table 6-17. Summary of Net Present Value* 6-24

Table 6-18. Sensitivities of National Energy Savings and Net Present Value Results 6-25

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LiST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1. Mercury Vapor Lamp Construction 2-5

Figure 2-2. Typical High-Intensity Discharge Bases with Standard Designations 2-5

Figure 2-3. Spectral Power Distribution of Mercury Vapor Lamps (a) Without Phosphors

and (b) With Phosphors 2-7

Figure 2-4. High-Pressure Sodium Lamp Construction 2-10

Figure 2-5. Spectral Power Distribution of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 2-1 1

Figure 2-6. Trapezoid Boundary for High-Pressure Sodium Ballast Design 2-13

Figure 2-7. Metal Halide Lamp Construction 2-16

Figure 2-8. Common Arc Tubes 2-17

Figure 2-9. Formed Arc Tube Configuration for Horizontal MH Lamps 2-18

Figure 2-10. Offset Electrode Configuration for Horizontal MH Lamps 2-18

Figure 2-1 1 . Metal Halide Arc Tube with a Shroud 2-19

Figure 2-12. Spectral Power Distribution of Metal Halide Lamps (a) Without Phosphors and

(b) With Phosphors 2-21

Figure 3-1. Shares of Sectoral Energy Use by Lighting Technology 3-3

Figure 3-2. Total U.S. HID Lamp Shipments by Type, 1990-2002 3-7

Figure 3-3. Proportion of Total HID Market by Type, 1990-2002 3-8

Figure 3-4. Total Shipment of High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures by Fixture Type 3-10

Figure 3-5. Commercial-type High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments 3-1 1

Figure 3-6. Industrial-type High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments 3-12

Figure 3-7. Outdoor-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments 3-13

Figure 3-8. HID Lamp Distribution Channels 3-16

Figure 3-9. Residential Decision Web on HID Lighting 3-18

Figure 3-10. The Commercial and Industrial Lighting Design Decision Web 3-18

Figure 5-1. Illustration of LCC for Two Technologies: Baseline and Standards 5-3

Figure 5-2. Flow Diagram of Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis 5-4

Figure 6-1. Flow Diagram of National Energy Savings for HID Lamps 6-2

Figure 6-2. Flow Diagram of Net Present Value for HID Lamps 6-3

Figure 6-3. Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipment Scenarios 6-7

Figure 6-4. Cumulative Energy Savings of HID Standards (2011-2035) 6-26

Figure 6-5. Net Present Value of HID Standards, 3% Real Discount Rate 6-27

Figure 6-6. Net Present Value of HID Standards, 7% Real Discount Rate 6-28

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AC alternating current

AEO Annual Energy Outlook

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

B self-ballasted mercury

BR bulged reflector

BTU British thermal unit

C Celsius

CCT correlated color temperature

CFL compact fluorescent lamp

CIE Commission Intemationale de l'Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination)

CR1 color-rendering index

CW constant wattage

CWA constant wattage autotransformer

DC direct current

DOC Department of Commerce

DOE Department of Energy

E illuminance

EEl Edison Electric institute

EJA Energy information Administration

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EPCA Energy Policy and Conservation Act

ER elliptical reflector

fc footcandle

FP&L Florida Power & Light

FTA Federal Tax Administration

GE General Electric

HID high-intensity discharge

HPS high-pressure sodium

HX high-reactance autotransfonner

IC integrated circuit

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

IL induction lamp

IRS Internal Revenue Service

K Kelvin

KV Kilovolt

KWh kilowatt-hour

LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

LCC life-cycle cost

LLD lamp lumen depreciation

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LLF light loss factor

im lumen

LPS low-pressure sodium

LPW lumens per watt

LRC Lighting Research Center

Med Medium

MH metal halide

MID Modesto Irrigation District

Mog Mogul

MSDS material and safety data sheet

MV mercury vapor

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NES national energy savings

NLPIP National Lighting Product Information Program

nm nanometer

NPV net present value

NYISO New York Independent System Operator

NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

PAR parabolic aluminized reflector

PBP payback period

PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric

PMH pulse-start metal halide

PWF Present Worth Factor

quads Quadrillion BTU

RX reactor

SMUD Sacramento Municipal Utility District

SPD spectral power distribution

TCLP toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

TWhr terawatt-hour

UL Underwriter's Laboratory

UV ultra-violet

V Volt

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COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The following i]lustrations in this report are proprietary and may not be distributed or reproduced

separate from this report without the prior written consent of the owners of these figures. This

copyright notice applies to:

Figure 2-1 Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Catalog, 2003.

Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Joseph G. Howley to the U.S. Department of

Energy via NEMA. May 2, 2003.

Figure 2-2 Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Catalog, 2003.

Reproduced with pennission by e-mail from Joseph G. Howley to the U.S. Department of

Energy via NEMA. May 2, 2003.

Figure 2-3 Source: Sylvania. Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Peter Bleasby to the U.S.

Department of Energy via NEMA. May 1, 2003.

Figure 2-4 Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Catalog, 2003.

Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Joseph G. Howley to the U.S. Department of

Energy via NEMA. May 2, 2003.

Figure 2-5 Source: Sylvania. Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Peter Bleasby to the U.S.

Department of Energy via NEMA. May 1, 2003.

Figure 2-6 Source: NEMA, ANSI document C78.42-2001 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps, 2001.

Reproduced with permission, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2003.

Figure 2-7 Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Catalog, 2003.

Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Joseph G. Howley to the U.S. Department of

Energy via NEMA. May 2, 2003.

Figure 2-8 Source: Advanced Lighting Technologies Inc. Reproduced with permission by e-mail from

David Wypasek to the U.S. Department of Energy via NEMA. May 16, 2003.

Figure 2-9 Source: Sylvania, High Intensity Discharge Metalarc Lamps, 2003.

Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Peter Bleasby to the U.S. Department of Energy

via NEMA. May 1, 2003.

Figure 2-10 Source: Philips Lighting. Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Mike Hewitt to

Navigant Consulting, Inc. August 4, 2003.

Figure 2-1 1 Source: Advanced Lighting Technologies Inc. Reproduced with permission by e-mail from

David Wypasek to the U.S. Department of Energy via NEMA. May 16, 2003.

Figure 2-12 Source: Sylvania. Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Peter Bleasby to the U.S.

Department of Energy via NEMA. May 1, 2003.

Table C-2 Source: TESNA, TESNA Handbook, 9th Edition, 2000.

Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Sue Foley to Navigant Consulting, Inc. April 24,

2003. Reprinted from the IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition, 2000, courtesy of the Illuminating

Engineering Society of North America.

Table C-3 Source: IESNA, Reprinted from the IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition, 2000.

Reproduced with permission by e-mail from Sue Foley to Navigant Consulting, Inc.

Reprinted from the IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition, 2000, courtesy of the Illuminating

Engineering Society of North America.April 24, 2003.

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CHAPTER 1. iNTRODUCTION

The Department of Energy (the Department or DOE) is preparing an analysis to

determine the potential energy savings for high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. The purpose of

this analysis is to provide a basis for the Secretary of Energy to make a determination if

mandatory energy conservation standards are technologically feasible and economically justified,

and would result in significant energy savings. The Department is analyzing standard levels at

efficaciesa higher than those typical of mercury vapor (MV) HID lamps. If the Secretary makes

a determination that standards are warranted, the Department will develop a test procedure and

then initiate a standards rulemaking.

This report contains the market assessment, technology assessment, substitution analysis,

and life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) analyses, and the national energy savings

(NES) and net present value (NPV) analyses. Each of these sections addresses questions such as:

o Technology assessment - What are the HID lamp technologies and their performance

characteristics? What are the ballasts that operate them?

a Market assessment - How large is the HID lighting market? How are HID lamps

specified (i.e., which products will service a particular application)? What are the

distribution channels for HID lamps? What are the product applications the Department

will consider in this analysis?

• Substitution analysis - if an efficacy standard result in the removal of MV lamps from

the market, which technologies might consumers choose instead of MV? Which highvolume MV markets should the Department consider when it conducts its LCC analysis?

o LCC and PBP analysis - What LCC and PBP calculation methods does the Department's

LCC model for HID lamps use? What are the inputs to the model? How did the

Department gather pricing and other input data for the model? What are the LCC and

payback results?

o NES analysis - What NES and NPV calculation methods does the Department use for

HID lamps? What are the inputs to the NES and NPV model? How did the Department

gather input data for this model? What are the NES and NPV results?

To facilitate review of the analysis presented in this document, the Department provides

definitions of terminology relating to HID and other lighting technologies in Appendix A

(Glossary of Terms).

1.1 LEGAL AUTHORITY

The Department conducted this analysis of potential energy savings under the authority

of Section 346 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) (42 U.S.C. 6317), which

states:

a Efficacy is the measure of energy efficiency for lamps, reporting light output (lumens) per unit of energy input

(watts). Its units are lumens per watt.

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Sec. 346. Energy conservation standards for high-intensity discharge lamps,

distribution transformers, and small electric motors

(a) High-intensity discharge lamps and distribution transformers

(1) The Secretary shall, within 30 months after October 24, 1992, prescribe testing

requirements for those high-intensity discharge lamps and distribution transformers

for which the Secretary makes a determination that energy conservation standards

would be technologically feasible and economically justified, and would result in

significant energy savings.

(2) The Secretary shall, within 18 months after the date on which testing

requirements are prescribed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (1), prescribe, by

rule, energy conservation standards for those high-intensity discharge lamps and

distribution transformers for which the Secretary prescribed testing requirements

under paragraph (1).

(3) Any standard prescribed under paragraph (2) with respect to high-intensity

discharge lamps shall apply to such lamps manufactured 36 months after the date

such rule is published.

Thus, the Secretary of Energy will make a determination whether energy conservation

standards for HID lamps are technologically feasible and economically justified, and would

result in significant energy savings. If the Secretary finds that energy conservation standards are

warranted, the Department will commence work on a test procedure. Following the issuance of

the test procedure, the Department will initiate a standards rulemaking process to establish

energy efficiency standard for HID lamps, based on the Department's annual priority setting

process.

1.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITION

EPCA does not define "high-intensity discharge lamps." Therefore, the Department

developed the following definition based on existing definitions used by the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

(IESNA).b

High-intensity discharge lamp means an electric discharge lamp in which the arc tube

wall temperature stabilizes a light-producing arc, and the arc tube wall loading is in

excess of 3.0 watts per square centimeter. The following are examples of lamps that,

when they meet these criteria, are considered HID lamps:

1. A self-ballasted lamp, i.e., a lamp that contains the ballast within the lamp.

2. A lamp in which radiation from mercury produces the major portion of the light.

This type of lamp is commonly referred to as a mercury vapor lamp, and it typically

operates at a partial vapor pressure in excess of 1.013 x iü pascals (760 torr).

3. A lamp in which radiation of metal halides and their products of dissociation, in

combination with metallic vapors such as mercury, produces the major portion of

the light. This type of lamp is commonly referred to as a metal halide (MH) lamp.

b Complete definitions of HID lamps from the ANSI and JESNA sources appear in Appendix B of this report.

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4. A lamp in which radiation from sodium vapor produces the major portion of the

light. This type of lamp is commonly referred to as a high-pressure sodium (HPS)

lamp, and it typically operates at a partial pressure equal to or greater than 6.67 X

i03 pascals (50 torr).

Due to a lower level of arc tube wall loading, low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps are not

HID lamps. Therefore, this analysis does not incorporate LPS lamps in its scope nor in the HID

lamp definition. However, it is important to note that the lighting industry generally treats LPS

lamps as HID lamps due to commonality in construction, operational characteristics, and

application.

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CHAPTER 2. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT

HID lamps produce light by generating an electrical discharge between tungsten

electrodes contained within an arc tube. Because the electrical discharge exhibits a negative

resistance, ballasts regulate this electrical discharge and prevent it from drawing excessive

current that would lead to its destruction. Therefore, with one notable exception, HID lamps

always operate with ballasts. The exception is the self-ballasted MV lamp. Section 2.2 discusses

this lamp, along with the ballasted MV lamp.

The following discussion examines and summarizes current specifications, standards, and

guidelines governing the classification, testing, and evaluation of HID lamps. Because this

analysis considers only HID lamps, issues concerning the impact of ballasts on lamp

performance are outside the scope of this analysis.

2.1 SPECIFICATIONS, TEST STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES

The Department reviewed available data dealing with the evaluation of the electrical and

photometric properties of HID lamps and ballasts. Table 2-1 shows a comprehensive list of

standards publications pertaining to HID lighting.

2-1

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Table 2-1. Standards Documents Pertaining to High-Intensity Discharge Lighting

___ ___ _____________________________

ANSI C78.1340 1995R 450W SeIf-Ballasted Mercury Lamps ____________

C78.1341 1995R 750-Watt, 120-Volt Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps

C78.1342 1995R 160-Watt, 120-Volt B87 Seif-Ballasted Mercury Halide Lamps

C78.1372 1996 70-Watt, M98 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78. 1374 1996 50-Watt, Ml 10 Single-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78.1375 1996 400-Watt, M59 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1376 1996 1000-Watt, M47 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C8.1377 1996 175-Watt, M57 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78. 1378 1996 1500-Watt, M48 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1379 1996 250W, 120V, S55 Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps

C78.l380 1988 Electric Lamps--250 Watt, 120 Volt, Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps Specifications

C78.138l 1998 Electric Lamps--250 Watt, 70 Watt, M85 Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1382 1996 100-Watt, M90 Single-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.1384 1997 150-Watt, M102 Single-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78. 1385 1998 For Electric Lamps: 150-Watt, M8 1 Double-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78.1386 1998 For Electric Lamps: 100-Watt, M91 Double-Ended Metal-Halide Lamps

C78.1387 2001 250-Watt, M80 Double-Ended Metal Halide Lamps

C78.380 1997 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, Method of Designation

C78.386 1989 Mercury Lamps--Method of Measuring Characteristics

C78.387 2002 Electric Lamps Metal Halide Method of Measuring Characteristics - Supplement

C78.388 1990 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps--Methods ofMeasuring Characteristics

C78.40 1992 Specifications for Mercury Lamps

C78.42 2001 High Pressure Sodium Lamps

C82.4 2002 Ballasts for HID and LPS Lamps (Multiple-Supply Type)

C82.5 l995R Reference Ballasts for HID and Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps

C82.6 1996R Ballasts for High-Intensity Discharge Lamps--Method of Measurement

C82.9 1996 HID and LPS Lamps, Ballasts and Transformers-Definitions ______

IESNA LM-35-02 2002 Photometric Testing of Floodlights Using HID or Incandescent Filament Lamps

LM-46-98 1998 Photometric Testing of Indoor Luminaires Using HID or Incandescent Lamps

LM-47-01 2001 Life Testing of High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

LM-Sl-00 2000 Electrical and Photometric Measurements of HID Lamps

______

LM-61-96 1996 Identifying Operating Factors for Installed Outdoor HID

CIE 84-1989 1989 Measurement of Luminous Flux

Sources: NEMA, National Electrical Manufacturers Association website, 2003; IESNA, Illuminating

Engineering Society of North America website, 2003; CIE, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage

website, 2003.

The National Electrical Manufacturer Association (NEMA), as the Secretariat for ANSI,

publishes test standards for lamps (C78), bulbs (C79), lamp bases and holders (C81), and ballasts

(C82) as part of its lighting standards program.' The standards in C79 and C81 are of limited use

for the purposes of this document and are omitted from Table 2-1. The C79 documents deal with

incandescent lamps and generic lamp shapes. The C81 documents deal with the construction and

form of coupling from lamp to lamp holder. The C78 documents include discrete test procedures

2-2

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for each lamp type: ANSI C78.386 for MV, ANSI C78.387 for MH, and ANSI C78.388 for HPS.

These publications describe the procedures for measuring the electrical characteristics for each

HID lamp type.

ANSI also publishes a system of nomenclature for the designation of HID lamps in its

C78 technical support documents. The designation code, at a minimum, includes the class and

electrical characteristics of the lamp. In addition, ANSi publishes a set of corresponding

performance and physical characteristics specifications. The designations and specifications not

only provide a system of identification, but also ensure a level of product commonality and

interchangeability among manufacturers of HID lamps and ballasts.

Other organizations promulgating test standards for HID lamps include IESNA and the

International Commission on Illumination (CIE). The CIE publication deals with quantification

and measurement of luminous flux. IESNA LM-5 1-00 describes the procedure for electrical and

photometric measurement of HID lamps. By definition, HID lamps include MV, MH, and HPS

lamps. This publication builds on NEMA/ANSI standards (ANSI C78.386, ANSI C78.387, and

ANSI C78.388) to include procedures for taking photometric measurements in addition to

electrical measurements. Publications by IESNA reflect consensus of industry stakeholders,

including NEMA members. Currently, publications by these organizations exclude the

evaluation of ballasts in their procedures.

IESNA LM-5 1-00 is the industry standard test procedure for determining the electrical

and photometric performance of HID lamps. As such, this procedure defines testing conditions,

lamp stabilization, and other critical aspects to ensure consistency in the testing of lamp

performance and efficacy.

2.2 MERCURY VAPOR

Mercury vapor was the first HID light source, introduced in the I 930s, and remains

fundamentally unchanged. In the movement toward efficient lighting, one development was the

invention of a self-ballasted mercury vapor (B) lamp. This lamp originated as a substitute for the

Edison incandescent lamp. By using a length of tungsten filament within the lamp structure to

provide current regulation, these lamps function without external ballasts.

Due to their low color-rendering index (CR1), MV lamps are used primarily in spaces that

are not frequently occupied by people. A phosphor coating is added to clear MV bulbs to get

better CR1, but the improvement is marginal. Outdoor security, street, and landscape lighting are

some of the applications for MV lamps, but better-performing MH and HPS lamps are replacing

these. MV systems continue to maintain market share in some niche applications where long life

and low initial cost are key. However, even in those niche applications, MV is losing ground as

other HID sources slowly close the technology gap in life and initial cost. MV lamps are

available in wattages from 50 to 1000 watts. The most common is the 1 75-watt lamp, followed

by the 400-watt lamp, and then the 100-watt lamp (see Table 3-6).

The B lamp has a special niche because of its unique ability to directly replace standard

incandescent lamps. Although it offers no significant advantage in terms of energy savings, it

does offer a huge advantage over incandescent lamps in terms of lifetime, resulting in much

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longer intervals between relamping. B lamps are available in wattages of 160, 250, 450, and 750

watts. They face increasing competition from other light sources, such as the integrally ballasted

screw-base compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) that can also directly replace incandescent lamps.

However, these CFL lamps are currently only available in packages up to 100 watts. That is

equivalent in light output to a 250-watt B lamp.

2.2.1 Construction

In MV lamps, an electric current arc passing through mercury vapor in the arc tube

generates light. MV lamp electrodes are made of tungsten. The emission material, composed of

several metallic oxides, is embedded within the turns of a tungsten coil, protected by an outer

tungsten coil. Energy received from the arc heats electrodes to proper electron-emissive

temperature. Since mercury has low vapor pressure at room temperature and an even lower

vapor pressure when it is cold, the arc tube may contain a small amount of argon gas to facilitate

starting. The initial arc strikes through the ionization of argon gas. Once the arc strikes, its heat

begins to vaporize the mercury, and this process continues until all of the mercury evaporates.

The amount of mercury in the lamp essentially determines the final operating pressure, which is

200 to 400 kilopascals (kPa) (29 to 58 pounds per square inch) in the majority of lamps.2

An outer glass bulb contains the arc tube to protect the arc tube and internal electrical

connections from the environment. The arc tube construction is fused silica (quartz) with thin

molybdenum ribbons sealed into the ends as current conductors. Figure 2-1 shows essential

construction details typical of lamps with quartz inner arc tubes within an outer envelope.2

The outer envelope (bulb) is usually in the shape of an ellipse and made of hard

(borosilicate) glass, but it also can be made of other glasses for special transmission, such as in

germicidal lamps.2 The outer bulb also absorbs most of the ultra-violet (UV) energy radiated by

the discharge, while allowing light to pass through. A diffusing material can coat the outer glass

bulb to reduce source brightness of the lamp. This diffusing coating is usually a color-correcting

phosphor that uses UV energy radiated by the arc tube to improve the lamp's overall colorrendering properties, as in a fluorescent lamp. The shape of the bulb is also available in a

reflector package.

Within the outer bulb, there are wires suitable for high temperatures to conduct electricity

to the arc tube, and structural components to support the arc tube. The atmosphere in the outer

bulb might be a low-pressure gas (usually nitrogen) or, in rare cases, a vacuum.2 If the outer

bulb breaks and the arc tube continues to operate, the lamp emits a significant amount of UV

energy. Self-extinguishing lamps, designed to shut off the lamp in case the outer bulb breaks,

usually contain a tungsten filament in place of a portion of nickel wire that oxidizes quickly,

opening the circuit. This separation renders the lamp inoperable.

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Argon fill ga

& mercury

Main electro

Starting resi

ogen fill gas

in electrode

uartz tube

ig electrode

Outer bulb

Figure 2-1. Mercury Vapor Lamp Construction

Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps catalog, 2003. Reproduced with permission.3

B lamps have a tungsten filament coil inside the outer envelope that provides ballasting

and acts as a supplemental light source. The coupling for general service MV lamps, and other

HID lamps, is typically a medium (Med) or mogul (Mog) screw base made from brass, nickel, or

special alloys to minimize corrosion. Figure 2-2 shows typical HID bases with their ANSI

designations.

Mefl Screw ExpOrt IWj Screw EXJ9 PcSirii- Export Ailme1ium MOt Skirt

E2 E27 O,i8IJIØ Mtjui E40 Ski itOti

Figure 2-2. Typical High-Intensity Discharge Bases with Standard Designations

Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps catalog, 2003. Reproduced with permission.3

2.2.2 Lamp Performance

The pressure at which MV lamps operate has a significant impact on their characteristic

spectral power distribution (SPD). In general, higher operating pressure tends to shift a larger

proportion of emitted radiation into longer wavelengths. At extremely high pressure, there is

also a tendency to spread the line spectrum into wider bands. Within the visible region, the

mercury spectrum consists of five principal lines (404.7, 435.8, 546.1, 577, and 579 nanometers),

which result in greenish-blue light at efficacies of 30 to 65 lumens per watt (LPW), excluding

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ballast losses.2 While the light source itself appears bluish-white, a deficiency of longwavelength radiation distorts the perceived color of objects illuminated by that light source.

Blue, green, and yellow are emphasized; orange and red appear brownish.

Clear MV lamps generally have a CR1 value of approximately 15, and are not desirable

for use where people will occupy the space. Since a significant portion of the energy from the

arc discharge is in the UV region, phosphor coatings on the inside surface of the outer envelope

convert some of this UV radiation to visible light, as occurs with a fluorescent lamp. The most

widely used lamps of this type have a coating of vanadate phosphor (designation DX) that emits

long-wavelength radiation (orange-red).2 This phosphor may also blend with other phosphors to

produce a cooler or warmer correlated color temperature (CCT), given in degrees Kelvin (K),

from 3200K to 6700K. The phosphor coating can raise the CR1 rating to 50. Figure 2-3 shows

the SPDs of a clear lamp and coated lamp using these phosphors.

Efficacies of B lamps are slightly better than those of incandescent lamps they replace.

Typically, efficacies range between 15 to 25 LPW. The spectrum consists of the line spectrum

of mercury, in addition to the blackbody radiation pattern from the incandescent component of

the tungsten filament. CCT ranges from 3300K to 4000K, with a CR1 of 50, depending on

mercury pressure and phosphor coating used (if any).

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0.80

U)

0.70

E

o 0.60

0

0

i_ 0.50

0

0.40

H39KB-1 75

- - -.- - -

I:: liii iii II 1111

0.00 - _______ _ -

200 300 400 500

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

H39KC-1 75/OX

0.60

'I)

0.50

- 0.40

0

9-

E

0.30

G)

0.

, 0.20

CD

0.10

0.

o n

600 700 800

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm)

(b)

Figure 2-3. Spectral Power Distribution of Mercury Vapor Lamps (a) Without Phosphors

and (b) With Phosphors

Source: Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission.4

The light output from MV lamps decreases over the operating life of the lamp. Typically,

light (lumen) output depreciates about 25 percent from its initial output level at 50 percent of its

rated life. Its rated life is 24,000 hours, but it is not uncommon for the lamp to continue burning

long after its rated life. MV lamps have a reputation of being virtually indestructible, continuing

to operate while light output gradually decreases over time. However, power consumption

remains constant as light output declines - meaning that efficacy of the light source steadily

decreases with use. B lamps have a more modest 12,000 to 16,000 hours of rated life, with

slightly better lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) of 15-20 percent at 40 percent of rated life.

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To achieve the necessary high vapor pressures within the arc tube, MV lamps require

significant warm-up time of approximately five to seven minutes. Re-strike times are about as

long, requiring five to seven minutes for the vapor pressure to come down to a level where the

arc can restart. Warm-up time for B lamps is approximately three minutes, with a re-strike time

of five minutes.

Table 2-2 summarizes the performance of MV sources.

2.2.3 Electrical Characteristics

Because MV lamps have an additional electrode located at one end of the arc tube to

assist in lamp starting, they do not require a separate starter circuit. These lamps typically

require an open circuit voltage of approximately twice the operational lamp voltage to initiate

and sustain the arc discharge.

MV lamps may operate with any of the commonly available MV and MH ballasts,

without an ignitor. MV lamps may use a reactor (RX) ballast, a high-reactance autotransformer

(HX) ballast, a constant wattage autotransformer (CWA) ballast, or a constant wattage isolated

transformer (CW) ballast. Ballast losses may further reduce system efficacy of MV sources (and

other HID sources) by 5 to 15 percent. That brings the efficacy range for MV systems down to

approximately 26 to 55 LPW.

B lamps do not require external ballasts for operation. This hybrid-type lamp produces

light by two mechanisms. First, an arc discharge within the arc tube generates light. Next,

current flowing through the tungsten filament heats it to incandescence. The filament and arc

tube form a series circuit. Since tungsten exhibits a positive response (resistance increases) to

current, the filament counteracts the negative resistance response of the arc discharge achieving

current regulation.

2.2.4 Other Issues

Although the Occupational Safety and Health Administration does not require them to do

so, all three major manufacturers (General Electric, Philips, and Sylvania) of MV lamps provide

material and safety data sheets (MSDS) for manufactured articles such as HID lamps. The

2-8

Table 2-2. Performance Summary of Mercury Vapor Lamps

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MSDS reports that MV lamps contain anywhere from 15 milligrams (mg) of mercury in 50-watt

lamps up to 250 mg in the 1000-watt units. Although other toxic materials are in the lamps,

these are present in trace amounts and are not hazards. Lead is typically used in soldering the

connection in the lamp.

Although lead in the lamp and mercury in the arc tube pose little risk under normal use, a

toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) for lead and mercury, as prescribed by NEMA

standards publication LL 3-1999, results in MV lamps classified as hazardous waste. Therefore,

the Universal Waste Rule published on July 6, 1999 by the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) requires that spent MV lamps be disposed of appropriately.

2.3 HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM

introduced in the 1960s, HPS lamps went on sale just before MH lamps. HPS lamps are

currently the most efficacious HID light source. However, their physical, electrical, and

photometric characteristics differ from other HID lamps, making them suitable for some

applications but not for others. Typical HPS lamps have low CCT and low CR1. Also, their long

and slender arc tube makes efficient reflector design more difficult.

HPS lamps are in use in outdoor stationary, commercial, and industrial sectors. Although

HPS lamps are available in wattages from 35 up to 1000 watts, typical wattages in these sectors

range from 50 to 400 watts. Typical applications include vehicular areas such as roadway and

parking lots. HPS lamps also provide visibility and a sense of security when used to illuminate

pedestrian areas such as public access areas, subways, and parks. Other applications where CR1

and CCT are of little concern are large commercial and industrial buildings. Many of these areas

of application overlap with MH; the two technologies therefore compete for market share.

2.3.1 Construction

Figure 2-4 shows the basic construction of HPS lamps. Similar to MV lamps, they have

an inner arc tube and an outer bulb construction. The arc tube is made of a ceramic material that

contains electrodes, sodium and mercury amalgam, and a small amount of xenon gas. No starter

probe is present in the HPS arc tube. The tube is long and slender and is made of polycrystalline

aluminum oxide ceramic. The high temperatures needed to vaporize sodium dictate the

geometry and material. Furthermore, the highly corrosive nature of sodium, especially at

elevated temperatures, precludes the use of certain materials (e.g., quartz). An amalgam

reservoir inside the arc tube helps to stabilize pressure, similar to amalgam-based fluorescent

lamps. This allows HPS lamps to operate in any physical orientation, simplifying stocking and

installation.5

The outer envelopes are typically elliptical in shape and are made of a hard glass that

protects the arc tube from damage. Usually, an outer envelope contains a vacuum that reduces

convection and heat losses from the arc tube to maintain high efficacy.5

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Outer bulb

Xenon fill g

sodium &

mercury va

Arc tube

mount stru(

cuu m

am electrode

imic arc tube

am electrode

Base

Figure 2-4. High-Pressure Sodium Lamp Construction

Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Catalog, 2003. Reproduced with permission.3

in some HPS lamps, an additional coil wraps around the outside of the ceramic arc tube

to assist in starting the lamp.5 This coil is similar in function to the starting probe in probe-start

MH and MV lamps. This type of HPS lamp can directly replace MV lamps and operate under

the same ballast without an ignitor. However, HPS retrofit lamps produce significantly more

light for the same wattage. For example, replacing a 400-watt MV lamp with a 360-watt HPS

retrofit lamp achieves a power savings up to 40 watts,a but the HPS retrofit lamp generates on the

order of two to three times more light than the MV lamp it replaces.

In the l990s, the industry introduced non-cycling HPS lamps. Manufacturers increased

the xenon pressure and added a starting strip on the arc tube to assist starting. They also reduced

the mercury dose and included lead-free construction. This type of lamp operates on standard

HPS ballasts.

2.3.2 Lamp Performance

The efficiency of HPS lamps is critically dependent on specific vapor pressure of sodium

in the arc tube. Any deviation from this target pressure level results in reduced performance of

the lamp. However, HPS lamps offer the highest efficacy of HID sources, achieving 64 LPW for

35-watt sources and up to 133 LPW for 1000-watt sources. HPS lamps of 100 watts or more

have efficacies over 100 LPW. Rated lifetimes of 24,000 hours are typical, with some long-life

a Real power savings may be somewhat less than 40 watts due to additional resistive (12R) losses in the ballast. The

reduction in lamp voltage between the MV and the HPS lamps (i.e., 135V to l3OV) is insufficient to offset the

reduction in power factor (i.e., 0.93 to 0.86) resulting in increased current through the ballast.

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lamps rated at 40,000 hours. These lamps have an expected LLD value of 10 percent" at mean

rated lifec.

Figure 2-5 shows the SPD for a typical HPS lamp. During warmup, the light output goes

through a sequence of color shifts from red to blue to the characteristic yellow of sodium vapor.

Ultimately, it settles on yellow-white.2 A typical CCT value is 2100K with a CR1 of 22. Higher

CCT values are possible with some performance trade-offs: reduced efficacy and lifetime. The

highest commercially available CCT is 2700K with a CR1 of 85.6 Application of diffuse

coatings does not significantly change the SPD of HPS lamps.

LU400/ECO

- 0.30

U)

0)

0.25

0

0

•: 0.20

0

9-

E

C

11)

IC)

0.

U)

0.05

0.

0

0.00

300 400 500 600 700

Wavelength (nm)

Figure 2-5. Spectral Power Distribution* of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

Source: Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission.4

* same distribution for bare and coated lamps.

Table 2-3 summarizes the performance of general-purpose HPS sources.

800

b HPS lamps, designed for direct replacement of MV lamps, have inferior lumen depreciation values and shorter

rated lifetimes than their non-replacement counterparts.

Mean rated life for HPS lamps may differ among manufacturers. Typically, it is 40 percent or 50 percent of the

lamp's full rated life. Please consult each manufacturer's catalog for product specifications.

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Table 2-4 summarizes the performance of high CR1 HPS sources.

2.3.3 Electrical Characteristics

Long and narrow arc tube geometry, presence of xenon gas, and lack of starting probes

make it difficult to initiate the arc discharge. Therefore, HPS lamps require an ignitor to

generate the high voltage pulse necessary to initiate the electrical arc across the electrodes. Once

the ignitor initiates the arc, the cold lamp requires approximately three to four minutes of warmup time to attain full light output, with a re-strike time typically ranging from one to three

minutes.

Unlike a typical MV or MH lamp, whose voltage remains relatively constant throughout

its lifetime, arc tube voltage increases significantly during the operational life of HPS lamps.

Sodium is lost over the operating lifetime of the lamp, and arc voltage rises as the ratio of

sodium to mercury changes. Therefore, HPS ballasts must accommodate (or compensate for) the

change in operating lamp voltage to maintain an acceptable average wattage over their lifetime.

Figure 2-6 illustrates the boundary conditions that restrict the performance of the lamp and

ballast to certain acceptable limits. These boundary conditions, due to their shape on the graph,

are referred to as the trapezoid-shaped boundaries (ANSI C78.42).

2-12

#14

Table 2-3. Performance Summary of General-Purpose High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

Table 2-4. Performance Summary of High Color Rendering High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

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dropout locus

I)

E

nominal wattage

20% of nomlnl

lamp voltage

maximum voltage

characteritlc voltage

Lamp voltage

Figure 2-6. Trapezoid Boundary for High-Pressure Sodium Ballast Design

Source: NEMA, 2001. Reprinted from ANSI document C78.42-200] High-Pressure Sodium Lamps7 by

permission of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

HPS ballasts operate HPS lamps within this trapezoid for any input voltage within the

designed range of the ballast. Toward the end of the lamp's life, lamp-operating voltage will rise

to a level beyond the ballast's ability to sustain the arc. At this point, the lamp will start, warm

up to full brightness, and extinguish. The repeating of this sequence is known as cycling, and

signals the end-of-life for HPS lamps. If the lamp is not replaced within a reasonable amount of

time at this juncture, premature failure of the ballast can occur. Non-cycling lamps, with

lowered additive dose construction, do not have voltage rise at end of life.

The simplest and most economical ballast for HPS is the RX ballast. This ballast is

commonly used with 35- to 150-watt HPS lamps. HX ballasts are used where the input voltage

does not generate sufficient voltage to operate the lamp. CWA is the most popular ballast type,

for reasons of balancing cost and performance (similar to MH and MV). CW ballasts have some

advantages over the previous three, but they are physically larger, have higher losses and are

more expensive. Other ballasts may incorporate three coils in their design instead of the usual

two or one; the third coil and capacitor stabilizes the lamp.

2.3.4 Other Issues

Typical HPS lamps contain mercury as an amalgam with sodium. Over the years,

manufacturers lowered the dose of mercury in many of their lamps. in addition, some

manufacturers are selling lamps free of lead solder. TCLP tests classify some HPS lamps as

exempt and others as hazardous waste, subject to state and local disposal regulations.

The two primary strengths of HPS light sources are their high efficacy and their long life.

The poor color rendering of typical HPS lamps limits their share of the HID market. Higher

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color temperature HPS lamps with improved color rendering are available. However, they

sacrifice efficacy and lifetime to achieve higher CCT and CR1.

2.4 METAL HALIDE

Developed in the I 960s just after HPS lamps, MH lamps offer an excellent combination

of quality, performance, and flexibility for white-light applications in the current HID lamp

group. h addition, they are capable of producing light in a variety of colors. They are available

in low (less than 175 watts), medium (from 175 to 400 watts) and high (greater than 400 watts)

wattage s.

The standard MR lamp is similar to its mercury lamp predecessor; the major difference is

that the metal halide arc tube contains various metal halides in addition to mercury and argon.

When the lamp attains full operating temperature, metal halides in the arc tube partially vaporize.

As halide vapors approach the high-temperature central core of the discharge, they dissociate

into halogen and metals, with the metals radiating their light spectrum. As halogen and metal

atoms move near the cooler arc tube wall by diffusion and convection, they recombine and the

cycle repeats.8

The use of metal halides inside the arc tube presents two advantages. First, metal halides

are more volatile at arc tube operating temperatures than pure metals. This allows introduction

of metals with desirable emission properties into the arc at reasonable arc tube temperatures.

Second, those metals that react chemically with the arc tube are in the form of a halide, which

does not readily react with fused silica.

Refinements in MH lamp technology are improving almost every aspect of its

performance. The average operating life of pulse-start metal halide (PMH) lamps is now

approaching the operating life of HPS and MV lamps. With MH lamp efficacy levels

approaching those of HPS lamps, MR lamps can now compete with HPS lamps in outdoor

applications such as roadway, parking, security, and pedestrian walkway lighting. Furthermore,

a CR1 of 90 or better is now possible with MH lamps through advancements in ceramic arc tube

design and materials.

The unique SPD of MH lamps may offer another advantage over HPS lamps. As light

levels decrease, the spectral response of the human eye shifts to what is called the "scotopic

visibility function." The result is, under very low-light (scotopic) conditions, peripheral

visibility under MR sources may be greater than under HPS sources that provide equivalent

visibility under high light level (photopic) conditions.d Outdoor lighting installations can take

advantage of this phenomenon where specified light levels are very low.

The small physical dimensions and high intensity of the arc make it an ideal point source

around which to create application-specific light distributions through precise optical design of a

reflector. High-wattage (above 1000 watts) MR lamps appear in stadiums, in searchlights, and

in any other application that requires powerful white light. MR lamps in low-wattage (below

The metric for light is the "lumen" and is defined by the photopic sensitivity function of the human visual system.

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175 watts) configurations illuminate a variety of applications such as billboard displays, recessed

lighting, and track lighting. Very low-wattqge MH lamps (in the range of 30 to 60 watts) may

appear in automotive headlights and some residential lamp fixtures.

Some manufacturers produce MH retrofit lamps capable of directly replacing M\T lamps.

These lamps are similar in wattage to the MV lamps they replace, and they operate on the same

MV ballasts. However, like HPS retrofit lamps, MH retrofit lamps produce significantly more

light for the same wattage. For example, replacing a 400-watt MV lamp with a 400-watt MH

retrofit lamp generates about twice the light of the MV lamp it replaces.

2.4.1 Construction

MH lamp construction (see Figure 2-7) is similar to that of MV lamps. One significant

difference is that arc tubes of MH lamps are usually smaller for equal wattages. The arc tube is

typically made of either fused quartz or ceramic, and contains a starting gas (usually argon),

mercury, and a discrete mixture of metal halide salts for the desired spectral emissions. MH arc

tubes operate at a higher temperature and pressure than their MV counterparts. Quartz arc tubes

typically use a white coating at their ends to increase temperature and vaporization of metal

halides by trapping thermal energy inside the arc tube. Use of ceramic materials in arc tube

construction yields even higher temperatures and pressures, resulting in improved efficacy, CR1,

and color stability.

An elliptical-shaped outer bulb, usually made of borosilicate glass, contains the arc tube.

The bulb protects and buffers the arc tube and internal electrical connections from the

environment. The outer envelope contains low-pressure inert gas (i.e., nitrogen) or a vacuum,

which not only helps minimize oxidation of internal components, but also provides a margin of

safety against threat of implosion. The outer envelope also provides additional thermal buffering

for a more stable arc temperature. The glass itself absorbs the majority of UV energy.8

Manufacturers may coat the outer glass bulb with diffusing material. Usually, this is a

phosphor coating that helps change emission spectra for small improvements in CR1. However,

the primary purpose of the coating is to reduce source brightness of the lamp for glare control.

The technology advantage of this lamp is its ability to emit the desired spectra without the

addition of a phosphor coating. Adding a diffuse coating to the lamp reduces efficiency and

effectiveness of luminaires with optics.

Within the outer bulb are wires suitable for high temperatures to conduct electricity to the

arc tube, and structural components to support the arc tube. There might be other components,

including resistors, diodes, and bimetallic switches used to help start the arc discharge, and

devices called "getters" to purify the atmosphere in the outer lamp. Most MH lamps use getters

to control (reduce or eliminate) impurities that, if present in the outer jacket of MH lamps in

sufficient concentrations, can compromise performance.

Like other lamps in the HID group, MH lamps typically have screw bases (medium or

mogul) made from brass, nickel, or special alloys to minimize corrosion. A characteristic of MH

arc tubes is that they can take different forms and can be made from different materials.

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Argon fill gas,

metal halide

& mercury vap

Main electrode

Starting resistot

ogen fill gas

in electrode

uartz tube

g electrode

Outer bulb

Figure 2-7. Metal Halide Lamp Construction

Source: GE Lighting, High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Catalog, 2003. Reproduced with permission.3

The most commonly available configuration is the probe-start MH lamp. In typical probe-start

MH lamps, the arc tube is shaped into what is called the classic pinched-body arc tube. These

lamps require a starter electrode (or probe). The lamp body must also contain a system that

provides for either shorting the starter electrode to the main electrode or opening the starter

electrode circuit after ignition (Figure 2-8b). This prevents electrolysis in the fused silica

between starting and operating electrodes. Failure to short or open the starter electrode circuit as

designed results in very short lamp life. These starter circuits typically use a birnetal switch.

The location and type of switch can restrict lamp operating position, as the bimetal must achieve

a certain temperature to function. Lamps of this configuration are referred to as probe-start MH

lamps, in reference to the presence of the starter probe in the arc tube.2

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Starter EIectR

Pirch Seal

Electrode

Arc Chambe

Exhaust Tip

- Electrode

Pinch Seal

(a) Ovoid (b) Pinched-Body

Figure 2-8. Common Arc Tubes

Source: Advanced Lighting Technologies Inc., 2003. Reproduced with permission.9

in a horizontally operated MH lamp, the arc discharge bows away from the axis of the arc

tube due to convection currents. The metal halide pool (which is liquid) moves to the center of

the arc tube. The bowed arc moves farther from the metal halides than when the lamp is vertical,

causing them to cool. This lowers vapor pressure of metal halide chemicals and decreases the

concentration of metals in the arc, resulting in loss of light. The bowed arc moves closer to the

top of the arc tube wall, causing its temperature to increase. The higher wall loading on the arc

tube material results in a decrease in life of approximately 25 percent. Therefore, manufacturers

employ additional shapes to compensate for this sensitivity in operating position. High-output

lamps designed to operate horizontally use a special base and socket, such as the ANSI EP39

Mog position-oriented mogul base, to help ensure proper arc tube orientation and position.

Figure 2-9 shows a bowed arc tube shape that follows the natural bowing of the

horizontal arc.8

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Por

ttt 1 b

Figure 2-9. Formed Arc Tube Configuration for Horizontal MH Lamps

Source: Sylvania, High inlensity Discharge Meialarc Lamps, 1998.10 Reproduced with permission.4

Figure 2-10 shows an asymmetric arc tube with offset electrodes. In this design, the

electrodes are lower in the arc tube body, and the arc discharge bows to the center of the arc

tube.

Arc Tube

Main Electrode

Starter Electrode

I

Main

Figure 2-10. Offset Electrode Configuration for Horizontal MH Lamps

Source: Philips, 2003. Reproduced with permission.11

An evolutionary development of the probe-start lamp configuration is the formed-body

arc tube. Manufacturers can mold arc tubes into unique shapes such as the ovoid (Figure 2-8a),

resulting in significant improvements in performance. The contour of the formed-body arc tube

wall follows the shape of the arc, thereby allowing for a more uniform temperature profile for the

arc tube. Also, formed-body arc tubes have much smaller pinch-seal areas. This allows metal

halide chemicals to heat up more rapidly than those in conventional pinched-body arc tubes,

resulting in a shorter warm-up time than pinched-body arc tubes of the same wattage. PMH

lamps (see section 2.4.2.2) were the first to incorporate formed-body arc tubes, but this arc tube

shape is not exclusive to pulse-start configurations. Some manufacturers still use pinched-body

arc tubes in their PMH lamps.12

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The most recent development of the MR arc tube design incorporates the ceramic arc

tube. Like formed-body arc tubes, this pulse-start technology lacks a starter probe. This arc tube

represents the newest evolution in the development of MR lamps. The lamp performance and

electrical characteristics segments of this MH lamp section discuss the improvements in

performance from these new shapes and materials.

Some lamps use a transparent sleeve called a shield (also known as a shroud) to surround

the arc tube (see Figure 2-1 1). The sleeves are useful as heat shields because they help the arc

tube achieve a uniform temperature profile. Shrouds also prevent the outer jacket of the lamp

from breaking in case of a violent arc tube failure, but they are not the only method of protection

(e.g., some new ceramic tubes have a wrapped wire instead of a sleeve). HID lamps with

protective shrouds carry the ANSI 0-rating, signifying that they meet ANSI requirements for

safe operation in an open-luminaire not equipped to protect against violent failure. To prevent

user misapplication, the industry developed unique socket and base combinations in both

medium and mogul bases for these open-luminaire lamps.

Some applications, such as sports lighting, use MR HID lamps without outer jackets.

Due to high levels of UV energy present in its emission spectra, luminaires that operate with

these lamps (no outer jackets) require a glass cover to adsorb some of this harmful UV radiation.

Protective Shroud Arc Tube

Figure 2-11. Metal Halide Arc Tube with a Shroud

Source: Venture Lighting, 2003. Reproduced with permission.9

2.4.2 Lamp Performance

Because physical operating orientation of the lamp affects performance, MH lamps are

typically life-rated and lumen-rated in the vertical operating position. For example, MH lamps

classified as universal orientation (able to operate in any orientation) achieve their rated

performance in the vertical position. Commercially available MH lamps have efficacies of 75 to

125 LPW (excluding ballast losses), making them superior performers to MV lamps.

Furthermore, almost all varieties of white-light MH lamps have color-rendering properties

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(approximate CR1 of 70) superior to phosphor-coated MV lamps and HPS lamps. This unique

capability results from their ability to tailor their spectral outputs.

Metal halides in these lamps have characteristic emissions that are spectrally selective.

Some metals produce visible radiation in narrow spectral bands, generating specific colors (i.e.,

sodium for yellow-orange, thallium for green, and indium for blue). Other metals, such as tin,

when introduced as halides, radiate predominantly as molecules, providing continuous band

spectra across the visible spectrum. Two typical combinations of halides are 1) scandium and

sodium iodides, and 2) dysprosium, holmium, and thulium rare-earth iodides. Various

combinations of these halides can create a wide range of CCT and CR1 for these lamps. For

example, the scandium-sodium system can produce CCT values from 2500K to 5000K by

varying blend ratio and arc tube operating temperature.2

Phosphor coatings also change the spectral emission of these lamps. Since phosphors

convert shorter-wavelength radiation to longer-wavelength radiation, these phosphors effectively

lower CCT of lamps by approximately 300K. Although a slight improvement in CR1 may occur,

the primary function of a phosphor coating is to create a more diffuse light source. These

combinations of metals and their halides, and phosphors (to a lesser extent), create an almost

infinite palette of possibilities, giving MH lamps flexibility in light output design unique to the

HID sources. Figure 2-12 shows typical SPD plots for MH lamps with and without phosphor

coating.

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MPI 00/C/U/MED

0.30

a)

0.25

0

0

0

' 0.20

0

E

0.15

(I) 0.10

:: 0.05

0.

o 0.00 -

300

- 0.30 U)

0.25

- 0.20

I-

.2

0.15

0.10

: 0.05

0 0.00

400 500 600

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

MPI OOUMED

700 800

704443h

300 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm) TR9fln14A

(b)

Figure 2-12. Spectral Power Distribution of Metal Halide Lamps (a) Without Phosphors

and (b) With Phosphors

Source: Sylvania, 2003. Reproduced with permission.4

A more detailed analysis of lamp performance of probe-start MH lamps and pulse-start

MH lamps follows in the next section.

2.4.2.1 Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps

Probe-start MH lamps typically employ pinch-seal designs that have a starter electrode

(or probe) to help initiate breakdown of arc tube gases.

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Lamps designed to operate only in a horizontal position will typically employ a

somewhat different arc tube design (refer to Figure 2-9 and Figure 2-10). This asymmetric

design provides increased light (approximately 25 percent) and longer life (approximately 33

percent) over universal lamps with symmetrical arc tubes operated horizontally. However, these

lamps must operate horizontally to prevent overheating of arc tube walls. If these lamps do not

operate horizontally, dramatic reduction in lamp life and increased probability of violent failure

will occur.

When operated to specifications, probe-start lamps have a rated life from 10,000 to

20,000 hours with an efficacy of approximately 90 LPW. LLD is about 35 percent at 40 percent

rated lifee.

Table 2-5 summarizes the performance of probe-start MH sources.

2.4.2.2 Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps

Pulse-start metal halide (PMH) lamps have higher starting gas fill pressure to decrease

starting time and minimize transport of electrode material to the wall. This keeps the arc tube

cleaner, and improves lumen maintenance and life as compared to probe-start lamps. Some

manufacturers shape the arc tube for additional benefits. Figure 2-8a shows an ovoid arc tube.

Other manufacturers use straight, unformed arc tubes. These improvements result in longer life

(up to 50 percent longer) and improved LLD (up to 33 percent better) compared to traditional

probe-start MH lamps. When operated to specifications, rated life is 15,000 to 30,000 hours,

with efficacies in excess of 100 LPW. LLD is about 25 percent at 40 percent rated life.

Also, advancements in arc tube materials led to the development of the ceramic arc tube.

This material allows MH lamps to operate at even higher temperatures and vapor pressures. This

technology is currently available only in wattages up to 400 watts. Improvements in ceramic arc

tube design will soon make higher-power versions available. When operated to specifications,

the PMH lamps with ceramic arc tubes have a rated life from 9,000 to 15,000 hours, with an

efficacy of approximately 90 LPW. LLD improves to about 20 percent at 40 percent of rated

life. Burning position also has less effect on the performance of these lamps. In addition,

ceramic PMH lamps have excellent CR1, with values ranging from 85 to 93.

MH lamps, designed for direct replacement of MV lamps, have inferior lumen depreciation values and shorter

rated lifetimes than their non-replacement counterparts.

2-22

Table 2-5. Performance Summary of Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamps

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Table 2-6 summarizes the performance of PMH sources; Table 2-7 summarizes the

performance of ceramic MH sources.

2.4.3 Electrical Characteristics

The additional electrode located at one end of the arc tube in probe-start MH lamps

allows operation without an ignitor circuit, making it possible for MH lamps to share the same

ballast with MV lamps, within limits. However, MH ballasts typically have more rigorous

requirements than MV ballasts. Thus, MV lamps can operate universally on similar wattage

probe-start MH ballasts, but the reverse is true only with specially designed MH lamps. Lamp

manufacturers took advantage of this and produced MH lamps that could operate on MV lamp

ballasts.13 However, replacement raises issues of economy and utility in addition to technology.

The substitution analysis section (Chapter 4) of this document addresses these issues.

PMH lamps lack the secondary electrode found in probe-start MH lamps, resulting in

different electrical requirements and performance. Consequently, a high-voltage pulse (typically

in excess of 3 kilovolts) applied directly across the main electrodes initiates the arc. Ignitors

generate these starting pulses. These lamps start faster than do their probe-start counterparts.

The higher voltages generated by the ignitor allow the lamps to re-strike at much higher vapor

pressures. This reduces the required cooling time for re-ignition to take place. The warm-up and

re-strike time are in the range of one to four minutes and two to eight minutes respectively. That

is an improvement over the typical probe-start MH warm-up time of 2 to 15 minutes and restrike

time of 5 to 20 minutes; these results are also better than those of typical MV and HPS lamps.13

2-23

Table 2-6. Performance Summary of Quartz Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps

Table 2-7. Performance Summary of Ceramic Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps

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Common probe-start MH ballast systems for mid-wattage MH lamps include CWA and

CW ballasts.

PMH lamps require ballasts similar to those for probe-start lamps, but also require an

ignitor. Common pulse-start ballasts include CWA, HX, RX, regulated lag (magnetically

regulated), and CW ballasts. Electronic ballasts also are available (in limited wattages) for these

lamps, promising even better performance (see Appendix E). In addition, high-ignition voltages

necessitate the use of high-voltage lamp sockets.

2.4.4 Other Issues

Standard MH lamps typically contain from 5 mg of mercury for a 35-watt lamp up to 165

mg for a 1500-watt lamp. Lead is sometimes present in these lamps as solder for the coupling.

A TCLP test on these lamps classifies them as hazardous waste for mercury and lead. Therefore,

they come under the Universal Waste Rule (EPA, July 6, 1999). State and local regulations will

vary on their disposal, but recycling is recommended.

2.5 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP BALLASTS

HID lamp ballasts start the lamp, provide the appropriate voltage to sustain the arc

discharge, and regulate the operating current. For HPS and PMH lamps, an additional ignitor

circuit generates the high-voltage starting pulse necessary to initiate the arc discharge. Typical

input voltages for HID lighting systems are 120 volts (V), 208V, 240V, and 277V, of which

1 20V and 277V are the most popular. Appendix E provides summary descriptions of each

ballast type from Advance Transformers: Pocket Guide to HID Lamp Ballasts.'4

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REFERENCES

National Electrical Manufacturers Association, website information on members, 2003. (Last

Accessed March 26, 2003). <http://www.nema.org/index_nema.cfm/534>

2 Rea, M. S., The IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 9th Edition. 2002, New

York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

GE Lighting, High-intensity Discharge Lamps Catalog. (06) High-intensity Discharge, 2003.

(Last accessed January 27, 2003). <http ://www.gelighting.comlna/Iitlib/pr_consumer.html>.

Permission to use graphic provided by e-mail from Joseph G. Howley to U.S. Department of

Energy via Craig Updyke of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association on May 2, 2003.

OSRAM Sylvania. Permission to use graphic provided by e-mail from Peter Bleasby to U.S.

Department of Energy via Craig Updyke of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association on

May 1,2003.

OSRAM/Sylvania, Engineering Bulletin: Lumalux/Unalux High Pressure Sodium Lamps,

Engineering Bulletin 2, 1998. (Last accessed January 20, 2003).

<http ://ecom.mysylvania. com/miniapps/FileNet2/EngineeringBulletins/ENGR_BLTN2 .pdf

6 Philips Lighting Company, White SON® High Pressure Sodium Lamps. Online publication P -

2055-B, 2002. (Last accessed January 16, 2003).

<http://www.lighting.philips.com/nam/products/hid.php>

American National Standard, ANSI document C78.42-2001 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps.

8 OSRAM/Sylvania, Engineering Bulletin: High-Intensity Discharge Metalarc® Lamps,

Engineering Bulletin 1, 1998. (Last accessed January 20, 2003).

<http://ecom.mysylvania.com/miniapps/FileNet2/EngineeringBull etins/ENGR_BLTN 1 .pdf

Advanced Lighting Technologies Inc. Permission to use graphic provided by e-mail from

David Wypasek to U.S. Department of Energy via Craig Updyke of the National Electrical

Manufacturers Association on May 16, 2003.

10 OSRAM Sylvania, Engineering Bulletin HD-010-0995, High Intensity Discharge Metalarc

Lamps, 1998.

'Philips Lighting Company. E-mail between Dale Work, Cathy Mannino, Bill Ives and Mike

Hewitt of Philips Lighting Company, and Eugene Hong of Navigant Consulting, Inc. Final

illustration and permission to use provided by e-mail from Mike Hewitt of Philips Lighting

Company in Somerset, NJ to Navigant Consulting, inc. via Craig Updyke of the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association on August 4, 2003.

12 National Lighting Product information Program (NLPIP), Lighting Answers: Mid-Wattage

Metal Halide Lamps 7(1). Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

13 Advance Transformer Company. For Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamps. Form HI-4020-R01,

2000. (Last accessed January 15, 2003). <http ://www.advancetransformer.comlliterature/>

14 Advance Transformer Company. Pocket Guide to High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts.

Form 1700, 1998. (Last accessed January 15, 2003).

<http://www.advancetransformer.com/literature/>

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CHAPTER 3. MARKET ASSESSMENT

For the market assessment, the Department gathered information on the state of the

industry and the market characteristics of the product concerned. The Department uses these

data as some of the inputs to the LCC analysis and the NES estimate. This chapter provides the

quantitative and qualitative findings of the market assessment, including shipment estimates,

market structure, installations and applications, and non-regulatory initiatives to improve HID

lamp efficiency.

3.1 SHIPMENT ESTIMATES

The HID lamp market in the United States is approximately a $390 million-per-year

industry, with annual sales exceeding 30 million units.1'2 Nationally, HID lamps as a light source

consumed 130 terawatt-hours (TWh), which is approximately 17 percent of the electricity

consumed by all light sources, or approximately 3.7 percent of total US electricity generation in

20Ol.

Three primary light sources characterize the HID lighting market: high-pressure sodium,

mercury vapor, and metal halide. Technical data on these HID lamp technologies, including

details about their performance, light characteristics, operating life, and other information, are

provided in Chapter 2, the Technology Assessment.

3.1.1 Energy Use by Sector

Table 3-1 presents the energy consumption for lighting in four general sectors: three

building-related (residential, commercial, and industrial) and one called "outdoor stationary" that

incorporates lighting installations, such as street and area lighting, parking lots and garages,

airport runway systems, traffic signals, and billboard lighting. However, the outdoor stationary

sector does not represent all outdoor stationary luminaires. The three building-related sectors

also include some outdoor stationary lighting, where the circuit for the outdoor luminaires is tied

to the electric meter for a building (e.g., architectural lighting, office parking lot lighting,

residential security lighting).

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Source: Nd, US. Lighting Market Characterization Volume I: NalionalLighting Inventory and Energy

Consumption Estimn ate, 2002.

*primary energy refers to the total energy required to generate and supply electricity to the customer site.

The factor used in the Nd, 2002 study to convert the site-use electrical energy to primary energy

consumed at the generating power plant was 10,768 BTU/kWh for the year 2000. This conversion factor

incorporates generation, transmission, and distribution losses on an average basis for the U.S. Note that the

conversion efficiency varies from year to year, depending on the mix of electrical generating power plants

used in a given year.

Table 3-1 presents the estimate of total lighting electricity consumption in the United

States as 765 TWh, or 8.2 quads of primary energy. To put this into a broader context, total

energy consumption in the United States was approximately 98.3 quads in 2001, of which more

than a third (about 37 quads) was used to generate electricity.4 Thus, lighting accounted for

about 8.3 percent of national primary energy consumption, or about 22 percent of the electricity

generated in 2001.

Figure 3-1 shows the total lighting energy consumption for the four sectors, and

illustrates the amounts of energy used by the various lighting technologies. From this figure, the

significance of the HID technology and its dominance in the outdoor stationary sector becomes

evident.

3-2

Table 3-1. U.S. National Energy Use for Lighting by Sector

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Outdoor r -

Incandescent

Stationary i

Fluorescent

Industrial

Discharge

Residential

Commercial

0 100 200 300 400 500

Annual Energy Consumption (T\Nh/yr)

Figure 3-1. Shares of Sectoral Energy Use by Lighting Technology

Source: Nd, US. Lighting Market Characterization Volume 1: National Lighting Inventory and Energy

Consumption Estimate, 2002

The primary lighting energy consumer in the outdoor stationary sector is HID, which

accounts for 87 percent (50 TWhlyear or 0.5 quads) of the outdoor stationary's 58 TWhlyear of

lighting electricity use. The industrial sector operates a large share of HID sources, which

constitute 31 percent (33 TWhlyear or 0.36 quads) of this sector's 108 TWhlyear of lightingrelated energy consumption. The commercial sector also has a large share of HID sources,

which constitute approximately 12 percent (46 TWhIyr or 0.5 quads) of the annual 391

TWhlyear of electricity use in this sector. in the residential sector, where 90 percent of lighting

energy use is consumed by incandescent technologies, HID sources account for less than 1

percent (0.7 TWhlyear or 0.1 quads) of the energy consumption. Across all four sectors, HID

sources consumed a total of 130 TWhlyear (1.4 quads) in 2001. This amounts to approximately

17% of the annual electricity consumption for lighting in the United States.

Table 3-2 presents the estimated installed base of HID luminaires in the U.S. by

teclmology and sector. HPS is the most prevalent HID luminaire, with a market share nearly

twice that of MV. HPS is the leading source in the outdoor stationary sector, while MH

dominates in the commercial and industrial sectors. In the residential sector, MV is the most

prevalent technology, with nearly three times more installations than HPS. The total estimated

installed base of HID luminaires in the U.S. for 2001 was approximately 101 million units.

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Table 3-2. Installed Base of High-Intensity Discharge Luminaires in the U.S. by Sector

Table 3-3 shows the electricity consumption of each lamp type as a percentage of total

HID electricity consumption (approximately 130 TWh/yr) as illustrated in Figure 3-1. HIPS is

prominent in the outdoor stationary sector and MH is the largest electricity consumer in the

commercial and industrial sectors. Overall, the residential sector accounts for only one-half of

one percent of HID electricity consumption.

Table 3-3. Distribution of High-Intensity Discharge Lighting Electricity Consumed

3.1.2 High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Shipment Estimates

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) members are responsible for 100

percent of domestic HID lamp production, and over 90 percent of national HID lamp sales.2

Table 3-4 presents NEMA estimates of armual HiD lamp shipments to the U.S. lighting market,

broken down into the three primary HID lamp types.

The Department derived total HID lamp imports of HPS and MV from 1990 to 2002 and

MH from 1996 to 2002 from the Census. NEMA provided its members' imports of HPS and

MR lamps for 1999-2002 and of MV lamps for I 993_2002.1 For years where both total imports

and NEMA members' imports are available, the Department estimated imports of HID lamps by

companies that are not part of NEMA (non-NEMA) as the total national imports minus NEMA

imports. For those years where total HID imports are available but NEMA imports are not

available, the Department estimated non-NEMA imports using the average proportional share of

NEMA imports for the known years. For those years where both Census imports and NEMA

imports are not available, the Department estimated non-NEMA import shipments by

determining the ratio of non-NEMA imports to total NEMA shipments for the known years.

3-4

Source: Nd, U.S. Lighting Market Characterization Volume J: National Lighting Inventory and Energy

Consumption Estimate, 2002.

Source: Nd, U.S. Lighting Market 6haraclerization Volume]: National Lighting inventory and Energy

Consumption Estimate, 2002.

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Table 3-4. National Sales of High-Intensity Discharge Lamps

As shown in Table 3-4, over the last seven years, the market for HPS reached a plateau at

approximately 12 million units per year. MR shipments are growing slowly, after having more

than tripled in market share over the last 12 years, while MV shipments declined by nearly 60

percent since 1990.

Table 3-5 presents the number of units imported for the U.S. lighting market and the

percentage of those imports attributable to NEMA members. The lamp imports include both the

NEMA and non-NEMA members. On average, NEMA member imports calculated from 1990 to

2002 were: 90 percent of HPS, 76 percent of MH, and 33 percent of MV. However, NEMA

member market shares have been steadily increasing, reaching 100 percent of HPS, 84 percent of

MH, and 71 percent of MV in 2002.

3-5

Source: NEMA, Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers Association on

January 21, 2003; Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, HID import data provided to the

Department of Energy on March 3, 2003.

* Shaded cells represent Department estimates.

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Table 3-5. Total Imported High-Intensity Discharge Lamps and NEMA Percentages

Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3 illustrate the annual shipments and market share by HID lamp

type (MV, MH, and HPS).a From these figures, the decline in MV shipments is evident,

contrasting with sales of HPS and MH. Figure 3-2 illustrates the total shipments, domestic and

imports, by HID lamp type from 1990 to 2002. Figure 3-2 also plots the sum of the three HID

sources annually to track the comparative growth of each type.

a The Department prepared Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3 from the data in Table 3-4.

3-6

Source: NEMA, Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers Association on

January 21, 2003; Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, HID import data provided to the

Department of Energy on March 3, 2003.

* Data not available for darkened cells.

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40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

E

,. 15.0 C/D

Ce

10.0

5.0

0.0

0

Shipment Year

Figure 3-2. Total U.S. HID Lamp Shipments by Type, 1990-2002

Source: NEMA, Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers Association on

January 21, 2003; Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, HID import data provided to the

Department of Energy on March 3, 2003.

Figure 3-3 presents annual shipments data as a percent of total shipments in a given year.

In this figure, the decline in the market share of MV lamps is even more evident, as its

proportion of total shipments contrasts sharply with shipments of MH.

3-7

cç cç cç cb c

\ \ \ \.

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]00%

90%

'' 80%

70%

60%

ti.)

MJ/0

40%

'- 30%

20%

10%

0%

c d' cç) c' cç\ cb $

3

. \C \ ' ' "v

Shipment Year

Figure 3-3. Proportion of Total HID Market by Type, 1990-2002

Source: NEMA, Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers Association on

January 21,2003; Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, HID import data provided to the

Department of Energy on March 3, 2003.

National shipments of HPS lamps appear to have leveled off, after a strong growth period

in the early 1 990s. HPS lamps are a mature technology, having been commercially available for

more than 30 years. Similarly, the growth in MH lamp shipments has slowed, although this is

the only type of HID lamp that has increased its market share in the last five years. Industry

continues to invest in improving MH technology, enabling it to continue to compete strongly in

both the HID lamp markets and other lighting markets, such as those typically serviced by

fluorescent sources (e.g., retail stores). Examples of these performance improvements (discussed

in section 2.4.2 of this report) include pulse-start technology and the development of a ceramic

arc tube. These and other improvements have lengthened the operational life and performance

characteristics of MH technology, making it an attractive light source in many sectors and

applications.

The MV lamp market, in contrast with MH, shows a gradually decreasing market share.

MV technology has been commercially available for more than 60 years, and consumers appear

to be moving away from this light source, choosing alternatives that offer improvements in

efficiency and light quality. However, the rate of market-share decrease for MV has slowed over

the last 12 years, and the data suggest that this slowing of the rate of decline will continue. This

slowing of the MV retirement from the HID lamp market may be driven by their low initial cost

and long operating life.

Table 3-6 provides disaggregated data on MV lamp shipments by the rated wattages

shipped in 1993 and 2001.1,5

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Table 3-6. Mercury Vapor Shipments by Wattage

The data show a 39% decline in total MV lamp shipments between 1993 and 2001. The

data suggest that MV lamp shipments are not migrating toward a few particular wattages over

time; rather, all types of MV lamps are declining in similar proportion. The data in Table 3-6

also show that the 175-watt mogul base accounts for approximately 60 percent of the total MV

shipments. The sales of this lamp are five times greater than those of the next closest highvolume MV wattage (400-watt mogul), which constitute 12 percent of the total.

3.1.3 High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipment Estimates

Starting in 1962, the Census Bureau began conducting surveys to provide periodic

assessments of production and shipment of various electric lighting fixtures. The Census Bureau

tracks physical shipments of all products sold, transferred to other establishments of the same

company, or shipped on consignment, whether for domestic sale or export.6

The Census Bureau divides HID fixtures into three fixture types: commercial, industrial,

and outdoor. Residential HID fixtures are bundled with the outdoor type. Although the Census

Bureau classifies fixtures by sector-type, these fixtures are not necessarily used exclusively by

one sector. Rather, this classification is based on which sector has the largest usage of each type

of fixture. For example, a fixture classified as an "industrial type" fixture may not be sold

exclusively to the industrial sector - it may also have some commercial applications.

Figure 3-4 shows the total number of HID fixture shipments by year for the period from

1996 to 2001, by Census Bureau fixture type. The outdoor-type fixture shipments represent the

majority of all shipments for HID light sources, constituting approximately two-thirds of all HID

lighting fixture shipments in 2001. Although the outdoor-type fixtures include residential-type

fixtures, the contribution of the residential sector is relatively insignificant (see Figure 3-1 and

Table 3-2).

3-9

Source: NEMA, Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers Association,

February 1995; NEMA, Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers Association

on January 21, 2003.

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14000

,-. 12000

c,.J

10000

8000

- 6000

4000

2000

Census Year

Outdoor

Industrial

Commercial

Figure 3-4. Total Shipment of High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures by Fixture Type

Source: DOC, Electric Lighting Fixtures: 2001, 2001.

The following sub-sections present a more detailed breakdown of the shipments by

sectoral fixture type.

3.1.3.1 Commercial-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures

Figure 3-5 shows the total shipments of HID commercial-type fixtures from 1996 to

2001. Clarifying some of the terminology in this diagram, insulation contact (IC) fixtures can be

in direct contact with ceiling insulation. Non-IC fixtures require a 3-inch-minimum clearance

from the ceiling insulation. A fixture is designated as 'enclosed' if a lens, louver, or other cover

is used to shield the lamp from the environment. Direct fixtures include all surface- or pendantmounted fixtures that provide direct illumination, while indirect fixtures include pendant- or

wall-mounted fixtures that provide indirect illumination (i.e., reflected off a surface such as a

ceiling or wall).

3-10

0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

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1400

, 1200 r,)

1000

800

600

400

200

Census Year

IC: Enclosed

IC: Open

non-IC: Enclosed

non-IC: Open

General: Indirect

General: Direct

Figure 3-5. Commercial-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments

Source: DOC, Electric Lighting Fixtures: 2001, 2001.

There has been an extremely low volume of shipments of IC enclosed and IC open

fixtures over the six-year period shown in Figure 3-5. Conversely, non-IC fixtures were

responsible for the majority of commercial-type shipments for all six years shown. In 2001, nonTC open fixtures accounted for approximately 59 percent of commercial-type HID fixture

shipments. General indirect fixtures commanded 19 percent of the market, and non-IC enclosed

fixtures were responsible for 17 percent. General direct fixtures were popular in 1996 and 1997,

but have had little market share in the last four years.

3.1.3.2 Industrial-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures

Figure 3-6 shows the total shipments of industrial-type HID fixtures from 1996 to 2001.

The Census Bureau tracks industrial-type fixtures in three classifications: general open fixtures,

general enclosed fixtures, and parking garage fixtures. The parking garage fixtures include only

fixtures that are specifically designed for this application. The general enclosed and open

fixtures include fixtures with integrally mounted and remote ballasts. The enclosed designation

is given to fixtures with a lens, louver, or other cover that provides a barrier between the lamp

and the environment.

3-11

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

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n.j

rfj

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2.000

1,500

1,000

500

Census Year

Parking Garage

General: Enclosed

General: Open

Figure 3-6. Industrial-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments

Source: DOC, Electric Lighting Fixtures: 2001, 2001.

For industrial-type HID fixtures, the general open-type fixture constitutes more than half

of all industrial-type fixture shipments. The general enclosed fixtures are second, accounting for

approximately 30 percent of the market. The parking garage fixtures command approximately 5

percent of shipments. Although there is some limited variation over the six-year period

presented, the proportions of these three industrial-type fixtures are relatively constant.

3.1.3.3 Outdoor-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixtures

The third HID fixture type reported by the Census Bureau is the outdoor type. Figure 3-7

shows the shipments of outdoor-type HID fixtures for the years 1996 to 2001. Wall packsb

include all fixtures that are installed on the exterior wall of a building. The large area fixtures

are arm-mounted on a 20-to-60-foot pole. Post-top fixtures are mounted directly on top of a post

less than 20 feet in height. Bollards are fixtures that have the appearance of a short thick post.

Small area fixtures are arm-mounted on a pole less than 20 feet tall. Sports lighting fixtures are

designed specifically for illuminating athletic facilities, incorporating precise optics and

specialized mounting gear for focused light distribution and glare control. General flood fixtures

include all other integrally mounted and remote ballasted fixtures in the outdoor-type category.

The tunnel fixtures comprise all roadway (street and highway) fixtures, including fixtures

designed to light tunnels and bridges. The popular outdoor-type HID fixture referred to as a

"cobra head" is also included in the Census Bureau's enclosed tunnel fixture classification.

b For area wall pack lurninaires, the Census Bureau aggregates HID and incandescent sources.

3-12

1996 997 199t 1999 2000 2001

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C,,

E

cI

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

Area: Wall Pack

Area: Large

Area: Post-Top

Area: Bollards

Area: Small

Flood: Sports

Flood: General

Tunnel: Enclosed

Tunnel: Open

Census Year

Figure 3-7. Outdoor-Type High-Intensity Discharge Fixture Shipments

Source: DOC, Electric Lighting Fixtures: 200], 2001

Figure 3-7 shows an overall decline in outdoor-type fixture shipments. It appears this

decline results from market saturation, rather than a shift away from outdoor-type HID fixtures.

The outdoor-type fixture market is reaching an equilibrium point where growth in this part of the

market is leveling out, and new fixture installations are becoming less frequent. The four

consistently dominant fixture types in this group are area wall packs, small area (poles less than

20 feet), general flood, and tunnel enclosed. Together, these four classifications constitute more

than 80 percent of the outdoor-type fixture shipments between 1996 and 2001.

3.2 MARKET AND STRUCTURE

NEMA members represent 100 percent of the domestic market production for HID lamp

sources, and, as shown in Table 3-5, over 85 percent of the import market.1

3.2.1 Manufacturers of High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, Luminaires, and Ballasts

Six manufacturers listed in Table 3-7 constitute the NEMA membership for HID lamp

manufacturing. These six members are responsible for the entire domestic (U.S.) production of

HID lamps.1 The six firms, like many of NEMA's members, may have manufacturing facilities

located overseas, and bring their products into the U.S. as imports. Consequently, the Census

Bureau's report on foreign imports includes imports from some of these members (total imports

are shown in Table 3-5).

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Table 3-7. High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Manufacturers

EYE Lighting International of N.A.

GE Lighting

OSRAM Sylvania

Philips Lighting Company

Ushio America, Inc.

Venture Lighting

Source: NEMA, website, 2003.

Table 3-8 lists the NEMA member companies that manufacture HID ballasts. Electronic

ballasts for HID lamps are relatively new, so the list of manufacturers is shorter. The magnetic

ballast market is more established and has a larger number of companies participating.

Table 3-8. High-Intensity Discharge Ballast Manufacturers

.

Advance Transformer Company Advance Transformer Company

GE Lighting Cooper Lighting

Universal Lighting Technologies EYE Lighting International of N.A.

Venture Lighting Power Systems Genlyte Thomas Group LLC

Delta Power Supply, Inc. Holophane

Killark Electric Manufacturing Company

OSRAM Sylvania

Universal Lighting Technologies

Source: NEMA, website, 2003; Company websites of those listed, 2003.

HID luminaires can be designed to operate with several different light sources, including

incandescent, MV, MH, HPS, LPS, and fluorescent sources. NEMA structures its HID luminaire

manufacturers into five groups: adverse location lighting, indoor lighting, lamp-holders, outdoor

lighting, and remote illumination. Although HID light sources are also used in adverse and

remote illumination applications, these represent small niches and do not hold a significant share

of the typical HID market. Therefore, the list of manufacturers in Table 3-9 represents

manufacturers of general-purpose HID luminaires.

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Table 3-9. High-Intensity Discharge_Luminaire Manufacturers

s. :

----- ____________ 4*s

American Electric Lighting American Electric Lighting

Cooper Crouse-Hinds Cooper Crouse-Hinds

Cooper Lighting Cooper Lighting

EGS Electrical Group EGS Electrical Group

EYE Lighting International of N.A. Ericson Manufacturing Company

GE Lighting GE Lighting

Genlyte Thomas Group LLC Genlyte Thomas Group LLC

Holophane Holophane

Hubbell Incorporated Hubbell Incorporated

Judy Lighting, Inc Indy Lighting, Inc

Juno Lighting Inc. Juno Lighting Inc.

Killark Electric Manufacturing Company Killark Electric Manufacturing Company

Lightolier Lightolier

Lithonia Lighting Lithonia Lighting

National Cathode Corp. Prescolite

Prescolite Progress Lighting

Progress Lighting R. Stahl Inc.

R. Stahl Inc. Simkar Corporation

Ushio America, inc. Ushio America, inc.

Source: NEMA, website, 2003; Company websites of those listed, 2003.

The HID lamp market is highly concentrated. Similarly, a few manufacturers dominate

the domestic ballast and luminaire markets. The top three manufactures of HID luminaires in the

U.S. are Cooper Lighting, Lithonia Lighting and Genlyte Thomas Group. Together, these three

companies represent over 50 percent of all domestic production of HID fixtures.'

3.2.2 Distribution Channels

The distribution channels for the HID lamp market are shown in Figure 3-8. The

structure of this figure is relevant for all end-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and

public sector); however, the volume of product going through the various channels varies. The

dashed lines in the figure represent distribution channels that contractors infrequently use. The

Department adapted this illustration of HID lamp distribution channels from Sardinsky,7

updating it using manufacturers' and lighting specifiers' literature to reflect the current HID

lamp market.

HID lamp manufacturers sell products through six categories of distributors. Specialty,

local, and regional retailers primarily serve the residential sector. Mail order and electrical

distributor networks are the principal outlets used by the commercial, industrial, and public

sector lighting markets. The national accounts serve all sectors.

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HID Lamp Manufacturer

Manufacturer Representative

__ __ hF __ __

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Specialty Local Regional Mail Order Electrical

Retailer Retailer Retailer Distributor Distributor

(6)

National

Accounts

ConbacUr Conracr Internet Conbactor ContractoH

____ ____ L

Consumer

Figure 3-8. HID Lamp Distribution Channels

The specialty retailer is a broad distribution category that includes a range of constituents,

including numerous independently owned specialty lamp retailers. However, as an HiD lamp

distribution channel, it represents a very small share of the total market for HID lamps.

Local retailers are relatively large retail outlets, such as local hardware stores and

supermarkets. This limited outlet for HID products primarily serves the residential sector.

Although product availability is limited, some local and small contractors may opt to purchase

HID lamps through these channels.

Regional retailers are the larger chain stores that have multiple locations. Similar to the

local retailers, they usually offer a limited selection of HID lamp products tailored to the

residential sector. Once again, contractors have limited contact with this channel.

Mail-order distribution is another major distribution channel. Although these distributors

stock products used in all sectors, lamp availability through this channel is typically limited to

high-volume items. Smaller businesses and contractors are the primary end-users for these

distributors. However, the internet is expanding the end-user base for these outlets, and enabling

them to adapt more quickly to end-user needs.

Large electrical-equipment distributors handle the bulk of the HID lamp shipments. They

effectively operate as a wholesale clearinghouse for the HID lamp industry. Often, contractors

operate as middlemen between end-users and distributors. Building management companies,

maintenance contractors, developers, municipalities, utilities, and other such entities purchase

lamps either directly from electrical equipment distributors or through a contractor.

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The sixth and last major channel of distribution is through the national accounts. Lamp

manufacturers sell some products through large national retailers, such as Wal-Mart, Sears, and

do-it-yourself centers such as Home Depot. Large maintenance companies and other national

businesses may also purchase lamps directly from the manufacturers. However, product

availability through these outlets is limited to high-volume (commodity) HID products.

The advent of the Internet created new opportunities that could significantly impact all

distribution channels and sectors. In response to the growing base of Internet users,

manufacturers created new online databases that list product offerings and links to various

distribution channels for purchase. Although the references primarily link to mail-order

distribution houses, other links to walk-in retailers are also available. For end-users interested in

accessing products, these new online sources and distributors offer an alternative to the

traditional channels of large retailers and specialty stores. Many of these websites incorporate

"design centers" that help end-users match lamps with their needs, much like a knowledgeable

specifier or sales representative would do. The total impact on shipments for this industry is

small at this time.

3.2.3 Decision Makers

After the initial installation of a luminaire is complete, the purchase of replacement lamps

becomes a maintenance issue. Therefore, in most cases the luminaire purchasing decision

dictates the subsequent replacement lamps purchased. Specifiers who determine which light

source to install are the electrical contractors, architects, lighting designers, electrical engineers,

building owners, homeowners, building maintenance personnel, municipal officials, state

officials (highway departments), and corporate officials who select HID fixtures for their

properties. In addition, electrical distributors and manufacturers may also influence the choice of

light source.

3.2.3.1 Residential Decision Makers

For the residential sector, the interaction between the builder (or homeowner) and the

other stakeholders (i.e., designer, contractor, engineer, retailer, and electrical distributor) may

change based on the budget and type of installation: new or retrofit. In either case, a decision

web, as illustrated in Figure 3-9, shows the exchange of information among the relevant

stakeholders.

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ilder/

Retailer

Designer

Electrical

eereOWfler Distributor

Figure 3-9. Residential Decision Web on HID Lighting

For both new and retrofit installations, the builder or homeowner typically acts as the

primary specifier. The budget of the development or project determines the level of involvement

of the various stakeholders. The role and decision-making power of the designer and contractor

typically grows with the escalating cost of the project. However, as project budgets become

tighter, direct involvement with retailers, electrical distributors, and the Internet gains

prominence.

3.2.3.2 Commercial, Industrial, and Public Sector Lighting Decision Makers

For the commercial, industrial and public sector market segments, the interaction among

decision makers is more complex than in the residential sector. Figure 3-10 shows the key

decision makers in the commercial and industrial sectors, of which the most influential are: 1)

the owner (or developer), 2) the building manager, and 3) the electrical contractor.

Owner!

Developer

Building ( Electrical

Manager ,I Contractor

Utility DSM " \ / ( Lighting

Program ,) \ /\ Designer

Architect! Contractor! Occupant (Manufacturers) ( Engineer ierov Auditor) I

Code

Inspector )

Distributors

Figure 3-10. The Commercial and Industrial Lighting Design Decision Web

Source: Conway, 2003. Reproduced with permission.8

Local utilities, municipalities, and state highway agencies install and maintain many of

the luminaires used in the public sector. Thus, these "owners" of HID lighting systems would

represent the top figures for that sector's decision web.

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3.3 APPLiCATIONS FOR HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS

The following sections discuss where and how the residential, commercial, industrial, and

public sectors use HID lamps.

3.3.1 Residential Applications

In comparison to other lamp technologies, such as incandescent and fluorescent, HID

light sources occupy a very small niche in the residential sector. Due to their electrical and

photometric characteristics, HID lamps are not well suited for most residential lighting

applications. In this sector, HID lighting is used primarily in landscape and security-lighting

applications.

For security applications, MV lamps are popular because of their low initial cost and

extremely long life. HPS sources, though significantly more efficacious, are more costly than

comparable MV luminaires with similar light output and lamp life. Some homeowners purchase

luminaires to use in their backyard at a home center or similar outlet, and typically seek low

initial cost. MH lamps are not typically used in this application because of their shorter

operating life and higher first cost. In some rural areas, home and farm owners may lease a

security light from an electric utility or a rural cooperative. This lease may carry a fixed tariff

that does not measure actual electricity consumption. These luminaires often use MV sources.

For landscape lighting, the ability of MV lamps to enhance the color of the foliage has

created a niche application. The SPD of MV light results in greater saturation of the shorter

wavelength colors (from green to blue). Since most of the foliage is green, the light from the

MV lamp gives it a richer appearance than the lumen output of the lamp would suggest, while

creating greater contrast with its surrounding objects by muting the longer-wavelength colors

(from red to yellow). MH lamps offer comparable performance while maintaining a much

higher efficacy level; however, they have a higher initial cost and shorter operating life than MV

lamps. A review of manufacturer literature and discussion with landscape lighting designers,

distributors, and manufacturer representatives indicate that the primary MV lamp used for this

application is the 175-watt mogul base lamp.

3.3.2 Commercial Applications

HID lamps account for about a tenth of the total lighting energy consumed in the

commercial sector, with incandescent lamps accounting for about one-third and fluorescent

lamps consuming between one-half and two-thirds of the total energy. In spite of their potential

for significant energy savings, HID lamps are not widely used in the commercial sector for

several reasons. The primary reason is low CR1. Other limiting factors include long warm-up

and re-strike times, ballast noise, limited CCT, and color shift.

Recent improvements in MH technology incorporating pulse-start systems and ceramic

arc tube variants made the MH lamp more attractive than incandescent and fluorescent sources in

certain applications. However, there are some installations (e.g., security applications) where

specifiers may use an MV luminaire due to the long operating life of the MV lamp. Some

gymnasiums and government buildings still use MV lamps, typically in 175- and 400-watt

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fixtures. Also, a number of commercial exterior landscape applications still use MV lamps

because of their ability to enhance the color appearance of plant foliage (as discussed above) and

their long operating life.

3.3.3 Industrial Applications

As in the commercial sector, lighting energy consumed across industrial sub-sectors is

relatively constant.3 However, in terms of aggregate consumption, HID plays a much larger role

in the industrial sector than in either the commercial or the residential sector. HID lamps

account for about one-third of industrial-sector electricity use for lighting, while fluorescent

lighting accounts for about two-thirds and incandescent for less than 5 percent.3 HID lamps are

popular in the industrial sector because few applications require high color rendering, and the

long life of the HiD sources is ideal for the sector's long operating hours.

MV luminaires using 175-watt and 400-watt lamps continue to illuminate the interiors

and exteriors of many industrial buildings and warehouses. However, in many industrial sector

applications, HPS sources are gaining market share from MV sources.

3.3.4 Public Sector Applications

HID lamps dominate public sector lighting installations, which represent the largest

application of the HID technology. Public sector installations account for roughly 8 percent of

the total electricity consumed by all lighting in the United States, and HID sources are

responsible for almost 90 percent of lighting-related energy use in this sector (Nd, 2002).c

Based on market research and feedback from lighting designers, specifiers, distributors, electrical

contractors, and manufacturer representatives, the Department determined the predominant MV

lamp wattage to be 175 watts.

For street and roadway lighting, HPS has been gradually replacing MV because of its

lower life-cycle costs. However, some rural utilities continue to use MV for roadway lighting

because the lamp gets increasingly dimmer at the end of its life but doesn!t burn out. Hence,

customers do not complain to the utility, allowing the utility to leave the MV lamp in service

until they are ready to relamp. In contrast, HPS lamps cycle on and off as they approach the end

of their operating life. If cycling HPS lamps are not replaced in time, the ignitor could fail

prematurely, resulting in an expensive replacement of both lamp and ignitor. The lighting

industry addressed this HPS failure mode with teclmology improvements that prevent lamp

cycling. Despite these improvements, some electric utilities, including many rural cooperatives,

plan to continue their use of MV lamps. Often, HID luminaires used in these applications are

equipped with daylight sensors that turn the luminaires on at dusk and off at dawn. A

preliminary analysis estimated that rural cooperatives supply about 7 percent of national roadway

lighting.9 However, accurate data are not available on the percentage of MV and HPS used in

national roadway lighting.

Note that this is an approximation, as the Lighting Market characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventoty

and Energy Consumption Estimate uses the term "Outdoor Stationary" when referring to light sources situated

outdoors, not attached to residential, commercial, or industrial buildings. The outdoor stationary sector is dominated

by public sector lighting applications (e.g., street and highway lighting, municipal lighting, traffic signals), but it is

not exclusively public sector (e.g.. it includes airport and runway lights, billboard lighting).

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MH lamps are now replacing some HPS lamps that previously replaced MV lamps.

Although MH sources are less efficacious than HPS, they offer superior "white-light" and color

rendition. In some area and streetlighting applications, utilities turned down requests by

municipalities for MR sources because maintenance costs were too high compared to those of

HPS sources. The PMH lamp addresses this problem, increasing lamp life as compared to the

standard MH probe-start variety. However, it is still shorter than typical HPS and MV lamps.

Meanwhile, lamp manufacturers are addressing HPS color issues, to try to shift this orangecolored light toward white light. The white-light HPS products available today offer better CR1

and CCT, but these improvements come at the cost of shorter lamp life and lower efficacy. MH

and white-light HPS may be considered competitors in some applications, but lighting specifiers

will typically specify MR for any application where color is important.

3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LUMINAIRES

Luminaire classifications help describe, organize, and catalog the HID lamp market for

easy identification by specifiers, manufacturers, and consumers. The Department reviewed the

various industry classification systems, and found that they focused on particular subsets of HID

lighting; no single classification system cut across a sufficient range of products to represent the

universe of HID lighting. The CIE classifies luminaires by the proportion of upward and

downward light emission; however, this system is almost exclusively used to classify fluorescent

luminaires. For luminaires used outdoors, NEMA created a classification system based on

circular or oval distribution of light, defined in terms of field angle. Similarly, IESNA developed

a classification system for outdoor luminaires based on the shape of the area illuminated by the

luminaire. Details on these three classification systems appear in Appendix C.

In the absence of a comprehensive HID classification system, the Department developed

a system that takes into account the application, construction and photometrics of HID

luminaires. This proposed classification system formed the basis for product applications used in

this analysis.

3.4.1 Proposed High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Classification System

In the following sections, the Department categorizes luminaires by selecting their most

appropriate and distinguishing feature-whether in terms of their source, mounting, construction,

or application. The three primary groups are indoor, outdoor, and specialty applications. For

indoor applications, the Department adapted the classifications and their descriptions from

luminaire manufacturers' literature and the IESNA Lighting Handbook.1° For outdoor

applications, the Department adapted the product applications for outdoor luminaires from the

product scope defining NEMA's luminaire section.1 Although specialty application luminaires

do not account for a large portion of the general-service HID market, the Department presents

these to complete the classification of HID light source applications. This classification system

constitutes the product applications that the Department used in this analysis.

3.4.1.1 Product Applications: Indoor

Table 3-10 summarizes the indoor application classifications. Detailed descriptions and

further information on each of these product applications follow the table.

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Source: IESNA, The JESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 2000

Accent Lighting - provides directional lighting (light that is predominantly from a preferred

direction) to emphasize a particular object or surface feature, or to draw attention to a part of the

field of view. The ability of the light source to approximate a point source is advantageous for

this class, because a point source significantly simplifies the optical design necessary to create

directional lighting with specific beam patterns. Although the small point source and high CR1

of the new ceramic MH make it a competitive addition to this class, the light sources in this class

are typically incandescent.

Track Lighting - a system consisting of a housing for the lamp and ballast, and a mounting rail

that provides power. Mounting rails may mount horizontally or vertically on ceilings or walls,

and may either recess into or extend out of the surface. Although ceramic MH is now a possible

alternative light source for this class, the necessity for an additional ballast component and the

high cost of the ceramic MH lamps slowed the use of those lamps in this product application.

Track lighting is typically incandescent.

Portable Lighting - any self-contained luminaires that can be easily moved and positioned to

provide illumination for a task. Examples include table lamps, desk lamps, torchieres, and clamp

lamps. The potential use of new, low-wattage ceramic HID sources in this class seems

promising, but the high cost of these low-wattage systems delayed their adoption in this class.

The light sources in this class are typically incandescent and fluorescent.

Downlighting - luminaires that provide general or ambient lighting in residential and

commercial spaces. They consist of a small, direct-lighting unit that directs light downward, and

can recess or suspend from the ceiling. The low- and mid-wattage MH lamps made many

inroads into this application. However, incandescent and fluorescent sources dominate this class.

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Suspended Lighting - luminaires using pendants, a cable, or a post. Their light delivery may be

direct, indirect, or a combination of direct and indirect. Typically, these luminaires are

ornamental, manifesting as decorative chandeliers. Incandescent sources dominate this class, but

fluorescent sources made some inroads, and ceramic MH lamp looks promising.

High-Bay Lighting - lurninaires that provide general illumination, primarily in industrial

applications where floor-to-ceiling height is greater than 25 feet (e.g., in industrial warehouses).

Ceiling spacing-to-mounting height ratios-derived by taking the mounting distance between

two luminaires and dividing that number by the mounting height-are typically less than 1.0.

Thus, high-bay lighting fixtures are spaced closer together than their mounting height. These

luminaires may be recessed, surface-mounted, or pendant-mounted. Due to the typically long

operating hours and low priority for color accuracy in this class, HID use is dominant. Fixtures

for this class are no longer manufactured for exclusive use with MV lamps.

Low-Bay Lighting - luminaires that provide general illumination in primarily industrial

applications where floor-to-ceiling height is equal to or less than 25 feet. Spacing-to-mounting

height ratios are typically greater than 1.0, meaning the distance between fixtures is greater than

their mounting height. Low-bay fixtures are similar to the high-bay fixtures, except that they are

usually fitted with an additional refractor to achieve wider light distribution in areas with

restricted ceiling heights. Similar to high-bay lighting, HID use is dominant. Fixtures for this

class no longer require the exclusive use of MV lamps.

3.4.1.2 Product Applications: Outdoor

Table 3-1 1 summarizes the classifications for outdoor applications. The Department first

separated the outdoor luminaires into three broad types: roadway, area, and floodlighting.

Roadway luminaires illuminate large areas such as roadways, streets, bridges, tunnels,

interchanges, highways, and other transient areas frequented by vehicular traffic. The

Department broke down the roadway luminaires into architectural, streetlighting, high-mast, and

specialty luminaire-type product applications. Area lighting luminaires are non-directional

lighting designed to illuminate large areas such as parking areas, walkways, courtyards, and

other transient areas used by pedestrians. The Department divided area lighting luminaires into

four product applications: large area, small area, pathway, and security. Finally, floodlighting

luminaires offer directional lighting, designed for exterior applications. The department subdivided floodlighting luminaires into landscape and sports-lighting product applications.

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Table 3-11. Classification for Outdoor Applications

___ ____________

Architectural

_ _____________ ______________________

Decorative luminaires equipped with roadway optics with

a maximum mounting height of 50 feet.

Luminaires equipped with roadway optics mounted on an

Streetlighting extended arm affixed to a pole for more favorable

Roadway positioning of the light source (e.g., cobra head, NEMA

____________

head).

High-Mast Luminaires equipped with roadway optics with mounting

____________

heights exceeding 50 feet.

Luminaires equipped with roadway optics not included in

Specialty the architectural, streetlighting, or high-mast class of

luminaires.

Luminaires designed to illuminate large areas with

0

Large Area wattages of 250 watts or more, mounted less than 50 feet

above base.

Small Area Luminaires designed to illuminate small areas with

Area Lighting ____________

wattages less than 250 wafts.

Pathway Luminaires used for localized illumination of walkways,

_____________

grounds, and other pedestrian areas.

Security Luminaires designed to help visually secure an area such

___________ ___________

as_an_entry point_to_a building.

Landscape Luminaires designed to illuminate objects of interest such

as signs, building exteriors, and foliage.

Floodlighting Luminaires equipped with precise optics and specialized

Sports mounting gear for specific light distribution patterns and

_____ _____________ _____________

glare_control.

Roadway: Architectural - ornamental luminaires equipped with roadway optics for

illuminating road surfaces. They are architecturally pleasing in design and mounted up to 50 feet

above a base. Light sources for these luminaires include HID, fluorescent, and incandescent.

Roadway: Streetlighting - a luminaire affixed to a light or telephone pole with roadway optics

for illuminating road surfaces. The most common configuration for this product application is

available in what industry refers to as a "cobra head" lurninaire. These are typically equipped

with an arm-mount that extends the light source, enabling a more favorable distribution of light

on the road surface. Streetlighting applications almost exclusively use HID sources (typically

HPS and MH), but there are some luminaires that may be manufactured with an MV lamp, such

as the "NEMA-head" luminaire. A NEMA-head MV luminaire is typically equipped with a 175-

watt mogul-based MV lamp. Rural utilities and municipalities may still opt for MV luminaires

like the NEMA head and cobra head, due to their low initial cost and the ability of MV lamps to

continue operating for extreme lengths of time without failure (i.e., when the lamp no longer

emits light).

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Roadway: High-Mast - A luminaire with roadway optics for illuminating road surfaces and

mounted at heights equal to or greater than 50 feet. Due to the extreme mounting heights, light

sources for these luminaires tend to be exclusively MH or HPS, and tend to be higher wattages.

Roadway: Specialty - This category includes other luminaires primarily used for illuminating

road surfaces not mentioned in the architectural, streetlighting, or high-mast luminaire

categories.

Area Lighting: Large Area Lurninaires - luminaires with wattages of 250 watts or more,

mounted less than 50 feet above a base. Typical configurations include arm-mounts, post-tops,

and building mounts. These luminaires tend to be almost exclusively HID. Though fixtures are

no longer manufactured for exclusive use with MV lamps, older installations still use these

lamps.

Area Lighting: Small Area Luminaires - fixtures with wattages less than 250 watts. Typical

configurations include arm-mounts, post-tops, building-mounts, and other surface-mounted

luminaires. Applications for these luminaires include sign lighting and billboard lighting.

Municipalities and state transportation departments usually own sign lighting, and MV lamps are

often used, as well as fluorescent lamps. Billboard lighting is generally privately owned and

tends to use MH for its superior color rendering.

Area Lighting: Pathway Luminaires - fixtures that provide localized illumination of

walkways, grounds, and other pedestrian areas. Bollards are typically mounted in the ground

and have the form of a short, thick post. Low-mount floods are typically mounted on a wall in

the immediate vicinity of the pathway of interest. Predominant sources are incandescent and

fluorescent. Low-wattage MV use is limited and most luminaires use MH or HPS.

Area Lighting: Security Luminaires - luminaires designed to help visually secure an area such

as an entry point to a building. A wall pack or other surface-mounted luminaire may be used to

create the necessary vertical illuminance for recognition of potential intruders. A lantern shape

with an integrated photosensor is another common security lighting configuration found

primarily in the residential sector. Commonly referred to as "barnyard" fixtures, these

luminaires typically incorporate 100 watt and 175 watt MV lamps.

Floodlighting: Landscape Luminaires - used to illuminate objects of interest such as building

facades and foliage. In-grade fixtures are also used for this application, with a high design factor

(associated with very high initial cost). HID lamps are well-suited for this application, due to

their high power, efficacy, and long life, in addition to the optical control provided by their small

point source. The SPD of the MV light source provides deep saturation of colors for plants. MH

sources induce a similar saturation of color. Other common light sources for this application are

incandescent and fluorescent reflector lamps.

Floodlighting: Sports Arena Luminaires - these luminaires have precise optics and are

equipped with specialized mounting gear to acquire the critical distribution and glare control

necessary for illuminating large open fields. MH is the most common technology used because

of its good color rendering. HPS is not usually used because of the strobe effect on moving

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objects as well as its poor color rendition. Although there are no new installations of MV

luminaires for this application, it is still used in some old installations.

3.4.1.3 Product Applications: Specialty

HID luminaires in specialty applications often employ lamp shapes and bases that are not

typically associated with general service HID lamps discussed in the indoor and outdoor

application groupings. Therefore, most lamps used in specialty applications would be exempt

from standards. Although the impact from this product application would be very small, the

Department has included them in this report for completeness. Table 3-12 presents the three

types of specialty product applications.

Table 3-12. Classification for Specialty Applications

3.4.2 Mercury Vapor Lamp Product Applications

The preceding sections outlined a classification system that cuts across all HID lamp

applications. This section identifies just the HID product applications where the Department

believes MV lamps are in use today, because they are the ones where candidate standard levels

would have the most impact.

The Department identified the critical product applications and wattages by reviewing

manufacturer's literature and NEMA data' and speaking to lighting experts and HID lamp

specifiers. Table 3-13 lists these MV lamp product applications by lamp wattage. A small "x"

marks the wattages and applications where MV is used. A large bolded "X" marks the wattages

where MV lamps represent a majority in a given product application. The product applications

and wattage combinations marked with a large "X" are the combinations selected for the LCC

analysis (Chapter 5 of this report).

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Table 3-13. Product Applications and Wattages for the Mercury Vapor Lamp

3.5 REGULATORY AND NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS

As part of this analysis, the Department reviews all voluntary and compulsory programs

that relate to HID lighting. This review provides the Department with a greater understanding of

the marketplace in which HID lamp, ballast and luminaire manufacturers operate, as well as what

programs and trends may influence the future of the market.

3.5.1 Regulatory Programs Impacting High-Intensity Discharge Lamps

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 requires states to adopt an energy code for buildings,

which includes energy consumption guidelines for lighting.' On July 15, 2002, the Department

issued a Determination that ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 was more stringent than 90.11989.12

As a result, each state must certify that it reviewed and updated the provisions of its commercial

building code regarding energy efficiency to meet or exceed Standard 90.1-1999 by July 15,

2004 for any "building" under the means of Section 3 03(2) of the Energy Conservation and

Production Act as amended. The ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999 code requires that all exterior

building grounds luminaires that operate at greater than 100 watts contain lamps having a

minimum efficacy of 60 LPW, unless the luminaire is controlled by a motion sensor or qualifies

for one of the exceptions.'3 So far, many states adopted ASHRAE/1ESNA 90.1 as their standard

for lighting commercial buildings. However a few states developed and adopted their own

building energy codes that are more stringent, such as California's Title 24. These energy codes

contain provisions for interior lighting that specify performance criteria, such as lighting power

density (wattage per square foot of area illuminated). For exterior lighting, the energy codes,

including the proposed exterior lighting update to ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999 and the recent

d "(b) Certification of commercial building energy code updates: (1) Not later than 2 years after October 24, 1992,

each State shall certif' to the Secretary that it has reviewed and updated the provisions of its conmiercial building

code regarding energy efficiency. Such certification shall include a demonstration that such State's code provisions

meet or exceed the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989." (42 USC 6833)

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* A small "x" indicates wattages where MV lamps are in use in a particular product application; a large

bold "X" indicates wattages where MV shipments are most significant.

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update to California Title 24, use a variety of metrics, including minimum efficacy (LPW),

watts/linear foot, and lighting power density.

Several states and a number of municipalities passed "dark-sky" ordinances aimed at

reducing light pollution. While most focus on eliminating light pollution by addressing

luminaire type, some ordinances (e.g., in the State of Arizona) banned MV light sources)4

However, regulatory authority is not consistent; some ordinances cover only the lighting owned

by the regulatory entity (e.g., state or municipal), while others cover privately owned lighting as

well. The lighting industry attempted to work with the International Dark Sky Association to

draft a model ordinance to address this issue from the best technical perspective.

in addition to these dark-sky ordinances, the Department is aware of procurement

specifications, implemented on a state and municipal basis (e.g., City of Philadelphia, State of

New York), which call for streetlighting fixtures other than MV. This procurement specification

is not a regulatory ban on MV, but it directs these large purchasers of outdoor stationary HID

lighting to move toward alternative technologies, such as HPS and MH.

3.5.2 Non-Regulatory Programs Impacting High-Intensity Discharge Lamps

The Department's review of non-regulatory programs promoting more-efficient HID

sources found that there are generally three types of programs. The first type promotes energy

efficiency through sponsoring retrofits, either on a prescriptive (technology) basis or on a

minimum efficacy (LPW threshold) basis. The second type encourages installation of the most

efficient technology in new installations. The third type encourages more-efficient technology,

but with the objective of reducing peak load demand. This type of program focuses on indoor

HID luminaires, rather than outdoor lighting that typically operates during off-peak hours.

in Appendix D, the Department provides a summary of several non-regulatory programs.

This summary is representative (not exhaustive) of non-regulatory programs that exist in the

United States. Each program is described briefly, identifying the target technology, the

incentives offered, and contact information for the sponsoring agency. Table 3-14 provides a list

of those programs summarized in Appendix D.

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Table 3-14. Non-Regulatory Programs Relating to High-Intensity Discharge Lamps

Retrofit Incentive Program Sacramento Municipal Utility District

r____ ___ ___

Ca] ifornia

Commercial Power Saver 2004 Modesto Irrigation Department Califorma

Express Efficiency Lighting Program Pacific Gas and Electric, San Diego Gas and California Electric and Southern California Edison ________________

Commercial Lighting Efficiency Offer Los Angeles Department of Water and Power California

Energy Blueprint Program United Illuminating Connecticut

Express Service Lighting Rebates Connecticut Light and Power Connecticut

Lighting Program Florida Power and Light Florida

Construction Solutions and Business Solutions Nstar Massachusetts

Commercial Construction Program Long Island Power Authority New York

New Construction Program New York State Energy Research and New York

______________________________________ Development Authority _______________

Smart Equipment Choices Program New York State Energy Research and New York

________________________________________ Development Authority ________________

Commercial/Industrial Performance Program New York State Energy Research and New York

________________________________________ Development Authority ________________

Peak Load Reduction Program New York State Energy Research and New York

______________________________________ Development Authority _______________

New York Energy Smart Loan Fund New York State Energy Research and New York

______________________________________ Development Authority _______________

Small Commercial Lighting Program New York State Energy Research and New York

______________________________________ Development Authority _______________

Energy Efficiency Program Energy Trust of Oregon Oregon

Business Energy Tax Credit Program Oregon Department of Energy Oregon

Lighting Rebates Austin Energy Texas

Smart Business Program Seattle City Light Washington

Lighting Incentives Wisconsin Focus on Energy Wisconsin

Lighting Equipment Incentives Efficiency Vermont Vermont

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REFERENCES

NEMA Lamp Section. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. E-mail from Craig

Updyke to U.S. Department of Energy. May 2, 2003.

2 DOE, meeting. Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers

Association. January 21, 2003.

Navigant Consulting, Inc., US. Lighting Market Characterization Volume I: National Lighting

Jnventoiy and Energy Consumption Estimate, September 2002, Navigant Consulting, Inc. for the

U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C.

ETA, 2002. Annual Energy Outlook, 2002; Table 2 Energy Consumption by Sector and Source.

Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy., Washington DC, 2002. Data

website: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/.

DOE, meeting. Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers

Association. February, 1995.

6 DOC, Electric Lighting Fixtures.' 2001, 2003, Census Bureau, Washington D.C.

Vorsatz, D., L. Shown, J. Koomey, M. Moezzi, A. Denver, and B. Atkinson, Lighting Market

Sourcebookfor the U.S., 1997, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Berkeley, CA.

8 Conway, K. Conway & Silver, Energy Associates LLC dba LED Consulting. Navigant

Consulting, Inc. e-mail memo. February 26, 2003.

Atkinson, B. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley California. E-mail from

Barbara Atkinson to Navigant Consulting, Inc. March 25, 2003.

'° Rea, M. S., The JESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference andApplication, 9t Edition. 2002,

New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association, website information on members, 2003. (Last

Accessed March 26, 2003). <http://www.nema.org/index_nema.cfm/534>

12 U.S. Department of Energy- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building

Energy Standards Program: Determination Regarding Energy Efficiency Improvements in the

Energy Standard for Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, ASHRAE/TESNA

Standard 90.1-1999; Final Rule. Federal Register, 2002. 67(135): pp. 46464-46488.

ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise

Residential Buildings, I-P Edition, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc., approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee June 19, 1999,

and by the ASHRAE Board of Directors June 24, 1999.

14 International Dark Sky Association, Outdoor Lighting Regulations. (Last accessed April 2,

2003). <http ://www.darksky. org/ordsregs/odl-regs.html>

n

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CHAPTER 4. SUBSTITUTION ANALYSIS

As discussed in Chapter 1, this analysis examines if HID lamp standards with significant

energy savings are technologically feasible and economically justified. To study this, the

Department must first estimate the market response to a possible standard. In other words, the

Department makes an economic comparison between market behavior in the absence of

standards (i.e., business as usual, or the base case) and the market response in the presence of

standards (i.e., less-efficient lamps no longer available). For this analysis, the focus is on a

possible standard that could be met by lamps with efficacies above those typical of today's MV

lamps. Such a standard would have the effect of removing MV lamps from the HID market.

This chapter presents possible lighting technology options as substitutes for MV lamps

and fixtures. h developing of this framework, the Department considered product offerings

from all NEMA lamp manufacturers, and chose possible substitutes based on equivalent light

output. Appendix F has a complete listing of these products. The LCC and NES/NPV chapters

consider issues such as the cost of the affected lamps (and ballasts and fixtures, where

appropriate), energy consumed, effective lifetimes, maintenance, ]ight color, safety impacts, and

other performance characteristics of each particular option. Chapter 5 and 6 of this analysis

describe the economic analyses that the Department conducted to evaluate the impacts of

potential standards for HID lamps.

4.1 SUBSTITUTION ANALYSIS STRUCTURE: LAMP PURCHASING EVENTS AND

REPLACEMENT OPTIONS

This analysis builds on Table 3-13 (section 3.4.2) that lists the sectors and applications

where MV lamps are in use today. Within these product applications and sectors, there are three

possible situations or "HID lamp purchasing events" where consumers may purchase an HID

lamp: I) installing a new HID luminaire, II) replacing the lamp and ballast in an existing fixture

(i.e., ballast failure and discarded lamp), or III) replacing a failed HID lamp in an existing

installation.

The three HID lamp purchasing events are described briefly below, focusing on MV

lamps as the baseline technology. Under a standard, the baseline MV technology becomes

unavailable and the substitution technology option must use another light source (e.g., MH, HPS,

fluorescent, or induction technology).

I) New installation - The analysis compares an end-user's two choices for a new

installation: a new MV luminaire (baseline) or a new substitute luminaire using a

different light source.

II) Ballast failure - A MV ballast fails and needs replacement, or an end-user wants to

upgrade all the HID lamp fixtures at a given site. Within this scenario, there are two

possible replacement options:

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Ballast/lamp replacement, replacing the ballast/lamp in the existing MV fixture with

another MV ballast and lamp in the baseline case, or substituting a different light

source in the standards case (making sure the light output and distribution of the

luminaire with the new lamp match those of the retired MV lamp).

Luminaire replacement, containing either the baseline MV lamp or another substitute

light source. it is important to note that it is common practice in the lighting industry

to discard a used lamp with its failed ballast, even though the lamp may still have

useful life.

III) Lamp Failure - An MV lamp fails and the end-user needs to replace the lamp. h the

absence of standards, the replacement is another MV lamp. However, if there is a

standard in place that removes MV lamps from the market, there are three possible

replacement options:

Lamp replacement, using a substitute (or retrofit) lamp that operates on the existing

MV ballast. The direct substitution involves using a screw-in direct replacement (or

retrofit) HPS or MH lamp, which operates on an existing MV ballast within the

constraints of the MV fixture optics.

Ballast/lamp replacement, keeping the same MV HID fixture, but substituting the

lamp and ballast to operate with a different HID light source (ensuring the light

output and distribution of the luminaire with the new lamp match that of the retired

MV lamp).

Luminaire replacement, installing a new substitute luminaire, which includes a new

lamp, ballast, and fixture using a different light source.

Table 4-1 summarizes the three possible HID lamp purchasing events, the MV baseline

system, and the replacement options that the end-user may select. These possibilities represent

all the replacement scenarios the Department considered in its analysis.

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Table 4-1. HID Lamp Purchasing Events and MV Replacement Options

I

ki.

_______________

____ (I)'

I MV New Compare installation or replacement of an MV

New Installation Luminaire Luminaire

luminaire with a substitute luminaire of equivalent

light output.

MV Ballast/Lamp Compare replacement of an MV ballast and lamp

Ballast/Lamp Replacement combination to a substitute lamp and ballast

combination of equivalent light output.

Ballast Failure MV Luminaire Compare replacement of an MV ballast and lamp

Ballast/Lamp Replacement combination to a substitute luminaire (lamp,

ballast, and fixture) of equivalent light output.

MV Lamp Lamp Compare replacement of an MV lamp with that of

Replacement a screw-in substitute (or retrofit) lamp.

111 Ballast/Lamp Compare replacement of an MV lamp with that of

Lamp Failure MV Lamp Replacement a substitute ballast and lamp combination utilizing

the existing fixture.

MV Lamp Luminaire Compare replacement of an MV lamp with that of

Replacement a substitute luminaire (lamp, ballast, and fixture).

For each of the replacement options discussed above, there are several possible

substitution technology options (substitute lamps, ballasts, and luminaires) that an end-user could

select in response to a standard. Section 4.2 explores these substitution technology options.

It should be noted that, for this analysis, the Department only considered magnetic

ballasts (see section E.l of Appendix B). The magnetic ballast consists of a transformer (core

and coil), capacitor (for power factor correction), and ignitor (for HPS and PMH). in this

analysis, the Department treats the failure of any ballast component as a ballast failure.

4.2 SUBSTITUTION TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

The following sections present possible substitution technology options (or substitutions)

as a market response triggered by the three HID lamp purchasing events and associated

replacement options (as summarized in Table 4-1). However, the likelihood of each option

depends on the suitability of the replacement technology to the specific application.

Some substitutions are not suitable due to light output and spectral differences. For

instance, MH/HPS retrofit lamps for MV may result in greater system light output. Although

MH/HPS retrofit lamps for MV typically operate at a lower wattage than the MV baseline lamps,

they have much higher efficacy. Therefore, the substitute lamp generates more light than the

MV lamp it replaces, in spite of the reduction in energy consumption. If a 400-watt MH lamp

replaces a 400-watt MV lamp, much greater light output would result without any energy

savings. Higher light output for a system in an existing luminaire may cause glare, which can be

a safety hazard. Also, differences in SPD may exclude some substitution technology options for

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specific applications. For example, an HPS system may not adequately reproduce the visual

scene created by an MV system (e.g., in an interior lobby). Therefore, an HPS system would not

be a viable substitution for that particular application.

Some substitutions are not suitable due to fixture constraints. Safety issues may prohibit

a substitution for some applications. For example, some MV fixtures are not enclosed and

cannot provide protection against the possibility of a lamp rupture. For safety reasons, those

fixtures can only use lamps that are open-luminaire rated. Not all MH lamps meet this criterion.

Also, some substitutions may void the luminaire Underwriters Laboratories Inc (UL) safety

listing. In many outdoor applications, this is not problematic, since UL listing is not a

requirement. However, some building codes do require a UL listing and prohibit any

substitution technology option that voids UL listing.

Light distribution issues may prohibit some substitutions. Luminaires are manufactured

with precise optics to match the light distribution requirements of each application. Although a

substitute lamp, or a lamp used in a ballast/lamp replacement, may have the same bulb shape and

coupling specifications as the MV lamp it is replacing, the exact position of the arc tube in the

luminaire may vary, affecting the fixture optics. Most luminaires are equipped to compensate for

these small variations in arc tube positioning for optimal system performance. However, some

luminaires cannot adjust for these differences, and would exclude certain substitutions from

consideration.

Lighting economics could significantly impact the choice of a substitution. The lighting

industry uses group relamping practices to help minimize maintenance costs. Group relamping

is a practice where a maintenance contractor replaces the lamps in all luminaires in a group at

regularly scheduled time intervals. This maximizes utilization of labor and related tools to

perform the installation or replacement of the lamps, or possibly of entire luminaires. For

example, consider a series of MV streetlighting luminaires on a roadway. If a single lamp fails,

it is unlikely that the maintenance contractor would replace it with a single HPS light source

because of the difference in lamp color from MV light sources. However, the contractor could

replace the entire series of MV streetlighting luminaires with HPS or MH substitute luminaires

on the next scheduled relamping cycle.

4.2.1 Event I: New HID Luminaire Installations

For new installations, the Department based the substitution analysis on a direct

comparison between the baseline and a substitute luminaire with equivalent light output and

distribution. The fact that only three major MV luminaire types are available from key HID

luminaire manufacturers simplifies the analysis. The cobra head luminaire, used for

streetlighting, and the NEMA-head lurninaire, used in security applications in the commercial

and industrial sectors, are also commonly available with MH and HPS sources. A third

luminaire, a lantern shaped dusk-to-dawn security-type luminaire that can be pole-mounted or

wall-mounted on the exterior of buildings, is commonly available with HPS. In addition to these

three major luminaire types, a limited number of landscape lighting applications continue to

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specify MV luminairesa due to their long operational life and unique spectrum that enhances the

color of foliage.

4.2.2 Event II: HID Ballast Failure

For the HID lamp purchasing event where both the lamp and ballast of an existing MV

luminaire need replacing, the Department considered two possible replacement options:

1) replacement of the MV ballast/lamp with a substitute ballast/lamp, and 2) replacement of the

MV ballast/lamp with an equivalent substitute luminaire.

4.2.2.1 Ballast/Lamp Replacement Option

The Department based the first replacement option for the HID ballast failure event on

the substitution of an MV ballast and lamp with a different ballast/lamp combination. This case

involves replacing both the lamp and ballast in an existing MV luminaire. The bulb shape and

coupling of the substitute system must meet the same ANSI specifications of the MV system it is

replacing. The Department considered only substitutions with light output greater than or equal

to the existing MV source, based on the rated mean-lumen output of the bare lamp. Table 4-2

lists options the Department considered as possible substitutes for a baseline MV system.

a HID fixture optics are designed and tested to operate with a variety of HID lamps as long as the ANSI bulb shape

and base specifications are the same (ANSI C78.40).

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Table 4-2. Ballast/Lamp Substitutions

In the LCC and NES analyses, the Department compared the cost of a baseline MV

ballast and lamp against the cost of a suitable substitute ballast/lamp combination.

4-6

*The Department considered only scenarios represented by the unshaded boxes. Shaded boxes represent

less common MV application/wattages that the Department did not consider in this analysis.

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4.2.2.2 Luminaire Replacement

The Department based the second replacement option for the ballast failure event on the

substitution of an MV ballast and lamp with a luminaire of equivalent or greater light output and

distribution. For this case, the entire MV luminaire is discarded for a new equivalent luminaire.

The Department identified likely substitution technology options for these applications, based on

luminaire availability and performance. The substitutions also take into account the application

or lighting service performed by the existing MV luminaire. Table 4-3 lists options the

Department considered as possible replacements for a baseline MV system.

Table 4-3. Luminaire Substitutions*

In the LCC and NES analyses, the Department compared the cost of a baseline MV

luminaire against the cost of a suitable substitute luminaire.

4.2.3 Event III: HID Lamp Failure

The Department considered three possible replacement options for the lamp failure event:

(1) install a substitute lamp, (2) install a new ballast and lamp, or (3) replace the entire luminaire.

4-7

*The Department considered only scenarios represented by the unshaded boxes. Shaded boxes represent

less common MV application/wattages that the Department did not consider in this analysis.

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4.2.3.1 Lamp Replacement Option

The first replacement option for the lamp failure event compares the substitution of an

baseline MV lamp with an MH/HPS retrofit lamp. The substitute lamp can take the place of a

MV lamp, matching the bulb shape and base, with minimal or no change to the existing fixture

and ballast. Table 4-4 lists all the commercially available MH/HPS retrofit lamps for four MV

lamp wattages: 175, 250, 400, and 1000 watts. Suitability of substitute lamps for MV must take

into consideration the application and specifications of the existing luminaire.

Table 4-4. Lamp Replacement*

in the LCC and NES analyses, the Department compared the cost of a baseline MV lamp

against the cost of suitable substitute direct lamp replacements.

4.2.3.2 Ballast/Lamp Replacement Option

The Department based the second replacement option for the lamp failure event on

replacement of the existing MV ballast and lamp in the luminaire with a substitute ballast/lamp

combination. Table 4-2 (in section 4.2.2.1) lists the ballast/lamp substitutions the Department

considered for this replacement option. in the LCC and NES analyses, the Department compared

the cost of a baseline MV lamp against the cost of a suitable substitute ballast/lamp combination.

4.2.3.3 Luminaire Replacement Option

The Department based the third replacement option for the lamp failure event on the

replacement of the entire MV luminaire with a substitute luminaire of equivalent light output and

distribution. Just as in the ballast/lamp replacement case, the Department identified likely

4-8

*The Department considered only scenarios represented by the unshaded boxes. Shaded boxes represent

less conmion MV applicationlwattages that the Department did not consider in this analysis.

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substitutions for these applications, based on luminaire availability and performance. Table 4-3

lists the substitute luminaires the Department considered for this replacement option. In the LCC

and NES analyses, the Department compared the cost of a baseline MV lamp against the cost of

a suitable substitute luminaire.

4.3 SUMMARY OF RELEVANT SUBSTITUTION ANALYSES

Table 4-5 presents a summary of the outputs from the substitution analysis used in the

LCC analysis, based on this structure of HID lamp purchasing events, replacement options, and

substitution technology options. The MV substitution analyses presented in Table 4-I do not

apply to all product applications and wattages that the Department considered in this analysis.

For example, some of the product applications may not have any new MV luminaire

installations, rendering the new installation substitution analysis unnecessary. Therefore, the

Department considered only those specific HID lamp purchasing events for product applications

and MV lamp wattages shown in Table 4-5. As presented in Table 4-1 of section 4.1, the HID

lamp purchasing events correspond to the following:

I) New installation

II) Ballast failure

III) Lamp failure.

Table 4-5. Summary of HID Lamp Purchasing Event Analyses*

For each of the product applications, the unshaded boxes highlight the most common MV

wattage found in those applications. The Department selected these product application - MV

wattage combinations based on feedback from NEMA, lighting specifiers, and the Lighting

Market C7iaracterization report.1 The Department conducted LCC and NES analyses for each of

the unshaded boxes.

4-9

*The Department considered only scenarios represented by the unshaded boxes. Shaded boxes represent

less common MV application/wattages that the Department did not consider in this analysis.

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For the LCC analysis (Chapter 5), within an HID lamp purchasing event II or III, there is

more than one action an end-user may take. Within a lamp failure event (Type III), each of three

replacement option scenarios is possible. The Department performed the LCC analysis on each

replacement case separately. Then, the Department developed estimates of the likelihood of

each replacement being chosen by consumers in the market, such as 30 percent lamp-to-lamp, 25

percent lamp-to-ballast/lamp and 45 percent lamp-to-luminaire, based on consultation with

industry experts. Based on the LCC results and consultation with some industry experts, the

Department also developed likely substitution teclmology option weights for the technologies

that will replace the baseline technologies (see Chapter 5 for details on replacement options and

specific substitution technology options).

When constructing the NES analysis (Chapter 6), the Department estimated the

likelihood of each of the three HID lamp purchasing events occurring, based on lamp and ballast

lifetimes, estimated operating hours, and an estimated growth rate for new installations. As

discussed in Chapter 6, the Department used HID lamp purchasing event weights, replacement

option weights, and substitution technology option weights in the NES when combining these

scenarios into an aggregate national estimate of energy savings.

4.4 RELEVANT COMPONENTS FOR THE LIFE-CYCLE COST AND NATIONAL

ENERGY SAVINGS

This section summarizes all components (lamps, ballasts, and luminaires) for which the

Department gathered price data to conduct its energy and economic analyses. The Department's

methodology for gathering pricing data on these components appears in Chapter 5 and 6 of this

report.

The Department collected average industry prices on the 19 lamps listed in Table 4-6.

Table 4-6. Lamp Types by Technology

Table 4-7 lists the ballasts for which the Department obtained pricing data. All ballasts

rated greater than 150 watts are CWA multi-tap ballasts capable of operating at a variety of input

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* Lamps needed to complete luminaire package

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voltages (typically 120/240/277/480). The other ballasts are HX types designed to work at a

single input voltage of 120 volts. As discussed earlier, the ballast includes the coil and core,

capacitor, and ignitor (for HPS and PMH).

Table 4-8 lists the luminaire types for which the Department obtained pricing

information.

Table 4-8. Luminaire Types by Technology

_____ J L1IU

Security:

_

High-Bay: High-Bay: High-Bay: High-Bay:

175 watt 250 watt 250 watt 200 watt 6x42w CFL

Streetlighting: Large Area: Low-Bay: Low-Bay: Low-Bay:

175 watt 250 watt 100 watt 70 watt 4x26w CFL

Roadway Roadway High-Bay:

Architectural: Architectural: 4x54 T-5H0

100 watt 100 watt Low-Bay'

Streetlighting: Streetlighting: 3x32 T-8

100 watt 70 watt Small Area'

Large Area: Large Area: 85 watt Induction

250 watt 70 watt Roadway

Small Area: Small Area: Architectural:

100 watt 70 watt 85 watt Induction

Security: Security:

100 watt 70 watt

Landscape: Landscape:

100 watt 70 watt

It is important to note that manufacturers typically package fixtures without a lamp. In

other words, they package and sell only the fixture, which includes the housing, ballast, and

other associated electrical and mechanical components (e.g., wires, socket, mounting brackets,

fasteners). Therefore, in order to calculate the total price of a luminaire for the LCC analysis, the

Department determined the price of associated lamps separately, and added this to the fixture

price.

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Table 4-7. Ballast Types by Lamp Technology

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4.5 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

This section summarizes the characteristics of the substitution technology options for

each product application. The following eight tables present the substitutions analyzed in the

LCC and NES chapters. The tables compare the power savings potential of a substitution

technology option over a baseline MV system for each product application; they compare the

system power of a baseline MV system to each substitution. The likelihood of each substitution

depends on additional factors beyond potential energy savings. The LCC and NES chapters

detail the impacts and results of the most likely scenarios.

4.5.1 Substitution Technology Options for High-Bay Applications

Table 4-9 shows the substitution technology options for high-bay applications. The

baseline is a 400-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 453 watts. Lighting installations

in this application are generally indoors and employ a large number of luminaires mounted

symmetrically at heights over 25 feet above the ground plane to provide an even distribution of

light. Because changing out a failed lamp typically requires use of special lifts that further add to

maintenance costs, group relamping is common in this application. Also, because of the

economic and performance advantages of alternative technologies (i.e., MH, HPS, fluorescent),

new installations of MV luminaires are no longer cost-effective. Therefore, this analysis does

not consider new installations of MV luminaires in high-bay applications.

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Table 4-9. High-Bay 400W MV Baseline (System Power: 453 watts)

II

_________ IA!WLL________________________________________

I:New I New I

Instaljation J

Luminaire Not Applicable

360W MH 414 watts I 39 watts

Ballast/Lamp I

Replacement 320W PMH I

I

367 watts I 87 watts

I

I 250W1-fPS II 296watts I

I

l57watts

I 250W MH I 293 watts I 160 watts I

' 250W PMH I

I

I 288 watts

I

I 165 watts I Lurninaire

Replacement 200W HIPS

I

240 watts 213 watts

I

CFL (6x42w) 273 watts I 180 watts

T-5H0 (4x54w) 238 watts 215 watts

325W MR 383 watts 70 watts

Lamp 400W MR 453 watts 0 watts

Replacement 300W 1-lIPS 358 watts 95 watts

360W HPS 418 watts 35 watts

360W MH 414 watts 39 watts

Ballast/Lamp 320W PMH 367 watts 87 watts Replacement

250W BPS 296 watts 157 watts

250W MH 293 watts 160 watts

25OWPMH 288 watts 165 watts

Luminaire 200W HPS 240 watts 213 watts Replacement

CFL (6x42w) 273 watts 180 watts

T-5H0 (4x54w) 238 watts 215 watts

4.5.2 Substitution Technology Options for Low-Bay Applications

Table 4-10 shows the substitution technology options for low-bay applications. The

baseline is a 175-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 208 watts. Lighting installations

in this application are generally indoors and employ a large number of luminaires mounted

symmetrically to provide an even distribution of light. Although mounting heights are less than

25 feet above the ground plane and changing out a failed lamp typically does not require the use

of special lifts, group relamping is still common in this application. Also, because of the

economic and performance advantages of alternative technologies (i.e., MH, HPS, fluorescent),

new installations of MV luminaires are no longer cost-effective. Therefore, this analysis does

not consider installations of MV luminaires in high-bay applications.

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Table 4-10. Low-Bay 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts)

iii _________ ___________________ ________

1:New New I Not Applicable

Installation Luminaire

150W MH I 188 watts I 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp I

100W PMH 125 watts

I

I 83 watts

Replacement I I

I

150W liPS I 189 watts I 19 watts

I

I

I

I 100W PMH I 125 watts I 83 watts

Lurninaire I 7OWHPS 95 watts 113 watts

Replacement CFL (4x26w) 112 watts 96 watts

T-8 (3x32w) 87 watts 121 watts

Lamp 150W liPS 204 watts 4 watts

Replacement

150W MH 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

ISOWT-IPS 189 watts 19 watts

100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Luminaire 70W HPS 93 watts 115 watts

Replacement CFL (4x26w) 112 watts 96 watts

T-8 (3x32w) 87 watts 121 watts

4.5.3 Substitution Technology Options for Roadway Architectural Applications

Table 4-1 1 shows the substitution technology options for roadway architectural

applications. The baseline is a 175-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 208 watts.

Lighting installations in this application generally employ a large number of luminaires spaced

symmetrically along a roadway to provide an even distribution of light. Luminaires in this

application are pole-mounted at heights less than 50 feet above the ground plane and changing

out a failed lamp could require the use of special lifts. Group relamping is common in this

application. However, lighting economics is not the principal factor that drives the choice of

light source in this application. instead, luminaire aesthetics, in addition to light source color and

color rendering, are more important to create a particular visual impact. Luminaires for this

application are typically more expensive than typical streetlighting luminaires, significantly so in

some cases, and usually employ MH or HPS light sources. There are essentially no new

installations with MV lamps in roadway architectural applications.

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Table 4-11. Roadway Architectural 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts)

___

I: New New Not Applicable Installation Luminaire

150W MH 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

150W HPS 189 watts 19 watts

100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Lurninaire

Replacement 70W HPS 93 watts 115 watts

85W Induction 87 watts 121 watts

Lamp 150W HPS 204 watts 4 watts Replacement

150W MH 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp

Replacement 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

150W HPS 189 watts 19 watts

100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

- Luminaire 70W HPS 93 watts 115 watts Replacement

85W Induction 87 watts 121 watts

4.5.4 Substitution Technology Options for Streetlighting Applications

Table 4-12 shows the substitution technology options for streetlighting applications. The

baseline is a 175-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 208 watts. Lighting installations

in this application generally employ a large number of luminaires spaced symmetrically along a

roadway to provide an even distribution of light. Luminaires in this application are typically

pole-mounted at heights less than 50 feet above the ground plane and changing out a failed lamp

could require the use of special lifts. Group relamping is very common in this application.

Initial equipment cost and maintenance costs are the principal factors that drive the

choice of light source in this application. Due to the low initial cost of MV lamp systems and the

low maintenance requirements, some utilities and municipalities that own and operate these

luminaires continue to favor MV lamp systems. Although many entities have converted to more

efficient sources, this is one of a few applications where new MV systems persist.

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Table 4-12. Streetlighting 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts)

:

1: New I New I 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Installation Luminaiie 70W HPS 93 watts 115 watts

I

I I 150W MR I 188 watts 20 watts

I Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts I 83 watts Replacement I I

I5OWRPS 189 watts 19 watts I I I

Luminaire I IOOWPMH 125 watts 83 watts

Replacement 70W s 93 watts 115 watts

Lamp 150W HPS 204 watts

I

I 4 watts Replacement I I

I

I

I

I I

I 150W MR I 188 watts I 20 watts I

Ballast/Lamp

I

100W PMH 125 watts

I

I 83 watts Replacement I I

I 15OWHPS 189 watts 19 watts

Luminaire I 100W PMH I 125 watts I 83 watts

Replacement 70W s 93 watts 115 watts

4.5.5 Substitution Technology Options for Large Area Applications

Table 4-13 shows the substitution techno]ogy options for large area applications. The

baseline is a 400-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 453 watts. Lighting installations

in this application generally employ a large number of luminaires spaced symmetrically to

provide an even distribution of light in a specified outdoor area. Luminaires in this application

are typically pole-mounted at heights less than 50 feet above the ground plane and changing out

a failed lamp could require the use of special lifts. Group relamping is very common in this

application. Because of the economic and performance advantages of alternative technologies

(i.e., MH, HPS, fluorescent), new installations of MV luminaires are no longer cost-effective.

Therefore, this analysis does not consider new installations of MV systems for this application.

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Table 4-13. Large Area 400W MV Baseline (System Power: 453 watts)

I R 1"

J:New New Not Applicable Installation Luminaire

360W MH 414 watts 39 watts

Ballast/Lamp 320W PMH 367 watts 87 watts Replacement

250W BPS 296 watts 157 watts

250W MH 293 watts 160 watts

Luminaire 250W PMH 288 watts 165 watts Replacement

200W HPS 240 watts 213 watts

325W MH 383 watts 70 watts

Lamp 400W MR 453 watts 0 watts

Replacement 300W BPS 358 watts 95 watts

360W BPS 418 watts 35 watts

360W MI-I 414 watts 39 watts

Ballast/Lamp 320W PMH 367 watts 87 watts Replacement

250W BPS 296 watts 157 watts

250W MR 293 watts 160 watts

Luminaire 25OWPMH 288 watts 165 watts Replacement

200W I-IFS 240 watts 213 watts

4.5.6 Substitution Technology Options for Small Area Applications

Table 4-14 shows the substitution technology options for small area applications. The

baseline is a 175-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 208 watts. Lighting installations

in this application generally employ a large number of luminaires spaced symmetrically to

provide an even distribution of light in a specified outdoor area. Group relamping is common in

this application. Because of the economic and performance advantages of alternative

technologies (i.e., MH, HPS, fluorescent), new installations of MV luminaires are no longer costeffective. Therefore, this analysis does not consider new installations of MV systems for this

application.

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Table 4-14. Small Area 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts)

1:New New Not Applicable Installation Luminaire

150W MR 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

150W HIPS 189 watts 19 watts

100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Luminaire

Replacement 7OWHPS 93 watts 115 watts

85W Induction 87 watts 121 watts

Lamp 150W HPS 204 watts 4 watts Replacement

150W MR 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

150W HPS 189 watts 19 watts

CS

-J

100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

- Luminaire 70W HPS 93 watts 115 watts Replacement

85W Induction 87 watts 121 watts

4.5.7 Substitution Technology Options for Security Applications

Table 4-15 shows the substitution technology options for security applications. The

baseline is a I 75-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 208 watts. In commercial and

industrial sectors, lighting installations for this application generally employ luminaires spaced

symmetrically to provide an even distribution of light in a specified outdoor area, and group

relamping is common. In the residential sector, lighting installations are typically single outdoor

units.

Lighting economics is the principal factor that drives the choice of light source in this

application. Due to the low initial cost of MV lamp systems and the low maintenance

requirements, some owners and operators of these luminaires may favor MV lamp systems.

Therefore, this is one of the few applications for which new MV systems persist, especially in

the residential sector.

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Table 4-15. Security 175W MV Base line (System Power: 208 watts)

'

_

" F1'hI h h' hh'r

I: New New 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Installation Luminaire 70W HPS 93 watts 115 watts

150W MB 188 watts 20 watts

.2 Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

I5OWHPS 189 watts 19 watts

Luminaire IOOWPMH 125 watts 83 watts

Replacement 70W BPS 93 watts 115 watts

Lamp 150W HPS 204 watts 4 watts

Replacement

150W MH 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

150W HIPS 189 watts 19 watts

Lurninaire 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Replacement 70W BPS 93 watts 115 watts

4.5.8 Substitution Technology Options for Landscape Applications

Table 4-16 shows the substitution technology options for landscape applications. The

baseline is a 175-watt MV lamp with a system power rating of 208 watts. Until recently, the

ability of MV light sources to enhance the color of foliage allowed MV lamps to maintain a

share of new installations. However, with the availability of new low- and medium-power

alternatives in the past few years, MH lamps (and some fluorescent lamps) eventually replaced

MV lamps for this application. Therefore, this analysis does not consider new installations with

MV lamps in landscape applications.

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Table 4-16. Landscape 175W MV Baseline (System Power: 208 watts)

____

: .

1:New New Not Applicable Installation Liiminaire

I50WMH 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

150W HIPS 189 watts 19 watts

Luminaire 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Replacement 70W HIPS 93 watts 115 watts

Lamp 150W HPS 204 watts 4 watts Replacement

____________________________

150W MH 188 watts 20 watts

Ballast/Lamp 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts Replacement

150W HPS 189 watts 19 watts

Lumina ire 100W PMH 125 watts 83 watts

Replacement 70W HPS 93 watts 115 watts

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REFERENCES

Navigant Consulting, Inc., US. Lighting Market Characterization Volume I. National Lighting

inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate, September 2002, Navigant Consulting, Inc. for the

U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C.

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CHAPTER 5. LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES

Increasing the energy efficiency of a product in order to comply with a standard affects

the costs of purchasing and operating the product. Higher-efficiency products usually have

higher installed costs and lower operating costs. The Department performs a life-cycle cost

(LCC) analysis to help determine whether the operating cost savings of a standards-compliant

technology are sufficient to justify the higher installed costs.

For the purposes of this analysis, the Department analyzed a minimum efficacy standard

for HID lamps. The Department analyzed the LCC for selected common MV installations to

evaluate the economic impacts of various technology options.

5.1 FIXTURE TYPES FOR PRODUCT APPLiCATIONS AND SECTORS

To best analyze the most common uses of HID lamps in the product applications, the

Department selected a representative fixture type for each product application. The Department

assigned each fixture type to one or more of the sectors where HID lamps are in high usage for

that product application.

5.1.1 Representative Fixture Types for Product Applications

The Department selected a common fixture type to represent each product application, as

shown in Table 5-1. For discussion of product applications, see section 3.4.

Table 5-1. Representative Fixture Types for Product Applications

High-Bay Commercial and Industrial High-Bay

Low-Bay Commercial and Industrial Low-Bay

Roadway Architectural Public Roadway Architectural Lantern

Fixture

Streetlighting Public Cobrahead

Large Area Commercial and Industrial Standard Floodlight Pole-Mount

Small Area Commercial and Industrial Wall-Mount

Security, Commercial Commercial and Industrial NEMA Head & Industrial

Security, Residential

_________________________

Residential

___________________________________

Dusk-to-Dawn

Landscape Commercial Small Floodlight

5.1.2 Sectors

The product applications occur primarily in four specific sectors, described below:

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#14

Commercial Sector - This sector includes luminaires used for interior lighting in

commercial buildings. It also includes exterior lighting attached to, or associated with, a

commercial building or complex of commercial buildings whose owner pays for the lighting,

whether it is metered along with the interior lighting or metered separately.

Industrial Sector - This sector includes luminaires used for interior lighting in industrial

buildings. It also includes exterior lighting attached to, or associated with, an industrial building

or complex of industrial buildings whose owner pays for the lighting, whether it is metered along

with the interior lighting or metered separately.

Public Sector - This sector includes luminaires from the outdoor stationary sector

described in Chapter 3 that provide public roadway lighting (including rural roadways),

streetlighting, and area lighting (including parking lot lighting) not associated with the

residential, commercial, or industrial sectors. Generally, a municipality, local or rural authority,

or state highway department is responsible for paying for this lighting.

Residential Sector - This sector includes residential outdoor lighting that often uses HID

sources for security purposes, where the end-user pays for the lighting. This lighting may be

leased from a utility or customer-owned.

5.2 LIFE-CYCLE COST METHODOLOGY

The Department calculates the LCC by adding the installed cost and all the operating

costs until the end of the equipment lifetime, as shown in Equation 5.1. The total installed cost

for an HID system includes the equipment cost and the installation cost. The operating costs

include the electricity consumption and the lamp replacement equipment and labor costs. The

equation discounts future operating costs to the year of installation.

O

LCC = P + Eq. 5.1

(1+ r)

where:

P = Total installed cost ($),

= Sum over analysis period,

O = Annual operating cost ($),

r = Discount rate for costs, and

t = Lifetime (years).

The LCC savings is the difference between the LCC of the baseline technology option

and the LCC of the substitution technology option after standards.

Figure 5-1 illustrates the cumulative costs, which include the initial total installed cost

and the discounted annual operating costs, over the equipment lifetime for a hypothetical

baseline technology (no standards) and a substitution technology option (after standards).

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Typically, the more energy-efficient substitution technology option in the standards case has a

higher initial total installed cost than the baseline.

COSTS

(5)

so

Baseline LCC

Es ')

Es Es Es

Es Es

Es Difference:

Es Baseline - Standards

Es

0

LCC Savings

DOD

Years Since Purchase

Figure 5-1. Illustration of LCC for Two Technologies: Baseline and Standards

Over the years that the HID system is in use, the system incurs lamp replacement costs

and, in some cases, ballast replacement costs, as well as electricity costs. The baseline system

consumes more electricity than the energy-efficient substitution technology option in the

standards case, so the total LCC is generally higher for the baseline technology than for the

standards case.

Figure 5-2 shows a flow diagram, illustrating the inputs, calculated values, and outputs of

the LCC analysis. A representative value or a range of values (for sensitivity analysis) represents

each input. The Department annotated data sources in the LCC and PBP model and fully

documented them in this section and in section H. I of Appendix H. The model incorporates

pull-down menus to enable users to conduct their own sensitivity analyses (i.e., alternatives to

the default assumptions).

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Equipment

Price

Contractor

rp

End User

Direct Price

(Security,

Residentiat)

System

Wattage

Operating

Hours

Life-Cycle

Cost

Figure 5-2. Flow Diagram of Life-Cycle Cost and Payback Period Analysis

The Department performed the LCC analysis using representative values for product

prices and lifetimes, energy costs, energy usage, and discount rates. The Department analyzed

the LCC of the MV baseline technology and one or more substitution technology options (MH

and HPS options as well as fluorescent and induction systems in some product applications).

The following sections discuss and document the LCC inputs.

IESNA's Lighting Handbook, 9th edition (2000) presents a calculation method for the

LCC of lamps. Appendix G of this document describes this method and compares it to the

Department's proposed calculation method for analyzing HID lamp systems.

5.3 TOTAL INSTALLED COST

The total installed cost for an HID system includes the equipment cost (i.e., lamp, ballast

and lamp, or luminaire) and the installation cost (i.e., labor).

5-4

Sales Tax

Annual

Electricity

Consumption

Electricity

Price

Replacement

Lamp & Labor

Costs

Lamp Lifetime

Labor Rate

Labor Time

Equipment

Cost

Annual

Electricity

Cost

Ballast

Lifetime

Lamp

Replacement

Cost

Installation

Coat

Total

Installed

Cost

Operating

Cost

Analysis

Period

Payback

Period

Lifetime

Operating

Cost

Terminal

Value

(as crcdit)

Discount Rate

Electricity

Price Trend

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5.3.1 Equipment Cost

The equipment cost represents the equipment price plus the sales tax. The equipment

price is either the end-user's direct price or, if the equipment is purchased through a contractor,

the contractor's net equipment price plus a contractor markup.

Because HID lamps are part of a system, the Department gathered prices for all luminaire

components (lamp, ballast, and fixture). The initial equipment price includes lamp, ballast and

lamp, or luminaire. When a lamp or ballast fails, it triggers an HID lamp purchasing event in

which an end-user replaces only the lamp, or the ballast and lamp, or the entire luminaire (see

Chapter 4). For each of these events, the Department considered the corresponding equipment

cost.

The Department gathered equipment prices through lighting designers, lighting

specifiers, manufacturer representatives and electrical distributors.a All prices gathered assume

that the contractor purchasing the equipment has good credit.

5.3.1.1 Equipment Price

The Department gathered equipment price data from several sources for HID fixtures,

ballasts, and lamps. The Department based equipment pricing for the commercial, industrial,

and public sectors on a distribution channel involving electrical distributors. For the residential

sector, the Department based equipment pricing on distribution channels involving regional

retailers and mail order distributors. For discussion on distribution channels, see section 3.2.2.

The Department applied a contractor markup (where appropriate) and sales tax to create a set of

end-user prices for these system components as inputs to the LCC analysis.

Fixture Prices

For the fixture types in Table 5-1, the Department identified specific fixture models for

each lamp technology and wattage from at least two different fixture manufacturers. The

Department gathered prices for specific fixtures and components from manufacturers'

representatives or from electrical distributors. All prices assume that the contractor purchasing

the equipment has good credit. The minimum, median, and maximum prices used in the LCC

model are the simple averages of three or more minimum, median, or maximum prices from two

or more manufacturers. Minimum prices assume a total job order of about $50,000, while the

maximum prices assume a job order of $5,000. Median prices are the typical prices paid by a

small- to medium-size contractor ordering a small- to medium-quantity of materials. Street and

roadway fixture prices represent those for a roadway lighting contractor. The fixture prices do

not include the lamp price. See section H.2.l of Appendix H for further details on the fixture

prices.

Ballast Prices

For the replacement ballasts considered in the analysis, the Department gathered average

prices for small quantities of the most commonly purchased ballasts. The Department received

a The Department subcontracted Lighting Forensics and Advanced Design and Development to gather equipment

prices. Section H.2.6 of Appendix H provides details on the Department's subcontractors.

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prices for magnetic HID and electronic fluorescent ballasts each from at least two of four major

ballast manufacturers.

All ballast prices represent contractor net price plus contractor markup for ballasts

purchased from a distributor. The Department computed a simple average end-user price from

all the ballast prices received. For a sensitivity analysis, the Department took a percentage of

this simple average to represent minimum and maximum price: 90 percent for the minimum

price and 110 percent for the maximum price. See section H.2.l of Appendix H for further

details on ballast prices.

Lamp Prices

The Department received prices for HID and fluorescent lamps from four major lamp

manufacturers based on a contractor net for lamps purchased from a distributor. The exception

was the induction lamp, whose price included the ballast and fixture. A simple average of the

contractor net prices received plus a contractor markup determined the end-user price. For a

sensitivity analysis, the Department took a percentage of this simple average to represent

minimum and maximum price: 90 percent for the minimum price and 110 percent for the

maximum price. See section H.2.l of Appendix H for more information on lamp prices.

5.3.1.2 Contractor Markup

For the contractor markup on HID lighting, the Department used 15 percent. For the

Department's energy efficiency standards rulemaking for fluorescent lamp ballasts,1 the

contractor markup was 13 percent. However, due to greater mounting heights, special equipment

requirements, and higher risks (i.e., safety, equipment damage), contractors typically apply a

slightly larger markup rate for HID lighting installations.

5.3.1.3 End-User Direct Price

In some cases, the end-users purchase equipment directly instead of through a contractor.

The luminaire prices for the residential security product application are the Internet prices of

major retail outlets that deal directly with end-users. The replacement lamp prices for this

product application are the average lame price of several Internet mail order businesses plus 20

percent to cover shipping and handling.

5.3.1.4 Sales Tax

The Department obtained information on state and local sales tax from the Sales Tax

Clearinghouse.2 The Department calculated a national, population-weighted sales tax by

weighting the combined state and local tax rates by the population in each state (51 including the

District of Columbia).3 The weighted average is 6.8 percent.

The Department is aware that for the public sector, some public agencies such as state

highway departments do not pay sales tax. However, other entities in this sector, such as cities,

b The Department collected all Internet prices during the week of June 9, 2003. Dusk-to-dawn fixture prices were

collected from Lowe's (www.lowes.com), Home Depot (www.homedepot.com), and E Lights (elights.com). MV

lamp prices were collected from bulbs.com and l000bulbs.com. HPS lamp prices were collected from the National

Lighting Company (natltg.com) and 1 000bulbs.corn.

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do pay state sales taxes. The Department did not estimate the percentage of public sector entities

that do not pay state sales tax; however, it assumes this percentage to be low, as state highways

comprise less than ten percent of paved roads. Thus, the Department considered sales tax on all

purchases of HID lighting equipment for all sectors.

5.3.2 Installation Cost

The installation cost considers the time to install or replace a lamp, ballast, or luminaire

with the associated labor rate. The Department quantified differences in labor time (e.g.,

between installing a lamp and replacing a luminaire) and included these in the LCC analysis.

5.3.2.1 Labor Times

The Department derived labor times from the 2003 National Electrical Estimator.4 For

luminaires, these times assume the installation is for new construction. The installation of

replacement luminaires usually involves working around furniture and equipment. In all cases,

the Department based labor times on these new construction values, which may underestimate

the actual labor times when replacing luminaires. Section H.2.2 of Appendix H details the

assumptions used for labor times for fixtures, lamps, and ballasts. The Department assumed that

when ballasts are replaced, associated lamps are also replaced, so ballast replacement labor times

include time for lamp replacements.

5.3.2.2 Labor Rates

The Department derived labor rates for electricians and helpers from RS Means, 2003.

Labor rates are the sum of the wage rate, employer-paid fringe benefits (i.e., vacation pay,

employer-paid health, and welfare costs) and any appropriate training and industry advancement

funds costs. An electrician's average hourly rate with overhead and profit is typically $56.15,

and a helper's average hourly rate is $37.05.

The Department assumed that 50 percent of the electrician labor rate and 50 percent of

the helper labor rate comprise the luminaire and ballast installation rate. For lamp replacements,

the Department assumed that 100 percent of the electrician's helper labor rate comprises the

lamp replacement rate.

5.4 LIFETIME OPERATING COST

The lifetime operating cost includes the annual operating costs, discounted over the LCC

analysis period at an appropriate discount rate. Elements of the Department's methodology for

performing this analysis are as follows:

The analysis period starts in 2011, the probable start year for possible minimum

efficiency standards for HID lamps.

The analysis uses electricity prices projected over the analysis period (see section 5.4.4,

Electricity Price Trends).

Discount rate varies by sector (see section 5.4.3, Discount Rate for LCC).

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The analysis discounts energy cost savings and equipment costs to the probable start year

for standards (2011).

All monetary results are in 2002 dollars.

5.4.1 Operating Cost

The operating cost is the sum of the annual electricity costs plus any replacement or

maintenance costs (see section 5.2). Annual electricity cost is the product of the annual

electricity consumption times the electricity price for any given year. In the case of HID lamps,

replacement costs arise from lamp replacements that occur at regular intervals during the

analysis period. Section 5.4.1.2 discusses lamp replacement costs.

5.4.1.1 Annual Electricity Cost

The annual electricity cost is the product of the annual electricity consumption and the

electricity price of the analysis year.

Annual Electricity Consumption. The Department calculated energy consumption as the

product of system wattage and operating hours.

System Wattage - The Department obtained system wattages by averaging system

(ballast/lamp) wattages from at least three major ballast manufacturers' catalogs and product

literature. The Department gathered data from at least two manufacturer catalogs, choosing

ballasts from the tables in Chapter 4.

Operating Hours - The Department adapted operating hours for the commercial,

industrial, and public sectors from the Lighting Market Characterization,5 shown in Table 5-2,

which based its estimates on a national database of lighting audits of existing buildings for the

commercial and industrial sector, and on data from state and local transportation agencies for the

public sector.

The Department estimated that public sector HID lamps operate 4140 hours per year.

Typical lighting systems in this sector use photosensors that turn lights on after sunset and off

before sunrise. The Department thinks this estimate is representative of the national annual

average of daily operating hours throughout the year, in various US latitudes and longitudes.

The Department is aware that some photocontrols fail in the "on" position and maintenance

personnel may not always repair them immediately, resulting in "day burners" with longer

operating hours. However, IESNA's Design Guide 13, Guide for the Selection of Photocontrols

for Outdoor Lighting Applications, estimated that the overall increase in operating hours due to

photocontrol failure is between 25 and 75 hours annually per system. This overall increase of

hours represents less than 2 percent of the estimated annual operating hours; therefore, the

Department did not adjust the operating hours due to photocontrol failures.

Similar to public sector HID lamps, residential sector outdoor security and commercial

landscape applications generally use photocontrols that operate them from dusk to dawn.

Therefore, the Department used 4140 annual operating hours for these applications.

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Electricity Prices. When conducting a standards rulemaking, the Department normally

uses marginal energy prices for valuing energy savings. Marginal prices are prices that

consumers pay (or save) for the last units of energy used (or saved). Marginal prices reflect a

change in a consumer's bill (possibly associated with new energy efficiency standards) divided

by the corresponding change in the amount of energy the consumer used. However, marginal

prices are not readily available for most of the sectors considered in this analysis. Furthermore,

since most HID lighting usage occurs during periods when the electricity system is not under

peak demand, the impact of marginal pricing is less than the impact for daytime electricity usage.

Thus, the Department used average prices for this analysis for the commercial, industrial, and

residential sectors. As noted below, the Department did use marginal prices for the public sector

due to complications associated with public sector pricing.

The Department calculated average electricity prices for the commercial, industrial, and

residential sectors from Energy Information Administration (EIA) data for the year 2000,

reported by utilities on EIA Form 861 . As discussed in section H.2.5 of Appendix H, the

Department estimated a weighted-average electricity price by weighting the revenue and

kilowatt-hour (kWh) sales data for each utility according to the utility's share of total customers.

The Department converted all prices to 2002 dollars. The resulting prices in year 2000 are:

Commercial Sector: 8.00/kWh

Industrial Sector: 5 .60/kWh

Residential Sector: 9.00/kWh

The Department initially used data from the year 2000, rather than later years, because as of 2001, Form 861 no

longer breaks out public street and highway lighting; these data are now included in a category called "Other."

Since the LCC and PBP model projects the electricity prices for future years from Annual Energy Outlook (AEO)

2003 data, which are also based on EIA data, the values in the model for the year 2002, for example, will be the

same as those that the model projects from year 2000 ETA data.

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Table 5-2. Annual Operating Hours for HID Lighting

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For public sector applications, preliminary stakeholder input indicated that average prices

derived from ETA data (with values of 10-11 0/kWh) were not solely for energy consumption.

Therefore, the Department investigated actual street lighting tariffs from a sample of utilities for

purposes of deriving marginal energy prices. Section H.2.5 of Appendix H discusses how the

Department calculated effective marginal prices using a regression analysis on data from a subsample of utilities from across the country for this sector. The overwhelming majority of these

calculated marginal prices fell between the range of 20/kWh to 80/kWh. Due to the large

uncertainty associated with marginal prices, the Department conducted the LCC analysis using

the following three values for the average national electricity price for public sector lighting:

20/kWh, 50/kWh, and 80/kWh.

The Department applied projected price trends to current electricity prices to obtain

electricity prices for future years (see Electricity Price Trends, section 5.4.4).

5.4.1.2 Lamp Replacement Costs

During the life of an HID ballast, the HID lamp will fail and need replacement. The

following sections discuss the calculation of the resulting replacement lamp equipment and labor

costs.

Lamp Lifetime andRelamping Hours. The Department used manufacturers' catalogs to

determine rated lamp lifetimes. For lamp replacements, the Department estimated current

relamping hours (the number of hours after which end-users typically replace lamps) through

consensus consultations with experts about spot and group relamping practices and times.

Experts consulted included a lighting maintenance company manager, an electrical contractor, a

facilities manager from a national retail chain, and a manager from an industrial plant. The

Department learned that, in many cases, end users "spot replace" individual lamps when they fail

(on average, at the end of rated lifetime). In other cases, end-users "group relamp" all lamps in a

space at predetermined intervals (usually 70 percent of rated life) as preventive maintenance.

Relamping hours are a weighted average of the percentage of spot relamping and group

relamping conducted in each sector and application. For example, the Department assumed that

interior commercial HID end-users group relamp their fixtures 5 percent of the time and spotrelamp them 95 percent of the time. For interior industrial fixtures, the Department assumed that

group relamping occurs 75 percent of the time and spot relamping occurs 25 percent of the time.

Sections H.2.3 and H.2.4 of Appendix H contain detailed documentation of the relamping

hour replacement estimates.

Replacement Lamp and Labor Costs. Lamp replacement costs include the lamp price

plus the labor to install the lamp. The Department calculated the number of lamp replacements

during a ballast lifetime by dividing the ballast rated lifetime, in hours, by the lamp rated

lifetime, in hours, and rounding to the next lower integer. For each lamp replacement, the LCC

calculation accounts for lamp replacement costs in the year in which they occur and discounts

that cost to the initial equipment installation year. In the cases of HID lamp purchasing events I

(new installation) and II (ballast failure), the Department assumed that the end-user discards the

partially used lamp when the ballast reaches the end of its operating life.

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5.4.2 Ballast Lifetime and Analysis Period

For this LCC analysis, the Department based the analysis period on the ballast service

life, as discussed below.

5.4.2.1 Ballast Lifetime and Ballast Service Life

In the substitution analysis, all HID ballasts, including those in luminaires, are

electromagnetic ballasts. The Department used 50,000 hours as the HID ballast lifetime.6

The service life of HID ballasts (in years) is the rated ballast lifetime (in hours) divided

by its annual operating hours. Annual operating hours are specific to each product application

and sector.

5.4.2.2 Analysis Period

The Department usually bases its period of analysis for calculating LCC on the service

life of the technology under analysis. However, for HID lamps, operating lifetimes vary among

components (lamp, ballast, and fixture) and among technology options (e.g., MV lamp, MH

lamp, HPS lamp). Since some of the baseline lamp technologies have different lifetimes than the

substitution technology options that will substitute for them in the standards cases, any single

period of analysis does not accurately account for the service life of the substitutions considered.

To facilitate a fair comparison of costs among the substitutions, the Department analyzed all

substitution technology options within each HID lamp purchasing event over the same analysis

period.

The Department used one ballast service life as the period of analysis for HID lamp

purchasing events I (new installation) and II (ballast failure). The Department used one-half of

one ballast service life as the period of analysis for HID lamp purchasing event III (lamp failure).

The Department selected one-half a ballast service life because it is unknown how long any

ballast in this event has been operating when the lamp fails. The Department assumed that the

representative ballast has been in service an average of one-half of a ballast lifetime.

Thus, the period of analysis (in years) for events I and II is 50,000 hours divided by the

annual operating hours (by product application and sector). The period of analysis for HID lamp

purchasing event III is 25,000 hours divided by the annual operating hours.

5.4.3 Discount Rate for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis

The calculation of end-user LCC uses a discount rate to calculate the present value of

future annual operating costs. The discount rate approximates the cost of capital for end-users

purchasing HID lamps. Conceptually, the cost of capital reflects all the funding sources

available to the purchaser, including debt financing and retained profits (owner's equity).

Consequently, the most appropriate discount rate depends on the characteristics of the

businesses, institutions, or other parties affected by a standard.

The Department used a real (inflation-adjusted) discount rate of 8 percent for the

commercial and industrial sectors, and performed sensitivity analyses at 4 percent and 15

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percent. These are the same discount rates the Department used for these sectors in the

fluorescent ballast rulemaking.1

The Department based the discount rate for the public sector (roadway, street, and area

lighting) on the national average state and local bond rate, adjusted for inflation. The discount

rate is 3 percent, with sensitivities of 1 percent and 7 percent.7 The rationale for using Federal

Reserve Board data is that both municipalities and state highway agencies use bonds to finance

capital and operating costs.

The discount rate used for residential outdoor lighting is 6 percent, with sensitivities at 2

percent and 10 percent. The discount rate of 6 percent is approximately the same rate used in the

residential central air conditioner rulemaking.8 The Department chose discount rate sensitivities

of 2 percent and 10 percent to provide reasonable estimates of the lower and upper bounds of the

residential discount rate.

5.4.4 Electricity Price Trends

The Department used the AEO 2003 electricity price forecast to project prices from the

base year (2000) to 2025. It used the AEO 2003 projections of commercial, industrial, and

residential prices for those sectors, respectively. The Department used the "average" price

projection (which is an average from all sectors) from AEO 2003 to project the public sector

prices from the base year throughout the analysis period.

The Department used a linear extrapolation based on the last ten years (2015-2025) in the

forecast to project prices to the end of the analysis period (2035). In the LCC and PBP model,

the user may select from the following three AEO scenarios to project prices: Reference Case,

High Growth, or Low Growth.

5.5 TERMINAL VALUES

As discussed in section 5.4.2.2, the analysis period for HID lamp purchasing event III

(lamp failure) is one-half of a ballast service life. For MH/HPS retrofit lamps substituting for

MV under this HID lamp purchasing event, the Department assumed that the existing ballast will

fail, on average, at the end of the analysis period and the end-user will discard its partially used

lamp. However, for ballast/lamp replacement and luminaire replacement under this HID lamp

purchasing event, the Department applied "terminal values" to the equipment at the end of the

shortened analysis period to account for the fact that the equipment will continue to function

after the analysis period. A terminal value is the remaining value of the technology option from

the end of the period of analysis to the end of its service life. The LCC model applies this

terminal value as a "credit" at the end of the analysis period, and discounts it back to the start of

the analysis period. For event III, the baseline technology is an MV lamp replacement; at the

end of the analysis period, the ballast fails and the end-user discards this lamp. Therefore the

baseline does not have a terminal value.

Equation 5.2 illustrates how the Department calculated "terminal values" of equipment at

the end of the shortened analysis period for the ballast/lamp replacement option under HID lamp

purchasing event III (lamp failure). Since the analysis period is one-half of the ballast service

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life, the Department assumed that the remaining value of the ballast is one-half of the ballast

cost. The terminal value of the lamp is the lamp replacement cost prorated by the lamp's

remaining service life. The LCC calculation then accounts for the present value of these terminal

values of the equipment as a credit, i.e., subtracts it from the LCC.

TV =

COStballast + COStLamp Rpl 2

anah,sis -n LifeLa,np 1 [l_(

LifeLaflzp

Eq. 5.2

where:

TV = total terminal value,

COSt ballast = cost of the ballast,

COStLamp Rpl = cost of the lamp replacement,

P analysis = shortened analysis period (i.e., one-half of the ballast service life),

n = number of lamp replacements within the analysis period, and

LfeLamp = life to the lamp.

For the luminaire replacement option under HID lamp purchasing event III (lamp

failure), Equation 5.3 illustrates how the Department incorporated a terminal value as a credit in

the LCC calculation. This terminal value is half the luminaire installed cost, excluding the cost

of the lamp, plus the prorated lamp replacement cost according to the remaining service life of

the lamp at the end of the shortened analysis period.

TV =

CoStLim -COStLamp

+ COSt Lamp RpI . [i -

[nalYsis - . 1 Eq. 5.3

2 LfeLaflp Jj

where:

COStLum = cost of the luminaire.

5.6 INCOME TAX EFFECTS

The Department did not include income tax effects in this LCC draft analysis but is

considering whether to include their impact in future analyses. The Department recognizes that

there are two ways in which taxes affect the net impacts attributed to purchasing more energyefficient equipment compared to baseline equipment: (1) energy-efficient equipment typically

costs more to purchase than baseline equipment, which in turn lowers net income and may lower

company taxes; and (2) efficient equipment typically costs less to operate than baseline

equipment, which in turn increases net income and may increase company taxes. In some cases,

these two tax impacts balance each other out; in other cases, tax benefits outweigh costs; and in

still other cases, tax costs outweigh benefits. In general, the net impact of taxes on the LCC

analysis depends on: (1) company profitability and (2) company "expense" practices (how

companies expense the purchase cost of equipment). In the case of company profitability, data

from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Value Line survey indicate that a large

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percentage of companies do not pay taxes.9'10 Thus, for these companies, income taxes have no

bearing on the LCC analysis. For those companies that do pay taxes, their "expense" practice,

such as straight-line depreciation, accelerated depreciation, or first year expensing, affects the

degree to which taxes are affected. Consideration of income taxes is also complex because some

government agencies, such as state transportation departments, do not pay income tax.

Depreciation credits and tax deductions for the various stakeholders are another complicating

factor. Thus, the Department decided not to account for income taxes in the LCC.

5.7 PAYBACK PERIOD METHODOLOGY

The Department calculated the simple PBP for the HID lamp substitution technology

options. The Department also performed a sensitivity analysis using an alternate payback

calculation method to account for lamp replacement costs. This section describes both of these

calculation methods. The results of the payback analysis, including the sensitivity analysis, are

in the tables in section 5.8 below.

5.7.1 Simple Payback Period

A simple measure of the impact of an energy-efficiency standard is the PBP. PBP relates

the increase in total installed costs to the decrease in annual operating costs, where the

differences are between the baseline and the substitution technology option. In the simple

payback analysis for HID lamps operating costs are equivalent to electricity costs. The

Department does not discount costs in this formulation of PBP.

The PBP is the amount of time (in years) needed to recover through lower electricity

costs, BC, the additional consumer purchasing costs (PC), for the substitution technology option.

In this analysis, the Department used the operating costs in the first year. Therefore, the equation

has the simple solution:

PBP=-

AEC

where:

Eq. 5.4

PBP = time (in years) needed to recover through lower operating costs,

APC = difference in purchase (and installation) price between the baseline and the

energy-efficient models, and

AEC = decrease (savings) in annual electricity costs.

The JESNA Lighting Handbook presents a calculation method for PBP. Appendix G of

this document describes this method and compares it to the simple PBP calculation method. For

those cases where non-uniform cash flows are non-existent or not considered, the simple PBP

method described here and in the IESNA Handbook are equivalent.

The Department calculated the sensitivity of the PBP to lamp replacement costs, a type of

non-uniform cash flow. Section 5.7.2 below presents this PBP calculation method that accounts

for lamp replacement costs.

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5.7.2 Payback Period Sensitivity Analysis: Alternative Calculation Method

As discussed above, the Department calculated simple PBP considering only annual

electricity costs as operating costs, without accounting for lamp replacement costs. Because this

is an HID lamp standards analysis, by definition the simple PBP includes only the cost of the

initial lamp. In contrast, the LCC analysis reflects the costs of all system components throughout

the LCC analysis period. For this reason, it is difficult to directly compare the results of the

simple payback calculation with results of the LCC analysis.

However, estimating the PBP for a lighting system with a lamp and ballast is more

complex than calculating the PBP for a single piece of equipment. The ballast has a longer

service life than does the lamp, so during the ballast's lifetime the lamp will fail and need

replacement one or more times. In comparison with the baseline HID system, substitution

technology options that use different types of lamps with different lifetimes will have lamp

replacement costs that occur at different times during the life of the ballast. A longer lamp life

results in a lower operating cost. The alternative PBP method described here accounts for these

differences in lamp life.

The alternative PBP calculation includes lamp replacement costs and considers them to

be part of the operating costs. While this is not strictly a "simple" PBP, the inclusion of lamp

replacement costs offers another approach to the calculation of lighting system economics.d

This alternative PBP approach includes an aimual lamp replacement cost (LRC). The

LRC divides the cost of the replacement lamp (equipment and labor cost) by the lamp service life

in years. In other words, it is "one year's worth" of the expenditure for the replacement lamp.

Note that this calculation does not annualize the lamp replacement cost value according to

financial accounting methods involving discount rates.

The LRC is equal to:

LRC = Cost of Lamp Replacement

Lamp Life Eq. 5.5

For this alternative PBP calculation, annual operating costs for the system include annual

electricity costs plus annual lamp replacement costs, as in Equation 5.6.

d The Department used the alternative PBP approach described in its rulemaking for fluorescent lamp ballasts.

(Department of Energy, Technical Support Document Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products:

Fluorescent Lamp Ballast, Proposed Rule; Notice. Federal Register, 2000. 65(194): pp. 59590-59632.)

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PBP =

-

APC Eq. 5.6

AEC+ALRC

where:

PC = purchase cost,

EC = electricity cost, and

LRC = lamp replacement cost.

5.8 RESULTS OF THE LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSES

The Department performed LCC and PBP analyses for the substitution technology

options in the product applications and sectors shown in Table 4-9 through Table 4-16 of the

substitution analysis chapter. Table 5-3 through Table 5-16 present the LCC and PBP results.

For the public sector, these tables show LCC and PBP results for each of the three electricity

rates studied for that sector.

5.8.1 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Results

The difference in LCC between the baseline technology and the substitution technology

option is the LCC savings. Positive values represent net savings and negative values (in

parentheses) represent net costs.

The Department based the LCC savings on electricity price trends from the AEO 2003

Reference Case scenario. These LCC savings are also based on the middle discount rate value

for the applicable sector (e.g., 8 percent for the commercial and industrial sectors, 3 percent for

the public sector, and 6 percent for the residential sector). Section H.3.l of Appendix H presents

the sensitivity results for minimum and maximum discount rate values.

For each of the substitution technology options, the tabular results include the following

columns:

G Total Installed Cost or Increase ($)

• Lifetime Energy Cost or Savings ($)

• Lifetime Lamp Replace(ment) Cost or Savings ($)

• Terminal Value Savings ($)

• LCC or LCC Savings ($)

Each table also includes rows for the baseline MV technologies for each applicable HID

lamp purchasing event. As indicated by the table footnote, entries in these baseline rows for the

columns listed above are reference cost or values from which the model calculates differences,

rather than increased cost or savings as for the substitution technology options.

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The LCC and PBP spreadsheet model provides a more complete set of tabular results that

include a breakdown of the total installed costs and operating costs for each substitution

technology option.

When viewing the LCC results, note that, even in cases where the substitution technology

option has a lower system wattage than does the baseline, the lifetime operating costs can be

higher than those of the baseline due to lamp replacement costs.

Direct comparison of the results for HID lamp purchasing events I (New Luminaire) and

II (Ballast/Lamp Failure) with those of event III (Lamp Failure) is not valid. As discussed earlier

in this chapter, the analysis period for events I and II is one ballast service life, while the analysis

period for event III is one-half of a ballast service life.

5.8.2 Payback Period Analysis Results

As mentioned above, the Department calculated PBP using two methods. The first is

simple payback, dividing the increased total installed cost by the first year's electricity savings.

Table 5-3 through Table 5-16 present the results of this simple payback analysis.

The alternative payback calculation method accounts for LRCs. This alternative method

yields longer paybacks because operating costs include the LRC in the denominator. Table 5-3

through Table 5-16 show the results for this alternative payback sensitivity analysis.

The payback results section of the tables includes these columns:

First Year Energy Cost or Savings ($)

Simple PBP (years)

PPB with Lamp Replace(ment) Costs (years)

For the baseline technology rows, as the j-j- footnote in the tables indicate, the entry in the

first payback column represents the baseline first year energy costs (rather than the cost savings).

When viewing the LCC results, it is important to note the following two points:

1) There are some technology options in the results tables with simple payback values

even when the lifetime operating costs are greater than those of the baseline. This

occurs because the simple payback does not include lamp replacement costs.

2) There are technology options under event III (Lamp Failure) with positive LCC

savings but relatively longpaybacks with lamp replacement costs. In these cases, the

LCC savings are small and the PBP is just a bit longer than the analysis period. This

is because of the terminal value savings, without which the LCC savings for these

cases would be negative.

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Table 5-3. LCC and PBP Results for High-Bay, Commercial Sector

• II I I

New Installation

NewMV

Luminaire NA - - - - - -

Baseline:400W MV Ballast/Lamp SI4l 51053?t 527ff

- $1221 $l21 -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

36OWMH $12 $93 ($40i - $41 $11 1 2

320WPMH $30 $200 ($45) - $125 $23 1 2

Replace 250W HPS $27 $365 $2 - $341 $42 1

Ballast Failure Ballast/Lamp

Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $16 $372 ($104) - $252 $43 0.4 0.5

25OWPMH $35 $383 ($73) - $276 $44 1 1

200WHPS $21 $495 $3 - $477 $57 0.4 0.4

CFL (6x42w) $313 $418 ($239) - ($134) $48 6 16

T-5H0 (4x54w) $272 $500 ($47) - $181 $58 5 5

Baseline: 400W MV Lamp S49 S694 - 743tt 5121tt - -

Substitute Lamp

325WMH $34 $107 ($55) - $18 $19 2 11

400WMH $42 $0 ($67) - ($109) $0 Indefinite Indefinite

300WHPS $89 $153 ($85) - ($21) $27 3 17

360W HPS $49 $54 ($63) - ($58) $9 5 Indefinite

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

III Replace Lamp 360W MH $104 $61 ($40) $58 ($25) $11 10 Indefinite

Lamp Failure 320W PMH $122 $132 ($43) $66 $32 $23 5 12

25OWHPS $119 $240 $0 $48 $169 $42 3 3

Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $108 $245 ($68) $49 $119 $43 3 4

25OWPMH $127 $253 ($45) $57 $138 $44 3 4

200WHPS $113 $326 $0 $46 $259 $57 2 2

CFL(6x42w) $405 $276 (8140) $144 18125) $48 8 31

T-5H0 (4x54w) $365 $329 ($44) $142 $62 $58 6 8

HID lamp purchasing events land II use a full ballast service lifetime, whico is 13.6 years for this product application and sector. Event 111 uses one-haIfa ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.8 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

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Table 5-4. LCC and PBP Results for High-Bay, Industrial Sector

NewMV

NA - - - - - -

New Installation Luminaire - -

Baseline: 400W MV Ballast/Lamp $141ff $869tt $33ft

-

1043tt 121tt - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

360WMH $12 $77 ($47) - $18 $11 1 4

320WPMH $30 $165 ($53) - $81 $23 1 2

Replace

B ll /L

250W HPS $27 $301 $3 - $278 $42 1

Ballast Failure a ast amp

Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $16 $307 ($122) - $170 $43 0.4 1

25OWPMH $35 $317 ($88) - $194 $44 1 1

200W1-TPS $21 $409 $3 - $391 $57 0.4 0.4

CFL(6x42w) $313 $345 ($284) - $232) $48 7 56

T-5H0 (4x54w) $272 $413 ($56) - $84 $57 5 6

Baseline: 400W MV Lamp 49ff $557 $0l -

S6O6 - -

Substitute Lamp

325WMH $34 $86 ($63) - 181)) $19 2 Indefinite

400WMH $42 $0 ($74) - ($Il6) $0 Indefinite Indefinite

300WHPS $89 $123 (899) - (865) $27 3 Indefinite

36OWHPS $49 $43 ($73) - 1878) $9 5 Indefinite

III Replace Lamp Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp Failure 360W MR $104 $49 ($45) $63 ($37) $11 10 Indefinite

32OWPMH $122 $165 (849) $72 $7 $23 5 26

25OWHPS $119 $193 $0 $53 $128 $42 3 3

Substitute Luminaire

250W MR $108 $197 ($74) $51 $66 $43 3 7

25OWPMH $127 $203 ($50) $61 $87 $44 3 6

200WHPS $113 $262 $0 $52 $200 $57 2 2

CFL(6x42w) $405 $221 ($154) $156 ($182) $48 8 Indefinite

____________ __________

T-5H0(4x54w) $365 $264 ($51) $160 $9 $57 6 9

• flu iamp purcnasing events I ana ii use a lull oallast service litetime, which is 9.11 years tor tins product application and sector. Event III uses one-haifa ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 4.9 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

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Table 5-5. LCC and PBP Results for Low-Bay, Commercial Sector

___________________ '

I

'lew Installation

NewMV

Luminaire NA

Baseline:tt 175WMV $114tt $483tt $4tt -

$6l2 $56u1 - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

I5OWMH $32 $46 ($92) - ($78) $5 6 Indefinite

IOOWPMH $45 $193 ($64) - $84 $22 2 3

TI Replace

150W HPS $35 $44 ($4) - $6 $5 7 8

Ballast Failure Ballast/Lamp Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMI-I $79 $193 ($64) - $50 $22 4 6

7OWHPS $55 $267 ($2) - $210 $31 2 2

CFL(4x26w) $303 $223 ($102) - $182) $26 12 22

T-8 (3x32w) $101 $281 ($7) - $174 $32 3 3

Baseline: 175W MV Lamp 25ff $319tt 0tt - $344?t 56tt - -

Substitute Lamp

150W HPS $60 $8 ($56) - ($108) $1 45 Indefinite

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

I5OWMH $121 $31 ($55) $41 ($104) $5 23 Indefinite

III ReplaceLamp IOOWPMH $134 $127 ($34) $43 $2 $22 6 13

LampFailure I5OWHPS $124 $29 $0 $41 ($54) $5 24 24

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $168 $127 ($34> $53 ($21) $22 8 16

7OWHPS $144 $176 $0 $47 $79 $31 5 5

CFL(4x26w) $392 $147 ($61) $127 ($179) $26 15 38

___________ __________

T-8(3x32w) $190 $185 ($13) $71 $54 $32 6 7

HID lamp purchasing events I and II use a full ballast service lifetime, whicn is 13.6 years for this product application and sector. Event Ill uses one-haifa ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.8 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-20

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energ 'Savings

14

Table 5-6. LCC and PBP Results for Low-Bay, Industrial Sector

NewMV NA - - - - - - - -

New Installation Lurninaire

Baseline: 175W MV Ballast/Lamp $11 $399 $1 6 - 530tt 56tt - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

150W MR $32 $38 (8104 - ($98) $5 6 Indefinite

Re lace IOOWPMH $45 $159 ($74) - $40 $22 2 5

H

Ballast/Lamp I5OWHPS $35 $36 (84.i - ($3) $5 7 9

Ballast Failure

Substitute Lummaire

IOOWPMH $79 $159 ($74> - $6 $22 4 8

7OWHPS $55 $221 ($3) - $163 $31 2 2

CFL(4x26w) $303 $184 ($118) - ($237) $26 12 38

T-8(3x32w) $101 $232 ($8) - $124 $32 3 3

Baseline:tt I75WMVLamp $25tt $256tt $O - $281tt $56tt

Substitute Lamp

I5OWHPS $60 $6 ($63) - ($117) $1 45 Indefinite

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

III ReplaceLamp I5OWMH $121 $25 ($57) $44 ($111) $5 23 Indefinite

LampFailure 100WPMH $134 $102 ($36) $46 ($22) $22 6 29

I5OWHPS $124 $23 $0 $46 ($5.5) $5 24 24

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $168 $102 ($36) $58 ($45) $22 8 36

7OWHPS $144 $141 $0 $53 $51 $31 5 5

CFL(4x26w) $392 $118 ($65) $141 ($198) $26 15 130

T-8(3x32w) $190 $149 ($14) $80 $26 $32 6 7

HID lamp purchasing events I and II use a hill ballast service littime, which is 9.8 years for this product application and sector. Event III uses one-haifa ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 4.9 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-21

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energ Savings

14

Table 5-7. LCC and PBP Results for Roadway Architectural, Public Sector

New

NewMV

.. NA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Installation Luminaire

Baseline: 175W MV

Ballast/Lamp $114ff $174ft $436tt $697t $40ff - $329t $591tf $852tt $l6tt $4Ott $64tt - - - - - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

II Replace 150W MH $32 $17 $42 $67 ($141) - (S157) ($132) (8107) $2 $4 $6 21 8 5 Indef Tndef. Tndef.

Ballast Ballast/Lamp 100WPMH $45 $70 $174 $278 ($108) - ($84) $20 $125 $6 $16 $26 7 3 2 Indef 10 3

Failure I5OWHPS $35 $16 $40 $64 ($10) - ($29) ($5) $19 $1 $4 $6 24 10 6 93 14 7

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $116 $70 $174 $278 ($108) - ($154) ($50) $54 $6 $16 $26 18 7 5 Indef 25 8

7OWHPS $78 $96 $241 $386 ($6) - $12 $157 $301 $9 $22 $35 9 4 2 10 4 2

85W Induction $606 $103 $258 $412 $40 - ($462) ($308) $153) $9 $24 $38 64 26 16 44 22 14

Baseline:tf 175W MV Lamp $26ff $101tt $253tt 5404t $22ff - $149tt $300ft ;452ff ¶16tt $40tt $64tt - - -

Substitute Lamp

I5OWHPS $60 $2 $6 $10 ($54) - (S112) ($106) $104) $0 $1 $2 156 62 49 Indef lndef. Indef.

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

III Replace Lamp I5OWMH $121 $10 $24 $39 ($76'i $76 ($112) ($97) ($83) $2 $4 $6 79 31 20 Indef lndef. Indef.

ampFailurc IOOWPMH $134 $40 $101 $161 ($59) $88 ($64) ($4) $57 $6 $16 $26 21 8 5 Indef. 29 9

I5OWHPS $123 $9 $23 $37 ($5) $81 ($39) ($25) ($11) $1 $4 $6 85 34 21 327 48 26

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $204 $40 $101 $161 ($59) $118 ($105) ($44) $16 $6 $16 $26 32 13 8 Indef. 44 14

7OWHPS $167 $56 $140 $223 ($3) $98 ($16) $67 $151 $9 $22 $35 19 8 5 20 8 5

85Wlnduction $694 $60 $149 $239 $22 $0 (8613) ($523) ($4$4) $9 $24 $38 73 29 18 50 25 16

HID lamp purchasing events I and II use a full ballast service lifetime, whicn is 12.1 years for this product application and sector. Event 111 uses one-haifa ballast service lifetime for the LCC

analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-22

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En'Savgs

.

.. ....... .

Table 5-8. LCC and PBP Results for Streetlighting, Public Sector

11 . .

___ IflDDflIllfl1

I i

N

.

Baseline. 175W MV $134 $174 $436 $697 $40 - $348 $610 $871 $16 $40 $64 - - - - - -

Luminaire

New Luminaire . ____ _ __ ..._ -

Installation Substitute New Lurninaire

70W HPS $10 $96 $241 $386 ($6) - $81 $225 $370 $9 $22 $35 1 0.4 0.3 1 0.4 0.3

Baseline: 175W MV

Ballast/Lamp $114t1 $174f $436ft $697t $401t - $329tt $591tt 852ff $16tt $40tt $64ft - - - - - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

H Replace isow MH $32 $17 $42 $67 ($141) - ($157) ($132) (.8107) $2 $4 $6 21 8 5 Indefjndefjndef.

Ballast Ballast/Lamp IOOWPMH $45 $70 $174 $278 (8)08) - ($84) $20 $125 $6 $16 $26 7 3 2 Indef. 10 3

Failure i50wJ-IPS $35 $16 $40 $64 ($10) - ($29) ($5) $19 $1 $4 $6 24 10 6 93 14 7

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - -

7OWHPS $29 $96 $241 $386 ($6) - $62 $206 $351 $9 $22 $35 3 1 1 4 1 1

Baselinett: 175W MV Lamp $2611 $1011f $253t $4041 522tt - $149ft $300ft ;452ft $16ft $401f $64tt - - - -

Substitute Lamp

I5OWHPS $60 $2 $6 $10 (854) - (8112) ($108) 8104) $0 $1 $2 156 62 39 Indef. Indefjndef.

Ill Replace Lamp Substitute Ballast/Lamp

I5OWMH $121 $10 $24 $39 ($76) $76 ($112) ($97) ($83) $2 $4 $6 79 31 20 Indef. Indef. Tndef.

.ampFailure IOOWPMH $134 $40 $101 $161 ($59) $88 ($64) ($4) $57 $6 $16 $26 21 8 5 Indef. 29 9

I5OWHPS $123 $9 $23 $37 ($5) $81 ($39) ($25) ($11) $1 $4 $6 85 34 21 327 48 26

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7OWHPS $117 $56 $140 $223 (83i $77 $12 $96 $180 $9 $22 $35 13 5 3 14 5 3

HID lamp purchasing events 1 and IT use a full ballast service lifetime, which is 12.1 years for this product application and sector. Event Ill uses one-half a ballast service lifetime for the LCC

analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-23

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lanps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table 5.9. LCC and PBP Results for Large Area, Commercial Sector __________ : r'inii

New Installation New Luminaire NA - - - - - - - -

Baseline:tt 400WMVBalIastfLamp l4l 1110ff $24t

-

$1274tt $136tt -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

360WMH $12 $98 ($36) - $50 $12 1 2

Replace 320WPMH $30 $211 ($41) - $139 $26 1 2

Ballast Failure

Ballast/Lamp 250W HPS $27 $385 $3 - $361 $47 I

Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $71 $392 ($86) - $235 $48 1 2

25OWPMH $100 $404 ($66) - $238 $50 2 2

200WF1PS $83 $522 $3 - $442 $64 I

Baseline: 400W MV Lamp $40tt $722tt 0ff

- $762 $136 - -

Substitute Lamp

325WMH $34 $112 ($51) - $27 $21 2 6

400W MR $42 $0 ($62) - ($104) $0 Indefinite Indefinite

300WHPS $89 $159 ($83) (l3) $30 3 11

360W BPS $49 $56 ($60) - (853) $11 5 Indefinite

in Replace Lamp

LampFailure Substitute Ballast/Lamp

36OWMH $114 $64 ($35) $58 ($27) $12 9 112

32OWPMH $132 $137 ($38) $66 $34 $26 5 9

25OWHPS $128 $250 $0 $50 $172 $47 3 3

Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $173 $255 ($55) $68 $95 $48 4 5

250WPMH $202 $263 ($39) $79 $101 $50 4 6

200W BPS $184 $339 $0 $68 $223 $64 3 3

HID lamp purchasing events I and It use a full ballast service lifetime, which is 12. 1 years for this product application and sector. Event 111 uses one-half a ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-24

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energ 'Savings

14

Table 5-10. LCC and PBP Results for Large Area, Industrial Sector

New Installation New Luminaire NA - - - - - - - -

Baseline: 400W MV Ballast/Lamp Sl4ltt $798t? $23tt -

$963 $99tt - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

36OWMH $12 $70 ($36) - $22 $9 1 4

Replace 32OWPMH $30 $152 ($42) - $80 $19 2 2

Ballast Failure

Ballast/Lamp 25OWHPS $27 $277 $3 - $253 $34 I

Substitute Lurninaire

25OWMH $71 $282 ($86) - $125 $35 2 3

25OWPMH $100 $291 ($67) - $124 $36 3 4

200WHPS $83 $375 $3 - $295 $46 2 2

Baseline: 400W MV Lamp $40ff $520 $Øtt - $559?t $99tt - -

Substitute Lamp

325WMH $34 $80 (8:51) - ($5) $15 2 Indefinite

400WMH $42 $0 ($62) - (8104) $0 Indefinite Indefinite

300WHPS $89 $115 ($83) - ($57) $22 4 Indefinite

360W BPS $49 $40 S6O) - ($68 $8 6 Indefinite

III Replace Lamp

Lamp Failure Substitute Ballast/Lamp

360W MH $114 $46 ($35) $58 ($44) $9 13 Indefinite

32OWPMH $132 $99 ($38) $66 ($5) $19 7 19

25OWHPS $128 $180 $0 $50 $102 $34 4 4

Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $173 $184 (855) $68 $24 $35 5 9

25OWPMH $202 $189 ($39 $79 $28 $36 6 9

200WHPS $184 $244 $0 $68 $128 $46 4 4

HID lamp purchasing events I and II use a full ballast service lifetime, which s 12.1 years for this product application and sector. Event Ill uses one-half a ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-25

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis afPofential EnSavgs

Table 5-11. LCC and PBP Results for Small Area, Commercial Sector

New Installation New Luminaire NA - - - - - - - -

Baseline: 175W MV Ballast/Lamp $ll4 $509tt $15 - $639ff 63ft - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

I5OWMH $32 $49 ($96) - ($79) $6 5 Indefinite

Replace IOOWPMH $45 $203 ($67) - $91 $25 2 3

BallastFailure

Ballast/Lamp I5OWHPS $35 $47 ($4) - $8 $6 6 7

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $110 $203 ($67) - $27 $25 4 7

70W1-TPS $68 $282 ($2) - $211 $35 2 2

85W Induction - - - - - - - -

Baseline: 175W MV Lamp $25 $331tt $Øtt - $357tt $63tt - -

Substitute Lamp

I5OWHPS $60 $8 ($58) - ($110) $2 40 Indefinite

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

flj Replace Lamp I5OWMH $121 $32 ($56) $45 ($100) $6 20 Indefinite

Lamp Failure IOOWPMH $134 $132 ($35> $47 $10 $25 5 11

I5OWHPS $124 $30 $0 $43 ($50) $6 22 22

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $199 $132 ($35) $67 ($34) $25 8 17

7OWHPS $157 $183 $0 $54 $80 $35 5 5

85W Induction - - - - - - - -

HID lamp purchasing events I and 11 use a full ballast service lifetime, which is 12.1 years for this product application and sector. Event 111 uses one-haifa ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-26

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energ Savings

14

Table 5-12. LCC and PBP Results for Small Area, Industrial Sector

New Installation New Luminaire NA - - - - - -

Baseline:tt l75WMVBallastfLamp $114 $366 slS - $496tt $45tt - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

I5OWMH $32 $35 ($96) - ($93) $4 7 Indefinite

Replace IO0WPMH $45 $146 ($67) - $34 $18 3 5

Ballast Failure

Ballast/Lamp 150W HPS $35 $33 ($4) - ($5) $4 8 11

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $110 $146 ($67) - ($30) $18 6 13

7OWHPS $68 $203 (S2) - $132 $25 3 3

85W Induction - - - - - - - -

Baseline: 175W MV Lamp 25ff $239tt $0t1 - $264tt $45tt -

Substitute Lamp

150W HPS $60 $6 ($58) - ($113) $1 55 Indefinite

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

III ReplaceLamp ISOWMH $121 $23 ($56) $45 ($109) $4 28 Indefinite

Lamp Failure 100WPMH $134 $95 ($35 $47 ($27) ($59) $18 7 28

I5OWHPS $124 $22 $0 $43 $4 30 30

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $199 $95 ($35) $67 ($71) $18 11 41

7OWHPS $157 $132 $0 $54 $29 $25 6 6

85W Induction - - - - - - - -

HID lamp purchasing events I and 11 use a full ballast service lifetime, which is 12.1 years for this product application and sector. Event 111 uses one-half a ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technoiogies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-27

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HiD Lanps Analysis of Potential Energ Savings

Table 5-13. LCC and PBP Results for Security, Commercial Sector

.

............... .... ........ Baseline: 175W MV Luminaire $79f $509l $151(

- $603 $63 - -

I

New Installation NewLuminaire .

Suustitute New Lummaire

- - - _• _

7OWHPS $29 $282 ($2) - $251 $35 1 1

Baseline: 175W MV Ballast/Lamp $114 $509 $15 - $639 $63 - -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Replace I5OWMH $32 $49 ($96) - ($79) $6 5 Indefinite

H Ballast/Lamp IOOWPMH $45 $203 ($67) - $91 $26 2 3

Ballast Failure 150W BPS $35 $47 ($4) - $8 $6 6 7

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH - - - - - - - -

70W HPS ($7) $282 ($2) - $287 $35 0.0 0.0

Baseline:tt 175WMVLamp $25?? $331?? $OH - $357tt $63tt - -

Substitute Lamp

150W BPS $60 $8 ($58) - (SIlO) $2 40 Indefinite

rir Re lace Lam pp

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp Failure I5OWMH $121 $32 ($561 $45 ($100) $6 20 Indefinite

IOOWPMH $134 $132 ($35) $47 $10 $25 5 11

I5OWHPS $124 $30 $0 $43 ($50) $6 22 22

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH - - - - - - -

7OWHPS $82 $183 $0 $31 $132 $35 2 2

i-iiu iamp purcnasing events I anci ii use a lull oaiiast service litetirne, which is 12.1 years for this product application and sector. Event Ill uses one-haIfa ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-28

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energ Savings

14

Table 5-14. LCC and PBP Results for Security, Industrial Sector

I I _____________________ I

Baseline: 175W MV Luminaire $79fl $366if 15tt - 460tt 45tt - -

I

New Installation NewLuminaire Substitute New Luminaire ______

70WHPS $29 $203 ($2) - $172 $25 I

Bascline:tt I75WMVBallast/Lamp $114tt $366 SlS 5496if 545?t -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Replace I5OWMH $32 $35 ($96) - >893) $4 7 Indefinite

H Ballast/Lamp IOOWPMH $45 $146 ($67) - $34 $18 3 5

Ballast Failure 150W HPS $35 $33 ($4) - ($5) $4 8 11

Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH - - - - - - - -

7OWHPS ($7) $203 ($2) - $207 $25 0.0 0.0

Baseline: 175W MV Lamp S2S $239tt 50tt - $264tt $45if -

Substitute Lamp

I5OWHPS $60 $6 ($58> - ($113> $1 55 Indefinite

III Re lace Lam pp

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp Failure I5OWMH $121 $23 ($56) $45 ($109) $4 28 Indefinite

100W PMH $134 $95 ($35) $47 ($27) $18 7 28

I5OWHPS $124 $22 $0 $43 ($59) $4 30 30

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH - - - - - - - -

7OWHPS $82 $132 $0 $31 $81 $25 3 3

HID lamp purchasing events I and 11 use a full ballast service lifetime, which is 1 2.1 years for this product application and sector. Event III uses one-half a ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-29

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener 'Savings

14

Table 5-15. LCC and PBP Results for Security, Residential Sector

5-30

U11L lililip puuIIasllIg CVCHLS anu ii use a mit oatiast service iiieume, wnicn is 12.1 years tor this product application and sector. Event Ill uses one-haifa ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

a14

Table 5-16. LCC and PBP Results for Landscape, Commercial Sector

______________ U. ,Th

New Installation New Luminaire NA - - - - - - - -

Baseline: 175W MV Ballast/Lamp Si l4 S5O9 $l5 - $639tf $63tt -

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Replace 150W MH $32 $49 ($96) - ($79) $6 5 Indefinite

H Ballast/Lamp IOOWPMH $45 $203 ($67) - $91 $25 2 3

BallastFailure I5OWHPS $35 $47 ($4) - $8 $6 6 7

Substitute Luminaire

100W PMH $47 $203 ($67) - $90 $25 2 3

70W HPS $0 $282 ($2) - $280 $35 0.0 0.0

Baseline:tt I75WMVLamp S25 5331" $O - $35'7tt $63tt - -

Substitute Lamp

15OWHPS $60 $8 ($58) - ($110) 52 40 Indefinite

m Re lace Lam pp

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp Failure I5OWMH $121 $32 ($56) $45 ($100) $6 20 Indefinite

100W PMH $134 $132 ($35) $47 $10 $25 5 11

I5OWHPS $124 $30 $0 $43 ($50) $6 22 22

Substitute Luminaire

IOOWPMH $136 $132 ($35) $47 $9 $25 5 12

70W1-IPS $89 $183 $0 $33 $127 $35 3 3

1-ilL) lamp purchasing events I and I I use a full ballast service lifetime, which is 12.1 years for this product application and sector. Event 111 uses one-half a ballast service lifetime for the

LCC analysis period, which is 6.0 years for this product application and sector.

For baseline technologies (MV Luminaire, MV Ballast/Lamp, and MV Lamp), the values are reference values from which the model calculates differences (increase or savings).

5-31

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

#14

REFERENCES

. Department of Energy, Technical Support Document Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer

Products: Fluorescent Lamp Ballast, Proposed Rule; Notice. Federal Register, 2000. 65(194):

pp. 59590-59632. (Last accessed April 16, 2003).

<http://www.eere.energy.govlbuildings/appliancestandards/residential/gs_fluorescent_lamps.ht

ml>

2 Sales Tax Clearinghouse, aggregate state tax rates, 2003. (Last accessed April 24, 2003).

<http://thestc.com/STrates. stm>

U.S. Department of Commerce, "Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia,

and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 (Census 2000) and April 1, 1990 (1990 Census)," Census Bureau.

(Last accessed May 14, 2003). <http://www.census.gov/populationlcen2000/tab04.txt>

' Tyler, E.J., National Electrical Estimator, CPE, Craftsman Book Company, Carlsbad, California.

Navigant Consulting, Inc., US. Lighting Market Characterization Volume I: National Lighting

Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate, September 2002, Navigant Consulting, Inc. for the

U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C.

6 Advance Transformer Company. Pocket Guide to High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts. Form

1700, 1998. (Last accessed January 15, 2003). <http://www.advancetransformer.comlliterature/>

U.S. Federal Reserve Board, State and Local General Obligation Bonds in 2002, 2003. (Last

accessed March 24, 2003). <http://www.federalreserve.gov.releaseslh 1 5/data/m/slbond.txt>

8 Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Technical Support Document:

Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products: Residential Central Air Conditioners and

Heat Pumps, May, 2002. (Last accessed on January 6, 2004).

<http://www.eere. energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/resi dential/ac_central.html>

Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Bulletin, Winter 2001-2002, Publication 1136 (Rev.

2-2002).

10 Darnordoran, A., New York University. Stern School of Business. (Last accessed June, 2003.)

<http://pages.stem.nyu.edu/adamodar/> (Click on Updated Data. Download Microsoft® Excel

spreadsheet providing company-specific information at top of The Data Page by clicking on the

"clicking here" button.)

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

CHAPTER 6. NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT

VALUE

This chapter describes the calculation of the national energy savings (NES) and net

present value (NPV) from an HID lamp energy conservation (or efficiency) standard that would

require efficacies higher than those corresponding to currently available MV lamps. A positive

NPV occurs when the present value of electricity savings exceeds the present value of increased

equipment costs associated with the standard.

6.1 INTRODUCTION

To account for uncertainty about future shipments, the analysis considers several

different base case projections of future MV lamp shipments. The analysis includes calculations

of the NES, costs, and NPV for a standards case in which an array of different substitution

technology options replaces the projected shipments of these base case MV lamps. These

options include MH and HPS lamps, and for some product applications, fluorescent and

induction lamps. The relative percentages, or weights, that the NES analysis uses for these

various options represent the Department's estimate of the likely market response to an HID

lamp standard.

Figure 6-1 presents the flow diagram for the NES calculation. Figure 6-2 presents the

flow diagram for the NPV calculation.

6-1

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

i4

Historical _____________ Projected

Shipments Shipments

MV Lamp

Shipments by

Shipments to each

Market Shares / Product Application

HID Lamp

Purchasing Event

Substitution

Technology Option

Weights

Substitution Weighted-Average

Technology Option System Watts of System Watts Substitution

Incremental System

Base System Watts Watts

(Base - Standards)

Lamp Service Life /

Annual Electricity

/

Savings

Site-to-Source

Energy Conversion

Analysis Period

onal Energy

Savings

Figure 6-1. Flow Diagram of National Energy Savings for HID Lamps

6-2

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En' Savings

Historical ______________/ Projected

Shipments /

Shipments

MV Lam

mentsby

Wattage

Projected Product Application Shipments to each

HID Lamp

titUtiOn

Technology Option

Weights

Substitution WerghtedAvemge

Technology Option Installed Cost of

Installed Costs Substitution

/

Incremental

Base Technology u' Equipment Costs

Installed Costs / (Base - Standards)

Equipment Costs

(From NES Flow'

Annual Incremental

Annual Electricity

Savings

Electricity Prices ,/ Annual Operating Cost Savings

Lamp Service Life

Analysis Period

Discount Rate

Net Present

Value

Figure 6-2. Flow Diagram of Net Present Value for HID Lamps

6.2 INPUTS FOR NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE

In addition to the inputs discussed in the LCC analysis chapter (installed equipment costs,

lifetimes, annual operating hours, and electricity prices), the NES and NPV analysis require the

following inputs: projected shipments, MV lamp shipments by wattage, product application

6-3

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En' Savings

market shares, HID lamp purchasing event weights, substitution technology option weights,

conversion from site to source energy, analysis period, and a discount rate for the NPV

calculation. The sections below discuss all of these inputs.

6.2.1 Projected Shipments

Table 6-1 shows historical shipment data for MV lamps.' The Department used these

shipments as the starting point for several projections of future shipments.

Table 6-1. Historical Shipments of Mercury Vapor Lamps (millions)

1993 4.6 0.8 5.4

1994 4.8 0.7 5.5

1995 4.5 0.9 5.4

1996 4.4 0.7 5.1

1997 3.5 1.0 4.5

1998 2.8 2.0 4.8

1999 2.7 2.1 4.8

2000 1.8 1.4 3.2

2001 2.6 0.8 3.4

2002 2.4 0.5 2.9

Source: NEMA, 2003

To account for uncertainty about future shipments, the Department estimated three future

base case shipment scenarios for this analysis and the NES model: reference, low, and high. The

reference case is the default base case because it represents a simple extrapolation of historical

data into the future. Using the "growth" function in Microsoft® Excel, the analysis projects

shipments by fitting an exponential decay curve to the historical shipments. The Department

used an exponential function because MV shipments are declining at an annual rate of about 5

percent while the absolute amount of the declining shipments fluctuates from year to year. New

MV luminaire installations are occurring in at least two markets (streetlighting and residential

security). The rate of decline gives an indication of the rate at which other technologies are

replacing MV lamps. The data fit the curve described by the following equation:

6-4

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

y =

where:

y = shipment quantities in year x,

x0 = first year for which there are historical data,

b = constant, and

r = rate of exponential growth (or decay, if r is negative).

Eq. 6.1

The value of r for the historical shipments is -0.07, indicating a 7 percent per year

decrease in shipments. The reference case projects this 7 percent per year decline to the end of

the analysis period.

In the low shipments base case scenario, projected shipments decline at a rate of 14

percent per year, or twice the historical rate, beginning with the last year of historical data

(2002). In this scenario, shipments fall below 100,000 lamps per year by 2025, and decline to

20,000 by the end of the analysis period (2035).

In both the reference and the low shipments scenarios, projected shipments approach

zero. The high shipments scenario examines the impact if shipments of MV lamps persist in

some markets in the future, with shipments approaching (but not quite reaching) 20 percent of

the 2002 shipments. The high scenario holds 20 percent of the 2002 shipments constant, while

the other 80 percent declines at the historical rate of 7 percent a year. The 20 percent constant

shipments represent the upper bound of the MV shipments, assuming MV lamps persist in some

markets.

Table 6-2 presents the estimated shipment forecasts in each of the three scenarios, and

Figure 6-3 graphically presents the historical data and the projections. In addition to these three

scenarios, the NES spreadsheet allows the user to examine alternative shipment scenarios, such

as a faster or slower annual percent decline in shipments, or higher or lower levels of shipments

that persist in some markets. See Appendix I for documentation on the NES model.

6-5

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofPatential En, Savings

Table 6-2. Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipment Projections (in millions)

.I ____

2002 2.90 2.90 2.90

2003 2.97 2.97 2.49

2004 2.81 2.77 2.14

2005 2.66 2.58 1.84

2006 2.52 2.40 1.59

2007 2.39 2.24 1.36

2008 2.26 2.09 1.17

2009 2.15 1.94 1.01

2010 2.04 1.81 0.87

2011 1.94 1.69 0.75

2012 1.85 1.57 0.64

2013 1.77 1.46 0.55

2014 1.69 1.36 0.47

2015 1.61 1.27 0.41

2016 1.54 1.18 0.35

2017 1.48 1.10 0.30

2018 1.42 1.03 0.26

2019 1.36 0.96 0.22

2020 1.31 0.89 0.19

2021 1.26 0.83 0.17

2022 1.21 0.77 0.14

2023 1.17 0.72 0.12

2024 1.13 0.67 0.11

2025 1.10 0.63 0.09

2026 1.06 0.58 0.08

2027 1.03 0.54 0.07

2028 1.00 0.51 0.06

2029 0.97 0.47 0.05

2030 0.95 0.44 0.04

2031 0.92 0.41 0.04

2032 0.90 0.38 0.03

2033 0.88 0.35 0.03

2034 0.86 0.33 0.02

2035 0.84 0.31 0.02

6-6

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

.

4

(I)

C.

E

-I

4-

03

U)

0

Historical

*

,

e

LJ

1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038

Year

Figure 6-3. Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipment Scenarios

Source: NEMA, 2003 (historical) and NES model (forecasts).

6.2.2 Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipments by Wattage

Table 6-3 shows the breakdown of MV lamp wattage shipments in 1993 and in 2001 2,3

The available data are for NEMA members' shipments only. The analysis assumes that the same

percentages apply to non-NEMA imports. Note that the fraction of MV shipments each wattage

represents is approximately the same, even though the wattage shipment data occurs eight years

apart and shipments had declined by 40 percent by 2001. Thus, the Department assumed that the

2001 wattage apportionments will apply to all future MV lamp shipments.

The Department analyzed the product applications and substitution technology options in

detail for the two most prevalent MV lamp wattages, 175W and 400W. It used the results from

these two lamp wattages as a basis for estimating the energy savings and NPV for the other

wattages. Section 6.4 provides details of the calculations.

6-7

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En'Savgs

Table 6-3. Mercury Vapor Lamp Shipments by Wattage

6.2.3 Product Application Market Shares

Table 6-4 lists the product applications that use 175W and 400W MV lamps, and the

estimated percentage of market share that each application comprises within that lamp wattage.

These estimates represent the average of the estimates provided by the Department's

subcontractors,a Lighting Forensics4 and Advanced Design and Development.5 Two cells in

Table 6-4 are "not applicable" because a 175W MV lamp is, by definition, a small area lamp,

and a 400W MV lamp is, by definition, a large area lamp. The unshaded cells in Table 6-4 are

the product applicationlwattage combinations for which the Department identified specific

fixtures and models and gathered equipment and installation cost data, as discussed in Chapter 5.

The eight cells in Table 6-4 that are shaded gray are those product applicationlwattage

combinations for which the Department did not gather cost data because they represent low sales

volumes. There are more cost data for 175W applications than the 400W applications because

175W lamps have a larger market share than 400W lamps of MV lamp shipments (175W lamps

represent 60% of shipments, whereas 400W lamps represent 12%).

a The Department's subcontractors are described in Appendix H.

6-8

Source: NEMA, 1995; NEMA, 2003.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En, Savings

Table 6-4. Estimated Product Application Market Shares by Wattage, Unadjusted*

High-Bay 1% 36%

Low-Bay 8% _____

6%

Roadway Architectural 6% 12% - _____

Streetlighting 19% 11%

Large Area (not applicable)

_________

26%

Small Area 8% (not appI!cLbic)

Security 48% 2%

Landscape 8% _____

4%

Other 2% 3%

Total ]

100% 100%

Source: Lighting Forensics, 2003; Advanced Design and Development, 2003.

Note: Shaded boxes represent the least common MV applicationlwattages and represent scenarios that the

Department did not consider in its analysis.

For each of the two wattages studied, the Department assumed that product applications

for which it gathered cost data could represent all MV lamps of that wattage, because the energy

savings and costs would be similar for the applications for which it gathered cost data and those

for which it did not gather cost data. The Department therefore adjusted the percentages of those

product applicationlwattage combinations for which it did gather cost data to total 100%. In this

way, the Department effectively assigned all of the shipments of 400W MV lamps to one of the

two product applications for which it gathered data, and assigned all of the 175W MV lamps to

one of the six product applications for which it gathered data, as shown in Table 6-5.

Table 6-5. Product Application Shares by Wattage, Adjusted

Section 5.1 discusses the assignment of product applications to a sector or sectors. For

those product applications that the Department assigned to more than one sector, Table 6-6

6-9

Note: Shaded boxes represent the least common MV application/wattages and represent scenarios that the

Department did not consider in its analysis.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential EnSavthgs

presents the Department's estimates of the percentage of each application's market share

accounted for by each sector.

Table 6-6. Product Application Shares by Sector

Table 6-7 shows the MV lamp shipment shares by wattage for each product application

and sector combination. The Department obtained these by multiplying the shares in Table 6-5

by those in Table 6-6.

Table 6-7. Product Application/Sector Shares by Wattage

:

_______________ _______________

Low-Bay Commercial 3%

Low-Bay Industrial 6%

Roadway Architectural Public 7%

Street Public 19%

Small Area Commercial 7%

Small Area Industrial 1%

Security Commercial 19%

Security Industrial 14%

Security Residential 17%

Landscape Commercial 8%

Total of 175W Shares 100%

I _____ k r([IIIW

High-Bay Commercial 20%

High-Bay Industrial 38%

Large Area Commercial 16%

Large Area Industrial 26%

Total of 400W Shares _____________________

100%

6-10

Source: Lighting Forensics, 2003; Advanced Design and Development, 2003.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

6.2.4 High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Purchasing Event Weights

The energy savings of an HID lamp standard, which may phase out MV lamps, depend

on the substitution technology options that the end-user chooses to replace MV technologies.

The substitution technology options the end-user can choose will depend, in part, on the event

that triggers the substitution - i.e., the event which, in the absence of standards, leads to the

purchase of an MV lamp. As discussed in Chapter 4 and shown in Table 4-1, Table 6-8 lists the

three events that trigger the purchase of an MV lamp, and the replacement options for each

event. For each replacement option, there may be more than one substitution technology option,

as discussed in Chapter 4.

Table 6-8. Possible Replacement Options for Each HID Lamp Purchasing Event

For a new installation, the end-user would have purchased an MV lamp as part of a new

luminaire in the base case, and then would have installed this luminaire in a location where there

was no pre-existing MV luminaire. In this case, the only substitution technologies the end-user

could choose are those involving the purchase of a new (substitute) luminaire. Note that there

are only two product applications in which new installations of MV luminaires are occuning:

streetlighting (in the public sector), and security (in three sectors - commercial, industrial, and

residential).

In the base case, a ballast failure also triggers the purchase of an MV lamp. If MV

technology were still available (base case), the Department assumed that the end-user would

purchase and install a new ballast with a new MV lamp. In the standards case, where MV

technology is not available, the end-user could either purchase one of the alternative ballast/lamp

combinations listed, or decide to replace the entire luminaire.

Another event that triggers a lamp purchase is a lamp failure. In the base case, another

MV lamp would be purchased. If MV lamps were unavailable, the end-user could (1) purchase a

different HID lamp designed to operate on the existing MV ballast, (2) decide to replace both the

lamp and the ballast, or (3) replace the entire luminaire. The lamp failure event could trigger any

of these three replacement options.

The Department estimated the fraction of MV lamp shipments that go to new

installations, lamp failures, and ballast failures, since the substitution choices are different for

each of these events. For all but two product applications (streetlighting and security), new

installations are zero.

6-li

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

For the base case MV technology, in which the lamp life is a little more than one-half the

ballast life, the Department expects the following sequence of events. In the lifetime of any

given luminaire, the first event is a "new installation" (for those product applications where no

new installations are occurring, the new installation happened in the past). The new installation

includes a new lamp and ballast in the new luminaire. The next event is a lamp failure, which

will occur a little more than halfway through the ballast lifetime. The end-user replaces the lamp

at this time. After that, the next event is a ballast failure, and the end-user replaces both ballast

and lamp. Note that the end-user replaces the lamp when the ballast fails even though the lamp

has some remaining useful life. This effectively shortens the average service life of MV lamps

to be equal to one-half the ballast life, or 25,000 hours (taking the average of the service life of

the lamp installed with a new ballast and the lamp installed upon failure of the first lamp).

From then on, lamp failure alternates with ballast failure, until the end-user either

replaces or removes the luminaire. Because lamp failures and ballast failures alternate, over the

lifetime of a luminaire there will be an approximately equal number of lamp failures and ballast

failures, as long as the luminaire lifetime is significantly longer than the lamp or ballast lifetimes.

For product applications in which there are no new installations, the Department therefore

assumes that lamp failures trigger 50 percent of MV lamp shipments, and ballast failures trigger

the other 50 percent of MV lamp shipments.

For product applications in which new installations of MV luminaires are still occurring,

specifically streetlighting and security, the Department estimated the fraction of MV lamp

shipments to that product application that goes to new installations, as shown in Table 6-9. The

new installation values are the average estimates of the Department's subcontractors based on

their experience with past lighting trends in the marketplace. It then assumed that the remaining

shipments of MV lamps for that product application are equally triggered by lamp failures and

ballast failures. For example, the Department estimated that new installations trigger 10 percent

of lamp shipments to the security-commercial product application, and lamp failures and ballast

failures each trigger half of the remaining 90 percent of shipments (or 45 percent each).

Table 6-9. Percent of Shipments to New Installations

6-12

Source: Lighting Forensics and Advanced Design and Development.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential EnSavthgs

_

6.2.5 Substitution Technology Option Weights

Table 6-10 and Table 6-1 1 show the substitution technology option weights in a lamp

failure event for 175W and 400W MV, respectively.b The Department estimated the values in

Table 6-10 and Table 6-11 by first estimating what percentage of end-users would choose each

replacement option (direct lamp replacement, ballast/lamp replacement, or luminaire

replacement), then estimating what percentage would choose each of the substitution options

within that replacement option. The Department multiplied these percentages to get the overall

percentage for each substitution technology option across all of the replacement options. The

Department did this calculation separately for each estimate from the two subcontractors, and

also for estimates provided in comments received from a stakeholder.6 Table 6-10 and Table

6-li present an average of the three estimates.

Table 6-10. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 175W MV, Lamp Failure Event

Lamp

Replacement 150W HPS 10Y0 52% 37% 40% 17% 38%

100WPMH 1% 4% 2% 1% 13% _______ _____ Ballast/Lamp

1flUTT5 Q0/ 40/ 0/ 10/ 110/ 20/

R 1

1.)VVV lvi 0/0 r/0 Jf0 /0 .i/0 J/0

15OWHPS 3% 12% 12% 3% 6% 4%

IOOWPMH 48% 10% ____

16% 27% _______ _____

Luminaire 70W HPS 12% 18% 46% 38% 16% 55% 100%

Replacement

CFL (4X42W)

___________ ________

T 8 3 26W 12?/

________ ______ ______ _____

- ( x )

Total 100%i

_________

100%

______

100% ]

______

100%

______

100%

_____________ _________

100% 100%

Source: Lihtine Forensics. 2003: Advanced Desien and Develonnent. 2003: AI1ehenv Power. 2003

b The Department estimated a non-zero value for the weight of the substitution technology option "Substitute

Luminaire, 100W PMH' for the product applications Street-Public and Security - Commercial, Industrial. However,

the Department was unable to find price data for this option. The Department therefore added the weight it

estimated for this option to the weight it estimated for the other lurninaire option.

6-13

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En'Savthgs

Table 6-il. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 400W MV, Lamp Failure Event

_________ ____ _____

325-WMH 11% 7%

400-W MH 32% 20%

Lamp Replacement

300-W HPS 4% 4%

360-W HPS 8% 6%

360-WMH 9% 2%

Ballast/Lamp Replacement 320-W PMH 12% _______________

250-W HPS 6% 3%

250-W MH 7% 23%

250-W PMH 2% 13%

Luminaire Replacement 200W HPS 4% 22%

CFL(6X42-W) 2%

T-5H0 (4X54-W) 2%

____________

Total 100% 100%

Source: Lighting Forensics, 2003; Advanced Design and Development, 2003

To calculate the substitution technology option weights for the ballast failure event, the

Department removed the "replace lamp" options, and raised the weight of each of the other

options equally so the total weights sum to 100 percent. For those product applications where

new installations are still occurring (street and security), the Department estimated the option

weights for the new installation event by removing both the "replace lamp" and "replace

ballast/lamp" options, and again raising the weights of the remaining options equally so that the

total weights are 100 percent. Table 6-12, Table 6-13, and Table 6-14 show these values.

6-14

Table 6-12. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 175W MV, Ballast Failure Event

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

The Department assumed that end-users would choose the lamp replacement options

during the first lamp service lifetime (or one-half of a ballast lifetime) after standards go into

effect. After this, the MV ballast fails and the end-user replaces it, so a lamp replacement option

that continues to use the old MV ballast will no longer be an option. The Department also

assumed that, after one additional ballast lifetime passes (i.e., a total of 1.5 ballast lifetimes), the

end-user replaces the old luminaires equipped with MV technology, allowing only luminaire

replacements after this time. In the NES model, the Department therefore calculated the average

system wattage of the substitution technology options separately for these three time periods.

6.2.6 Conversion from Site to Source Energy

The Department calculated energy savings as site energy and then converted them to

source energy, which is the energy that electric power plants consume. As shown in Table 6-15,

the Department used site-to-source energy conversion factors from the AEO 2OO3. The

Department extrapolated the values in later years (after 2025) from their relative sources because

the AEO does not forecast beyond 2025. To arrive at values for these later years, the Department

used the forecast's trend from 2015 to 2025 to establish conversion factors in the years 2025 to

2035. This method of extrapolation is in line with methods currently in use by the ETA.

6-15

Table 6-13. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 400W MV, Ballast Failure Event

Table 6-14. Substitution Technology Option Weights, 175W MV, New Installation Event

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table 6-15. Site-to-Source Conversion Factors

2003 10,797

2004 10,759

2005 10,744

2006 10,722

2007 10,700

2008 10,647

2009 10,589

2010 10,523

2011 10,463

2012 10,397

2013 10,354

2014 10,298

2015 10,260

2016 10,231

2017 10,191

2018 10,153

2019 10,120

2020 10,098

2021 10,057

2022 10,022

2023 9,981

2024 9,948

2025 9,917

2026 9,884

2027 9,850

2028 9,817

2029 9,784

2030 9,750

2031 9,717

2032 9,684

2033 9,652

2034 9,619

2035 9,586

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2003, 2003.

6-16

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

6.2.7 Analysis Period

The probable start year for possible standards is 2011. The Department assumes that the

Secretary will make a determination in 2005. Assuming the Secretary makes a positive

determination that minimum efficiency standards are technologically feasible and economically

justified and will result in significant energy savings, the Department would initiate a standards

rulemaking which would be completed by 2008. A three-year phase-in period would follow,

with standards taking effect in 2011. Therefore, the Department calculated the NES starting in

2011 and ending in 2035, the end-year for other DOE rulemakings. The NES spreadsheet allows

the user to choose alternative start and end years for the analysis. The calculation tracks the

energy cost savings from products installed in 2035 until they are retired from service.

6.2.8 Discount Rate for the Net Present Value Calculation

The Department estimated NPV with both a 3 percent and a 7 percent real discount rate.

The 3 percent real discount rate is used to represent the rate at which society discounts future

consumption flows to their present value while the 7 percent real discount rate is used to

represent the average real rate of return on private investment in the U.S. economy. These

discount rates are used in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)'s

guidance to Federal agencies on the development of regulatory analysis (0MB Circular A-4,

September 17, 2003), and section E, "Identifying and Measuring Benefits and Costs."8 Section

6.5 reports results for both of these discount rates. The NES spreadsheet allows the user to

choose an alternative discount rate.

6.3 CUMULATIVE REGULATORY BURDEN

The Department will recognize and seek to mitigate the overlapping effects on

manufacturers of amended DOE standards and other regulatory actions, if any, affecting the

same equipment or companies.

6.4 CALCULATION OF ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE

This section describes the calculation of national energy savings and net present value

for a potential HID lamp standard.

6.4.1 Energy Savings Calculation

To calculate the energy savings from replacing MV HID lamps with more efficient

options, the Department first calculated the energy savings per MV lamp for each product

application in each year of the analysis. To do this, it used a weighted average of the system

watts of the substitution technology options to get the average system watts for the standards

case. The Department calculated the substitution technology option system watts for the three

time periods described above under substitution technology option weights, section 6.2.5. It then

took the difference between the base case system watts and the weighted average standards case

system watts to determine the power savings per MV lamp in each year of the analysis.

6-17

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

The Department then calculated the total kWh saved by these substitutions by

multiplying the kilowatt savings per MV lamp by the annual operating hours, the lamp service

life in years, and the number of lamps shipped in each year in the base case. The following

equation describes this calculation:

= . H . N Eq. 6.2

where:

= total energy savings for lamps shipped in year y to product application/sector p.

= average kW saved per lamp in year y and product applicationlsector p.

= annual operating hours of product application/sector p.

L = lamp service life in years for product applicationlsectorp, and

Np,y = lamps shipped in yeary to product applicationlsectorp.

This equation gives the energy savings for lamps shipped in year yto product

applicationlsectorp. The total energy savings is the sum of all years and all product

applications/sectors. For those shipments that occur toward the end of the analysis period and

whose lamp service life therefore extends beyond the end of the analysis period (2035), the

model truncates the energy savings at the end of the analysis period.

The kWh saved is the "site" energy savings. The site-to-source conversion factors from

AEO7 and the estimated extrapolated values convert site energy to source energy over the

complete analysis period.

The Department estimated the energy savings in detail for 175W and 400W MV lamps,

as discussed above. The Department estimated the energy savings of medium-based lamps,

100W lamps, and 250W MV lamps based on the energy savings of 175 W MV lamps. The

Department estimated the energy savings of 1,000W MV lamps based on the energy savings

from 400W MV lamps. The Department used several adjustment factors to develop these

estimates. The following equation illustrates these factors, showing how the Department

calculated the energy savings for 100W MV lamps from the energy savings for 175W MV

lamps:

F00 W00 E100 = E175 .

p jv175 Eq. 6.3

where:

E100 = total energy savings from substituting other technologies for 100W MV lamps,

E175 = total energy savings from substituting other technologies for 175W MV lamps,

P100 = percentage of all MV lamp shipments which are 100W MV lamps,

P175= percentage of all MV lamp shipments which are 175W MV lamps,

= input watts for the 100W MV system, and

W175 = input watts for the 175W MV system.

6-18

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

In other words, the Department adjusted the energy savings calculated for replacing

175W MV lamps to approximate the savings from 100W MV lamps by applying an adjustment

factor for the difference in percentage of 100W MV lamp shipments versus 175W MV lamp

shipments. The Department also adjusted the energy savings for the lower energy savings per

lamp of the 100W MV lamps. The Department used similar factors to adjust the 175W MV

energy savings to approximate the savings for 250W MV lamps, and for medium-based MV

lamps. Since most medium-based lamps are 100W lamps, the Department used the 100W

system input watts for the term Wndjuni.

6.4.2 Net Present Value Calculation

The NPV is the present value of the energy savings deducted from the present value of

the incremental equipment cost. The incremental equipment cost is the additional cost of the

more-efficient technologies that would be used in the standards case as compared to the base

case. Appearing earlier in this chapter, Figure 6-2 presents a schematic of the inputs and outputs

in the NPV calculation. Since the costs and savings occur in the future, the Department used the

discount rates discussed in section 6.2.8 to calculate the present value of those costs and savings

in the current year (2003).

6.4.2.1 Electricity Cost Savings

The "annual operating cost savings" shown in Figure 6-2 represent the reduced operating

costs in the standards case. The operating cost of HID lighting is the cost of the electricity to

operate the lighting. To determine the electricity cost savings due to the reduction of kWh

consumed for the 175W MV and 400W MV product applications, the Department multiplied the

kWh savings by the electricity price for the relevant sector, for each year of the analysis period.

For lamp shipments that occur during the analysis period, but whose operating costs extend

beyond the analysis period (e.g., the lamp shipments in 2035 have operating cost savings to

approximately 2040), the model includes those "trailing" operating cost savings in the total

savings for the analysis period.

The electricity price projections were the same as those for the LCC analysis. Section

5.3.2 of the LCC chapter describes the derivation of these prices.

The Department estimated the electricity cost savings for the medium-based, 100W,

250W, and 1,000W MV lamps using the same adjustments described above to adjust the energy

savings.

6.4.2.2 Incremental Equipment Costs

To determine the annual incremental equipment costs (the increase in equipment costs in

each year of the analysis between the base case and the standards case), the Department first

calculated the incremental costs per lamp replaced, and then multiplied those costs by the total

number of MV lamps shipped in each year in the base case. The Department calculated

equipment costs for both the base case and the standards case using the following equation:

6-19

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential njavins

+ arnps - mm a! value

where:

Eq. 6.4

C = total equipment cost,

Co first year equipment cost,

PVia,nps = present value of additional lamps which must be purchased if substitute

lamp life is shorter than base MV lamp, and

PVte,.,ninai value = credit for terminal value of the system at the end of the base MV lamp

life.

The equations used to determine the terms P Vla,s and P Vter,ninai value are the same as those

used for the same terms in the LCC analysis (as described in Chapter 5), with the following

exception: In the LCC analysis, the analysis period used for a lamp failure is one-half the ballast

lifetime (25,000 hours), and the analysis period for a ballast failure or new installation is the

entire ballast lifetime (50,000 hours). For the NES calculation, the Department used the service

life of the base case MV lamp (one-haifa ballast lifetime) in both cases. The reason is that, for

the base MV technology, during a ballast lifetime, in addition to the initial ballast failure or new

installation event, there will be an MV lamp failure event that occurs at about one-half the ballast

life time. For the LCC analysis, the costs associated with this subsequent lamp failure event are

included in the analysis of the costs of the ballast failure or new installation event. However, for

the NES calculation, the Department accounted for the subsequent lamp failure events of the

base MV technology separately. If the Department included the cost of the subsequent lamp

failure event with the costs of the ballast failure event, it would be counting those costs twice.

For a lamp failure event, the base case first-year equipment cost is the cost of the MV

lamp that would have been purchased to replace the failed lamp. The base case first-year

equipment cost for the ballast failure event is the cost of the MV ballast and lamp that would

have been purchased. For the new installation event, it is the cost of the MV luminaire that

would have been purchased.

For the standards case, the first-year equipment cost is either the cost of a substitute lamp,

the cost of a new ballast and lamp, or the cost of a new luminaire, depending on the event and

replacement option the end user chooses.

Because the lamp life of most of the substitution technology options is shorter than the

base MV lamp life, more than one lamp will need to be purchased during the time period that the

base case MV lamp is used without standards. The purchase of the additional lamp(s) is

therefore an equipment cost that must be counted in the standards case. However, because the

additional lamp(s) will be purchased a few years after the first equipment purchase (depending

on the lamp lifetime), a discount rate must be applied to discount these subsequent costs back to

the first year that the equipment was purchased. This is done so that all of the costs can be added

together, as a present value in that first year.

At the end of the MV lamp service life, the equipment associated with this lamp (ballast

or luminaire) "drops out" of the model, as a new HID lamp purchasing event occurs. Therefore,

the system equipment cost is credited with a terminal value. In reality, the ballast or luminaire is

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En,Savthgs

not discarded, but remains in service until another event takes place, in most cases a ballast

failure. Using the same reasoning as for the LCC analysis, the cost of the installation has value

as long as the ballast is in service. The same equation calculates the equipment terminal value

here as in the LCC analysis and described in the LCC chapter. Again, a discount rate discounts

this terminal value credit back to the first year that the equipment was purchased.

Once the Department determined the total equipment cost for both the base technology

and each of the substitution technology options, the difference between the substitution

technology option cost and the base case cost determined the incremental cost. The Department

then used the substitution technology option weights to take a weighted average of the

incremental equipment costs. The model calculates this weighted average separately for each of

the three time periods described in section 6.2.5. The Department then calculated the

incremental equipment costs for each product application for each year of the analysis. It then

multiplied these values by the lamp shipments to that product application in each year.

Although it may appear that there is double counting of the discount rate for the terms

PViamps and P Vterminai value, this is not the case. To illustrate this with an example, for the MV

lamp shipment that, in the base case, occurs in 2011, assume that an additional lamp for the

substitution technology option is purchased in 2014, and the MV lamp service life of that

shipment ends in 2016. The terms P Viamps and P Vter,ninal value discount those purchases back to the

year 2011, so they can be treated as though they occurred in 2011. The additional discounting

done with the total incremental costs further discounts all costs in 2011 back to their present

value in 2003.

As with the energy savings and electricity cost savings, the Department used adjustment

factors to estimate the incremental costs of the medium-base, 100W, and 250W lamps based on

the results for the 175W lamps, and for the 1,000W lamps based on the 400W lamps. The

following is a sample equation showing this adjustment for the 100W lamps.

Cl00 = C175 Eq. 6.5

where:

C100 = total incremental costs from substituting other technologies for 100W MV lamps,

C175 = total incremental costs from substituting other technologies for 175W MV lamps,

P100 = percentage of all MV lamp shipments which are 100W MV lamps, and

P175= percentage of all MV lamp shipments which are 175W MV lamps.

Note that, unlike the energy savings and electricity costs, the Department did not apply an

adjustment factor for the difference in input watts of the 100W versus 175W systems, since it

does not expect the per-system incremental costs of the substitution technology options, on

average, to be significantly different for the different wattages.

6-21

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

6.5 RESULTS OF NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE

ANALYSIS

Table 6-16 gives a summary of the NES results and Table 6-17 gives a summary of the

NPV results using all of the default input values, which include the reference MV lamp

shipments scenario, the reference electricity price scenario, the default public sector electricity

price (50/kWh), and the default real discount rates of 3 and 7 percent. Table 6-18 shows the

results of some sensitivity analyses in which each of the major inputs are varied.

Using the default values, the cumulative energy savings estimate from 2011 to 2035 for a

standard that eliminates MV HID lighting is 0.49 Quads. For the 3 percent real discount rate, the

present value estimate of the electricity savings is $1,900 million, and the present value estimate

of the incremental equipment cost is $700 million. The difference between these two, or $1,200

million dollars, is the NPV of an HID standard that eliminates MV lamps when a 3 percent real

discount rate is used. For the 7 percent real discount rate, the present value estimate of the

electricity savings is $990 million, and the present value estimate of the incremental equipment

cost is $440 million. The difference between these two, or $550 million dollars, is the NPV of

an HID standard that eliminates MV lamps when a 7 percent real discount rate is used.

As the sensitivities in Table 6-18 show, the calculated energy savings and NPV of a

standard are highly sensitive to future MV shipments scenario. For the high shipments scenario,

the energy savings is 0.73 quads and the NPV is $1,860 million for the 3 percent real discount

rate, or $790 million for the 7 percent real discount rate; for the low shipments scenario, the

energy savings is 0.12 quads and the NPV is $310 million for the 3 percent real discount rate or

$150 million for the 7 percent real discount rate. This is a range of +49 percent to -76 percent of

the reference case for energy savings, and approximately +50 percent to -75 percent of the

reference case NPV.

Changing the 2000 public sector electricity price from the default value of 50/kWh to the

low and high values of 20/kWh and 80/kWh gives a low NPV of $1,080 million and a high NPV

of $1,360 million for the 3 percent real discount rate, or a low of $480 million and a high of $620

million for the 7 percent real discount rate. This is a range of approximately -12 percent to +12

percent of the default NPV case.

Changing the AEO electricity price scenario changes the calculated NPV to a low of

$1,150 million for the low growth scenario and a high of $1,330 million for the high growth

scenario for the 3 percent real discount rate. For the 7 percent real discount rate, the NPV is

$510 million for the low growth scenario and $600 million for the high growth scenario. This is

a range of about -7 percent to +9 percent of the default case.

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En' Savings

Table 6-16. Summary of National Energy Savings *

Low-Bay - Commercial 820 0.008

Low-Bay - Industrial 1,400 0.014

Roadway Architectural - Public 1,300 0.013

Streetlighting - Public 5,000 0.050

Small Area - Commercial 1,800 0.018

Small Area - Industrial 310 0.003

Security - Commercial 5,400 0.054

Security - Industrial 3,900 0.039

Security - Residential 5,900 0.05 9

Landscape - Commercial 1,600 0.016

175W MV Applications Subtotal 27,000 0.270

High-Bay - Commercial 1,400 0.014

High-Bay - Industrial 2,900 0.029

Large Area - Commercial 1,500 0.0 15

Large Area - Industrial 2,600 0.02 6

400W MV Applications Subtotal 8,400 0.084

Miscellaneous Subtotal 13,000 0.127

Grand Total 48,000 0.49

*All values in this table have been rounded to the nearest two significant figures

6-23

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD. HID Lamps Analysis of Potential njavins

Table 6-17. Summary of Net Present Value*

6-24

* All values in this table have been rounded to the nearest two significant figures

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential EnSavthgs

Figure 6-4 presents the results from Table 6-18 in graphical format. Figure 6-4 shows the

energy savings for the high and low shipment scenarios, compared to the reference case (with

default values including the reference shipments scenario). For the other sensitivity analyses, the

energy savings are the same as those for the reference shipments base case, for the other

sensitivities, as presented in Table 6-18.

6-25

Table 6-18. Sensitivities of National Energy Savings and Net Present Value Results

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

2-0.6

D)

0.5

>

04

0.2

0.1

0.0

0.73

0.49

0.12

- . w - U

Ea

9.

Scenario

Figure 6-4. Cumulative Energy Savings of HID Standards (2011-2035)

Figure 6-5 presents the NPV results for the reference case (in which the default values are

used for all of the key inputs) with a discount rate of 3 percent real, and for cases in which each

of the key inputs is varied. From left to right, Figure 6-5 shows the NPV for the reference case,

high shipments scenario, low shipments scenario, high growth electricity price scenario, low

growth electricity price scenario, high public electricity price (80/kwh), and low public

electricity price (20/kwh).

6-26

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

2.0

1.8

1.6

w>

U,

1.2

'4-0

1.0

0

E 0.8

0.6

z

0.4

1.36

1.22

0.2

0.0

0) 0

a) a)

>'

0. .- 0

2

.

Eo LII

a)0 LI.C

0

LI.J

(l)

0

2

a.

Scenario

Figure 6-5. Net Present Value of HID Standards, 3% Real Discount Rate

Figure 6-6 shows all of the same scenarios with a discount rate of 7 percent real.

6-27

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
QO

tD0

CF)

rD-I

Reference

Scenario

Shipment

Scenario - High

Shipment

Scenario - Low

Cl)

Electricity Price -

High Growth

0

Electricity Price -

Low Growth

Public Electricity

Price = 8

centslkWh

Public Electricity

Price = 2

centslkWh 

NPV (billions of $ 

p p p p p p 

0 - C)1 C) C
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En, Savings

REFERENCES

'NEMA Lamp Section, 2003. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. E-mail to U.S.

Department of Energy. May 2, 2003.

2 NEMA, 1995. Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers

Association. February, 1995.

NEMA, 2003. Department of Energy meeting with National Electrical Manufacturers

Association. January 21, 2003.

Lighting Forensics, 2003. Department of Energy Subcontractor, Douglas Paulin of Lighting

Forensics, Egg Harbor, Wisconsin. See Appendix H for qualifications and experience.

Advanced Design and Development, 2003. Department of Energy Subcontractor, Frank Rice

of Advanced Design and Development. See Appendix H for qualifications and experience.

6 Allegheny Power, comments on draft framework document, September 2003.

U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2003,

2003, Washington D.C.

8 Office of Management and Budget, Circular A-4, Regulatory Analysis, September 17, 2003.

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/regpol.html>

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TABLE OF CONTENTS: APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY OF TERMS A-i

APPENDIX B. INDUSTRY HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITIONS B-i

B.i AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE DEFINITION B-i

B.2 ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA

DEFINITION B-i

APPENDIX C. EXISTING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS C-i

APPENDIX D. NON-REGULATORY INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-i

D.1 CALIFORNIA INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-1

D.2 CONNECTICUT INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-2

D.3 FLORIDA INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-3

D.4 MASSACHUSETTS INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-3

D.5 NEW YORK INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-3

D.6 OREGON INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-5

D.7 TEXAS INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-5

D.8 VERMONT INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-6

D.9 WASHINGTON INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-6

D.1O WISCONSIN INCENTIVE PROGRAMS D-6

APPENDIX E. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP BALLASTS E-i

E.1 ELECTRONIC BALLASTS E-1

E.2 REACTOR (RX) BALLASTS E-i

E.3 HIGH REACTANCE AUTOTRANSFORMER (HX) BALLASTS E-2

E.4 CONSTANT WATTAGE AUTOTRANSFORMER (CWA) BALLASTS E-2

E.5 CONSTANT WATTAGE (CW) ISOLATED TRANSFORMER BALLASTS E-2

E.6 IGNITORS FOR HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE BALLASTS E-2

APPENDIX F. PRODUCT AVAILABILITY TABLES F-i

APPENDIX G. ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA

LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK CALCULATION COMPARISON.... G-1

G.i LIFE-CYCLE COST G-1

G.2 PAYBACK PERIOD G-3

Appendices-i

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APPENDIX H. MODEL INSTRUCTIONS, DETAILED INPUTS, AND SENSITIVITY

RESULTS FOR LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD

ANALYSIS H-i

H. 1 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE LCC AND PBP MODEL FOR HID

LAMPS, VERSION 1.0 H-i

H.l.l Summary Worksheet H-i

H. 1.2 Product Application Worksheets H-i

H.l.3 DiscountRates H-3

H. 1.4 Electricity Prices H-4

H.1.5 Labels 11-4

H.2 DETAILED INPUTS TO THE LCC AND PBP ANALYSES H-4

H.2. 1 End-User Equipment Prices H-4

H.2.2 Luminaire Labor Times H-7

H.2.3 Relamp Labor Times H-8

H.2.4 Relamp Lifetimes H-9

11.2.5 Electricity Prices 11-12

H.2.5.1 Commercial, Industrial, and Residential Outdoor Lighting Electricity

Prices H-12

H.2.5.2 Public Sector Lighting Electricity Prices H-l3

H.2.6 Subcontractors H-l7

H.3 LCC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS H-17

APPENDIX I. MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND

NET PRESENT VALUE MODEL 1-1

1.1 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NES AND NPV MODEL FOR HID

LAMPS, VERSION 1.0 I-I

1.2 WORKSHEETS iN THE NES/NPV SPREADSHEET MODEL I-i

1.2.1 General Inputs, Summary Results 1-2

1.2.2 MV Lamp Shipments 1-3

1.2.3 MV Shipments Chart 1-4

1.2.4 MV Shipments by Wattage 1-4

1.2.5 175W MV Applications 1-4

1.2.6 400W MV Applications 1-5

1.2.7 Equipment Cost and Calculation Worksheets for each Product

ApplicationlSector Combination 1-6

1.2.7.1 Equipment Cost Worksheets 1-6

1.2.7.2 Calculation Worksheets 1-7

1.2.8 Electricity Prices 1-7

1.2.9 Electricity Prices - Chart 1-8

1.2.10 Other Inputs 1-8

1.2.11 Results 1-8

Appendices-u

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Ballast - a device used to obtain the necessary electrical conditions to start and operate an

electric-discharge lamp.1

Ballast efficiency - the measurement of energy-related performance of ballasts. In assessing

ballasts in terms of energy efficiency, it may be helpful to look at the losses incurred by the

ballast. The Department's analysis will examine the total power dissipation by the ballast at

rated conditions, in addition to determining the ratio of the power provided to the lamp and the

input power to the ballast. The power dissipation will be given in the unit of watts and the ratio

will be given as a percentage of ballast output power to its input power at rated conditions.1

BaHast factor - quantifies the performance of a ballast with respect to a reference ballast as

defined by ANSI (C82) standards documents.

Blackbody - a temperature radiator of uniform temperature whose radiant excitance in all parts

of the spectrum is the maximum obtainable from any temperature radiator at the same

temperature. Such a radiator is called a blackbody because it absorbs all the radiant energy that

falls upon it. All other temperature radiators can be classed as non-blackbodies. Nonblackbodies radiate less in some or all wavelength intervals than a blackbody of the same size

and the same temperature.'

Color rendering index (CR1) - the measured degree of color shift objects undergo when

illuminated by a light source as compared with the color of those same objects when illuminated

by a reference source of comparable color temperature. 2 A perfect rendering with respect to the

reference source is subjectively given a maximum value of 100. The changes (or shifts) in

chromaticity are averaged and a single CR1 value is determined scaled to the maximum value. A

limitation of this metric is that it is only applicable to light sources of the same correlated color

temperature (CCT). In other words, CR1 values of two light sources with different CCT cannot

be compared. For example, comparison of a "cool" lamp and a "warm" lamp provides no useful

information. However, the metric does allow for comparison of lamps across different source

technologies. For example, the CR1 values for a 5000K fluorescent lamp can be compared to a

5000K HID lamp.

Correlated color temperature (CCT) - the absolute temperature of a blackbody whose

chromaticity most nearly resembles that of the light source.2 The metric for color is CCT, given

in degrees Kelvin (K). Cooler temperatures (less than 3200K) are referred to as being "warm" in

color, while hotter temperatures (in excess of 4000K) are referred to as being "cool" in color.1

Direct lighting refers to luminaires that direct 90 to 100 percent of the emitted light in the

general direction of the surface to be illuminated; this term usually refers to light emitted in a

downward direction.1

Efficacy - the measured lumen output of a lamp in lumens divided by the measured lamp

electrical power input in watts expressed in units of lumens per watt (LPW).2 For example, an

electric heater may be very efficient in converting electrical energy to radiant energy, but it has a

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

very low efficacy since the energy conversion does not result in light. So, efficacy provides a

metric to compare the energy efficiency of white-light sources. However, this does not take into

account the contribution of the ballast to the overall efficacy of the lamp/ballast system.1

Fixture - the housing into which a lamp and ballast are installed to create a finished luminaire.

The fixture protects the lamp, and usually manages source light distribution.

Fluorescent lamp - a low pressure mercury electric-discharge source in which a fluorescing

coating transforms some of the ultraviolet energy generated by the mercury discharge into light.2

Foot-candle (fc) - is a unit of illuminance equal to 1 lm/ft2 or 10.76 lux.1 For this measure of

illuminance, one foot-candle is equivalent to the amount of light emitted by a single candle onto

a plane orthogonal to the angle of incidence at a distance of one foot from the candle.

Illuminance (E) - is the area density of the luminous flux incident at a point on a surface. This

is expressed by the following equation, E = dcJ/dA . In other words, illuminance is the density

of light determined by taking the total amount of light that falls on a plane divided by the total

area of the plane.

Incandescent (filament) lamp - a lamp in which light is produced by a filament heated to

incandescence by an electric current.2

Indirect lighting - refers to luminaires that direct 90 to 100 percent of the emitted light away

from the surface to be illuminated (generally upward).1 An example of indirect lighting is a

torchiere lamp.

Induction lamp - a fluorescent lamp where the electric discharge is induced by a magnetic field

rather than an electric field, as in a fluorescent lamp. Therefore, an induction lamp does not have

any electrodes.

Lamp - a generic term for a source created to produce optical radiation. By extension, the term

is also used to denote sources that radiate in regions of the spectrum adjacent to the visible.

Through popular usage, a portable luminaire consisting of a lamp with shade, reflector, enclosing

globe, housing, or other accessories is also sometimes called a lamp. In such cases, in order to

distinguish between the assembled unit and the light source within it, the latter is often called a

bulb or tube, if it is electrically powered.1

Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) - the intrinsic reduction in light output from start to finish of

lamp. Many factors, such as the fixture construction and application, affect this reduction in

light output. For example, the accumulation of dust on the lamp (and fixture) will contribute to

the reduction in light output over time. The Department is concerned only with the loss of light

output over time due to non-recoverable intrinsic factors such as the loss of emissive material on

the electrodes, change in transmissivity of the arc tube, and leakage of gas in the arc tube.1 For

the HID family of lamps, manufacturers often provide mean lumens as a measure of the lamp

lumen depreciation. Usually the lamp's light output is given at 40 percent of its rated life. Since

no standard exists, caution needs to be exercised when comparing the mean lumen value for

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD. HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Eni Savings

different models and manufacturers. The interpretation in the definition of mean lumen may

vary among the various manufacturers.

Light - radiant energy that is capable of exciting the retina and producing a visual sensation.

Since the energy at each wavelength does not stimulate the human visual system equally, to go

from radiant energy to light, it is necessary to factor the contribution of radiant energy from each

wavelength by the visibility function of the human eye. That function is defined by the CIE as

the photopic visibility function. This effectively limits the useful radiant energy to a very small

range in the electromagnetic spectrum called the visible spectrum (wavelengths greater than 380

nanometer and shorter than 780 nanometer). Since it is the distribution of the converted

electrical energy in the visible spectrum that determines the efficacy of a light source, a highly

efficient source capable of converting electrical energy to radiant energy may not necessarily be

a source of high efficacy.'

Lighting specifier - lighting experts who have the knowledge and authority to decide (specify)

which lighting products will provide the desired service for a particular job.

Light loss factor (LLF) - the ratio of illuminance for a given area to the value that would occur

if a lamp operated at its (initial) rated illuminance output, and no system variation or depreciation

had occurred. The light loss factor is used in lighting design calculations to allow for

depreciation of light output from a lamp, luminaire, light control elements, or room surfaces, so

that a minimum desired level of illuminance is maintained. Formerly called the maintenance

factor, the LLF had been widely interpreted as the ratio of average illuminance in service to

initial illuminance.'

Lumen (Im) - the SI (metric) unit of luminous flux. Radiornetrically, it is determined from the

radiant power as in luminous flux. Photometrically, it is the luminous flux emitted within a unit

solid angle (I steradian) by a point source having a uniform luminous intensity of 1 candela.'

Luminaire - a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps and ballast(s) (when

applicable) together with a fixture (housing and parts) designed to distribute the light, to position

and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply.'

Mounting height - the vertical distance between the illuminated surface and the center of the

apparent light source of a luminaire.' This term is commonly used in association with roadway

lighting.

Rated life - defined by the IESNA as the time for 50 percent of a large group of lamps to cease

producing light. From that definition, the rated life of an HID lamp is specified as its cumulative

operation time to end of life in hours. Although that definition is sufficient in terms of absolute

life, it is insufficient in evaluating the useful life of the HID lamp. For example, consider a

theoretical lamp rated for 100,000 hours of life. After 5,000 hours, the light output has dropped

to 50 percent the initial light output; after 20,000 hours the light output is at 25 percent the initial

light output. By the time the lamp reaches 100,000 hours of operation, the light output may only

be 5 percent of the initial light output. The lamp would have outlived its usefulness in most

applications long before it reached the end of its 100,000 hours rated life. Therefore, a

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential EnSavgs

discussion of life without consideration of the reduction in light output over operational time is

incomplete.1

Reflector lamp - an incandescent filament or electric-discharge lamp in which a reflecting

material coats the outer blown glass bulb to direct the light (i.e., R, ER, BR, PAR).1

Spectral power distribution (SPD) - a pictorial representation of the radiant power emitted by a

light source at each wavelength or band of wavelengths in the visible region of the

electromagnetic spectrum (360 to 770 nanometers). The SPD determines the CCT and CR1 of

the light source, and indicates the perceived color and quality of the light generated by the lamp.

System efficacy - measurement of energy efficiency for lamp-ballast combinations. HID lamps

are never used independent of ballasts (with the exception of seif-ballasted mercury vapor

lamps). The application of system efficacy is the same as for lamp efficacy, except that it takes

into account the contribution of the ballast as it delivers power to the lamp from the main.

Multiplying the rated lamp lumens by the ballast factor and dividing the product by total input

watts produces a metric for system efficacy.1

Warm-up and Re-strike time - the time required for the lamp to reach full light output and the

time required for the lamp to restart when extinguished after prolonged operation, respectively.

Each HID lamp type contains a mixture of a starting gas (e.g., argon, xenon, neon) and some

metals and/or halide compounds of metals that, when evaporated into the arc discharge, produce

characteristic lines of radiant energy. A certain amount of time is required for the metals and

halide compounds to evaporate and attain their optimal vapor pressure. When the arc discharge

is extinguished after prolonged operation, the immediate high vapor pressure inside the arc tube

would require an inordinately high voltage, many magnitudes greater than its cool-start voltage,

to re-establish the arc discharge. Therefore, the arc tube must be allowed to cool so that the

vapor pressure will come down to a level where the arc can be restarted.1

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REFERENCES

Rea, M. S., The JESNA Lighting Handbook. Reference and Application, 9th Edition. 2002, New

York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

2 Code of Federal Register, Definitions, 1OCFR43O.2. January 1, 2004. pp. 95-106.

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APPENDIX B. INDUSTRY HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITIONS

This appendix provides the definitions of HID lamps as provided by ANSI (C82.9-1996)

and IESNA (Lighting Handbook 9th Edition).

B.1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE DEFINITION

ANSI C82.9-1996: American National Standard for High-Intensity Discharge and Low-Pressure

Sodium Lamps, Ballasts and Transformers - Definitions

(3.25) High-intensity discharge (HID) lamp: An electric discharge lamp in which the light

producing arc is stabilized by the wall temperature, and has a bulb wall loading in excess

of three watts per square centimeter. High-intensity discharge lamps include groups of

lamps known as mercury, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium.

(3.27) High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp: A high-intensity discharge lamp in which the

major portion of the light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial

pressure of about 6.67 X i03 pascals (50 ton) or greater.

(3.40) Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamp: A discharge lamp in which light is produced by

radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of 0.13 to 1.3 pascals (lOs to

1 02 ton).

(3.44) Mercury lamp: A high-intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of the light

is produced by radiation from mercury operating at a partial pressure in excess of 1.0 13 X

i05 pascals (760 ton).

(3.45) Metal halide lamp: A high-intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of the

light is produced by radiation of metal halides and their products of dissociation in

combination with metallic vapors such as mercury.

(3.76) Seif-ballasted lamp: An arc lamp containing an internal ballast.

B.2 ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA

DEFINITION

JESNA Lighting Handbook 9th Edition: Chapter 6: Light Sources (p. 6-42 to 6-59)

Page 6-42 High-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps include the groups of lamps commonly

known as mercury, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium. The light-producing element

of these lamp types is a wall-stabilized arc discharge contained within a refractory

envelope (arc tube) with wall loading in excess of 3 W/cm2 (19.4 W/in2).

Page 6-43 in mercury lamps, light is produced by the passage of an electric cunent through

mercury vapor. The amount of mercury in the lamp essentially determines the final

operating pressure, which is 200 to 400 kPa (29 to 58 lb/in2) in the majority of lamps.

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Page 6-44 Metal halide lamps are similar in construction to mercury lamps, the major

difference being that the metal halide arc tube contains various metal halides in addition to

the mercury and argon.

Page 6-47 In high-pressure sodium lamps, light is produced by electric current passing

through sodium vapor.

Page 6-55 As the name denotes, these lamps [self-ballasted lamps] do not require an

auxiliary ballast.

Page 6-59 In low-pressure sodium discharge lamps, the arc is carried through vaporized

sodium. In order to obtain the maximum efficacy of the conversion of the electrical input

to the arc discharge into light, the vapor pressure of the sodium must be approximately of

0.7 Pa, which corresponds to an arc tube bulb wall temperature of approximately 260°C.

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APPENDIX C. EXISTING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) specifies a system of classification

commonly used today for indoor luminaires (see Table C-i). This system identifies the

luminaire type by the proportionality of the upward and downward component of the light.

Table C-i. CIE Classification of Indoor Luminaires

_____ __ -_WW ":W _____

Indirect 90-100% of light is directed upward

_____

60% -90%

Semi-Indirect 60-90% of light is directed upward

10%- 40%

General Diffuse Equal portions of the light are directed upward and

downward

______

10%-40%

Semi-Direct 60-90% of light is directed downward

60%

Direct 90-100% of light is directed downward

Source: JESNA, Lighling Handbook, 2000, courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America, 2003.

Although HID luminaires have an upward and downward component to their light

distribution analogous to this classification system, the CIE system primarily classifies linear

fluorescent luminaires.

For outdoor luminaires, NEMA created a classification system based on circular or oval

symmetric distribution of light, defined in terms of its field angle. The IESNA adopted this

system and developed an approved method for photometric testing for this system. Table C-2

summarizes the various types of luminaires and their associated field angles. The field angle is

measured between points of 10 percent of maximum intensity. Table C-2 shows the seven light

distributions for this classification system. A numerical value denotes the width of the beam. A

single designation based on its symmetrical field angle represents circular patterns. Two values,

for horizontal and vertical field angles, represent oval patterns. For example, the illustration in

Table C-2 shows an intensity distribution on a polar coordinate system with a maximum intensity

of 100,000 candelas at zero degrees. The field angle is the value between the points of

intersection of the intensity distribution curve and the polar coordinates at 10,000 candelas. This

occurs at the 30° mark, resulting in a field angle of 60°. Since 60° lies somewhere between 46°

and 70°, this sample is a NEMA Type 4 luminaire.

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Table C-2. NEMA Classifications for Luminaires

/

S

_________ ________

flSS - Type 1 100 to 18°

/ :F -

)ç -

_____________ _________________

0

___________________

0

Type 2 18 to 29

° ° °

L

Type 3 29 to 46

rnt -

/N / Th-L /

rn' ° ° 7 J f \

51Aç / Type 4 46 to 70

Type5 70°tolOO°

S

Type 6 100° to 130°

Type7 130° andup

Source: IESNA, Lighting Handbook, 2000, courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America, 2003.

This system classifies luminaires used in lighting large areas and sports facilities. Most

manufacturers have adopted this simple NEMA classification system. However, this system is

only useful for classifying luminaires with symmetric oval patterns; it is insufficient for

classifying luminaires with complex, asymmetrical light distributions. Therefore, IESNA

developed a system to describe more complex systems with non-oval and asymmetrical beam

patterns.

TESNA developed a classification system for outdoor luminaires based on the shape of

the area illuminated by the luminaire. Table C-3 shows the five classifications based on light

distribution pattern: a narrow symmetrical pattern is a Type I luminaire; a narrow asymmetrical

pattern is called Type II; a wide asymmetrical pattern is a Type III luminaire; a very wide

asymmetrical pattern is a Type IV luminaire; and a circular (square) symmetrical pattern is a

Type V(VS) luminaire. Using this classification system, a single pole-mounted luminaire

positioned at a corner of a four-way roadway intersection providing a uniform distribution of

light limited to the roadway surface would be a Type II luminaire. However, if a luminaire

positioned exactly at the center of the intersection provides the same uniform distribution of

light, then it would be a Type I luminaire. If the luminaire positioned at the center of an

intersection provided a circular symmetrical pattern that spilled beyond the road surface, it would

be a Type V luminaire.

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Source: IESNA, Lighting Handbook, 2000, courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America, 2003.

This system classifies luminaires used in roadway applications. Although this system

based on light distribution is more than adequate in identifying luminaires for their specific

applications, it is insufficient for classifying all luminaires that use HID sources.

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APPENDIX D. NON-REGULATORY INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

D.1 CALIFORNIA INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

The Modesto Irrigation Department (MID) manages a regional program called

Commercial Power Saver 2004. This program has, as one of its objectives, the promotion of

energy-efficient HID lighting. The equipment promoted under this program includes PMH

fixtures for interior applications and PMH and HPS fixtures for exterior applications. To be

eligible, the program requires that HID fixtures must replace existing incandescent, mercury

vapor, standard MH, HPS or T- 12 fluorescent fixtures. Rebates are available based on lamp

wattage - for indoor luminaires, the program offers $25 per fixture for installing a PMH to

replace a fixture that consumes 175W or less; for interior fixtures that consume more than 175W,

the program offers a $40 incentive. For exterior applications, the program offers $10 per fixture

for installing a PMH or HPS fixture in place of a fixture that consumes 175W or less. Similarly,

the programs offer $20 per fixture for upgrading exterior fixtures that consume more than 175W.

For more information about this program, please contact Zane Williams, MID, tel: 209-526-

7458, zanew@mid.org.

The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) manages a Commercial and

Industrial Retrofit Program that seeks to reduce the peak load demand of commercial and

industrial customers. This program focuses on interior HID lighting and offers $225 per average

kW saved from 1:00 pm to 9:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. Incentives are offered for

retrofits only. For more information, contact Robert Chen, SMUD, tel: 916-732-7470.

Pacific Gas and Electric (PG& E) and San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E) jointly

manage a statewide program called the Express Efficiency Lighting Program. This initiative

seeks to promote energy-efficient PMH retrofits. The program concentrates on promoting

interior and exterior HID fixtures to replace existing incandescent or MV fixtures. The rebates

offered are shown in Table D-l. For more information, contact Carol Harty, PG&E, tel: 415-

973-2256, carh8@pge.com or Charles Middleton, PG&E, tel: 415-973-4008, cem6@pge.com.

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Table D-1. Express Efficiency Lighting Program Incentives (California)

: Z

Interior HID Fixtures

0-35 watts $18 $12.50

36-70 watts $25 $18

71-100 watts $40 $38

101-175 watts $40 $38

176-250 watts $40 $38

251-400 watts $50 $48

Exterior HID Fixtures

0-100 watts $36 $22

101-175 watts $64 $30

>175 watts $100 $48

The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) manages the Commercial

Lighting Efficiency Offer. This program seeks to promote energy-efficient lighting retrofits,

specifically HPS and MH. The LADWP offers a rebate of $37 per fixture for replacing MV or

incandescent lighting with HPS or MH. The rebate requires pre-approval from LADWP.

Although this rebate is not available in 2004, they hope to restart this program for 2005. For

more information, contact Simone Taylor, LADWP, tel: 213-367-4046,

simone.taylor@ladwp.com.

D.2 CONNECTICUT IJCENTIVE PROGRAMS

United Illuminating manages an Energy Blueprint Program with the objective of

promoting energy-efficient lighting in renovation (including equipment replacement services)

and new construction projects. The equipment promoted includes HPS and PMH technologies

through incentives based on exceeding the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 lighting density standards (watts

per sq. ft). Incentives provided are $25 per qualifying fixture or 0.06/ft2 for each tenth of a watt

below the qualifying baseline up to a maximum of $0.24! ft2. For more information, contact Roy

Haller, United Illuminating, tel: 203-499-2025; roy.ha11er@uinet.com.

Connecticut Light and Power (part of Northeast Utilities) sponsors an Express Service

Lighting Rebate program. The rebate works to promote energy-efficient lighting in retrofit

applications and applies to four wattages of PMH lamps (200W, 320W, 3 50W, and 750W) used

to replace MH, MV, or HPS lamps. This program promotes PMH retrofit kits by offering a

rebate of $45 per fixture. For more information, contact Connecticut Light and Power at 800-

602-7283, or contact David Bebrin, Northeast Utilities, tel: 860-832-4712, bebridj@nu.com.

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D.3 FLORIDA INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

Florida Power and Light (FP&L) manages a Commercial/Industrial Lighting Program

that works to reduce the utility's peak demand from 3 pm to 6 pm during summertime weekdays.

The equipment promoted under this program includes hard-wired luminaires based on HPS, LPS

and MH technologies. FP&L offers $75 per kilowatt saved for high permanency, major fixture

lighting modifications. For more information, please contact Matt Macon, Florida Power &

Light, tel: 561-640-2580, mattmacon@fpl.com.

D.4 MASSACHUSETTS INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

Nstar, servicing more than 100 eastern Massachusetts communities, manages a

Construction Solution and Business Solutions program that aims to promote energy-efficient

lighting in renovations and new construction proj ects. This program promotes the PMH

technology. The incentives offered are as follows: For new construction, a PMH fixture

receives a $10 subsidy; for retrofit installations, a PMH lamp and ballast kit rated at greater than

200W receives $45, a new PMH luminaire rated at greater than 200W receives an $80 incentive.

For more information, contact Timothy Lee, NStar, tel:781-441-3128,

timothylee@nstaronline.com.

D.5 NEW YORK INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

The Long Island Power Authority manages a Commercial Construction Program to

promote energy-efficient lighting in new construction projects. This program works to promote

PMH lamps and ballasts. Where lamps have a minimum efficacy of 60 LPW for small sources

(less than 100 Watts) and 80 LPW for sources greater than 100 watts, an incentive of $30 per

fixture is offered. If electronic ballasts are installed with a PMH lamp of at least 320 watts, an

incentive of $60 per fixture is offered. For more information, contact Scott Scherer, LIPA, tel:

631-436-5769, sscherer@keyspanenergy.com.

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) has six

New York Energy $martSM efforts that incorporate HID lighting for commercial or industrial

buildings. The first five programs are mutually exclusive - that is, you can only apply to one

program for a specific lighting measure. The last program can work in conjunction with any of

the others. The information below, while focusing on describing the lighting components as

opposed to the HID lighting components, provides links to each of the incentive programs. All

the programs include incentives for HID technologies or for applications that use HID

technologies.

The Smart Equipment Choices Program provides prequalified incentives for equipment

replacement, including lighting, to customers with an annualized electricity bill less than

$100,000. Incentives are limited to a maximum of $10,000. Customers who received

$10,000 or more in incentives in previous issues of the Smart Equipment Choices

Program are not eligible to receive additional incentives. The application is available at

http://www.nyserda.org/812pon.pdf. The lighting worksheets on pages 11-14 of the

application show the specific equipment and incentive levels. For additional information,

contact Kim Schryer atkas@nyserda.org or at 518-862-1090, ext. 3410.

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'14

2. The New Construction Program offers funding for technical assessments of energyefficiency measures in building designs and for offsetting up to 60 percent of the

incremental capital costs of purchasing and installing energy-efficient equipment at the

time of new construction or substantial renovation. To be eligible, projects must involve

a licensed professional architect or engineer. The capital cost incentives are paid to

customers and cover pre-qualified equipment, custom measures, or whole building design

approaches, including energy-efficient lighting products, controls, and daylighting

technologies. The maximum capital cost incentive per building project is $400,000 with

a maximum single measure capital cost incentive cap of $250,000. The application is

available at http://www.nyserda.org/8l5pon.pdf. The lighting worksheet on page 20 of

the application covers pre-qualified lighting incentives, showing the specific equipment

requirements and incentives offered. Page 27 identifies guidelines on lighting

opportunities for custom measures and whole building approaches. For additional

information, contact Marcia Chandler at info@nyserda.org or at 518-862-1090, ext. 3412.

3. The Commercial/Industrial Performance Program offers contractors performance-based

incentives to implement cost-effective electrical efficiency improvements or summer

demand reduction measures for eligible customers. The lighting efficiency incentive

rates are for 64 kilowatt-hours of annual savings. The minimum project size is a project

that yields an incentive of at least $5,000. Aggregation of sites on one application to

meet the $5,000 incentive minimum is encouraged. Applications must be submitted

before the contractor and customer sign a contract for the equipment purchase or

installation. More information on the program is available at

http://www.nyserda.org/779pon.htm1. For additional information, contact Todd Baldyga

via e-mail at tab@nyserda.org or telephone at ext. 3354.

4. The Peak Load Reduction Program, PON 733-02, offers performance-based incentives to

contractors based on demand reduction for a broad range of measures that includes

lighting. These include measures that permanently reduce lighting demand or measures

that can curtail lighting load through controls in response to a curtailment event called by

the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO). Facilities can receive revenues

from the NYISO during these events for curtailing electric demand. Incentives are based

on $/kW reduced or enabled to be curtailed. A technical assessment is required to

document the estimated demand reduction or enabled curtailment and a site visit to verif,'

installation. Incentives are scaled higher in the Con Edison service territory. The PUN

can be downloaded from NYSERDA's website at http://www.nyserda.org/733pon.htm1.

For additional information, contact Chris Smith at 518-862-1090 ext 3360.

The New York Energy $mart Loan Fund works with participating lenders throughout the

State to provide up to a 4 percent interest rate reduction (up to 6.5 percent in Lower

Manhattan) on loans to customers for qualified equipment, including lighting. The

program identifies a number of prequalified products and also allows applications for

custom measures. More information on the loan fund is available at

http://www.nyserda.org/loanfund. Information on prequalified lighting measures can be

found in the complete application kit for borrowers other than 1-4 family homes. For

more information on program specifics or on participating lenders, contact Marcia

Chandler at info@nyserda.org or at 518-862-1090, ext.3412.

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6. The Small Commercial Lighting Program seeks to promote energy-efficient lighting in

retrofit applications. The target equipment of this program includes HPS fixtures for both

interior and external applications, and PMH for interior use. Table D-2 shows the

incentive levels and minimum lamp efficacies for the eligible HID fixtures. For more

information, contact Marilyn Dare at mjd@nyserda.org or at 518-862-1090, ext.3 348.

D.6 OREGON INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

The Energy Trust of Oregon manages a statewide program called the Building Efficiency

Program. This program aims to promote energy-efficient lighting upgrades that incorporate HPS

or MH fixtures. The Energy Trust offers rebates for replacing MV and incandescent lighting

with HPS or MH fixtures-$25 for a HPS or MH fixture less than 175 watts, and $30 for a HPS or

MH fixture greater than 175 watts. For more information, please contact Will Miller, Energy

Trust of Oregon, tel: 503-243-7844, wmiller@aspensys.com, or the building efficiency program

manager at 877-510-6800.

The Oregon Department of Energy awards a tax credit for all energy efficiency projects

that save at least 10 percent compared to code or standard practice, whichever is more stringent,

or, for lighting-only projects, 25 percent more efficient than code or standard practice, whichever

is more stringent. The credit is 35 percent of the "eligible project costs," which is either the

incremental cost of the better equipment compared to the code or standard practice equipment (in

new construction or the replacement of failed equipment scenario), or the project costs, if

replacing functioning systems with more efficient systems. The rules are on the Energy Trust of

Oregon's web site (www.energy.state.or.us) under the BETC section of the site. For more

information, please contact Charlie Stephens, Oregon Department of Energy, tel: 503-378-4298,

Charles.M. Stephens@state.or.us.

D.7 TEXAS INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

Austin Energy sponsors a lighting rebate program with the objective of reducing lighting

costs through higher efficiency lighting systems. The program is not technology specific, but

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offers rebates that are calculated at $250 per kilowatt savings for retrofits and $125 per kilowatt

savings for new constmction. For more information, contact Joe Pena at (512) 974-3568, or

joe.pena@austinenergy.com.

D.8 VERMONT INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

Efficiency Vermont, a statewide non-profit organization funded out of an efficiency

charge applied to the electricity bill, manages a program called Commercial Energy

Opportunities. This program works to promote energy-efficient lighting in retrofit projects,

specifically PMH lamps and ballasts. Incentives of $25 per fixture are offered. For more

information, contact Art Sousa, Efficiency Vermont, tel: 1888-921-5990, asousa@veic.org.

D.9 WASHINGTON INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

Seattle City Light manages a program called Energy Smart Services Financial Incentives

that provides financial incentives to small businesses for replacing inefficient lighting with

approved energy-efficient lighting equipment. This program focuses on HPS lamps, and offers

$25 to $65 per fixture for replacement of existing lamps or fixtures with new efficient HPS

systems. For more information, please contact Charles Valentin, tel: 206-684-4215, or at

charles.valentin@seattle.gov.

D.1O WISCONSIN INCENTIVE PROGRAMS

Wisconsin Focus on Energy offers energy-efficiency incentives to commercial owners of

existing buildings or new construction projects to encourage the use of energy efficient lighting.

The program offers a $1 0-per-fixture rebate for replacing an existing 400W HID unit with a

320W PMH system. For more information, contact Tom Tucker at 608-277-8040 or 888-291-

6434.

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APPENDIX E. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP BALLASTS

HID lamp ballasts are required to start the lamp, regulate the operating current, and

provide the appropriate voltage to sustain the arc discharge. For HPS and PMH lamps, an

additional ignitor circuit generates the high-voltage starting pulse necessary to initiate the arc

discharge. Typical input voltages for HID lighting systems are 120V, 208V, 240V, and 277V, of

which 1 20V and 277V are the most popular. The Department obtained descriptions of each

ballast type from Advance Transformers. Pocket Guide to HID Lamp Ballasts;1 they are

summarized below.

E.1 ELECTRONIC BALLASTS

Electronic ballasts are not common in HID lighting applications. Electronic ballasts are

only manufactured and sold for PMH lamps, operating these lamps either with alternating current

(AC) or direct current (DC). Manufacturers state that DC operation of lamps provides improved

performance in a smaller package - that is, it results in a higher power factor, less heat, better

power regulation, and lower maintenance costs, and it saves energy. If a DC electronic HID

ballast is installed, it must be used with an HID lamp designed for DC operation. Electronic

ballasts for AC systems are also manufactured and sold. However, these lamp-ballast

combinations must operate as a matched pair i.e., ballasts must be manufactured to operate

specific lamps, or premature failure may result. AC-operated electronic ballasts generate an

acoustic resonance that causes photometric and electrical problems contributing to premature

lamp failure.2' a These technical issues have not been fully resolved yet, and have therefore

delayed the widespread availability and use of electronic ballasts for HID lamps.

However, once these technological hurdles have been addressed, electronic ballasts will

provide significant improvement in performance and function over existing magnetic ballasts.

For example, electronic ballast high-frequency ignition is expected to reduce blackening on the

arc tube wall, reducing lumen depreciation, and contributing to better color stability and longer

lamp life. Manufacturers also state that ballast losses will be dramatically reduced with a shift to

electronic ballasts. Finally, continuous dimming of HID sources is more easily accomplished

with electronic ballasts. For example, electronic ballasts today can dim an MH lamp down to

33% of rated lamp output.3

E.2 REACTOR (RX) BALLASTS

The reactor-type ballast may be the most simple, efficient, and economic solution to

magnetic ballasting of HID lamps. Ballast losses are typically 15 percent with this configuration.

However, it comes with some limitations that need to be considered. The input voltage must

meet the starting voltage requirements of an HID lamp. Since most MV lamps and probe-start

MH lamps are designed to start approximately at 240V, the main input voltage must be greater

than 240V. So, if the main input voltage is 120 V, it may not provide sufficient voltage to start

or operate the lamp. Power factor is a nominal 50 percent for these ballasts; it can be improved

to about 90 percent with the addition of a capacitor across the input terminals. Power regulation

is poor in these units. For a 5 percent swing in input voltage, the lamp wattage varies as much as

a Delta Power Supply has US Patent #5,883,475 for developing a method to avoid this issue. In addition, their

ballasts operate within a normal ANSI lamp spec.

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14

12 percent. Also, these ballasts draw substantially higher current during warm-up andlor open

circuit operation. Therefore, the power distribution system must provide ample current capacity

for this condition. These ballasts are also known as "choke" or "lag" ballasts.

E.3 HIGH REACTANCE AUTOTRANSFORMER (HX) BALLASTS

HX ballasts have evolved from RX ballasts. These types of ballasts employ two coils,

primary and secondary, which transform the input voltage to the required level. This

transformation of input voltage allows HX ballasts to operate MV, probe-start MH, and LPS

from any input voltage. The ballast raises the voltage up to the required levels for the lamp it

operates via primary and secondary windings. Since the two coils share common windings, the

configuration is an autotransformer. Otherwise, the operating characteristics are identical to the

RX ballast, including ballast losses. These ballasts are also sometimes referred to as "lag"

ballasts.

E.4 CONSTANT WATTAGE AUTOTRANSFORMER (CWA) BALLASTS

The most widely used magnetic ballast circuit configuration is CWA. It offers the best

compromise between cost and performance. When employed in MV systems, it offers very good

power regulation; a 10 percent change in line voltage will only result in a 5 percent change in

lamp wattage. For MH systems, CWA ballasts offer unity change in lamp wattage to changes in

line voltage (e.g., 5% decrease in voltage results in a 5% decrease in wattage). Furthermore,

input current during warm-up does not exceed current at steady-state operation. A capacitor

provides power factor correction. Ballast losses are higher than those of RX and HX ballasts, but

lower than those of CW ballasts. For MH and HPS, these ballasts are sometimes referred to as

"lead peak" ballasts.

E.5 CONSTANT WATTAGE (CW) ISOLATED TRANSFORMER BALLASTS

CW ballasts, referred to as regulated or premium constant wattage, currently provide the

best lamp regulation among magnetic ballasts. Their operational characteristics are similar to

CWA ballasts. However, when these ballasts are used with MV lamps, a 13 percent change in

line voltage only results in a 2 percent change in lamp wattage. Furthermore, because the lamp

circuit is completely isolated from the primary coils, this topology offers a safety factor against

electric shock. Ballast losses are highest among the four magnetic ballast configurations

mentioned in this appendix. These ballasts are also known as "magnetic regulator" or "regulated

lag" ballasts.

E.6 IGNITORS FOR HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE BALLASTS

Ignitors are used in ballast circuits for most HPS lamps and some MH lamps (e.g., PMH).

The ignitor starts cold lamps by first providing a high enough voltage for ionization of the gas to

produce a glow discharge. Then it must provide sufficient power to sustain an arc through a

glow-to-arc transition to complete the starting process. The range of pulse voltages to start cold

lamps is 1 to 5 kV, usually provided by an electronic resonant circuit that applies multiple pulses

to the lamp when the circuit is energized. The circuit turns itself off afler the lamp starts by

either sensing the reduction in open-circuit voltage or, with some ignitors, shutting itself off after

a fixed period of time.

E-2

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential njavins

hicreasing the ignition voltage enables instant restarting of hot lamps. However, most

HID lamps require extremely high voltage pulses of 10 to 70 kV. To reduce the voltage-toground values, ignitor circuits apply opposing pulses simultaneously to both ends of the lamp.

Most instant-restart lamps are of double-ended construction to minimize arc-over between lead

wires, internal supports, or base contacts. These high-voltage starting pulses normally are

applied in one or several short bursts, using open-circuit voltage reduction on restart to turn off

the ignitor.

Under normal conditions, an ignitor actually operates for only a few cycles, once each

day when the lights are started. Even if the lights turn off momentarily, once each day, it

requires only about one minute of pulsing by the ignitor to restrike the lamp. Assuming an

ignitor case temperature of 90°C (worst case), an operating period of one minute per day would

total only about five hours of actual operation per year. Since average ignitor life at 90°C is a

total of 800 hours, the use of five hours per year is an insignificant portion of the total time.

However, ignitor life significantly diminishes when an inoperative lamp remains in an energized

socket for extended periods of time. Assuming a very severe application with a 75°C case

temperature, a total of 10,000 hours of continuous pulsing can be expected. If it were pulsing 24

hours per day, this would result in a total ignitor life of just over one year.

E-3

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

#14

REFERENCES

'Advance Transformer Company. Pocket Guide to High-Intensity Discharge Lamp Ballasts.

Form 1700, 1998. (Last accessed January 15, 2003).

<http://www.advancetransformer.com/literature/>

2 Lee, C. H., Electronic Ballast for 400WMetal Halide Lamp, Technical paper. (Last accessed

January 17, 2003). <http://www.pwm.pe.kr/MH400EB.pdf

National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP), Lighting Answers: Mid- Wattage

Metal Halide Lamps, 7(1). Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

E-4

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

APPENDIX F. PRODUCT AVAILABILITY TABLES

The following tables list product availability for HID general service lamps from all

NEMA members. For the purposes of this document, general service HID lamps are limited to

'medium and mogul' base types. Column headings in the tables are defined as follows:

Rated Lamp Power: Wattage range from 0 to 2000 watts.

Manufacturer: Limited to NEMA members GE, Philips, Sylvania, Venture, Ushio, and EYE

Lighting International N.A.

Bulb Designation: ANSI designation for bulb shape and size. Nomenclature is a letter or letters

indicating the shape followed by numbers indicating maximum bulb diameter.

Coating: The Department is only interested if it has it or not (clear or coated! diffuse).

Base Type: The metal coupling connecting the lamp to the socket (either mogul or medium).

ANSI Ballast Code: Electrical operating designation of lamp which matches the ballast.

Nomenclature is a letter indicating lamp classification, followed by numbers representing key

electrical characteristics of the lamp.

Lamp Life: Given in operating hours determined when half of a large group of lamps operated

at standard test conditions have failed.

Initial Light Output: Lamp light output after 100 hours of seasoning.

Mean Light Output: Lamp light output after a period of time, usually at 40 percent rated life.

(Note that GE lamps are given at 50 percent rated life for their MV, HPS and LPS).

CCT: Correlated color temperature - Color appearance of lamp.

CR!: Color rendering index - relative index of lamp ability to render color.

F-I

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table F-i. Product Availability: Mercur Vapor Lam

W

p (i of 2)

! - t s IFL

B17 Clear Med H45 6000 V: 1140 V: 910 3900 50

'' H: 1575 H:1250

E17 Clr/Ctd Med H46 8000 1650-1900 1320-1520 4100-5700 25-40

EYE R20 Frosted

R30 Frosted

B17 Coated Med H46 6000 V: 1140 V: 910 3900 50 50 G H: 1575 H: 1250

y vania E17 Coated Med H45 24000+ 1580 1300 4000 45

H46

Philips ED17 Clear Med H46 24000+ 1580 1260 3200 45

EYE E17 CIr/Ctd Med H43 16000 2700-3000 2160-2400 4100-5700 25-40

GE B17 Coated Med H43 16000 2700 2250 3900 50

Sylvania E17 Coated Med H43 24000+ 2700 1800 4300 45

Philips ED17 Clear Med H43 24000+ 2800 2250 3200 45

80 EYE E21 Coated Med - 16000 3600 2880 4100 40

E17 Clr/Ctd Med H38 24000 4000-4500 3200-3600 41 00-5700 25-40

E24 Clr/Ctd Mog EYE R30 Diffuse Mog

RD4O Diffuse Mog

A23.5 Clr/Ctd Med H38 18000-24000+ 3700-4000 2400-2600 3800-5700 15-50

GE B17 Coated Med

ED23.5 Clr/Ctd Mog

R40 Clr/Ctd Med 100 E17 Coated Med H38 24000+ 4000-4100 3000-3560 4000-5900 20-45

ET23.5 Clr/Ctd Mog H44

Sylvania PAR38 Clear Med

PAR38 Clear Med

R40 Coated Med

A23 Clear Med H38 24000+ 41 00-4400 3400-3450 3700-7000 20-45

Philips ED23.5 Mog

R40 Med

E24 Coated Mog H42 24000 6250 5000 4100 40 125 EYE R40 Clear Med

BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog H39 24000 7800-8900 6240-71 20 41 00-5700 25-40 EYE RD4O Diffuse Med

ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog H39 24000+ 7800-7850 6800-6830 3900-5700 15-50

GE RD4O Clr/Ctd Med

175 RD4O Clear Mog

S Ivania BT/ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog H39 24000+ 7700 7150 4000-5900 22-45

R40 Coated Med

ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog H39 24000+ 7900-8500 7400-7600 3700-6800 20-45 Phili R40 Clear Med

F-2

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

#14

I P

Table F-I. Product Availability: Mercury Vapor Lamp (2 of 2)

Ir $warJliLtIr

Q _______

. _

_____ -

_____

BT28 Clr/Ctd I Mog H37 24000 12000-13700 9600-10960 4100-5700 25-40

EYE R63 Clear

R52 Clear 250 ________

GE ED28 Clr/Ctd H37

______________

24000+

_____________

11000-11200

____________

8250-8400

___________

3900-5700

______

15-50

Sylvania BT/ED28 Clr/Ctd H37 24000+ 10800-12500 10000 4000-5900 22-45

Philips ED28 Clr/Ctd H37 24000+ 11700-13000 9650-10700 3700-6700 20-45 _____

BT37 ClrICtd Mog H33 24000 21000-24000 16800-19200 4100-5700 25-40

EYE R63 Clear

R57 Clear _________ ______________ _____________ ___________ _______

8137 Coated Mog H33

_______________

12000-24000+ 20000-22600 13400-1 8200 3900-5700 15-50

ED37 Clr/Ctd

GE R52 Coated

R60 Coated 400

________ 116 Clear ___________ __________ ______

BT37 Clr/Ctd Mog H33

____________

12000-24000+

____________

18700-23000 16000-16500 4000-5900 16-45

Sylvania 116 Coated

ED37 Clr/Ctd Mog H33 24000+ 21000-23000 18900-19100 3700-6500 20-45

Philips P57 Clear

P60 Clear ______ _________ ____________ ___________ _______

EYE BT46 Coated jg H35

______________

24000

_____________

44000 35200 4100 40 700 Philips BT46 Clear jg H35 24000+ 43000 33600 3700 45 ______

BT56 Clr/Ctd Mog H36 24000 58000-64000 46400-51200 4100-5700 25-40 EYE R88 Clear _________ ______________ _____________ ____________ ___________ _______

GE BT56 Clr/Ctd Mog H34 16000-24000+ 57000-58300 28500-29200 3900-5700 15-50

1000 ________

B156 Coated H36 _____________ ____________ ____________ __________ ______

yvania

BT56 Clr/Ctd Mog H34 16000-24000+ 55000-58000 44000-50000 4000-5900 22-45

H36

____________ __________ ______

Philips

BT56 Clear Mog H34

_____________

16000-24000+

____________

56700-63000 42800-48400 3700-6300 20-45

H36

___________ __________ __________ ________ _____

F-3

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table F-2. Product Availability: Seif-Ballasted Mercury Vapor Lamp

J

100 EYE E21 Coated Med 6000 1100 830 3200 60

E24 Coated Med 8000- 2550- 1910- 3200- 60

EYE R40 Frosted 12000 3100 2330 3300

160

_______ RSP38 Clr/Ctd

GE ED24 Coated

_______

Med

__ _______

12000

__ ________

2300

_ ________

1600

_ _________

3900

_________

50

_____ Philips E23 Clear Med 12000 2800 2250 3300 50

EYE E28 Coated Med 12000 5000- 3750- 3200- 50

________ R40 Frosted Mog 5700 4280 3300

250 GE ED28 Coated Med

_______

12000

___

5000 3750 3900

__________

50

________ Coated Mog

Philps

_________

E28

_

Clear Med

_______

12000

___ _________

5990

________

4790

_ _________

3300

__________

50

Mog

300 EYE

_______

R40

_ ________

Frosted Med

________ ________ ________ ________ ________

____ ______ _______ Mog _______ _______ _______ _______

EYE BT37

_______

Coated Mog 16000 10000- 7500- 3200-

_______

50

450 ________

R57 Frosted _________ _________11500 8630 3300 _________

GE BT37 Coated Mog 16000 9100 8280 3900 50

_____ Philips B137 Coated Mog 16000 9700 8300 3300 50

EYE BT46 Coated Mog 16000 19000- 14250- 4000 40-45

________ R57 Clr/Fr _________ 22000 16500 _________

750 GE B57 Coated

________

Mog

_

16000 14000 11200 3900

_________

50

Phili p

R57 Coated Mog 16000 14000- N/A 3300- 40-50

17300

_________

4000 _________

F-4

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofPaiential Energy Say

#1

Table F-3. Pi odu tart Metal Hali de Lam (1 of 3)

EYE ED17N CIr/Ctd Med M110

_____________ 3000-3450 _____________ 1820-1 900 ________

2900-3000 70 _______ ______ _____

[17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

MilO

_____________ ____________

V: 15000 3200-3450 1750-2000 2900-3000 70

50 Sylvania

H: 10000

______________ _________

Venture EDX17 Coated Med DC 10000

_______________

5300 4000 3400

_____

70

EYE ED17N Clr/Ctd Med M98 15000 4800-5200 3600-3900 2900-3000 75

[17 Clr/Ctd Med M85 V: 7500-1 5000 4700-6000 31 00-4900 2900-4200 75-85

Sylvania

H: 6000-1 0000

______________

-

_________

70 R40 Clear Med M85 3000-10000

_______________

5200-5600 3400-3600 3000-4200

_____

65-75

PAR64 Coated Mog Venture PAR56 Clear Mog

PAR38 Clear Med ______ ______________ ________________ _______________ _________ ______

75

________

Ushio [26 Coated Med M98 10000 5000-6000 3550 3000-4200 70

EYE ED17 Clr/Ctd Med M90 10000-15000 7900-8500 5800-6400 2900-4200 65-75

[17 CIr/Ctd Med M90 V: 7500-1 5000 7700-8500 5525-7500 2900-4200 75-82

Sylvania

H: 6000-1 0000

_______________ ______________ _________ _____

100 Ushio R ______ _____ ____________ ______________ _____________ ________ _____

R40 Clear Med M90 3000-10000 9000 5900 3200-4200 65-70

PAR64 Coated Mog Venture PAR56 Clr/Ctd Mog

PAR38 Clear Med _____________ _______________ ______________ _________ _____

148

_______

Venture EDX17 Coated Med

_____

DC 10000 13500 11500 3400-4500 70

EYE ED17N CIr/Ctd Med M102 15000 12000-13300 9000-10000 2900-3000 75

ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog M57 V: 1000-10000 V: 10000-13500 V: 8000-11000 3000-5000 65-80 GE H: 7500 H: 10900-11500 H: 6900-7200 ________ _____

BT28 Clear Mog M107 V: 9000-15000 V: 11000-13000 V: 7500-11000 2900-4200 65-88

150 Sylvania [17 Clr/Ctd Med M102 H: 6000-10000 H: 11000-12500 H: 8500-9500 _________ _____

Philips ED17 Clr/Ctd Med M107 10000-12000 11250-12500 7900-8500 3400-4200 65-80

Ushio R ______ ______________ ________________ _______________ __________ ______

PAR56

_______

Clr/Ctd Mog M102 6000-1000 11250-14000 8400-10500 3000-4200 65-70 Venture

________ PAR64 Coated M81 ______________ ________________ _______________ __________ ______

BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog M57 U: 10000 U: 12900-15000 U: 8200-11000 3800-4200 65-70

EYE ED28 Mog V:10000 V:14000-15000 V:10500-11000

ED17 Med H: 6000 H: 13500-14000 H: 10000-10500 _______ ________ _____

BD17

_____

CIr/Ctd Med

_____

M57 V: 10000 V: 12000-1 5000 V: 7600-8800 3000-4000 65-70

GE ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog H: 6000 H: 10300-119000 H: 6500-7900

________ PAR38 Clear Med ________________ _______________ __________ ______

BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog

______

M57

______________

V: 7500-10000 V: 11800-15000 7600-10800 3200-4200 65-70

175

Sylvania

ED17 Med H: 7500 H: 11080-1 2800 ______________ _________ _____

ED17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M57 10000 12000-15000 7560-12000 3200-4300 65-70

Philips ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog

________ PAR38 Clear Med _______________ __________ ______

ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

______

M57

______________

7500-10000

________________

12000-15000 8600-12000 3200-5200 65-70

Venture ED28 Mog

R40 Clear Med

______

T15 _____ ____ __________ ____________ ___________ _______ ____

F-5

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table F-3. Product Availability: Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamp (2 of 3)

_

I

__

BT28 I Clr/Ctd I Mog M58 U: 10000 U: 19800-20800 U: 12600-1 3500 3800-4200 65-70

EYE ED28 V: 10000 V: 20750-21 500 V: 17200-1 7250

______ _____ H: 6000 H: 19650-19700 H: 13800-15850 ________ _____

BT28

_____

Clr/Ctd Mog

_____

M58 9000-1 0000 V: 17200-23000 V: 12500-1 7500 3200-5200 65-93

Sylvania E118 Clear Mog H: 19500-20000 H: 13500-1 6000

250

________

T14.5 Clear çj ______________ ________________ ______________ _________ ______

ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog

______

M58 10000 18000-23000 11300-16800 3200-4300 65-70 Phili

______

T15 Clear ____________ ___________ _______ ____

Ushio E39 Clear jg

____

M80

___________

9000 19000 N/A 5200 N/A

ED28 Clr/Ctd [39 M58 7500-10000 19000-23000 12400-15000 3000-5200 65-70 Venture

_______ T15 Clear _______________ _____________ _________ _____

GE ED37 Clr/Ctd jj

_____

M59

_____________

20000 35000-39000 23000-27000 4000-4300 65-70

360 BT37 Clr/Ctd Mog M59 V: 20000 V: 34500-36000 22500-23500 3600-4000 65-70 S Iyvania H: 15000 H: 30000 H: 19000 ________ _____

B137 CIr/Cid Mog M59 U: 20000 U: 35000-36000 U: 21000-24000 3800-4200 65-70

EYE B128 V: 20000-30000 V: 36000-42000 V: 28000-33000

_______ ED37 H: 15000-20000 H: 32000-39000 H: 24800-30800 _________ _____

ED28

______

CIr/Ctd Mog

_____

M59 10000-20000 25000-44000 13300-31000 3000-6000 65-90

B128 Clr/Ctd

B137 Clr/Ctd

T15 Clear _______ _____________ _______________ _____________ _________ _____

BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog

_____

M59 V: 20000 V: 33500-42000 V: 22000-26000 3200-5200 60-90

BT37 Clr/Ctd H: 15000 H: 32000-33000 H: 20500-21 500 400 S Iyvania ET18 Clear

T14.5 Clear ________ ________________ ______________ _________ ______

ED28 Clear Mog M59

______________

10000-20000 32500-40000 20800-27400 3200-4300 65-70

Philips ED37 Clr/Ctd

R60 Clear

_______ T15 Clear _______________ _____________ _________ _____

ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog M59

_____________

10000-20000 32500-40000 21100-26000 3200-5200 65-70

Venture ED37 Clr/Ctd

115 Clear _____ _______ _______________ _____________ _________ _____

BT56 Clr/Ctd Mog M47

_____________

U: 12000 U: 99800-1 05000 U: 59900-66000 3400-4200 65-70

EYE BT37 V:12000 V:110000-120000 V:86000-96600

_______ ______ H: 9000 H: 105000-110000 H: 82000-86300 _________

BT56

______

Clr/Ctd Mog M47 V: 12000-1 5000 V: 105000-115000 V: 80000-90000 3500-4000 65-80 GE

_______ BT37 Clear H: 9000-11000 H: 96600-1 0500 H: 73000-82000 _________

BT56 Clr/Ctd MUg M47 V: 6000-18000 V: 100000-115000 V: 80000-96000 3400-4200 65-70 1000 S lvania y

BT37 Clear

______________ ________________ ______________ _________

BT37 Clear Mog M47 10000-12000 104500-120000 65800-83600 3400-3900 65-70 PhFlips

BT56 Clr/Ctd

________________ _______________ _________

Ushio [39 Clr/Ctd jj N/A

______________

8000 N/A N/A 10000 N/A

BT56 CIr/Ctd Mog M47 6000-12000 80000-115000 52000-86300 3400-5200 65-70

_____

Venture

_ ________ BT37 Clear ______________ ________________ _______________ _________

F-6

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lanps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table F-3. Product Availability: Probe-Start Metal Halide Lamp (3 of 3)

F-7

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table F-4. Product Availability: Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamp (1 of 2)

3 D17 Coated Med MW0 10000 3200 70

ED17 Clr/Ctd Med MilD 5000-10000 2900-3900 1500-2200 3200-4000 70-75 GE

_______ BD1 7 _____________ _____________ _________ ______

[17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M110

_____________

V: 15000 3200-3450 1750-2000 2900-3000 70 50 S I yvania

H: 10000 ___________ ________ _____

ED17 Clr/Ctd Med MilO V: 10000

___________

V: 3000-3400 V: 2000-2200 3200-4000 65-70

en ure H: 7500 H: 2700-31 00 H: 1800-2000 _________ ______

ED17 Clr/Ctd Med M98 12000 4500-5500 2800-3500 3200-4000 70-75 GE

_______ BD1 7 ____________ _________ ______

[17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M98

____________

V: 7500-1 5000

____________

4700-5500 3100-4000 2900-4200 75-82 70 S Ivania

_______ PAR38 Clear H: 6000-1 0000 _____________ _____________ _________ ______

ED17 ClrICtd Med

_____

M98 V: 15000 V: 5000-5600 V: 3300-3600 2700-4000 65-70 Venture

_____ _______ ED28 Clear yqçj H: 11250 H: 4500-5000 H: 3000-3300 _________ ______

ED17 CIr/Cid Med

_____

M90 15000 7600-9000 4900-6200 3200-4000 70-75 GE

_______ BD1 7 ____________ ____________ _________ ______

[17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M90

____________

V: 7500-1 5000 7700-8500 5525-7500 2900-4200 75-82 100 S lvania

_______ PAR38 Clear H: 6000-1 0000 _____________ _____________ _________ ______

ED17 CIr/Cid Med

_____

M90 V: 15000 V: 8100-9000 V: 5300-5900 2700-4000 65-70

en ure ED28 Clr/Ctd jg H: 11250 H: 7300-8100 H: 4800-5300 _________ ______

ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M102 15000 11200-12500 7700-8600 3200-4000 70-75 GE

_______ BD1 7 ____________ ____________ _________ ______

[17

______

Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M102

____________

V: 7500-15000 11500-12900 9000-11000 2900-4200 75-88 150 5 Ivania

_______ PAR38 Clear H: 6000-1 0000 _____________ _____________ _________ ______

ED17 Clr/Ctd Med

_____

M102 V: 15000 V: 12600-1 4000 V: 9500-1 0500 2700-4000 65-70 Venure ED28 H: 11250 H:11300-12600 H:8500-9500 ________ _____

ED23.5

_____

Clr/Ctd Mog

_____

M137 15000 16000-17500 12000-13000 3200-4000 65-75 GE 8D17 Med ___________ ___________ ___________ ________ _____

175

______

Philips ED28

_____

Clear jj

_____

M137 15000 16000 11200 3900 65

ED17 Clr/Ctd Med M137 15000 16600-17500 13300-14000 3700-4000 65-70 Ven ure

ED28

______________ _____________ _____________ __________ _______

ED17

_______

Clr/Ctd Med

______

M136 12000-15000 19000-21000 15200-16800 3200-4000 65-70 200 Ven ure

ED28

_____________ __________ _______

GE ED28

_______

Clr/Ctd

______

M138

______________

15000-20000

_____________

21500-23000 15500-17000 3900-4200 65

Sylvania BT28 Clr/Ctd yg M138 15000 21500-23000 17200-19200 3600-4200 65-70 250 Philips ED28 Clear M138 15000 23800 16600 4000 65

Venture ED28 Clr/Ctd g M138 15000 22600-25000 18100-20000 3700-4000 65-70 _____

GE ED28 Clr/Ctd j M132 20000 30000-34000 16500-25000 3700-4000 65-70

BT28 Clr/Ctd Mog M131 V: 20000 V: 28500-32000 V: 19000-21000 3800-4300 65-70 yvania H: 15000-20000 H: 28000-33500 H: 18400-24000 320 Philips ED28 Clr/Ctd M132 20000 30100-31700 21500-23140

________

3600-3900

______

65-70

ED28 Clr/Ctd Mog M132 15000-20000+ 27900-34000 22300-27200 3200-4000 65-70 Ven ure

ED37

_______ ______ ______________ ______________ _____________ _________ _______

F-8

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
F-9

DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table F-4. Product Availability: Pulse-Start Metal Halide Lamp (2 of 2)

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table F-5. Product Availability: Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps

± ____

PAR2O

______

Med

___

M130

_____

9000-10000

______

3400

______

2400-2600

______

3000

____

>80 GE

_______ PAR3OL _____ ___________ ___________ __________ _________

PAR2O

______

Med M130 9000 V: 3300 2640-2720 2900-3000 82-85 39 S I y vanta

PAR3OL

____________ ____________ ___________ _________

PAR2O

_______

Med

______

M130 9000-12000 2000-3400 1600-2805 3000 81 Philps

PAR3OL ____________ ___________ _________

ED17P

_______

Clear Med

______

M110

____________

10000-15000 35604250 2600-3200 3000-4000 82-90 50 Philips ED17 Clr/Ctd M148 __________ ________

PAR3OL Med M85

__________

9000-15000

__________

5100-7000 4300-5600 3000-4200 >80

GE PAR38 M98 >90

_______ BD17 M139 ________

E17

______

Clr/Ctd Med M98

__________

9000-12000

__________

V: 5500-6600

__________

4400-5280 2900-4200 83-90

Sylvania PAR3OL Clear H: 6300 70 PAR38 Clear ________ ______ ____________ ____________ ___________ _________

PAR3OL Med M98 6000-15000 6000-6600 4800-5440 3000-4000 82-92

Philips PAR38

ED17

_____ ______ ED17P __________ __________ _________ ________

PAR38

______

Med

_____

M90 10000 8700-9200 6300-6600 3000 >80 GE

______ BD17 M140 _________ ________

E17

______

Clr/Ctd Med M90

__________

12000

__________

8500-9000 6900-7200 3000 85

yvania

PAR38 Clear

100 PAR38 Clear Med

_____

M90

___________

10000-15000

___________

7500-9300

__________

6375-7500

_________

3000-4100 85-93

riiliips

ED17 Clr/Ctd M140

ED17P CIr/Ctd

ED28 Clear ______ ________ ___________ _________

Sylvania E17 Clr/Ctd Med

______

M142

____________

9000-12000

____________

12700-14000 10800-12200 3000-4200 85-90

150 ED17 Clr/Ctd Med M142 6000-15000 11500-14200 8750-11360 3000-4200 85-96 PhIil5 ED17P Clr/Ctd __________ __________ ________

ED37 CIr/Ctd [EM

_____

M128

__________

20000 34000-37000 28900-31450 3700-4000 90 400 Phiups M135 __________ __________ _________ ________

F-I 0

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

F-li

Table F-6. Product Availability: Metal Halide Retrofit Lamps for Mercury Vapor

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of potential Ener Savings

14

Table F-7. Product Availability: High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (1 of 2)

1T ]

EYE ED17 CIr/Diff Med S76 24000+ __2150-2250 __1935-2025 _2100 _21

GE _B17 Cu/Duff Med S76 __16000 2150-2250 1935-2025 1900 22

Sylvania [17 CIr/Diff Med S76 16000+ 2100-2250 1935-2050 1900 22

Philips ED17 CIr/Diff Med S76 24000+ 2150-2250 1935-2025 2100 20 _____

ED17 CIr/Diff Med S68 24000+ 3800-4000 3420-3600 1900-2100 21 [y[

________

[D23.5 ____________ ___________ ____________ __________ ________

B17

______

CIr/Diff Med S68 24000+ 3800-4000 3420-3600 1900 22 GE ED23,5

50 ________ ET23.5

_______

CIr/Diff Mog S68

____________

24000-30000

____________

3700-4000

____________

3420-3600

__________

1900

________

22 s Ivania

_______

[17 Med __________ ___________ _________ _______

ED17

______

Cu/Duff Med S68

___________

10000-24000+ 2350-4000 2000-3600 2100-2700 21-85 PhIlips

ED23.5

_____________ ___________ ________

ED17

_______

CIr/Diff Med S62

_____________

24000+

____________

5860-6300 5270-5670 1900-2100 21 EYE

________ ED23.5 ____________ ___________ ____________ __________ ________

B17

______

CIr/Diff Med S62 10000-40000 3800-6400 3040-5670 1900-2200 22-65 GE ED23.5 ____________ __________ ________

70

________

ET23.5

______

CIr/Diff Mog S62

____________

24000-40000

___________

5500-6300 4900-5600 1900-21 50 22 S Ivania

_______

[17 Med ___________ _________ _______

ED17

______

Cir/Diff Med S62

___________

24000+

__________

5860-6300 5270-5670 2100-2200 21-60

Philips ED23.5 CIr/Diff Mog

______ ________ PAR38 Clear Med ____________ ____________ __________ ________

ED17 CIr/Dill Med S54

____________

24000+ 8800-9500 7920-8550 2100 21 EYE

________ ED23.5 ____________ __________ ________

B17

______

CIr/Dill Med S54

____________

24000-40000

___________

8800-1 0500 7920-9450 2000 22-23 GE ED23.5

100 _______ [123.5

______

CIr/Diff Mog S54

___________

24000-40000

___________

8800-9800

___________

7500-8550

_________

2100-21 50

_______

22 S lvania

________

[17 Med ____________ ___________ ____________ __________ ________

ED17

______

Clr/Diff Med S54 10000-24000+ 4900-9500 4170-8550 2100-2700 21-85 PhiPS

[D23.5 Mi ____________ ___________ ____________ __________ ________

[D17

______

CIr/Diff Med S55 24000+ 15000-16000 13500-14400 2100 21

________ ED23.5 ___________ ____________ __________ ________

B17

______

CIr/Diff Med S55

____________

15000-40000 10500-16000 9135-14400 2000-2200 22-65

GE ED23.5 CIrIDiff Mog S56

[D28 Clear j ____________ ____________ __________ ________

150

________

[123.5 CIr/Diff Mog S55

____________

24000-40000 12500-16000 12100-14400 2100-2200 22

Sylvania [17 CIr/Diff Med S56

BT28 Clear ________ ____________ ____________ ____________ __________ ________

ED17 CIr/Diff Med S55 15000-24000+ 11000-16000 9900-14400 2100-2200 21-60

Philips ED23.5 CIr/Diff Mog S56

______ ________

[D28 Clear jg ____________ ____________ ____________ __________ ________

F12

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table F-7. Product Availability: High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (2 of 2)

EYE ED18 ' Clear 'j S66 24000+ 22000 ' 19800 ' 2100 ' 21

GE ED18 Clear jy S66 24000-40000 21500-22000 18150-19800 2000-2100 22 200 Sylvania [118 Clear jçj 566 24000-40000 21500-22000 18000-19800 2100 22

Philips ED18 Clear jçj S66 24000+ 22000 19800 2100 21 _____

225 Philips ED18 Clear jypj S50 24000+ 27500 24800 2100 21

ED18 Clear Mog S50 24000+ 26000-28500 23400-25650 2100 21

EYE ED37 Diffuse

_______ ET18 Clear ____________ _________

ED18 Clear Mog S50

___________

15000-40000

__________

22500-29000 20700-27500 2000-2200 22-65

250

GE

________ ED28 Diffuse ______________ ___________

[118 Clear Mog S50

_____________

24000-40000

____________

26000-29000 23200-261 00 2100 22 S Ivania

________ BT28 Diffuse ____________ _____________ __________

ED18 Clear Mog S50

____________

15000-24000+ 23000-30000 20700-27000 21 00-2200 21-65 Phil

______ ________ ED28 Diffuse ____________ _____________ __________

GE ED18 Clear S67

____________

24000+ 37000 33300 2100 22

310 Sylvania ET18 Clear S67 24000+ 37000 33300 2100 22

Philips ED18 Clear jçj S67 24000+ 37000 33300 2100 21 _____

360 Philips ED18 Clear jyg S51 24000+ 47500 42800 2100 25

ED18 Clear Mog S51 24000+ 47500-50000 42750-45000 2100 21

[YE ED37 Diffuse

[118 Clear _______ ____________ __________

ED18 Clear Mog S51

____________

15000-40000

___________

37400-54000 34400-48600 2000-2200 22-70

GE ED28 Clear 400

________ ED37 Diffuse ______________ ___________

[118 Clear Mog S51

_____________

24000-40000

____________

46000-50000 40000-45000 2100 21-22 S Ivania

________ BT37 Diffuse _____________ ____________ ______________ ___________

ED18 Clear Mog S51 15000-24000+ 37500-50000 33750-45000 2100-2200 21-65 Phili

______ ED37 Diffuse ____________ ____________ _____________ __________

430

________

Philips ED18 Clear jg S51 16000 53000 47700 2100 21

GE 115 Clear jg S106 12000+ 90000 81000 2000 22

600 Sylvania 116 Clear g S106 24000 90000 81000 2200 22

Philips 114 Clear yjp S106 24000+ 90000 81000 2100 21 _____

GE ED37 Clear Sill 24000+ 110000 99000 2100 22 750 Sylvania B137 Clear jçg Sill 24000 105000 94500 2100 22 ______

[25 Clear Mog S52 24000+ 140000- 126000 2100 21

________ _______

145000 __________

[25

_______

Clear Mog S52

____________

24000-40000 137500-

_____________

115000-12600( 2000-2100 22-25 GE 140000

1000 [25 ______ Clear Mog S52 ___________ 24000+ 127000-

____________

11500-124000

_________

2100 22

yvanla

130000

__________

ED37 Clear Mog S52 24000+ 125000-

____________

112000-l2600( 2100 21 Philps

[25

______ ____________

140000 ____________ __________

F-13

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table F-8. Product Availability: High-Pressure Sodium Retrofit Lamps for Mercury

Vapor

F-14

* For use only with Lag and Reactor ballasts.

** For use only with Lag and Reactor ballasts.

t For use only with CWA ballast with 280V capacitor.

For use only with Lag and Reactor ballasts.

tli For use only with CWA ballast with 280V capacitor.

tttt For use only with Lag and Reactor circuit with 480V H36 mercury reactor.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

APPENDIX G. ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA

LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK CALCULATION COMPARISON

This appendix presents a comparison of the life-cycle cost and the payback period

calculation methods presented in the IESNA Lighting Handbook, Ninth Edition, Chapter 25,

Lighting Economics,1 with the LCC and simple payback methods that the Department proposed

for this analysis.

G.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST

The Department's proposed LCC model calculates the LCC of an HID ballast and its

initial and replacement lamps over the lifetime of the ballast. Therefore, the Department's LCC

method is more complex than the example calculation presented in the JESNA Handbook, which

calculates the LCC of a lamp. The Department's proposed calculation procedure is similar to

that used in its LCC analysis of fluorescent lamp ballasts, in which it calculated both lamp and

ballast costs over the lifetime of a ballast.

The following five points compare the Department's LCC method with the JESNA LCC

method.

1. The equations for the present value of the operating costs are the same.

2. In the fluorescent ballast technical support document,2 Chapter 4, Equation 4.1 is the general

LCC equation where the operating costs can vary from year to year. This equation is in the

LCC spreadsheet where the electricity prices change over time. Equation 4.1 from the

fluorescent ballast TSD is the same as Equation 5.1 in Chapter 5, shown again below for

reference:

LCC = p +

Ut Eq. 5.1

(1 + r)

where:

P = Total installed cost,

= Sum over analysis period,

Ut = Annual operating cost,

r = Discount rate for life-cycle cost, and

t = Year (from 1 to lifetime)

3. Equation G.l represents a special case where the operating cost (Or) is constant every year.

If operating costs are constant over time, Equation 5.1 simplifies to Equation G. 1:

LCC=P+PWF * Ut Eq. G.1

Where Equation G.2 represents the present worth factor (PWF).

G-1

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

_

1 1 PWF=

r [

l+rNJ

where:

PWF = Present Worth Factor,

r = Discount rate for life-cycle cost, and

N = Lifetime (in years).

Eq. G.2

Equation G.2 is equivalent to JESNA Equation 25-5 in the IESNA Handbook, removing

the A (amount of annual payment) on the right side of the JESNA equation.

P=A*(11 IESNAEq.25-5

i(1 + f))'

where:

i = Discount rate for life-cycle cost, and

y = Lifetime (in years).

Equations G. 1 and G.2 are for illustration purpose. The Department did not use them in

the LCC analyses, since the operating cost does vary by year in the analysis, according to the

electricity price forecast.

4. The IESNA Handbook does not show an equation for the LCC that includes the installed

cost. It does refer to the present value of the operating costs (over the lifetime). The IESNA

Equations 25-8a to 25-8c show the calculation of the present value of the operating costs

when the operating costs are escalating at a rate of k percent per year. This only works when

the escalation rate is constant over years, and will not work in this analysis, where the

electricity prices vary by year. The general form of IESNA Equation 25-8a is:

P = >A

(1 +

IESNA Eq. 25-8a k=I (l+l)A

where:

P = Present worth, or amount at present (dollars),

A = Initial annual payment (dollars),

y = Number of years,

= Opportunity or interest rate, and

r = Rate of escalation, or percentage by which the annual payment

increases each year, as decimal fraction (5 percent equals 0.05).

G-2

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

G.2 PAYBACK PERIOD

For the Payback Period calculation, the equation presented in the IESNA Handbook is a

definition of payback period. The IESNA Equation is:

A

IESNA Eq. 25-2

where:

P = payback period (years),

I = incremental investment (dollars), and

A = incremental annual cash flow.

The incremental annual cash flow is the decreased annual operating costs. IESNA

Equation 25-2 is similar to Equation 5.4, the simple payback period equation in this document.

PBP=_L

AEC

Eq. 5.4

where:

PBP = payback period (years),

PC = total initial purchase and installation cost (dollars), and

EC = annual electricity cost (dollars/year).

G-3

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En' Savings

REFERENCES

Rea, M. S., The JESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 9th Edition. 2002, New

York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

2 Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Technical Support Document:

Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products: Residential Central Air Conditioners and

Heat Pumps, May, 2002. (Last accessed on January 6, 2004).

<http://www.eere. energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/gs_fluorescent_lamps.ht

ml>

G-4

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

APPENDIX H. MODEL INSTRUCTIONS, DETAILED INPUTS, AND SENSITIVITY

RESULTS FOR LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD

ANALYSIS

Appendix H contains three sections:

Instructions for the LCC and PBP spreadsheet model for HID lamps;

Detailed Inputs to the LCC and PBP Analyses - Detailed documentation of inputs to the

LCC and PBP analysis, including end-user equipment prices, labor times, relamp times,

relamp adjusted lifetimes, electricity prices, and a description of the Department's

subcontractors for establishing equipment costs and HID market trends; and

LCC Sensitivities - Results showing the sensitivity of the LCC savings to different

discount rates.

H.1 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE LCC AND PBP MODEL FOR HID LAMPS,

VERSION 1.0

The following instructions for the LCC and PBP Model, version 1.0, provide the user

with a description of the model structure, the user input features, and the display of the results.

When opening the spreadsheet, select Enable Macros. Also, please be sure that your

Microsoft® Excel program has the cell comments visible (in Tools/Options/View/Comments,

select Comment Indicator Only, or Comment & Indicator).

H.l.1 Summary Worksheet

This worksheet contains a summary of the LCC and PBP results for each product

application. It displays the first-year equipment cost, first-year operating cost, PBP, LCC, and

LCC savings. The user can display results for any product application by checking the circle

beside its name near the top of the worksheet, or display the results for all product applications

by checking "Show All."

Note that when the model analyzes a product application in the public sector, a set of

three results appears, for the three different electricity price scenarios for that sector.

When viewing model results, recall that the PBP formula contains only the electricity

cost savings in the operating cost savings, while the alternative PBP calculation includes the

lamp replacement costs along with the electricity cost savings. For more information, refer to

section 5.8 and section H.4.2 of this appendix.

H.1.2 Product Application Worksheets

The LCC model contains a worksheet for each product application. These worksheets

contain data and calculations for the named product application. Each worksheet contains both

the data inputs and the results for that product application in each of its applicable sectors.

H-i

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Column A of every product application worksheet contains the options that are available

to the user.

Cells Al through A8 allow the user some display options. Using the check boxes, the

user can hide some of the information displayed on the worksheet. The options are:

o System Info

• Luminaire Info

o Ballast Info

o Lamp Info

Checking the box again will unhide those columns.

Cells A9 through A28 allow the following user options:

• LCC Results (by sector)

o Start Year (options 2010 through 2014)

• Elec Price Trend, AEO 2003 (Reference, High Growth, Low Growth)

• Equipment Price (Median, Minimum, Maximum)

The default values are:

Display of all applicable sectors for the product application

o Start year 2011

• Reference case electricity price trend

o Median equipment prices

Making a selection for the Start Year, Elec Price Trend, or Equipment Price causes the

same selection to be activated in all product application worksheets.

Starting from row 9, the worksheets order the data and results for each product

application by the 3 HID lamp purchasing events: (I) new installation, (II) ballast failure, and

(III) lamp failure. Within HID lamp purchasing events II and III, the worksheets order the

information by the replacement options available. The three possible replacement options are

lamp replacement, ballast/lamp replacement, and luminaire replacement.

Beginning with column C, the first four rows of the worksheets show the following:

o Electrician Labor Rate

o Helper Labor Rate

• Sales Tax

Beginning with column K, row 4 also lists the ballast lifetime.

In columns E and F, the "System Info" section includes the following:

• Tech Option, indicating light source type, including:

H-2

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential

MV = Mercury Vapor

MH = Metal Halide

PMH = Pulse-start Metal Halide

HPS = High-Pressure Sodium

CFL = Compact Fluorescent

T5HO = T5 High Output Fluorescent

T8 = T8 Fluorescent

IL = Induction Lamp

System Watts

The "Luminaire Information," "Ballast Information," and "Lamp Information" sections

contain the specific data inputs for each of those system components. These inputs are

documented in Chapter 5.

Beginning with column Y, the "Equipment Prices Summary" shows the inputs that result

from the data inputs in the luminaire, ballast, and lamp information sections.

The sections at the far right of each product application worksheet (highlighted in green,

orange, or blue) include PBP, LCC, and LCC savings results by sector (or by electricity price for

the public sector). The rows above each sector of the product application (above row 6) show

the following information:

• Annual Operating Hours

• Ballast Service Life

• Discount Rate

• Sector

• Index, a numerical designation for the sector (should not be changed by the end-user)

Under the column "Lamp Relamp Life," this section of the worksheet shows the lamp

relamp life for each applicable sector. "Lamp Relamp Life" refers to the combined relamp

lifetime for both spot and group relamping. These sections also contain the lamp service life,

annual energy use, year operating cost, analysis period, # of lamp replacements, PV of lamp

replacement cost, PV of energy cost, and PV of terminal value. Chapter 5 explains these

calculated quantities.

H.1.3 Discount Rates

This worksheet contains the discount rates for the four sectors: residential, commercial,

industrial, and public. The user can change the discount rate in the blue cells in row 5, and the

discount factors for the subsequent years will change accordingly.

This worksheet calculates the discount factor for each year from the start year of the

standards, as shown in Equation H. 1.

H-3

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

DF(yr)= -

(1 + r

sia?I yr+l

where:

DF(yr) = discount factor for a given year,

Eq. H.1

r = discount rate,

yr = the given year, and

start yr = 2011, the probable start year for possible minimum efficiency standards.

The year for "Discount to year" represents the year to which future costs are presentvalued. This value is the same as the start year of the standards.

H.1.4 Electricity Prices

Columns C through H contain the electricity price projections for the four sectors,

including 3 projections for the public sector. Cells C7 to H7 show the electricity prices in 2000.

The model derives the projected electricity prices used in the LCC calculations using the prices

in 2000 scaled by the growth rate in one of the three electricity price scenarios. When the user

changes the electricity price scenario on another worksheet, that projection (i.e., Reference, High

Growth, or Low Growth) appears in this worksheet. The model then calculates the projected

electricity prices in 0/kWh in 2002 dollars. Data from AEO 2003 that the model uses to create

the projections appear to the right of the projections. This worksheet also contains a graph of the

electricity price projections, in the lower right-hand corner.

H.1.5 Labels

This worksheet shows the labels that the graphical interface uses. The user must not

change these labels.

H.2 DETAILED INPUTS TO THE LCC AND PBP ANALYSES

This section provides more detailed information than given in Chapter 5 on end-user

equipment prices, luminaire labor times, relamp labor times, relamp lifetimes, and electricity

prices. Also provided are details on the Department's subcontractors that collected end-user

equipment prices and helped establish HID market trends.

H.2.1 End-User Equipment Prices

Table H- 1 through Table H-9 provide the minimum, median, and maximum end-user

luminaire prices (including the lamp) for all the product applications analyzed in the LCC and

PBP analysis. For each product application, the Department collected prices by lamp technology

and wattage. As noted in section 5.1 of this report, a specific common fixture type represents

each product application.

Table H-b provides the ballast and lamp end-user prices. As with the luminaire prices,

the Department collected lamp and ballast end-user prices by lamp technology and wattage.

H-4

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En, Savings

____

The Department subcontracted Lighting Forensics and Advanced Design and

Development to gather equipment prices through lighting designers, lighting specifiers,

manufacturer representatives, and electrical distributors. See section 5.3.1 for more information.

Table H-2. Luminaire End-User Prices for Low-Bay

IruIIJIIIIIII lUPjjyr

MV 175W NA NA NA

PMH 100W $153 $133 $185

HPS7OW $130 $95 $148

CFL4x26W $358 $339 $495

T83x32W $171 $154 $188

H-S

Table H-i. Luminaire End-User Prices for High-Bay

Table H-3. Luminaire End-User Prices for Roadway Architectural (Lantern)

Table H-4. Luminaire End-User Prices for Streetlighting (Cobrahead)

Table H-5. Luminaire End-User Prices for Large Area (Floodlight)

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En' Savings

Table H-7. Luminaire End-User Prices for Security, Commercial & Industrial (NEMA

Head)

MV 175W $43

irn

$41 $52

PMH 100W NA NA NA

HPS7OW $70 $58 $79

Table H-8. Luminaire End-User Prices for Security, Residential (Dusk-to-Dawn)

MV 175W $30

AiuiW

$25 $39

PMH 100W NA NA NA

HPS7OW $51 $35 $68

Table H-9. Luminaire End-User Prices for Landscape (Small Floodlight)

MV 175W NA NA NA

PMH100W $116 $92 $130

HPS 70W $72 $62 $99

H-6

Table H-6. Luminaire End-User Prices for Small Area (Wall-Mount)

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En' Savings

Table H-1O. Ballast and Lamp Average End-User Prices

MV 400W $64 $20

MV 175W $55 $12

MH36OW $67 $28

MH25OW $61 $16

MH 150W $71 $22

PMH 320W $79 $34

PMH25OW $76 $32

PMH 100W $80 $31

HPS25OW $93 $16

HPS200W $90 $15

HPS 150W $74 $18

I{PS7OW $72 $16

CFL 42W $27** $9***

CFL 26W $27 $7tt

T5HO 54W $44 $8tttt

T8 32W $25 $200

Prices are simple averages. For sensitivity analysis purposes, tne simple average price was aujustea to

90% for the minimum price and 110% for the maximum price. Refer to Fixture Prices and Ballast Prices

in section 5.3.1.1 for more details.

** High frequency electronic ballast for two 42-watt 4-pin compact fluorescent lamps.

One 42-watt 4-pin compact fluorescent lamp.

1- High frequency electronic ballast for two 26-watt 4-pin compact fluorescent lamps.

tt One 26-watt 4 pin compact fluorescent lamp.

tif High frequency, normal light output electronic ballast for two 54-watt T5 fluorescent lamps.

ifif One four-foot T5 High Output fluorescent lamp.

LI Instant start, normal light output electronic ballast for three 32-watt T8 lamps.

LIII One four-foot T8 fluorescent lamp with a CR1 of 75.

H.2.2 Luminaire Labor Times

Table H-l 1 shows the assumptions for the mounting heights and installation labor times

for the fixture types associated with each product application.

H-7

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table H-il. Fixture Type, Mounting Height and Installation Time by Product Application

H.2.3 Relamp Labor Times

Table H- 12 shows the assumptions for spot relamping and group relamping labor times,

the percentage of each relamp type estimated for each product application, an associated

multiplier, and the resulting relamp labor times. The multiplier represents the average of the spot

and group relamping percentages and assumes that spot relamping is done at 100 percent of rated

life and group relamping is done at 70 percent of rated life.

H-8

* 2003 National Electrical Estimator.

** NEE, pages 204 to 213

j- NEE, pages 6, 184. Installation time of 42 minutes for fixtures mounted at 16 feet or less. Installation

time of 42 minutes times a multiplier of 1.1 for a mounting height of 20 feet.

ft NEE, pages 204 and 205

tif NEE, page 210

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential njavins

Table H-12. Lamp Labor Times by Product Application and Sector

H.2.4 Relamp Lifetimes

Table H-13 shows the assumptions for calculating adjusted relamp lifetimes. For interior

and exterior lighting by sector, the Department determined the average rated lamp lifetime is

determined by calculating the simple average of rated lifetimes from published literature, of three

or more lamp models from at least three manufacturers. An adjusted relamp lifetime is equal to

this average rated lamp lifetime times the appropriate multiplier for the percentages of spot and

group relamping from Table H-12 above.

H-9

*According to the industry experts consulted, the amount of time to replace lamps in hign-bay fixtures is

effectively the same for group reJamping and spot relamping due to the mounting height and the need to

work around existing equipment and furnishings.

** It is assumed that the residential end-user will change the lamp and not incur labor costs.

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofPotenlial Energy Savings

#14

Table H-13. Relamp Lifetimes (1 of 2)

5. w•'

'!1'

::

MV

____

Commercial interior 28,500 0.985 28,100

MV Industrial Interior 28,500 0.925 26,400

MV Commercial, Industrial Exterior 28,500 1.0 28,500

MV Public Exterior 28,500 0.85 24,200

250

HPS Commercial Interior 28,500 0.985 28,100

250

HPS Industrial Interior 28,500 0.985 26,400

250

FIPS Commercial, Industrial Exterior 28,500 1.0 28,500

HPS Public Exterior 28,500 0.85 24,200

HPS, Substitute Lampt 150 Commercial Interior 20,333 0.985 20,000

BPS, Substitute Lampt 150 Industrial Interior 20,333 0.985 18,800

HPS, Substitute Lampt 150 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 20,333 1.0 20,300

HPS, Substitute Lampt 150 Public Exterior 20,333 0.85 17,300

HPS, Substitute Lampt 300 Commercial Interior 24,000 0.985 23,600

HPS, Substitute Lampt 300 Industrial Interior 24,000 0.925 22,200

HPS, Substitute Lampt 300 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 24,000 1.0 24,000

HPS, Substitute Lampt 360 Commercial Interior 21,333 0.985 21,000

HPS, Substitute Lampt 360 Industrial Interior 21,333 0.925 19,700

HPS, Substitute Lampt 360 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 21,333 1.0 21,300

MR 150 Commercial Interior 9,167 0.985 9,000

MH 150 Industrial interior 9,167 0.925 8,500

MH 150 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 9,167 1.0 9,200

MH 150 Public Exterior 9,167 0.85 7,800

H-lU

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table 11-13. Relamp Lifetimes (2 of 2)

• _ I I

''t4•4 .

1! ____

- Lt !liI1P

MI-I 250 Commercial Interior 9,333 0.985 9.200

MR 250 Industrial Interior 9,333 0.925 8,600

MH 250 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 9,333 1.0 9,300

MH, Substitute Lamp 325 Commercial Interior 20,000 0.985 19,700

MH, Substitute Lamp 325 Industrial Interior 20,000 0.925 18.500

MH, Substitute Lamp 325 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 20,000 1.0 20,000

N4H, Substitute Lamp' 360 Commercial Interior 18,333 0.985 18,100

MI-I, Substitute Lamp 360 Industrial Interior 18,333 0.925 17,000

MH, Substitute Lamp 360 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 18,333 1.0 18,300

PMH 100 Commercial Interior 14,167 0.985 14,000

PMH 100 Industrial Exterior 14,167 0.925 13,100

PMH 100 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 14.167 1.0 14,200

PMH 100 Public Exterior 14,167 0.85 12,000

PMH 250 Commercial Interior 15,833 0.985 15.600

PMH 250 Industrial Interior 15,833 0.925 14.600

PMH 250 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 15,833 1.0 15,800

PMH 320 Commercial Interior 19,167 0.985 18,900

PMR 320 Industrial interior 19,167 0.925 17,700

PMH 320 Commercial, Industrial Exterior 19,167 1.0 19,200

CFL. 42 42 Commercial Interior 10,000 0.985 9,900

CFL, 42 42 Industrial Interior 10,000 0.925 9,300

CFL, 26 26 Commercial Interior 10,000 0.985 9,900

CFL, 26 26 Industrial Interior 10,000 0.925 9,300

F32T8 32 Commercial Interior 21,333 0.985 21,000

F32T8 32 Industrial Interior 21,333 0.925 19,700

F54TSHO 54 Commercial Interior 20,000 0.985 19,700

FS4T5HO 54 Industrial Interior 20,000 0.925 18,500

IL 85 Public Exterior 100,000 0.85 85,000

* Represents the average of spot and group relamping, from Table H-I 2.

** Rounded to the nearest hundred.

Metal Halide or High-Pressure Sodium lamp that operates on Mercury Vapor ballast.

H-li

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

H.2.5 Electricity Prices

The Department used two different methods to derive electricity prices for the four

sectors in this analysis, as discussed in section 5.4.1.1. This section further documents these two

methods of estimation.

H.2.5.1 Commercial, Industrial, and Residential Outdoor Lighting Electricity Prices.

The Department derived average electricity prices for the commercial, industrial, and

residential sectors from Energy Information Administration (ETA) data. Electric utilities report

data such as electricity sales, revenues, and number of customers to ETA on Form 861. These

data are publicly available on ETA's website, http://www.eia.doe.gov. Each utility reports the

aggregate sales (in kwh), revenues, and number of customers for each sector. The Department

based the derived prices on ETA Form 861 utility survey data from the year 2000.a For the

residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, the Department estimated the average electricity

price using a customer-weighted average value of the utility revenues divided by sales. Table H14 reports these values in 2002 dollars.

The Department compared the ETA-based prices to those in the Edison Electric Institute

(EEI)'s Statistical Yearbook of the Electric Utility Industry, 2000 Edition. EEl derived their

prices from a compilation of various sources that included the ETA data.b As evidenced from

Table H-14, EEl estimates are similar to the Department's ETA-derived prices for the

commercial, industrial, and residential sectors. As noted earlier, the ETA-based prices are from

the year 2000, while the EEl prices are from the year 1999 (the latest available year). Both sets

of values are expressed in 2002 dollars.

a The Department initially used data from the year 2000, rather than later years, because as of 2001, Form 861 no

longer breaks out public street and highway lighting; these data are now included in a category called "Other".

Since the LCC model projects the electricity prices for future years from AEO 2003 data, which are also based on

ETA data, the values in the model for the year 2002, for example, will be the same as those that the model projects

from year 2000 ETA data.

b Peggy Suggs, email, June & July, 2003. EEl stated that the EEl databases are a compilation of various sources

that are used to correct the Customers, Sales, and Revenue data in the EIA Form 86ldata. When available, EEl used

data from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form I if the FERC data differed from ETA's. To

verify data sources, EEl reviewed prior years' data as reported on FERC Form 1 and also checked company

websites.

H-12

Table H-14. Customer-Weighted Average Utility Revenue divided by Sales from EIA and

EEl (2002$)

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

H.2.5.2 Public Sector Lighting Electricity Prices

The Department's initial approach for the public sector was to develop an electricity price

using the same method employed for the other sectors, as discussed above in section H.1.5.2.

The Department first calculated the public sector electricity price based on sales, revenue, and

customer data from ETA Form 861 utility survey data. After stakeholders commented that the

resulting price appeared to be too high, the Department sampled utility tariff data and used them

to estimate effective marginal electricity prices for lighting in the public sector.

Public Sector Prices from EIA Data

The Department calculated an average electricity price for this sector of about 1 00/kWh

using the customer-weighted average revenues over sales. Because tariffs for public street

lighting are structured differently from tariffs for other sectors, the Department conducted a

second analysis using a two-dimensional linear regression model to check the 100/kWh value

and more appropriately isolate the proportion of revenues that scales with total sales (kWh). The

two-dimensional linear regression model has the following form:

Revenues =pl Sales +p2. Customers Eq. H.2

The coefficient p1 gives an estimate of the average electricity price. In this exercise, the

Department computed p1 for the full data set, and for the public and private utilities separately.

There are 1750 utilities with non-zero Street Lighting data entries, of which 1574 are public and

176 are private. Note that although the number of private utilities in this sample is much smaller

than the number of public utilities, the total revenues from the public sector are about $460

million (25 percent), whereas they are $1,350 million (75 percent) for private utilities. The

results from the regression model give an estimate of the average price of electricity, as follows

(in year 2000 dollars):

all utilities: 9.80/kWh

private only: 10.40/kWh

public only: 7.80/kWh

Note that the 9.80/kWh value for all utilities was converted to 2002 dollars, resulting in a

value of 10.1 0/kWh. In addition, the analysis showed that average private sector prices are

higher than this value.

Estimating public sector electricity prices using the customer-weighted average revenues

divided by sales method is problematic for several reasons. The price of electricity for

streetlighting needs to account for the fact that some lighting customers may pay a flat fee (fixed

dollars) based on the number and type of fixtures, irrespective of the amount of electricity used.

The use of a flat fee rather than a tariff impacts the relationship between customer energy and

monetary savings. ETA highway lighting data also include cases where municipalities do not pay

for streetlighting, and frequently lighting power is estimated rather than metered. There is also a

great deal of divergence in the per-kWh rate estimate from the ETA data for small utilities, which

are mostly cooperatives. For all of these reasons, the Department next examined a set of utility

tariffs to get a more accurate estimate of marginal electricity prices, including those for smaller

or rural utilities.

11-13

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Average Electricity Prices from Utility Tar jffs

For the public sector electricity prices used in this LCC analysis, the Department used a

method that computes effective marginal prices for the public sector from utility tariff data. This

method produces a single marginal price for each tariff This method does not require the

weighting of actual tariffs over lamp types and substitution technologies. To obtain a national

average, it would still be necessary to assign weights to consumer sectors and utilities. However,

because the Department limited its tariff sample to a sub-sample of utility tariffs, it was unable to

develop appropriate weights to calculate a nationally representative marginal price. Therefore,

this method provided a range of marginal electricity prices from the utility sub-sample.

The method is based on the fact that the utility, in specifying a variety of fixed charges

for different technologies and wattages, attempts to recover its capacity, energy production, and

administrative costs. Therefore, it should be possible to calculate the implicit value assigned by

the utility to the demand (kW), energy (kwh), and residual fixed components of the cost of street

lighting service from the tariff. The tariff provides directly the total monthly bill as a fttnction of

demand (system watts) and energy. For each tariff, the Department specified a simple regression

model of the form:

Monthly Bill = Fixed Cost + A (system watts) + B ° (energy use)

In this equation, A is the implicit marginal demand charge, and B the implicit marginal

energy charge. Because the energy use for outdoor lighting is just the system watts times the

number of hours of operation, H, the Department converted the regression equation to:

Monthly Bill = Fixed Cost + (A + B . H). (system watts), or equivalently

Monthly Bill = Fixed Cost + (A/H + B). (energy use)

The coefficient (A/H + B) is the effective marginal price of electricity associated with the

tariff, and is computed directly from the regression. This number should represent a reasonable

approximation to the average marginal price seen by all the customers on the tariff, given a

switch from a less-efficient to a more-efficient lamp type. This number should exclude service

charges that are not related to energy, e.g., repair and maintenance costs. As an illustration of the

method, Figure H-i below shows results for the 2003 Outdoor Lighting Service tariff (applied to

street lighting) for Georgia Power. In this case, the resulting effective marginal price is

6.20/kWh.

H-14

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential EnSavgs

Model: Monthly BiH = Fixed Cost + (A/H + B) * Energy Usage

$14

$12

$10

>

$4

$2

$0

Energy Usage (kWh)

Figure H-i. Georgia Power 2003 Outdoor Lighting Service Tariff: Marginal Energy Price

from Regression Analysis

Table H-15 presents the calculated marginal prices for a sample of2l electric utilities

using the regression analysis described above, based on streetlighting tariffs. The Department

chose at least two utilities from each Census Division, one privately-owned and one publiclyowned (municipal utility or cooperative). For Census Divisions where MV lamps are believed to

be more prevalent (i.e., south-eastern Divisions), the Department sampled additional utilities.

Note that three of the utilities sampled do not have a street lighting tariff, while three other

utilities do not offer an MV lamp rate. For those utilities for which the Department could

determine marginal energy prices, Table H-iS shows correlation (i.e., the R2 value) to give an

indication of the goodness of fit to the data. An overwhelming majority of the utility tariffs have

an R2 value exceeding 0.8 and all regressions have an R2 value exceeding 0.5. In other words,

there is a correlation between monthly bills and energy usage for all tariffs. The table also

includes a colunm headed "New MV Installations," which indicates whether or not the utility is

allowing new customers onto the MV lamp tariff (Yes), or phasing out the use of MV lamps

(No).

H-15

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis ofFotential Energy Savings

#14

Table H-iS. Public Sector Marginal Electricity Prices calculated from Regression Analysis

I I I

1998 Boston Edison Co I - New England MA S-I Public Street Yes 5.1 1.00

1998 Boston Edison Co I - New England MA S-2 Energy Rate Public Street Yes 4.4 1.00

13831 Norwich,Cityof 1-New England CT ECL Public Street No 12.5 1.00

15477 Public Service Electric 2 - Middle Atlantic NJ BPL Public Street No 5.3 t81

& Gas Co

15477 Public Service Electric 2 - Middle Atlantic NJ PSAL General Street No 5.8 0.71

& Gas Co

Jamestown Board of 9645 2 - Middle Atlantic NY No street lighting tar jff Public Util ___________________ _______ ___________ ________

17828 Springfield City of

____________________

, 3 - East North Central IL No street lighting tariff

13998 Ohio Edison Co 3 - East North Central OH Street Lighting Public Street No 3.6 0.89

12341 MidAmerican Energy 4 - West North Central IA Rate 43 Street Lighting Public Street No 2.4 0.86

Co

11018 Lincoln Electric 4 - West North Central NE Street Lighting Service Public Street No 3.1 1.00

System __________________ _______ ______ __________ _________

5027 Delmarva Power &

___________________

5 - South Atlantic DE Outdoor Lighting OL General Street No 8.8 0.93

Light Co

3757 Clay Electric Coop Inc 5 - South Atlantic FL Rate RSL Residential General Street No no MV rate -

Street Lighting

7140 Georgia Power 5-South Atlantic GA OutdoorLighting Public Street No 6.2 0.96 Service OLG-2

3046 Carolina Power and 5 - South Atlantic NC Area Lighting Service General Street Yes 6.0 0.63

Light

3046 Carolina Power and 5 - South Atlantic NC Street Lighting Service Public Street Yes 5.6 0.63

Light ___________ ____ ____ ______ ______

9094 Huntsville, City of

____________

6 - East South Central AL No street lighting tarjff

10171 Kentucky Utilities Co 6 - East South Central KY Street Lighting Service General Street Yes 2.6 0.69 STLT ____ ____ _______ _______

814

_____________

Entergy Arkansas

_____________

7- West South Central AR All Night Lighting L-4 General Street Yes 3.0 0.51

Municipal Roadway

14063 Oklahoma Gas & 7- West South Central OK and Area Lighting LM- Public Street No 2.6 0.74

Electric Co

11501 Magic Valley Electric 7 - West South Central TX No Street lighting tariff Coop Inc ____ ____ _______ _______

15466 Public Service Co of

_____________

8 -Mountain CO

_____________

Street Lighting Service Public Street No no MV rate -

Colorado - Xcel energy

6395 Flathead Electric Coop 8 - Mountain MT Scl1edule 50 Overhead General Street No 8.2 0.98

Inc Lighting Service

6395 Flathead Electric Coop 8 - Mountain Schedule 53 Street Public Street Yes 4.5 1.00

Inc Lighting Service

14328 PacificGas&Electric

_____________________

9-Pacific CA LS-1 Company Owned General Street No 20.2 tk98

Co

14328 Pacific Gas & Electric 9- Pacific CA LS-2 Customer Owned General Street Yes 19.7 1.00

Co

16868 Seattle, City of 9-Pacific WA Street and Area General Street No no MV rate -

Lighting Rates T

Note: No MV lamp rates available.

Table H-15 shows that there is a wide range of marginal energy prices. Most marginal

energy prices fall within a range of2.5Ø/kWh to 8.80/kWh, with the exceptions of three values in

excess of 120/kWh. Because the Department lacks appropriate weights with which to calculate a

nationally representative marginal price, the Department used the results from the regression

H-16

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

analysis to indicate the range of electricity prices for the public street lighting sector. Because

the overwhelming majority of calculated marginal prices fall in the range of 20/kWh to 80/kWh,

the Department used the following three values for the average national electricity price for

public lighting: 20/kwh, 50/kwh, and 80/kwh.

H.2.6 Subcontractors

Douglas Paulin of Lighting Forensics worked in sales management positions for several

architectural outdoor lighting manufacturers, and subsequently in product management roles at

Lithonia Lighting, Cooper Lighting, Thomas Lighting and Ruud Lighting. He is currently a

lighting consultant, employed by various lighting companies, managing product line projects,

assisting municipalities on lighting issues, and teaching lighting classes. He currently serves as

the Chair of the IESNA Cutoff Criterion Committee and is a member of the IESNA Technical

Review Council, the Security Lighting Committee, the Industrial Lighting Committee, the

Outdoor Lighting Environmental Committee, the Landscape Lighting Committee, the Roadway

Lighting Committee and the subcommittee on Obtrusive Light. He recently completed four

years of service on the IESNA Board of Directors as Vice President. Mr. Paulin is Lighting

Certified by the National Council for the Qualification of Lighting Professionals.

Frank Rice of Advanced Design and Development has more than 25 years experience in

the lighting field. He worked as a preproduction fixture manager, manufacturer's representative,

specifier, designer, and staff engineer for Peerless Lighting, Lighting Systems, Charles Blakely

and Associates, Stanger-Boltz, Inc., and California Architectural Lighting.

H.3 LCC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

This section demonstrates the sensitivity of the LCC savings to different discount rates.

Tables H-25 through Table H-38 present the sensitivity of the LCC savings to three

discount rates: a low value, a middle value, and a high value. Section 5.8 presents LCC savings

for the middle discount rate value for the applicable sector (i.e., 8 percent for the commercial and

industrial sectors, 3 percent for the public sector, and 6 percent for the residential sector).

Section 5.4.3 describes the basis for the minimum and maximum discount rates for the

commercial, industrial, public, and residential sectors. For the commercial and industrial sectors

the low and high discount rates are 4 percent and 15 percent, respectively. For the public sector,

the low and high discount rates are 1 percent and 7 percent, respectively. And for the residential

sector, the low and high discount rates are 2 percent and 10 percent, respectively.

In viewing the results in Table H-25 through H-38, note that the low value for the

discount rate generally increases the LCC savings relative to the savings for the middle discount

rate value, while the high discount rate value generally decreases the LCC savings relative to the

savings for the middle discount rate value.

H-17

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener, Savings

14

Table H-25. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for High-Bay,

Commercial Sector

iI!i J Ji I !ui ••

j I•

-' ';T' -" .11

NewMV NA - - -

New Installation Luminaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

360WMH $57 $41 $24

32OWPMH $170 $125 $77

25OWHPS $449 $341 $224

B ll t/Lam TI a as p

Replacement Substitute Luminaire

BallastFailure 400WMV 25OWMH $333 $252 $167

25OWPMH $364 $276 $181

200WHPS $624 $477 $319

CFL (6x42w) ($85) ($134) ($187)

T-5H0(4x54w) $313 $181 $40

Substitute Lamp

325WMH $24 $18 $11

400WMH ($120) ($109) ($94)

300WHPS ($18) ($21 ($261

360W BPS ($64) ($58) ($51)

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp 360W MI-I ($6) ($25) ($481

Replacement 320W PMH $64 $32 ($7)

Lamp Failure 400W MV 25OWHPS $224 $169 $101

Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $164 $119 $62

25OWPMH $189 $138 $74

200W BPS $328 $259 $173

CFL(6x42w) ($59) ($125) ($205)

T-5H0 (4x54w) $149 $62 ($46)

H-18

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table H-26. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for High-Bay,

Industrial Sector

•

______

r

'1

-.

-

____

New MV NA - - -

New Installation Lummaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

360WMH $26 $18 $9

32OWPMH $108 $81 $51

250W BPS $346 $278 $196

Ballast/Lamp Replacement Substitute Luminaire

Ballast Failure 400W MV 25OWMH $216 $170 $117

25OWPMH $245 $194 $133

200WHPS $484 $391 $28

CFL (6x42w) ($234) ($252) ($271)

T-5H0(4x54w) $165 $84 ($111)

Substitute Lamp

325WMH ($9) ($11) ($13)

400WMH ($124) ($116) ($105)

300W BPS $67) ($65) ($64)

360W BPS ($84) ($78) ($70)

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

III Lamp 360W MB ($23) ($37) (•$54)

Replacement 320W PMH $28 $7 ($22)

Lamp Failure 400W MV 250W BPS $164 $128 $78

Substitute Luminaire

250W MB $95 $66 $27

25OWPMH $121 $87 $43

200W BPS $246 $200 $139

CFL(6x42w) ($137) ($182) ($240)

T-5H0(4x54w) $69 $9 ($71)

H-19

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table H-27. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Low-Bay,

Commercial Sector

l ii

i

NewMV

NA - - -

New Installation Lummaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

15OWMH S90 ($78) ($64)

100WPMH S122 $84 $44

Ballast/Lamp 150W HPS $18 $6 ($7)

Ballast Failure

Replacement Substitute Luminaire

175WMV 100WPMH $88 $50 $10

7OWHPS S289 $210 $127

CFL(4x26w) (SI S ($182) (SIx)

T-8 (3x32w) S254 $174 S87

Substitute Lamp

150W HPS 5120 i O ($94)

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

15OWMH (9'' iiU4) (SI

Ill Lamp 100W PMH S3 1 S2

Replacement 150W BPS si rJ.) (S Lamp 1-ailure 175W MV Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH $10 (S:?

7OWHPS $123 $79 S25

CFL(4x26w) ($1 '-i9)

T-8(3x32w) $103 $54 (S7

H-20

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table H-28. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Low-Bay,

Industrial Sector

c

IWW

-

-

- --.z._____.___i

-'•

T New MV NA - - -

New Installation Luminaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

150WMH ($1(9 ($98) (584

100WPMH $62 $40 S16

Ballast/Lamp 150W BPS $5 ($3) (511>

Ballast Failure

Replacement Substitute Luminaire

175WMV I0OWPMH $28 $6 (S[t.)

7OWHPS $213 $163 $105

CFL (4x26w) ($220) ($237) (S255,

T-8 (3x32w) $174 $124 $64

Substitute Lamp

I5OWHPS (S'2o) ( [7) (Sl05

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

15OWMH >04 5>11) (51>9'>

Lamp 100W PMH e5 (SI

Replacement 150W BPS S) (1 Lamp Failure 175W MV -

Substitute Luininaire

100WPMH (- Si'> (573)

7OWHPS S80 551 $11

CFL (4x26w) V I [98) (S246

T-8 (3x32w) $60 $26 (S20)

H-21

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
H-22

DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table 11-29. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 1%, 3%, and 7% for Roadway

Architectura'

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
H-23

DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential En Savings

Table H-30. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 1%, 3%, and 7% for Streetlighting

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

Table H-31 . LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Large Area,

Commercial Sector

IIiI!,1 !l!ll V

_

I _______________

-' ri ---- I - ' ' -- - L :+-I/' •

NewMV NA - - -

New Installation Luminaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

360W MR $67 $50 $31

32OWPMH $184 $139 $90

l3allast/Lamp 250W HPS $465 $361 $245

Replacement

Ballast Failure 400W MV Substitute Luminaire

250W MR $318 $235 $143

25OWPMH $325 $238 $140

200WHPS $583 $442 $285

Substitute Lamp

325WMR $34 $27 Sl7

400W MR ($1 i-I ($104) SQ2)

300WHPS ($ii ($13) (S20

360W HPS ($57) ($53)

Lamp Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Replacement 360W MH ($8) ($27) ($49 Lamp Failure 400W MV 320W PMH $65 $34

25OWHPS $224 $172 Sl06

Substitute Luminaire

250W MR $145 $95 $32

2SOWPMH $156 $101 $31

200WHPS $293 $223 $133

H-24

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

a14

Table H-32. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Large Area,

Industrial Sector

:.IPT - p.

jj 'W __

- •.._--... .__ -- 4

rj-

___ - . ___ &

.'..-- L -..

__.____ - -& ..__._4

..

-_

**p-O'-..-

.A _______.._ -

NewMV NA - - -

New Installation Luminaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

360W MR $32 $22 $12

320WPMH $109 $80 $48

Ballast/Lamp 25OWHPS $328 $253 $169

Replacement

Ballast Failure 400W MV Substitute Luminaire

25OWMH $179 $125 $65

25OWPMH $181 $124 $60

200WHPS $397 $295 $183

Substitute Lamp

325WMH ($2) ($5) ($8)

400W MR $I 14) ($104) ($92)

300W HPS ($60) ($57) ($55)

360W HPS ($75) ($68) ($60)

Lamp Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Replacement 360W MR S29 ($44) ($64) Lamp Failure 400W MV 320W PMH $20 ($5) ($36)

25OWHPS $143 $102 $50

Substitute Luminaire

250W MH $63 $24 ($25)

25OWPMH $71 $28 ($27)

200WHPS $183 $128 $57

H-25

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table H-33. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Small Area,

Commercial Sector

1ijri!I EY I

________

_________

I NewMV NA - - -

New Installation Luminaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

15OWMH ($90) ($79) ($66)

100WPMH $128 $91 $51

Ballast/Lamp 150W BPS $19 $8 ($5)

Replacement

Ballast Failure 175W MV Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH $63 $27 ($13)

7OWHPS $286 $211 $128

1L85 - -

Substitute Lamp

15OWHPS ($121) ($110) ($97)

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp 15OWMH ($91) ($100) ($111)

111 Replacement 100WPMH $37 $10 ($25)

Lamp Failure 150W BPS ($35) ($50) ($70) 175W MV

Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH ($2) ($34) ($761

70W BPS $123 $80 $26

1L85 - - -

H-26

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table H-34. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Small Area,

Industrial Sector

NcwMV

NA - - -

New Installation Luminaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

150W MH sQ3

IOOWPMH $55 S34 Sil

Ballast/Lamp I5OWHPS (SM)

Replacement

Ballast Failure 175W MV Substitute Luminairc

100WPMH ($9) 3O)

7OWHPS $186 S132 S73

1L85 - - -

Substitute Lamp

15OWHPS (SPJ 595

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp 150W MH ($102) 091 (SI] S

III Replacement IOOWPMH (5 S7) (S54)

Lamp Failure 150W BPS (

(5) 577

175W MV

Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH (" ($71) (Sl0(

7OWHPS $63 $29 (Sl)

1L85 - - -

H-27

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Ener Savings

14

Table H-3 5. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Security,

Commercial Sector

4..

I

_

I

______ ___

I NewMV Substitute New

New Installation Luminaire Lummaire

70W HPS $326 $251 $167

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

150W MR ($90) ($79) ($66)

Ballast/Lamp IOOWPMH ($1i $91 $51

II Replacement 15OWHPS $19 $8 ($5)

Ballast Failure 175W MV Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH - - -

7OWHPS $362 $287 $203

Substitute Lamp

15OWHPS (S? (9Th

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp 150W MR ($91) sifth

Replacement 100WPMH $37 SlO

Lamp Failure 175W MV 150W BPS ($35) (U.

Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH - - -

7OWHPS $168 $132 $85

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
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14

Table H-36. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Security,

Industrial Sector

*

1 * _ *r

j.

NewMV Substitute New I

New Installation Luminaire Luminaire

70W HPS $225 $172 $112

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

15OWMH ($108) ($93) ($76)

Ballast/Lamp IOOWPMH $55 $34 $11

Replacement 150W HPS $3 ($5) ($14)

Ballast Failure 175W MV Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH - - -

7OWHPS $261 $207 $148

Substitute Lamp

15OWHPS ($124) ($113) ($98)

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

Lamp I5OWMH ($102) ($109) ($118)

Replacement 100WPMH $5 (S27 ($54) Lamp Failure 175W MV 150W BPS ($44) ($59) ($77)

Substitute Luminaire

100WPMH - - -

7OWHPS $109 $81 $44

H-29

Table H-37. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 2%, 6%, and 10% for Security,

Residential Sector

 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
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14

Table H-38. LCC Savings with Discount Rates of 4%, 8%, and 15% for Landscape,

Commercial Sector

!* ; W!P1% JIi

i

__

.

'. 'Iiriiri fi r ,,.,

____

-

NewMV NA - - -

New Installation Luminaire

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

I5OWMH ($90) ($79) (S&

Ballast/Lamp 100WPMH $128 $91 $51

Replacement 15OWHPS $19 $8

Ballast Failure 175W MV Substitute Luminairc

100WPMH $126 $90 $49

7OWHPS $355 $280 $197

Substitute Lamp

15OWHPS S1i) (SIlO) ($97)

Substitute Ballast/Lamp

III Lamp 15OWMH <1i) ('1)U) (5110)

Replacement 100WPMH S37 $10 ($26)

Lamp Failure 175W MV 1S0WHPS i''. I (S0 ($70)

Substitute Luminairc

100WPMH $37 $9 ($27)

7OWHPS $164 $127 $80

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APPENDIX I. MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND

NET PRESENT VALUE MODEL

This Appendix provides instructions for using the NES and NPV spreadsheet model for

HID lamps. Specifically, this appendix provides users with a description of model structure, user

inputs, and the display of the results.

1.1 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE NES AND NPV MODEL FOR HID LAMPS,

VERSION 1.0

When opening the spreadsheet, select "Enable Macros." Also, once open, please be sure

that Microsoft® Excel has the cell comments visible (under Tools, Options, View, Comments,

select Comment Indicator Only, or Comment & Indicator). The workbook will open to the

worksheet labeled "General Inputs, Summary Results." All the main inputs for the model can be

found at the top of this worksheet. These inputs can be modified either by selecting a different

option in one of the pull-down menus, or by typing a different value in one of the three yellow

input boxes. Each of these inputs is described in more detail below in the description of the first

worksheet.

As users change the inputs on this worksheet, the values in the table "Summary of

NES/NPV Results" will change. Similarly, shipment scenario inputs can be changed, causing a

change to both the shipments forecast plot and the findings in the table of results. Note that

changing the value for the constant (annual) percent reduction or the shipments asymptote does

not automatically change the choice of shipment scenario to one of the shipment scenarios that

use these values. To examine the impact of changing the constant percent reduction, choose

"Constant Percent Reduction" in the shipments scenario pull-down menu first, then type in the

desired value in the "Percent Reduction for Constant Percent Scenario" yellow input box.

Likewise, to examine the effect of a shipments asymptote (e.g., shipments in the future leveling

off at a value higher than zero), choose the shipment scenario that has an asymptote ("Growth

Function with Asymptote") first, and then type in the desired value in the "Asymptote as percent

2002 shipments" yellow input box.

In addition to the main inputs on the first worksheet, there are other inputs on the 175W

MV Applications and 400W MV Application worksheets. The cells that users can modify

have a yellow background. To change inputs in the yellow boxes, simply type in the new values.

The sum of the sets of values must each add up to 100 percent. These values are identified

below in the description of these two worksheets.

When the spreadsheet is opened for the first time, the Department's default values will

appear in the yellow input boxes and drop menus. To restore these defaults, click on the button

labeled "Restore Default Values" on the General Inputs, Summary Results worksheet.

1.2 WORKSHEETS IN THE NESINPV SPREADSHEET MODEL

The following is a description of each of the worksheets in the NES/NPV spreadsheet

model, listed in the order in which they appear, from left to right, in the NES/NPV workbook.

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1.2.1 General Inputs, Summary Results

The General Inputs, Summary Results worksheet is where all of the major inputs are

entered, and where a summary of the results appears. The figure "Projected MV Lamp

Shipments" shows the shipment scenarios, and the table "Summary of NES/NPV Results"

summarizes the numerical results for energy and cost savings of an HID lamp standard. Both the

figure and the table change whenever the inputs are changed.

The major inputs appear in two rows near the top of the worksheet. In order of

appearance from left to right, they are:

Start Year: The year in which an HID standard goes into effect. The user can choose a

value between 2008 and 2020 using the drop-down menu. The default value is 2011.

End Year: The last year of the analysis period, which is the year of the last MV lamp

shipments for which the model calculates energy and cost savings. The spreadsheet calculates

the savings for this last year's lamp shipments through the end of their lamp service lives. The

user can choose an end year between 2030 and 2040 using the drop-down menu. The default

value is 2035.

Electricity Price Projection: The electricity price projections are based on three

economic growth scenarios described in AEO 2003: Reference, High, and Low Growth. The

user can choose one of these three scenarios using the drop-down menu. The default is the

Reference scenario.

Public Electricity Price in 2000: There are three options for the electricity price for the

public sector in the year 2000. The user can choose 20, 50, or 80 per kWh using the drop-down.

The default is 50/kWh. (See the description for the Elec Prices worksheet below.)

Discount Rate: The discount rate determines the present value in 2003 of costs and

savings that occur in later years. In this spreadsheet, the default value is 7 percent real (in the

analysis discussed in section 6, the values of 3 percent and 7 percent real were both presented as

default values). The user can type in the value of their choice, but it should be a number between

0 percent and 100 percent to be mathematically valid. In Chapter 6, the Department reports the

results of a sensitivity calculation with a discount rate of 3 percent.

Shipment Scenarios: The user can choose between four different scenarios for projecting

MV lamp shipments. These scenarios, described in Table I-i, are selected using a drop menu:

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Table I-i. Shipment Scenarios for Projecting MV Lamp Shipments

Growth Function This projection uses Microsoft® Excel's GROWTH function, which fits

Projection an exponential curve to the historical data to project future shipments.

This scenario is the default shipments projection, discussed as the

reference scenario in Chapter 6.

Growth Function with This projection is a modified version of the "Growth Function Projection,"

Asymptote in which future shipments approach a user-defined asymptote (minimum

value), rather than approaching zero. The reason for this is that there may

be markets in which MV lamp shipments persist in the absence of

regulatory action, so that shipments would not decline to zero in the future.

The user inputs the value for the asymptote, as a percentage of 2002 MV

_________________________

_ lamp shipments.

Constant Percent In this projection, shipments decrease by the same percentage each year.

Reduction The user can input this percentage.

Linear Decline This projection fits a straight line to the historical data to project future

shipments. The user can make the slope of the projected line of future

shipments drop off more sharply or more slowly than the historical data by

changing the user input "Linear Decline Rate Compared to Historical," as

described below.

Percent Reduction for Constant Percent Scenario: The user enters the annual percent

reduction in MV lamp shipments in cell 18. This value defines the percent reduction for both the

"Constant Percent Reduction" and "Constant Percent Reduction with Asymptote" scenarios. The

default is 14 percent, which is the annual percent reduction for the "Low" shipment scenario

discussed in Chapter 6. The user can enter any value between 0 percent and 100 percent.

Asymptote as Percent 2002 Shipments: The user enters a value for MV lamp shipments

that persist indefinitely in the future. This value, entered in cell M8, defines the asymptote for

both "Constant Percent Reduction with Asymptote" and the "Growth Function with Asymptote"

scenarios. The default is 20 percent, corresponding to the "high" shipment scenario discussed in

Chapter 6. The user can enter any value between 0 percent and 100 percent.

Linear Decline Rate Compared to Historical: When this value is one, future shipments

are projected to decline at the same linear rate as historical shipments. A value greater than one

causes the projected shipments to drop more sharply, and a value less than one causes them to

drop more slowly. A value of 0.5, for example, projects future shipments at a linear decline rate

that is half the historical linear decline rate.

1.2.2 MV Lamp Shipments

The MV Lamp Shipments worksheet provides the historical data given to the

Department as well as the numerical values for each of the four shipment projections. Historical

lamp shipment data appear in the "Historical Data" table, spanning cells H4 through 113. Lamp

shipments for the four shipment scenarios are in the tabled labeled "Projected Shipments in

Millions of Lamps" (cells C4 through F51). The values in these cells change when the user

modifies the value for the constant percent reduction or the asymptote, located on the "General

Inputs, Summary Results" worksheet.

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1.2.3 MV Shipments Chart

The MV Shipments Chart worksheet contains a plot showing the four shipment

scenarios, plus the historical data. In addition to the historical shipments data from 1993 to

2002, this chart presents the same data shown in the "General Inputs, Summary Results"

worksheet. The forecasted shipment lines change whenever a user modifies shipment-related

inputs.

1.2.4 MV Shipments by Wattage

The MV Shipments by Wattage worksheet shows NEMA's data for the breakdown of

MV lamp shipments by wattage for 1993 and 2001. Note that the 2001 percentages in column E

are very similar to the 1993 percentage of shipments in colunm G. Thus, as discussed in Chapter

6, the Department assumes that the wattage apportionment of each year's annual shipments will

be the 2001 percentages for the projected years in the analysis.

1.2.5 175W MV Applications

The 175W MV Applications worksheet contains input values and other data for the

175W MV product applications, used to calculate the average system watts of the substitution

technology options, which would replace 175W MV lamps if an HID lamp standard were

enacted. The cells with a yellow background are input values that the Department estimated.

Those numbers that appear in cells with no background color are values that the model calculates

based on the values of inputs in the yellow cells. The user can change the input values to test the

impact of alternative values. The totals in cell C18, cells F22 through F41, and in row 46 must

equal 100 percent for valid results.

The input values on this worksheet include:

• base case system watts for a 175W MV system (cell C3),

• system watts for the substitution technology options (cells C36 through C45),

• product application weights (i.e., the percent of shipments of 175W MV lamps that each

product application represents, appearing in cells C8 through C 17),

• annual operating hours for each product application (cells D8 through Dl 7),

o percent of shipments within each product application that are triggered by the "new

installation" HID lamp purchasing event (cells C22 through C31), and

o substitution technology option weights for the lamp failure event (located in rows 37

through 45, columns E, H, K, N, Q, T, W, Z, AC, and AF).

The model calculates the percent of shipments triggered by lamp failures or ballast

failures in cells D22 through E3 1. As explained in Chapter 6, the Department expects lamp

failure HID lamp purchasing events and ballast failure HID lamp purchasing events to occur with

equal frequency for the base case MV technology. For those product applications where no new

installations are occurring, the lamp failure event and ballast failure event each trigger 50 percent

of MV lamp shipments to that product application. For product applications in which new

installations are occurring, the percentage of shipments triggered by new installations is

estimated first, and then the remaining percentage is divided equally between shipments

triggered by lamp failures and shipments triggered by ballast failure events. For example, for the

Security - Commercial product application, the Department estimates that new installations

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DRAFT TSD: HID Lanps Analysis of Potential Energy Savings

#14

account for 10 percent of lamp shipments to this product application, as shown in cell C28.

Lamp failure events and ballast failure events each trigger 45 percent of shipments to this

product application, as shown in cells D28 and E28.

The substitution technology option weights for the lamp failure event determine the

substitution technology option weights for the ballast failure event and new installation event.

For example, the substitution technology option weights for the lamp failure event for the

Security - Commercial application appear in cells W37 through W45. The substitution

technology option weights for the ballast failure event appear in cells X3 8 through X45. The

spreadsheet performs this calculation by eliminating the lamp replacement substitution

technology option (which isn't possible for a ballast failure event) and raising the weights of the

other eight options proportionately so that the total is still 100 percent. Similarly, for the new

installation HID lamp purchasing event, the direct lamp and ballast/lamp options are eliminated,

and the weights of the remaining five options are raised proportionately so that the total is 100

percent. The option weights for the new installation event for the Security - Commercial

product application appear in cells V4 1 through V45.

In the last section of this worksheet (rows 48 through 62), the product of the HID lamp

purchasing event weights and the substitution technology option weights give the overall

weights, as shown, for the low-bay - commercial product application, in cells D5 1 through F59.

Note that the sum of the values in D5 1 through F59 adds up to 100 percent. Cells G5 1 through

G59 sum the weights of the substitution technology options across all HID lamp purchasing

events. Based on these weights, the spreadsheet calculates the weighted average system watts of

the substitution technology options in cells G60 through G62.

The model calculates the weighted average system watts for three time periods. The

Department assumed that the lamp replacement options would only be used during the first lamp

service lifetime (which equals one-half of a ballast lifetime) after standards go into effect. After

this, the MV ballast will fail and will be replaced. The Department also assumed that after one

additional ballast lifetime passes (i.e., a total of 1.5 ballast lifetimes), the old fixtures containing

the MV technology will be replaced, so after this time, only luminaire replacements are allowed.

The model therefore performs the calculations separately for these three time periods. The value

of the average system watts for the low-bay - commercial substitution technology options for the

first time period appears in cell G60. The value for the second time period appears in cell G61,

and the value for the third time period appears in cell G62. These values also appear in column

D of the calculation worksheet for each product application.

1.2.6 400W MV Applications

The 400W MV Applications worksheet contains input values and other data used to

calculate the average system watts for the substitution technology options for the 400W MV

lamps. As on the 175W MV Applications worksheet, the cells with a yellow background

contain input values that the Department estimated, and those numbers that appear in cells with

no background color are calculated values based on values in the yellow cells. The totals in cell

Cl2, cells Fl6 through F19, and in row 37 must equal 100 percent for valid results.

The input values on this worksheet include:

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• base case system watts for a 400W MV system (cell C3),

o system watts for the substitution technology options (cells C25 through C36),

o product application weights (cells C8 through Cli),

o annual operating hours for each product application (cells D8 through Dli),

o percent of shipments within each product application that are triggered by the "new

installation" HID lamp purchasing event (cells Cl 6 through Cl 9, whose default values

are all zero), and

o substitution technology option weights for the lamp failure event (located in rows 25

through 36, columns E, H, K, and N).

The Department calculated the weighted-average system watts of the substitution

technology options in the same way as for the 175W MV lamps, as described above.

1.2.7 Equipment Cost and Calculation Worksheets for each Product Application/Sector

Combination

There are two worksheets for each product application/sector combination - an Equip

Costs (equipment costs) worksheet, and a Calculation worksheet. The 175W MV product

application worksheets appear first, followed by worksheets for the 400W MV applications.

1.2.7.1 Equipment Cost Worksheets.

The equipment costs worksheet contains the calculation of the weighted average

incremental equipment cost. The section labeled "Technology Information" contains all of the

values used to calculate the incremental costs. These values are the same as those used for the

LCC analysis. The NES/NPV calculation uses "median" equipment costs. Column C of the

"technology information" section contains luminaire installation costs, column D contains ballast

installation costs, and column G contains lamp installation costs. These costs include sales tax,

and labor costs for installation. Column E contains the ballast life, and column F contains the

lamp price. Column H contains the lamp relamp life in hours, and column I contains the lamp

relamp life in years, which the model calculates by dividing the lamp life in hours by the annual

operating hours (in cell B2). Column J contains the analysis period, in years, for lamps in this

product application (equals one-half a ballast lifetime for the base case MV technology).

Column K calculates the number of replacement lamps, or additional lamps after the first one,

which will be needed during the analysis period. This value is zero for the base case MV

technology and other technologies with the same or longer lamp life, but is greater than zero for

lamps that have a shorter lifetime than the base case MV technology.

Columns L through P contain the incremental equipment cost calculations for each of the

substitution technology options for the "lamp failure" HID lamp purchasing event, columns Q

through U contain the incremental equipment cost calculations for substitution technology

options for the "ballast failure" HID lamp purchasing event, and columns V through Z contain

the calculations for the substitution technology option for the "new installation" event (for those

product applications in which new installations are still occurring). In each of these sections, the

first column contains the "first year equipment cost," or the cost of the equipment that is installed

in response to the HID lamp purchasing event. The next column in each section contains the

present value of the extra lamps that must be installed for substitution technology options with

shorter lamp lifetimes than the base case MV lamp life. The column after that contains the

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
DRAFT TSD: HID Lamps Analysis of Potential Enj,Savins

present value of the terminal value of the equipment at the end of the life of the MY lamp that it

replaced. The next column, labeled "total equipment costs," is the sum of the first year

equipment cost, the present value of the extra lamps, and the present value of the terminal value

of the equipment (which is a negative number because it is a credit, reducing the overall cost). In

the columns labeled "Incremental Equipment Costs," the model calculates the difference

between the substitution technology option cost and the base case technology cost.

On the lower half of the equipment costs worksheets is the calculation of the weighted

average of the incremental equipment costs. The model takes the weights of each substitution

technology option from its associated worksheet (the 175W MV Applications worksheet, or the

400W MV Applications worksheet), and applied to each HID lamp purchasing event. Then the

model calculates weighted average incremental equipment costs separately for the three time

periods discussed above.

1.2.7.2 Calculation Worksheets.

A summary of the main inputs to the calculations appears on each of the calculation

worksheets in cells D4 through Dl 2. Projected future MV lamp shipments to that product

application appear in cells C17 through C49. These values change when the user chooses a

different shipment scenario, or changes one of the parameters that define the shipment scenarios,

on the "General Inputs, Summary Results" worksheet. The tables shows the projected shipments

for 2008 to 2040, but in the rest of the table the model only calculates values for years between

the start year and end year that the user chooses.

The worksheet calculates the total kWh savings for each product application by taking

the difference between the base case system watts and the weighted average substitution

technology option system watts, and multiplying this value times the annual operating hours, and

then times the number of lamps shipped in the base case. For any given year's shipments of

lamps, this amount of energy will be saved each year of each lamp's service life. The energy

calculation table shows this amount. For example, in the High-Bay md Calculation worksheet,

cells J20 through N20 show the energy savings from replacing the 2011 shipments of MY lamps

with the substitution technology options. This substitution will save energy for all of the first

four years (2011 through 2014) and a fraction of the fifth year, consistent with this product

application's lamp service life of 4.92 years. The model sums the energy savings by year at the

bottom of the table, and these values appear on the Results worksheet, in the first Table, entitled

"Energy Savings in Site kWh."

The weighted average incremental equipment costs for each year appear in cells E17

through E49 (cells for years before the start year or after the end year contain a dash). In cells

F17 through F49, the model calculates the total incremental equipment cost for each year by

multiplying the weighted average incremental equipment cost times the number of shipments in

that year. These values also appear on the Results worksheet, in the fifth table, entitled

"Incremental Equipment Costs."

1.2.8 Electricity Prices

The Elec Prices worksheet contains the annual electricity prices for each of the three

economic growth scenarios (Reference, High, and Low) and its corresponding year 2000 public

sector electricity prices (20, 50, and 80/kwh). The default economic growth scenario is the

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13
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a14

"Reference" scenario, and the default year 2000 public sector electricity price is 50/kWh. These

electricity prices are identical to those used in the LCC analysis. Chapter 5 and Appendix H

provide detailed discussion of how the Department derived these prices.

1.2.9 Electricity Prices - Chart

The Elec Prices - Chart worksheet contains a chart of the three electricity price

scenarios (Reference, High, and Low) in each of the four sectors (commercial, industrial,

residential, and public). Only the "Reference" scenario for the public sector electricity price

(with a year 2000 value of 50/kWh) is plotted.

1.2.10 Other Inputs

The inputs contained on the Other Inputs worksheet are the "Site to Source Conversion

Factors" from AEO 2003, the Discount Factor by Sector,a and the Base Case System Watts for

MV lamps other than 175W and 400W. The discount factor is the multiplier that is applied to

costs or savings in a given future year to calculate the present value of those costs or savings in

2003.

1.2.11 Results

The Results worksheet contains the detailed annual results. The first table presents the

"Energy Savings in Site kWh," for each product applicationlsector combination in each year of

the analysis. Rows 4 through 13 contain the annual energy savings for each of the 175W MV

product applications, and rows 14 through 17 contain the annual energy savings for the 400W

MV product applications. Rows 18 through 21 contain the calculation of the annual energy

savings for the medium-based, 100W, 250W, and 1000W MV lamps. As described in Chapter 6,

these values are based on the energy savings for the 175W or 400W MV applications. For the

individual product applications, the worksheet shows the "trailing (energy) savings" beyond the

analysis period due to the lamp shipments from the last year in the analysis period. However, the

totals column at the end of the table (column AR) includes only the energy savings that occur

during the analysis period. The reason the worksheet shows the trailing savings in the body of

the table is that these values are used to calculate the trailing operating cost savings in the third

and fourth table on this worksheet.

The second table presents the "Energy Savings, in Source 10A6 BTU." The model

calculates these values by multiplying the results in the site energy savings table by the

appropriate site to source conversion factor for each year of the analysis.

The third table presents the "Electricity Cost Savings (2002$)." For the 175W and 400W

MV product applications, the model calculates values by multiplying the kWh site energy

savings by the electricity price for the appropriate sector for each year of the analysis. For the

"miscellaneous" (medium-based, 100W, 250W and 1000W) lamps, the model calculates values

by the method described in Chapter 6, based on the cost savings for the 175W or 400W product

applications.

a The model currently uses just one value for the discount factor for all sectors, as input by the user on the General

Inputs, Summary of Results worksheet. However, the model is structured so that it could be easily revised in the

future to allow different discount rates for different sectors.

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The fourth table contains the "Present Value of Electricity Cost Savings (2002$)." The

model calculates these values by multiplying the values in the third table by the discount factor

(from the Other Inputs worksheet) for the year in which the savings occur.

The fifth table contains the "Incremental Equipment Costs (2002$)" for each product

application. For the 175W and 400W MV product applications, the model takes these values

from cells F17 through F49 of each product application's calculation worksheet. For the

"miscellaneous" lamps, the model calculates the values based on the values for the 175W and

400W MV applications, by the method described in Chapter 6.

The sixth table contains the "Present Value of Incremental Equipment Costs (2002$)" for

each product application. The model calculates the values by multiplying the values in the third

table by the discount factor (from the Other Inputs worksheet) for the year in which the savings

occur.

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 EE-DET-03-001 COMMENT 13