••• ·-

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MECHANIZATION IN SUPPORT 

OF COMINI' 

PHASE III - FIRST EDITION 

Appended document pontains codeword material. 

1 J\tly 1955 

R/U TOP SECRET CONTROL NUMBER 1 

55 1052 ! 

COPY 'R OL t/7 __ COPIES PAGE~(~JAGES. 

eclassifi ed and a roved for release b NSA on 08-21-2013 ursuantto E .0. 1352 

TOP SECRET EIDER 
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REF ID:A65670 

INTRODUC'J.'IOH 

Phase III of MECBAN'IUTION IN SUPPQRT OF COMINT consists ot a 

collection of suggestions tor solution of some of the problems discussed 

in Phas'es I and II. Sane problems have. several suggested solutions. 

This should.not be a deterrent to :f'urther ana.:cysis'on these problems. 

In :re.ct, it is hoped that readers of' this report submit rebuttals 

BZJd/or.improvements to the sugge!!ted solutions to those problems of 

Phases I and II not ade~ately cpvered. The success of this study will 

strongcy depend upon the number of .individually suggested solutions 

f'ran which an integrated solution can be drawn. 

This report is only a first ed:Ltion and contains suggestions 

submitted to the editors prior to l July 1955· Wherever known, the 

source of a suggestion is g:L ven. Future editions and supplements to 

this edition will be issued depending on the need for the inclusion 

ot :f\u'ther suggestions, revisions, and integration. .Read.era are again 

invited to s.ubmit material for inclusion in tuture editions and 

supplements • 
TABLE OF cmr.rENTS 

Introduction 

l Cha.naeable Stator -{-st 

~ The Medium Size Experimental Job (U) 

3 nccocnit.ion Unit AA 

4 Proposal :f'or Murdock ~ 

5 Proposal rro. 2 :f'or Mtu"dock ('J:a,~l)-

6 General Purpo3e Analytic Equirment ~ 

7 A Variable Mod.ulua Cyclic ~hii't.cr E&T 

8 Mo.B11et.ic Core Adder .(..c.)_ 

9 '!'hough.ts on Dic;Ual. Recording of' Intercept ~ 

10 

11 

MIUGm Operation on Rl\MAC -tsT PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

12 DccentrD.l.b.ation of' Jl.no.ly-tic Equipnent to Field Station fftr 

13 Mccha.n.izat:l.on of' InputG (-&r 

14 People in Suppor~~ of' l·lecho.ni7.o.tion (-8') 

15 The Expe.ncler for Speech ~ 

16 A Uni versnl Audio Spectrum Signal. Generator (U) 

17 Small Group Discussions Led by An Authority Qh Technical 

SubJects (U) 

18 Sus6E!sted Reading Lists (U) 

19 Tube Aging Banlt (U) 

20 Recognition Unit .fet--

21 Extra-Sensory Perception (ESP) Research ~ 

1POP §IECCRIE9P 
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Analyt.ic F:quipncn·t. General 

2 

6 

10 

11 

14 

Collect;ion Acti vi"l:;ies 

Jenrning 

Recognition Units 

3 

'20 

Technical In:rormation Dissemination 

13 

15 

Data Conversion 

9 

Decentraliza:t.ion 

12 

Extra-Sensory Perception 

21 

Intercept 

12 

13 

22 

/ 

( 

\ 

17 

18 

Technical Personnel 

11 

Test Equipnent 

16 

19 

7 

8 

23 

Wired Rotors 

1 

8 

NOTE: Numbers refer to articles in PHASE III 

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.. · PL 86-36/50 USC 

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This suggestion was made• in a memorandum to 

Dr. Kullback by Mr. A. I. Dumq on 3 June 1955 

CHANCEABIE STA'roR 

In a paper written last December, I described' a method of prod.uc-. 

ing the development of a rotor by means or a core matrix and a aetreset procedure. Further work by R. Moulton of NSA-36 and s. Rubens 

ot ERA s1ibsumed this work, first b7 substituting the nonnal. alphabet 

slide developnent for the developed rotor, and then b7 using a 

transistor array for the core~. 

However, the wired rotor, under this arra.ng9ment becomes a 

stator, e.g., a plugboard, a terminal strip, an actual rotor, or the 

like. 

There_ still reJntlins the problem of totor (stator) change, which 

would be accomplished by switching if' the rotors are lmown • 

Here is a method of producing stators at relative:cy high speed, 

on an arbitrary ba.s:ls, one embodiment of which ia shown. 

SE€RE'f 

Part of n2 array of cores · 

:J.-1 
- - - - - - - 

There are two horizontal wires per core, one of whioh (tho \ 

input) co.rries half current in either direction, the other in onl.1 

one. There a:re two vertical wi"a 1 one ot which i1 a 10ttins wire 1 

tha other an output w:iN, 

Originally, an fti array of such cons are all set (say) negative 

by pulsing all reseWnptt·i horbonta.l pairs. 

The stator is then set up tor use by setting successive:cy- each 

.. 

core corresponding to an input-o~tput connection. Thus if AP • Qc 

the A input horizontal line, and the Q vertical input line are 

pulsed, each with hal.1' current, n auah choices constitutes the 

stator. 

During use, any selected input aauses the corresponding 

horizontal pair to be pulsed negati"Ve ror reset, which attempts to 

resat the whole line. Since the matrix ia a La.t:bl square, only 

one core is actually reset, and the verM.cal sense line carries an 

output pulse to the slide mat.r:lx. As sf.ep two f.he input horizontal 

line, and the vertical input line activated by the associated chosen 

sense line, are pulsed positive, which put.a the reset core into the 

ready state ~ain. 

The wiring shmin is one ot several possible. I will considor 

later t.he advantages ot> disadvantages of a ihree-core-per bit array 

for this purpose. 

Realizing that. th'e two etdf' proced~nt is starter; I suggest that 

the transistor approach be studied to see whether it can be used here 

. 1-2 

SE€RE'f 
• also. Thia seems rearionable to the exte~t at least that. a tl:lp- . , 

fiop embod:l.tnent of the device described seems possible. 

All in t.he core device I wrote about :ln December 1 paasage of · 

a-pulse throUgb a caacade occurs sequentiall.71 ao tho.ii the motion 

mu.st be programmed through delays. 

SE€RET 

.. 

1-3 
REF ID:A65670 

· This suggestion was mape in a memorandwn to 

Mr. J. o. McPherson, Chairman NSASAB, 

. from Mr. w. L. Lawless, Jr. on 21 September 1954 

THE MEDIUM SIZE EXPERD·JENTAL JOB 

There appears to be a need for an intermediate mach~.ne facility 

to provide better support. to experimental an~sis. Apparently, 

large experimental jobs are scheduled on available mach:i.nos; small 

ones are often done b7 hand; intermediate sized jobs, unless ver.r 

simple to plan and to get under way on ma.chine equipnent D1c'1.J' not 

be done at all. This is especially true it the probability of I 

worthwhih results on the project is not too great. Unfortunately 

it is.in this intermediate area that many excellent solutions have 

occurred. This intermediate size analytic experiment is often the 

experiment that leads to an analytic solution rather than a brute 

.· torce solution. Ideas a.nd. experiments in this area should be given 

the strongest machine support. rather than the weakest. 

I believe that the reason for the inadequate support in this 

area is, to some extent, due to shortages in machine personnel and 

facilities but is, to a far greater extent, due to the difficulty 

ot planrdng, programning, and getting•under way a complete job. 

The elapsed time to complete such a job is often substantial. 'lberetore unless the job.i~ considered very ~rtant and is strongly 

supported there is a tendency not to attempt tho job by m.-'lchin_e. A 

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REF ID:A65670 

moh emallez and perhap1 1111 U~elf ot aucce11 ve~lion of the job 

may be it.tt1mpted by hand, Or pe.rnap11 in some aneea, the idea juat 

ien I t JNl'IUDG • · 

Thia problem i• not aolved by gettina mon J>hnning a.nd prograrmning per1onne11 or by 1otting a1id1 a cqmputer or t~ 1xoluaively tor 

thi1 tn- job. The ba1io probl~m 111 I believe, thnt :lt ta.ke1 too 

lofts· to Pl'OSl'IJA oomput1r1 tor the one time experimental job, and that, 

oonve:rHl.11 :lt tak11 too lens to p:roo111 1111.f\V ot the more complex 

1xpo:rimont1.l job• on atandard tabulating equipnent. I wsse•t that 

the eolution might b1 ana.lftio maoh:lnea which are aimed mol'tl direo\lr 

at thi1 :l.nt1nn1d:Lato OXf>ll':lmnntal jo~. 

Wlu\t would be tho 151nera1 ohanoteri1tio ot •oh:lne1 aimed mon 

din.otl.v at th111 job1? · C1Z'ta.~ one ohaN.oteri1tio would be gNat17 1implitiad and 1111oh ta.1t1r pro1ramminal1 la.11 ot •ohine aet-up 

ii :lmpol'tMt. rroooa1:l.na t,ime mu1t a110 be ta1t1r th&n po11ib11 w:Lth 

U.\N1Atins lft\l~.JJMnt on n. tl'P1ol\l. oomp11x, one-\:l.ml Job. On tho other 

hMd1 thn111 mohinna no~d not be oompat.iUvfl with aompllter1 or with : 

'YOl':f h1~h lf'Otid mml~-t1a m.'\Old,naa, ln 1drlition tloxibilit, and 

r111Abillitf m\.u~t bo otmruott:irietioa P.t thia •fl\U.J1N1nt1 

:Cn thinld.n~ About th,,rno ohii.ra.at1r11t.ia1 i' Hllllcl int1n1tina 

t.@ M\1 'hnt mon\ @t ttmrn ofiat Jn th" f!ll1t.ip11 lllAGh:l.nl tabv.l.At:l.na 

iftt\A11A\10H1 1l\@ MJOI' wcm1U'lCHiQ in thb §16\111\ ii thl ll.OW pNOlll• 

il.n; tw. ThYt tt \ii@ hM f:\ JMOM,nft 11:n,itom AMlo,flO\\I to I W.1:N:L&tinl 

1r1t1m bu\ wi\h tn.1t@r pNH§llin~ @pnmlfi, ioorg Ol,\P\Oi\f, and 'proba.blJ 

... 
• 

REF ID:A65670 

a difterent procoBB1ng mediumJ (e .• g. mo.grtetic tnpe instead of Carda) 

• 

Jet atill retaining the separate machine concept and the simple 

(probably plugboa.rd) programming approach; we might have an excellent 

llllswer to the intennediate1 analytic job. 

I om doing some further thinking about this iμtennedia.te r.m.chine 

concept and will write up D\1. thoughts on a possible system or machines 

in the near future. 

2-3 

\ 

' 
• 

This suggestion was mad.e by Nr. A. I. Dumey 

in a progress report .to Dr. J. J • ~achus on S October 1954 

RECOGNITION UNIT 

Consider a ~onfiguration of magnetic cores or the "11\Yl'iabit" 

memory type described by Rajchman. Such n memory locates a unique 

core in its plane corresi>onding to a·4-digit nwnber, where the 

first two digits locate the x coordinate through a 10 x 10 transl.a.ting square, and tho second pair of digits do the same for the y 

coordinate. 

If 10 such planes are used like a \ihirlw:l.nd memory, each stands 

.t'or a particular 5th digit of' all 5 digit numbers, where the first 

tour are located in the manner described :i:n the preceding paragraph •. 

Thus the output of such a core can be examined by the output storage, 

resulting in an overall saving in drivi~ tubes and power. 

Similarly, it three platles are assigned to each firth digit, 

resulting in a memory of 101000 thirty bit words, weights from (J to 

7 can be assigned, etc. 

Although this is a lot of hard.ware, it may be worthwhile to 

keep it in mind because: 

a. The cost of this type of memory is going down stea~i.:cy. 

b. Such a memory is loadable from magnetic tapes or other 

high speed input. 

3-1 

€0NFIDENTIAL 
o. The contents of the memor.v are easily changeable• 

d. Tho problem·ot Betting fo:rth all differences of 

1001 000 groups in a memory is taken care or. 

e1 The Sl"Stem is quite fast. 

t. However, for literal pentagraphs1 the system seems 

as uneconomic as figUring out the weighted differences 

of 10 million groups among themselves. For literal 

tetragraphs, I think a feasible configuration may be 

worked out. 

€0NFIDEN'FIAL 

3-2 
This propoeal for a .....__~~~~~~~~~-----' 

was prepared by Mr. R. L. · Bo'HDU1ll on 16 December 1954 

PROPOSAL FOR MURDOCK 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

Thia pa.per briefly outlines a propG>sal for an analytic rnach:i.rte 

4-1 

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SECRET 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

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SEGRET 
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SE€RET 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 
1:~~l: i.':1:1" : II :wil:: t:~\(f.;!'i) (~,,' 61(()) 

---------

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

·r--~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~=-~~~E-0-3.3~(h-)(2-)~~~~~~~~·-=--~-
• 

This proposal f/6r a I .... _________ ____, 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO. 3.3(h)(2) 

was prepared abom; February 195j by Mr. D. L. Hogan, Mr· B. B. 

Desmond, and Miss M. J. Hobbs 

PROPOSAL I~o. 2 FOR MURDOCK 

!'his proposal describes an~ 

·. 

Brie~ the logical procedure oi' the device is as follows:' 

5-1 

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TOP SECRET EIDER 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

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TOP SE'3RE/'!'sE!DER 

TOP SECRET EIDER 

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TOP SECRET EIDER 

PL 86-36/50 USC 36 

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PL 86;36/50 USC 36 

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TOP SECRET EIDER 
TOP SE16R1EAF5E'!DER 

TOP SE6RET EIDER 

PL 86-36/50 USC 36 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

.. eot 

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REF ID:A65670 - PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO 3.3(h)(2) • 
€0Nfq~ML 

This memorandum wa.s prepared by the 

Sub-Panel on General Purpose Analytic Equipment 

of the N.5ASAB on 7 March 1955 

1. The Sub-Panel on General Purpose Analytic Equipment has mot 

twice for periods of several days at the Agency to review the development program of the Agency in this area and to try and fonm.tlate some 

conanents and recommendations which may be helpful in ext.ending our 

progress along these lill:cs. 

2. At the February meeting considerable emphasis was placed on 

the present state of the art and on the potentiality of achieving a 

very high speed arithmetic and logical unit in the milli-microsecond 

range. Dr. vonNeumann and others strongly urged an intensive research 

program in speed of components of this sort aimed at determining 

ult:ima.te limits of the physical phenomena which are helpful to very 

high speed devices 1 such as the effective grain size and other physical 

limits. It was pointed out in particular while there are other groups 

in the government interested in this area th~t research ot this type 

will not get itself automatically done and that the ~ency appears to 

be the logical organization to initiate work in this area and that 

support might be secured from other oections of the Defense Department 

and the AEC if such a program were undertaken • 

.3. A general concept. for a General Jro.rpose Analytic Machine was 

set forth as a progranmed-sequence-control machine incorporating 

€0NFIDENTIJ\~ 

6-1 
• 

ancilliary units carrying out specific cryptologic operations or proce~ses. In order to meet the· wide ve.riety bt requirements in various 

types or work in the Agency it was felt that such a machine should 

have the capacity ot modifying its instructions by a technique such 

as micro-progronming which 'Will pemit the construction ot new instructions which the machine can carry out after its completion and while 

it is in use. This would also pe:nrdt the creo.ting or compleU!9 'instructions on what are essentially short "high speed sub-routines which can 

be called into operation by a single instruction and applied repeated]T 

by a mechanism such as the 11031 a repeat instruction. 

4. A third requirement in the machine would be the development ot 

some way ot introducing a parallelism in the operation ot various 

portions or the machine so that the quantity ot work produced can 

approximate in some special cases thD.t or special pirpose analytic 

machines such as the comparators or the slod type machine. 

5. It is telt that tor this general area or machine operation a 

basicall.7 different logico.l organization from that of tho customary 

electronic computer may be preferable. One point in particular in 

which ~here seems to be general agreement was that essentiallJ all data 

processing and manipulation involves two streams of data and the.t the 

ma.chine should be organized so that work can be effectively carried 

out on the basis from input through processing to output mid the 

arithmetic unit be connected between the two streams and perhaps 

followed by a comparison device between the tw streams. It is also 

CONFIDEN'fIAL 

6-2 
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felt that becnuse of tho n'.1.ture o'f the work the 111.'l.Ch~ne should be 

tundnrricnta.lly bnscd on chnro.ctl!r-n.t-n-t:ilne operation with variable 

word, message, and record l~nr.t,h GO t.hat a ainglo inst~1ction '8-11 

call for the complete procr.3::;inr. of nn area of data corresponding 

to any on~ or theac classes. 

6. (Jne very importr.i..nt general rcquiren10nt is that spacial 

attention be r,ivnn to tho s:ilnplicity of prograrrmina the ma.chino so 

that rnm·r: "'1'" •.:1111e jobs ca.n be undertaken by the procra.mners and 

t 

ev11:11 h.'/ l.l1•· .1rio.lysta 11.a thay oncounter · situo.tions where a mo.chine 

run may ~ uaotul. 

7. In view ot thu otutua ot the dinitAl ·comJ'J'ltor Art at the 

pr1uJont. t1rne a.a indioa.tt!d by IMchinca in uae, it appea.ra quite 

renaon.~ble to aat up atanclnrda tor 1~~netio tape input and output 

operations of 501000 characters por ueaondJ tor an internal electronic oh~rAcier hGndlina rate.of. un0 .million aharaoter1 per aeoonda 

mir\ tor tM.gnetio d:ru.m rerding t>f 2501000 cha.ractera per aeoond. 

Those baaio aha~nnte~ n.Ltea 04n all be modit:Led by paralleling to I 

aGoure more fa.vor~bl~ rBtio1 between tho var:Loua claesea ot data 

stcro.ge, 

8, :Cn a.oocrda.noe w:l.th tha diaauaaiona lad by Dr. "IOnNouma.nn 

we ahould oerta:inl.1 uae tha ta.atast po111:lble apead in thG aentml 

a.na.lyt:lo unit r~nd. worlc out t,ha neoe11un7 meohrm:Lam tor oombin:Lng 

I 

th1a h:l&h apaed. unit. w:l'bh tihn alowar memoriea whioh a.re All tha.t 

1u•e a.va.ila.ble n.t the prenent t:lme, 

CONFIDEN'fIAL 
• 9. A discussion submitted nt t:1e ll'st rncctinr, ~1i th Hr. :Jnyclcr 

and Hr. Lnthrow:1 concerninr; the Fanner Project imiic.-~tes th:1t t.his 

pror:;rc.rn incorporil.tns rrn1ch of thj_s thinking ~ml :t::; :> ppro:~cli:i.nr; :• 

po:i.ut where Dl">r.10 dcf:inite desir,n dccisiono cnn be lllc"l.dc lr.nd:i.nr; to 

the startint; of a minimwn oystcm to wM,ch ndd"i.tional units can be· 

added o.s developed. There is, however, a basic difference in that 

the Fenner system considers the inaividua.l analytic units as spoci11l 

rn.~chines which can be operated independently with separate input and 

output. The computer with its progrrumned sequence control is a vital 

but not essentfo.l one of the machines in the system. This in turn 

implies thll.t the various machine units in the system have logical 

programming ability and that control would be passed from one mach:l.ne 

to the next as it completed its work on some particular data. For 

inotnncc, a r.dn:i.rnum o:rotcr.1 1n:i.r,ht conoist of input ancl output units, 

a. rnodulrtr ~~rlthmctic nmJ a scor:l.nr, unit, ~.11Cl tldo mnchinr. l·rould be 

uccful w::.t~houi, l,';r computer :·.nrl it::; ovr:r\1.11 procrrun control. 

10. Dr.c~usc of a oirnilarit.:i· bctltccn the Fanner Pror,rrun and 

sugr,cstions mndc b:: l-'•mcl l·ir.mbcrs in rcgnrd. to the General Purpose 

An..i.lytic l·Inchine, it io stronaly recommended thP.t ndditional analytic 

and emdneering effort be devoted to dcfi.ninc the elements of the 

Fanner System nnd to tablisld.ne tlcrnicn sta.ndards for the system 

and review of possible loeical or.1anizntions or the computer and of 

the a.uxilinr,y Wlits such as compnr:1toru, the recor;nition units, 

rotor ::maloas, etc • , nnd in pnrticulnr, that the Det of in::;tro.c-

~ONFIBENTIJ\~ 

6-"-
CONF.!Dm'fIJtt 

tions pg.rticularly those which are peculiar to this work, be 

I· • 

tormulated tor discussion and comparison with the mo~t advanced 

digital computer machines. 

6-5 

C:ONFIBENTIJ\1' 
It ie well lcno'1fl that :i. wired rotor may be represented by a (1) a matrix, (2) a modular addition, 

a substitution,. and a second ;todular addition. For 

a multiple path rotor operation, n cyclic shift of 

a set of lines is required instead of a modular 

addition. The following sugE,;estion for a Cyclic 

Shifter was prep."l.red in 300 by I.fr. R. E. Winter 

on 8 June 1955. 

A VARIABI.3 MODULUS CYCLIC SHIFTER _____________ ......... _____ ......,. __ ~----

Given Y inputs and X outputs equ..1.l to (t11+1-p) where m+l is equal 

io the number of binary- levclo, zn.+l is the major modulus, and p is 

two•s complement of the minor modulus :!5:~+1. X is to be a cyclic 

function of I. Figure 1 is a cyclic shifter of a fixed modulus zn+l 

with m~ 4. There are thirty-two input ;Lines with subscripts 

denoting levels in the loBical network. Thus, input 10 represents 

the first line of the zero level; 2 , second line of the zero level; 0 

etc. An output of a logical level is denoted by the algebraic S1DD. 

of the level inputs when the binary level is active, i.e. line 2 +2°, . 0 

when active, "bocomes the input. to line 3

1 and line 20+"25, when active, 

becomes the input to lirie 2 1 etc. Thus, any output is equal to the 

l . 

input line plus the sum of it.e binary shifting value modulus thirt7-

two. Using existing circuit techniques, 'i.e. diode-tube logic would 

require a 0.25 >is de1a.:,r per level or i.·25 J&S delay for tbe .five level 

7-1 

SECRE'F 
• 

• 

cyclic shiftc1·. ··ma number or logic:-1 Mm elcmr.:ntG ?'Cll1lircd would 

bo three hundred twenty clements, or in r,cMrL'.1 (m+l) (2"1+2) alamenta. 

l•'ir,ure 2 qutlinco a. va.rie.blc modulus cyclic ohiftcr with majo1• 

D>d.ulus 81 and minor mod11l11s 5. i.e. ni- 21 p • 3 ldth the tollow:l.ng 

restrictions: 

(a) A given minor morluluH must be plugBed. 

(b) The bin:try shiftint~ value must be limited to the minor 

modulus • 

.Additional logical circuitry need.au for the variable modulus cyclic 

shifter is indicated by primed mnnbers, or :in tho case or Figure 21 

twenty-two logical AND elements, or in general, the additional 

• 

circuitry would be 2 

, 

l (2Cl_1). '11\us, the circuitry to change Figure .. l to a variable modulus would be fifty-two addit.ional logical AJID 

elements. 

\1JWJ3LE K>DULUS 

GElmnAL MA'IRIX CYCLIC SI IIF'IER 

m ctn+l>' cm+1> ci'-+2> + 2 lc2q_1> ••• 

1 16 18 

2 64 56 

3 256 150 

4 1,024 372 

5 4,096 842 

6 16,384 2,032 

7 65,5.36 4,590 

7-2 . 

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REF ID:A65670 

• e • 

tt -

' ' 

I I x 

I 

y 

' 

JO 'JO 

naum: 1, FIXED Z.JJ'DULUS CYCLIC sm·rm S/'20/55 
• 

y 

0 

l 

2 

3 

,.. 

5 

6 

7 

Oa 

lo 

2o 

.Jo 

4o 

. s. 

6o 

7o 

. m 

2 

Y'm 

2• 2' . z 

2 

Major Modulus•81 Minor Modulu8•S; m•2• P•3 

hiugboud..f 

Figure 21 Varia.ble Mo~ulus Cyclic: Shifter (shifted pa.rt only) 

0 

1 

2 

3 x 4 

5 

6 

7 
REF ID:A65670 

CONFiDENTIAL 

A method for :fast ad.di tion sui·table for 

_____ ___.I n~cket. Brigade" adders 

is pruposed here. This su~estion was 

prepared in 30C by Mt-. D. L. Hogan and 

Mr. R. E. Winter on 13 June 1955· 

MAGNETIC CORE ADDER 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

If given an n digit biDF.Lry number to 'Which m digits ore to be 

oddctl 1 m<n. Mdition or m and m of the n digits must have the 

cha~actcristics of a f'U.11 odder, i.e. being able to sum two digits and 

a carry, whereas the higher order (n-m) of the m digits have to 

propogo.te carries only. One solution of such a problem is a fixed 

magnetic core memory to perform the sUllllling or the lower order m 

and n digits by use of a look-up table, and a rapid carry circuit for 

the higher order (n-m) digits. 

An example with m : 31 n = 9 would conoiat of a llla6Det1c core 

memory of oixe 8 x 8 x 4. In geno1·al, the size of the core memory . it its coordinates are x, Y and Z would be X = Y = m2, Z : m +- 1. 

One set of' three binary inputs would be translated to one of eight 

columns; the other set translated to one of eight rowo. The table 

is four deep to represent the" sum of any tl-10 three dig! t binary 

numbers. The fourth digit of the sum.will be used to propagate a 

carry for the higher order (n-m) digi·ts (see Figure 1. )° • 

.For the higher order (n-m) digits a f'ast carry can be prOpogated .ln 

the following manner. The carry digit is supplied to all carry gatee 
REF ID:A65670 

©©~?5 0·~0-~l(LiAh:;; 

.of the (n-m) digits. Fe.ch carry rsa;te is enabled by all precedine 

(n-nt) digits in the "one" state. 'An. e.cti~ carry e;a.te tu~ns on 

the succeeding digit as shown in Figure 1. The first digit of 

the (n-m) ~aup of digits to change state from O to 1 WOL1ld reset~ 

all. pi-eceding digits of this group (this resetting is not shown 

:ln Figure l). 

It ohoul.d be noted that the operation ot such a de'V'ice require~ 

several steP,s. Suppose ·the sum 1s considered the output; then the 

following steps are required: 

1. Clear the output, reset the fixed wired look-up tabl.e. 

2. Transmit (a) collJnm and row inputs to the magnetic core 

.. add.er, (b) set the high.er order (n:.m) levels of the 

mtpu.t if a preset number is desired. . . . . 3. (a) Banq>le the ~tput of the magnetic core memory and set 

up·the lawer order• digits, 

(b) ~te the higher order carries. 

·.4. Trammd.t the output to 1ts deatination. 

8~2 
• 

to;t 

.... 

~ tD 

.... 

. 

O> 

I 

\N 

Row 

input&.~ 

REF ID:A65670 

e 

12 11 10 9 8 

11 10 9 8 7 

10. 9 -8--·-. 7 6 

9 s 7 6 5 

9 8 ·7 6 s 4 

8 1 6 ·.· ·s· - 4 3 .· 

7 6 s 4 J 2 

I 

··. 

• 

C"olUlll& inputs 

Q 

~ "" 

0 

7 6 Q "" 

'\oo Q 

6· s Q ·o 

""' "" 

s 4 0 

e ""' a 

() 

4 

' 

3 "" ~~ ~· \' Q 

"" 0 

3 2 0 ,, . 2·. 

l' 0 

.. 

Sum. 
REF ID:A65670 

This suggeotion was presented to 300 

by Mr. Dale lfarston on 14 June 1955. 

'IHOUGHTS on I>IGI'l'AL RECOH.DING Oli' mmtCEPT 

Let us asswne that a recording is, available or an intercepted 

signal which represents that signal in bit ronn. It is desired to 

proceed from this point to an accur.:1.te page copy or the into!'JllB.tion 

contained therein with certain other infonnation that the cryptanalyst 

. may desire. 

The character of this tape is not completely specified at this 

time but might be defined as the energy cont.med in the signal during 

short but accurate periods of time. How short this time is or how 

many levels of energy must bo denoted is not specified nor known. 

However, if tho definition is zood enough to plot a curve 

representing the signal, it is from that point I wish to start. 

Further let us assume that the sie;nal is that of a single channel 

teletype, 4QO..OPM start stop operation. The duration of a cho.ra.cter 

is~ sec or.150 sec. The signal is FSK, 

E RGY 

At this stage of tho game I don't even ltncnr exactly what the wave looks 

9-1 

CONP~DC:NTIAL 
REF ID:A65670 

©~~F-ct!::J~~,~:_1r~~~L 

like 1 but if I start backwards I can perhaps show what I am driving at. 

The undulator tape I look at appears 1 

_,n_1 etc. 

The magnetic tape fran whence I get m;y undulator tape has a 2 or 3 kc 

tone representing when the original. signal is marking or spacing. 

At this point is 'Where I waqt a binary representation instead of' 

where we get the 2 and 3 kc tone. 

Tb.is information on the magnetic tape would be fed into a ccmplter, 

and a written program would take over and analyze the intelligence in 

the signal. I would proceed at this point to feed into the ccmplter 

enough signal. to represent perbaps ten characters. Tb.is would perhaps 

be 150 ms/char x 10 char x 1 enera char/•. or 1500 characters. I 

would first try to'determlne the length of each baud in the teletne 

signal. This would be done bJ mk!ng a distribntion of the distance 

between the changes fran mart to a-pace ard epμ:e to ark. I would 

then attempt to determine the length of the character as a check. Of' 

course, I already knew the approximate length, this is merely a check. 

Then I would proceed to match the opt1mwn pattern of each character 

against the signal pattern and scare t)le best match as successive 

blocks are fed into the cC111pQ.ter. In the qitput I would carry along I 

9-2 
• 

R;EF ID:A65670 

CON~BgENlr~AL 

some indication ot poor matches. Furt.her I would carry along a &Jlllbol 

representing the time between characters. I would tally c.ny spurious 

s:lgmil ch&ractcristics which I might S¥spect in the signal. I would .... 

keep a running check ot the timing ot the teletype signal itself and 

keep a separate log ot such infonna.tion and make corrections in the 

analysis. I would look tor cert.ain intonnation in the transmission 

such as setting up of the indicator and extract such intonnation that 

the c17Pt~st needs tor further analysis. I would assume that 

the analysis _,uld be fairly lengthy on the computer. Special orders 

may be needed to handle the operations needed mos~ often in the 

program. Even at the worst I think that a simple sigrui.1 could be 

processed at 5-10 times the rate ot intercept. 

Although this method may be highly desirable for the simple type 

ot signal, the real step f.orward lies in the more complex signal. I 

see tremendous possibilities in this approach suoh as: 

Signal analys:Ls 

Demultiplexing 

Dual Channel recording 

Diversity reception 

\ 

Radio Finger printing, etc. 

I see in the future a computer coupled to the receiver not o~ 

doing the ana.lysis but feeding back·to the receiver aild mo.king 

necessarr corrections to.the tuning - evdn a completely automatic 

receiving position. 

9-3 
---------------------------------------- REF ID:A65670 

CONF~DENTIAL 

I see the possibili~y or handling signals which are now too poor 

to even bother copying, or course., get the best signal:- possible if 

you can but it you can't·- be able to l\andle the poor signal. 

I see further the automatic trnnsmission or the data back to a 

central processing ce~ter in a form directly usable on computers for 

intelligence type proceHsing. 

I believe it can· be done. I don't lmow all of the 11 hows11 but 

by applying the ideas developed in the computer and telemetering 

business to intercept there appears 'to be worthwhile gains to be made. I 

9-4 
ThiB suggestion vns made by Mr. Dale Marston 

on 13 June 1955· UOTE: • nAMAC is a l'ecent 

IBM disc memory develpprn.ent. 

MAISIE OPERATION ON RAMAC 

Although 1 t is probably obvious to most that this device is usable 

for the code look-up requirement, it 111'1 be well to outline how ~t could 

be used. 

The device contains 50,000 addressable 100 character blocks. An 

average of 500 m1llisec is required to read out or write into a block. 

The time varies from 100 to 6oo ms. The present device has onq one 

searching head, simple orders and a slow speed printer output. It was 

indicated that six searching heads could operate independently; also 

that several assemblies could be operated together. 

The code group would simply serve as the address. In such a scheme 

5-4 digit codes could be loaded at once end 'b1 dividing the 100 character 

block say into 25 character blocks 4 times as mu.ch could be handled. 

Likewise 5 digit codes couid be handled 'b1 spJ.iting the word in two blocks 

and using the first or last half' according to the whether the code group 

is over 49,999 or not. · 

The majority of the codes are numeric but a f'our or five letter code 

could be handled by a double look-up. One way might be to break the 

group down into a trigraph and a digraph. •Each trigraph would be associated with the digraphs that could follow· it. Contained in the 100 character word would be the digraph and the ad.dress ~t which the meaning 

could be found. Other schemes could be used for 4 letter or leaser codes. 

10-1 

SECRET· 
Additives or other encipherments could be remov~d by tbe standard 

order code. 

The loading operation. would probab11 be quite a lengthly operat.ion 

but if several codes were loa4ed for use sinnlltaneously, not ~ch changing 

could be required. If the or;l.ginal code book was in order it is reasonable to assume that it could be loaded at the maximum. rate 10 per second. 

Ten thousand groups would require about 1000 seconds or about 18' minutes. 

At the worst it would require about ll hours. Of' course, present loading 

time is about 50 cards per minut.e. 

One advantage of this device is that it could be operated directly 

frail key'board. Several keyboards could be operated simultaneously by 

using several searching heads or by a time sharing basis. Remote operation should not be dif'f'icult. 

An iJqprovement and also a simplification might be accomplished by ~ 

reducing the word size to 50 characters instead of 100. This would 

reduce the butters and arithmetic portion to 50 characters. This would 

give 1001000 addressable items. Fif'ty characters is more than adequate 

tor a code meaning. 

10-2 

SECRET 
This suggestion ve.s made by 

.. ~lr. Dale Marston on 13 June 1955 

PL 86-36/50 us 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

It seems to me that a be.sic improvement in I .... __________ __. 

might be e.chieV"!d by a ·~ype of teot.ing \r..tth an attempt to expand a hit. 

Buch a te.ek of course, "rould depend on e. mechanical expansion and would be 

based on language previously used in conjunction with the hit. 

I would propose a secondal""Y, test based on this type of' thine;. 'lbere 

must be various ways of going about it but one way might be as follows: 

l-1-] 

SECRET 
• and in any of these cases- he may derive text that has not been used before 

but is nevertheless reasonable. 'lbere must, however, be some criterion 

for "reasonable". What 1s. reasonable as compared to the fact that it has 

been used before!· It depends somewhat on how much recovered plain text is 

available for study. The phrase "number ____ " obviously may be can:pleted 

by any number frail 0000 to 9999. However, 'bJ' usage it may be mown that it 

can onlJ' have a few limited values. At any rate :Lt seems poAs:l.ble that we 

could specif)' that which has been used before and that which is reasonable 

to a certain extent. 

Now the problem is how to go about doing this 'l 

The catalogue of used plain text can be no larger than what we have 

recovered in most cases. That which is "reasonable" 11181' be in the f'orm of 

a collateral file, size unknowD. 

I WQlld th1nk.'that if 1n the recognition or crib test there could be 

associated those phrases which could be f'~ back into the testing operation the problem would be solved. This, however 1 reqμ:l.res a pretty large · 

memoryt It would not have to be used except when a hit was found but at 

that point :Lt wml4 have to put out the 1Df0l'JD8tion at a reasonab~ fast 

rate. 

The use of' this aupplement&ey" in:t'ormation would require an evaluation 

by acme other means than pentagrapb.s - say by digraph scoring. However 1 

recognition of' another pentagraph WOll]4 start the process out a.gain. 

Considerable experimentation could be1done on this hypothesis 'bJ' 

investigating recovered systems. Indexes are available on a good de'll. of 

the plain text. 

"'This might be a use f'or the IBM Rand.an Access Memory known as RAMAC. 

SECRET 11-2 
REF ID:A65670 

SECRET 

Main storae;e ,, . I ... 

. , •• 

~is ~is 

Say 

Digraph 

Scoring 

•• .. i. 

Recognition Suppl.ementaey Information 4<>96 

50 char.; 

act er 

phra.Sea. 

11-3 
'!ht-a -suggestion was made to R/D 

by Mr. Dudley A. Buck in about March 1955 

DECENTijALIZATION OF ANALYTIC EQUIPMENT TO FIELD STATIONS 

It is proposed that analytic equipments such as ATLAS II be placed 

o.t or near intercept stations, and that such stations be staffed w1 th 

programmers and maintenance personnel. 

Points to be studied: 

l. The traffic volume between field station and NSAW would be reduced. 

Intelligence digests and finished decryptions or translations 

would replace raw intercept. This would relieve communication centers 

of volume, but security level 'WOUld be mch higher. It is not cle~; 

therefore, whether there would be more or less delay in the camnunication link between field station and NSAW. 

2. The time del.ay between interception and analytic machinery wouJ.d. be 

reduced. By transferring analytic machinery to field stations, we 

are interested in cutting down the total time delay :rran interceptor 

to consumer -- ~ in merely shifting out present delays fran 

Washington to some remote location. 

For example: 

If logging, editing, and panch:l!ng teltes two days at NSAW we 

have gained notlling by movlng ·an ATLAS II into a field station if' 

logging, editing, and tJOD.Ching still takes two days. 

SEeRE'F 

.l2-l 
• 

lf ·the el-eclirlcal transmisaion of information takes two days 

due to del.qs in inf'omation centers 1 we gain nothing by moving 

~ to a f'ield station if the delq is' still two ~. (The 

electrical signal, once on its way, accounts for about 100 

mi~seconds of the two-day delq.) Since waiting for favorable 

radio conditions is often part of the delq, however, closeneaa 

can shorten the delay time. 

3. The quality of intercept would be improved by the close proxim:l.ty 

of interceptors and analysts. P•rsonal contact between analyst and 

interceptor may result in more devoted interception aa the interceptor watches his copy being processed. This would be especially 

true of operational. systems. On the other hand, if' the entire , 

volume is going into storage, perhaps it is best to store it 1D 

Washington, out of' sight of the interceptor. 

4. Maintenance would be difficult on remote machines unless maintenance 

personnel could be lured abroad. 

5. Programmers might be difficult to obtain in remote locations. 

(a) They might also feel "out-of-touch"'with the NBA-world and 

perhaps lose valuable council of "old-timer" crypt~ts. 

(b) :NBA-Europe, however, had many applicants from NSAW personnel. 

(c) Programs can be written and ~ried in Washington and sent mt 

to the field. 

" 6. Security W011ld be adversely affected by location in the field of 

cryptanal.yats, analytic machine1"11 and by the necessity for high-level 

communication back to NSAW. 

SECRE'f 12-2 
7. 'l11" Qil~~...!..n.!~.1.. ...... •

0

"1'l.1·n "1"' ' .. """'· .• fll'"tllll" or uhJ 1•h 111l 1~hl. nnt. \,,, 1n 

j"nlJ-1.Jlll"' ,m,., Nt•I 1.11,. ,.,,.,,..,, f•n!:I. ('ti~ 1.-·r:mnn"l 1.1·rom1"C.1rl.nl.lon nth,1\t 

Ant>l.her rulvf\nl . .,,~ ml1~ht. lt'!' Jn l.lu: r.]JJNt"n~nn of rJr.lcl nt.nt.ior111 to 

theRl.'l"P.O of l;11r.Mcr\l n\l"rnl;ic>t1:1 in tb'! ll!Vrnt. nf ""1·· 

9. C~1c~t.ion ~1ft!!!!\_!nt~.r!':.~ ot.l\t~'!!!, wonld bn incrl'OJ'nd 11" 

Mf\1.,ya!R ln hP.l.nr;. d.0110 on 111fn1"mr\l.inn de1·ived !ran 11ove1·aJ. intercept 

atattons. '1'11R vonld '[1r0ba.b]Jr 11q rnv trn.rrtc, 011.d once asatn. ve 

lllal" lllOY'e a bottlr.ncck i"rm 1X10 place tet another. 

It ia therefore propose' t.ha.t the follow1np; Rt.epa be ta.ken. 

1. Prep1.re t.~ r.bn.rt.a nbowing a.U del.ap in tl.ov o:l" information frail 

inteTcept.or to conR1uaer for a nwnber of operat1oml. a19te1111 1n bopea 

tha.t. they v1 \1 1-eveal vhr.rP t.he bulk nf tillle dela.7 liea, an4 bow 

aach or i;hia dellQ" would be shortened. 

2. Collecl; all R"IB11able evidence on each or the ahon pointa bJ' intervievf.np,: 

(a) Intercept. personnel. 

(b) l'ftraonnel retumed :£'ran !13A ftJTope,, or 8111' other ata.tion 

vhere aone field •chanlzat1on baa been attf!lllpted. 

(c) Personnel 1n sections fOl" which till! chnrta bo.ve been 

prepared. 

SE€RE'f 

12-3 
• This suggestion was made to R/D 

by Mr. Dudley A. Buck in.about March 1955 

MECHANIZA'rION OF INPlfl'S 

Similarities between the Lincoln Air Defense System and the NSA 

info:nnation gathering system have led to o. comparison of the tvo. NSA 

could develop an autanatic input system which takes incaming raw t:raf'f!a. 

off of teletype lines and feeds it into a canputer. The aim would be 

the shortening of dela.,vs in logging fPld sorting of incoming information 

·-· ... 

for cryptanalysis. The possibility of doing automatic editing is not 

a necessary part of the system, but could most certainly be worked in 

ultimately. The system as outlined will distribute the information to 

the cognizant cryptanalytic sections, provide the section with a teletype-written log of incoming messages, distribute operator canments and 

chatter along with the mess88es, tie in with a r--:=.-t'u.11 of referees 

who take care of situations that baffle the central computer, and who 

with the aid of character-display equipnent can repidly perform some 

automatic editing with the assistance of light-guu.s and a manual keyboard, and finally, the provision for assisting traffic analysis personnel with similar equipnent whereby they may ask the can;puter (or a 

separate canputer in cnnmn1nication with the central computer) for up 

to date information regarding the number of messages from a given 

transmitter within the last three hours, the number~of' these with exactly 

110 groups, or between 105 and 115 groups, etc. , obtaining answers to 

their questions within minutes instead of hours as in the present system. 

SEeRE'F 13-l 
A system similar to the present Lincoln in"PUt system could accomplish tie-in to the ~eletype lines econohd.ca.lly. It is hoped that the 

present work on core and diode•amplifier cao.ponents might include the 

teletype-line inpit problem as a toy problem toward which the researchers 

can direct their thinking. There are many ways to accomplish the basic 

Job of bandwidth conversion, and the decision as to whether to use cores, 

diodes / transistors / or other devices is an interesting problem. 

13-2 

SE~RErr 
These sugg:?stions were made to 30C 

by Mr. s. S. Snyder, 3501 'on 24 June 1955· 

1. People in Support of' Mechanization. 

In the past five years, with demonstration of' operational feaoibility of the large automatic computer systems, there has been a tremendous 

change in the balance between people and machines. PerhapA the most notable 

difference is basically in the distribution of' types of' work that people 

perform.. Much more time is spent by people interpreting machine-produced 

results, both because more results are available on jobs previously done 

on smaller scale, and because results are being generated from new jobs 

never before attempted. 

The number oi' people engaged in developnent activities leading to 

new equipment, as well as the number of people "".'""'igned to operating 

equipment (including programning and m.9.intcnancP.) is far too small in view 

of the tremendous increase in output tha·t. has bee&1 made possible by the 

new developnents. This shortage of ple.nning peruonnel has contributed to 

the apparent aimlessness of the new developnents,.and as a result several. 

classes of activities have been neglected or have been put off too long. 

P.mong these are research programming, high-speed circuitry studies, 

automatic rea<ting and editing of intercept traffic, design of ef'fici~nt 

desk aids to a.nalysts, and engineering research on applications of 

transistors. Another effect has been that laree equipnent developments 

have been initiated with insufficient planning and little subsequent 

contract supervision. 

14-l. 

SE€RET 
Probably the greateGt. single contributing ro.C·tor at ·t.he Ac;ency, 

leading to this imbal.ance between peopl.e· and machines / he.s l>ee11 t.ha ease of 

obtaining financial suppor·t for equipnent procuremen·t compo.t"ed witll the 

difficulty of recruiting, clearing, end training new personnel. The result 

has been ~hat ·this Agency now has the large at digital computer inatal.~tion 

-·- ·- ·- in the world and probably, in proportion, one o:f' the sma.llest etnfi's for , 

. its operation. And 1n view of the continuirig need for even more large- · 

,. 

scale developnents, both general-purpose anq special-purpose, our staff of ' I 

I ' research and developnent personnel iS' even weaker proportionately •. ' 

I 

The fol.lowing suggestions are offered ae possible "extraordinary" 

steps that may help increase the strength of "people in support of mecb.OJlie. zation": 

••• 

(a) Establishment of a ratio of "people to equipment" for 01Jerational equipnent. Similarly, both for developnent proJects based on f'u.1-

filling PROD requests and for long-range R/D, some opti111UM basis should be 

determined for analytic and engineering personnel engo.gcd in R/D activities. 

Maintenance of this ratio Ghauld be a responsibility of administra~oro at a 

level having authority to enforce it. 

(b) Keeping in mind the possibility of changing emphasis in 

types and relative volume of work by analysts (for example, greater proportion of time spent handling or interpreting results produced by machine 

than was required before those machine Jobs were available), consideration 

should be given periodical.ly to transfer of personnel from PROD a.nD.lytic 

activities to either PROD machine activities or R/D machine development • 

SECRE'F 
- - - - - - - - - -

• 

\ 

The contributions to Agency ceyptmial.ytic successes by maclline d.cvelopnents 

.justify oupport from PROD areas 'Which httve benefited, primarily becauae 

PROD is the best source ot experienced cryptanalytic talent needed to 

improve maclline design and opei·ation activities. 

(c) Establishment or personnel practices that encourage tronsfers 

ot canpetent people into the field of equipnent operation and planniQi;. 

There mst be recognition of the professional standing of people in this 

field, including encouragement ot participation in activities of pro:l"essional societies, undergraduate and araduate training, etc. 

2. Local Mechanized Su;pport. 

The use of analytic equipaent directly by analysts, or under their 

immediate control, has grown gradualq but with little direction. during the 

past fev years. Developaent of' decentralized machine aids bas been slow 

because ot difficulties trm both analyst's ar~ machine personnel's points 

of view. On the one hand, analyuts have oppr1;'lled location in their immediate 

vicinity of fairly larse equipaent wlt.ich dissipates heat and noise, while 

maintenance of decentrall.1'-loca.ted equipnent baa at times been inconvenient 

1"ran maintenance enaineers ' point ot view. Also, requests for small desktop equipnent have been slow in beins i'u.lt11led, partfy due to dif.ticulties 

in designing "silent", omall-Gize, e:rticient equipnent. At the same tiJJ!e, 

objections are raised from time to time by fl..nalyats because of administrative 

d.el.ays in processina ma.chine worlt throueh regular Ma.chine Division channels, 

11tr difficulty in cetting help on llha.t has been described. as "one-time 

intermeilio.te c:perimcntal jobs". 

l.4-3 

SE€RET 
~~a _ ...... _.._ ............ 

The f9llowine; r:i.ctlons have bee11 taker!-1 lnore or lr~~s i·es1>onr.iv·'3 t;.o 

. the nce(lG and pressm:e~1 nient.ioned. Sev'::!rnl PR011 div:f.s:lona have ·l;heit' own 

m..1.chine rooms where va.riol\s cmiul;ing, deciph~ring e.rul t~11rod1:-~l-pu.l'J?OGE"! 

equipm.e11t is operated. Projects a.re under wv:y for conr:,1.r111": titJn or ae~k-t.op 

dig::l.ta.l and alphabetic counting equipnent (TEIU•ll'r:li~, DIAC"). An e:\.-p<·n·im~ni;ol 

im~·l·.allation is plannetl .for remote-operated comput.er c11ui1:iJncn·t to be 

shared by three or :rour PROD areas ("ROGUE"). MlLlti-purpose count.i1'lg 

equipment is being designed ('roTAJ.IZb"'R) for per:f'onning aclec tcJ. monoc;:c·a.phic, 

digraphic,, and various other ·special 'types of distribut.ior\s o.nd compu·l~a~;1.ou:;. 

Desk-size transistorized digital canpu.ter developn1ent& ere ~er "iay which 

offer promise of eliminating heat nnd noise problems (SOIJ)). 

I·t is suggested tha"t the need.a for J.ocaJ. mechtuli.zed support be 

recognized by (1) establishing specific Ma.chine Di vision gr01.1p ha.vinr::. 

responsibility for assisting PROD o.na.lyst machine areas, expedi·ting mo.chi:iq_ 

jobs of' intermediate size, a.nd1 by working clofJely with 110.ree. coort'l.ine:.~ors", I 

proposing new ways of satisf'ying local needs as they arise, (2) iucr~a.o:tng 

emphasis on autanatic programming research,, with pe.rtim1lar e:t"tc11tion to 

facilitating processing of new job r~que:Jts wi"t;hin m:lninlWll ailrnin:i.strn·tivt? 

delay, and (3) encouragit1g Analytic Equipnent Division researches in 

miniaturizing techniques which can be used later whenever large scale 

equipn.ents are desired to be used locally. 1 

S·ECRET 
Thfo SUIJge::ition \lf:l.S GUbntl tted by 

Mr. C. La.u&lJ.lin, 011 29 'June 1955· 

TIME 1!.'XPANDER FOR SPT~CH 

Purp_ose. Tb.e purpose of a time expanc1cr for speech is t.o do for 

the ear what the slow motion camera doe3 for t.he eye. '.1.'he t.enqX> 01· ro."i:.c 

of speech is slowed to allow the listener more time ·to reflect 01.1 the 

s·tructural details of the sounds. 'l'his is accom:_plished by increa.3:i.11c; the 

temporal redundancy and ·the result is imp.roved inte1"Pl·et;a:tio11 of ·t.he 

meaning by the receiver, as canpared with the intend.ed ~aninc: of the 

sender. 

Thus, the effectiveneaa (succeas vi:th l'1h.ich ·t;he mcMina is conveyed) 

is improved when the semantic problem of la11guf1.a;c cur:rerences o.nd tro.nsmission probl• of distortion end noiae is involved. ·By :lncreaaing ·i.;he 

temporal redundancy to the listener, fewer err.ors ohm.1ld reaul·t since ·i.;h·~ 

listener has more time ·to re:f'J.ect on the sounds a.nd hence is l>etter able 

to resolve problema in semantics and dia.J.ectt1. Employment of' Buch o. 

d.evice :Ln tb:l.B Asancy abould :lncreaae the e:f':t'ootivener:H!I and efi':Lciency o:r. 

linguiata;i wb:Lle reducing arrorG and vacr~erl e:t':l'or·t. 

Hiatory. A wholl1' unaat:Lafaatory devia" for 1·cduai1'Ul tllc tempo o:t' 

speech we.a d.oveloped. b,- ·bhe Kt\y J!lleatl."ia ComJ.l(l.nY MC\ :la lmown o.e ·hh.e ICa.y 

"Sona·Stretaher". A aon11tant reduat:Lc:in ot opea.lt:l.na rl;l·be o:r ·~wo to one: wn~ 

a.ch:l.mvmd. b;y reacmU.ng tho upouah a:b L\ 81 ven apae4 and plf!.Y:l.n13 i 'll baalt at 

omt•bal.:l' tho raaol'4a11.\ 1paod thrm.\gl\ tlle "flone.-S·b:rertel1"r". ~J.P.ybA.elt at 

cmo•hBlf the a:peed. :rod.uaaa oveey frequency campanant o:t' tlli:, aomplrm 

epaach. WI.VIII b;y ona·M.lt C\lld the :ln·tell:l.senae :La a.l.l lll.\"b dea ~:imyot\, 

€0NFIDEN'fIA~ 
• The :purpoGc of ·the "Sona'TStretcher" io -to rer.tore th.<:? frc~~1c1\r.:y 

relations. Tli:f.:; is accomplished by f\tr~her d:i.s t.oL·tine; the $pecch by a 

' 

non-linear electrical device l-rhich procluces Jnarmonks of l;hr. complex 

r:peech waves. It is then e:t;temptecl to Gelect t.he diGtor ti.on cornponcntr.; 

lmicb are twice ·t.he :frequency of the I>laybaclt c01nponents. 

The end result is very poor and is due in pa.rt ·t;o inherent; dei'ic:tr-nd.es 

in the me·thod and in part to engineerit1g compromises in the tl.evice Uaelf. 

First,, the '(>itch is halved and cannot be removed; secondly, distortion 

components are passed because of comi>romises in the select.i.vc elC'c·tric wave 

filters. 

Prospective. Recent work at the University of Illinois appea.t"s to 

hold promise of being able to acccmplish the reduction of tempo wi·i;hin 

certain limits in an entirely satisfactory m.."Ulller. At present, the worlt 

is directed toward time or :frequency compression and expanaion lrHh 

p:dma.ry eJr«>basis on the frequency dimension. 

The value of this method in time expansion of speech ha.s not been 

explored, but it obviously has many inherent advant;c.ges over the me~hocl used 

in the Kay "Sona-Stretcher". Sample recording made.c:>n en experiment.al 

model are indeed impressive and Dr. Cooper of He.skins Laboratories he.s 

expressed a favorable opiDion of its p0ssibilitie~ ·'and an in"l:erest in 

dctennin:i.ng the general value of time expansion of speech. 

A description of' the method will not be given here since ell excellent 

and thorough discussion may be found in the ar~iclc "?Ietllod For 'l'im~ or 

- Frequency Compression-Expansion of' Speech" by Grant Fs.irbanks, W. L. l~verit~~ 

and R. P. Jaeger,, Trans. IRE-PGA, AU 2. No. 1, 1954, P• 7-12. 

15-2 

€0NFIBENTIAL 
• 

REF ID:A65670 

This suggest~on was submitted by 

Mr. Ray D. Loyd, on 27•June 1955· 

A UNIVERSAL A(IDIO SPECTRUM SIGNAL GENERATOR 

Purpose. To provide laboratory and field personne.l w1 th the means oi' 

genera.t::b~g a test signal with which to carry out research, development and 

maintenance oi' equipments. 

Advantages. 

a. To laboratory personnel: The means of generating many types of 

signals for research and developn.ent work is gener~ available in 

laboratories, but the time and effort. expended in collection o:f' required 

equipnents and thei1· setting up could be considerably reduced if one or 

more self-contained Universal Signal Generators were on hand. The 

Universal Signal Generator would also aid in the reduction oi' errors due 

• to necessity of haywire hoolru.ps between isola:ted signal gene~ating equipments now in use. Another ad.vantage is in the reproduction oi' data taken 

at some previous time. In reproducing data it is a distinct advantage to 

use exactly the same signal generating equipnent that was used to obtain 

the original data. The Universa.1 Signe.l Generator is a. self-contained 

unit and will be in one place. The isolated. units of ·the presell"t sys·tein 

will usually be in several pl.aces, and very o:f'ten substitute units or 

systems mus·t take their place. 

b. To field personnel: The means of genera·tine; speci:ric types of 

signals is seldom, if ever, available ·to field pe1~sonnel. Failure of 

equipments in the field can of'ten be traced to improper, or the J.a.ck of, 

maintenance of ·these equipments. Improper mnintenance can in most cases bL: 

16-J. 
REF ID:A65670 

traced to lack of proper test•equipnent or insufficient time in which to 

properly test the equipnent. The former problem is being solved by 

-1cing available the proper teat equipnent. ·The latter problem can be 

solved through the uaeof the Universal Signal Generator since :lt will 

aupply th.e field peraonnel with a controllable overall check or hia 

equ:lpnent. During period of short ahutdowne there :la not enough time to 

aheck equipnenta thorou.ghly by instruction book methods. The Universal 

Signal. Generator provides a quick and. efficient method of checking the 

condition or the equipnent before it ia returned. to its task. 

Conclusions. The circuits to be used in the design of the Univeraal. 

Signal Generator are in most part already existing, both in ccnmerci~ 

units and in our own laboratory notebooks. The final product will involft 

the correct assemblage of these units into one efficient, canpa.ct unit ~ 

the result will be the correct generation of controllable test signals. 

The foregoing idea my also be carried into the field of RF, but the 

specific requirments are unknown to me. 

16-2 
REF ID:A65670 

This suggestion was ~ubmitted by 

Mr. John Samner, on 2'7 June 1955· 

SMALT. GROUP DISCUS:Hor·rs LED BY 

Aii AU11HORITY Oi'I TECIU"iICAI. SUBJECTS 

A large amount of basic circuit and canponent developnen·t is nov 

being carried on separa-t ..ely in the various parts of the Agency without 

coordination. It is sugges·ted Umt dmall panel discuoaiona on technical 

subjec·ts be held with DJl authority outside the Agency acting o.s the 

leader. In this manner all personnel closely asaocia.ted wi"l:.h the aubJect 

vould be betl;er inf'Ol"'llled of_ t.he work, problems, e.nd successes of others 

in the Agency. It 1B important ·tbat onl.y thoGe cloael.y aasocie:ted with 

the subject should be invited to attend the:;e meutings. In this manner, 

while the groups would remain small. and ini'o1inal, a. large mnount of 

practica.l inf'onnation could be diasem111nt.ed. A number of apealcers f'rorn 

the local IRE and other orge.ni?.ntion.G vould be flattered by the opportunity to lead such a discusoion gr01.1p. 

' 

l7-l 
REF ID:A65670 

This sugge~tion ·ua::s submit. t~. by 

Mr. John Samner, on 27 J\lne 1955· 

SUGGF.fl'rED READIHG LISTO 

At present a large amount of vorthwhile information is masked by.the . . I 

trmendoua quantity of reading •teriol being circUla.ted throughout the 

Agency. At present there are some 23 magazines ranging in date fran 

April 195~ to dnte, and innumerable lists ot pa.tents, progress reports, 

aa well aa brochures of new equipnent.being circulated in our branch. The 

work load ot the personnel in this branch is far too hea'YY' to spend the 

time to even casually browse through this reading mterial w1 thmt parpoee 

or intent. 

It is suggested that: 

a. A Sl"Ol.IP of technical readers be e9tablished to review the article• 

covered in the abstracts that are listed in th, I.R.E. and indicate the 

approach taken b7 the author. This list could. have wide distribution 

tbroagbmt the Agency. Copies of the abstracts which this check list 

voulcl ace~ can be obtained separately frClll Wireless World. This list 

could al.ao be reorganized into a year:Qr 1nclex of tremendous value. 

b. This group ot technical readers wmld also make note ot article• 

ot Yer:f direct connection to work being done by branches in the Agency, 

mke copies of the article and sem them directly to this branch. At 

present an article of :Importance ~ take aa mc!h aa a ;year bef0re arriving 

at the interested branch. In this mzmer, at· l:east the more important 

developnents are channeled directly to the consumer with m:lnimmn delq • 

.An example ot this delay has occurred in this ottice where earlier 

knowledge o"t a. particular equipnent could have saved many engineering and 
REF ID:A65670 

technician hours. In this case, en article appeared in the April 1955 

issue which dealt with a problem being phraued in this branch. Thie 

article has not ;yet arrived in the branch, em. although a thorough 

search has been made, the 111agazine cannot be located. Through a perscmal 

subscript~on to this mgazine, the article was located and called to ~he 

attention of the correct people. 
REF ID:A65670 

'!'his auaaea1iion wa submi t·l;ed by 

Mr. John Sommer, on 27'Ju~e 1955· 

. - TUJJE AGIIIG BANIC 

Durina the early life of naoGt vacuum tubes and. neon bulbG ,· t.he 

ChOJ.10.C l;cris·~iCS cho.ngt-t Very rapidly I but after this ini"l;ial cbanae they · 

se·l;·l;le down ant\ co.n :then ui:;ually be depended on to perform in a m-:>re 

c·to.blc ma.n.•1'!r. '.l''be l;ul,ea whose filamento will w1:ths·tand the aging tests 

I 

alao htJ.ve a nntch longer life expectancy. More information as to the 

benefi·l;o obtained by aging con l>e obtained from one of the tube 

manuf'aC"liui·ers. Sha.kn tcoting may be an expansion of this testing 

aging. 

19-l 
• Thie application qr o. preliminary scMDin~ 

technique to the recosn.ition unit problem 

was made l1y Dr. J. J. :Eachus on ~ June 1955· 

RECOGNITION UNIT 

A method ta propooed here to substantially reduce the e.verap t:l.mo 

required for operation of a recognition unit or the DDl>NET'l'E variety-. 

The Dl!M>NE'rl'E type of recognition unit 1nvolveo the use of a 

sorted list ot recognition groups. A group, x, to be a check against 

the list is ccnpared with the middle group, M, ot the list. If" X is 

·greater than M the first half' o'!: the list plus M is discarded. If X is 

less than M the second half of the list plus M is discarded. It X equals 

· M the search ends. X is now can;pared with the llliddle group, M', of the 

retained l.ist, and the process is continued. For a list conta:l.Dins i3'-l 

items at most n trials are needed to determine the presence or absence ar 

a particul.e.r x. 

Using presentq developed tecbniques for terr1.te core memories a 

read-rewrite time nq be made in ah011t 5 or 6 microseconds. For a lto95 

word recognition list twelve lookups are reqμired, or frail 6o to 72 

microseconds total. Non-destructive readout techniques (now in the 

research stase) appear to ofter read times -dependent upon selection time 

al.one. I'£ this is from 2 to 3 microsec9Dda the time required ~or a lf-095 

word list Wllld be frca 24 to 36 microsecond.a. 

Thia suggestion uses a prelimina:ey scan to determine whe"ther il.t is 

necessary to look in the recognition list BDi achieves a substantial p.in 

20-1. 

€0NFIDEN'FI:A.~ 
• 

in speed. 

Guppor.;e ·the group lenc;th is 25 bits and the recognition list contaia:1:1 

12 25 

2 items out. of the 2 po:;sible groups. Fbrm e. 16 bit function, Ii', or 

16 en.ch group in the recognition list. At address F in a 2 bit memory 

12 

a.rra.y 1 T 1 . ::;tore a. 1. There will be then, a;t mos·t 2 l's in ·the array,. 

Form F (X) and see if there ia a l at tho.t address in T. In the rend.an 

CB.3e there will be 2

12/216 

or a 1/16 chance of finding a l there. If a 

similar but independent fU.nction F' (X) can be looked up in another 

memory T' , then in the random case oAly once in 256 trials will a 

:f'urther evaluation be required. Assumptions have been made which are 

12 

not precise. There will be less than 2 unique F and F' values, on the 

other hand F and F' cannot be completely independent. A reasonable value 

16 

might be l hit in 200 trials. Tb.is means that two 2 bit memories plus 

17 

one 2 bit recognition list memory are required. If these memories 

utilize the slower ferri·tes the size, power, and cost can be greatly 

reduced. 

Assuming a 15 microsecond cycle t:fme, 199 groups require 15 microseconds each for test while one group requires 180 microseconds. The 

average test time vill thus be about 16 microseconds. 

This system is not suited to a synchronous machine, for the maximum 

look-up time is high. For an asynchronous ,machine this becanes unilmportant. 

20-2 

€0NFIBENTIAL 
• 

This susges'bion was submitt~ by 

Mr. Thomas C. moll, on 27 June 195 5. 

(Note: Mr.· W. F. · Friedman has made suggestions sir.dlar to this 1n the past. ) 

EXTRA-SENSORY PERCEPTIOH (ESP)' Rl!BEARCH · 

I 

The use or ESP to glean cryptc;>gra~ic information is a possibility · 

which should not be overlooked by NSA. At the present time many researchers 

throughout the vorld are investigatidg the possible power ot the mind to 

se11Ge facts by other than sensory perception. The Psychological Laboratory 

at Duke University has pioneered in this field f'or many years and pu.blished I e papers of Dr. Rhine at Duke are wei.1 known. 

It would not be necessary tor NBA to set up any research laboratory 

of its Olm, or to promote such research by any other group. However, NSA 

should establish a requirement to become f'ull.Y" apprised of' p:-ogi"ess in 

·this field and the extent to which it might be used tor cryptographic 

activity. Included in such a program of investigation would be the 

f'ollowing: 

a. Critical review of available literature and further research papers. 

b. Field trips to observe experimen·ts and experimental data of groups 

such as at J:>uke University when possible. 

. . c. Concideration of' U.S. subjects uith high ESP povers for possible 

• work \'Ii.th NSA if a need for their services should a.rise. 

21-1 

1FOP SEECJffiJE'JP 
This suggestion vas submitted by 

Mr. Thomas C. Blow, on ~lJune.1955· 

,___ __ ___.~~!CS OF T~ SIG!WS 

Without doubt it.will be desired in vart:lme tol 

.PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

is well lQl.own., it may be that 

such methods 'Will not best serve our pirpose. It is, /therefore, reccmideas for more eft'icient .... l _______ ___.lthan now exists. 

22-l 

T0P SECRE1f 
f 

( 

,. 

REF ID:A65670 

This suggeEltion vas made by 

D. L. Hogan 30C with anistance 

tram Dr. w. A. Ble.nk'enship,~. 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

. EO 3.3(h)(2) 

23-1 
I 

PL 86-36/50 USC 

EO 3.3(h)(2) 

23-2