THIRD DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

MCFADDEN and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 10, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A1118. FRAZIER v. THE STATE

MILLER, Presiding Judge.

Christopher Frazier was convicted by a jury of aggravated assault (OCGA § 16-

5-21); armed robbery (OCGA § 16-8-41); hijacking a motor vehicle (OCGA § 16-5-

44.1); theft by receiving stolen property (OCGA § 16-8-7); and criminal damage to

property (OCGA § 16-7-23). During the trial, he also pled guilty to fleeing or

attempting to elude a law enforcement officer (OCGA § 40-6-395 (a)); financial

transaction card theft (OCGA § 16-9-31); and possession of a firearm during the

commission of a felony (OCGA § 16-11-106). The trial court denied his motion for

a new trial, and this appeal followed.

1 On appeal, Frazier argues that (1) his

1 We note that the motion for a new trial was filed ten years after Frazier’s

convictions. Counsel explains that the delay resulted from the fact that the records

and transcripts were lost, the former court reporter retired, and previous appellate
convictions for hijacking a motor vehicle, armed robbery, and theft by receiving

stolen property are mutually exclusive; (2) the evidence was insufficient to support

his conviction for theft by receiving stolen property; (3) trial counsel was

constitutionally deficient for failing to object to the prosecutor’s comments on his

right to silence; and (4) trial counsel was deficient for advising him to plead guilty to

the fleeing or attempting to elude offense because there was insufficient evidence to

support his conviction on this charge. After a thorough review of the record, we

reverse Frazier’s convictionsfor hijacking a motor vehicle and theft by receiving, and

we remand for a new trial on these charges. We also reverse Frazier’s conviction for

fleeing and eluding because trial counsel was constitutionally deficient for advising

him to plead guilty where the evidence was insufficient to support that charge. We

affirm the convictions for aggravated assault, armed robbery, criminal damage to

property, financial transaction card theft, and possession of a firearm during the

commission of a felony. 

counsel moved out of town. We take this opportunity to remind the parties that it is

the responsibility of those in the criminal justice system to ensure that records are

properly maintained and that the pursuit of a defendant’s rights is not subject to an

unnecessary and unreasonable delay.

2
We view the evidence on appeal in the light most favorable to the

verdict, and no longer presume the defendant is innocent. We do not

weigh the evidence or decide the witnesses’ credibility, but only

determine if the evidence is sufficient to sustain the convictions. We

construe the evidence and all reasonable inferences from the evidence

most strongly in favor of the jury’s verdict. 

(Citations omitted.) Wallace v. State, 294 Ga. App. 159 (1) (669 SE2d 400) (2008).

So viewed, the evidence2shows that around midnight on February 28, 2005,

the victim drove to a strip mall to the cleanersshe and her husband owned. Asshe left

her car to walk into the store, she noticed two young black men. As she returned to

her car a few minutes later, the two men approached her, pointed guns at her, and

demanded her keys. The men were wearing sunglasses, and one of them wore red

pants. Although she gave the men her keys, one of them struck her in the head twice

with his gun. The victim fell to the ground, bleeding, and the two men drove away in

her Nissan Xterra with her purse, identification, checkbook, cash, and credit cards.

The victim called her husband and the police. 

2 Frazier and co-defendant Jay Bradford were tried jointly. The third person

involved, Raphael Ratliff, pled guilty and testified against Bradford and Frazier at

trial. 

3
The police issued a “be on the look out” for the Nissan Xterra, and an officer

spotted the car about 40 minutes after the robbery. The officer, who was in a marked

police car, followed the Xterra, but did not activate his blue lights. Nevertheless, the

driver of the Xterra began to speed up, forcing the officer to quickly accelerate to 70

miles per hour to keep up. The car eventually stopped, and three men exited the car.

The driver, who was wearing red pants and was later identified as Raphael Ratliff,

ran. The other two men, later identified as Frazier and Jay Bradford, walked around

the side of a building, where they hid their weapons. When Frazier and Bradford

returned, the officer instructed them to get on the ground, and they complied. 

The officer took Frazier and Bradford into custody and conducted a pat-down

search. In Frazier’s pocket, the officer found bullets and the victim’s credit card. A

subsequent search of the Xterra uncovered sunglasses in the center console, a .38

pistol, and the contents of the victim’s purse. Police later searched the area around the

building and found two other firearms. Police also captured Ratliff. Police notified

the victim that her car had been found and asked her to identify Frazier and Bradford

as the men in the car. The victim was apparently not able to identify Frazier at the

scene, although she testified at trial that Frazier was one of the two men. 

4
All three men were transported to the police station, where they were given

their Miranda rights and made statements. Frazier stated that his girlfriend had driven

him to the strip mall, that Bradford and Ratliff told him they had gotten the Xterra

from a Korean woman, and that he knew the car was stolen when he got in it. 

At trial, after the state rested its case-in-chief, defense counsel moved for

acquittal on the fleeing and eluding charge.3 Nevertheless, after the close of all the

evidence, Frazier entered a guilty plea to the fleeing and eluding charge, along with

the charges for financial card theft and possession of a firearm during a felony. 

Ratliff testified in Frazier’s defense, asserting that he and Bradford committed

the robbery and carjacking, and that Frazier was not involved. Frazier also testified

in his own defense, explaining the eventsthat night and denying that he wasinvolved

in the robbery. He also denied making any statements to police about the crimes. The

jury convicted Frazier of aggravated assault, armed robbery, hijacking a motor

vehicle, theft by receiving, and criminal damage to property, but it acquitted him of

the battery charge, 

3 The record does not reflect whether the trial court ruled on the motion, as

Frazier entered his plea to this charge before the conclusion of the trial. 

5
1. Frazier first arguesthat his convictionsfor hijacking a motor vehicle, armed

robbery, and theft by receiving are mutually exclusive because they are all based on

taking the same vehicle. We agree that the hijacking and theft by receiving

convictions are mutually exclusive, but conclude that the armed robbery conviction

is not.

[V]erdicts are mutually exclusive where it is legally and logically

impossible to convict the accused of both counts[.]. . . [W]here verdicts

are mutually exclusive, reversal of both verdicts is required because it

would be insufficient for an appellate court merely to set aside the lesser

verdict, because to do so is to speculate about what the jury might have

done if properly instructed, and to usurp the functions of both the jury

and trial court.

(Citations, punctuation, and footnote omitted.) State v. Springer, 297 Ga. 376, 378

(1) (774 SE2d 106) (2015). 

Here, Frazier was convicted of armed robbery, for stealing the victim’s car keys

by use of a handgun; hijacking a motor vehicle, for taking the victim’s car by force

and violence; and theft by receiving stolen property, for retaining the car that he

should have known was stolen. 

(a) Hijacking and theft by receiving

6
Frazier’s convictions for hijacking the car and theft by receiving the same

stolen property are mutually exclusive. It is clear that Frazier could not be convicted

of both taking and receiving the stolen property because one cannot receive stolen

property unless it is first taken by someone else. Thomas v. State, 261 Ga. 854, 855

(1) (413 SE2d 196) (1992); see also Ingram v. State, 268 Ga. App. 149, 153 (5) (601

SE2d 736) (2004) (theft by taking and theft by retaining stolen property are mutually

exclusive). In Thomas, supra, 261 Ga. at 855 (1), the Supreme Court of Georgia

expressly declined to address the question of whether stealing and retaining stolen

property were mutually exclusive. Id. at 855 (1), n.1 (expressing no opinion as to

whether armed robbery and theft by retaining stolen property would be mutually

exclusive). We must now answer that precise question.

We decline to adopt the standard suggested by the State – that Frazier was

involved in the hijacking and then later retained the car when he got back into it.

Based on the Supreme Court of Georgia’s analysis in Thomas, and this Court’s

precedent in Ingram, we conclude that Frazier could not be convicted of retaining

property he had already stolen. Accordingly, Frazier’s convictions for hijacking a

motor vehicle and theft by receiving that same car are mutually exclusive.

(b) Armed robbery of the car keys and theft by receiving or hijacking the car

7
Although we conclude that hijacking and theft by receiving are mutually

exclusive, the same cannot be said of armed robbery and hijacking or armed robbery

and theft by receiving. We note that, in this circumstance, stealing the car keys

essentially amounted to stealing the car itself because the perpetrators used the keys

to hijack the car. Nevertheless, the armed robbery charge and the hijacking charge

each involved a separate element as charged – the theft of different property.

4 Thus,

it was not logically or legally impossible to convict Frazier of stealing both the keys

and the car. Springer, supra, 297 Ga. at 378 (1). Moreover, it was not logically or

legally impossible to convict Frazier of stealing the keys and receiving the victim’s

stolen car. Id. Therefore, Frazier’s armed robbery conviction is notmutuallyexclusive

with either his hijacking or his theft by receiving conviction. Accordingly, we affirm

Frazier’s conviction for armed robbery.

5

4 Although we conclude that the offenses are not mutually exclusive, we note

that this case underscores the importance of drafting a proper indictment. Had the

State charged Frazier with hijacking the car and armed robbery of, for example, the

victim’s purse, there would be no confusion over the convictions.

5 We note that there could be a question of merger for sentencing purposes once

Frazier is retried on the hijacking and theft-by-receiving counts. See Ingram v. State,

279 Ga. 132, 133 (2) (610 SE2d 21) (2005) (offenses that are “part of a continuous

criminal act, committed at the same time and place and inspired by the same criminal

intent” merge). 

8
(c) Frazier’s convictions for hijacking a motor vehicle and theft by receiving

stolen property must be reversed and the case remanded for a new trial on these

charges. Thomas, supra, 261 Ga. at 855 (1); Ingram, supra, 268 Ga. App. at 153 (5);

Camsler, supra, 211 Ga. App. at 826. Nevertheless, the evidence cited above was

sufficient to convict Frazier of hijacking (OCGA § 16-5-44.1 (b)). Moreover, as

discussed below, the evidence was sufficient to convict Frazier of theft by receiving

stolen property (OCGA § 16-8-7). Accordingly, the State may retry Frazier on these

charges. Melton v. State, 282 Ga. App. 685, 694 (2) (d) (639 SE2d 411) (2006).

2. Frazier next argues that the evidence wasinsufficient to convict him of theft

by receiving stolen property because he had no control over the vehicle and was

merely a passenger in the car. We disagree.

OCGA § 16-8-7 (a) provides: A person commits the offense of theft by

receiving stolen propertywhen he receives, disposes of, or retainsstolen

property which he knows or should know wasstolen unlessthe property

isreceived, disposed of, or retained with intent to restore it to the owner.

Harris v. State, 247 Ga. App. 41, 42 (543 SE2d 75) (2000). Importantly, 

Riding in a stolen van or automobile as a passenger does not support a

conviction for theft by receiving unless the accused also, at some point,

acquires possession of or controls the vehicle, i.e., has the right to

exercise power over a corporeal thing, or there exists some evidence,

9
either direct or circumstantial, that the accused was a party to the crime

by aiding and abetting its commission.

(Punctuation omitted.) Id. Moreover, “for an appellate court to overturn a conviction

for theft by receiving on the grounds urged by [Frazier], there must be direct and

uncontested evidence, as opposed to merely circumstantial evidence, identifying the

defendant asthe original thief.” Marriott v. State, 320 Ga. App. 58, 61 (1) (739 SE2d

68) (2013).

The indictment in this case charged that Frazier, Bradford and Ratliff “did

unlawfully retain stolen property, to wit: Honda automobile [sic], a motor vehicle,

which he should have known wasstolen, said property not having been retained with

intent to restore it to said owner.” The evidence as set forth above was sufficient for

the jury to conclude that Frazier retained the stolen property. OCGA § 16-8-7. Frazier

admitted that he knew the car was stolen, the defendants engaged in a high-speed

chase to avoid police, and Frazier ran after the car came to a stop. See Johnson v.

State, 236 Ga. App. 356, 357 (1) (511 SE2d 921) (1999) (evidence was sufficient

where defendant admitted that getaway car was stolen, the defendants used the car in

a high speed chase, and they abandoned the car after the chase). Given that there was

merely circumstantial evidence that Frazier was the original thief, we will not

10
overturn his conviction for theft by receiving stolen property. Marriott, 320 Ga. App.

at 61 (1).

3. Frazier argues that trial counsel was constitutionally deficient for failing to

object to the prosecutor’s comments regarding his pre-trial silence. Although we

agree that the comments were improper, we conclude that Frazier has not shown that

the outcome of his trial would have been different but for those comments.

In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,

appellant must show counsel’s performance was deficient and that the

deficient performance prejudiced him to the point that a reasonable

probability exists that, but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial

would have been different. A strong presumption exists that counsel’s

conduct falls within the broad range of professional conduct. Whether

a trial attorney renders constitutionally ineffective assistance is a mixed

question of law and fact. When reviewing a trial court’s decision to

grant a motion for new trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel,

we defer to the trial court’sfindings of fact unless clearly erroneous, but

owe no such deference to its conclusions of law which we apply

independently to the facts.

(Citations omitted.) State v. Sims, 296 Ga. 465, 468-469 (2) (769 SE2d 62) (2015).

It is well established in Georgia that the State may not comment on a defendant’s

silence or failure to come forward voluntarily. Id. Such comments are far more

11
prejudicial than probative and are not to be permitted, even when a defendant takes

the stand in his own defense. Id. 

Here the State’s comments during its cross-examination of Frazier and during

closing argument emphasized that Frazier failed to come forward and tell police the

“real truth” about the crimes. There is no dispute that these comments were

impermissible and that trial counsel was deficient for failing to object to them. See

Thomas v. State, 284 Ga. 647, 648-649 (2) - (3) (670 SE2d 241) (2008); Sims, supra,

296 Ga. at 468-471 (2). Nevertheless, given the direct and circumstantial evidence of

Frazier’s guilt, as set forth above, we find that there is no reasonable probability that

the outcome of the trial would have been different but for trial counsel’s deficient

performance. Notably, the victim identified Frazier asthe gunman at trial. Moreover,

Frazier was found in the victim’s stolen car and he had her stolen credit card in his

pocket when he was arrested. See Sanders v. State, 290 Ga. 637, 641 (5) (723 SE2d

436) (2012) (no reasonable probability that outcome of trial would have differed,

given eyewitness identification and evidence connecting defendant to getaway

vehicle); Moore v. State, 278 Ga. 397 (2) (a) (603 SE2d 228) (2004) (no reasonable

likelihood that outcome of trial would have differed given strong circumstantial

evidence of defendant’s guilt); Lampley v. State, 284 Ga. 3, 38 (2) (b) (given the

12
weight of the evidence, there was no reasonable probability that the outcome of

defendant’s trial would have been different). Therefore, we conclude that Frazier has

notshown the prejudice necessary to establish ineffective assistance of counsel in this

regard.

4. Frazier argues that trial counsel was constitutionally deficient for allowing

him to plead guilty to fleeing or eluding where there was insufficient evidence to

support the charge. We agree.

Pursuant to OCGA § 40-6-395 (a),

[i]tshall be unlawful for any driver of a vehicle willfully to fail or refuse

to bring his or her vehicle to a stop or otherwise to flee or attempt to

elude a pursuing police vehicle or police officer when given a visual or

an audible signal to bring the vehicle to a stop. The signal given by the

police officer may be by hand, voice, emergency light, or siren. The

officer giving such signalshall be in uniformprominently displaying his

or her badge of office, and his or her vehicle shall be appropriately

marked showing it to be an official police vehicle.

(emphasis supplied).

Importantly, to the extent that Frazier appealsfrom the denial of his motion for

a directed verdict on this count, Frazier waived any direct challenge to the sufficiency

of the evidence by pleading guilty. Wilson v. State, 302 Ga. App. 433, 435 (3) (691

13
SE2d 308) (2010). Thus, we review thisissue solely under the claim that trial counsel

was ineffective for allowing Frazier to enter his plea to this charge. Frazier raised his

claim in an amended motion for a new trial. At a hearing on the motion, defense

counsel testified that after Frazier’s trial, he had been convicted of a felony, had

voluntarily relinquished his law license, and had suffered a mental breakdown. He

further testified that he had no recollection of Frazier’s case, and could not remember

the charge of fleeing and eluding law enforcement. He confirmed that he could not

testify as to his strategy in the case. 

In Bradford v. State, 287 Ga. App. 50, 52-53 (1) (651 SE2d 356) (2007), this

Court concluded that the evidence wasinsufficient to convictJay Bradford, Frazier’s

codefendant, of fleeing and eluding, and the evidence against Frazier was identical.

In light of this Court’s decision in Bradford that the evidence was insufficient, we

conclude that trial counsel gave constitutionally deficient assistance when he advised

Frazier to plead to fleeing and eluding. The evidence was insufficient to sustain a

conviction on this charge, and therefore, there is a reasonable probability that the

outcome would have been different but for trial counsel’s conduct. Accordingly, we

reverse Frazier’s conviction for fleeing and eluding. Moreover, given the insufficient

14
evidence, the state may not retry Frazier on this charge. Melton, supra, 282 Ga. App.

at 694 (2) (c).

5. Although not raised by Frazier, we find the evidence sufficient

6

to support

the charges to which Frazier pled guilty – financial transaction card theft (OCGA

§ 16-9-31) and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (OCGA

§ 16-11-106) – as well as the charges for which he was convicted – aggravated

assault (OCGA § 16-5-21), armed robbery (OCGA § 16-8-41), and criminal damage

to property (OCGA § 16-7-23). . 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Frazier’s convictions for aggravated

assault, armed robbery, criminal damage to property, financial transaction card theft,

and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. We reverse Frazier’s

convictionsfor hijacking the car and theft by receiving as mutually exclusive, and we

reverse his conviction for fleeing and eluding due to ineffective assistance of counsel.

On remand, the state may retry Frazier on the hijacking and theft charges, however,

because the evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction for fleeing and eluding,

the state is precluded from retrying Frazier for this crime.

6

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).

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Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and case remanded. McFadden

and McMillian, JJ., concur.

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