This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A16-0396

In re the Marriage of: Christopher Hutchenson Owen, petitioner,

Appellant,

vs.

Angela Dawn Owen,

Respondent.

Filed November 21, 2016

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded

Hooten, Judge

St. Louis County District Court

File No. 69DU-FA-14-676

Bill L. Thompson, Law Office of Bill L. Thompson, Duluth, Minnesota (for appellant)

Angela Owen, Duluth, Minnesota (pro se respondent)

Considered and decided by Worke, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and Hooten, 

Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

HOOTEN, Judge

In this marital dissolution dispute, appellant husband argues that the district court 

abused its discretion by inequitably dividing the marital debts and assets, awarding 

respondent wife temporary spousal maintenance, and failing to recalculate child support 

after awarding respondent spousal maintenance. Because the district court acted within its 
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discretion in distributing the marital debts and assets, we affirm in part. However, because 

the district court made insufficient findings regarding spousal maintenance, we reverse and 

remand the spousal maintenance award.

FACTS

Appellant Christopher Hutchenson Owen and respondent Angela Dawn Owen 

married in 2006. During their marriage, the parties had two children, both of whom were 

minors at the time of dissolution. In July 2014, appellant petitioned for dissolution of the 

parties’ marriage. In June 2015, a child support hearing was held before a child support 

magistrate (CSM), and the CSM filed an order addressing the issues of child support, 

daycare reimbursement, and medical support. On July 2, 2015, the district court held a 

dissolution trial on the marital property division and spousal maintenance. The district 

court filed partial findings of fact, conclusions of law, order for judgment, and judgment 

and decree, which determined custody and parenting time in accordance with the parties’ 

agreement. The district court subsequently filed a second partial findings of fact, 

conclusions of law, order for judgment, and judgment and decree, which resolved the 

disputed issues that were addressed at trial, namely, the marital property division and 

spousal maintenance.

Appellant moved to amend the second partial judgment and decree or, in the 

alternative, for a new trial, challenging the district court’s division of the marital property, 

award of spousal maintenance, and failure to recalculate child support after awarding 

respondent temporary spousal maintenance. The district court denied appellant’s motion. 

This appeal followed. 
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D E C I S I O N

I.

Appellant challenges the district court’s division of the marital debt and marital

property. Upon dissolution, “the [district] court shall make a just and equitable division of 

the marital property of the parties.” Minn. Stat. § 518.58, subd. 1 (2014). When dividing 

property, the district court “shall” consider many factors, including the age, health, 

occupation, income, employability, liabilities, and needs of each party and the length of the 

marriage. Id. 

“District courts have broad discretion over the division of marital property and 

appellate courts will not alter a district court’s property division absent a clear abuse of 

discretion or an erroneous application of the law.” Sirek v. Sirek, 693 N.W.2d 896, 898 

(Minn. App. 2005). This court gives deference to the district court’s findings of fact and 

will not set them aside unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. In dividing marital debts, the 

district court follows the same principles as it follows when dividing marital property. 

Dahlberg v. Dahlberg, 358 N.W.2d 76, 80 (Minn. App. 1984). 

Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion in dividing the parties’ 

student loan debts and tax refund and in ordering that the parties refile one of their tax 

returns. The district court found that respondent incurred $32,354.62 in student loans 

during the parties’ marriage. Regarding appellant’s student loans, the district court noted 

that the only information it had received was appellant’s testimony that he believed the 

amount remaining on his student loans was $6,000 or $7,000. In making its decision

regarding the division of the parties’ marital debt, the district court noted that it found 
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credible respondent’s testimony that the grants she received were sufficient to cover her 

tuition and books, but she took out student loans to pay living expenses for the entire 

family. The district court found that appellant “clearly benefited from the use of 

[r]espondent’s student loans.” In contrast, the district court noted respondent’s testimony

that none of appellant’s student loans were used for family living expenses. The district 

court ordered that appellant and respondent each be responsible for half, or $16,176.31, of 

respondent’s student loan debt.1 The district court did not order that respondent be 

responsible for any portion of appellant’s student loan debt. 

The parties filed their 2013 tax returns jointly and received a federal tax refund of 

approximately $6,800. Appellant testified that the state retained a portion of the federal 

refund and the net amount of the refund was approximately $4,500. The district court 

found that appellant used the tax refund received by the parties to pay some of the costs of 

opening his business and that respondent received no portion of the 2013 tax refund. 

Although the parties were still married, appellant filed his 2014 tax return as married, filing 

separately, claiming both of the parties’ children as dependents. The district court did not 

award respondent any portion of appellant’s business, but ordered that appellant reimburse 

respondent $1,000 from the 2013 tax refund. Additionally, the district court ordered that 

the parties refile their 2014 tax returns with each party claiming one child as a dependent, 

 

1 The district court made a minor clerical error in ordering that each party be responsible 

for $16,176.31 of respondent’s student loan debt. Half of $32,354.62 is $16,177.31, not 

$16,176.31. The district court is free to correct this mistake on remand. See Minn. R. Civ. 

P. 60.01 (permitting district court to correct clerical mistakes in judgments and orders)
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explaining that the recalculated tax return was intended to compensate respondent for 

certain personal property retained by appellant. 

Given the district court’s broad discretion over the division of marital debt and 

property, we cannot say that the district court’s property division was a clear abuse of 

discretion. The district court’s order reflects that it took into account the parties’ income, 

needs, employability, and contribution to the acquisition of marital assets, as well as the 

assets retained by appellant, in making its property division decision. Additionally, the 

district court found, and took into account, that appellant “drastically increased his earning 

capacity by starting his own business” shortly before serving respondent with the petition 

for dissolution. Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the district court clearly 

abused its discretion in dividing the parties’ marital debts and assets. 

II.

Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by awarding respondent 

temporary spousal maintenance. In awarding spousal maintenance, the district court must 

consider all relevant factors, including the financial resources of the party seeking 

maintenance, the time necessary for the requesting party to acquire sufficient education to 

become self-supporting, the contribution of both parties to the preservation of marital 

property, and the ability of the spouse from whom maintenance is sought to meet needs 

while meeting those of the requesting spouse. Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2 (2014). “In 

essence, the district court balances the recipient’s needs against the obligor’s ability to 

pay.” Maiers v. Maiers, 775 N.W.2d 666, 668 (Minn. App. 2009). “[T]he district court is 

not required to make specific findings on every statutory factor if the findings that were 
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made reflect that the district court adequately considered the relevant statutory factors.” 

Peterka v. Peterka, 675 N.W.2d 353, 360 (Minn. App. 2004). We review a district court’s 

determination of the proper amount and duration of a spousal maintenance award for an 

abuse of discretion. Id. 

At trial, appellant’s attorney stated that “the [district] court is well aware that . . . 

the financial issues concerning the parties were addressed by [the CSM]. The parties have 

agreed to use that information.” The CSM found that appellant’s gross monthly income 

was $1,909. The CSM imputed income to respondent and determined that her gross 

monthly potential income was $1,732. The CSM found that respondent’s monthly living 

expenses were $1,200. The CSM found that appellant’s monthly living expenses were 

$2,200 “for him and the parties’ joint children, when in his household.” 

While the district court adopted the CSM’s gross income figures, it determined that 

respondent’s reasonable monthly expenses were $1,791, despite the CSM’s finding that 

respondent’s monthly living expenses were $1,200. The district court made no finding 

regarding appellant’s reasonable monthly living expenses. Additionally, the district court 

made no findings regarding either of the parties’ net incomes. 

Despite the lack of findings as to appellant’s monthly expenses, the district court 

found that appellant had sufficient income to meet his monthly expenses, stating that “[h]e 

drastically increased his earning capacity by starting his own business shortly before he 

served [r]espondent with the [dissolution petition.]” The district court then concluded that 

appellant had the ability to meet his own needs while providing a modest amount of 
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temporary spousal maintenance to respondent and ordered that appellant pay respondent 

$300 a month for 18 months as temporary spousal maintenance. 

Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion in awarding spousal 

maintenance to respondent. Conducting effective appellate review of a district court’s 

exercise of its discretion in awarding spousal maintenance “is possible only when the 

[district] court has issued sufficiently detailed findings of fact to demonstrate its 

consideration of all factors relevant to an award of permanent spousal maintenance.” Stich 

v. Stich, 435 N.W.2d 52, 53 (Minn. 1989). While Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 2, provides 

factors to be considered in setting the amount and duration of a spousal maintenance award, 

no one factor is dispositive and the issue is essentially the obligee’s need balanced against 

the obligor’s financial condition. Erlandson v. Erlandson, 318 N.W.2d 36, 39–40 (Minn. 

1982). Without findings as to the expenses of the parties, a reviewing court is unable to 

evaluate a maintenance award. Cummings v. Cummings, 376 N.W.2d 726, 731 (Minn. 

App. 1985). “Remand for additional findings is appropriate when the district court fails to 

make adequate findings.” Hemmingsen v. Hemmingsen, 767 N.W.2d 711, 718 (Minn. App. 

2009), review granted (Minn. Sept. 29, 2009) and appeal dismissed (Minn. Feb. 1, 2010). 

Appellant contends that the district court therefore abused its discretion in awarding 

respondent temporary spousal maintenance because it failed to make findings regarding 

his monthly living expenses. Because the district court did not explicitly make any findings 

regarding appellant’s monthly expenses, the issue becomes whether the parties stipulated 

to the CSM’s finding of appellant’s monthly expenses. 
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The parties’ stipulation regarding the use of the CSM’s findings seems broad 

enough to encompass not only the CSM’s findings as to the parties’ incomes, but also the 

CSM’s findings as to the parties’ monthly living expenses. The district court, however, 

treated the stipulation as applying only to the parties’ income, not to the parties’ monthly 

living expenses, as the district court found that respondent’s reasonable monthly living 

expenses were $1,791, while the CSM determined that her monthly living expenses were 

$1,200. Additionally, in its order denying appellant’s motion for amended findings or a 

new trial, the district court stated that “[t]he parties stipulated to using the incomes 

attributed to each of them in the child support order.” Due to the fact that the district court 

treated the parties’ stipulation as applying only to the CSM’s findings regarding the parties’ 

income, we cannot treat the CSM’s finding regarding appellant’s monthly expenses as the 

district court’s implied finding of appellant’s expenses. And, because the district court 

failed to make a finding as to appellant’s monthly expenses, we are unable to evaluate 

appellant’s ability to pay a spousal maintenance award. See Stich, 435 N.W.2d at 53 

(remanding maintenance award where district court made findings regarding parties’ 

income but failed to make findings as to their expenses or obligor’s ability to provide 

maintenance); Cummings, 376 N.W.2d at 731 (stating that without findings as to parties’ 

expenses “it is impossible to review whether [the spousal maintenance recipient] meets the 

standards set forth in [section 518.552]”). 

Additionally, we are unable to review the district court’s spousal maintenance award 

because the district court failed to make findings regarding the parties’ net incomes. In 

determining whether a spouse has the ability to pay spousal maintenance, “the [district] 
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court must make a determination of the payor spouse’s net or take-home pay.” Kostelnik 

v. Kostelnik, 367 N.W.2d 665, 670 (Minn. App. 1985), review denied (Minn. July 26, 

1985). The CSM made no findings as to the parties’ net incomes, and the district court 

failed to make any such findings. Taking into account appellant’s income tax liability 

could significantly affect the amount of his income available for maintenance purposes. 

As a result of the district court’s failure to make these findings, we are unable to determine 

whether appellant has the ability to pay a spousal maintenance award. 

Because the district court failed to make findings as to appellant’s monthly expenses 

or the parties’ net incomes, we reverse the district court’s spousal maintenance award and 

remand for additional findings. We leave to the discretion of the district court the decision 

of whether to reopen the record on remand. Because we are reversing and remanding the

spousal maintenance award, we need not address appellant’s argument regarding whether 

the district court abused its discretion in failing to recalculate child support after awarding 

respondent temporary spousal maintenance.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.