{"id":283903,"date":"2023-01-09T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-10T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-484862"},"modified":"2023-09-29T17:39:09","modified_gmt":"2023-09-29T21:39:09","slug":"photophoretic-propulsion-enabling-mesosphere-exploration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/photophoretic-propulsion-enabling-mesosphere-exploration\/","title":{"rendered":"Photophoretic Propulsion Enabling Mesosphere Exploration"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Igor Bargatin<\/strong><br>\nUniversity of Pennsylvania<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1477\" height=\"1253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?w=1477\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Artist rendition of payload in space above the earth with suspension lines and airlow.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png 1477w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?resize=300,255 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?resize=768,652 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?resize=1024,869 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?resize=400,339 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?resize=600,509 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?resize=900,764 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?resize=1200,1018 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1477px) 100vw, 1477px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>We propose to use the photophoretic levitation and propulsion mechanism to create no-moving-parts flying vehicles that can be used to explore Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. Recently, we demonstrated levitation of centimeter-scale plates using the photophoretic force at a variety of air pressures. The photophoretic force arises when a solid is heated relative to the ambient gas through illumination, inducing momentum exchange between the solid and the gas.  The force creates lift in structures that absorb light on the bottom yet stay cool on the top, and we engineered our plate mechanical metamaterials to maximize this lift force and payload. The levitation and payload capabilities of our plates typically peak at ambient pressures in the 0.1-1000 Pa range, ideal for applications in Earth\u2019s mesosphere and Mars\u2019s low gravity and thin atmosphere.  For example, in the Earths mesosphere (i.e., at altitudes from ~50 to ~80 km), the air is too thin for conventional airplanes or balloons but too thick for satellites, such that measurements can be performed for only a few minutes at a time during the short flight of a research rocket. However, the range of ambient pressures in the mesosphere (1-100 Pa) is nearly optimal for our plates payload capabilities. With further optimization, our photophoretically levitated microflyers could stay aloft for extended times by using the Suns natural light during the daytime, or even indefinitely if the microflyer is designed to ascend during the day and descend at night.  Microflyers based on photophoretic propulsion would enable new ways to study Earth\u2019s mesosphere (e.g. temperature, CO2 concentration, wind speed) using payloads that weigh only grams. The proposed devices can also create horizontal thrust for trajectory control in stratospheric balloons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/directorates\/stmd\/niac\/niac-2023-phase-i-and-phase-ii-selections\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"283891\">2023 Phase I Selections<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More NIAC Topics<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/space-technology-mission-directorate\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Space Technology Mission Directorate<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"525\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/stmd.jpg?w=525\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); 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transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/niac_magnetosphere.png 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/niac_magnetosphere.png?resize=300,150 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/niac_magnetosphere.png?resize=768,384 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/niac_magnetosphere.png?resize=1024,512 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/niac_magnetosphere.png?resize=400,200 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/niac_magnetosphere.png?resize=600,300 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/niac_magnetosphere.png?resize=900,450 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/niac-funded-studies\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>NIAC Funded Studies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png 4053w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=300,92 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=768,236 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=1024,315 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=1536,473 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=2048,630 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=400,123 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=600,185 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=900,277 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=1200,369 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/2022_niac_ph_i_ii_selections_web_graphic_banner_final_v2.png?resize=2000,615 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/about-niac\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>About NIAC<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"649\" height=\"766\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/niac_2019_howe_troy.png?w=649\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/niac_2019_howe_troy.png 649w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/niac_2019_howe_troy.png?resize=254,300 254w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/niac_2019_howe_troy.png?resize=339,400 339w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/niac_2019_howe_troy.png?resize=508,600 508w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Igor Bargatin University of Pennsylvania We propose to use the photophoretic levitation and propulsion mechanism to create no-moving-parts flying vehicles that can be used to explore Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere. Recently, we demonstrated levitation of centimeter-scale plates using the photophoretic force at a variety of air pressures. The photophoretic force arises when a solid is heated [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":66,"featured_media":286209,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"66","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[12691],"coauthors":[],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Photophoretic Propulsion Enabling Mesosphere Exploration","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/photophoretic-propulsion-enabling-mesosphere-exploration\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/photophoretic-propulsion-enabling-mesosphere-exploration\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png"},"articleSection":"General","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Loura Hall"}],"creator":["Loura Hall"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["General"],"dateCreated":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","datePublished":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-09-29T21:39:09Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Photophoretic Propulsion Enabling Mesosphere Exploration\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/photophoretic-propulsion-enabling-mesosphere-exploration\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"General\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"General\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Loura Hall\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":2,"time_ago":"1 year","featured_image":{"id":286209,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023.png","title":"bargatin_photophoreticpropulsion_2023","alt":"Artist rendition of payload in space above the earth with suspension lines and airlow.","caption":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283903"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/66"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=283903"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283903\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":400011,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283903\/revisions\/400011"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/286209"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=283903"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=283903"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=283903"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=283903"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=283903"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}