NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 14a0198n.06

No. 13-3274

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

BENNIE OVERTON,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF

OHIO

OPINION

BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, SUTTON, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

BERNICE B. DONALD, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant, Bennie Overton, 

appeals his conviction and sentence for one count of carjacking, 18 U.S.C. § 2119, one count of 

using, carrying, or brandishing a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c), and one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). On 

appeal, Overton contends that the district court (1) deprived him of his right to present a defense,

(2) improperly admitted a hearsay statement as an excited utterance, (3) improperly allowed the 

Government to introduce into evidence a .45 caliber pistol, (4) improperly denied his motion to 

suppress, (5) improperly instructed the jury as to the elements of carjacking, and (6) imposed a 

procedurally unreasonable sentence. Because all of Overton’s arguments lack merit, we 

AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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I. Background

Sometime after two o’clock in the morning on April 29, 2012, Anthony Gore was sitting 

in his 2004 Nissan Maxima with the car door open waiting on a friend, Gerald Paschal, to pick 

him up. The defendant, Bennie Overton, approached Gore asking to borrow a cigarette lighter. 

After Gore told Overton that he did not have a cigarette lighter, Overton became more 

aggressive, walked closer to the car, and eventually pulled what appeared to be a firearm from 

his jacket. Gore testified that Overton then placed the firearm to his temple and ordered him to 

move to the passenger side of the car. Gore complied with Overton’s commands, and Overton 

sat in the driver’s seat with the muzzle of the firearm touching Gore’s side.

Once Gore was in the passenger seat and Overton in the driver’s seat, Overton demanded 

that Gore give Overton his keys and phone. Gore attempted to stall, hoping that Paschal would 

arrive to pick him up, but Overton became even more aggressive. In response, Gore surrendered 

his phone and keys. Gore testified that he remembered his passenger door was unlocked during 

the confrontation. Fearing that Overton might kidnap or shoot him if he did not get away 

immediately, Gore opened the passenger door and ran away as fast as he could. Overton drove 

away in Gore’s Nissan, traveling in the opposite direction.

Shortly thereafter, Gore’s friend Paschal arrived to pick him up. Paschal testified that 

Gore was running across the street when the two met, as well as that Gore was “kind of frantic 

and stuttering” when he got into the car. As Paschal was trying to ascertain what had happened 

to his friend, Gore made two statements to Paschal: “I just got robbed. Take me to the police 

department” and “Man, he put a gun to my head man.” Paschal then took Gore to the police 

department to file a report.
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Five days later, on May 4, 2012, Cincinnati Fire Department personnel (“EMS 

personnel”) received a 911 call for emergency medical assistance, relating to a “reported 

unconscious person in a vehicle at the gas pumps” of a gas station on Gilbert Avenue. Upon 

arriving at the gas station, the EMS personnel saw their patient (later identified as Overton) 

leaning back in the driver’s seat of a silver sedan (later identified as Gore’s 2004 Nissan 

Maxima). The patient was “in the driver’s seat, eyes closed, unresponsive, the doors closed.” 

After blowing the fire truck’s air horn and administering ammonia inhalants in unsuccessful 

attempts to rouse Overton, the EMS personnel employed a sternum rub technique to wake him.

Upon waking, Overton seemed confused and disoriented and grabbed the shirt of the 

firefighter who administered the sternum rub. While the EMS personnel were talking to Overton 

and attempting to ascertain his condition, he shifted his legs in his seat and exposed the handle of 

a .45 caliber pistol. At this point, the EMS personnel began to get nervous for their safety and 

the safety of those around them. They accordingly removed Overton from the car and secured 

the pistol.

On June 6, 2012, a grand jury indicted Overton for the following crimes: one count of 

carjacking, one count of using, carrying, or brandishing a firearm in furtherance of a crime of 

violence, and one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm. Overton filed a motion to 

suppress the pistol discovered by the EMS personnel, which the district court denied after an 

evidentiary hearing. Overton then pled guilty to the felon in possession of a firearm count on 

August 13, 2012, but proceeded to a jury trial on the carjacking and brandishing offenses. The 

trial took place over three days in August of 2012, and the jury returned guilty verdicts on both

remaining counts. The district court then sentenced Overton to a within-Guidelines term of 199 
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months’ imprisonment, five years of supervised release, a $1,000 fine, and the forfeiture of 

various items. Overton filed a Notice of Appeal the day after the district court entered judgment,

and this appeal followed.

II. Right to Present a Defense

Overton first argues that the district court denied his constitutional right to present a 

defense. Appellant Br. at 8-12. The defense’s theory of the case was that Overton used a BB 

gun, rather than an actual firearm, when he forced the victim, Gore, from his car. Id. at 8. 

During Overton’s cross-examination, the Government asked him about the location of the BB 

gun. The BB gun was one of several items of evidence seized from Overton’s residence that the 

parties agreed not to use at trial. In response, Overton’s counsel attempted to introduce a 

photograph of the BB gun that he received from the Government during discovery in order to 

prevent the jury from drawing the inference that Overton lied. The district court ruled that

allowing Overton to introduce a picture of the BB gun would open the door for the Government 

to introduce evidence of the other items seized from his residence. Overton alleges that this 

ruling deprived him of his right to present a defense.

The parties dispute the standard of review that should apply to the district court’s ruling.

Overton argues for de novo review, Appellant Br. at 8, while the Government asserts that abuse 

of discretion is the proper standard, Appellee Br. at 16. The Government is correct that “we 

review all challenges to district court evidentiary rulings, including constitutional challenges, 

under the abuse of discretion standard.” United States v. Blackwell, 459 F.3d 739, 752 (6th Cir. 

2006). But “the abuse of discretion standard is not at odds with de novo interpretation of the 

Constitution inasmuch as [a] district court does not have the discretion to rest its evidentiary 
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decision on incorrect interpretations of the Constitution.” Id. (citing United States v. Baker, 458 

F.3d 513, 516 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 832, 842 (6th Cir. 2006)). “A 

district court abuses its discretion when it relies on erroneous findings of fact, applies the wrong 

legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard when reaching a conclusion, or makes a 

clear error of judgment.” Schlaud v. Snyder, 717 F.3d 451, 457 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting 

Randleman v. Fid. Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 646 F.3d 347, 351 (6th Cir. 2011)) (internal quotation 

marks omitted).

“Whether rooted directly in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or in 

the Compulsory Process or Confrontation clauses of the Sixth Amendment, the Constitution 

guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” 

Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986) (citations omitted) (quoting California v. 

Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984)). The Supreme Court has “found the exclusion of evidence 

to be unconstitutionally arbitrary or disproportionate only where it has infringed upon a weighty 

interest of the accused.” United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308 (1998) (citing Rock v. 

Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 56 (1987)). Accordingly, even if the district court erroneously excluded 

evidence, we will reverse only if “the omitted evidence [evaluated in the context of the entire 

record] creates a reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist.” Blackwell, 459 F.3d at 753 

(brackets in original) (quoting Washington v. Schriver, 255 F.3d 45, 57 (2d Cir. 2001)) (internal 

quotation marks omitted).

Overton cannot overcome this burden because the parties negated the impact of any error

the district court may have made with respect to the evidentiary ruling by entering into a 

stipulation. The stipulation stated, “A black BB gun pistol was recovered from Mr. Overton’s 
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apartment.” Overton’s counsel only sought to introduce the photograph of the BB gun to negate 

a possible inference by the jury that Overton lied about the Government’s possession of the BB 

gun. Even assuming that the lack of any defense evidence on this point could have created 

reasonable doubt where it did not otherwise exist, Blackwell, 459 F.3d at 753, the parties’ 

stipulation served the same purpose as the photograph. Following the district court’s reading of 

the stipulation, the jury had no basis to infer that Overton lied about this issue during his 

testimony. We therefore cannot say that the district court’s evidentiary ruling deprived Overton 

of his constitutional right to present a defense.

III. Admission of the Hearsay Statement

Overton next argues that the district court, through the testimony of witness Paschal,

erroneously admitted into evidence as an excited utterance Gore’s hearsay statement, “Man, he 

put a gun to my head man.” Federal Rule of Evidence (“FRE”) 803 enumerates exceptions to the 

rule against hearsay regardless of whether the declarant is available as a witness. Fed. R. Evid. 

803. FRE 803(2) defines an excited utterance as “[a] statement relating to a startling event or 

condition, made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement that it caused.” Fed. R. 

Evid. 803(2). The district court found that Gore’s statement met this standard, making Paschal’s 

recitation of the statement admissible.

We review the district court’s evidentiary ruling for abuse of discretion. Blackwell, 459 

F.3d at 752. Even if the district court abused its discretion, however, we will reverse a guilty

verdict due to the erroneous admission of hearsay evidence only if the error affects the 

defendant’s substantial rights. See United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 540 (6th Cir. 2004)

(citing United States v. Bonds, 12 F.3d 540, 554 (6th Cir. 1993)). 
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We have established three requirements that a statement must meet to qualify as an 

excited utterance under FRE 803(2): “First, there must be an event startling enough to cause 

nervous excitement. Second, the statement must be made before there is time to contrive or 

misrepresent. And, third, the statement must be made while the person is under the stress of the 

excitement caused by the event.” United States v. Davis, 577 F.3d 660, 669 (6th Cir. 2009) 

(quoting Haggins v. Warden, Fort Pillow State Farm, 715 F.2d 1050, 1057 (6th Cir. 1983)) 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

The record indicates that Gore’s statement to Paschal meets the first and third

requirements for an excited utterance. Gore experienced “an event startling enough to cause 

nervous excitement,” Fed. R. Evid. 803(2), because Overton forced Gore from his car with what 

appeared to Gore to be a loaded weapon. Cf. United States v. Arnold, 486 F.3d 177, 184 (6th 

Cir. 2007) (en banc) (“As to the first requirement, being threatened by a convicted murderer 

wielding a semi-automatic handgun amounts to a startling event that would prompt at least 

nervous excitement in the average individual, if not outright trauma.”). Gore was still “under the 

stress of the excitement caused by the event,” Fed. R. Evid. 803(2), because he was “shocked” 

and still “frantic and stuttering” when Paschal picked him up in the middle of the road following 

the event. Cf. Arnold, 486 F.3d at 184 (“Throughout the call, the operator had to tell [the 

declarant] to ‘calm down’ and ‘quit yelling’ and often had difficulty understanding her frantic 

pleas for help.”).

Overton alleges that Gore’s statement was not “made before there [was] time to contrive 

or misrepresent,” Davis, 577 F.3d at 669, because it was made after the carjacking was over, 

Appellant Br. at 13. This argument is without merit. Our precedents do not require a declarant 
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to make a statement during the course of a startling event. Arnold, 486 F.3d at 185 (“[O]ur cases 

do not demand a precise showing of the lapse of time between the startling event and the out-ofcourt statement.”). Instead, we only require “[t]estimony that the declarant still appeared 

‘nervous’ or ‘distraught’ and that there was a reasonable basis for continuing [to be]

emotional[ly] upset.” Haggins, 715 F.2d at 1058 (quoting McCormick’s Handbook of the Law 

of Evidence § 297 at 705-06 (2d ed. 1972)); see also United States v. McCullough, 150 F. App’x 

507, 510 (6th Cir. 2005) (applying the excited utterance exception to statement made 

“not . . . longer than two-and-a-half hours” after startling event). Paschal and Gore both testified

that Gore was still nervous and distraught following the theft of his car. There was therefore a 

reasonable basis for admitting Gore’s statement, and the district court properly overruled 

Overton’s hearsay objection to Paschal’s recitation of Gore’s statement.

IV. Admission of the Firearm

Overton next argues that the district court erred when it allowed the Government to 

introduce into evidence the .45 caliber pistol recovered from Gore’s stolen car on May 4, 2012. 

Appellant Br. 16-18. Overton alleges that the .45 caliber pistol was irrelevant under FRE 401, 

excludable under the FRE 403 balancing test as unfairly prejudicial, and excludable under FRE 

404(b), which deals with evidence of other crimes. See Fed. R. Evid. 401, 403, 404(b). We 

review the FRE 401 and 403 issues for abuse of discretion. Blackwell, 459 F.3d at 752. Because 

Overton raises the FRE 404(b) issue for the first time on appeal, we review it for plain error. 

United States v. Aguirre, 605 F3d 351, 356 (6th Cir. 2010).

FRE 401 provides: “Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more 

or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in 
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determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. The pistol’s presence in Gore’s stolen car tends to 

make it more probable that Overton took Gore’s car with the conditional intent to kill or cause 

serious bodily harm, an element of the carjacking offense charged in count one of the indictment. 

The pistol’s presence also tends to make it more probable that Overton brandished a firearm 

during the commission of the carjacking offense, an element of the brandishing offense charged 

in count two of the indictment. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion when 

it found that the pistol was relevant evidence. 

FRE 403 provides: “The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is 

substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, 

confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting 

cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. Overton argues that the danger of unfair prejudice

substantially outweighed the probative value of the .45 caliber pistol. As discussed above, 

however, the probative value of the pistol was high; it was relevant to elements of both counts of 

the indictment on which Overton went to trial. Overton’s counsel objected to the introduction of 

the pistol at trial on the following basis: “[T]here is not [sic] evidence to tie its use to the 

robbery.” The district court overruled that objection because “it is probative in terms of the 

overall offense, and it’s relevant and material.” Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its 

discretion when it found that the probative value of the pistol was not substantially outweighed 

by the danger of unfair prejudice.

FRE 404(b) provides: 

(b) Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts.
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(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not 

admissible to prove a person's character in order to show that on a 

particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.

(2) Permitted Uses; Notice in a Criminal Case. This evidence may be 

admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, 

intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack 

of accident. On request by a defendant in a criminal case, the prosecutor 

must:

(A) provide reasonable notice of the general nature of any such 

evidence that the prosecutor intends to offer at trial; and

(B) do so before trial--or during trial if the court, for good cause, 

excuses lack of pretrial notice.

Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). This rule prohibits the use of “propensity evidence” to show that a 

defendant acted in conformity with any particular character trait on a specific occasion. Flagg v. 

City of Detroit, 715 F.3d 165, 175 (6th Cir. 2013). The Government, however, did not introduce 

the pistol into evidence to prove that Overton acted in accordance with his character. Rather, the 

Government introduced the pistol because it established an element of both offenses charged in 

the indictment for which Overton was on trial. Id. (“Rule 404(b) does not apply to evidence that 

is ‘intrinsic to’ or ‘inextricably intertwined with evidence of’ the central alleged wrong.”). The 

district court therefore did not commit plain error by failing to exclude the .45 caliber pistol as 

improper FRE 404(b) evidence.

V. Denial of the Motion to Suppress

Overton next argues that the district court erred when it denied his motion to suppress the 

.45 caliber pistol. Appellant Br. at 19-23. The district court denied the motion, finding, among 

other things, that Overton lacked standing to challenge the search because he had no legitimate 

expectation of privacy in the stolen vehicle. We agree.
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When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “[w]e consider the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the [Government] and review factual findings for clear 

error.” United States v. Young, 707 F.3d 598, 602 (6th Cir. 2012). A factual finding is clearly 

erroneous when, “although there may be evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire 

evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Id.

(quoting United States v. Smith, 594 F.3d 530, 535 (6th Cir. 2010)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). This Court also “reviews the evidence in the light most likely to support the district 

court’s conclusion.” United States v. Galaviz, 645 F.3d 347, 352 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting United 

States v. Adams, 583 F.3d 457, 463 (6th Cir. 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, the district court correctly concluded that Overton lacked standing to challenge the 

search of Gore’s vehicle. Under this Court’s decision in United States v. Hensel, 672 F.2d 578 

(6th Cir. 1992), a person who knowingly possesses a stolen car has no legitimate expectation of 

privacy in that vehicle. Id. at 579. Because Overton stipulated at the suppression hearing that 

the car was stolen, he lacks standing to challenge the search. Hensel, 672 F.2d at 579 (“We 

agree with the district court that the defendant lacked standing to challenge the search of the 

truck because he had no legitimate expectation of privacy in the stolen vehicle or its contents.”). 

The district court therefore did not err when it denied Overton’s motion to suppress to .45 caliber 

pistol.

VI. Jury Instructions

Overton next argues that the district court’s instructions to the jury on the third and fourth 

elements of the carjacking offense require reversal because they were confusing and did not 

accurately state the law. Appellant Br. at 24-27. We typically review a challenge to the district 
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court’s jury instructions for abuse of discretion. United States v. Kelsor, 665 F.3d 684, 695 (6th 

Cir. 2011). Under the abuse of discretion standard, we will reverse “only if the instructions, 

viewed as a whole, were confusing, misleading, or prejudicial.” Kelsor, 665 F.3d at 695 

(quoting United States v. Harrod, 168 F.3d 887, 892 (6th Cir. 1999)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). The defendant must suffer actual prejudice before reversal is required. Id.

When the defendant fails to make a specific objection to a proposed instruction, however, 

our review is for plain error. United States v. Semrau, 693 F.3d 510, 526-27 (citing Fed. R. 

Crim. P. 30(d)). Because Overton’s counsel failed to make a specific objection to the district 

court’s instruction on the third element of carjacking, we review that portion of the instructions

for plain error. Under the plain error standard, we will reverse only if the district court abused its 

discretion and “the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the 

judicial proceedings.” Semrau, 693 F.3d at 528 (quoting United States v. Aaron, 590 F.3d 405, 

408 (6th Cir. 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

On appeal, Overton objects to the following portion of the district court’s instruction on 

the third element of carjacking: “The government does not have to prove that the defendant’s 

behavior caused or could have caused terror or panic, but it must show that an ordinary person 

would have feared bodily harm because of the defendant’s behavior.” Overton argues that this 

instruction is an incorrect statement of the law and that it altered the mens rea element of the 

offense. This argument is without merit in light of the fact that Overton’s counsel submitted the 

exact same language to the district court as a proposed instruction. Even assuming Overton 

could show an abuse of discretion in these instructions, he cannot demonstrate that any error 

“seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.”
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Semrau, 693 F.3d at 528 (quoting Aaron, 590 F.3d at 408) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The district court’s instruction on the third element of the carjacking offense accordingly was not 

plain error.

As to the fourth element of carjacking, Overton objects to the following portion of the 

district court’s instruction: “The requisite intent can be shown by evidence of an intent to use a 

knife, a baseball bat, brute force, or any other means that indicates an ability and willingness to 

cause serious bodily harm or death if not obeyed.” Overton attempts to classify this language as 

the Government’s legal theory, and he claims there is no evidence in the record to support such a 

theory. Appellant Br. at 26. This argument is likewise without merit. The district court’s 

instruction parallels nearly word-for-word the language this Court used in United States v. 

Fekete, 535 F.3d 471, 480 (6th Cir. 2008) (“The requisite mens rea can be shown by evidence of 

an intent to use a knife, a baseball bat, brute force, or any other means that indicates an ability 

and willingness to cause serious bodily harm or death if not obeyed.”). This instruction properly 

stated the law and could not have confused the jury because the context of the instructions as a 

whole reveal that knife, bat, and brute force are simply examples to aid the jury in understanding 

what constitutes conditional intent to kill or cause serious bodily harm. The district court’s 

instruction on the fourth element of the carjacking offense therefore was not an abuse of 

discretion.

VII. Procedural Reasonableness of Sentence

Finally, Overton argues that the district court committed procedural error at his 

sentencing by failing to address one of his objections and by failing to make proper findings 

under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Appellant Br. at 28. Because Overton did not raise these procedural 
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objections in the district court, we review his sentencing challenge for plain error. United States 

v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (“If a sentencing judge asks [whether the parties 

have objections to the sentence] and if the relevant party does not object, then plain-error review 

applies on appeal to those arguments not preserved in the district court.” (citing United States v. 

Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872-73 (6th Cir. 2004))). Plain error review in this context requires 

Overton to show: “(1) error (2) that ‘was obvious or clear,’ (3) that ‘affected defendant’s 

substantial rights, and (4) that ‘affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial 

proceedings.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Gardiner, 463 F.3d 445, 459 (6th Cir. 2006)).

A district court commits procedural error during sentencing when it “fail[s] to calculate 

(or improperly calculat[es]) the Guidelines range, treat[s] the Guidelines as mandatory, fail[s] to 

consider the § 3553(a) factors, select[s] a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or fail[s] to 

adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51. Additionally, 

“[w]hen the defendant or prosecutor ‘presents nonfrivolous reasons for imposing a different 

sentence,’ . . . a sentencing judge should address the ‘parties’ arguments’ and ‘explain why he 

has rejected those arguments.’” United States v. Peters, 512 F.3d 787, 789 (6th Cir. 2008)

(citing Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 357 (2007)).

Here, the district court found that the firearms located in Overton’s apartment were 

relevant to the charge of felon in possession of a firearm but irrelevant to the remaining charges. 

Overton argued at sentencing that this was inconsistent.1 On appeal, Overton alleges that the 

 

1 Despite the fact that Overton’s counsel raised this objection at sentencing, our review is 

for plain error. As required by our decision in Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872-73, the district court 

asked at the conclusion of the sentencing hearing whether the parties had any objections to the 

sentence. Overton’s counsel failed to object to the district court’s alleged failure to rule on his 
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district court “wholly failed to address Overton’s inconsistencies argument.” Appellant Br. at 

30. This statement misrepresents the record, and the sentencing transcript plainly contradicts it. 

After Overton’s counsel objected based on inconsistency, the Government responded with its 

argument in favor of considering the firearms relevant conduct to count three of the indictment. 

Overton’s counsel made a final argument that the firearm possessions occurred in separate 

locations at separate times, and then the district court ruled on the objection: “It doesn’t make 

any difference. They are still firearms in the possession of a felon. Well, anyway, I’m going to 

overrule the objection.” Because the district court addressed Overton’s argument and explained 

its reasons for overruling the objection, the lower court did commit any plain procedural error on 

this point.

The sentencing transcript similarly contradicts Overton’s assertion that the district court 

did not consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.

2

 The district court explicitly mentioned the 

defendant’s history and characteristics, the particulars of the offense, the victim, promoting 

respect for the law, and deterrence. Although this discussion of the § 3553(a) factors was not 

perfect, we do not require district courts to conduct a “ritual incantation” of the factors. United 

States v. Phillips, 516 F.3d 479, 488 (6th Cir. 2008). Furthermore, “[a] less lengthy explanation 

will suffice for a within-Guidelines sentence when ‘the record makes clear that the sentencing 

 

previous objection. Accordingly, plain error review applies on appeal. See Vonner, 516 F.3d at

385.

2

The factors contained in § 3553(a) are as follows: (1) the nature and circumstances of 

the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence 

imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, to provide just 

punishment, to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct, to protect the public from further 

crimes committed by the defendant, and to provide the defendant with needed educational or 

vocational training or medical care; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the sentencing range 

established by the guidelines; (5) any relevant policy statement from the Sentencing 

Commission; (6) the need to avoid unwarranted disparities in sentencing among similarly 

situated offenders; and (7) the need to provide restitution to the victim of the offense. 
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judge considered the [defendant’s] evidence and arguments.’” United States v. Lapsins, 

570 F.3d 758, 774 (6th Cir. 2009) (second alteration in original) (quoting Rita, 551 U.S. at 359). 

Because the district court did in fact discuss the § 3553(a) factors while handing down a withinGuidelines sentence, it did not commit any plain procedural error on this point.

VIII. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.