Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 569

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ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION II 

No. CV-16-496 

DARLENE RODGERS

APPELLANT

V.

ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF 

HUMAN SERVICES AND MINOR 

CHILD

APPELLEES

Opinion Delivered November 30, 2016

APPEAL FROM THE MISSISSIPPI

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, 

OSCEOLA DISTRICT

[NO. JV-2014-45]

HONORABLE RALPH WILSON, JR., 

JUDGE

AFFIRMED

BRANDON J. HARRISON, Judge

 Darlene Rodgers appeals the order of the Mississippi County Circuit Court that 

terminated her parental rights to her adopted child, C.R. Rodgers challenges the statutory 

grounds for termination. We affirm. 

 On 30 October 2014, the Arkansas Department of Human Services (DHS) filed a 

petition for emergency custody and dependency-neglect of nine-year-old C.R. The 

accompanying affidavit explained that on October 28, a call to the child-abuse hotline 

reported that C.R. refused to get on the school bus to go home because he was scared. 

The caller said that C.R. had been whipped at the bus stop and had approximately twenty 
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bruises on his arms, legs, and back that were in the process of healing. The police 

investigated, and Rodgers was arrested for second-degree domestic battery. 

 The circuit court granted the petition for emergency custody and on November 5 

found probable cause to continue DHS’s custody of C.R. Rodgers was ordered to 

complete parenting classes, watch “The Clock is Ticking” video, maintain stable housing, 

obtain and maintain stable employment and/or income, and attend anger-management 

classes. On November 20, C.R. was adjudicated dependent-neglected due to cuts/welts 

and bruises on his arms, legs, and back. In addition to the above requirements, Rodgers 

was ordered to comply with a no-contact order issued in her criminal case and to submit a 

2011 psychological evaluation to her attorney or her DHS caseworker. 

 The circuit court reviewed the case in February 2015 and found that Rodgers had 

stable income and housing but still needed to complete parenting classes and watch “The 

Clock is Ticking” video. Another review order in August 2015 noted that Rodgers had 

completed parenting and anger-management classes and had watched the required video. 

That order found that the case plan was moving toward an appropriate permanency plan 

and that the goal of the case would continue to be reunification with Rodgers. 

 In October 2015, however, the circuit court held a permanency-planning hearing 

and changed the goal of the case to termination of parental rights and adoption. In its 

order, the court found that C.R. had been out of his mother’s home for twelve months, 

had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, and “continue[d] to have panic 

attacks and recurrent nightmares in regards to being placed back with his mother.” On 

October 29, DHS and C.R.’s attorney ad litem filed a joint petition for termination of 
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parental rights alleging that (1) C.R. had been “chronically abused” and “subjected to 

extreme and repeated cruelty in the form of both mental and physical abuse,” and (2) the 

conditions that resulted in C.R.’s being removed had not been remedied by Rodgers 

despite a meaningful effort by DHS to remedy those conditions. 

 The court held a termination hearing on 26 February 2016. Chelsea Fife, a 

therapist with Families, Inc., testified that C.R. had been her client since June 2015. Fife 

explained that C.R. had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, that she helped 

him with coping skills and identifying his feelings, and that his therapy was going well. 

Fife said that when C.R. is asked about Rodgers, he shakes and cries and “will go from 

smiling and being a happy child to being completely fearful.” C.R. told Fife that he did 

not wish to return to Rodgers’s home and that he was “scared to go back.” Fife 

recommended that C.R. not be returned to Rodgers’s custody. She also noted that C.R. 

was “very comfortable” with his foster parents. 

 Greg Watson, the DHS caseworker assigned to the case, testified that he had 

regular contact with Rodgers throughout the case and that she had completed all services 

required of her. He said that he last spoke with Rodgers six weeks previously about 

C.R.’s coming home, and Rodgers stated that C.R. “would have to admit to what he had 

done before she would let him come back home.” Rodgers explained to Watson that 

C.R. would get up in the middle of the night and steal food out of the refrigerator and 

that “[h]e needed to admit to what he had done.” Watson testified that Rodgers had not 

visited C.R. because of the no-contact order and that Rodgers was scheduled to go to 
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court on her criminal charges in April. Finally, Watson said that C.R. was doing well at 

school and was “usually happy . . . like a normal kid” around his foster parents. 

 Sylvia Ware, a DHS supervisor, testified that she was familiar with this case and had 

spoken with Rodgers about the progression of the case. Ware stated that Rodgers 

admitted spanking C.R. with a belt. Rodgers also told Ware that C.R. could come home 

and that she would “put the belt away,” but “he needs to remember that the belt can 

always come back out.” Ware was also concerned with Rodgers’s statement to her that 

C.R. had a “demon possessed spirit.” 

Tyler Dunegan, C.R.’s foster dad, testified that C.R. was placed with his family in 

October 2014 and that he wished to adopt C.R. Tyler stated that C.R. has minor 

behavioral problems, “typical ten-year-old boy behavior; but nothing out of the 

ordinary.” Tyler explained that when he first arrived, C.R. had frequent nightmares and 

did not sleep well, but that has improved. Tyler said that he and his wife Carolyn take 

C.R. to the Calvary Baptist Church in Osceola and that C.R. “loves the church family.” 

He also stated that C.R. likes to play sports and is very social. He described C.R. as 

“happy” and “full of joy.” Tyler also explained that he and his wife now have two other 

foster children, siblings who are three years old and four months old, and that C.R. and 

the other children “call each other brother and sisters.” 

Carolyn Dunegan, C.R.’s foster mom, testified that in April 2015, she and C.R. 

were in Wal-Mart and C.R. saw Rodgers, which caused him to have a panic attack. 

Carolyn stated that she has had no issues with C.R. lying to her or stealing. She explained 

that he was quiet when he first arrived in their home and has always been “very polite” 
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and “very loving.” She said that now “he loves life and loves doing things and being 

active and everything that we do.” Carolyn said that he loves the other foster children in 

their home and that he is also close to the Dunegans’ extended family. She confirmed that 

she and her husband were interested in adopting C.R. 

 Rodgers testified that C.R. had been removed from her home after an incident at a 

bus stop in October 2014. Rodgers said that C.R. had attempted to take some candy 

from a “city worker,” that she had yelled at him, and that she had asked a friend for a belt. 

At that point, the circuit court interrupted the testimony, reminded counsel of Rodgers’s 

pending criminal charges, and asked if counsel wanted to let Rodgers continue to describe 

the incident, to which counsel responded, “No.” Continuing her testimony, Rodgers 

said that she had taken C.R. to a therapist in April 2014 because he had been lying to her 

and getting in trouble at school. She said he would get up in the middle of the night and 

get food out of the refrigerator and then lie about it. She also described an instance in 

which he had stolen a toy from a store. She denied having disciplined him for lying or 

stealing; she said that she employed “talk therapy with him.” With regard to her 

“demon” comment to Sylvia Ware, Rodgers said that she “didn’t state it the way you said 

it.” When asked if she feels that C.R. “has the demon in him,” Rodgers said, “I believe 

he have whatever that’s in him that’s in him.” She also stated that she was “willing for 

C.R. to come home” and that she was “not planning to using a belt” in the future. 

 On cross-examination, Rodgers explained that C.R. had moved into her home in 

April 2013 and had some developmental delays. She said that he had problems with 
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speech and fine motor skills and did not know how to write or brush his teeth. She also 

stated that he had hostile and inappropriate behavior with other children. 

 Ten-year-old C.R. testified and described his foster dad as “nice” and “awesome.” 

About his foster mom, he said that she “gets me things and loves me.” He said that he 

went to live with the Dunegans because he “had got abused.” He identified Rodgers in 

the courtroom and said that he had met her at a restaurant before he went to live with 

her. He thought she was nice at first but “just didn’t like the way she looked at me when 

she laughed, she had an angry face.” He said that once he began living with her, she was 

no longer nice, and he became scared of her. He explained that Rodgers had hit him 

with a stick or a belt every day, usually on his legs and back. He said there had been one 

time that she hit him in the face, which was the incident at the bus stop. He explained 

that he had taken a piece of candy from a man from church and that “she came with a belt 

and she started hitting me with it.” He also stated that Rodgers had locked him in his 

bedroom at night, which scared him and forced him to use the bathroom on himself if he 

had to use the bathroom, and she would then hit him with the stick the next morning. 

He also explained that he had not been allowed to get any food from the kitchen or he 

would be hit with the stick. He confirmed that he wanted to stay with the Dunegans and 

that he was scared of going back to Rodgers. 

 On cross-examination, C.R. agreed that he used to get in trouble at school for 

backtalking. He also agreed that he used to scratch and bruise himself because he “used to 

get mad.” He also said that he had gotten paddlings at school that left bruises. 
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 After DHS rested and Rodgers moved for a directed verdict, which was denied, 

Rodgers returned to the stand and testified that she and C.R. had a good relationship and 

that she had protected him. She said that when he came to live with her, he had 

“emotional difficulties” and displayed both suicidal and homicidal behaviors. She also 

stated that he had been on medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct 

disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. She said that she learned from his medical 

records that he had an acute psychiatric break in 2011 that had been treated at Bridgeway. 

She denied that she had ever abused C.R. She testified that she wanted C.R. to live with 

her again, that she felt she was a good parent, and that she had plans for C.R. to be treated 

by a cognitive therapist and to start karate classes. 

 At the conclusion of the hearing, the circuit court orally granted the petition to 

terminate Rodgers’s parental rights. The court entered a written order on 28 March 2016 

terminating Rodgers’s parental rights based on two statutory bases: (1) the juvenile has 

been adjudicated dependent-neglected and continued out of the custody of the parent for 

twelve months, and despite a meaningful effort by DHS to rehabilitate the parent and 

correct the conditions that caused removal, those conditions have not been remedied by 

the parent; (2) the parent has subjected the child to aggravated circumstances. On the 

“failure to remedy” ground, the court found that

[e]ven though the mother has complied with the Case Plan and Court 

Orders and completed services, this is not dispositive of the issue in this 

ground pursuant to appellate case law. There are still safety issues and fears 

expressed by the child if he is returned to the mother. The child was 

seriously physically abused according to the evidence. 
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On the “aggravated circumstances” ground, the court stated, “The court finds aggravated 

circumstances as pled and based on the credible evidence at the hearing, the court finds by 

clear and convincing evidence based on the testimony of the child at the hearing that he 

has been chronically abused, physically and emotionally.” The circuit court made clear 

that its order was based on the totality of the evidence and credibility findings, specifically 

the testimony of C.R. and Chelsea Fife. Rodgers filed a timely appeal from this order. 

 We review termination-of-parental-rights cases de novo. Hune v. Ark. Dep’t of 

Human Servs., 2010 Ark. App. 543. Termination of parental rights is an extreme remedy 

and in derogation of the natural rights of parents, but parental rights will not be enforced 

to the detriment or destruction of the health and well-being of the child. Id. Grounds for 

termination of parental rights must be proved by clear and convincing evidence. Id. 

Clear and convincing evidence is that degree of proof that will produce in the fact-finder a 

firm conviction as to the allegation sought to be established. Id. The appellate inquiry is 

whether the circuit court’s finding that the disputed fact was proved by clear and 

convincing evidence is clearly erroneous. Id. A finding is clearly erroneous when, 

although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left 

with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id. In determining 

whether a finding is clearly erroneous, an appellate court gives due deference to the 

opportunity of the circuit court to assess the witnesses’ credibility. Dinkins v. Ark. Dep’t of 

Human Servs., 344 Ark. 207, 40 S.W.3d 286 (2001). 

 The goal of Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-27-341 (Repl. 2015) is to provide 

permanency in a minor child’s life in circumstances in which returning the child to the 
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family home is contrary to the minor’s health, safety, or welfare, and the evidence 

demonstrates that a return to the home cannot be accomplished in a reasonable period of 

time as viewed from the minor child’s perspective. Id.; Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341(a)(3). 

Parental rights may be terminated if clear and convincing evidence shows (1) that it is in 

the child’s best interest and (2) that statutory grounds have been proved. Hune, supra. 

 On appeal, Rodgers challenges both statutory grounds for termination found by the 

circuit court. She does not challenge the circuit court’s best-interest finding. The first 

ground, the “out-of-custody for twelve months and failure-to-remedy” ground, requires 

the circuit court to find that “a juvenile has been adjudicated by the court to be 

dependent-neglected and has continued to be out of the custody of the parent for twelve 

(12) months and, despite a meaningful effort by the department to rehabilitate the parent 

and correct the conditions that caused removal, those conditions have not been remedied 

by the parent.” Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341(b)(3)(B)(i)(a). 

On this point, Rodgers notes that C.R.’s adjudication was based on “neglect due 

to cuts/welts and bruises on the juvenile’s arms, legs, and back.” She also notes that there 

was no finding of abuse in any proceeding leading up to the termination hearing and that 

she had not been convicted of any crime at the time of the termination hearing. 

Nevertheless, the circuit court found that there were “still safety issues and fears expressed 

by the child” and that C.R. was “seriously physically abused.” Rodgers argues, however, 

that abuse was not a basis for removal and that she “cannot be required to remedy a cause 

for removal that the circuit court did not find at the adjudication hearing.” She contends 

that the circuit court “had no authority to retroactively find that Darlene abused [C.R.] 
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and that abuse was the basis for the adjudication.” She argues that the adjudication was 

based on neglect, so that was what she was tasked with remedying, and there was no 

evidence that she had failed to remedy any issues of neglect. 

In response, DHS notes that there are two problems with Rodgers’s argument: (1) 

the statute does not pertain to remedying the cause for removal but the conditions of 

removal, and (2) the scope of the “conditions that caused removal” is not necessarily 

equivalent to, or limited by, how the circuit court characterizes its finding of dependencyneglect in the adjudication order. DHS explains that according to the initial removal and 

adjudication order, the conditions that caused removal were the presence of numerous 

unexplained injuries on C.R.’s body, C.R.’s fear of his mother, and the court’s concern 

for his safety. And, citing the testimony at the termination hearing, especially C.R.’s and 

Fife’s testimony, DHS argues that the circuit court correctly found that the conditions that 

had caused removal had not been remedied. According to DHS, both Fife and C.R. 

testified that he was still afraid of Rodgers, and this evidence supported the circuit court’s 

finding that “safety issues and concern for the child” still exist. 

 In support, DHS cites Wheatley v. Arkansas Department of Human Services, 2016 Ark. 

App. 438, ___ S.W.3d ___, in which a nearly identical argument was made by the 

appellant. In that case, Wheatley argued that the circuit court made a mistake of fact in its 

order and that she could not be required to remedy an issue she was never found to have 

committed. Specifically, Wheatley argued that there was no finding of abuse in the 

adjudication order, so the circuit court erred in later basing termination in part on abuse 

perpetrated by Wheatley. This court disagreed with Wheatley’s argument and stated, 
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We are not left with a definite and firm conviction that the trial court’s 

finding was a mistake or that in making its finding it was operating under a 

mistaken belief that the court had earlier found Randi to be the actual 

perpetrator of K.W.’s abuse. Rather, it was operating under the conviction 

that, regardless of whether Randi had been the actual abuser or had failed to 

protect her children from the abuse, they were not safe in her care. 

Id. at 5. DHS asserts that the circuit court made a similar determination in this case and 

should be affirmed. 

In reply, Rodgers continues to insist that “[s]he cannot be required to remedy an 

issue or condition that was not determined to exist at the time of the adjudication 

hearing” and cites Jackson v. Arkansas Department of Human Services, 2013 Ark. App. 411, 

429 S.W.3d 276, in support. In Jackson, at the time the child was taken from his mother’s 

custody, the father’s whereabouts were unknown, and he did not participate in the case 

until the termination hearing. On appeal, the father argued that the twelve-month 

failure-to-remedy ground could not apply to him because his conduct did not cause the 

removal, and this court agreed. 

 We find no error on this point and affirm. Rodgers cites no authority for the 

proposition that the circuit court is limited to determining only whether the stated basis 

for the adjudication has been remedied at the termination hearing. The statute requires 

that the “the conditions that caused removal” be remedied, not just the named basis for 

the dependency-neglect adjudication. Based on the testimony presented, especially C.R.’s 

testimony, which the circuit court found credible, the circuit court found that the 

conditions that had caused removal had not been remedied, specifically “safety issues and 

fears expressed by the child if he is returned to the mother.” These conditions existed at 

the time of removal and continued to exist at the time of termination. 
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 The case cited by Rodgers, Jackson, is clearly distinguishable; in that case, the child 

was not in Jackson’s custody when the removal occurred, meaning that Jackson could not 

be responsible for the conditions that had caused removal. Here, C.R. was clearly in 

Rodgers’s custody at the time of his removal. 

 Progress toward or even completion of the case plan is not a bar to termination of 

parental rights. Weatherspoon v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2013 Ark. App. 104, 426 

S.W.3d 520. What matters is whether completion of the case plan achieved the intended 

result of making a parent capable of caring for his or her child; mere compliance with the 

directives of the court and DHS is not sufficient if the root cause of the problem was not 

adequately addressed. See Lee v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 102 Ark. App. 337, 285 

S.W.3d 277 (2008). In this case, we hold that the circuit court did not err in determining 

that the root cause of the problem was still present and that termination on this statutory 

basis was proper. 

 We also hold that there was sufficient evidence presented to support the second 

ground for termination, which was aggravated circumstances. For this ground, the circuit 

court is required to find that the parent has subjected any juvenile to aggravated 

circumstances, meaning the juvenile has been abandoned, chronically abused, subjected to 

extreme or repeated cruelty, sexually abused, or a determination has been or is made by a 

judge that there is little likelihood that services to the family will result in successful 

reunification. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341(b)(3)(B)(ix)(a)(3)(A) & (B). 

 The circuit court found that C.R. had been chronically abused, both physically and 

emotionally, but Rodgers argues that the evidence was insufficient to support such a 
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finding. She asserts that the circuit court based this finding on C.R.’s testimony and 

denies that his testimony established any abuse and certainly not chronic abuse. However, 

we note that the court’s finding was based not just on C.R.’s testimony, but on the 

totality of the evidence, and especially Fife’s testimony, which the court specifically noted 

and found credible. We also note that C.R.’s testimony alone is sufficient to support a 

finding of abuse; daily beatings with a stick or a belt certainly support a finding of 

“extreme or repeated cruelty,” which constitutes abuse under the statute. The circuit 

court is in a superior position to observe the parties before it and judge the credibility of 

the witnesses, and we will not second-guess that determination. Dinkins, supra. 

 Affirmed. 

 GRUBER and HOOFMAN, JJ., agree. 

Tabitha McNulty, Arkansas Public Defender Commission, for appellant. 

Andrew Firth, Office of Chief Counsel, for appellee. 

Chrestman Group, PLLC, by: Keith L. Chrestman, attorney ad litem for minor 

children.