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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

UNPUBLISHED 

November 29, 2016 

v No. 328225 

Oakland Circuit Court 

NICKELUS GRANNUM-EMERSON, LC No. 2015-253174-FH 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MURRAY and BORRELLO, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Defendant, Nickelus Grannum-Emerson, was convicted by a jury of possession of a 

fraudulent or altered financial transaction device, MCL 750.157n(2). Defendant was sentenced 

to 30 days in jail with credit for two days served and two years’ probation. Defendant appeals as 

of right and for the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the conviction and sentence of 

defendant. 

I. BACKGROUND 

This appeal arises out of defendant’s attempt to pick up a computer from Best Buy using 

a driver’s license and debit card bearing a name other than his own. Testimony presented at trial 

revealed that on December 27, 2014 defendant arrived at a Best Buy indicating that he was there 

to pick up a call-in order for a computer. To effectuate the pick-up of the computer, defendant 

was asked to produce identification and a debit card. According to store employees, defendant 

gave them a Pennsylvania driver’s license and a sapphire Chase Visa debit card, both of which 

were in the name of John Sposato. Store employees testified that they believed the photograph 

on the driver’s license matched defendant and that the names on the two cards matched, however 

when they put the license and debit card under an ultraviolet (UV) light to check for holograms, 

none appeared. Store employees then contacted their manager who contacted the debit card 

company to verify the number on the debit card. Being unable to verify the debit card defendant 

presented, the manager then telephoned the police. 

 Officers Metter Rice and Kevin Stars arrived at the Best Buy and following a brief 

discussion with the manager, asked defendant for identification. This time defendant gave 

Officer Rice a valid Michigan driver’s license which had defendant’s name on it. Defendant told 

police he was at Best Buy to pick up a computer. Rice asked defendant if he presented the 

Pennsylvania driver’s license and Chase debit card inside the store, and defendant indicated that 
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he had presented those cards. Officer Rice testified that both the Pennsylvania driver’s license 

and the Chase debit card bore the name “John Sposato.” Officer Rice compared the 

Pennsylvania and Michigan driver’s licenses and determined that “the pictures were the same,” 

although the name on each license was different. Officer Rice clarified that the photographs on 

the two licenses “were of the same person, they were not the same photo” and that it was 

therefore possible that the photograph on the Pennsylvania license could be of someone other 

than defendant. 

 After arresting defendant, Officer Rice “ran both the drivers [sic] license and the sapphire 

Visa card through a debit card reader” and there were “no results” for the cards, meaning that the 

system did not read the cards as valid and reacted “as if there was no information on those 

cards.” Officer Rice also checked the name “John Sposato” in a law enforcement system called 

“CLEMIS”1

 to see if it was the name of a victim, and she checked the White Pages to see if there 

was a John Sposato either locally or in Pennsylvania. The name did not appear in either system, 

and Officer Rice was unable to locate a person named John Sposato during her investigation. 

 Defendant was charged with one count of possession of a fraudulent or altered financial 

transaction device, MCL 750.157n(2) and convicted and sentenced as indicated above. This 

appeal then ensued. 

II. ANALYSIS 

 On appeal, defendant argues that numerous errors occurred during the trial as a direct 

result of his trial counsel’s failure to posit objections, call witnesses or properly prepare for and 

investigate defendant’s case. Defendant argues that based on this litany of error he was denied 

the effective assistance of counsel. 

We begin our discussion of ineffective assistance of counsel by noting the main legal 

holdings relative to such claims. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may be preserved 

by moving the trial court for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing. People v Sabin (On Second 

Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 658; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). In this case, defendant moved the trial 

court for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing based on the same grounds that he raises on 

appeal, and the motion was denied. Defendant also moved this Court for a remand to the trial 

court for an evidentiary hearing, and the motion was denied. Therefore, although no testimonial 

record was created because defendant’s motions were denied, defendant nonetheless took the 

proper steps to preserve this issue. Id. We do, however, limit our review to the record evidence 

presented. See People v Ullah, 216 Mich App 669, 684; 550 NW2d 568 (1996). Additionally as 

this Court has often noted: “A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel presents a mixed 

question of fact and constitutional law.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 242; 749 NW2d 

272 (2008). Factual findings, if any, are reviewed for clear error, and questions of constitutional 

law are reviewed de novo. See id. 

 

1

 CLEMIS is an acronym for the Oakland County Law Enforcement Management Information 

System. 
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 There are “two components” to establishing an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim 

requiring reversal: the defendant must show first, “that counsel’s performance was deficient,” 

and second, that “the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v Washington, 

466 US 668, 687; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). In other words, for a defendant to 

demonstrate that defense counsel was constitutionally ineffective, the defendant must show (1) 

“that counsel’s performance was below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing 

professional norms,” and (2) “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, 

the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People v Stanaway, 446 Mich 643, 687-

688; 521 NW2d 557 (1994). “Effective assistance of counsel is presumed” and “[t]he defendant 

bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise.” People v Rockey, 237 Mich App 74, 76; 601 NW2d 

887 (1999). “The defendant must overcome a strong presumption that counsel’s assistance 

constituted sound trial strategy.” Stanaway, 446 Mich at 687. With regard to trial strategy, this 

Court does not substitute its judgment for trial counsel’s judgment, or evaluate trial counsel’s 

performance by using the benefit of hindsight. Id. A “defendant has the burden of establishing 

the factual predicate for his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Hoag, 460 

Mich 1, 6; 594 NW2d 57 (1999). 

 Defendant first argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because defense 

counsel failed to interview or call witnesses on defendant’s behalf, failed to prepare adequately 

for trial, and failed to introduce the receipt that defendant used at Best Buy to initiate the pickup. 

 “ ‘[C]ounsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable 

decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.’ ” People v Grant, 470 Mich 477, 

485; 684 NW2d 686 (2004), quoting Strickland, 466 US at 690-691 (alteration in original). 

“Decisions regarding what evidence to present and whether to call or question witnesses are 

presumed to be matters of trial strategy.” Rockey, 237 Mich App at 76. Furthermore, “[i]n 

general, the failure to call a witness can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel only when it 

‘deprives the defendant of a substantial defense.’ ” People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 190; 

774 NW2d 714 (2009), quoting People v Hoyt, 185 Mich App 531, 537-538, 462 NW2d 793 

(1990). “A substantial defense is one that might have made a difference in the outcome of the 

trial.” People v Chapo, 283 Mich App 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68 (2009) (quotation marks and 

citation omitted). 

 In this matter, defendant has not identified any potential witnesses by name and has not 

provided affidavits of any potential witnesses regarding their possible testimony. Defendant 

asserts in his own affidavit that unnamed “co-workers” and the unnamed owner of the car wash 

could have verified the existence of an individual claiming to be Sposato. The affidavit is 

insufficient for this Court to establish the factual predicate for defendant’s claim that defense 

counsel should have conducted a further investigation because defendant has not demonstrated 

the existence of information that defense counsel should have discovered that would have been 

helpful to defendant’s case. See Hoag, 460 Mich at 6; People v Pratt, 254 Mich App 425, 430; 

656 NW2d 866 (2002) (finding the defendant’s argument that he received ineffective assistance 

of counsel to be “without merit” where the defendant’s claim was based solely on his own 

assertions about how uncalled witnesses would have testified, and defendant made “no showing 

that these witnesses exist or that their testimony would have benefited defendant had they been 

called”). Additionally, from the record we cannot find where defendant provided his counsel 

with the names of any witnesses to interview, and there was no evidence introduced at trial that a 
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person claiming to be John Sposato actually existed other than defendant’s unsubstantiated 

assertions. See Grant, 470 Mich at 480-482, 487, 489, 498 (holding that defense counsel’s 

failure to investigate constituted ineffective assistance of counsel where there was conflicting 

evidence at trial about the cause of one of the victim’s injuries, counsel only interviewed two or 

three of the people on a list of 12 or more people that was provided by the defendant to counsel 

before trial, and counsel failed to locate the eyewitnesses that would have substantiated the 

defendant’s primary defense that the victim’s injury was caused by a bicycle accident rather than 

by the defendant). Also, defendant has not demonstrated the fact that defense counsel did not 

investigate and interview defendant’s co-workers or people at the car wash to see if anyone knew 

a person by the name of John Sposato. Defendant therefore failed to establish the factual 

predicate for his claim. See Hoag, 460 Mich at 6. Moreover, even if we were to presume that 

trial counsel’s handling of the matter fell below a standard of reasonableness such that it 

constituted ineffective assistance of counsel, because we have no affidavit setting forth testimony 

from a potential witness who was either not interviewed or was not called to testify, defendant 

has failed to present evidence that could lead this Court to conclude that there exists a reasonable 

probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. Stanaway, 446 Mich at 

687-688. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue. 

 Next, defendant argues that defense counsel did not adequately prepare because he met 

with defendant for “less than an hour and a half” and their communication by other forms was 

minimal. However, defendant does not explain how the amount of communication between 

defendant and defense counsel negatively impacted defense counsel’s preparation. The record 

shows that defense counsel displayed thorough familiarity with the facts and evidence of the 

case, cross-examined witnesses, and presented the defense that defendant did not know that the 

debit card and the transaction at Best Buy were fraudulent. Defendant has failed to show that 

defense counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable, or that there is a reasonable 

probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different if defense counsel had 

spent more time meeting with defendant. Stanaway, 446 Mich at 687-688; Payne, 285 Mich 

App at 189 (finding that defense counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective standard 

of reasonableness where the defendant’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim was based on 

“defense counsel’s failure to meet with him during the time between the preliminary examination 

and the first day of trial because ‘the record reveal[ed] that defense counsel was prepared for 

trial, displayed an adequate knowledge of the evidence, and was fully prepared to cross-examine 

the prosecution’s witnesses)’ ”. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue. 

 Next, defendant asserts that defense counsel was ineffective because “[h]e did not 

attempt to locate the receipt that [defendant] had handed to the store employees” and the receipt 

would have corroborated defendant’s testimony. Normally, “[d]ecisions regarding what 

evidence to present and whether to call or question witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial 

strategy, and this Court will not substitute its judgment for that of counsel regarding matters of 

trial strategy.” People v Davis, 250 Mich App 357, 368; 649 NW2d 94 (2002). However, 

relative to this issue, we cannot find a basis for trial counsel to have looked for or produced a 

receipt. While defendant claims the receipt would have corroborated his testimony, it is unclear 

why the introduction of a receipt was necessary for his defense because a receipt, presuming one 

existed, would merely have shown that an order was placed in the name of John Sposato. That 

fact was already in evidence through the store employees, police officers and defendant. 

Furthermore, and as alluded to in the prosecutor’s brief, there was no sale “receipt” as defendant 
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was thwarted by store employees and eventually the police from removing the computer from the 

store. If appellate counsel is alluding to an e-mail receipt or an order confirmation, again, there 

was no dispute that someone using the name John Sposato placed an order for the computer that 

defendant attempted to pick-up. Hence, trial counsel could not be expected to produce a sale 

“receipt” because none existed. To the extent defendant is arguing that trial counsel should have 

produced a call-in order receipt, the record clearly reveals there was no dispute that defendant 

went to Best Buy to procure a computer that was ordered for pick-up under the name of John 

Sposato. We therefore cannot find any factual basis on which we could make a finding that trial 

counsel’s failure to produce, procure introduce or argue about a “receipt” amounted to a legally 

cognizable claim of ineffective assistance. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief on this 

issue. 

 Next, defendant argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to make it evident 

that the wrong Michigan driver’s license was introduced into evidence. This claim is premised 

on defendant’s assertion that his 2012 rather than his 2014 driver’s license was produced. 

However, our review of the record notes that the exhibit from trial reads: “Date Issued: 

07/24/2014[.]” Consequently, the only evidence this Court has that would lead us to conclude 

that defendant’s 2012 driver license was produced is defendant’s assertion. Even if this Court 

were to presume that defendant’s 2012 driver’s license was produced at trial, defendant has not 

demonstrated how he was prejudiced. The Pennsylvania driver’s license, not the Michigan 

license, was the identification that was alleged to be fraudulent. Therefore, defendant cannot 

present to this Court a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been 

different, even if the photograph from his 2012 rather than 2014 Michigan driver’s license was 

admitted. See Stanaway, 446 Mich at 687-688. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief 

on this issue. 

 Next, defendant argues that defense counsel was constitutionally ineffective by failing to 

object to the admission of five instances of hearsay evidence. Defendant argues that trial 

counsel’s failure to object violated the Michigan Rules of Evidence and the Confrontation Clause 

of the Sixth Amendment. Specifically, defendant argues that defense counsel should have 

objected to the store employee’s statement that he did not see the holograms on the cards after 

passing them under the UV light and the store manager’s statement that he called the telephone 

number on the back of the debit card three times and could not verify the existence of the 

account. Defendant additionally argues that Officer Rice’s statement that there were “no results” 

for the debit card and Pennsylvania driver’s license when she ran them through her card reader 

violated Michigan Court Rules and his Sixth Amendment rights together with the testimony 

entered by representatives of Chase Bank regarding the Certificate of Authenticity of Business 

Records, and the Supplemental Deposition of the Chase representative stating that the debit card 

was a false instrument and the account number was not issued by her company. 

 Relative to the issue of the Chase Bank documents, we begin our discussion of the issue 

by deciding whether the complained of document was admissible. The Certificate of 

Authenticity of Business Records and attached documents were admissible under MRE 803(6) as 

records of a regularly conducted business activity, and were properly self-authenticated under the 

procedure outlined in MRE 902(11). The documents show a report for a specific credit card 

number among Chase BankCard Services, Inc.’s records of its credit card account numbers. 

Under MRE 803(6), such records are admissible if the custodian of the records or other qualified 
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witness testifies that these records were kept in the course of a regularly conducted business 

activity, and under MRE 902(11), this requirement can be met by a written declaration under 

oath by the custodian of the records certifying the same. Here, the Certificate of Authenticity is 

a notarized document in which Melanie C. Mitchell states that she is the custodian of the records, 

describes the attached documents as “Bank Identification Number (BIN) search and Account 

General Workscreen (WAGN) screen prints,” and certifies that the records “1) were made at or 

near the time of occurrence of the matters set forth by, or from information transmitted by, a 

person with knowledge of those matters; 2) were kept in the course of the regularly conducted 

activity; and 3) were made by the regularly conducted activity as a regular practice,” thus 

satisfying all of the requirements for self-authentication under MRE 902(11) and in turn 

providing for the admissibility of the records under MRE 803(6). Clearly, a credit card company 

must keep accurate records of the credit card numbers it has issued. The two attached documents 

show that the credit card number that was on the Chase debit card used by defendant at Best Buy 

does not exist in Chase BankCard Services, Inc.’s records and is an invalid number. 

Furthermore, the prosecution gave notice before trial of its intent to introduce these records, 

complying with the notice requirement of MRE 902(11), and defense counsel was “aware” of the 

records. Additionally, the Supporting Deposition of Melanie C. Mitchell qualifies under MRE 

803(7) is an exception to the hearsay rule because it is evidence that the debit card used by 

defendant is not included in Chase BankCard Services, Inc.’s records of account numbers issued, 

and those records met the requirements of MRE 803(6) as previously discussed. The document 

is a notarized document in which Mitchell states that the debit card used by defendant was not 

issued by Chase Bank and is a false instrument. Because the Certificate of Authenticity of 

Business Records and the attached documents are admissible under MRE 803(6) and MRE 

902(11), it was not objectively unreasonable for defense counsel to refrain from making a futile 

objection on hearsay grounds to the admission of this evidence. People v Thomas, 260 Mich 

App 450, 457; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). Furthermore, because the Supporting Deposition was also 

admissible under MRE 803(7), it was also not objectively unreasonable for defense counsel not 

to object to the admission of this evidence on hearsay grounds. Thomas, 260 Mich App at 457. 

These legal conclusions ring true to the entirety of defendant’s claims of error relative to 

the introduction of hearsay evidence as none of the complained of testimony constitutes 

inadmissible hearsay under the Rules of Evidence. The testimony of the store employees and 

police officers was introduced to demonstrate why each witness acted in the way that they did. 

“[A] statement offered to show the effect of the out-of-court statement on the hearer does not 

violate the Confrontation Clause” and ‘a statement offered to show why police officers acted as 

they did is not hearsay.” People v Chambers, 277 Mich 1, 11; 742 NW2d 610, 616 (2007). 

Hence, counsel cannot be held to be ineffective for failing to make a futile objection. Thomas, 

260 Mich App at 457. Further, we note that defendant based his defense of his assertion that he 

was either doing a favor or getting paid to pick-up a computer from Best Buy for John Sposato. 

On appeal, defendant is essentially arguing that rather than deny knowledge of the fraudulent 

nature of the debit card, defendant should have contested the State’s case relative to the 

fraudulent nature of the debit card. Clearly, defendant is requesting this Court engage in secondguessing trial counsel’s strategy. It is well settled that: “This Court will not second-guess 

counsel on matters of trial strategy, nor will it assess counsel’s competence with the benefit of 

hindsight.” People v Putman, 309 Mich App 240, 248; 870 NW2d 593 (2015) (quotation marks 

and citation omitted). In addition, even if this Court held that the instances of alleged error cited 

by appellate counsel constitute ineffective assistance of counsel, none of the alleged errors entitle 
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defendant to relief as none of the admitted “hearsay” evidence would lead this Court to conclude 

that defendant has established that he had suffered prejudice or that the result of the proceedings 

would have been different. Strickland, 466 US at 687; Stanaway, 446 Mich 687-688. 

Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue. 

 Next, defendant argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the 

prosecutor’s repeated references to defendant’s post-Miranda silence. “[A] defendant’s postarrest, post-Miranda silence cannot be used to impeach a defendant’s exculpatory 

testimony. . . .” People v Shafier, 483 Mich 205, 213; 768 NW2d 305 (2009), cert den sub nom 

Michigan v Shafier, 558 US 992; 130 S Ct 509; 175 L Ed 2d 349 (2009), citing Doyle v Ohio, 

426 US 610, 96 S Ct 2240, 49 L Ed 2d 91 (1976). However, “a defendant’s silence may be used 

to impeach his exculpatory testimony—if the silence occurred either (1) before arrest or (2) after 

arrest and before Miranda warnings were given.” People v Borgne, 483 Mich 178, 187; 768 

NW2d 290 (2009), reh granted in part 485 Mich 868 (2009). There also is an “impeachment 

exception” to this general rule, which provides that “ ‘[p]ost-arrest[, post-Miranda] silence [can] 

be used by the prosecution to contradict a defendant who testifies to an exculpatory version of 

events and claims to have told the police the same version upon arrest’ ” because the defendant’s 

silence “ ‘would not be used to impeach the exculpatory story, but rather to challenge the 

defendant’s testimony as to his behavior following arrest.’ ” Borgne, 483 Mich at 192, quoting 

Doyle, 426 US at 619 n 11 (third alteration in original). Furthermore, a defendant’s claim that he 

did not have an opportunity to give his version of events until trial also “falls within the 

exception permitting impeachment of a defendant’s version of his postarrest behavior.” People v 

Allen, 201 Mich App 98, 103; 505 NW2d 869 (1993). In other words, “[h]aving raised the issue 

of his opportunity to explain his version of the events, [the defendant] ‘open[s] the door to a full 

and not just a selective development of that subject.’ ” Id. (citations omitted). 

 In this case, part of defense counsel’s trial strategy appears to have been to describe 

defendant’s previous negative experiences with receiving help from the police in an effort to 

explain why defendant did not immediately give information to the police about John Sposato. 

Considering that the defense at trial was that defendant was either doing a favor for or getting 

compensated by Sposato for picking up a computer he ordered, the jury would likely inquire as 

to why defendant had not immediately given information about the existence of John Sposato to 

the police. Consistent with this trial strategy, defense counsel asked defendant why he did not tell 

the police about Sposato. Defendant’s counsel next inquired of defendant why defendant failed 

to file a police report and defendant replied that he did not know how to do that or that he was 

not aware that he should have filed a police report. On cross examination defendant denied that 

he refused to speak to the police, claiming that he spoke with officers until he was placed in jail. 

We note that the impeachment rule generally applies when a defendant testifies to an 

exculpatory version of the events and contends at trial to have informed police of an identical 

version upon arrest. Borgne, 483 Mich at 192. As argued by the prosecution on appeal, the

impeachment rule also applies to rebut a defendant’s claim that he was precluded from telling 

police his version of events. Allen, 201 Mich App at 103-104. As this Court stated in Allen:

“Having raised the issue of his opportunity to explain his version of the events, he ‘opened the 

door to a full and not just a selective development of that subject.’ ” Allen, 201 Mich App at 103

(citations omitted). As previously indicated, it appears that defense counsel devised a trial 

strategy to address why defendant failed to tell the police about the existence of John Sposato. In 
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order for defendant to fully explain to the jury why he failed to inform police about the existence 

of Sposato, it was necessary for trial counsel to “open the door” to defendant’s post-Miranda

silence. Hence, once defendant opened the door, the prosecutor had the right to explore the full 

development of defendant’s assertions. Id. Accordingly, we cannot assign error to the 

prosecutor’s questioning. 

Additionally, defendant also argues that it was ineffective assistance of his trial counsel 

not to object to the assistant prosecutor’s line of questioning. Such an argument merely 

questions, in hindsight, the trial strategy employed by defense counsel. As previously stated in 

this opinion: “Decisions regarding what evidence to present and whether to call or question 

witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy, and this Court will not substitute its 

judgment for that of counsel regarding matters of trial strategy.” Davis, 250 Mich App at 368. 

Furthermore, the record reveals that on direct examination, defendant was not able to explain his 

points relative to why he did not initially tell the police about John Sposato in much detail 

because the trial court sustained the prosecutor’s objection to the testimony. Thus, by refraining 

from objecting and permitting the prosecutor on cross-examination to question defendant about 

his silence, including post-Miranda silence, defense counsel allowed defendant an opportunity to 

explain why he did not give the police information about Sposato at any time and gained the 

opportunity to explore the issue more completely on redirect examination. Furthermore, if 

defense counsel had objected to the prosecutor’s references during closing argument to 

defendant’s silence, the effect might have been to detract from defense counsel’s focus on 

explaining why defendant did not provide information about Sposato to the police before 

Miranda warnings were given. When considering an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, an 

appellate court must “affirmatively entertain the range of possible reasons that counsel may have 

had for proceeding as he or she did.” People v Gioglio (On Remand), 296 Mich App 12, 22; 815 

NW2d 589 (2012), vacated in part on other grounds 493 Mich 864 (2012) (citation and quotation 

marks omitted). “[D]eclining to raise objections, especially during closing arguments, can often 

be consistent with sound trial strategy.” Unger, 278 Mich App at 242-243. Defense counsel’s 

strategic decisions will not be “second-guessed” or assessed “with the benefit of hindsight.” See 

Putman, 309 Mich App at 248. Therefore, defendant has not shown that defense counsel’s 

performance was objectively unreasonable in this regard. See Strickland, 466 US at 687; 

Stanaway, 446 Mich at 687. Moreover, defendant has failed to show a reasonable probability 

that the result of the trial would have been different had defense counsel objected to the 

prosecutor’s references to defendant’s silence. See Stanaway, 446 Mich at 687. Therefore, 

defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue. 

 Next, to the extent that defendant appears to add a prosecutorial misconduct argument at 

the end of his brief, we decline to address this issue because it was not raised in defendant’s 

statement of questions presented and therefore was not properly presented for review. MCR 

7.212(C)(5); Unger, 278 Mich App at 262. 

 Finally, defendant again requests an evidentiary hearing in the alternative if a new trial is 

not granted. Both this Court and the trial court denied such a hearing. Having reviewed the 

entire record, this Court cannot find “any issue for which further factual development would 

advance his claim,” and an evidentiary hearing is therefore wholly unnecessary. See Chapo, 283 

Mich App at 369. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing. 
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 Affirmed. 

/s/ Michael J. Kelly 

/s/ Christopher M. Murray 

/s/ Stephen L. Borrello