### Appendix A

I. Contaminant Comparison of C&D Wood to Traditional Fuels A c om parison of

the various contaminants found in C&D wood was made wi th tradit io nal fuels. This was done by co mparing the 90% UPL (Upper Prediction Limit) of the contaminants fo r C&D woo d with the maximum value reported fo r the tradi tional fu el. This method was chosen fo llo wing the guidance of EPA, as stated in the rule preamble: Given data for a particular traditional fuel, it makes intuitive sense to base the traditional fuel compariso n value on the upper end of its statistical range. Anything less could result in ‘‘traditional fuel’’ samples being considered solid waste if burned in the very combustion units designed to burn them...(76 Fed Reg 80453) Largely, itis seen fo r all contaminants, a com parable nature is shown between C&D and tradi tional fuels. However, from the two states that had readily available informat io n regarding fo rmaldehyde, this contaminant proved to be higher than what is reported fo r wood/bio ma ss by EPA. A fo rmal explanat io n fo r this occurrence and it s subsequent com parison to tradi

tional fu els is discussed further, below. Also, itshould be pointed out that the readily available data fo r a few states reported a 90% UPL higher than tradi

tional fuels. This can be se en in New York’s fluoride data and Maine’s chromium data. In both cases, a mo re detailed co mparison was fo llo wed. Once again, this was done fo llo wing the guidance of

EPA and it s concept of

c om paring groups of contaminants. This was stated as fo llo ws: While persons may satisfy the contaminant legitimacy criterion on a contaminant- bycontaminant basis, comparing groups of contaminants in the NHSM to similar groups in traditional fuels could also be appropriate, provided the grouped contaminants share physica l and chemical properties that influence behavior in the combustion unit prior to the point wh ere emissions occur. Volatility, the presence of specific elements, and compound structure are three such properties. (76 Fed Reg 80477) The 90% UPL fo r the avai lable New York fluoride data was 584.9 ppm, which is above the maximum value set fo rth by both wood/biomass (300 ppm) and coal ( 64 ppm ). However, when combining fluoride wi

th the other potential contaminant halogens, a co mparable analysis is shown. The 90%UPL fo r halides in New York equates to 2122 ppm, which is significant ly lo wer than maximum values fo r wood/biomass in both the OAQPS database and it s literary s ources, as well as the OAQPS maximum value fo r coal. As such, we believe these sam ples do show a com

parable nature to tradit io nal fuels. In the case of

chromium in Maine, the 90% UPL fo r the readily available data was 352 ppm. This value is slightly higher than the maximum value reported for wood/biomass in the OAQPS database (340 ppm ). On a contaminant -by- contaminant basis, we believe this satisfies the leg it imacy cri terion on it s own and is co mparable however; we also f ollowed th

rough wi th a c ontaminant grouping analysis. In this case, a grouping of total metals was analyzed. From the readily available metals data

### 2

fo r the State of

M aine, a 90% UPL of

total metals yielded 427 ppm. This number is significant ly lo wer than the total

metals concentration reported by the OAQPS. Though, as seen in the attached tables, certain metals of

generally

high concentration

(Manganese) were not included in the Maine dataset. As such, a co mparison was then fo llowed th rough analyzing the five metals in the Maine dataset with the same five metals in tradi tional fu els. When adding the maximum val ues of arsenic, chro mium, lead, mercury and selenium

f or wood/biomass, the lit erary s ources reported by EPA had a total maximum metals concentration of 4 79 ppm and the OAQPS dataset had a total maximum metals concentration 877.1 ppm. Both of these values are above the 90% UPL fo r total metals in the Maine dataset. We believe this gives further proof that the metals concentrations in Maine are indeed com parable to tradi

tional f uels. II. Comparability of FormaldehydeLevels In C&D Wood The contaminant com

parison set fo rth belowshowsf ormaldehyde levels in wood and bio mass at a maximum of

2 7 ppm, no data on fo rmaldehyde levels in coal, and fo rmaldehyde levels in C&D wood at a maximum of 130 ppm. Despi te these difference s , we believe contaminant levels in C&D wood are comparable to co al and to wood and biomass. Fi rst, EPA allows groups of c ontaminants in the relevant tradi tional fuels to be co mpared to groups of c ontaminants in NHSM when making a contaminant com parison. Grouping sare suggested in table 8 of EPA’s December 2011 propo sed rule, but a party may use other technically reasonable approaches to groupings. 7 6 Fed. Reg. at 80477. We have chosen to group VOCs and SVOC together. According to EPA this grouping is technically reasonable because EPA groups vo lat ile hydrocarbons and semi- vo lat ile hydrocarbons when setting standards under the Clean Air Act. Id. We note that other than fo rmaldehyde, which, if not an artifact of the test method, 1 

### is likely in C&D wood from

resinated wood, these other hazardous ai r pollutants havebeen tested and found below or near detection limits (see Minnesota data). When the PAH levels in coal are grouped wi

th other VOCs and SVOC and com pared to the levels of

this contaminant grouping in C&D wood, as demonstrated in the attached Minnesota C&Ddata, the levels are comparable to coal. Second, based on process knowledge, we are aware of no sources of fo rmaldehyde in processed C&D wood other than the fo rmaldehyde found in clean cellulosic bio mass and resinated wood. 2

### T o the extent that fo rmaldehydeis present in processed C&D wood from resinated wood products, itis a VOC fro m non-waste mat erials because EPA has clearly asserted in the init ial rule and the revised rulethat resinated wood that is co mbusted isnot a waste and is proposing to co dify that determinat io n in 40 C.F.R. Part 241. See 76 Fed. Reg. at 80483 and proposed 40 C.F.R. 241.4(a)(2). In support of the fuel content value o f fo rmaldehyde, EPA has asserted,

1 These tests indicating formaldehy de in the range of 9.3 to 130 ppm in C&D wood were measured by EPA Method 8315a. This method applies a dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization technique. The DNPH solution is acidic and reactive and is suspected to create formaldehyde, especially from bound formaldehyde in cured resins and potentially creates formaldehy

de from wood sugars. Word, David, NCASI, personal communication to Karl Seltzer

– Koogler and Associates, Inc., September 2012. 2EPA agrees that combustors may rely on process knowledge wh en making contaminant comparisons. 76 Fed. Reg. at 80477.

### 3

Resinated wood is highly valued within the wood products industry for it s high fuel value relative to other wood fuels generated and burned at these facilities for energy recovery. Many facilities rely on mixing of these low moisture content wood materials with higher moisture materials. Resinated wood residuals are routinely transferred between either intraor inter-company facilities and used as either ‘‘furnish’’ (i.e., raw m aterials) or fuel at the receiving facilities. The material being transferred off -site is used and handled in the same manner that resinated wood residuals are used wh en generated on -s ite. In general, the motivation to use the resinated wood as a fuel, even with the slightly higher formaldehyde levels, predominates over the motivation to dispose of the formaldehyde. See American Petroleum Institute v. EPA, 216 F.3d 50, 58 (DC Cir. 2000) (in declaring reclaimed oily wastewater to be a waste, the EPA failed to explain wh y the discard motivation predominated the recycling motivation). Indeed, discard of the formaldehyde is a very distant second to the fuel product use of the resinated wood. C&D wood should be considered a mixture of wood that EPA has already determined to be a nonwaste, and wood for which that determinat io n is pending. Based on the contaminant analysis herein, EPA can determine that, for that component of C&D wood not already addressed by EPA’s nonwaste determinat io n fo r resinated wood, the contaminant levels are comparable to tradi tional wood and bio mass fuel and therefore C&D wood meets the contaminant comparison legit imacy criterion whether or not it is combusted in a bo iler that is designed to burn coal. Thi rd, f ormaldehyde is an organic co mpound that is readily vo lat ilized to become a VOC under standard tem

perature and pressure having a bo iling point at - 19 degree C. Tradit ional bio mass includes numerous fo rms of o rganic co mpounds in a so lid/liquid matrix that which can emit/vo lat ilize minor fract io ns of VOCs including fo rmaldehyde and other listed hazardous ai r pollutants under standard tem perature and pressure. By increasing tem

perature and/or the pressure, but not to the point of

c om bustion, tradi

tional bio mass can further release such VOCs in increasing fractions. Given the highly co mp lex nature of the organic com

pounds which com

prise tradi

tional wood, ident ificat io n of

the series of chemical reactions or lack of reaction f

or this process continues to generate extensive research. Wo od that is processed to create co nstruction lumber wood, whic h eventually beco me s C&D wood, must be dried. There is research indicat ing that virgin wood can generate significant amounts of VOCs through the drying process. EPA has data demonstrating that some tradit io nal virgin wood does have VOCs within the wood it self, prior to drying, and that this amount can be as high as 20,000 ppm. 3 

### In addit io n, there are am ple data on the emissio ns of VOCs fro m the process of drying construction lumber wood. For example, according to scient ist s f rom Oregon State University, drying ponderosa pine wood, dryers emit between 1.6 and 3.0 pounds of VOCs per thousand board feet (mbf) (3330 lb 4

### ) or 480 to 900 3 See EPA- HQ - RCRA- 2008 - 0329 - 1866(AF&PA data on organic contaminants in traditional fuel showing that Virginia pine can contain 2% turpentine, which is a VOC). Terpenes such as turpentine have the potential to form formaldehyde in the atmosphere. See Milota, Michael R., Emissions from Wood Drying, The science and the issues, Forest Products Journal, June 1, 2000, at 19, available at http://www.nrem.iastate.edu/class/assets/for486/ Readings/Emissions%20from%20Wood%20Drying.pdf . Thus, these VOCs can be grouped with formaldyde when considering contaminent levels. This approach is consistent with how EPA is proposing to address other potential presursors. See76 Fed. Reg. at 80480. 4AP - 42, Appendix A, 40 lb/ft3

– based on density of pine, (1 mbf = 83.3 ft3)

### 4

part per millio n mass basis, depending on the temperature of the dryer. 5

### The corresponding amount of measured VOC hazardous air pollutants (study includes methano l, f

ormaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and acro le in) fro m ponderosa pine wood dryers ranged from 0.0833 to 0.189 lb/mbf (25 to 57 ppm mass basis). Similar measurements show clean wood dryers generat ing 0.96 pounds per oven dried ton of methano l (i .e., 0.048 percent methanol per ton of dried wo od). 6

### These are VOC HAPs that are no longer available to be released fro m the kiln- dried l umber which is source material

f or construction wood and eventually C&D wood. Accordingly, EPA could concl ude that the VOC HAP levels in C&D wood are not in concentratio ns “not normally associated wi th virgin bio mass material,” making C&D wood clean cellulosic bio ma ss: a tradi tional f uel. See 40 C.F.R. 241.2.

5Milota and Mosher, Emissions of hazardous air pollutants from lumber drying, Forest Products Journal, July/August 2008, Vol. 58, No. 7/8, at 52. Available at http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/591021 - milota_mosher_emissions_study.pdf 6EPA, AP - 42, 5 thedition, Table 10.6.3 - 3, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/final/c10s0603.pdf

### III. C&D Wood Data(with coal data) Literary Sources 1 OAQPS Databases 1 Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal C&D Samples from Minn esota2 Compound Un its Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3 Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 7 0.17 0.59 0.36 0.58 (a) Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 7 1.95 65.7 23.17 6 1.44 (a) Beryl lium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 7 0.008 0.008 0.008 * Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 7 0.13 0.25 0.16 0.3 (a) Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 7 3.01 73.2 27.4 70.24 (a) Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 7 0.38 1.52 0.62 1.52 (c) Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 7 8.8 96.8 33.1 85.9 (b) Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 7 38.6 156 59.14 156 (c) Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 7 0.015 0.049 0.03 0.0 5 (a) Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 7 1.06 5.05 2.11 4.27 (b) Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 7 0.27 0.31 0.28 0.31 (c) Total Metals + ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066 .5 92.59 7 75.18 295.95 146.36 295.9 (c) Bromin e ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 6 7 6.14 7 (c) Chlorin e ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 7 90 130 102.14 125.6 (a) Fluorin e ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 7 5 25 16.57 25 (c) Total Halogens + ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 7 101 161 124.86 161 .9 (a) Formaldehyde ** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 9.3 110 31.3 76.1 (b) Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 12.05 15.2 13.8 15.47 (a) Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 0.52 0.7 0.65 0.741 (a) Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 80. 57 81.44 81.14 81.61 (a) Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 7 0.19 0.29 0.23 0.28 (a) Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 7 0.01 0.021 0.02 0.022 (a) HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 8033 8805 8487 8898 (a) 1 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011. 2Minnesota. Sampling Occurred Between 8/13/2012

– 8/17/2012 3UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant. Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level -Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level -Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Use d Nonparametric Statistics * -Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed ** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehy de (page s 2 -4 ) HHV

– High Heat Value + For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not totals across all samples. Thus, for example, t he total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not the summation of the values from separate sampling events.

### 6 Literary Sources 1 OAQPS Databases 1 Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal C&D Samples from Washington2 Compound Un its Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3 Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 10 0.6 16.6 4.47 11.3 (b) Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 10 3.6 26.2 10 .42 19.9 (a) Beryl lium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 10 0.03 0.17 0.088 0.2 (a) Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 10 0.18 0.51 0.31 0.4 (a) Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 10 5.51 46 16.27 34.6 (b) Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 10 0.67 1.63 1.16 1.7 (a) Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 10 3.8 26 10.60 20.1 (b) Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 10 54.6 127 74.66 104.4 (b) Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 10 0.019 0 .143 0.06 0.1 (a) Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 10 1.26 12.2 3.47 7.0 (b) Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 3 0.60 0.6 0.60 * Total Metals + ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066 .5 92.59 10 76.11 210.52 121.68 178.7 (a) Bromin e ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Chlorin e ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 10 179 1960 908.4 1725 (a) Fluorin e ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 4 37 47 43.25 ** Total Halogens + ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 10 179 2007 925.7 1 746 (a) Formaldehyde *** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 29.0 130.0 61.1 108.4 (b) Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 10 0.27 1.26 0.63 1.0 (a) Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 10 0.14 0.731 0.49 0.7 (a) HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 6820 7900 7271 7986 (a) 1 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011. 2Washington. Sampling Occurred Between 3/21/2012

– 4/3/2012 3UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant. Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level -Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level -Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics * -Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed ** -Data set is too small to compute reliable statistics and estimates *** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2 -4) HHV

– High Heat Value + For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not totals acrossall samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not the summation of the values from separate sampling events.

### 7 Literary Sources 1 OAQPS Databases 1 Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal C&D Samples from Massachusetts 2 Compound Un its Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3 Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 5 2 2 2.00 * Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 60 0.94 220 63.72 187.8 (b) Beryl lium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 5 0.2 0.2 0.2 * Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 30 0.39 0.41 0.4 0.4 (c) Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 60 0.49 240 69.38 179 (c) Cobalt (C o) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 5 0.78 0.8 0.79 0.8 (a) Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 60 2 280 43.75 129 (c) Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 5 31 80 57.8 91 (a) Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 60 0.07 0.58 0.1 0.08 (a) Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 5 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.99 (a) Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 5 0.78 1.0 0.87 1.0 (a) Total Metals + ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066 .5 92.59 60 8.01 466.4 182.4 460.3 (b) Bromin e ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Chlorin e ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 20 47 178 104.32 160.6 (a) Fluorin e ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 30 10 38 20.21 31.48 (b) Total Halogens + ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 30 13.3 194.6 89.75 175.2 (c) Formaldehyde ** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 9.12 31.9 18.2 25.31 (a) Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 0.49 1.5 0.76 1.062 (b) Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 30 0.08 0.21 0.11 0.16 (c) Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 30 0.14 0.19 0.17 0.18 (c) HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 5468 7713 6788.8 7483 (a) 1 EPA Letter

"Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011. 2Massachusetts. Sampling Occurred Between 4/2007

– 5/2007 3UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant. Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level -Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level -Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonp arametric Statistics * -Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed ** -See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehy de (pages 2 -4) HHV

– High Heat Value + For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not the summation of the values from separate sampling events.

### 8 Literary Sources 1 OAQPS Databases 1 Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal C&D Samples from New Y ork 2 Compound Un its Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3 Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 -- -- -- -- -- Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 137 0.10 110.06 11.94 31.64 (b) Beryl lium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 -- -- -- -- -- Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 78 0.00 1.77 0.23 0.523 (c) Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 139 0.20 127.01 23.47 58.44 (b) Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 -- -- -- -- -- Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 139 0.4 261.4 26.23 63.52 (b) Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 -- -- -- -- -- Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 61 0.00 5 0. 31 0. 09 0.2 4(c) Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 -- -- -- -- -- Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 -- -- -- -- -- Total Metals + ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098 330.9 ND 2066 .5 92.59 139 0.9 4 328 61.6 14 5 (b) Bromin e ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Chlorin e ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 138 145 9940 1097.7 1710(c) Fluorin e ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 8 38 659 283.63 584.9 (a) Total Halogens + ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 138 145 9940 1113 1720(c) Formaldehyde ** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 3.90 38.5 19.68 31.26 (b) Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 1.37 20 6.11 10.84 (b) Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 1 3.6 54.0 15.1 -- -- -- -- -- Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 139 0.02 0.288 0.10 0.191 (c) HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 6662.7 11699 8408.87 9213 (c) 1 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011. 2New York. Sampling Occurred Between 06/2002

– 05/2012. All values reported as Dry Basis. 3UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant. Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level -Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level -Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics * -Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed ** -See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2 -4) HHV

– High Heat Value + For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metal s will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not the summation of the values from separate sampling events.

### 9 Literary Sources 1 OAQPS Databases 1 Wood and Biomass Wood and B iomass Coal C&D Samples from Maine2 Compound Un its Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3 Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 -- -- -- -- -- Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 22 1.2 70.0 19.94 53.86 (b) Beryl lium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 -- -- -- -- -- Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 15 2.0 311.0 82.13 352.4 (b) Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 -- -- -- -- -- Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 35 2.0 451.0 126.8 312.4 (c) Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 -- -- -- -- -- Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 14 0.04 0.27 0.14 0.31 (b) Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 -- -- -- -- -- Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 15 0.4 1.3 0.76 1.11 (a) Total Metals + ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066 .5 92.59 35 13.76 597 174.9 426.9 (b) Bromin e ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Chlorin e ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 -- -- -- -- -- Fluorin e ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 -- -- -- -- -- Total Halogens ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 -- -- -- -- -- Formaldehyde ** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 -- -- -- -- -- Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 -- -- -- -- -- HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011. 2Maine. Sampling Occurred Between 2001

– 2008. 3UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribu tion that best fit the data for the contaminant. Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level -Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level -Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics * -Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed ** -See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2 -4) HHV

– High Heat Value + For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not the summation of the values from separate sampling events.

### 10 Literary Source s 1 OAQPS Databases 1 Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal Compilation of C&D All Datasets 2 Compound Un its Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3 Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 22 0.17 16.6 2.6 6.942 (b) Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 236 0.10 220 26.12 67.06 (b) Beryl lium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 22 0.008 0.2 0.088 0.2 (c) Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 125 0.00 1.773 0.27 0.401 (c) Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 231 0.20 311 39.01 99.97 (b) Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 22 0.38 1.63 0.9 1.527 (b) Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 251 0.4 451 44.01 103.1 (b) Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 22 31.0 156 65.89 103.6 (b) Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 152 0.00 5 0.58 0. 09 0. 182(c) Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 22 0.98 12.2 2.47 4.789 (c) Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 30 0.27 1.3 0.65 1.0 (a) Total Metals + ppm 7.9 1912 ND 170 98.1 330.9 ND 2066 .5 92.59 251 0.9 4 597.0 111.0 278.2(b) Bromin e ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 6 7 6.14 7 (c) Chlorin e ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 175 47 9940 993 1640(c) Fluorin e ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 49 5 659 64.58 212.8 (c) Total Halogens + ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 184 13.3 9940 889 1 600(c) Formaldehyde ** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 9.3 130.0 48.84 107.4 Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 3.9 38.5 19.2 29.7 (b) Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 0.49 20 4.99 10.22 (c) Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 80.57 81.44 81.14 81.61 (a) Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 47 0.08 1.26 0.24 0.644 (c) Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 186 0.01 0.731 0.13 0.2 02 (c) HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 187 5468 11699 8091 9167 (c) 1 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011. 2Minnesota. Sampling Occurred Between 8/13/2012

– 8/17/2012; Washington. Sam pling Occurred Between 3/21/2012

– 4/3/2012; Massachusetts. Sampling Occurred Between 4/2007

– 5/2007; New York. Sampling Occurred Between 06/2002

– 05/2012; Maine. Sampling Occurred Between 2001

– 2008. 3UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant. Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level -Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level -Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics * -Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed ** -See above discussion of volatile organics f rom clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2 -4) HHV

– High Heat Value + For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not the summation of the values from separate sampling events.