TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-14-00695-CR

Paul Daniel Campbell, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 207TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. CR2013-512, HONORABLE GARY L. STEEL, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Paul Daniel Campbell was indicted for the offense of intoxication manslaughter. He

pled guilty to that offense and pled true to an allegation in the indictment that a deadly weapon was

used in the commission of the offense. A jury found him guilty and assessed his punishment at

seventeen years’ confinement. The trial court entered a judgment accordingly. In his sole issue on

appeal, Campbell claims that his defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object

to certain questions and comments made bythe prosecutor during voir dire and closing argument and

by failing to retain an expert to test Campbell’s blood sample. For the reasons that follow, we

will affirm.
DISCUSSION

I. Ineffective assistance of counsel

We apply the Strickland test when reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel under the Sixth Amendment. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Nava

v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). To prevail on a claim, an appellant must

show by a preponderance of evidence that (1) counsel’s representation fell below the standard of

prevailing professional norms and (2) there is a reasonable probability that the result of the

proceeding would have been different but for counsel’s deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 687-88, 694; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307-08. There is a strong presumption that counsel rendered

adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional

judgment. Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 428 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

An undeveloped appellate record will usually prevent the appellant from meeting the

first Strickland prong, as the reasonableness of counsel’s performance can be proven deficient only

through facts that do not normally appear in the appellate record. Id. at 430. If counsel has not been

afforded the opportunity to explain the reasons for his conduct, his behavior will not be found to

have been deficient unless the challenged conduct was so outrageous that no competent attorney

would have engaged in it. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308.

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II. Campbell has not shown that he received ineffective assistance of counsel

A. Defense counsel was not deficient in failing to object to the State’s questions on

voir dire

Campbell first argues that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to object to

alleged commitment questions asked by the prosecutor of the prospective jurors on voir dire. 

Specifically, he contends that the prosecutor asked improper commitment questions when he

(1) asked the jurors whether they believed the “main purpose of sentencing” was rehabilitation,

restitution, deterrence, or punishment; (2) had the jurors rank their feelings about a lengthy sentence

for a first-time offender in an alcohol-related offense on a scale of “very uncomfortable” to “very

comfortable;” (3) asked the jurors what factors from a list of factors they would consider important

in punishment; and (4) had the jurors rank their feelings about whether remorse warrants less severe

punishment on a scale of “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” The appellate record is silent as

to why counsel failed to object to those questions. However, our review of the record reveals that

counsel’s conduct was not so outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it. 

See Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308.

A commitment question attempts to commit a prospective juror to resolve or refrain

from resolving an issue a certainwayafterlearning of a particularfact. Davis v. State, 349 S.W.3d 517,

518 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). It generally calls for a “yes” or “no” answer rather than providing a

range of options from which jurors may select. Id. at 519; Standefer v. State, 59 S.W.3d 177, 179

(Tex. Crim. App. 2001). By contrast, attorneys are given broad latitude to inquire into the jurors’

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general philosophies, such as discovering factors that would be important to their deliberations

without inquiring as to how those factors would influence their decisions. Davis, 349 S.W.3d at 519.

We conclude that the complained-of questions were not improper commitment

questions. The State’s questions were not binary “yes” or “no” questions, but rather provided the

jurors a range of options from which they could choose. See id. The questions also did not seek

assurances from the jurors or bind them to a position on any issue and instead merely inquired into

their general philosophies on the issue of punishment. See id. at 518-19 (not error to ask jurors to

identify theories of punishment from a list of theories or to discuss factors the jurors considered

important to punishment) (citing Vrba v. State, 151 S.W.3d 676, 679 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, pet.

ref’d)). Because the State’s questions were not improper, defense counsel was not deficient in

failing to object to them.

B. Defense counsel was not deficient in failing to object to the State’s remarks

regarding parole law in closing argument

Campbell next complains that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to object to

remarks the prosecutor made in closing argument regarding parole-eligibilitylaws. Campbell claims

that the remarks constituted an improper application of parole law to him by leading the jurors to

believe that he would not serve the full term of the sentenced assessed. The record does not support

that contention.

As a general rule, prosecutors are permitted to quote, paraphrase, or explain the law

contained in the court’s charge unless the prosecutor’s statements are inaccurate or contrary to the

charge. See Whiting v. State, 797 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The charge in the present

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case instructed the jury regarding applicable parole-eligibility law generally and that the jury could

not consider how parole law would be applied to Campbell. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07

§ 4. In his closing argument, the prosecutor explained parole-eligibility law accordingly:

You heard the parole [eligibility] law. And I can’t tell you and I can’t say what it’s

going to be for this particular defendant because that’s left up to a whole bunch of

other people really and his actions. . . . A person that’s sentenced to 20 years is

eligible to get out at ten years of half that sentence. You can’t apply that to him, but

y’all can use that existence when determining a sentence – the existence of those

parole eligibility laws.

That argument did not attempt to instruct the jury as to how parole law would apply to Campbell. 

See id.; see also Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (holding that it is not

improper for the prosecutor to ask the jury to take the existence of parole law into account when

assessing punishment). Because the prosecutor’s argument was not improper, defense counsel was

not deficient in not objecting to it.

C. Defense counsel was not deficient in failing to obtain an expert to test

Campbell’s blood sample

At the punishment hearing, it was undisputed that Campbell’s blood-alcohol content

was .132 at the time of the offense, well over the legal limit of .08. In support of greater punishment,

the State introduced evidence that Campbell had also smoked marijuana on the day of the offense. 

Campbell now complains that defense counsel was deficient in failing to obtain an expert to test

Campbell’s blood sample taken at the time of the offense for the presence of marijuana. He argues

that the test result, if negative, would have refuted that particular piece of aggravating evidence

introduced by the State.

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When assessing the reasonableness of counsel’s investigation, the reviewing court

must consider whether the evidence known to counsel would lead a reasonable attorney to

investigate further. Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d 713, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). A silent

record that provides no explanation for counsel’s actions generally will not overcome the strong

presumption of reasonable assistance, particularly when an alleged error is an error of omission

rather than commission. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Defense

counsel is not required to investigate every conceivable line of mitigating evidence no matter how

unlikely the effort would be to assist the defendant at punishment. Freeman v. State,

167 S.W.3d 114, 117 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no pet.) (citing Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510,

512 (2003)).

The record in this case provides no explanation for counsel’s failure to obtain an

expert to test Campbell’s blood sample. We conclude that Campbell has failed to overcome the 

strong presumption of reasonable assistance because the record demonstrates that a decision not to

seek testing could have been reasonable under the circumstances. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814. 

Specifically, the record contains substantial evidence showing that the result would have been

unfavorable to Campbell: it was undisputed that Campbell had smoked marijuana a few days before

the offense; that his glass marijuana pipe was found unbroken outside his vehicle immediately after

the offense; and that he had been previously placed on probation for marijuana possession, which

was later revoked for marijuana possession. Campbell also testified that he was an “advocate” of

marijuana and continued to smoke it after the offense. By contrast, Campbell points to nothing in

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the record that would have supported a reasonable belief that testing would have yielded

mitigating evidence.1

In light of the information available to defense counsel, we find that he could have

reasonably concluded that any such testing would not have assisted Campbell at punishment. See

Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d at 721; Freeman, 167 S.W.3d at 117. Accordingly, we cannot

conclude that counsel’s alleged failure was so egregious that no effective attorney would have

engaged in it. See Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308.

Campbell has failed to rebut the presumption that defense counsel’s performance was

not deficient. See Mata, 226 S.W.3d at 431. Because he has failed to satisfy the first Strickland

prong, we overrule his sole issue.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the judgment of conviction.

Although Campbell testified at trial that he had not smoked marijuana the day of the 1

offense, nothing in the record shows that defense counsel was aware of Campbell’s denial before that

time. Further, even had counsel been aware of Campbell’s denial at a time in which testing could

have been performed, counsel could have reasonably concluded that testing would not have yielded

favorable results under the circumstances.

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_________________________________________

Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Bourland

Affirmed

Filed: November 18, 2016

Do Not Publish

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