# Data of

# Geochemistry

Sixth Edition

Chapter F. 

# Chemical Composition of 

# Subsurface 

# Waters

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 440-F

+JrW/M^

# \rt$?

# %<mm/ ^°^ V^o
# Dataof

# Geochemistry
Sixth Edition

MICHAEL FLEISCHER, Technical 

# Editor 

# Chapter F. 

# Chemical Composition of 

# Sub surface 

# Waters

By

# DONALD E. 

# WHITE, 

# JOHN D. 

# HEM, and G. A.

# WARING



# GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL 

# PAPER 440-F

Tabulation

# anddiscussion 

# ofchemicalanalyses .



# manypreviously unpublished, representing


# subsurface 

# waters

# frommanygeologic 

# environments', 

# with descriptions 

# ofthe 

# sources 

# ofthe

# waters



# UNITED STATES 

# GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 

# WASHINGTON

: 

# 1963

# UNITED STATES 

# DEPARTMENT OF 

# THE INTERIOR 

# STEWART L. 

# UDALL, Secretary


# GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Thomas B. 

# Nolan, Director



# REPRINTED
1964

For sale

# bythe

## Superintendent of

# Documents, U.S. 

# Government PrintingOffice 

# Washington, D.C., 

## 20402

- 

## Price 

## 50 cents

# DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY, SIXTH 

# EDITION

Michael Fleischer, 

## Technical 

## Editor


## The first 

### edition of 

### the 

## Data of 

## Geochemistry, 

## by F. 

# W. Clarke, 

## was published in 

## 1908 as 

### U.S. 

## Geological 

## Survey Bulletin 330. 

## Later editions, 

### also 

## by Clarke, 

## were published in 

### 1911, 

### 1916, 1920, 

## and 1924 as Bulletins 

### 491, 616, 

### 695, 

## and 770. 

### This, 

## the sixth edition, 

## has 

## been written

## by several scientists 

### in 

### the 

## Geological 

## Survey 

## and in 

### other institutions 

### in 

### the 

## United States 

## and abroad, 

## each preparing 

## a chapter 

## on his 

### special field. 

# The current edition is 

## being published in 

### individual chapters, titles 

### of 

## which are listed 

### below. 

## Chapters already 

### published are 

### indicated 

## by boldface. 

# Chapter A. 

# The chemical 

## elements B. 

## Cosmochemistry C. Internal 

### structure

## and composition of 

### the 

### earth 

## D. Composition of 

### the earth's 

### crust 

### E. 

## Chemistry of 

### the 

## atmosphere
F. 

## Chemical composition of 

## subsurface waters, 

# by Donald E. 

## White, 

## John D. 

# Hem, and G. A. 

## Waring G. 

## Chemical composition of rivers 

## and lakes, 

## by Daniel A. 

## Livingstone 

## H. Chemistry of 

### the 

## oceans

I. 

## Geochemistry of 

### the biosphere

J. 

## Chemistry of 

## rock-formingminerals 

## K. Volcanic 

## emanations, 

## byDonald E. 

## White 

## and G. A. 

## Waring
L. 

## Phase equilibrium relations of 

### the

# common rock-forming oxides 

## except 

## water 

# M. Phase equilibrium relations of 

### the 

# common rock-forming oxides 

## with 

## water 

## and (or) 

## carbon dioxide 

## N. Chemistry of 

### igneous rocks O. 

## Chemistry of 

## rock 

## weathering 

## and soils 

### P. 

## Chemistry of 

### bauxites 

## and laterites 

### Q. 

## Chemistry of 

### nickel silicate 

### deposits 

## R. 

## Chemistry of

## manganese oxides
S. 

## Chemicalcompositionof

## sandstones

# —excluding

## carbonate

## andvolcanic 

### sands,

# byF. J. 

### Petti

### John 

### T. Nondetrital siliceous 

## sediments, 

## by Earle R. 

## Cressman U. 

## Chemical composition of 

### shales 

## and related 

### rocks 

### V. 

## Chemistry of 

## carbonate rocks 

# W. Chemistry of 

### iron-rich 

### rocks 

## X. Chemistry of 

### phosphorites 

## Y. 

## Marine evaporites, 

## byFrederick

## H. Stewart
Z. 

## Continental evaporites 

## AA. Chemistry of 

### coal 

## BB. Chemistry of 

## petroleum, natural gas, 

## and miscellaneous 

## carbonaceous substances 

## CC. Chemistry of

## metamorphic rocks 

# DD. Abundance and distribution of 

### the 

## chemical 

## elements 

## and their 

### isotopes 

## EE. Geochemistry of 

### ore 

### deposits 

## FF. Physical 

## chemistry of sulfide 

## systems 

# GG. The natural radioactive 

## elements 

# HH. Geochronology

II. 

## Temperatures of 

### geologic 

### processes JJ. 

## Composition of fluid 

### inclusions 

## in

# Digitized 

# by the Internet

# Archive

in 

# 2012 with 

# funding 

# from 

# LYRASIS 

# Members and Sloan Foundation

http://archive.org/details/dataofgeochemistOOwhit

# CONTENTS

Page 

### Abstract.

- 

## Fl Introduction 1 

### Objectives 1 

## Genetic classification 

### of 

### subsurface 

## waters 1 

## Other aspects 

### 2 

## Chemistry of 

### individual constituents 

### 3 Silica. 

### 3 

## Iron 

## 3 Calcium, bicarbonate, 

### carbonate, 

## and

# pH 3 

## Magnesium

. 

## 4 Varieties of 

### ionic 

### species 

## 4 Source 

## and selection 

### of 

### tabulated 

## data 4 Units 

## and terminology 5 

## Waters of 

## low mineral content associated 

## with 

## com- 

# mon rock types 5 

## Waters 

## from igneous terranes 

### 5 Granite, rhyolite, 

## and similar 

## rock types 5 

## Gabbro, basalt, 

## and ultramafic 

### rocks 6 

### Andesite, diorite, 

## and syenite 

### 6 

## Waters 

## from sedimentary terranes 

### 6 

## Sandstone, arkose, 

## and graywacke 6 Siltstone, clay, 

## and shale 

### 6 

## Limestone 7 

## Dolomite 7 

## Miscellaneous 

## sedimentary rocks 

### 7 Page



## Source 

## and selection 

### of 

## tabulated 

## data

# —Continued 

## Waters of 

## low mineral 

## content associated 

## with 

## com- 

# mon rock types

# —Continued 

## Waters 

## from

## metamorphic terranes 

# F8 Quartzite 

### 8 

## Marble. 8 Slate, schist, 

## and gneiss 

### 8 

## Waters 

## fromunconsolidated 

## sand

## and gravel 

## 8 

## Waters that

# may be, in 

### part, 

## connate 9 Oil-field

## waters 

## 9 Spring 

## waters similar in 

## composition to oil-field 

## waters 9 

## Waters that

# may be, 

### in part, 

## magmatic 10 

## Waters that

# may be, in part, 

## metamorphic 11 

## Other special 

## groups 11 

## Thermal waters associated 

## with epithermal 

## mineral deposits 11 

## Nonthermal saline

## and acid 

## mine waters 12 

## Other

## nonthermal acid 

## mineral 

## waters 12 Springs 

## with large 

### spring deposits 

## 12 

## Thermal meteoric 

## waters of 

## deep circulation 

### 13 

## Waters of salt 

### deposits 

### 13 

## References cited 

## 59 

## Index 65



# TABLES

Tables 1-11. 

## Chemical analyses of 

## ground waters: Page

1. 

# From granite, rhyolite, 

## and similar 

## rock types 

## F14

2. 

# From gabbro, basalt, 

## and ultramafic 

## rock types 16
3. 

# From andesite, diorite, 

## and syenite 

## 17
4. 

# From sandstone, arkose, 

## and graywacke 18
5. 

# From siltstone, 

### clay, 

## and shale 

## 20
6. 

# From limestone 

## 22
7. 

# Fromdolomite 

## 23
8. 

# From miscellaneous 

## sedimentary rocks 

## 24
9. 

# From quartzite

## andmarble 25
10. 

# From slate, 

### schist, 

### gneiss, 

## and miscellaneous

## metamorphic rocks 

## 26
11. 

# From unconsolidated 

## sand

## and gravel 

## 28



## v

### VI 

# CONTENTS

Tables 12-27. 

## Chemical analyses of 

### subsurface 

## waters 

## from specialized 

## environments :



# Pf

12. Oil-field

## and gas-field

## waters 

## dominated

## by sodium chloride 

## F30
13. Oil-field 

## waters 

## and other 

### deep-well brines 

## high in 

## sodium

## and calcium chlorides 

## 32 14. 

## Waters high in 

### sulfate 

## and bicarbonate associated

## with oil fields 

## 34 15. 

## Spring

## waters similar in 

## composition to oil-field

### brines of 

### the 

## sodium chloride 

## type 

## 36 16. 

## Springwaters similar 

### to oil-field 

### brines of 

### the 

## sodium calcium chloride 

## type 

## 38 17. 

## Thermal waters 

## from geyser areas in 

### volcanic 

## environments 

## 40
18. 

## Thermal sodium chloride 

## bicarbonate 

## waters 

## fromnongeyser areas 

### associated

## withvolcanism 

## 42
19. 

## Acid sulf

### ate-chloride 

### springs in 

### volcanic 

## environments 

## and crater 

### lakes 

## 44 20. 

## Acid sulfate 

### spring

## waters associated

## withvolcanism 

## 46 21. 

## Thermal bicarbonate sulfate 

## waters in 

### volcanic 

## environments 

## 47 22. 

## Spring

## waters high in 

## sodiumbicarbonate 

## andboron 

## 48 23 .



## Thermal waters closely 

### associated

## with epithermal 

## mineral deposits 

## 50 24. 

## Nonthermal saline

## and acid

## waters 

## frommines 

## and fromacid-forming areas 

## 52 25. 

## Springwaters depositing travertine 

## 54 26. 

## Thermal waters that are

## probably entirely 

### meteoric in 

### origin 

## 55 27. 

## Waters associated

## with salt 

### deposits 

## and miscellaneous 

## waters of 

## high salinity 

## 56 28. 

## Chemical analyses of 

### gases 

## accompanying or related 

### to 

## waters of 

### tables 

### 12 to 

## 27 

## 58 29. 

## Approximate

## median ratios 

## and contents of 

### analyses in 

### tables 

### 12 to 26, 

## compared to 

## ocean

## water 

## 59

# DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY



# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS

ByDonald E. 

# White, 

# John D. 

# Hem, and G. A. 

# Waring

ABSTRACT
Chemical analyses, 

### including 

# many previously 

### unpublished, of 

## about 300 subsurface 

## waters 

## from

# many different 

### geological 

## environments 

## throughout the 

## world are 

### tabulated, 

## and descrip- 

### tions of 

### the sources of 

### the 

## waters are given. 

## Analyses of 

### the dilute 

## ground waters are 

## arranged according to 

### the types of 

### rocks in 

## which they occur; 

### the 

## composition of 

### the 

## waters is 

### affected 

## by 

# many other factors, 

### geological, 

### climatic, 

### chemical, 

## and biological. 

## Analyses of 

### other 

## types of 

### waters, 

## such as 

### various 

## types of 

## thermal waters 

## and brines, 

### are 

## grouped in 

## a genetic classification. 

# The compositions of 

### the 

## waters are dis- 

### cussed, 

## with special 

## emphasis 

## on 

## median values of 

### ratios 

### of 

### various constituents as 

## a guide to 

### the recognition of different 

### genetic 

## types of 

### waters. 

# INTRODUCTION
This report is 

# concerned 

# with the 

## chemical 

# composition 

## of 

## waters of 

## different 

## origin 

## that 

## occur 

# below the 

## landsurface in

## different

## geologic

## environments. 

# Ground water, as 

## usually 

## denned, is 

## the 

## part of 

## the 

## subsurface 

# waterthat is 

## in

## the

# zone of

## saturation. 

# Somewateroccurs also in 

## the 

# zone of 

## aeration

# between the earth's 

## surface 

# and the 

# zone of 

## saturation 

# and is, 

## in 

## part, in 

## transit 

## to 

## the 

# ground-water body. 

# Other water, 

# commonly not considered as 

# ground water, 

## occurs in 

## disconnected fluid 

## inclusions in 

## rocks 

# and within 

## mineral grains, 

# and

is 

## considered separately in 

# another chapter. 

# H2 

## or 

# OH ions 

## occur also in 

## the crystal lattices 

## of 

# hydrous minerals, 

# and in 

## solution in

# magma. Most of 

## the 

# data of this 

## report are 

# concerned with the 

# common types ordinarily 

## considered as 

# ground
waters. 

# A few special 

## types of 

## waters 

# formed at 

## the surface, 

## at least 

## in 

## part 

# from subsurface 

# emanations in 

## volcanic

# and hot spring

## environments, are

## appropriately considered 

## here 

# with waters entirely of 

## subsurface origin. 

# OBJECTIVES
Clarke (1924b, p. 

## 181-217) 

# was concerned primarily 

# withmineral waters; this is 

## a loose

# but useful 

# term for
all 

# waters that differ 

## appreciably in 

# composition or 

## concentration 

# from the 

# common potable types. 

# His classification 

# was primarily 

# by chemical type, 

# and he 

# grouped together 

# waters of 

## obviously 

# very different

origins. 

# This chapterdeals

# with the characteristics ofdifferent 

## types of 

## subsurface 

# water 

# but does 

# not 

# attempt to 

## consider all 

## types of 

## subsurface water. 

# Many gradations exist 

# fromvery dilute 

## waters, differing little 

# from atmospheric precipitation, to 

## mineral 

# waters of 

# many chemical types. 

## In the first 

## part of this 

## paper, 

## the relatively dilute 

## waters in 

## contact 

# with different 

## kinds of 

## rocks are 

## considered in 

## the 

# hope that tentative criteria 

# can 

# be developed for identification 

## of 

# some meteoric 

# ground waters of 

## the 

# most simple histories. 

## In the 

# second part, 

# many groups of 

## mineral 

# waters of different 

## geologic 

# environment, chemical type, 

# and probable origin 

## are 

## considered. 

# In table 29, 

# median ratios 

## of 

# some important 

# components are 

# shown for 

## 14 

## types of 

## mineral waters, as 

## well as 

## the

# median content, in 

## parts 

## per million 

## (ppm), of total 

## reported constituents, 

# Si02
, 

# and total 

# combined nitrogen (calculated as

# NH4). 

# The choice of 

## analyses


# was guided 

# by principles 

## other 

# than those of rigid statistical 

## treatment;

# many analyses differ 

## greatly

# from the 

# median values of 

## the type. 

# These differences 

# maybe caused

# bynormal variations in 

## a genetic type, 

# by analytical errors, 

# and 

# by failure 

## to 

## recognize dif- 

## ferences in 

## genesis in 

## waters included in 

## a single table. 

# Themedian values, 

# however, are 

## believed to 

## constitute potential criteria 

## for 

## recognizing 

## waters of 

## different 

## genetic 

## types; 

# they 

# have been published previously 

# with only slight 

## differences 

# by White (1960, p. 

## 452). 

# The specific 

# numbers in 

## table 

## 29 are 

# probably not significant, 

# but the 

## order of 

# magnitude of 

# each 

# abundance ratio is 

## believed to

# be significant 

## for

# most waters of 

# each type. 

# GENETIC CLASSIFICATION

# OF

# SUBSURFACE

# WATBBS
Ground waters 

# can be classified 

# by genesis, 

# by type of 

## associated rock, 

# by physical 

# and chemical characteristics, 

## or 

# by use. 

# A genetic classification is 

## for 

# many purposes the 

# most desirable, 

# but specific 

# and

Fl

# F2 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

applicable criteria 

## are essential 

# and can 

# be developed only slowly

# andwith 

# thorough testing. 

# A tentative 

## genetic classification is 

# shown below, correlated

# with the tables 

## that give 

## probable examples. 

# A genetic classification 

## has

# many possibilities 

## of 

## error 

# and incorrect interpretation, 

# but each table 

## contains analyses of

## waters 

# from a specific 

## geologic 

# environment

or of 

## a chemical 

## type that is 

## significant 

# even if 

## the genetic correlation 

## proves incorrect. 

# Most of 

## the 

## suggested

# examples of

# nonmeteoricwaters are

# probably slightly 

## to 

## greatly diluted

# withmeteoric water.


# A. Juvenile 

## waters (not 

## previously 

## involved 

# with at- 

# mospheric circulation ;

# nogood criteria 

## are

# known
for 

## distinguishing

# them from

# B-5 waters).

1. 

# Magmatic water (some diluted 

## waters given in 

## tables 

## 17 to 21).
2. 

# Other juvenile 

## waters?


# B. Recycled or resurgent 

## waters (previously 

## involved 

# with atmospheric circulation).
1. 

# Meteoric waters.

a. 

## Precipitation 

# and surface 

## water. (See 

## chapters

# E and G.) b. 

## Soil 

# water (few 

## quantitative 

## data; see text).

c. 

# Most near-surface 

# ground water (tables 1 

## to 11, 

## 26, 

# and 

# some analyses of 

## table 27).
2. 

# Ocean water directly 

## invading aquifers 

## (no detailed 

## analyses of

# proved examples).
3. 

# Connate or fossil 

## waters.

a. 

# Waters of 

# marine origin 

## (most analyses of tables 

## 12 to 16; 

## analysis 7, 

# and possibly 

## analyses 

## 8 

# and 11, 

## of 

## table 27). b. 

# Nonmarine types (analyses 1 

# and 2 of 

## table 

## 27; possibly analysis 

## 5 of 

## table 

## 15 

# and analysis 3 of 

## table 16). 

### 4. 

# Metamorphic waters.

a. 

# Water high in 

# C02 

# and boron (?) 

# (Some analyses of 

## tables 

## 22 

# and 23?). b. 

# Other types that

# may exist.
5. 

# Magmatic waters (no 

# good criteria 

## are 

# known
for 

## distinguishing 

# them from 

# A-l waters; 

# many diluted

## waters given in 

## tables 

## 17 to 21). 

# The arrangement of 

## analyses in 

## tables 1 

## to 11 

## does 

# not 

# imply that 

## chemical 

## composition of 

## the 

## rocks is 

## the 

## only decisive 

## factor in 

## determining composition of 

## the 

## meteoric 

# ground waters. 

# Climate obviously affects 

## rate of 

## chemical 

# weathering 

# and degree of dilution of 

## the soluble 

## products. 

# Micro-organisms 

# and plants influence 

## the 

## composition of 

# ground water, as 

# do

# man's activities. 

# Most of 

## the 

## analyses 

## given in 

## the first 

## 11 tables 

## represent 

## unpolluted 

# water 

# from temperate climates, 

## ranging 

# from 

# humid to arid. 

# Some of 

## the 

# more highly mineralized 

## waters given in 

## these tables 

# probably contain small 

# amounts of saline 

# nonmeteoric

waters. 

# OTHER ASPECTS 

# Many physical 

# and chemical properties of 

# water are 

# reviewed 

# by Hutchinson (1957, p. 

## 195-220); isotopic 

# data published 

# through 1955 also 

## are 

# reviewed 

# by Hutchinson, 

# and recent isotopic 

# data are 

# planned for 

## chapter

# DD of

# Data of 

# Geochemistry. 

# Amajor part of 

## the 

# water of 

# underground reservoirs 

## passes 

# through the soil 

# on its 

# way to 

## the 

# water table. 

# On the 

## other

# hand, 

# muchmeteoric

# waterpenetrates 

## the 

# ground directly 

# from surface 

## streams, particularly in 

## desert 

## areas 

# where recharge 

# from streams is 

## the principal

# means. 

# Manyof 

## the processes 

## involved in

# weathering of 

## rocks 

# and the 

## formation of soil 

# produce soluble 

## mineral matter. 

# The physical characteristics 

## of soil 

# water 

# have been studied 

## (Terzaghi 

# and Baver, 1942,
p. 

## 331-384; 

## Baver, 1956), 

# but almost 

# no quantitative 

# data are 

## available 

# on compositions of 

## moisture in 

## the


# zone of 

# weathering

# and soil 

## formation. 

## Plants synthesize 

## organic 

# compounds from water 

# and

# C0 2 

## obtained largely 

# from the 

# atmosphere 

# and give off

# C02 

## during respiration. 

# Decomposition of 

## organic matter, in 

# major part 

# by micro-organisms, also 

## provides 

# much 

# C02 

## in 

## the soil 

## zone. 

# Boynton and Reuther (1938,
p. 

## 37-42) 

# found that 

## the 

# C02 

## content of soil 

## gases 

## increased 

# downward in 

## the soil 

## zone; as 

# much as 

## 15 

## percent of

# C02

# was found in 

## the total 

## gases. 

# According
to

# Thome and Peterson (1954, p. 

### 22), 

## 2 to 

## 10 liters 

## of 

# C02 

## per 

## square

# meter of 

## surface 

## per

# day is 

# produced in soil 

# where plants are 

# growing vigorously. 

# These 

# amounts of

# C0 2 if 

## dissolved in 

# water 

# and available for 

## reaction 

# would account for 

## 550 to 

## 2,750

# ppm of

# HC0 3 

## in 

# water passing 

# through the soil 

# zone at 

## a rate of 

## 10 liters 

## per 

## square 

# meter of 

## surface 

## per 

# day and reacting 

# with rocks to 

# form soluble 

## bicarbonates. 

# In contrast, 

## meteoric 

# water in 

## equilibrium 

## with the

# C02 

## pressure of 

## the 

# atmosphere can contain 

## only 60 to 

## 100 

# ppm of 

# HC0 3 

## (Hutchinson, 1957, p. 

## 654-670). 

# Many, if 

# not most, 

# ground waters contain 

# more than 100 

# ppm of 

# HC03 ; 

# much 

# C02 

# has apparently 

# gone into 

## solution in 

## the soil 

## zone, 

## lowering the

# pH of soil 

## solutions 

# and increasing 

## chemical activity. 

# Zonn (1945, p. 

## 197-199) 

# has studied 

## the relation of 

# ground water quality to soil 

## type, 

# and 

# Maksimovich (1949, p. 

## 26-32; 1950, p. 

## 75-85) 

## has 

# attempted to 

## relate 

## composition of 

# ground water to 

## composition of soil 

## moisture in soils 

## of different 

## types. 

## Similar investigations 

# seem not to 

# have been 

# made outside of 

## the 

## U.S.S.R. 

# Themovement of 

# water 

# from the 

## land surface to 

## the 

# main 

# body of 

# ground water is 

## simple in 

## concept 

# but complicated in detail (see 

## Meinzer, 1942, p. 

## 397-412).

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F3
CHEMISTRY OF INDIVIDUAL 

# CONSTITUENTS
The writers believe 

## that 

## a detailed 

## discussion of 

## the 

## chemistry of 

## individual 

## constituents is 

## not 

# needed here. 

# In 

# any event, 

## because research in 

## the 

## general field 

## of 

# water chemistry 

# has 

# been increasing in 

## recent years, 

# new knowledge of 

## the field 

# would soon 

# make such a discussion obsolete. 

# Some of 

## the results 

## of 

## recent researchrelating to 

## the

# chemistryof 

## certain

## constituents

are briefly 

## outlined here. 

## Additional 

## information 

# on these 

# and other constituents 

# can

# be found in 

## discussions 

# by Hutchinson (1957, p. 

## 541-902) 

# and 

# Hem (1959a,

p. 

## 35-149). 

## SILICA



## In 

# former years the silicon 

## dissolved in 

## natural 

# water


# was generally 

## considered to 

# be "colloidal silica" 

# and the practice of 

## reporting the 

# element in 

# terms of 

# Si02 

## in 

# water analyses 

## has persisted. 

# Recent research 

# on the state of silicon 

### in 

## solution 

# and its 

## chemical 

## behavior has given a basis of 

# understanding not formerly available. 

# Krauskopf (1956) 

## suggested that silica 

## in 

# most natural 

# water occurs as 

## dispersed silicic-acid 

## molecules 

# and should

# be assigned 

## the 

# formula

# H4

# Si04 . 

# The solubility of 

# amorphous silica 

# was found 

# by Alexander (1957) to 

## increase as 

## the particle size 

## of 

## the
silica 

## decreased. 

# He reported a

# minimum solubility of 

## 91

# ppm for silica 

### in

# massive

# form as

# Si02 

## at 

## 25°C. 

# The value 

## given 

# by Greenberg 

# and Price (1957) for 

## solubility 

## of 

# amorphous silica is 

## 108 

# ppm at 

## 25°C. 

# A similar 

## value is 

## given 

# by Okamoto, Okura, 

# and 

# Goto (1957); 

# andWhite, 

# Brannock, 

# and

# Murata (1956) 

# found


# an equilibrium 

## value of 

# about 110 

# ppm in high-silica 

## hot-spring 

## waters stored for sufficient 

## time at 

# 25°C These investigators 

# found that the solubility 

## increased rapidly

## with increasing

# pHabove about

# pH 9.0 

# because
of 

## the dissociation of 

## the acid. 

# The first 

## dissociation 

## constant for 

# H^SiO^ 

# was given

# by Greenberg 

# and Price (1957) as 

## 10~9

-77

. 

### Silica 

## also 

# becomes 

# more soluble 

## at 

## temperatures

# above 25°C. 

# Van Lier, 

## de 

# Bruyn, 

# and Overbeek (1960) 

## reported that as 

# much as 

# about 11 

# ppm quartz 

# was soluble in 

# water at 

# 25°C and that saturation

# was attained slowly. 

# The rate of silica 

## solution also

# was studied

# byO'Connor and Greenberg (1958) 

# and reported to 

# be proportional
to 

## the surface 

## area of solid 

## exposed. 

# The silicic 

## acid 

## present in 

## quantities 

# above equilib

# rium values in 

## highly siliceous 

## waters, 

# such as 

## those 

## represented in 

## table 17, 

# was found

# byWhite, 

# Brannock, 

# and

# Murata (1956) to

## polymerizeslowlyto

## yield colloidal 

## suspensions of silica. 

# The rate of 

## polymerization is 

## influenced

# bypH, temperature, degree of 

## supersaturation, 

# and presence of 

## previously 

# formed colloidal 

## or crystalline silica. 

# IRON



# The form 

# and 

# amount of 

## iron in 

## solution in 

# ground water at 

## chemical equilibrium is 

## controlled 

# by the 

## nature of 

## the iron 

## minerals present, 

## the

# pH and redox potential 

## (Eh), 

# and the activity of 

## other ions in 

## the solution. 

## Graphical representation of 

## these variables 

# bymeans of 

# Eh-pH, or stability-field, 

# diagrams clearly 

# shows the interrelationships. 

# Such diagrams also 

## are useful in 

## studies of 

## the 

## chemistry of 

# many other 

## elements that 

# may occur in 

## solution. 

# The stabilityfield 

# diagram 

# was extensively 

# developed 

# and utilized 

# by Pourbaix (1949) in his 

## studies of 

## corrosion, 

# and has 

# been extensively 

## applied in 

# geochemistry 

# by Garrels (1960). 

# Many of 

## the 

# water analyses in 

## tables 1 

## to 

## 27 report iron 

## concentrations of 1 

# ppm or 

## more. In 

# almost all 

## these 

## waters the iron 

# must be present in 

## the ferrous 

## form. 

# For an 

# amount this 

## great to 

# be retained in 

## solution, 

# however, a

# pH well 

# below 7.0 

## or 

## a 

# low redox potential is 

## required. 

# The latter 

# commonly occurs in 

# ground-water bodies that are 

## not in 

## contact 

# with air. 

# Whengroundwatercontainingferrous iron is

# exposed to air, 

# oxygen raises 

## the

# Eh of 

## the solution 

# and the iron is 

## oxidized to 

## the ferric 

# form 

# and precipitated. 

# The solubility of ferric 

## iron 

## exceeds 1.0

# ppm only at 

## a

# pH below 3.8 

# and at 

## a 

## high

# Eh. 

# The solubilities 

# and rates of 

## oxidation of 

## iron 

## are affected 

# by complexing with organic

# andinorganicions

# and

# byother factors. 

## Studies 

# by 

# Hem (1959b; 

## 1960a; 

## 1960b; 1961) discuss 

## these factors in detail. 

# The rate of 

## oxidation of 

## ferrous iron in 

## aerated 

# water has 

# been studied

# by

# Stumm and Lee (1960; 

## 1961). 

# CALCIUM, 

# BICARBONATE, 

# CARBONATE,

# ANDpH Chemical equilibria 

## involving solid 

## carbonate 

# minerals, 

# anddissolved

## calcium, 

## hydrogen, 

# and bicarbonate

or 

## carbonate ions 

## are 

# very 

# important controls 

## over the 

## concentration of 

## calcium in

# groundwater. 

# The system involving calcite

# maybe simplyrepresented 

# CaC03

# +H+

# ^HC0 3

## - 1

# +Ca+2

.



### If 

## a gas 

# phase is 

## present, 

## the acitvities 

## of 

# H+1 

# and 

# HC0 3

### -1

# may also 

# be controlled

# by the partial 

## pressure of 

# carbon dioxide. 

# Some of 

## the 

# carbon dioxide 

# combines 

## with

# water to 

# form carbonic acid, 

# which is 

## partly dissociated in 

## solution. 

# Hutchinson (1957, p. 

# 653-690) has discussed 

# carbon dioxide-bicarbonate equilibria, 

## in


# some detail. 

## In

# mostgroundwaters

# nogas

# phase is

## present. 

# However, 

# some dissolved 

# carbon dioxide 

# and related species



## are 

## present. 

# The reactions 

# among water, dissolved materials, 

# and solid 

## minerals control 

## the 

# hydrogen-ion activity. 

# An important source of 

## dissolved 

# carbon

# F4 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

dioxide is 

## the air 

### in soil 

## pores, 

# which is 

## often 

## strongly 

## enriched in 

# carbon dioxide. 

## In 

# some ground waters, 

# however, a volcanic or 

# metamorphic source of 

# carbon dioxide

# maybe important (White, 1957b, p. 

## 1670-1671, 1678); 

## Orfanidi (1957) also

## has

# noted the possibility 

## for 

# metamorphic 

# C0 2 

## in 

## certain 

## waters of 

## the 

## Caucasus. 

# Carbon dioxide 

# may also 

# be 

# produced at 

# depth 

# by biochemical reduction of sulfate. 

# Hydrogen ions also 

## are available in 

## small quantities 

# by dissociation of 

# water itself. 

# When pure 

# water is 

## equilibrated 

# with calcite 

## at 

## 25°C, 

## the

# pH of 

## the solu

## tion is 

## raised to 

## a 

## value 

# between 9.9 

# and 10 (Garrels, 

## 1960, p. 

### 50), 

# and the 

## calcium content is 

# about 5 

# ppm.
If 

# water is 

### first 

## allowed to 

## dissolve 

# carbon dioxide 

# by
contact 

# with air 

# and then is 

## equilibrated 

# with calcite 

## in 

## the 

## absence of 

## a gas phase, 

## Garrels (1960, p. 

## 57) 

## has calculated 

## that 

## the final 

## calcium content in 

## solution
will

# beonly

# about 5.6

# ppm. Rainwater

# movingdirectly


## to 

## the 

# ground-water reservoir 

# with 

# no opportunity for 

## further 

# enrichment in 

## dissolved 

# carbon dioxide is 

## thus 

## only 

## a little

# more effective 

## as 

## a solvent for calcite 

# than

is 

# pure water. 

# A graphical 

## representation of 

## calcium, 

## bicarbonate, 

# and 

# pH relationships in 

## solutions at 

# equihbrium with calcite 

## has 

# been published 

# by

# Hem (1960c). 

# Weyl (1958) 

# concluded that

# under

# normal conditions 

## the solution of calcite 

## occurs rapidly 

# enough so 

## that 

# water in 

## limestone 

# below the 

# water table is 

# always saturated

# with calcite. 

# The reverse reaction, 

## precipitation 

## of calcite, is 

## considerably slower. 

# A condition of 

## equilibrium should, 

# however, exist 

## in 

# most ground
water. Field 

# data that 

# might be used to 

## evaluate equilibria in 

# ground water are difficult 

## to 

## obtain. 

# Determinations of 

# pH and perhaps of 

## bicarbonate 

# must be

# made in 

## the field

# when samples are collected,

if 

# they are to 

## represent 

## accurately 

## the conditions in 

## the aquifer. 

## Practically

# no data of this 

## type are available. 

# Analyses in 

## table 

## 6 

## represent 

## the usual 

## laboratory 

## determinations 

# made after 

## the 

# samples 

# had been stored for 

## several 

# days or

## weeks. 

# The hydrogen-ion activity of 

# ground water is 

### in- 

# volved in

# many other 

## chemical equilibria 

## besides 

## those of

## carbon' 

## dioxide

# andcarbonates. 

# In

# extremeexamples,

as 

## those in 

## tables 

## 19 

# and 20, 

## the 

# water 

# may become stronglyacid

# bysolution of

## gases 

# suchas

# S0 3 

## or

# HC1. 

# MAGNESIUM Thereactions 

## involved in

## solution of

# magnesiumfrom carbonate minerals are similar to 

## those for 

## solution of calcite. 

# However, as 

## Garrels, 

# Thompson, and Siever (1960) 

# have noted, 

## the precipitation of 

# magnesium carbonate or 

## dolomite 

# from solution is 

## extremely slow 

# and equilibrium conditions

# withrespect to

# magnesite or 

## dolomite 

# probably are 

# not to 

# be expected at 

# low temperature 

# and pressure. 

# Some of 

## the analyses in



## table 7 

# show the 

# approximately equivalent 

# amount of 

# magnesium and calcium to 

# be expected at 

## saturation 

# with dolomite. 

# Some precipitation of 

## calcium car- 

# bonate 

# from such solutions, 

# however, appears to 

## occur 

# and leads to 

## a considerable excess of 

# magnesium over calcium in 

## solution. 

# VARIETIES 

# OF TONIC 

# SPECIES 

# The actual 

# forms in

# which

# some ions 

## occur in

# ground water are still 

## incompletely 

# known. 

# The importance of 

## ion-pairs 

## or 

# complexes 

# undoubtedly increases as 

## the total 

## content of 

## dissolved 

## material increases. 

# The degree of 

## dissociation of 

## dissolved 

# carbon dioxide 

# and the resulting ionic 

## species is 

## well 

## recognized to 

# be a function of 

# pH, but the relationship of 

## other anions
to

# pH is 

# not always recognized. 

# Below a

# pH of 2, 

## for 

## example, sulfuric 

## acid is 

## only partly dissociated 

# and 

# HS0 4

### _1

## needs to

# beconsidered. 

# The chemistry of 

# major constituents of 

# water is 

# much better 

# understood 

# than is 

## the 

## chemistry of

# minor constituents. 

# As a 

# matter of fact, 

## the literature 

## contains 

## almost 

# no information 

# on the 

# minor-element content of 

## the 

# more dilute 

# ground waters. 

# Although the large 

# number of 

# water analyses in 

## existence 

## suggests 

## that there is 

### scientific 

# and orderly precision in 

## the 

# study of 

## chemistry of 

## natural water, actually 

# much research is 

# needed before 

## the field 

# can 

# be considered as

## well 

## explored. 

# SOURCE

# AND SELECTION

# OF

# TABULATED

# DATA The analyses in this 

## chapter 

# were obtained 

# from published reports 

# and from unpublished 

# data in 

## the
files 

## of 

## the 

## U.S. Geological 

## Survey. Effort 

## has 

# been

# made to 

## achieve 

## a 

# wide geographic distribution of 

## analyses, 

# but because 

# many more waters 

# have been analyzed in 

# some countries 

# than in 

## others, 

## the distribution is 

## necessarily 

## uneven. 

# Thousands of 

## mineral 

## waters 

# and tens of 

# thousands of 

## "potable" 

# ground waters 

# have b.een 

## analyzed; selection


# was made, in 

## part, 

## for 

## geographic distribution, 

# but in 

# major part 

# was based 

# on geologic 

# environment, the 

# number of 

# components that 

# were determined, 

# and the 

# apparent accuracy of 

## the entire 

## analysis to 

## the limited 

## degree that quality 

# can 

# be judged. 

# Components of 

## special interest 

## that 

# commonly are 

## not 

# determined are 

# K, Li, 

# NH4

, 

## F, Br, I, 

# N0 3
, 

# and 

# B (White, 1957b, p. 

## 1661, 1666). 

# Most of 

## these 

# components are 

# not 

# determined in 

## dilute 

# ground waters 

# but are 

## present in 

# minor yet 

## determinable quantities in 

# many mineral waters. 

# They are 

## highly soluble in 

# most chemical 

## environments, 

# and the 

## quantity of 

# each 

# component that is 

## present in 

## a natural 

# water is 

## deter

# mined 

# by the history of 

## the 

# water 

# and the available

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F5

supply of 

## the 

# component. 

# Many mineral 

## waters 

# havebeen analyzed for

# one or

# two of 

## these 

# components, 

# but 

# few have been analyzed for 

# most or all 

## of 

# them. 

# Components such as 

## the alkaline-earth 

## elements 

# and the 

# heavy metals are of 

## considerable interest, 

# but the quantities 

## present are 

# much more likely 

## to 

# be determined

# by solubility in 

## the particular

# water rather 

# than 

# by available 

## supply. 

# Water samples obtained 

# from wells

# may contain small 

# amounts of 

## metals, 

## such

as zinc, 

## copper, or iron, 

## dissolved 

# from

# pump parts of 

# plumbing. Analyses suspected of 

## being affected 

# by
this 

## type of 

# contamination

# were rejected, 

# but the effect 

# may not 

# be entirely 

## absent 

# from the 

## tabulated data. 

# A large 

## proportion of 

## analyses are 

## not 

# accompanied 

# by satisfactory 

## data 

# on geologic 

# environment of 

## the
waters. 

# Manyanalyses of

## mineralwaters are

## published in 

## chemical or balneological 

## journals 

# without 

# accompanying geological 

## data, 

# but effort 

# was 

# made to 

## deter

# mine the geological 

# environments of 

## the 

# samples 

# whose analyses 

# were selected. 

# In tables 1 

## to 11, 

## analyses of 

## waters 

# from each rock 

## type are 

## given 

## numerically in 

## order of 

## increasing 

## dissolved 

## matter, because, in 

## general, 

## the dilute 

## waters

are less 

## likely 

## to 

# be affected 

# by contamination with saline 

## waters of 

# nonmeteoric origin. 

## In tables 

## 12 to 27, 

## analyses are 

# arranged geographically.


# UNITS 

# AND 

# TERMINOLOGY
Virtually all 

## the analytical 

# data are 

## reported in 

## the 

# standard 

# form of 

## the 

## U.S. Geological 

## Survey. 

# Concentrations of 

# components in 

## the 

## waters 

# have been reported in 

## various publications in 

## a 

# wide variety of 

# forms 

# and chemical combinations; in this 

## chapter all


## are 

## expressed as 

## parts 

## per million, 

# which for 

## waters of 

## or

## nearunit 

## density are also 

## equivalent to

## milligrams 

## per liter. 

## Constituents that are 

## present largely 

## or entirely in 

## dissociated 

# form are 

## reported also 

## as 

## equivalents 

## per million 

## (epm, or 

## milligram equivalents 

## per kilogram) 

# computed from parts 

## per million 

# and combining weights of 

## the ions. 

# Some elements, 

# such as Si, 

## B, As, P, 

# and Al, 

# have been reported in 

## several different 

## ionic 

# and molecular species 

# by different 

## analysts. 

# These are 

# uniformly reported here as 

# Si02
, 

## B, As, 

# P04
, 

# and Al; 

## equivalents 

## per million 

## are 

# not calculated for 

## these 

# components

or for

# Fe and 

# some other metals, 

## except in 

## acid 

## waters. Sulfide is

## reported as

# H2

### S, 

## except for

## a

# very

# fewanalyses 

# where both

# H2

# S and 

# HS" 1 

# were originally 

## reported or 

# where the 

# water is 

# very alkaline 

# and sulfide 

## ion is 

# probably 

# dominant. 

# A minor element that 

## has 

# been determined in

## onlya

# fewanalyses of

## a table is

# not

# shown in

## the 

## tabulated

# data

# but is

# mentionedin

## the

## explanation of 

## the table. 

## Specific 

# conductance is 

## expressed as 

# micromhos at 

## a 

# standard 

# temperature of 

## 25° C. 

# A mho is 

## a unit

of electrical 

# conductance 

# and is 

## the reciprocal of 

# ohm. "Specific" 

## here implies 

## the 

# conductance of 

## a 

# 1-cm cube of 

## the solution; 

## the ability of 

## a 

# water to 

# conduct electricity is

## increasedas 

## the

## concentrationof

## dissociated ions increases, 

# but there is 

# no simple relationship 

# between specific 

# conductance 

# and dissolved solids 

## in 

## parts 

## per milli

## on- 

# Uranium is 

## reported in

# micrograms per liter 

### (or

## parts

## per 

# thousand million in

## waters of 

## unit density) 

# and radioactivity is 

## reported in 

# micromicrocuries 

## per liter 

### (curies

# X 10" 12

## per 1). 

# In

# somepublished analyses, 

## as

# manyas six

## significant figures

# havebeenreported. 

# These

# havebeen arbitrarily 

# rounded in 

## the following 

# way: less 

# than 1 

# ppm, 1 

## or 

## 2 significant figures; 1 

## to 

## 99 

# ppm, 2 significant figures; 

# and over 100 

# ppm, 3 significant figures. 

## All 

## values for 

## equivalents 

## per million 

## are 

## reported to 

# comparably sig

## nificant figures 

# but are 

# not reported for

# more than 

# two decimal places. 

# Some published analyses 

# show precise 

## chemical balance of 

## anions

# and cations; 

# presumablyone 

# component (generally

# Na) has 

# been calculated 

# by dif- 

## ference. 

# The equivalents 

## per million 

## reported here as significant 

## figures 

## generally

# do notbalance exactly. 

# Rates of

## discharge of 

## springs are 

## statedin

## U.S. gallons 

## per

# minute (gpm). 

# One

# gpm equals 

## 0.83311 

# Imp. gal

## lons 

## per

## minute, 3.7854 liters 

## per

## minute, 

# and 0.002228 cubic feet 

## per second. Stratigraphic 

# nomenclature used is 

## that of 

## the 

# published

# andunpublished sources 

# and does

# not necessarily 

# conform to 

## that of 

## the 

## U.S. Geological 

## Survey. 

# WATERS OF 

# LOW MINERAL CONTENT ASSOCIATED 

# WITH 

# COMMONROCK TYPES The analyses of 

## tables 1 

## to 11 

# were selected 

# from about 1,200 analyses. 

# Most of 

## the

# watersamples

# would be consideredpotable, 

# withdissolved

# matterof less 

# than 1,000 

# ppm. These dilute 

## waters 

# were selected 

## largely 

# fromenvironments in

# which the

## waters

# were

# most likely


## to 

# be atmospheric precipitation 

## that 

# was then influ- 

# enced primarily 

# by reactions 

# with the 

## rocks in 

# which they are 

# found (including 

## associated soil 

## zones). 

## Dilute 

## waters are relatively 

## scarce in 

# some rocks, 

## particularly in 

## fine-grained 

# sedimentary rocks 

# such as siltstones

# and shales. 

## (See table 5.) 

# Most sedimentary rocks 

# were deposited in 

## a saline 

# environment; extensive flushing 

## or 

## displacement is 

## necessary to 

# remove the 

## highly soluble 

# matter retained 

# from such 

# an environ

# ment. 

# However, 

# most of 

## the 

## rocks that are 

## highly 

## productive sources of 

# ground water 

# were deposited in 

# nonmarine environments. 

# WATERS

# FROM IGNEOUS 

# TERRANES
GRANITE, 

### BHYOLTTE,

## AND SIMHAB

## BOCK TYPES
Silicic 

## igneous rocks generally yield 

## only small 

## supplies 

## of 

## water, 

## except

# where extensively 

## jointed 

## orbrec-

# F6 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

ciated. 

## Nevertheless, these 

## rocks are utilized 

## in

# many

areas 

# where better 

## sources are lacking. 

# Ground waters 

# from silicic 

## igneous rocks (table 1) 

## generally are relatively 

# low in 

## mineral content. 

# The dominant ions are 

## generally

# Na+ 

# and

# HC03

### ~; 

# Si02 

### is 

## generally 

# very high for 

## cold dilute 

## waters 

# and fluoride
is 

## relatively 

## high. 

## Calcium, 

# magnesium, 

# and

# pH are generally relatively

# low (table 1) .



# Such characteristics 

## should 

# be expected of 

## meteoric 

## waters in 

## contact 

# with silicic 

## igneous rocks, 

# which consist 

# dominantly of 

## chemically resistant 

## quartz 

# and sodiumandpotassium feldspars. 

# The anomalously

# low indicated ratios of 

# potassium to 

# sodium relative 

## to 

## the ratios in 

## other 

## igneous rocks are surprising, 

# because this 

# group is

# normallyhigh in

## potassium. 

# The rocks of this 

# group are also 

## relatively

## high in 

## lithium

# andboron, 

# but these 

# two elements 

# have seldom been determined in 

## dilute 

## waters. 

# In table 1, 

## the sulfate of 

## analysis 14, 

## the chloride of 

## analyses 11, 13, 

# and 15, 

# and probably the fluoride 

## of 

## analyses 13 

# and 14 are all

## high

# andrequire special 

## expla

## nations 

## that are 

## not

# made here.
GABBEO, BASALT, 

## AND ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS 

# Although

# most igneous rocks 

# do not yield 

## large 

# quantities 

## of 

# ground water, 

# some favorably situated 

# permeable basalts yield 

# enormous quantities. 

# The source rocks of 

## the 

## waters of 

## analyses in 

## table 

## 2 consist 

# dominantly of 

## ferromagnesian minerals, 

# with or 

# without calcic 

## plagioclase. 

## All 

## these 

## minerals are less 

## stable 

# and 

# more subject to 

## chemical attack 

# than the 

## minerals of silicic 

## rocks. 

# As expected, 

## the 

## waters of 

## the 

# group generally 

# have high ratios of 

# Ca/Na and

# Mg/Ca; the

# magnesium content of 

## peridotite 

# and serpentine is 

## particularly high, 

# and the

# magnesium content of 

## waters 

# fromgabbro 

# and basalt is

## nearly

# alwayshigher 

# than in

## waters 

# from silicic 

## igneous rocks. 

# Althoughmaficrocks 

## contain little 

## or

# no quartz 

# andare 

## lower in 

## total silica 

# than felsic 

## rocks, 

## the 

## chemical instability 

## of 

## the 

## minerals 

## accounts for rela- 

## tively

## high content of 

# Si02 

## in 

## associated waters. 

# Most of 

## the 

## waters are 

# low in fluoride; 

## although 

# no data are available, 

## further

# study

# mayshow that these

## waters are 

## generally

# lowin

## lithium

# andperhaps in

# boronrelative 

## to 

## waters of silicic 

## igneous rocks. 

# Table 2 

# shows that 

# where 

# pH and probably 

# Eh (oxidation potential) 

## are 

## low, iron 

# and 

# manganese are relatively

## high (analyses 1 

# and 2)

. 

# The high sulfate 

## of 

## analysis 2 

## suggests 

## oxidation of sulfides 

## or sulfate 

# from


# some external source;

# much of 

## the chloride of 

## the

## waters of 

## analyses 10, 15, 

# and 16

# maybe

# from external sources.
ANDESITE, DIORITE, 

## AND SYENITE 

# Thewaters given in 

## table 

## 3 are associated

# with rocks that are, 

## in 

## general, 

## intermediate 

# between granite 

# and basalt in 

## composition. 

# Many of 

## the ratios 

# and contents, 

# however, are

## not

# between the

# medians for

## granite 

# and basalt, 

# probably because of 

## the 

## small 

# number of 

# samples 

# and lack of rigid statistical 

## control 

# andperhaps also 

## because 

# minor analytical errors 

# can influence 

## the ratios 

## strongly

# when the 

## waters are 

# very dilute. 

# The high sulfate 

## content of 

## analysis 

## 3 suggests sulfate 

# from

# some external source. 

# WATERS

# FROM SEDIMENTARYTERRANES SANDSTONE, ARKOSE, 

## AND GRAYWACKE 

# Sandstone beds are 

# widespread 

# and are 

# important aquifers 

# throughout the world. 

# Rocks of this 

# group range in 

## chemical 

## composition 

# from almost 

# pure silica 

## to 

## rocks that are 

# very similar 

## chemically to granite, 

## andesite, 

# and basalt. 

# The lithologic 

## characters 

# and chemical compositions of 

## the rocks associated 

# with waters given in 

## table 

## 4 

# have not 

# been described suffi- 

## ciently to 

# warrant further subdivision. 

# The ratios 

## of 

# Ca/Na, 

# K/Na, 

# HC0 3

### /C1, 

# and 

# S04

## /C1

are

# commonlya little 

## higher 

# than for

# most waters 

# from igneous rocks, 

# but the 

## content of 

# Si02 

### is 

## generally less. 

# Ground waters containing 

# more than 1,000 

# ppm dissolved 

# matter are relatively 

# common in 

## sandstone, especially 

## at 

## depths of

# more than several 

# hundred feet. 

# Manywaters 

# from sandstones contain dissolved

# matter clearly 

## not derived 

# from the clastic 

## grains of 

## the enclosing rocks, for 

## example, the 

# very high fluoride 

## content (2 

## to 

## 9 

# ppm) 

# commonly reported in 

## waters 

# from the 

# Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of 

# North 

# Dakota and South Dakota. 

# Afewwaters

# fromsandstonecontain

## notable

# amounts of 

## iron 

# and are 

# probably 

# low in 

# Eh; 

# some of 

## these 

## waters also 

## contain appreciable

# manganese.
SLtTSTONE, ciay, 

## and shaie
Siltstone, clay, 

# and shale 

## are fine 

## grained and, 

## except for 

## the 

# more brittle 

## jointed varieties, 

## are 

# very 

# low in 

## permeability. 

# They are 

# poor sources of 

## water, 

# but 

# most are in 

## areas

# where

# moreproductive sources are

# not available. 

# The bulk of 

## the fine-grained 

## sediments of 

## the 

# world


# were deposited in saline 

## environments. Soluble 

# components are likely 

## to 

# be retained as 

# adsorbed ions 

# on clay 

## minerals or in interstitial 

## saline 

# water that 

# was
never completely 

# removed 

# by flushing 

## because of 

# low permeability of 

## the rocks. 

# One of 

## the 

## outstanding characteristics of this 

# group (table 5) is 

## the scarcity of 

## waters 

# with reported 

# sums of less 

# than 1,000 

# ppm. 

# The less 

## mineralized 

## waters in 

## table 5 

## are 

## generally relatively 

# low in 

## the ratios of 

# Ca/Na, HCO3/CI, 

# and F/Cl; the ratio 

## of

# Mg/Ca is 

## relatively 

## high. 

# Manymarine shales 

# and

# muds are 

## high in

# boron

# and iodine 

## (White, 1957b, p. 

## 1668, 

## 1671; 

# Degens 

# and others, 

## 1957) ; 

# nonmarine shales 

# appear to 

# be 

# low in

# boron 

# and

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F7

are 

# probably also 

# low in 

## iodine; 

# more attention 

## should 

# be given to 

## these 

# minor elements in 

## waters of 

# low mineral content, 

## because these 

# minor elements 

# may
reflect 

## differences in 

## the 

# environments of 

## deposition of 

## the 

# sedimentary rocks. 

# Many of 

## the

# more saline 

## waters given in 

## table 5 

## are 

## high in 

## chloride, 

# which is 

# probably residual 

# from the depositional 

# environment. 

# The low sulfate 

## content of 

## analyses 13 to 

## 15 is

# probablyrelated to 

## organic 

## content 

# andreducing 

# environment in 

## the rocks. 

# The relatively 

## highbicarbonate 

## content of 

## these 

## waters

# maybe

# due to 

## sulfate-reducing 

## bacteria 

## that 

# have utilized 

## the 

# oxygen of sulfate to 

## oxidize 

# some of 

## the 

## organic carbon. 

# Experimental studies 

# by Foster (1950) suggest, 

# however, that the

## presence of sulfate is

## not a

## necessarycondition ;



## she suggests 

## that the 

## high 

# sodium content

# may be 

# due
to 

## ion 

# exchange of 

## calcium 

# with 

# sodium from clay 

## material 

# and that 

# carbonaceous material is 

## the 

## source of

# C02 

## for 

## the 

## waters of 

# veryhigh

## bicarbonate content. 

# Other waters are relatively 

## high in sulfate, 

# some are acid 

# and contain 

# moderatelyhigh 

# amounts of 

## iron 

# and 

# aluminum (analyses 2 

# and 18); 

## these characteristics



## are 

# probably related to 

## oxidation of 

## pyrite in 

## organic shales. 

# Other waters are 

## nearly neutral 

# but contain 

## notable quantities of 

## iron 

# and 

# manganese (analyses 5, 

### 11, 

# and 16), 

# probably because of 

# moderately reducing environments. 

# Although 

# commonly ascribed to pollution, 

## the 

## high nitrate 

## content of 

# some waters 

# from shale 

## (analyses 3, 8, 9, 

## and, especially, 

## 10) 

# may also 

## result 

# from oxidation of

# NEU in 

## organic 

# matter 

# and in 

# exchange positions in 

## clay 

## minerals in 

# sediments rich in 

## organic 

## matter.

LIMESTONE 

# Most limestones are dense, 

# hard rocks that 

## carry 

# water only in 

## fractures; 

# some limestones, 

# however, contain 

## large 

## solution 

## channels 

# and are 

## highly productive. 

# Perhaps the 

# most productive limestones, 

# however, are 

# porous reef 

## structures or 

## other 

# accumulations of shells 

# where original 

## porosity 

## has 

# commonly been increased 

# by solution. 

## In addition to 

# CaC0 3 ,

# many limestones also 

## contain silica, 

## clay minerals, 

## dolomite, 

## anhydrite, or 

# gypsum. All 

## the analyses of 

## table 6 

# demonstrate the influence of 

# someother

## mineralsin

## additiontocalcite. 

# Dolomite, per

# haps as 

## a

# minorcomponent, has

# undoubtedly influenced 

## the 

## composition of 

## the 

# water of 

## analysis 9, 

## and, to 

## a lesser 

## extent, 

# many of 

## the others. 

# The water of 

## analysis 

## 14 

# seems to 

## contain dissolved

# gypsum or 

## anhydrite. 

# The quantity of 

## alkaline-earth 

# carbonate minerals that 

# can 

# be dissolved 

# by ground water is 

## controlled 

# by the 

# abundance of

# C02 

# and 

# by carbonate equilibria. 

## See reports 

# by Hutchinson (1957, p. 

# 653-690) 

# and Garrels (1960, p. 

## 43-60) for 

## recent discussions 

## that 

# can be applied to 

# many ground-water problems. 

# The

amounts of 

# calcium 

# and bicarbonate 

# and the 

# pH values 

## suggest 

## that all 

## waters given in 

## table 6 

# had

sources of 

# C02 

## capable of 

## supplying larger 

# amounts than the 

# atmosphere. 

# The partial 

## pressure of

# C02 

## in 

## the 

# atmosphere is 

## 0.00033 

## (Hutchinson, 1957, p. 

## 654-655). 

# Other sources of 

# C0 2 

## for 

# ground waters

are 

## organic activity in 

## the soil 

# zone 

# and igneous or 

# metamorphic processes at

# depth (White, 1957a; 1957b). 

# Many waters 

# from limestone contain 

# more nitrate 

# than is 

## characteristic 

## of 

## waters 

# from igneous rocks. 

# Although local 

## pollution is 

## a possible 

## source of 

# some of 

## the nitrate, 

## the oxidation of 

## minerals or 

## other 

## substances 

## containing

# ammonia should also 

# be considered. 

# Another possibility is 

## that

# NH4

# mayhave been a 

# component of 

# some of 

## the 

## waters 

# when collected, 

# but 

# became oxidized 

# and 

# was determined as nitrate.



## SOLOMITE 

# Dolomite is 

## generally similar 

## to 

## limestone in its 

## water-bearing properties. 

# Some types of 

## dolomite are 

## highly 

# permeable 

# and are 

## economically 

# important

sources of 

## water. 

# The weight ratio of 

# magnesium to 

## calcium in 

# pure dolomite is 

## 0.61 (ratio 

## of 

## equivalents, 1.0). 

# Meteoric 

# water that 

## has 

# been in 

## contact 

## only

# withpure dolomite should 

# have these ratios if 

## the 

## dolomite dissolved 

## nonselectively

# and if

# no calcite 

## has 

# been precipitated.

, 

# The ratio 

## of

# Mg/Ca in 

## 3 of 

## the 6 

## analyses in 

## table 

## 7
is 

# very close 

## to 0.61; 

## the ratio 

## of 

## analysis 

## 2 is 

## low, 

# and the ratios of 

## analyses 3 

# and 5 

## are high. 

# Some other 

# high-magnesium mineral 

# may be present, 

## or 

# some 

# CaC0 3

# mayhavebeenprecipitated

# fromthe

# twowaters 

# havinghigh ratios. 

# The water 

# from Fort 

# Recovery, 

# Ohio (analysis 6), 

## contains 

# very high sulfate 

# and relatively 

## high 

# magnesium. 

# The origin of 

## the sulfate is 

# not clear.



## MISCELLANEOUS 

## SEDIMENTARYROCKS 

# Table 8 

## contains analyses of 

## waters 

# from

# some of 

## the
less 

# common types of 

# sedimentary rocks. 

## In general, 

## the 

# major chemical 

# components of 

# each rock type 

# have low solubility 

## values 

# and have not 

# markedly affected 

## the 

## chemical 

# composition of 

## the associated 

## water. 

# The outstanding exception is 

## the 

## highcontent of

# CaS0 4 

### in

# water

# from

# gypsum in 

## analysis 

## 5 (for 

## analyses of 

## other

## waters 

# from associated 

# Permian evaporites, see 

## table 27). 

# The very high sulfate 

## content in 

## the 

# water of 

## analysis 

## 4

# maybe a result 

## of 

## oxidation of 

## pyrite in 

## the associated lignite. 

# The water of 

## a well 

# 200 feet 

## deep, 

## a short 

## distance
east of 

## the city of 

# Hot Springs, 

## Ark. (analysis 2), is 

## slightly 

# thermal 

# and has 

# with little 

# doubt been in 

## contact 

# with rocks other 

# than chert. 

# This water, as well

# F8 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

as 

# some others 

## given in 

## table 8, 

# probably has a rela- 

## tively 

# low Eh, permitting significant 

## iron 

# and 

# manganese to 

# be in 

## solution. 

# WATERS

# FROMMBTAMOBPHIC TERRANES QUABTZITE 

# Although the 

## permeability 

# and porosity of 

## quartzite



## are 

## generally 

# very low, this 

## type of 

## rock 

# may be a 

## productive source of 

# water if 

### sufficiently 

## brecciated.
It is 

## chemically similar 

## to silica-rich 

## sandstone (see 

## tables 

## 4 

# and 9). 

# Manywaters 

# from quartzite are 

# low in

# Si02 

# and total 

## dissolved 

# matter 

# and have a 

## high ratio of 

# K/Na; 

# pH

is 

# commonly low, 

# probably because of 

## the scarcity of 

## unstable minerals to 

## react 

## with dissolved

# C0 2 . 

## MAEBLE 

# Marble is 

## the coarsely crystalline 

# metamorphic equivalent of 

## limestone. 

# Two analyses of 

## waters 

# from marble (table 9) 

## are

# verysimilar to 

## those

# fromlimestone (table 6). 

# Both waters are in 

## equilibrium 

# with 

# C0 2 

## pressures 

## that are 

## considerably 

## higher 

# than the 

# C0 2 

## pressure of 

## the 

# atmosphere (Hutchinson, 1957, p. 

# 654- 671). 

# As in

# mostlimestonewaters, excess

# C0 2

# probably has 

# been supplied 

# from the soil.



### SLATE, SCHIST,

## AND GNEISS


## In general, 

# metamorphic rocks yield 

## only small supplies of 

## water, 

## because their 

## permeability is 

## low. 

# Analyses of 

## waters 

# from several 

# examples of

# metamorphosed shale 

# and impure sandstone are 

## included in 

## table 10. 

# In 

# many respects 

## the 

## waters 

# from these 

# metamorphosed rocks are similar to 

## waters 

# from shale 

# and siltstone 

## (table 5). 

# Water from the 

# metamorphic rocks, 

# however, is 

# commonly lower in 

## mineral content 

# and generally 

## the ratio of 

# Ca/Na is 

# more than unity. 

# The differences 

## are 

## best 

## explained 

# by extensive 

# compaction 

# and decrease of 

## porosity of 

## the 

## rocks before 

# and during 

# metamorphism; interstitial 

## saline 

# water of 

## the original 

# environment has largely 

# been forced out, 

# and clay 

## minerals of 

## high 

## ion-exchange capacity 

# have been reconstituted to 

# micas 

# and anhydrous minerals of 

# very 

# low exchange capacity. 

# The very 

# low content of 

## dissolved 

# matter of 

# water 

# from a 

# metamorphosed iron-formation in 

## Brazil (table 10, 

## analysis 14) is 

# noteworthy. 

# The water is 

# from a 

# humid region, 

# and the 

## rocks are 

## highly resistant 

## to 

# chemical attack. 

# For comparison, see 

## analysis 1 

## of 

## table 

## 8 

# from 

# unmetamorphosed iron-formation of 

# Minnesota. 

# Waters of 

## analyses 12, 13, 

# and 15 of 

## table 10 

## are relatively

## high in chloride, 

# and 13 

# and 15 are also 

## high in sulfate; 

# both

# componentsprobably

# camefrom sources 

## other 

# than the enclosing rocks. 

# WATERS 

# FROM UNCONSOLIDATED 

# SAND 

# AND GRAVEL.

Unconsolidated 

# sand 

# and gravel are 

## the 

# most important sources of 

# ground-water supply. 

# They include 

## alluvium of 

# normal streams; glaciofluvial 

## deposits, 

## which, of 

## course, 

# can be considered 

## a 

## type of 

## alluvium; 

# and extensive 

# marine 

# and littoral 

## strata of 

## the coastal plains. 

# The water 

# most readily 

## recoverable 

# from unconsolidated deposits 

## generally 

## occurs in

# beds of 

## gravel 

# and sand 

# accumulated 

# and sorted 

# through the action of 

## streams. 

# The mineralogic 

## composition of 

## unconsolidated 

# sand 

# and gravel 

# can 

# be correlated in 

# some places 

# with the 

## composition of 

## the 

## source rock. 

## Especially in 

## arid regions, 

## the particles 

## that 

# make up these deposits are likely 

## to 

# be relatively 

# unweathered fragments of 

## the original 

## rock. 

# The ratios 

# and contents of 

## the analyses 

## given in 

## table 11 

## are in 

## general similar to 

## those of 

## other types

as

# mightbe expected. 

# The eight 

## waters 

# fromalluvium of 

# dominantly igneous origin (table 11, 

## analyses 1, 

### 2, 3, 6, 7, 

### 10, 

# and 18) 

## are

# mostly similar 

## to 

## waters 

# from igneous rocks, 

# having relatively 

# low total 

## dissolved 

# matter 

# and relatively

## high silica 

## content. 

# Most of 

## the 

## other analyses are of 

## waters 

# from alluvium derived 

# from sedimentary rocks of 

# many types. 

# Total dissolved 

# matter is 

# commonly high, 

# which is, 

## in 

## part, 

# due to 

## the large 

## surface 

## area 

## per unit 

# volume that is 

## available for 

## chemical reactions. 

# This factor is 

## particularly 

# apparent in 

## analyses 8, 

### 12, 

# and
16, 

# which are of 

## waters 

# from relatively 

# unweathered glacial 

## sands 

# and gravels in 

## the north-central 

# United
States. 

# Groundwaters 

# from alluvium are 

## hydrologically

# and chemically closely

## related to 

## surface 

## waters of 

## the 

# same drainage basin. 

# Ahighcontent of

## dissolved

# matter can 

# be present in 

# such interrelated 

# systems for 

# any of 

## the following reasons: (1) 

### salts 

# may be contributed 

# from connate 

# water or 

# from salt 

# beds in 

## the basin (analyses 11, 

### 19, 

# and 20); (2) 

## return flow

# from irrigation

# may in- 

## troduce soluble 

# matter leached 

# from cultivated 

## lands (analyses 11, 17, 

### 19, 

# and 20), 

## possibly after 

## several cycles of 

## reuse; (3) 

### in 

## arid climates, 

## evaporation 

# and transpiration 

# may concentrate soluble 

# matter in 

## the 

# remaining 

# water (analyses 

## 14 

# and 15) 

# and the 

# ground water of 

## alluviated valleys

# mayhaveundergone several cycles of 

## exposure to 

## evaporation 

# and of 

## return as 

## underflow into 

## sediments (analysis 14); (4) 

### activities 

## of 

# man provide salts 

### in 

## industrial 

## wastes 

# and in 

## other forms. 

# The high nitrate 

## content in 

## the 

## waters of 

## anal

## yses 3, 5, 9, 

### 13, 16, 

### 18, 19, 

# and 20 of 

## table 11 

# may indicate pollution 

## or direct 

## aerobic 

# decomposition of 

## nitrogenous material, 

# but other sources of 

## these 

# components, 

## such as 

## oxidation of

# NH4 

## to nitrate, 

## should

# be considered.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F9 WATEBS 

# THAT

# MAY BE, 

# IN 

# PABT, 

# CONNATE
OEG-FEELD

# WATERS The existence of 

# connate or "fossil" 

# water has 

# been questioned

# by Chebotarev (1955) 

# and others, 

# but 

# most geologists 

# assume that 

# many saline 

## brines 

# probably contain 

# some water that is 

## not greatly different in 

## age 

# from the enclosing

## rocks (White, 1957b, p. 

## 1661-1678). 

# Most connate waters

# probably consist of 

# connate 

# ocean waterassociated

# with

# marinesediments. 

## Several

## waters that

# may be, 

## in 

## part, 

# connate 

# and are 

## associated 

# with 

# marine 

# and nonmarine evaporite deposits are 

## included in 

## table 

## 27 (see 

### in 

## particular 

## analyses 1, 

### 2, 

# and 7). 

## Near-surface 

# marine sedimentary rocks in 

## depositional 

## basins 

# and in 

## coastal plains 

## ordinarily

# have been flushed 

## extensively 

# by meteoric water. 

# Most of 

## the 

## waters that

# havebeencollected

# fromconsiderable

# depth in

# sedimentarybasins, 

# however, are saline

# and are

## probablyconnate. 

# Nearly all 

## these saline 

## waters that 

# have been analyzed for 

# minor and 

# major 

# components were obtained 

# from oil 

### fields, 

# but analyses 7 

# and 8 of 

## table 

## 13

are 

## exceptions. 

# These waters 

# have a

# wide range in 

## the 

## proportions of 

## individual 

# components of 

## dissolved

# matter. 

## In

# most oil-field 

## brines (see 

## tables 

## 12 

# and 13), 

## the 

# dominant anion is 

## chloride 

## (Chebotarev, 1955, p. 

## 159) 

# but in 

## a few, 

## bicarbonate or sulfate (table 

## 14) 

## exceeds chloride

# by weight. 

# In the chloride

## waters, 

# sodium is, 

# withrare 

## exception, 

## the 

# dominant cation, 

# but calcium 

# very 

# commonly is 

## presentin

## larger

## proportions

# thanin

## sea

## water. 

## Chloride 

## waters are 

## here divided into 

# two 

# major subtypes. 

# In
one, 

# sodium is 

## greatly 

# dominant over calcium; in 

## the other, 

## calcium is 

## relatively

# abundant. In tables 

## 12 

# and 13, 

## the dividing line is 

## arbitrarily 

## considered to 

# be 

# Ca=0.1 

# Na (by weight). 

# Some oil-field

## waterscontain so little

## dissolved

# matter (Crawford, 1940; 1942; 1949, p. 

## 210) 

## that 

# they are clearly 

# almost entirely 

## of 

## meteoric origin. 

# Other oil- 

### field

## waters are

# very saline*

# —commonly 5 to 

## 10 

## times as saline 

## as 

## sea

# water

# —and their 

## origin is 

## a

# majorproblem that 

## has long 

# been debated (Mills 

# and Wells, 

## 1919; 

# W. L. Russell, 

## 1933; 

# de Sitter, 

## 1947; 

# Chebotarev, 1955; 

# White, 1957b). 

# Most of 

## these 

# very saline 

## waters are relatively

## high in 

## calcium 

# and several 

# examples are in

## cluded in 

## table 13. 

# Afewhigh-calcium

## waters are 

## lower in 

## salinity 

# than sea 

# water (table 13, 

## analyses 2 

# and 5) 

# andprobablyresult

# fromdilution of

## high-densitybrines. 

## In contrast, 

## the brines 

## that are 

# low in

# calciumgenerally

are similar in 

## salinity 

## to 

## sea

# waterorare

## lower in

## mineral content, 

# but the

## waters of 

## analyses 4, 5, 

### 9, 

# and 10 

## given in 

## table 

## 12 are exceptions. 

# Analyses 7 

# and 8 of 

## table 13 

## are of 

# Michigan brines exploited 

# by the

# Dow Chemical Co. for 

## dissolved salts. 

# These brines are similar to 

## waters associated 

# with small oil 

## pools in 

## the 

# same formations in 

## other parts of 

## the 

# Michigan basin. 

# They are 

# not 

# known to 

# be

associated 

# with crystalline-salt 

## deposits, 

# and their 

## high ratios 

## of 

# Br/CI are 

## indeed 

# very 

# good evidence against influence 

## of 

## precipitated 

# NaCl; 

# Br is 

## accepted 

## only to 

## a

# minor extent in 

## the crystal lattice 

## of

# NaCl and
is 

## concentrated in 

## residual brines. 

## (See 

## chapter Y.) 

# Most of 

## the 

## waters given in 

## table 

## 12 are 

# from Tertiary 

## rocks, 

# but 

# some are 

# fromrocks as old as Triassic; 

## the 

# water of 

## analysis 

## 10 

# may be 

# from 

# Permian rocks. 

## In contrast, 

## brines

## high in 

## calcium are likely 

## to 

# be 

# from Paleozoic

# andMesozoicrocks, 

# but the

## watersof

## analyses
1, 

### 2, 3, 

# and 12 of table 

## 13 

## are

# fromlowerTertiaryrocks. 

# The oil-field 

## brines 

## high in 

# sodium and chloride 

## are 

# commonly characterized 

# by moderately high dis

## solved 

# matter 

# and

# NH4
, 

## high ratio 

## of 

# I/O, 

# and low ratios 

## of 

# K/Na, Li/Na, 

# and 

# S04

## /C1 (tables 

## 12 

# and 29). 

# The chloride 

## brines 

## high in 

## calcium are 

## generally 

## high in 

## total 

## dissolved 

# matter 

# and moderately high in

# NH4 

## (tables 

## 13 

# and 29). 

# The ratio 

## of 

# Br/CI in this 

# group is 

# perhaps the 

## highest of all 

## natural waters, 

# although 

# remarkably slight 

## variations of 

# Br/CI are indicated for 

## the different 

## types included in 

## table 29. 

## Ratios of 

# Li/Na, 

# HC0 3

### /C1, 

# S04

### /C1, 

# and F/Cl are 

# very 

# low in 

## the brines 

## high in 

## calcium, 

# and 

# K/Na, I/Cl, 

# and B/Cl are 

# moderately low. 

# Barium is 

## generally 

## high 

# where sulfate is 

# low or 

## absent; silica is 

# near the 

# minimum for all 

## natural 

# ground waters. 

# The characteristics 

# and minor-element contents of sulfate 

# and bicarbonate 

## waters of table 

## 14 are 

# not sufficiently 

## well 

# known to 

## distinguish 

# them clearly 

# from other 

## waters that are 

## high in 

## sulfate 

# and bicarbonate. 

## Their origin, 

## interrelationships, 

# andminor constituents 

# need further 

## study. 

# Chebotarev (1955, p. 

## 159) 

# has 

# shown statistically 

## that the 

## average 

# depth of bicar

# bonate waters in oil 

## pools is 

# about 2,300 feet 

# and of sulfate 

## waters, 1,700 feet. 

# These waters doubtless 

# grade 

# upward into 

# ground waters that are 

# only

# moderately

## high in 

## sulfate 

# and bicarbonate. 

# SPRINQ

# WATERS SIMILARE*

# COMPOSITION

# TOOEL-FEELD 

# WATERS 

# Aconsiderable

# number of 

## cold to

# moderately thermal spring 

## waters of relatively 

## high salinity 

# have 

# compositions 

## that are similar to oil-field 

## brines 

## high in 

# sodium 

# and chloride. 

# The chemical characteristics 

## of 

## these 

## spring 

## waters, 

## other 

# than high salinity re- 

## lative to 

## that of 

## other spring 

## waters of similar 

# temperature, include, in 

## general, 

# low sulfate 

# and silica, 

# moderately high 

# combined nitrogen, 

# low ratios 

## of 

# Li/Na and 

# K/Na, and a 

## high ratio 

## of 

## I/Cl (see 

## tables 12, 15, 

# and 29). 

# The waters of 

## table 

## 15 

## generally are 

## higher in 

## bicarbonate, 

## boron, 

# and probably, sulfide 

# than are 

## those of 

## table 12. 

### Oil-field 

## brines, 

# however, 

# seldom 

# have been analyzed for sulfide 

# and lithium 

# and not ordinarily for 

# boron 

# and combined nitrogen.

# F10 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Other spring 

## waters are 

## chemically 

# very similar to oil-field 

## brines 

## high in 

## calcium 

# and chloride. 

## (See tables 13, 16, 

# and 29.) 

# Amajor criterion 

## for 

## separating the 

## waters of 

## analyses 

## given in 

## tables 

## 15 

# and 16 

# and in 

## tables 

## 12 

# and 13 is 

## the 

# weight ratio 

## of 

# Ca/Na; the 

## separation is 

## here 

# made at 0.1. 

# The high sulfate 

## content in 

## the 

## waters of 

# some analyses in 

## table 

## 16 

## suggests direct 

## solution of 

# CaS0 4 

# by water that 

# may have been 

# low in 

## calcium. 

# For several 

## other

## waters given in 

## table 16, 

## waters high in 

## sodium, chloride, 

# and 

# C02 

# may have 

# come in 

## contact 

## with limestone, dis

## solving 

# CaC0 3 

# and increasing 

## the ratio 

## of 

# Ca/Na.
All 

## the spring 

## waters given in 

## table 

## 15 

# and

# many of 

## those in 

## table 

## 16 are 

# from rocks 

# whose geologic 

## en- 

# vironments 

# seem from available 

# data to 

# be compatible 

# with a 

# connate origin for 

## the water. 

# The spring

# water 

# from London, Oreg. (analysis 1), is, 

# however, 

# from nonmarine 

# Eocene tuffs 

# and basalts; 

## that 

# from Wiesbaden, 

# Germany (analysis 6)

, 

### is 

# frompre-Tertiary 

# mica gneiss; 

## that 

# from 

# Thermopotamos, Greece (analysis 7), is 

# from schist 

## of 

# Devonian age; 

## that 

# from Trompsberg, 

# Union of 

# South Africa (analysis 8), is 

# from norite of 

# Precambrian age; 

## that 

# from Tiberias, Israel 

## (analysis 10), 

## appears to 

# be 

# from Tertiary(?) basalt; 

## that 

# from Neshkin, U.S.S.R. (analysis 13), is 

# from Silurian crystalline schist; 

# and that 

# from Arima, 

# Japan (analysis 14), is 

# from Tertiary rhyolite 

## near granite. 

# At least 

# some of 

## these 

## waters are 

# probably not connate, 

# and others

# mayhave migrated 

# from rocks of earlier 

## association, 

## as 

## suggested 

# by Kent (1951) for 

## the 

# Trompsberg water; extensive 

# exchange of 

# sodium for 

## calcium 

# from intermediate 

# and basis 

## igneous rocks

is 

## indicated. 

# The waters of 

## analyses 1 

# and 14 are 

# moderately 

# low in ratios 

## of 

## Br/CI, 

# and analyses 6, 

### 7, 8, 

# and 9 are 

## notably low, 

## suggesting that these 

## waters 

# mayindeed

## not

# be connate. 

# Further

# study is

## obviously needed. 

# Manyspring

## waters aresimilar to 

## the

## bicarbonate

# and sulfate 

## waters of 

## table 

## 14 

## that are 

## associated 

# with petroleum. 

# More study is 

# needed 

# on the origin 

## of
oil-field 

## waters 

# and 

# more analytical 

# work should 

# be 

# done 

# on the 

# minor components. 

# WATERS THAT

# MAY BE, 

# IN 

# PART, 

# MAGMATIC

It is 

## clear 

## that 

# magmatic waters 

# cannot 

# be 

# sampled directly 

## at their 

## sources. 

# Waters that are associated 

## with especially 

## high 

## temperatures 

# and heat flow 

# and that are in 

## areas of 

## recent or active 

# volcanism are of 

## great interest, 

## because they

# may contain at least 

# some volcanic 

## or 

# magmatic water (White, 1957a). All 

## students of 

## the 

# problem agree that 

# most of 

## the 

# water discharged at 

## the surface in 

# thermal areas is 

# probably meteoric in 

## origin 

# but that 

## a part

# may be 

# magmatic. Possible origins 

## of 

## the greatly different 

## types of 

# water that are 

# found in 

## volcanic 

# environments 

# have been

discussed

# by Allen 

# and

# Day (1935), 

# Barth (1950), 

# and others 

# and have been reviewed recently 

# by White (1957a) 

# andIvanov (1958a; 1958b). 

# There is still

# much disagreement in 

## regard to 

## the origin of 

## the different 

## types. 

# Waters that are 

# dominated

# by sodium, chloride, 

# and bicarbonate are

# shown in 

## tables 

## 17 

# and 18. 

## All theories 

## of 

## the origin of 

## geysers require 

# not only

## high 

# temperatures at 

## the surface 

# but also 

## high 

# geothermai gradients 

# from the surface to 

## considerable 

## depths: 

# whereverwells 

# have been drilled 

## in 

## geyser areas, 

# temperatures considerably 

# above the boiling 

## points at 

## the 

## land surface 

# havebeenfound. 

# The chloride in

## waters of

## geyser areas, 

## therefore, is 

# very likely 

## to 

# be of 

## volcanic origin. 

# However, 

# any ground water that is 

# heated sufficiently 

## in 

# a favorable

# environment

# mayeruptas

## ageyser. 

# The "Sea

# water 

# Geyser" of 

# Reykjanes, Iceland, for 

# example (table 17, 

## no. 8), 

# has erupted as 

## a true 

## geyser (Barth, 1950, p. 

## 23). 

# Because this 

# water is 

## similar in 

# composition to

# manyof 

## the

## watersgiven in 

## tables 

## 13

# and 16,
it is 

# probably heated 

# connate 

# water rasher 

# than direct 

## inflow of 

# ocean water, as 

## suggested 

# by Barth, or volcanic water. 

# Most geyser 

## waters (tables 

## 17 

# and 29) 

## are 

# veryhigh in silica 

# and generally 

## high in

# pH; the ratio of 

# Li/Na

is

# veryhigh

# andB/Cl is

# moderatelyhigh. 

# Thesewaters

are 

## generally 

# very 

# low in 

# combined nitrogen and, for

## mineralwaters, are

# lowalso 

## in total

## dissolved

## matter; the ratios 

## of 

# Ca/Na, 

# Mg/Ca, and I/Cl are 

# commonly

near the

# minimum for 

## natural waters, 

# and Br/CI

# may be significantly 

## lower 

# than in 

## average crustal 

## matter. 

# Some of 

## the 

## waters of 

## table 

## 18

# may be, in 

## part, 

## connate; in 

## areas of 

## lower heat flow 

# than in 

## geyser areas, 

# hot volcanic 

# emanations are

# not so 

## necessary to 

## explain 

## the 

# anomaly and, therefore, 

## the possibility 

## of 

## chloride 

# from nonvolcanic sources 

# may be a little 

## greater. 

# Water from

# Kuan-Tsu-Ling spring in 

## northern

# Taiwan (table 18, 

## no. 8), 

## for 

## example, has

# manyof 

## the 

## chemical characteristics 

## of 

# water that 

# may be connate or, 

## possibly, 

# metamorphic in origin (see 

## tables 12, 13, 

## 22, 

# and 29); 

## bicarbonate, 

## boron, 

# and the ratio of 

## I/Cl are relatively 

## high, 

# and silica, 

### sulfate, 

# and the ratio 

## of 

# Li/Na are relatively 

## low. 

# Themedianmineral

# matter

# andratios of 

## the 

## analyses of 

## table 

## 18 (see 

## table 

## 29) are, 

## in part, 

## similar to 

## those of 

## geyser 

## waters (tables 

## 17 

# and 29) 

## and, in part, 

## to 

## possible 

# connatewaters (tables 12, 15, 

# and 29). 

# Many of 

## the acid sulfate-chloride 

## waters of 

## table 

## 19

are 

# very closely 

## associated 

# with active 

## or recent vol

## canism. All 

## gradations exist 

# between acid springs, 

## large 

## spring pools, 

# and crater lakes; 

# superheated fumaroles 

# commonly are 

# found in 

## the vicinity. 

## Possi

## ble origins 

## of 

## these 

# unusual waters 

# have beenreviewed

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# Fll
by White (1957a, p. 

## 1647-1649). 

## Their chemical characteristics (tables 

## 19 

# and 29) are clearly 

## derived, in 

## part, 

# from volcanic 

# emanations and, at least in 

# some places, 

# by vigorous acid 

## attack of 

## associated rocks. 

# The cation ratios 

## are 

## strongly influenced 

# by associated 

## rocks except, 

## perhaps, the ratio of 

## Li/Na, 

# which

# may
reflect 

## a 

## high content of 

## lithium in 

## certain 

## volcanic 

## emanations. 

# Otheroutstanding characteristics of

# most waters of this

# group are

# veryhigh contents of silica

# and
of total 

## dissolved 

# matter 

# and possibly 

# low ratios 

## of 

# Br/CI 

# and I/Cl. 

# Acid sulfate 

## waters (low in 

## chloride) 

# may also origi

## nate in 

## several different 

# ways (see 

## Allen 

# and Day, 1935, p. 

### 65, 

## 100-125, 

# 393-448; Barth, 1950, p. 

## 43; 

# White, 1957a, p. 

## 1651-1652). 

# Most geologists agree, 

# however, that 

# one 

# common origin 

## involves partial 

## con- 

## densation of 

# vapors containing

# H2

# S and the reaction of sulfide, 

## water, 

# and atmospheric 

# oxygen to 

# form sul- 

### furic acid. 

# The cation ratios of 

## these acid 

## waters are 

## influenced greatly 

# by the associated 

## rocks (tables 

## 20 

# and 29). 

# Ammonium is 

# very high in 

# some waters, 

# perhaps because of selective 

## concentration of 

## small 

# amounts of

# NH3 

# from the gases, 

# due to 

# low volatility in 

## acid 

## water. Sulfate is 

# by far 

## the 

# dominant anion; 

# and fluoride 

# and boron, 

## according to 

# meager data, are 

# somewhat high relative to 

## chloride ; 

### silica

# and the ratios of

# Mg/Ca and

# K/Na are 

# commonly high. 

# High-temperature waters high in 

## bicarbonate 

# and sulfate 

# have been recognized in 

## only a 

# few volcanic
areas, 

# where they 

# appear to 

# be related to 

## condensation of 

# steam containing 

# C0 2 

# and

# H2

# S in 

# ground water, 

# commonly below the surface 

## (White, 1957a, p. 

## 1649). 

# The ratios of

# HC0 3

### /C1, 

# S04

### /C1, 

## F/Cl, 

# andB/Cl

# maybe
near the 

# maximum for 

## natural waters, 

# but total dis- 

## solved

# matter 

# and 

# combinednitrogen

# maybe relatively 

## low. 

# WATERS THAT

# MAY BE, 

# IN 

# PART, 

# METAMORPHIC Metamorphic water has 

# been defined 

## (White, 1957b,

p. 

## 1662) as 

# water that is 

## or 

## has 

# been associated 

# with rocks 

## during their 

# metamorphism and is 

# probably derived largely 

# from hydrous minerals 

## during their 

## reconstitution to 

# anhydrous minerals. 

# Many thermal springs 

# and mineral 

## waters 

# have characteristics 

## that 

# do not clearly 

## indicate 

# any of 

## the 

# groups previously considered. 

# One type that 

# may warrant special 

## attention is 

## characterized 

# by high concentrations of 

# sodium, bicarbonate, 

# and boron 

# and 

# by relatively 

# low chloride (see 

## tables 

## 22 

# and 29). 

# Other similar 

## waters associated 

# with California 

## quicksilver

## deposits are 

## included in 

## table 

## 23 (analyses 1 

## to 3). 

# White (1957b, p. 

## 1678-1679) has suggested that these 

## waters 

# may be driven off 

# from hydrous minerals of 

# sedimentary rocks that are 

## being progressively 

# meta

# morphosed after interstitial 

# connate 

# water high in



## chloride 

## has 

# been largely 

## driven off 

# by compaction of 

## the 

## sediments. 

# The group as 

## a 

# whole has, of 

## course, 

## high ratios 

## of

# HC0
3

## /C1 

# and B/Cl, 

# because these ratios


# were the criteria 

## for selection. 

# Other characteristics



## are relatively 

# low temperatures; and, in 

# most of 

## the analyses, 

## high ratios of 

## I/Cl 

# and low ratios of 

# Li/Na and 

# K/Na. These characteristics 

## suggest 

## a close 

## relationship to 

## possible 

# connate waters (tables 

## 12 

# and 15) 

# and are 

# not similar to 

## those of 

## waters 

# most likely


## to 

## contain 

## a volcanic 

# component (tables 

## 17 

# and 19). 

# OTHER SPECIAL 

# GROUPS THERMAL WATERS ASSOCIATED 

# WITH EPITHBRMAL MINERAL, 

# DEPOSITS 

# Most mineral deposits 

# were 

# formed milli

## ons of 

## years 

# ago 

# andprobably

# were related to

# hydrothermal activity 

## that 

## has long since 

## ceased. 

# In contrast, 

# some epi

# thermal mineral deposits

# mayhave 

# formed so 

## recently 

## that 

## a 

# study of 

## associated 

## waters

# may throw light 

# on their 

## origin 

# and on the 

# geochemistry of 

## ore 

## transport 

# and deposition. 

# The association of 

# thermal springs 

# withepithermal ore deposits

## has

# beenreviewedrecently 

# by Schmitt (1950) 

# and 

# White (1955a). 

# The evidence 

# must always 

# be 

# examined with caution, 

## because signifi

## cant 

# changes in 

## nature of 

## the 

## discharging 

# water

# may have occurred since 

## the ore 

## minerals 

# were deposited;
it is 

## usually difficult 

## to 

# prove conclusively 

## that 

## the ore 

## minerals are still 

## being deposited 

# from existing 

## waters. 

# Table 23 includes six 

## analyses of 

# thermal waters occurring in 

## or

## near quicksilver deposits. 

# Otherwaters associated 

# with no'table 

## quicksilver 

## deposits are 

## those 

# from the 

# thermal springs of 

## the 

## Elgin quicksilver

## mine, 3 

## miles 

# northwest of 

# Wilbur Springs, Calif, 

## (table 15, 

## analysis 2), 

# which are

# verysimilar in 

## composition to 

## the 

## watersgiven in 

## table 

## 23 (White, 1955a, p. 

## 130-131); the brine 

# from the 

# Cymric oil-field, 

### Calif, 

## (table 12, 

## no. 2;


## see also 

# Stockman, 1947); 

# water 

# from Skaggs Springs, 

# Sonoma County, Calif. 

## (Everhart, 1950, p. 

# 385-394; White, 1955a, p. 

## 125; 

## 1957b, p. 

## 1676-1679); 

# andwater 

# from 

# Steamboat Springs, 

# Nev. (table 17, 

## no. 3). 

# Waters associated 

# with quicksilver 

## deposits (tables 

## 23 

# and 29) 

## tend to 

# be relatively 

## high in total 

# combined nitrogen 

# and in 

## the ratios 

## of 

# Mg/Ca, 

# HC0 3

### /C1, 

## B/Cl, 

# and I/Cl, 

# but the ratios of

# Ca/Na, 

# K/Na, and

# Li/Na are relatively 

## low. 

# The median

# pH of 7 

## should 

# be 

# noted because of 

## the generally 

## held belief 

## that 

# mercury is 

## transported in 

## alkaline 

## waters. 

# The waters 

# appear to 

# be closely

## related to 

## those

## given in 

## tables 12, 

### 15, 

# and 22. 

# Of the 

## analyses 

## given in 

## table 23, 

## those of 

## waters 

# from the

## Abbott, 

# Sulphur

# Bank, 

# andValley

# mines could

# have been included in 

## table 22. 

# The water of 

# Steamboat Springs, 

## Nev., is 

## the 

## only 

# one associated

# with a

## notable quicksilver 

## deposit 

## that is 

## also 

## convincingly related to 

## volcanism. It 

## should 

# be 

# mentioned that 

## the spring

# F12 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

waters at 

# Sulphur 

# Bank, Calif., 

# and 

# Ngawha, NewZealand (table 23, 

## nos. 1 

# and 6) 

## are closely 

## associated 

# with

# Quaternaryvolcanic rocks, 

# but these 

# thermal

# waters 

## are 

## not clearly 

## volcanic in origin. 

# Table 23 also 

## includes 

# an analysis 

## (No. 15) of 

# water 

# from an epithermal silver-gold 

## deposit; 

# one analysis 

## (No. 14) is 

## of 

# water 

# from a spring depositing 

## a notable 

# amount ofbarite, six 

## (Nos. 7 to 

## 12) 

## are

# from

# manganesedepositing springs, 

# and two (Nos. 12 

# and 13) 

## are 

# from springs 

## that 

# have deposited fluorite-bearing travertine. 

# These waters are 

## not convincingly similar to 

# any of 

## the 

## types included in 

## tables 

## 12 to 22. 

# The water of 

# Steamboat Springs, 

# Nev. (table 17), 

# mentioned previously, is 

## depositing 

## considerable stib

## nite 

# and arsenic 

# and 

# some gold 

# and silver 

## (Lindgren, 

## 1906; Jones, 

## 1912; Gianella, 

## 1939; 

# Brannockand others, 

## 1948; p. 

## 222-225; 

# White, 1955a, p. 

## 110-113). 

# The water of 

## Crabtree Springs, Calif, 

## (table 22, 

## analysis 3) 

## contains appreciable 

# amounts of 

## arsenic 

# and emerges 

# from serpentine 

## replaced

# by opal 

## containing veinlets of 

## realgar 

# and marcasite. 

# The iron

# phosphate deposits of 

## Tjiater Springs, 

# Java (table 19, 

## analysis 11), 

## contain 

# about 2 

## percent arsenic. 

# In addition to 

## the 

## Peitou Spring, 

# Taiwan, 

# where deposition of 

## lead sulfate 

## has 

# been reported (table 23, 

## analysis 16), 

## hokutolite, 

## a lead-bearing barite, 

## has also 

# been identified 

## at 

# Shibukuro Springs, 

# Honshu, 

# Japan (Miura, 1938; 

## 1939a; 1939b). 

# A surprisingly 

## high content of 

## lead (8.3 

# ppm) has also 

# been reported 

# from 

# Kuan-Tsu-Ling Spring in 

## northern 

# Taiwan (table 18, 

## analysis 8). 

## This spring, 

## although associated 

# with Pleistocene 

## volcanic rocks, 

## has 

# many of 

## the 

## chemical characteristics of 

## waters included in 

## tables 12, 15, 

# and
22. 

# NONTHERMAL SALINE

# AND ACID

# MINE

# WATERS The composition of

# manynonthermal

# mine waters is 

## of interest. 

# Acid waters in 

## pyritic 

## deposits (table 24, 

## analyses 4 to 8) 

## are likely to 

# be meteoric 

## waters that 

# have been acidified 

# by oxidation of pyrite. 

# Such acid 

## waters 

# commonly contain relatively 

## large 

## quantitites of

# heavymetals dissolved 

# from adjacent rocks 

# and ore deposits. 

# Other mineral 

## waters 

# from deep 

# mines are 

## not acid 

# and are 

## otherwise 

# very different 

## in 

## composition 

# from acid 

## or 

# normal meteoric waters. 

# Some are 

# very saline 

# and their 

## compositions

# mayhave resulted 

# from contact 

## with thewallrocks. 

# Another distinct possibility is 

## that the 

## ore-bearing solutions 

## or 

## other postore 

## waters of 

## high 

## mineral content 

# were trapped 

# and have not yet 

# been flushed 

## completely

# bymeteoric water. 

# Analyses 2 

# and 3 of 

## table 

## 24 are similar in 

## nearly all 

## respects to 

## those of 

## the 

## high-calcium brines of

# many oil 

### fields 

## (table 13). 

# The analysis of

# water 

# from the 

# Calu

# met and Hecla copper

# mine (No. 2) is 

## very similar to 

# an earlier 

## analysis 

# from the 

# nearby 

# Quincy mine, re-



## ported to 

## contain 

# about 5

# ppm of 

## nickel 

# and 14

# ppm of 

# copper (Lane, 1908, p. 

## 110). 

## Saline 

# water similarly 

# dominated greatly

# by calcium chloride 

## has 

# been identified 

## in 

## the 

# Sturgeon 

# Kiver gold 

# mines of 

# Canada (Bruce, 1941, p. 

## 25-29; the salinity is 

## 15.5 

## percent 

# and the ratio 

## of 

# Ca/Na is 

### 4.1). 

# A very saline 

# sodium chloride 

# water 

# was found in 

## the 

# Morro Velho

# mine of

# Minas Gerais, 

## Brazil 

## (written

# communication, 

# D. 

# W. J. 

# Grey to

## Earl Ingerson). 

# Thewater

# came from a 

# vug lined 

# with albite, calcite, 

## ankerite, 

# and quartz at 

## a 

# depth of 

## 7,126 feet. 

# A partial 

## analysis 

# showed Ca, 3,900 

# ppm; Mg, 1,200 

# ppm; Na, 46,400 

# ppm; CI, 

## 81,900 

# ppm; carbonates 

# and sulfates, nil. 

# Wallrocks are 

## believed to 

# be basic 

## lava flows 

## or spilites 

# metamorphosed to 

## carbonate schist. 

## Analysis 1 

## of 

## table

## 24 is 

## of

## a

# minewaterof

# lowmineral content that is 

## similar in 

# many aspects to 

## meteoric 

# water

# but that is 

## unusuallyhigh in 

## bicarbonate. 

# OTHER

# NONTHERMALACH) 

# MINERAL

# WATERS

Waters of 

## analyses 9 

# and 10 

## included in 

## table 

## 24 are 

# examples of 

# nonthermal acid 

## waters that are 

# probably associated 

# with oxidation of 

## pyrite or 

## native sulfur. 

# They are similar to 

## those of 

## analyses 

## 4 to 

## 8 

# but are less 

## closely 

## associated 

# with mines. 

# Other similar 

## nonther

# mal acid 

## spring 

## waters in 

# Japan have been analyzed 

# (Morimoto, 1954, p. 

### 38, 

### 93, 

## 361, 

## 367, 

## 595-596, 

# and 627- 628). 

# SPRINGS

# WITHLARGE SPRINGDEPOSITS


# Most springs 

## discharge at 

## the surface 

# without depositing significant 

# amounts of 

## mineral matter. 

# However, 

# some spring 

## waters are 

## unstable at 

# atmospheric
pressure 

# and ordinary air 

## temperatures 

# and 

# may deposit 

## considerable 

# amounts of solid 

## material 

## near their
orifices. 

## Opaline sinter is 

## the characteristic 

## deposit of

# most of 

## the 

## geyser 

## waters given in 

## table 17. 

# However, the 

## quantity is 

## relatively

# minor at 

# Morgan Springs, Calif, 

## (analysis 5). 

## Sinter 

# probably is 

## not deposited ordi

## narily 

# from waters that 

## contain less 

# than 200 

# ppm of
silica 

## (White, 

# Brannock, 

# and Murata, 1956). 

## Sinter

# was deposited rapidly

# fromabout 1920 to 

## 1950
at 

## Roosevelt Springs, 

# Utah (table 18, 

## analysis 3), 

# but in 

## recent 

## years the flow of 

# water 

# from the principal 

## spring 

## has 

# become very small 

# and deposition of sinter
is 

### negligible. 

## Travertine deposits 

# (CaC03 ) 

## of 

## the 

## Lysuhdll Springs of 

## Iceland (table 25, 

## analysis 5) lie 

# on earlier

# and

# more extensive deposits of sinter. 

## Calcite 

## or 

## aragonite travertine is 

## considerably

# more 

# common as 

## a spring deposit 

# than is 

### sinter. 

# The deposits of all 

## the springs 

## given in 

## table 25, 

## except at 

## Lysuh611, 

## Iceland (analysis 5), 

## are 

# very large 

## as 

## they

are 

# measurable in 

## millions of tons. 

# Urbain (1953) 

## has

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F13

estimated that 2 

## tons of 

## travertine

## per

# day is 

## deposited
at 

# Meskoutiae Springs, 

## Algeria (analysis 6). 

# Analyses of

## waters 

# fromother springs associated

## with notable travertine 

## deposits are at 

# Doughty, Colo, (table 23, 

## analysis 14); 

# Abraham, 

# Utah (table 23, 

## analysis 8) ; 

# Poncha, Colo, (table 23, 

## analysis 12) ; 

# Ojo Caliente, 

# N. 

# Mex. (table 23, 

## analysis 13); 

## Tolenas, Calif, 

## (table 15, 

## analysis 3); 

# Ain Djebel, 

## Tunisia (table
16, 

## analysis 9); 

# and Saratoga, 

# N.Y. (table 16, 

## analysis 4). 

# A small 

## part of 

## the

## waters of

# some of 

## the springs 

## that deposit travertine

# maybe of 

## volcanic origin

# but diluted 

## extensively 

# with meteoric 

# water (probably table 25,



## no. 3). 

# The composition of 

# such waters suggests 

## contact 

# with limestone 

# and perhaps with gypsiferous 

# sedimentary rocks, 

# probably at relatively 

# low temperatures 

## (White, 1957a, p. 

## 1652-1653). 

# Other springs 

## that deposit travertine

# may be unrelated to 

# volcanism 

# and 

# have a 

## source of 

# C02 

## other 

# than the 

# atmosphere
(see 

## Introduction). All 

## springs 

## that deposit 

# carbonate contain 

# more

# C02 

### in 

## solution at 

# depth than 

# can 

# be re- 

## tained at 

## pressure 

# and temperatures at 

## the surface. 

# As the 

## pressure decreases, 

# C02 is 

## evolved 

# and the

# pH increases, shifting 

## the 

## carbonate equilibria 

# and causing precipitation of 

# CaC03
. 

# The two analyses of 

## waters 

# from 

# Keene 

# Wonder Springs in 

# Death Valley, Calif, 

## (table 25, 

## analyses 1 

# and 2), 

### illustrate 

## the 

## chemical 

# changes that 

## occur 

# when carbonated 

# water with appreciable 

## calcium is 

## discharged at 

## the surface. 

## Tjiater 

## Springs in 

## western 

# Java (table 19, 

## analysis 11) 

## deposited 

# hundreds of 

# thousands of 

## tons of jarosite 

# (KFe3

## (S04) 2

# (OH) 6 ) 

# and iron

# phosphate high in 

## arsenic. 

# Manyother spring

## waters deposit iron 

## oxides at 

## or

## near the surface. 

## Ferrous iron is 

## soluble in 

## near-neutral 

## waters

# with a

# moderately

# lowoxidation potential 

# but is 

## oxidized 

## near the surface to ferric 

### iron, 

# which precipi-


## tates 

## because of 

## the 

# low solubility 

## of ferric 

# hydroxide 

# (Hem, 1959b). 

# THERMAL METEORIC 

# WATERS OF DEEP CIRCULATION 

# Some meteoric 

## waters 

# may circulate to 

# depths of 

# thousands of feet 

## in 

## areas

# where the 

## permeability of 

## the 

## rocks is 

### sufficiently 

## high 

# and differences in 

# hydro

# dynamic pressure exist. 

# The energy necessary for 

## such 

# deep circulation 

# may be 

# provided 

# by artesian 

## pressure 

# and 

# by differences in 

## density 

## caused 

# by dif- 

## ferences in 

# temperature 

# and salinity. 

# Most thermal spring 

## waters 

# have 

# somewhat higher contents of 

## dissolved 

# matter than 

# do associated 

# meteoric 

## waters. It is 

## especially difficult 

### to 

# determine the origin 

## of 

# some of 

## the 

## small to 

# moderate quantities of 

## dissolved salts. 

# They could 

# be leached entirely 

# from rocks, 

## because of 

## the 

## long flow

# path 

# and increased solvent action 

# brought 

# about through increase in 

# temperature; 

## or 

## they could represent 

## the 

# admixture of 

## small 

# amounts of 

# very saline 

# water 

# from connate or



# magmatic sources. 

# The waters of table 

## 26 are of 

# moderate to 

## high 

# temperatures, 

## are of relatively 

# low mineral content, 

# and

are especially

# low in 

## chloride

# whencomparedwith

# most hot-spring 

## waters given in 

## tables 

## 15 to 

### 25. 

# They probably 

# have circulated to 

## great 

# depths 

# and their 

## compositions 

# probably 

# have been determined almost entirely 

# by the original 

## composition of 

## the 

## meteoric 

# water 

# and

# by reaction 

# with rocks. 

# According to

# Hutchinson (1957, p. 

## 654-670), 

## meteoric 

# water in 

## equilibrium 

# with the 

# C0 2 

## of 

## the 

# atmosphere could contain 

# about 60 to 

# perhaps 100 

# ppm of

# HC0 3

. 

# Most of 

## the 

## waters given in 

## table 

## 26 are 

## within this 

## range. 

# Some additional 

# C0 2 

# probably has been supplied 

# by organisms in 

## the soil; 

## extensive reaction 

# with
silicate 

## minerals 

# and the resultant increase in 

# pH in 

## the 

## waters of 

## analyses 1, 

### 4, 

# and 6 

## given in 

## table 

## 26 

# have probably caused 

# some subsurface precipitation of 

## CaCO-3. 

# WATERS OF SALT DEPOSITS Analyses of

## waters associated

# with evaporite deposits

are 

# shown in 

## table 27. 

# Analyses 1 

## to 5 

## are of 

## waters 

# from 

# nonmarine saline 

## deposits, 

# and analyses 6 to 

## 10

are of 

## waters 

# from marine saline 

## deposits. 

# Anhydrite 

# and 

# gypsum deposits are 

# commonly included 

# with the saline 

## deposits. 

# An analysis of 

# water 

# from 

# gypsum is 

## included in 

## table 

## 8 (analysis 5). 

# The relatively 

## high concentration of 

# minor elements in 

## the brines of 

## Searles 

# Lake suggests that the brines

are 

# probably connate 

# nonmarine waters that are similar in 

## age to 

## the enclosing salts; 

## the 

## highly soluble 

# minor elements 

# have been greatly 

## concentrated 

# by evaporation of 

# water 

# and

# by precipitation of 

## the

# major dissolved 

# components. 

# The apparent absence of 

## subsurface 

## drainage 

# from the 

## basin 

# makes unlikely 

## the possibility 

## of 

## displacement 

# by meteoric 

# water 

# and selective 

## dissolving of

# minor components. 

# The water 

# from the salt 

## deposits of 

## the 

# Salado 

# Formation (analysis 7) is 

## particularly likely 

## to 

# be connate, 

# although 

# perhaps it is 

## modified greatly in 

## composition 

# by diagenetic 

# and 

# metamorphic processes (see 

## chapter Y). 

# When the ratio 

## of 

# Br/CI is 

# notably greater 

# than 0.003, 

## the 

# water is 

## likely 

## to 

# be connate; in 

## contrast, 

# when the ratio of 

# Br/CI is 

# notably less 

# than 0.003 (as 

## analyses 6 

# and 9), 

## the 

# water is 

## likely 

## to 

# be meteoric in 

## origin 

# and salts 

## are 

## dissolved 

# from crystalline 

## deposits. 

# The sodium 

# magnesium sulfate 

## water, or "bitter" 

## water, of 

# Budapest, 

# Hungary (table 27, 

## analysis 12),
is 

# an 

# example of 

## other saline 

## waters 

# whose origin is 

## highly uncertain. 

# Vendl (1951, p. 

## 188-196) suggests thatpyrite

## has

# been oxidizedextensively

# andcarbonates 

# have been dissolved, 

# but other explanations 

# appear equally or

# more attractive.

# F14 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 1.

# —

Chemical analyses of

## ground waters

## from granite, rhyolile, 

## and similar rock types

1 2 3 4 5

Rhyolite, Beatty, 

### Nev.

Feb. 22, 1956 6 7 g 

### Rock type

### and location Silicic volcanics, 

### Grandview, Idaho


### June 20, 1956 Rhyolite, 

## W. of 

### Los 

### Alamos, 

### N. Mex. 

## May 25, 1954 Rhyolite tuff, S. of 

### Mebane, N.C.
Mar. 23, 1955 Rhyolite, 

### Burns, Oreg.



### Nov. 16, 1956 Granite, 

### West Warwick, R.I. 

## May 26, 1955 Granite, 

### McCormickCo., S.C.


### Nov. 24, 1954 

### Date of collection

- 

## New Bedford, 

### Mass.

Oct. 31, 1955

SiOj

_ 

## ppm

37.1 .19 .01 .00 .07 3.6 .8 3.9 2.3 

### epm 

## ppm 55.1 .08 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 39 2.7 1.1 .0 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 62.2 .00 .0 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 52.0 .22 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 20.0 .19 .0 .0 .07 6.5 2.6 5.9 .8

38

.9 5.0 .5 1.5 .0 

### epm

0.32 .21 .26 .02 

## ppm 35.1 .18 .13 .0 .09 13 4.3 8.4 3.5

72

6.9 3.8 .2 .4 .1 

### epm

0.65 .35 .36 .09 

## ppm 17.0 .04 .00 .00 .03 17 7.3 16.9

51
22 15.0 27.1 

### epm
Al

-- 

### Fe 

# Mn Cu Zn

- 

### Ca 

# — 0.18

.07 .17 .06 4.4 1.4 11 1.2

42

1.9 2.0 .6 .3 0.22 .12 .48 .03 12 2.2 6.8 .6

80

.1 2.0 .1 .8 .1 0.60 .18 .30 .02 14 5.8 20 5.2

112

7.7 4.0 .3 3.1 .2 0.70 .48 .87 .13 8.0 1.0 62 2.0

131

22 16.5 6.7 .2 0.40 .08 2.70 .05 0.85 

# Mg .60 

## Na .70 

### K._ .02
Total cations

- 0.48 0.85 1.10 2.18 3.23 0.81 1.45 2.17

21

2.6 1.4 .1 1.9 .0 

## HCO3

- - 0.34

.05 .04 .01 .03 0.69

.04 .06 .03 .01 1.31

.00 .06 .01 .01 1.84

.16 .11 .02 .05 2.15

.46 .45 .03 .11 0.62

.02 .14 .03 .02 1.18

.14 .11 .01 .01 0.84 

### CO3 

## SO ( . 

## - .46 

### CI

- .42 

## F .00 

## NOj .44 

### PO«

0.47 0.83 1.39 2.18 3.20 0.83 1.45 2.16
Total, as reported 75 120 148 234 302 82 148 173

Specific conductance, 

### micromhos at 25°

## C 47

6.6 9.4 

## <6 0.2 0.1

0.9 .2 .6 15 1.9 .07 80 7.2 12.8 

### <10 <0.1 0.2

0.4 .3 .1 21.9 .3 130 6.9 15 5.4 

### <0.1 1.3

1.8 .2 .09 40.05 .05 217 7.6 14.4 

### <8 0.1 0.3

0.7 .4 .3 28 1.9 .08 319 7.9 15.6 17 

### <0.1 5.0

0.1 .1 .03 8.2 1.4 .03 76 7.6 11.1 15 0.4 1.4

1.1 .4 .1 7.6 .2 .1 150 7.0 18.1 7.5 0.2 0.4

1.5 .3 .4 19 1.8 .05 236 

## pH 

## — 6.3 

### Beta-gamma activity...«ic per I.. 

# U fS per I.. Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na

- 10.0 10 0.3 1.6

1.1 

### Mg/Ca .4 

## K/Na 

# — .06 

## HCO3/CL 3.4 

### SO4/CI

- 1.5 

### F/Cl

- -

9

Granite, Ellicott City, 

### Md.

Mar. 21, 1951 10 

### Quartz 

### Monzonite, 

## W. of Clayton, 

### Idaho Sept. 8, 1954 11 Granite, Stellenbosch, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 

### Mar. 19, 1940 12 Granite, 

### Spokane, 

### Wash.

June 6, 1951 13 Granite, Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 1944 14 Granite, Chester, Va.

Oct. 18, 1939 15 Granite, 

## NE. Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa July 1941

SiOj

- 

## — ppm

39.9 1.6 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 27.1 .05 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 10 

### epm 

## ppm 25 

### epm 

## ppm 45.0 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 17 

### epm 

## ppm 76 

### epm
Al

--- 

### Fe

- .22 .0 .03 

# Mn Cu Zn .- 

### Ca 

# — 27

6.2 9.5 1.4 1.35 .51 .41 .04 34 7.3 8.5 3.3

136

20 1.2 .2 .2 1.70 .60 .37 .08 6.0 11 } 85

43

15 138 0.30 .91 3.70 87 14

f 12 1 3.2

268

33 14.2 32 4.34 1.15 .52 .08 27 4.7 152 5.7

214

35 138 6.6 .0 1.35 .39 6.59 .15 67 5.0 197 14

126

468 24 3.4 .1 3.34 .41 8.57 .36 96 18 } 258

710 4.79 

# Mg

- 1.48 

## Na

-- 11.23 

# K

- -
2.31 2.75 4.91 6.09 8.48 12.68 17.50

93

32 5.2 .0 7.5 

## HCOj



## — 1.52

.67 .15 .00 .12 2.23

.42 .03 .01 .00 0.70

.31 3.89 .00 4.39

.69 .39 .01 .52 3.50

.73 3.89 .35 .00 2.07 11.64 

### CO3 SO4 9.74 .68 .18 .00 20 193 .42 CI

- - 6.44 

### F NO3-. .00 

### PO)
Total anions

- 2.46 2.69 4.90 6.00 8.47 12.67 17.50

223 238 308 489 628 922 1,370

spB^ffl'' oonductnriffi miei

### omhos at 25°

# C. 258

6.6 6 2557.5 7.8 7 0.1 4.6

4.0 .2 .4 113 17.2 569

7.3 10.6 

## pH 6.8 7.1 30.6 7.7 

### Temperature 

### Beta-gammaactivity 

## Ra ____" 

### C__ 

## w

---;ic per 1.. icperl.. 

# U

.. igperl.. Ratios 

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 2.8

.2 .1 18 6.2 0.07

1.8 7.2 .2 .3 19 2.4 .01 0^2 .2 .04 1.6 .3

. 05- 0.3 .07 .07 5.2 20.1 0.4 

## Mg/Ca .2 

## K/Na HCO3/CI .3 .11 00 3.7 SO«/Cl

- .1 F/Cl

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F15

EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 1

1. Spring, 

### southwest of 

### Grandview, sec. 9, T. 10 S., R. 1 

### W., 

### Owyhee County, Idaho. 

### Water from pool 

### below spring. 

### Flows 25

## gpm (estimated) 

### from Tertiary silicic volcanic rocks. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Oeol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, B. V. Salotto.
2. Spring, at 

### head of 

### East 

### Fork of 

### Jemez River, 

### Sandoval 

### County, west of 

### Los Alamos, 

### N. 

### Mex. Flows 250 

## gpm (estimated) 

### from rhyolite of Tertiary age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analysts, J. 

### D. 

### Honerkampand
J. 

### D. Weeks.
3. Drilled well, 106 ft deep, 1 mile south of

### Mebane, Alamance County, 

### N.C. In rhyolite tuff of Paleozoic(?) age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy.
4. Well, 251 ft deep, sec. 12, T. 23 S., 

### R. 30 E., 

### Harney County, Oreg. In rhyolite of

### Danforth 

### Formation ofTertiary (Pliocene) age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, R. A. Wilson.
5. Spring, 

### about 3 miles north of Beatty, 

## Nye County, 

### Nev. Flows 5

## gpm from rhyolite ofTertiaryage. 

### UnpublisheddatainU.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, 

### R. A. Wilson.
6. Drilledwell, 140 ftdeep, 

### WestWarwick, 

### KentCounty, R.I. In

### Cowesett Granite of Mississippian(?) age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitney

### and J. A. 

### Shaughnessy.
7. Drilled well, 252 ft deep, 

### John de la

## Howe School, 

### McCormick County, S.C. In granite of Carboniferous(?) age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy. 8. Drilled well, 205 ft deep, 

## New Bedford, Bristol 

### County, Mass. In 

## Dedham granodiorite of early Paleozoic age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### D. E. 

### Weaver.
9. Drilled well, 28 ft deep, Ellicott City, 

### Howard County, 

### Md. In Ellicott 

### City Granite of late Paleozoic(?) age 

### (DingmanandMeyer, 1954). 10. 

### Snyders Spring, 

### west of Clayton, near U.S. 

### Highway 93, T. 11 N., R. 16 E., 

### Custer 

### County, Idaho. 

### From quartz monzonite, 

### probably late 

### Mesozoic in age; contains 0.2 

## ppm boron (B). 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. 

### D. 

### Honerkamp, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and J. O. Johnson.
11. Drilled well, at Edenville, 4.5 miles 

### southwest of Stellenbosch, 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 

### (Bond, 1946). In 

### Cape Granite of late 

### Precambrian(?) age; 

### waterdeposits iron oxide 

### on standing; analyst, G. 

## W. Bond.
12. 

## Dug well, 45 ft deep, sec. 7, 

### T. 26 N., R. 42 E., 

### Spokane County, 

### Wash. In granodiorite of pre-Tertiary age, 

### surrounded 

### by alluvium of 

### Spokane River; 

## much ofdetrital material is basaltic (Weigle

### andMundorff, 1952). 13. 

## Warm spring, lat 24c34' S., long 27°36' 

## E„ Buffelshoek, Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. 

### FromBushveld Granite of

### Precambrian age 

### (Bond, 1946). 14. Drilled well, 386 ft deep, Chester, Chesterfield 

### County, Va. (Cederstrom, 1945). In granite of Paleozoic age. 15. Drilledwell, 

### Malopena

### Camp, KrugerNational Park, District ofLetaba, 

### north eastern Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. In 

### Archean granite 

### (Bond, 1946).

# F16 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 2.

# —

Chemical analyses of

## ground waters

## from gabbro, basalt, 

## and ultramafic rock types

1 

### Gabbro, Waterloo, 

### Md.

Dec. 23, 1952 2 

### Gabbro, Laurel, 

## Md. 

## May 23, 1952 3 4 5

Peridotite, 

### Webster, 

### N.C. 6 7

Serpentine, 

### Nottingham, Pa. Sept. 21, 1925 8
Basalt, 

# Wa May 1 

### Rock type

### and location 

### Gabbro,

Harrisburg, 

### N.C. Feb. 22, 1955 

### Bushveldultra- maflcs, Pretoria district, 

### Union of 

### South Africa Dec. 17, 1940 Serpentine, 

### Lake Roland, 

### Md. Mar. 19, 1954 

### Camas,

sh.

7, 1949

Si02 

## ppm

39.0 5.1 .19 >.21 '2.7 5.1 2.3 6.2 3.2 

### epm 

## ppm 21.3 1.2 .16 

### epm 

## ppm 56 

### epm 

## ppm 50 

### epm 

## ppm 16 

### epm 

## ppm 31.2 .06 .00 .00 .05 9.5 51 4.0 2.2

276

2.6 12.0 6.8 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 40 

### epm 

## ppm 49 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .06

.00 .08 .28 .04 

# Mn Cu Zn 0.25

.19 .27 .08 .0 16 10 15 1.5

20

59 25.1 2.2 .0 

### Ca 0.80

.82 .65 .04 32 16 25 1.1

203

10 13.2 2.7 1.60 1.32 1.09 .03 9.6 35 } 5.8

168

.5 14 0.48 2.88
.25 2.5 7.7 { :l

44.0 .0 .7 .3 0.12 .63 .01 .00 0.47 4.19 .17 .06 2.1 76 4.2 1.0

329

8.5 30 0.10 6.25 .18 .03 13 9.0 6.6 2.8

88

4.9 6.9 .1 8.4 0.65 

# Mg

- .74 

## Na .29 

# K .07

0.79 2.31 4.04 3.61 0.76 4.89 6.56 1.75

37

9.2 1.0 .0 .3 .0 

## HCOj 0.61

.19 .03 .00 .01 0.33

1.23 .70 .01 .04 3.33

.21 .37 .01 .04 2.75

.01 .40 0.72

.00 .02 .02 4.52

.05 .34 .00 .11 5.39

.18 .85 1.44 

### CO3 

## S0 4 - .10 

### CI .20 

## F .01 

## NO3 28 .45 2.7 .04 .14 

### POi

Total anions 0.84 2.31 3.96 3.61 0.76 5.02 6.46 1.89
Total, as reported 112 172 359 311 71 395 494 189

Specific

### conductance 77

6.7 259 5.6 388 6.8 16.7 427

8.3 181 

## pH


## — 7.6 8.5 7.7



# U -. p% per 1. Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.8

.4 .5 37 9.2 1.1 .6 .1 .8 2.4 .004 1.3 .5 .4 16.7 .02 1.7 3.6 12 3.1 .0 63.0 .4 2.4 13.6 23.2 0.5 18.2 11 .3 2.0 

### Mg/Ca .7 

## K/Na .4 

### HCO3/CI 12.04 13 SO</CI..__ .7 

### F/Cl .01

Analysis S 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

### Columbia River Basalt, 

### Farmington, Oreg. 

## May 15, 1951 Basalt, 

### Oahu Island, 

### Hawaii
Mar. 6, 1928 Basalt, 

### Moses Lake, 

### Wash. 

## May 1, 1950 Basalt, Shoshone, 

### Idaho

Oct. 30, 1956 Olivine Basalt tuff-breccia, Buell Park, Ariz. Sept. 29, 1948 

### Deccan Basalt, 

### Puma, Hyderabad, India 

### Snake River Basalt, 

### Eden, Idaho


### Nov. 29, 1956 

### Stormberg



### Date of collection Basalt, Barberton, 

### Union of 

### South Africa Sept. 20, 1941

SlOj 

## ppm

50 

### epm 

## ppm 63 

### epm 

## ppm 55 

### epm 

## ppm 33.0 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 31 

### epm 

## ppm 30 

### epm 

## ppm 44.05 .03 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 43 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .43 .08 .03 

# Mn Cu... 

### Zn Ca. 24

15 12 5.3 1.20 1.23 .52 .14 17 12 38 3.1

84

15 63 0.85 .99 1.65 .08 29 19 12 3.5

177

15 6.9 .4 9.7 1.45 1.56 .52 .09 48 14 16 3.2

220

19 8.0 .3 5.2 .15 2.40 1.15 .70 .08 20 42 

## }19

279

22 7.2 2.5 1.00 3.45
.83 62 28 3.09 2.30 1.04 54 20 51 7.2

242

61 46.4 6.0 .00 2.69 1.64 2.22 .18 68 64 } 95

616

15 75.0 16 3.39 

# Mg 5.26 

## Na 

# K 4. 14

294

30 37 Total cations 3.09 3.57 3.62 4.33 5.28 6.43 6.73 12.79

156

1.6 15.2 .1 

## HCO3 2.56

.03 .42 .01 .00 1.38

.31 1.78 2.90

.31 .20 .02 .16 3.61

.40 .23 .02 .08 4.57

.46 .20 .01 .04 4.82

.62 1.04 3.97

1.27 1.30 .02 .10 10.10 

### COi SO< .31 

### CI 2.12 

## F .00 

## NO3 .4 .01 .26 

### PO<
Total anions 3.02 3.48 3.59 4.34 5.28 6.48 6.66 12.79
Total, as reported 280 296 328 367 423 505 532 992

Specific

### conductance 

### mieromhos at 25° 

### C._ 427

7.7 340

7.9 404 8.0 13.1 

### <11 <0.1 2.7

3.0 .3 .2 28 2.4 .04 458 8.2 12.2 641

7.7 

## pH 7.1 

### Temperature °C__ 

### Beta-gamma activity. -w»c per 1.. 

### <23 <0. 1 2.7

1.1 .4 .1 5.3 1.3 nna Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 2.0

.6 .4 10.1 .01 0.4 .7 .08 1.3 .2 2.4 .7 .3 26 2.2 .06 1.1

2.1 2.6 .5 7 

## Mg/Ca .9 

## K/Na HCOs/Cl 40 3.1 .na 7.9 .8 8.2 

### SOj/Cl .2 

### F/Cl

1

### Values considered dubious, possiblycontaminated.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE "WATERS 

# F17

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 2

1. Drilled well, 75 ft deep, Waterloo, 

### Howard County, 

## Md. In 

### gabbro 

### (Dingman and Meyer, 1954). 2. Drilled well, 35 ftdeep, Laurel, 

### Howard County, 

## Md. In

### gabbro 

### (Dingmanand Meyer, 1954). 3. Drilled well, 79 ft deep, 1 mile south of Harrisburg, 

### Cabarrus County, 

### N.C. In gabbro. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, S. A. Phillips.
4. Drilled well, 120 ft deep, 5 miles 

### west of Hartebeespoort 

### Dam, on

### main road to 

### Rustenburg, District of Pretoria, Transvaal, Union'of

### South Africa. Innorite, pyroxenite, 

### and other ultramafic rocks of 

### Bushveld complex of 

### Precambrian age 

### (Bond, 1946); analyst, Q. 

### W. Bond.

5. Drilled well, 250 ft deep, Webster, 

### Jackson 

### County, 

### N.C. In periodotite (Le- Qrande, 1958). 6. 

### Well 

## Ed 22, 140 ft deep, 

### Lake Roland, Baltimore 

### County, 

## Md. In serpentine 

### (Dingman, Ferguson, 

### and Martin, 1956). 7. 

### Well 211, 100 ft deep, three-fourths of a mile 

### southwest of 

### Nottingham, Chester 

### County, Pa. In serpentine (Hall, 1934).
8. Drilled well, 390 ft deep, near 

### Camas,

# NWHNEH sec.8,T. 1 N., 

### R. 3 E., 

### Clark 

### County, 

### Wash. In basalt of Tertiary age (Griffin, 

### Watkins, 

### and Swenson, 1956). 9. 

### Well at 

### Farmington,

# NEHNWH sec. 31, T. 1 S., R. 2 

### W., 

### Washington

### County Oreg. In 

### ColumbiaRiver Basalt of Tertiaryage (Griffin, 

### Watkins, 

### and Swenson, 1956). 10. 

### Well 153, 

### Oahu Island, 

### Hawaii. In late Tertiary basalt (Stearns 

### and Vaksvik, 1935). 11. Drilled well, 210 ftdeep, near

### Moses Lake,

# SWH sec. 28, T. 19N., 

### R. 24 E., 

### Grant 

### County, 

### Wash. In Tertiary basalt 

### (Mundorfl, Reis, 

### and Strand, 1952). 12. 

### Well at Shoshone, sec. 2, T. 6 S., 

### R. 17 E., Lincoln 

### County, Idaho. In Tertiary basalt. 

### Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, 

### R. A. Wilson. 13. Spring, 

## 3M miles east of Sawmill, Buell Park, 

### Apache County, Ariz. (10 miles north of Fort Defiance). 

### From olivine basalt tuff-breccia. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, L. S. 

### Hughes. 14. 

### Well at

### PurnaRailway Station, State of

### Hyderabad, India. In

### Deccan Basalt of Cretaceous(?) age 

### (Munn, 1934). 15. Well, 380 ft deep, 

### Eden,

# NEH sec. 35, T. 9 S., R. 19 E., 

### Jerome County, Idaho In

### SnakeRiver Basalt ofTertiaryage. 

### Unpublisheddata inU.S. Geol. 

### Survey
flies; analyst, 

## M. Fishman.
16. Drilled well at 

### Komatipoort, District of Barberton, Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. In 

### Stormberg lavas of 

### Late Triassic age 

### (Bond, 1946); analyst, G.

# W Bond. 

# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 3

1. Spring, 16 miles northeast of Bear, sec. 3, T. 21 N., R. 2

# W„ Adams County, Idaho. Discbarges 200 

## gpm from altered andesite flows 

### and pyroclastics 

### and younger intrusive dikes in 

### Seven Devils Volcanics of 

### Permian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analysts, 

### R. A. Wilson, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and J. O. Johnson.
2. Drilled well, 160 ft deep. 8 miles 

### west ofAsheboro, 

### Randolph County, 

### N.C. In Paleozoic andesite tuff. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst,
J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy. 3. Drilled well, 683 ft deep, 

### China Grove, 

## Rowan County, 

### N.C. In diorite. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies. 4. Drilled well, 179 ft deep, at 

### Hamilton 

### County Jail, 

### Lake Pleasant Village, 

### Hamilton County, 

### N.Y. In syenite of 

### Precambrian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy 

### and J. E. 

### Whitney. 

# Table 3.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

## ground waters 

## from andesite diorite, 

## and syenite

1 Andesite, 

## NE. of Bear, 

### Idaho 

### Aug. 8, 1954 2 Andesite tuff, 

### W. of Asheboro, 

### N.C. Mar. 22, 1955 3 Diorite, 

### China Grove, 

### N.C. 1 

### Rock type 

### and loca- tion



### Date of collection Syenite,



### Lake Pleasant. 

### N.Y. Oct. 5, 1954

SiOj 

## ppm 8.9 .0 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 31.2 .16 .03 .01 

### epm 

## ppm 22 

### epm 

## ppm 19.0 .14 .00 .00 .03 9.5 2.3 2.8 .6

38

2.8 2.1 .1 2.5 .1 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .04 

# Mn Cu Zn 

### Ca 12.5 1.8 2.6 0.60 .04 .08 .07 14 5.6 9.6 .4

74

.1 8.8 .0 6.8 .0 0.70 .46 .42 .01 72 4.1 10 2.8

114

115 6.5 .1 .0 3.59 .34 .44 .07 0.47 

# Mg .19 

## Na .12 

# K .02
Total cations 0.79 1.59 4.44 0.80

38

6.3 .0 .1 .2 .0 

## HCO3 0.62

.13 .00 .01 .00 .00

0.76 1.21

.00 .25 .00 .11 1.87

2.39 .18 .01 .00 0.62 

### COj SO* 0.6 

### CI .06 

## F .01 

## NO3 .04 

### PO«

4.45 Total anions 1.57 0.79
Total, as re- 70 151 ?47 80

Specific 

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25° 

## C 

## PH 78

7.7 163

7.2 15.0 

## <5
<0.1 0.9

1.5 .4 .04 8.4 .01 .0 80

7.7 7.6 10.0 

### Beta-gamma activity 

### nnc per 1... 

## Ra 

## wc per 1.. 

## <5
<0.1 0.2

6.7 .04 1.4 

## <5

0.1 0.6 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 7.2

.06 .3 18 18.02 3.4 

## Mg/Ca .2 

## K/Na .2 

### HCO3/CI 18 

### SO«/Cl 1.3 

### F/Cl .05

# F18 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 4.

# —

Chemical analyses of

## ground waters 

### f

## rom sandstone

, 

### arkose, 

## and graywacke

1 

### Catahoula Sandstone, Collins, Miss.

Dec. 19, 1955 2 

### DawsonArkose, E. of 

### Monument, Colo.
Sept. 2, 1955 3 Caseyville Sandstone, 

### Dawson Springs, 

### Ky.

Jan. 3, 1955 4 Triassic 

### Sandstonenear Manchester, 

### Conn.


### Nov. 4, 1954 5 St. Peter 

### Sandstone 

### Near Melbourne, 

### Ark.
Sept. 19, 1954 6 

## Homewood Sandstone 

### Near Worthington, Pa.


### Mar. 3, 1955 7 Cretaceous sandstone, 

### Monzi, Zululand, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 

### Nov. 5, 1941 i Arik Sands 

### SW. of ford,
Sept. 1 

### Rocktype

### and location tone,

### CrawVebr.

9 1954

SiOj 

## ppm

25.2 .41 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 35.3 .20 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 9.4 .1 4.2 .21 .00 .00 16 6.4 

### epm

0.80 .53 

## ppm 14.1 .08 .10 .00 .00 27 10 

### epm 

## ppm 12.2 .06 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 8.0 .1 .16 .00 .00 .00 44 7.6 

### epm 

## ppm 20 

### epm 

## ppm 61 .1 1.1 .15 

### epm
Al

-- 

### Fe 

# Mn Cu 

# - Zn 

### Ca

. - 2.4

.5 0.12 .04 9.6 1.9 0.48 .16 1.35

.82 50 6.0 2.50 .49 2.20 .62 14 21 0.70 1.73 35 9.1 1.75 

# Mg .75 Sr 

## Na 2.6

2.0 .11 .05 

# },1

38

7.4 1.8 .1 1.5 .22 f 13 \ 2.2

98

14 3.0 .1 1.0 .56 .06 2.3 .8

80

31 5.6 .1 18.1 .10 .02 2.4 3.0

184

2.1 1.8

6.5 .10 .08 12 3.9

163

28 6.4 .1 1.2 .52 .10 } 36

122

12 61 1.57 f 7.8
I 6.0

161

5.5 4.0 .3 3.2 .34 

# K

— 

# — .15
Total cations 0.32 0.86 1.95 2.29 3.17 3.44 4.00 2.99

18

1.4 2.5 .1 .0 

# HC0 3 - 0.30

.03 .07 .01 .00 0.62 

### "\~15~
.05 .01 .02 1.61

.29 .08 .01 .02 1.31

.64 .16 .01 .29 3.02

.04 .05 .00 .10 2.67

.58 .18 .01 .02 2.00

.25 1.72 2.64 

### COj 

## so( .12 

### CI 

# - .11 

## F .02 

## NO3 t2 .00 .05 

### PO<
Total anions 0.41 0.85 2.01 2.41 3.21 3.46 3.97 2.94
Total, asreported 55 101 168 189 268 274 286 294
Specific

### conductance 

### mieromhos at 25° 

## C 38

6.2 18.9 

## <5 0.2 0.1

0.9 .2 .8 7.2 .6 .04 91 6.7 8.9 

## <5 0.4 0.1

1.9 .2 194 7.2 233 7.8 12.8 

### <10 0.1 0.6

12.4 .3 14 5.5 .02 299 7.4 16.7 

## <7 0.1 0.3

21 .1 1.3 102 1.2 327 8.0 283 

## pH 5.6 7.8 12.2 10 1.3 2.1

1.2 .4 .2 33 4.7
.na 

### <10

<0.1 0.2

3.7 .2 .3 26 4.4 .02 

### <)4 

## Ra /iMcperl.. 

# U

- 

### MgperLRatios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na <0.1 3 8
0.4 1.5 4.5 

### Mg/Ca .3 

## K/Na g 

### HCO3/CI 21

4.1 .06 2.0 .2 40 

### scvci 1.4 

### F/Cl .08

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

### Rock type 

### and location 

### Navajo Sandstone, E. of 

### Mexican Water, Ariz.



### Mar. 11, 1955 

### Pocono Sandstone near

### Jamestown, Pa. 

## May 26, 1954 Rensselaer 

### Graywacke
near 

### Sand Lake, 

### N.Y.

Sept. 20, 1954 St. Peter

### and other 

### Sandstone, 

### Waukesha, 

### Wis.


## May 2, 1952 Franconia Sandstone, 

### Mound, Minn.


## May 29, 1939 

### Cambrian sandstone, 

### Kaukauna Wis.

Oct. 27, 1955 Sylvania 

### Sandstone near Carleton, 

### Mich.

Oct. 23, 1956 

### Bushveld Sandstone, Pretoria, Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa July 3, 1940 Oakville



### Date of collection Sandstone, 

### Kennedy, Tex.

Dec. 9, 1955

Si02

-- 

## ppm

11.2 .50 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 14.0 1.3 .00 .00 .00 44 11 

### epm 

## ppm 12.0 .62 .02 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 8.7 

### epm 

## ppm 20 

### epm 

## ppm 6.9 .0 .72 .07 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 14.2 .71 .00 .00 .00 153 63 

### epm 

## ppm 56 

### epm 

## ppm 58.1 .05 .00 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .37 .05 .58 .34 

# Mn Cu Zn 

### Ca .8

.9 0.04 .07 2.20 .90 74 20 3.69 1.64 60 31 52 12 4.0

285

111 12.5 .8 2.99 2.55 1.19 .52 .10 78 51 3.89 4.19 157 21 20 14 4.6

241

330 8.0 1.9 .3 .0 7.83 1.73 .46 .61 .12 7.63 5.18 74 87 3.69 7.15 65 6.8 3.24 

# Mg .56 Sr. 

## Na 144.8 6.26

.02 60 4.1

327

22 4.4 .2 2.0 2.61 .10 34 1.2

381
26 2.7 .2 1.0 1.48 .03 26 3.4

490

60 1.5 .2 2.4 1.13 .09 24 3.8

330

362 30 1.1 .1 1.04 .10 

### }81

774 3.52 /374 \ 20

378

85 442.8 5.2 .1 16.27 

# K .51
Total cations 6.39 5.81 6.84 7.35 9.30 10.75 13.95 14.36 20.58

217 33 64 16.3 .5 

## HCO3 3.56

1.10 1.33 .45 .02 .01 5.36

.46 .12 .01 .03 6.24

.54 .08 .01 .02 4.67

2.31 .34 .03 .01 8.03

1.25 .04 .01 .04 3.95

6.87 .23 .10 .00 5.41 12.68 6.20 

### CO3

- 

### SO« 7.54 .85 .06 .00 12 32.2 32 .25 .90 .01 .52 1.77 

### CI 12.46 

## F .04 

## NO3 .08 

### PO<

14.36 Total anions 6.47 5.98 6.89 7.36 9.37 11.15 13.86 20.55

489 Total, as reported 490 553 577 733 806 982 1,150 1,440
Specific conductance 

### mieromhos at 25° 

## C 630

9.2 14.4 72 

### <0.1 6.9

0.006 1.1 .006 14 4.0 .02 533 7.4 10.6 

### <20 0.6 0.7

0.7 .2 .07 74 5.0 .OB 609 8.2 10.0 

### <25 0.1 5.0

2.2 .3 .04 141 9.6 (17 658 7.6 802 8.0 11.1 963 7.3 11.1 

### <25 2.7 0.5

11.1 .3 30 41.2 1,190 7.6 11.1 

### <50 1.2 2.1

6.4 .4 .2 11 12.04 2,130 

## pH 7.6 7.6 26.4 

### Beta-gamma activity 

### ^icperl.. 

### <68 

## Ra /i^cperl.. 0.2 

# U jigper 1-. 15 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 

### Mg/Ca 

## K/Na 5.0 .5 .3 24 9.3 .(U 3.0 .7 .1 327 40

1 0.9

1.2 0.2 .1 .05 

### HCO3/CI 141.4 .006 .0 

## SOt/Cl .2 

### F/Cl .002

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F19

EXPLANATION 

# FOR 

# TABLE 4

1. Drilled well, 240 ftdeep, Collins, 

### CovingtonCounty, Miss. In

### Catahoula 

### Sand stone ofMiocene(?) age. 

### Unpublisheddata in U.S. Qeol. 

### Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik.
2. Drilled well, 180 ft deep, 3 miles east of

### Monument, 

# SWH sec. 9, T. 11 S., E. 66

### W., ElPaso

### County, Colo. In

### DawsonArkoseofTertiaryage. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Oeol. 

### Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik.
3. Drilled well, 188 ft deep, 

### Dawson Springs, 

### Hopkins County, 

### Ky. In Caseyville 

### Sandstone of 

### Pennsylvanian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey
flies; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy

### and J. E. 

### Whitney.
4. Drilled well, 602 ft deep, 1 mile east of 

### Manchester, Hartford 

### County, 

### Conn. In sandstone of Triassic age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Qeol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy 

### and J. E. 

### Whitney.

5. Spring, 1 mile east of 

### Melbourne, 

## SEM sec. 1, T. 16 N., R. 9 

### W., Izard 

### County, Ark. 

### From St. Peter 

### Sandstone of Ordovician age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Qeol. 

### Survey files; analysts, R. A. Wilson, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and J. 0. Johnson.
6. Drilled well, 300 ft deep, near 

### Worthington, 

### Armstrong County, Pa. In

### Homewood Sandstone of

### Pennsylvanian age. 

### Unpublisheddata inU.S. Geol. 

### Survey
flies; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. Shaughnessy.
7. 

### Well at 

### Monzi, Zululand, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. In Cretaceous sandstone 

### (Bond, 1946) ; analyst, Q. 

## W. Bond.
8. Drilled 

### weU, 180 ft deep, 25milessouthwest ofCrawford,

# NWK sec. 19, T. 29 N., 

### R. 53 E., Sioux 

### County, Nebr. In Arikaree 

### Sandstone of 

### Miocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. 

### D. 

### Honerkamp, J. 

### D. 

### Weeks, 

### and J. O. Johnson.
9. Drilled well, 592 ft deep, 6 miles east of

### Mexican Water, 

### Apache County, Ariz. In

### Navajo Sandstone ofJurassic age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Qeol. 

### Survey
flies; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. 

### A. Shaughnessy. 10.

11.

12. Drilled well, 122 ft deep, 0.3 mile northeast of 

### Jamestown, Crawford 

### County. Pa. In 

### Pocono Sandstone of Mississippian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy 

### and 

### W. F. White. Drilled well, 166 ft deep, 1.2 miles northeast of 

### Sand Lake, Rensselaer 

### County, 

### N.Y. In Rensselaer

### Graywacke of

### Cambrian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy 

### and J. E. 

### Whitney. 

### North Street well, 1,907 ft deep, 

### Waukesha, 

### Waukesha County, Wis. In St. Peter, 

### Mt. Simon, 

### and associated sandstones of 

### Cambrian to Ordovician age 

### (Lohr 

### and Love, 1954a). 13. Well, 509 ft deep, 

### Mound, Hennepin County, 

### Minn. In 

### Franconia 

### Sandstone of 

### Cambrian age (Prior, Schneider, 

### and 

### Durum, 1953). 14. Drilled well, 557 ftdeep, 

### Kaukauna,

# NWH sec. 25, T. 21 N., R. 18 E., 

### Outagamie County, Wis. In sandstone of 

### Cambrian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, B. V. Salotto 

### and D. E. 

### Weaver. 15. Drilled well, 100 ft deep, south-southeast of Oarleton, 

## NWJ4 sec. 21, T. 5 S., 

### R. 9 E., 

### Monroe County, Mich. In Sylvania 

### Sandstone of 

### Devonian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, 

### D. E. 

### Weaver. See table 13, analysis 8, for

### deep saline water of Sylvania sandstone. 16. Drilled well, 140 ft deep, 

### on Kalkheuvel 389, District of Pretoria, Transvaal, 

### Unionof

### SouthAfrica. In

### Bushveld Sandstone (arkosic) ofTriassicage 

### (Bond, 1946, p. 141-142); analyst, G. 

### W. Bond.
17. Drilled well, 416 ftdeep, 

### Kennedy, KarnesCounty, Tex. In Oakville 

### Sandstone of 

### Miocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### R. A. Wilson.

# F20 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 5.

# —

Chemical analyses of

## ground waters

## from siltstone, clay, 

## and shale

1 5 f 4 1 

### Sh

vs



# M e 8 9 

### Rock type

### and location

.. Hattiesburg

Clay, Prentiss, Miss.

Dec. 19, 1955 

### Ohio Shale, 

### Park Lake, 

### Ky.

Jan. 5, 1955 

### Brunswick Shale, 

### Wyckoff, N.J.
Feb. 27, 1957 Tuffaceous clay, Dear Sheaville, Oreg.


### June 28, 1956 Chicopee Shale, Chicopee, 

### Mass.

Dec. 8, 1954 ale, Transal, 

### Union }f 

### South Africa



### ay 8, 1941 Clay, George- town, S.C.

Jan. 10, 1947 Brule Silt- stone, Harrisburg, 

### Nebr.


### Nov. 9, 1955 

### Ecca Shale,



### Date of collection 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 

### Nov. 7, 1941

SiOj 

## ppm

12.2 .0( 

### .« 

### epm 

## ppm 22 1.5 .39 .22 .05 .36 15 7.5 36 3.5 

### epm 

## ppm 16.0 .02 .00 .00 .00 29 16 12 1.1 

### epm 

## ppm 43.0 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 15.0 1.0 .08 .00 .03 96 19 18 1.5 

### epm 

## ppm 40 

### epm 

## ppm 12- 

### epm 

## ppm 64.4 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 32

.

### epm
Al 

### Fe > .92 

# Mn
I 

## Cu Zn 

### Ca 1.2

.5 2.1 .8 6.06 .04 .09 .02 6.75 .62 1.56 .09 1.45 1.32 .52 .03 29 11 31 8.0 1.45 .90 1.35 .20 4.79 1.56 .78 .04 } 32 46
34 1.60 3.78 1.48 1.6 .7 210 0.08 .06
9.13J 44 9.2 129 10

346

76 42.1 16.2 2.20 .76 5.61 .26 62 64 } 92

362

. 106 140.6 16 3.09 

# Mg 5.26 

## Na 4.05 

# K—

. 0.21 3.02 3.32 3.90 7.17 6.86 9.27. 8.83 12.40

8.0

.5 2.0 .0 2.2 .0 3.2

128 21.2 .5 .0 126

22 12.2 26.0 173 7 33 6.0 .7 .0 .0 133

208 25.4 .4 .0 366

4 28 447 32 1.5 28.9 .0 

## HCO3 0.13 0.05 2.06 2.84 .23 .69 .17 .04 2.18 6.00 7.33

1.07 .03 .79 .05 .00 5.67

1.58 1.18 .01 .26 5.93 

### CO3 SO< .01

.06 .00 .04 2.66 .59 .01 .01 .46 .34 .01 .42 4.33 .70 .02 .01 .08 .79 2.21 CI 3.95 

## F .03 

## NOs .26 

### PO«
Total anions 0.24 3.32 3.29 3.97 7.24 6.87 9.27 8.70 12.38

30 239 260 342 517 550 735 737 875

.

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25°C... 26

6.1 19.4 

## <5 0.1 

### <0.1

0.6 .4 .4 4.0 .2 .0 373 4.9 10.0 16 2.1 18

0.4 .5 .1 .2 6.1 .01 340 7.9 10.6 

### <10 <0.1 1.4

2.4 .6 :09 10 1.8 .02 365 8.5 16.7 16 

### <0.1 0.1
0.9 .4 .3 29 5.5 .1 690 7.8 12.5 

### <25 0.7 1.5

5.3 .2 .08 5.3 8.3 .02 839

7.7 11.1 

### <23 0.1 16

0.3 .2 .08 8.2 1.8 .002 

## pH 7.8 8.6 20 7.6 

### Temperature °C.. 

### Beta-gamma activity..-mmcper 1.. 

## Ra 

## we per 1.. 

### U. Mgper 1.. Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.9 1.4 0.008 .4 0.7 

### Mg/Ca 1.0 

## K/Na HCO3/CI- 13.1 .0 16.05 .03 2.6 SO4/CI .8 

### F/Cl .004

10 Wlllard Shale, 

### Lyon County, Kans.

Sept. 11, 1951 11 Camillus

### and Vernon Shales, Syracuse, 

### N.Y.


## May 3, 1956 12 Shale, 

### Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Jan. 15, 1952 13 

### Benton Shale, 

### La Prele, 

### Wyo.

Aug. 16, 1950 14 Shale, Pekin, 

### N.C.

Feb. 28, 1955 15 

### Eutaw Clay, Linden, Ala.



### Mar. 17, 1952 16 Pierre Shale 

### Langdon, 

### N. Dak.

Oct. 27, 195' 17

### Precambrian shale, 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa

[ 

### Mar. 19, 1940 18 

### Rock type

### and location

. Jackson



### Date of collection Shale, Monticello, Ark.

Dec. 13, 1955

SiOj 

## ppm

11 

### epm 

## ppm 6.5 .0 3.5 .13 .02 .00 227 29

r 12 \ 2.7 

### epm 

## ppm 19 

### epm 

## ppm 13 

### epm 

## ppm 17.1 8.2 .07 .12 .05 48 29 447 8.4 

### epm 

## ppm 13 3.6 .16 

### epm 

## ppm 26 2.2 3.5 21 

### epm 

## ppm 5 

### epm
) 

## ppm 98 28.88 9.6 

### epm
Al



# _ 2.33 

### Fe .21 1.3

.00 4.1 

# Mn .34 

## Cu Zn Ca 95

43 }l09 4.74 3.54 4.74 11.33 2.38 .52 .07 123 70 61 2.2 6.13 5.76 2.65 .06 8.5 .4 310 5.0 0.42 .03 13.48 .13 2.40 2.38 19.44 .21 6.1 2.1 624 5.7 0.30 .17 27.13 .15 416 143 362 14 20.7 11.7 15.7 .36 33 6 23 

### 1} 69



### 2 1 16.52

7 19.49

i 30.36 424 194

2,420 380 1.8 3.1 .0 21.16 

# Mg 15.95 

## Na 18.10 

# K

- .28

13.02

2 14.30 14.60 14.06 24.43 27.75 48. e

. 66.37 58.16 

## HCOi 344

120 36.2 239 5.64 RR 4.72 539

283 3.5 .4 .1 8.83 580 12 2.0 142 1.0 2.6 9.61 .40 .04 4.00 .05 .04 679

1.5 636 1.2 .2 9.49 642

1.6 692 2.8 1.5 10.52 104
2,170 38.2 .1 1.7

45.1 1.0 .0 .€ 91

8 15 7 1,71
1 i 14.98 ) 2 3.16
5 48.22 ) 3 

### COa 439

24.0 .9 .0 

### SO« 2.50

1.02 .01 3.86 9.14 .68 .00 .01 5.89 .10 .02 .00 .03 15.12 .06 .00 .03 16.70 .15 .02 50.38 CI

___ 10.72 

# NO»ir"""TM~~~~""""~ .09 .05 

### PO«

« Total anions 13.03 14.55 14.84 14.04 24.70 27.42 47. S 66.36

3 61.24
1,080 Total, asreported 997 1,030 1,100 1,680 1,890 3,300 4,0a 3,990

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhos at 2

### 5°C._ 1,210

7.6 11.1 

### <50 <0.1 2.1

19.1 .2 12 if) 1,180 7.3 11.1 1,340 8.2 10.6 2,410 8.1 17.8 

### <100 0.6 24

0.1 .6 .02 1.1 2,710 7.7 26.7 3,560 6.3 6.1 

### <110 <0.1 0.3

1.1 .3 .04 2.7 K7 4,570 

## pH 7.5 4.0 

### Temperature -°C_. 

### Beta-gammaactivity ji/ic aer 1 

### <140 1.7 17 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.9

.5 2.0 .6 .6 154
lit 0.03 .05 .02 4.1 

## M 0.01 .3 .3 1.1 0.5 .7 1.0 

## Mg/Ca_ K/Na .5 .03 

### HCOj/Cl 9.6

3 3 .5 na SOj/Cl 6.4 

### F/Cl .006 .0 .1 007 002 005 .005 .0 .005

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F21

EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 5

1. Drilled well, 148 ft deep, Prenliss, Jefferson 

### Davis County. Miss. In clay of Hattiesburg 

### Formation of 

### Miocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik. 2. Spring, 

### Park Lake, 

### Fleming County, 

### Ky. 

### From Ohio Shale of 

### Devonian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy

### and
J. E. 

### Whitney.
3. Drilled well, 300 ft deep, 

### Wyckoff, 

### Bergen 

### County, N.J. In

### Brunswick Shale of Triassic age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### D. E. Weaver. 4. Spring, one-quartermile southeast ofSheaville, sec. 24, T. 28 S., R. 46 E., 

### Malheur County, Oreg. 

### From tuffaceous clay of 

### Miocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### R. A. Wilson.

f>. Well, 110 ft deep, Chicopee, 

## Hampden County, Mass. In 

### Chicopee Shale of Late Triassic age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy.
6. Borehole 

### Donkerhoek 178, Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. In slightly 

### met- 

### amorphosed shale of 

### Transvaal 

### System of 

### Precambrian age 

### (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. 

## W. Bond.
7. Drilled well, 720 ft deep, 

### Georgetown, 

### Georgetown County, S.C. In clay of 

### Black Creek 

### Formation of Cretaceous age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, F. 

### H. Pauszek. 8. Drilled well, 80 ft deep, Harrisburg, 

## SEK sec. 2, T. 18 N., 

### R. 56

# W Banner County, Nebr. In Brule Siltstone ol Oligocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik. 9. Drilled well at Brittstown, 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. In shale of 

### Ecca Series of 

### Permian age 

### (Bond, 1946); analyst, 

### G. 

## W. Bond. 10

11 

## Dug well, 38 ft deep, 

# SEHSEH sec. 28, T. 21 S., R. 11 E., 

### Lyon County, 

### Kans. In Willard

### and

### Dry Shales of

### Pennsylvanian age 

### (O'Connor, 1953). Drilled well, 300 ft deep, Syracuse, 

### Onondaga County, 

### N.Y. In 

### Camillus 

### and Vernon Shales of Silurian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, B. 

### V. Salotto. 12. Drilled well, 72 ft deep, Strongsville 

### Township, 

### Cuyahoga County, Ohio. In shale of Mississippian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files. 13. Drilled well 32-73-8 

## DAB, 725 ft deep. 

### La Prele area. 

### Converse 

### County, 

### Wyo. In 

### Benton Shale of Cretaceous age 

### (Rapp, 1953). Also reported; B, 1.6

### ppm. 14. Drilled well, 130 it deep, one-halfmile east oj Pekin, 

### Montgomery County, 

## NC. Inshale ofTriassic age. 

### Unpublisheddata inU.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts. J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy. 15. Drilled well, 1107 ft deep, Linden,

# NEHNWK sec. 6, T. 15 N., 

### R. 2 E., 

### Marengo County, Ala. In clay of 

### Eutaw Formation of Cretaceous age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, J. 

### H. Hubble. 16. 

## Dugwell, 35 ftdeep, 

### Langdon, 

## SEK sec. 14, T. 161 N., R. 60

### W., Cavalier

### County, 

### N. Dak. In Pierre Shale ot Cretaceous age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. 

### D. 

### Honerkamp, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and J. O. Johnson. 17. Drilled well, 80 ft deep, 

### Ridgemore 

### Farm, near Faure, 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. In shale of 

### Malmesbury Series of 

### Precambrian age 

### (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. 

### W. Bond. Well, 22 ft deep, 7 miles northeast of Montlcello,

# NEK sec. 30, 

### T. 11 S., 

### R. 6 

### W., 

### Drew County, Ark. In 

### Jackson 

### Clay of 

### Eocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik. 18

# F22 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 6.

# —Chemical analyses of

## ground waters

## from limestone

1 

### Miocene limestone, Gainesville, Fla. Apr. 16, 1946 2 

### Warsaw Limestone, 

### Tuscumbia, Ala. Apr. 10,' 1956 3 

### Miocene limestone, Brooksville, Fla. July 5, 1946 4 

### Bangor Limestone, Irondale, Ala.
Sept. 3, 1952 5 Ocala Limestone, 

### Lake City, Fla. 

### Mar. 16, 1957 6 

### Meagher Limestone, Ennis, 

### Mont.
Sept. 10, 1956 7 Source (formation or age) 

### and location Castle

### Hayne

Date ofcollection Limestone, 

## New Bern, 

### N.C. Feb. 21, 1956

SiOj 

## ppm

10 

### epm 

## ppm 7.7 .0 .23 .08 .00 .00 43 1.2 1.5 .7

133
3.2 2.2 .1 5.9 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 8.9 

### epm 

## ppm 10 

### epm 

## ppm 25.1 .17 .00 .00 .02 39 15 7.5 1.3

196

1.8 9.8 .5 .8 .1 

### epm 

## ppm 11.2 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 21.0 3.5 .02 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .04 .05 .14 

## Mn.

. 

## Cu Zn 

### Ca 15

6.7 3.2 .6 0.75 .55 .14 .02 2.15 .10 .06 .02 48 5.8 4.0 .7

168
6.4 4.8 .1 .0 2.40 .48 .17 .02 58 3.2 3.4 .6

164

7.0 7.5 .1 8.9 2.89 .26 .15 .02 1.95 1.23 .33 .03 53 19 2.8 1.6

187

61 2.2 .3 1.4 .05 2.64 1.56 .12 .04 76 1.3 5.0 .7

240

.2 8.0 .2 .2 .0 3.79 

# Mg .11 

## Na

- .22 

# K .02
Total cations 1.46 2.33 3.07 3.32 3.54 4.36 4.14

74

2.6 3.4 .4 1.8 

## HCO3 1.21

.05 .10 .02 .03 2.18

.07 .06 .01 .10 2.75

.13 .14 .01 .00 2.69

.15 .21 .01 .14 3.21

.04 .28 .03 .01 3.06

1.27 .06 .02 .02 3.93 

### COs SO4

_ .00 

### CI .23 

## F .01 

## NO3 

## Voo PO<
Total anions 1.41 2.42 3.03 3.20 3.57 4.43 4.17
Total, as reported... 118 199 247 263 297 340 356

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhosat 25°

# C- 143

7.0 22.2 224 7.3 16.1 

### <10 0.2 0.3

29.03 .5 60 1.5 .05 287 7.7 23.9 301 7.5 17.8 327 8.0 22.2 14 0.6 0.2

5.2 .4 .2 20.2 .05 409 7.8 12.2 393 

## pH 7.1 

### Temperature 

### Beta-gamma activity. 

## °C- 16.7 

## Ra 

# U

_ Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 4.7

.4 .2 22.8 .1 12.1

.2 35 1.3 .02 17.06 .2 22.9 .01 19.4

.6 85 28.1 15 

## Mg/Ca .02 

## K/Na .1 

### HCOs/Cl 30 

### SO4/CI .03 

### F/Cl .03

Analysis

. 8



### Edwards Limestone, Uvalde, Tex.


### Nov. 2, 1945 9 

### Laurel Limestone, 

### Bardstown, 

### Ky. Jan. 4, 1955 10 

### Bayport dolo- miticLimestone, 

### Grand Rapids, 

### Mich. Jan. 21, 1953 11 

### Pahasapa Limestone, 

### Rapid City, S. 

### Dak. Aug. 20, 1954 12 

### Lebanon Limestone, 

### Mt. Juliet, 

### Tenn. 

### Nov. 17, 1954 13 

### Conasauga limestone, 

### Birmingham, Ala Oct. 3, 1952 14 Source (formation or age) 

### and location



### Date of collection

.. Limestone, Roswell, 

### N. Mex. 

## May 14, 1954

Si02 

## ppm

11 

### epm 

## ppm 11.1 .02 .00 .00 .00 61 34 9.0 1.1

291

20 11.1 44 

### epm 

## ppm 8.4 

### epm 

## ppm 23.1 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 9.2 .0 .22 .33 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 11 

### epm 

## ppm 12.2 .01 .01 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .08 .07 1.4 

### Mn.... 

## Cu Zn 

### Ca 74

9.5 24 7.0 3.69 .78 1.04 .18 3.04 2.80 .39 .03 79 28 8.1 5.7

267

51 29.0 28 3.94 2.30 .35 .15 92 37 5.9 4.9

207

214 1.8 .5 .3 .0 4.59 3.04 .26 .13 124 28 14 3.0

460

57 18.1 5.0 .0 6.19 2.30 .61 .08 96 37 61 1.2

291

91 112.1 20 4.79 3.04 2.65 .03 140 41 31 1.3

236

315 42.9 3.8 6.99 

# Mg

_ 3.37 

## Na 1.35 

# K .03
Total cations.. 5.69 6.26 6.74 8.02 9.18 10.51 11.74

277

19 24.4 4.1 

## HCO3 4.54

.40 .68 .02 .07 4.77

.42 .31 .01 .71 4.38

1.06 .82 .00 .45 3.39

4.46 .05 .03 .00 7.54

1.19 .51 .01 .08 4.77

1.89 3.16 .01 .32 3.87 

### COs SO4 6.56 CI 1.18 

## F .05 

## NO3

_ .06 

## PO ( Total anions 5.71 6.22 6.71 7.93 9.33 10.15 11.72
Total, as reported 450 482 504 587 720 722 823

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25° 

### C. 

## pH 570

7.0 587 8.2 14.4 

### <25 0.1 0.7

6.8 .6 .1 26 1.8 (TOO 649 7.3 705 7.4 48.9 17 2.0 6.4

16.4 .8 115 119 3 808 7.8 13.9 

### <25 0.1 1.2
8.9 .2 .2 26 3.2 nnfi 963 7.3 16.7 1,040 7.6 

### Temperature 

## °C. 20.6 

### Beta-gamma activity ..mac perl.. 

### <10 

### Ra .-mmcper l._ 0.1 

## U ..-Mgperl.. 1.0 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 3.1

.1 .3 12.8 .02 9.8

.4 .7 9.2 1.8 n 1.6

.4 .02 2.6 .8 

### mi 4.5 

### Mg/Ca .3 

## K/Na .04 

### HCOj/Cl 5.6 SO,/Cl

_ 7 5 F/Cl...

_ _._ .02

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F23

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 6

1. 

### Glen Springs, 2 miles northwest of Gainesville, 

### Alachua County, Fla. 

### Flows 150

## gpmfromlimestone of

### Mioceneage (Ferguson, 

### Lingham, Love, 

### andVernon, 1947). 2. Artesian spring, 

### Tuscumbia, 

# NWM sec. 9, T. 4 S., 

### R. 11 

### W., Colbert 

### County, Ala. 

### From Warsaw Limestone of Mississippian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, 

### D. E. 

### Weaver.
3. 

### Weekiwachee spring, 12 miles southwest of Brooksville, 

### Hernando County, Fla. 

### Flows 71,000

## gpmfromlimestoneof

### Mioceneage (Ferguson, 

### Lingham, Love, 

### and Vernon, 1947). 4. Drilled well, 210 ftdeep.Irondale, Jefferson 

### County, Ala. In 

### Bangor Limestone of Mississippian age (Robinson, Ivey, 

### and Billingsley, 1953). 5. Drilled well, 275 ft deep, 1792 

### Putnam St., 

### Lake City, 

### Columbia County, Fla. In Ocala 

### Limestone of 

### Eocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey
files; analyst, 

### D. E. 

### Weaver.
6. Spring, 9 miles south of Ennis,

# SWH sec. 13, T. 7 S., R. 2

### W., 

### Madison County, 

### Mont. Flows 15,000

## gpm irom 

### Meagher Limestone of 

### Cambrian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### R. A. Wilson.
7. Drilled well, 126 ft deep. 

## New Bern, 

### Craven County, 

### N.C. In Castle 

### Hayne Limestone of 

### Eocene age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, S. 

### H. Phillips. 8. Well, 350 ft deep. Uvalde. 

### Uvalde County, Tex. In 

### Edwards Limestone of Cretaceous age (Petit

### and George, 1956) .

9. Spring, 

### southwest border of 

### Bardstown, Nelson 

### County, 

### Ky. Flows 15 

## gpm

from Laurel 

### Limestone oi Silurian age (dolomitic in

### some areas). 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geo). 

### Survey flies; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy

### and J. E. 

### Whitney. Drilled well, 57 ft deep, northeast of

### Grand Rapids, 

# SEHSEM sec. 1, T. 8 N., R. 12

### W., 

### KentCounty, 

### Mich. In 

### Bayport Dolomitic 

### Limestone of Mississip- pianage; water

## maybe

### fromsandstone lenses in thisformation (Stramel, Wisler, 

### and Laird, 1954). 11. Well, 4,645 ft deep, 

### Rapid City,

# NWH sec. 18, T. 2 N., R. 9 E., 

### Pennington 

### County, S. 

### Dak. In 

### Pahasapa Limestone of Mississippian age. 

### Unpublished data inU.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. 

### D. 

### Honerkamp, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and
J. O. Johnson; also reported: B, 0.41

### ppm. 12. Drilled well, 6y ft deep, 

### Mount Juliet, 

### Wilson 

### County, 

### Tenn. In 

### Lebanon Limestone oi Ordovician age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy. 13. Drilled well, 310 ft deep, 

### Birmingham, Jefferson 

### County, Ala. In 

### Conasauga Limestone of 

### Cambrian age (Robinson, Ivey, 

### and Billingsley, 1953). 14. 

### Flowing well, 843 ft deep, 10 miles southeast of Roswell, 

# SWH sec. 15, T. US., R. 25 E., 

### Chaves County, 

### N. 

### Mex. Flows 2,000

## gpm from 

### San Andres Limestone of 

### Permian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, 

### R. A. Wilson, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and J. O. Johnson. 10.



# Table 7.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

## ground waters 

## from dolomite

1 

### Gasconade Dolomite, Alley, 

### Mo.

June 19, 1925 2 

### Copper Ridge Dolomite, 

### Center Point, Ala.

Oct. 1, 1952 3 

### Niagara Dolomite, 

### West Allis, Wis.

Oct. 29, 1954 4 

### Pre

### Cambrian 5 6
dolomite near Irene, Pretoria, Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa Oct. 2, 1939 Peebles Dolomite, Bainbridge, 

### Ohio


## May 13, 1955 

### Guelph Dolomite, Fort Recovery, 

### Ohio


### Mar. 20, 1955

SiOj 

## ppm

5.4 

### epm 

## ppm 9.2 

### epm 

## ppm 18.2 .39 .03 .00 .00 35 33 28 1.3 

### spm 

## ppm 24 

### epm 

## ppm 11.0 .48 .13 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 14.2 4.2 .05 .00 .00 178 86 76 3.5 

### epm
Al 

### Fe

- .17 .34 

# Mn Cu Zn

--- 

### Ca

- 30

18 } 4.6 1.50 1.48 .20 34 14

/ 2.0
I .6 1.70 1.15 .09 .02 1.75 2.71 1.22 .03

5.71 67 39 } 8.0 3.34 3.21 .35 28 72 / 3.5
I 1.7 1.40 5.92 .15 .04 8.88 

## Mg

—-

7.07 

## Na

- - 3.30 

### K.

. .09

3.18 2.96 6.90 7.51 19.34

160 4 1.4 5.0 160

3.7 2.5 .1 3.2 241

88 1.0 .9 

## 12 390

1.0 17.0 .4 398

28 5.0 .1 31.0 285

707 11 1.7 1.1 

# HC0 3 2.62

.13 .03 .14 2.62 3.95 6.39 6.52 4.67 

### COj

- 

### so« .08 .07 .01 .05 1.83 .03 .05 .02 .02 .48 .00 .01 .58 .14 .01 .50 14.72 

### CI .31 

## F 

# —

- - .09 

## NO3

- .9 .02 .02 

### PO«

2.94 2.83 5.88 6.90 7.75 19.81

546 229 230 448 579 1,370

259 7.5 16.7 511 8.2 10.3 

### <25 0.1 

### <0.1

1.2 .9 .04 241 88.9 663

7.6 13.3 

### <25 0.2 0.8

8.0 2.6 .5 80 5.6 .02 1,510 

## pH 7.9 7.4 

### Temoerature 

### °C 15.0 

### <50 

### Ra

- niicper 1.. 0.6 

# U /igper

### 1„ 2.0 Ratios

### by weight: 

### Ca/Na 6.5

.6 17.4 .3 64 1.5 .04 8.4

.6 2.3 

## Mg/Ca

- .5 

## K/Na .05 

### HCOj/Cl 32.3 23.06 .0 26 

### S0</C1 

## „ 64 

### F/Cl .15



# EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 7

1. AlleySpring, AlleySpringStatePark, sec. 25, T. 29, N., R. 5

### W., 

### ShannonCounty, 

### Mo. Flows 16,600

## gpm trom 

### Gasconade Dolomite of Ordovician age 

### (Beckman andHinchey, 1944). 2. 

### Harvey Spring, i

## Wmilessoutheast of

### Center Point, Jefferson

### County, Ala. 

### From Cooper Ridge Dolomite of 

### Cambrian age (Robinson, Ivey, 

### and Billingsley, 195Sj. 3. Drilled well, 500 ft deep, 2 mileswest of

### West Allis, sec. 6, 

### T. 6 N., 

### R. 21 E., Mil- 

### waukee County, W13. In Niagara 

### Dolomite of Silurian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy. 4. Drilled well, 100 ft deep, 1 mile south of Irene, 

### on 

### main road to 

### Johannesburg, District of Pretoria, Transvaai, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. In dolomite of Pre- 

### cambrain age 

### (Bond, 1946); analyst, G. 

### W. Bond.
5. Drilled well, 95 tt deep, 3.3 miles west of Bainbridge, 

### Ross 

### County, Ohio (on U.S. 

### Highway 50). In Peebles 

### Dolomite of Silurian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy. 6. Drilled well, 208 ft deep, Fort Recovery, 

### Mercer County, Ohio. In

### Guelph Dolomite of Silurian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy.

# F24 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 8.—Chemical analyses c

## / ground waters

## from miscellaneous 

### sedimentary rocks

Analysis.. 1



### Biwabik Iron 

### Formation, 

### Grand Rapids, 

### Minn. Sept. 22, 1954 2 

### Big 

### Fork Chert, 

### Hot Springs, Ark. 

## May 28, 1956 3 

### Phosphoria Phosphate, Garrison, 

### Mont.
Apr. 2, 1957 4 Lignite, Fort 

### Union Formation Belfleld, 

### N. Dak. 

### Mar. 9, 1957 5 

## Gypsum Formation, Bluff, > 

### Nov. 2 

### Date of collection 

## W. of

### Red

f. 

### Mex. 5, 1949

SiOj 

## ppm

14.0 .65 .00 54 19 7.5 5.8 

### epm 

## ppm 26 .9 .95 .18 26 1.9 7.4 2.8 

### epm 

## ppm 8.6 .1 1.3 .00 36 14 2.3 1.8 

### epm 

## ppm 11 .1 .90 .09 74 53 624 5.4 

### epm 

## ppm 29 

### epm
Al 

# — — 

# — Fe 

# — Mn Ca 2.70

1.56 .33 .15 1.30 .16 32.07 1.80 1.15 .10 .05 3.69 4.36 27.14 .14 636 43
} 

# » 31.74 

# Mg 3.54 

## Na 

# K .74

4.74 1.85 3.10 35.33 36.02

271

6.1 .5 .1 1.2 .0 68

34 2.2 .1 .1 .0 131

40 2.0 .9 .8 .45 702
1,080 25.3 .0 .15 143
1,570 24 

## HCO3-— 4.44 1.11 2.15 11.51 2.34 

### CO3 SO, .13

.01 .01 .02 .71 .06 .01 .00 .83 .06 .05 .01 22.49 .70 .02 32.69 

### CI .68 

## F

. 

# — NO3 18 .29 

### P0(

4.61 1.89 3.10 34.72 36.00

380 171 239 2,580 2,480

Specific

### conductance—.micromhos at 25° 

# 0— pH

-- 413

7.8 7.8 

### <14 2.6 0.2

7.2 3.5 .8 500 12.2 199 6.5 28.9 

## <7 0.8 294 7.4 12.8 

## <8 2.1 2.7

16.4 .8 66 20.4 3,060 7.1 5.0 

### <85 0.2 1.0

0.1 .7 .009 28 43.01 2,510



## Ra 

## °c.

/xgper

### L. Tj Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 3.5 .07 .4 31 15.05 37 

## Mg/Ca

- .07 

## K/Na

-- 

### HCO3/CI 6.0 

### pcvci 65 

### F/Cl



# EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 8

1. Drilled well, 573 ft deep, 

### Grand Rapids, Itasca 

### County, 

### Minn. In 

### Biwabik Iron 

### Formation of 

### Precambrian age, consisting of ferruginous sediments, largely 

### unmetamorphosed in this area. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, R. A. Wilson, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and J. O. Johnson.
2. Drilled well, 200 ftdeep, east ofcity of

### Hot Springs,

# SWk sec. 33, T. 2 S., 

### R. 19

### W., Garland 

### County, Ark. In 

### Big 

### Fork Chert of Ordovician age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, B. P. Robinson.
3. 

### Drainage 

### water from 1,000-ft level, 

### Anderson phosphate mine, Garrison, sec. 10, 

### T. 10 

### N. R. in 

### W.. Powell 

### County, 

### Mont. 

### From Phosphoria 

### Formation of 

### Permian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, J. O.

Johnson.
4. Drilledwell, 85 ftdeep, Belfleld, sec. 4, T. 139N., 

### R. 99

### W., Stark

### County, 

### N. Dak. In lignitic coal of Fort 

### Union Formation ofTeriary age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### Darwin Golden.
5. 

### Jumping Springs, sec. 17, T. 26 S., 

### R. 26 E., 15 miles west of 

### Red Bluff, 

## Eddy County, 

### N. 

### Mex. Flows 5

## gpmfrom

### gypsum of Castile 

### Formation of

### Permian age 

### (Hendrickson 

### and Jones, 1952). See table 27 for analyses of saline waters 

### from associatedevaporite deposits.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F25

Table 9.

# —Chemical analyses of 

## ground waters

## from quartzile 

## and

# marble

1 

### Mutual Quartzite, 

### Kamas, Utah

Oct. 20, 1954 2 Pretoria Quartzite, Transvaal, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 

### Nov. 27, 1940 3 Quartz!te, 

### Bucks County, Pa.
Sept. 7, 1953 4 Quartzite, Cliffs Shaft 

### Mine, 

### Mich.

Jan. 28, 1952 5 Sioux Quartzite, Sioux Falls, S. 

### Dak.
Aug. 28, 1954 6 Sylacauga

### Marble, Sylacauga, Ala.
Apr. 27, 1955 7 Cockeysville



### Date of collection 

### Marble, Balti- 

### more County, 

### Md. 

## May 5, 1953

SiOj 

## ppm

3.6 .0 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 8.0 

### epm 

## ppm 17 

### epm 

## ppm 7.6 .0 .21 .20 

### epm 

## ppm 15.2 .91 1.6 

### epm 

## ppm 9.9 .0 .03 .04 .00 39 10 

### epm

1.95 .82 

## ppm 17.3 .16 .01 .05 64 9.4 

### epm

Al 

### Fe 1.6 

# Mn Cu Ca 2.6

.4 0.13 .03 1.6 5.8 0.08 .48 25 5.1 1.25 .42 32 16 1.60 1.32 102 35 5.09 2.88 3.19 

## Mg.

. .77 Sr 

## Na 1.0

1.8 .04 .05 } 2.8

18

2.0 9.9 .0 4.0 .12 J 4.5 \ 3.8

80

13 8.0 .4 .3 .20 .10 8.5 3.1

144
39 8.0 .2 2.7 .0 .2 .37 .08 12 4.6

346

130 3.0 .5 .4 .0 .4 .52 .12 2.7 .3

162

2.4 3.8 .0 5.8 .0 .12 .01 3.4 2.0

223

19 5.6 .1 .6 .0 .15 

# K .05

0.25 0.68 1.97 3.37 8.61 2.90 4.16

8
3.4 .8 .1 1.2 .1 

## HCOs 0.13

.07 .02 .01 .02 0.30

.04 .28

.06 1.31

.27 .23 .02 .01 2.36

.81 .23 .01 .04 5.67

2.71 .08 .03 .01 2.66

.05 .11 .00 .09 3.66 

## C0 3 

### SO4 

## - .40 CI.. .16 

### F .01 

### NOi.. .01 

### PO4

- 

## B

0.25 0.68 1.84 3.45 8.50 2.91 4.24

23 52 159 262 652 236 345



### ..micromhos at 25° 

### C__ 36

6.5 7.2 

### <5 0.1 

### <0.1

2.6 .2 1.8 10 4.3 .1 206

7.1 11.7 323 7.9 7.2 742 7.4 11.7 

### <17 2.2 8.1

8.5 .3 .4 115 43.2 260 7.9 19.4 

### <10 <0.1 <0.1

14.3 .1 43.7 .0 394 

### pH... 6.5 7.6 

## °C. imc per 1.. 

## Ra mmc per 1.. 

## u Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.6

3.6 5.6 .2 .8 10 1.6 .05 3.8 .5 .4 18 4.9 (12 19 

## Mg/Ca .1 

## K/Na .6 

### HCOs/Ci... 

## —-

1.8 .2 .0 40 

### scvci 3.4 

### F/Cl .02



# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 9

1. Spring, MirrorLake, 

### SW>$ sec. 26, T. 1 S., 

### R. 9 E., 

### Duchesne County, near

### Kamas, Utah. 

### Flows 20

## gpmfrom

### Mutual Quartzite of

### Precambrian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, 

### R. A. 

### Wilson

### and J. 

### D. Weeks.
2. Drilled well, 50 ft deep, 

### on 

### Onbekend 226, northeast of Benoni, Transvaal, 

### Union of

### SouthAfrica. Inquartzite in Pretoria Seriesof

### Precambrianage 

### (Bond, 1946); analyst, 

### O. 

### W. Bona.
3. Drilledwell, 504 ftdeep, 

### Bucks County, Pa. Inquartziteof

### Cambrianage (Green- 

### man, 1955.) 4. 

### Dripfromroofof 6th-levelraise, CliffsShaftironmine, 

### Marquetteminingdistrict, 

### Mich. In quartzite of 

### Precambrian age (Stuart, 

### Brown, and Rhodehamel, 1954). See table 24, analyses 2

### and 3 for analyses of salinewaters 

### found at 

### depth In

### Michigan copperland ironmines. 5. Well, 172 ft deep, Sioux Falls, 

# SWH sec. 13, T. 101 N., 

### R. 50

# W Minnehaha

County, S. 

### Dak. In Sioux Quartzite of

### Precambrian age. 

### Unpublisheddata in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. 

### D. 

### Honerkamp, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### and J. 

### O. Johnson.
6. Drilled well, 179 ft deep, Sylacauga, 

# NEM sec. 32, T. 21 S., 

### R. 4 E., 

### TaUedega County, Ala. In Sylacauga 

### Marble of Paleozoic or 

### Precambrian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitney and J. 

### A. Shaughnessy.
7. Drilled well, 95 ft deep, Baltimore 

### County, 

## Md. In Cockeysville 

### Marble of Pre- 

### cambrian age 

### (Dingman, Ferguson, 

### and Martin, 1956).

# F26 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 10.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

## ground waters

## from slate, schist, 

### gneiss, 

## and miscellaneous 

## metamorphic rocks

1 

### Siamo Slate, 

### Morris 

### Mine, 

### Mich.


### Mar. 25, 1952 2 

### Wissahickon Schist, Arcadia, 

## Md. 

## May 12, 1954 3 

### Mica Schist, Wilkesboro, 

### N.C.
Mar. 17, 1955 4 

### Wissahickon Schist, 

### Bucks County, Pa. 

### Apr. 28, 1953 5 

### BrevardSchist, 

### Suwanee, Ga.

Jan. 8, 1957 6 Quartzitic Schist, Vassalboro, 

### Maine Mar. 27, 1957 7 Schist 

### and Slate, Tonasket, 

### Wash.

Oct. 25, 1954 8 Baltii Gneiss, 

### Count
Apr. 3( 

### Rock type 

### and location



### Date ofcollection 

### Bucks

t, Pa.

, 1953

SiOj 

## ppm

8.2 .0 .12 .50 

### epm 

## ppm 14.0 .16 .02 .00 1.18 3.1 1.2 3.3 .8 

### epm 

## ppm 26 

### epm 

## ppm 12 

### epm 

## ppm 21.0 .11 .02 .00 .02 27 5.7 16.7

138
9.6 2.5 .5 .0 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 13.0 .09 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 18.1 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 17 

### epm
Al -.- 

### Fe 2.6

.00 .04 .10 

# Mn Cu

- 

### Zn 

### Ca 

## - 101

5.6 13 10 5.04 .46 .57 .26 0.16 .10 .14 .02 10 1.6 6.5 1.0

45

3.0 2.5 .1 1.4 0.50 .13 .24 .03 22 9.1 21 4.4

26

48 34.1 30 1.10 .75 .91 .11 1.35 .47 .70 .02 29 9.7 35 3.6

183

28 7.9 1.1 .0 .0 1.45 .80 1.52 .09 82 9.0 9.1 2.8

234

63 1.5 .1 1.2 4.09 .74 .40 .07

5.30 7.4 6.0 4.7 2.0

23

11 11.1 7.4 0.37 

# Mg

- .41 

## Na

- - .20 

# K .05

0.42 0.90 2.87 2.54 3.86 1 03

212

128 5.2 .5 .0 .0 21

1.2 2.4 .0 .4 .1 

## HCOs


# — 3.47

2.66 .15 .03 0.34 """."62"
.07 .00 .01 0.74

.06 .07 .01 .02 0.42

1.00 .96 .01 .48 2.26

.20 .07 .03 .00 3.00

.58 .22 .06 3.83

1.31 .04 .01 .02 0.38 

# COj— SO4 .23 

### CI

- 

# — .31 

## F 

# — .01 

## NOj

- .12 

### PO4
Total anions 6.31 0.44 0.90 2.87 2.56 3.86 5.21 1.05
Total, as reported >489 48 99 207 221 310 421 89

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25°

# C. pH 674

7.4 7.2 41 6.3 92 6.9 384 5.2 12.2 237 8.0 18.3 

### <10 0.2 0.3

1.7 .4 .04 55 3.8 .2 344 8.0 10.6 

## <5 0.1 

### <0.1

0.8 .3 .1 23 3.5 .1 481 7.7 11.7 

### <14 0.1 1.4

9.0 .1 .3 156 42.07 120 7.2 

### Temperature 

## "C. 12 2

Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 7.8

.06 .8 41 25.1 0.9 .4 .2 8.8 .5 .0 1.8 .3 .2 18 1.2 .04 1.0 .4 .2 .8 1.4 .002 1.6 

## Mg/Ca 1.1 

## K/Na

- - 

### HCO3/CI 2. 1



### SCVC1 1 

### F/Cl .009

Willii Gneiss 

### mantic

Oct. 2) nantic

, Willi-

, 

### Conn.

5, 1954 10 Grenville Gneiss, 

### Bloom

- ingdale, 

### N.Y.

June 7, 1954 11 

### Port Deposit Gneiss, Balti- 

### more County, 

## Md.
Mar. 25, 1953 12 

### Hornblende gneiss, 

### Paddysland, Transvaal, 

### Union of

### South Africa 1941 13 Gneisscomplex, 

### SE. ofNipton, Calif.



### Dec. 22, 1955 14

### Quartz-hematite, Itablra District, 

### Minas Gerais, Brazil 1 

### Green 

### Yance N.5 

### Rock type

### and location

... yville, C.

Si02 

## ppm

13.1 .09 .00 .00 .06 19 5.1 4.4 3.2 

### epm 

## ppm 23 

### epm 

## ppm 31.2 2.7 .22 .01 .00 28 1.9
f 6.8 \ 4.2

121

1.4 1.0 .1 .2 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 86.0 

### epm 

## ppm 30.4 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 2.8 .2 .4 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 31 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .40 1.3 

# Mn Cu Zn. 

### Ca 0.95

.42 .19 .08 33 7.2 

## }l.l

108

15 7.0 .2 1.65 .69 .05 1.40 .16 .30 .11 59 57 99 5.8

506

17 106 4.0 2.93 4.66 4.29 .15 90 69 72 2.0

616

132 76.6 .6 .0 4.49 5.67 3.13 .05 .7 .7 1.3 .4

7.4

.4 0.03 .06 .06 .01 95 40 

## }21

304

76 85.0 .3 4.74 

# Mg

— 3.29 

## Na

- 

# K

- .91

Total cations 1.64 2.29 1.97 12.03 13.34 .16 8.94

39

30 5.8 .7 15.0 

## HCO3 0.64

.62 .16 .04 .24 1.77

.31 .20 .01 1.98

.03 .03 .01 .00 8.30

.35 2.99 .21 8.46

2.75 2.14 .03 .01 0.12

.01 4.98 

### CO3 

# — SOt

- - 1.68 CI 2.40 

## F .00 

## NO3 .6 .0

15 .01 .00 

### PO« 

# — .0
Total anions 1.70 2.29 2 05 11.85 13.39 0.14 8.96
Total, as reported

.. 135 195 199 940 989 654

Rppoifio ponrtiictaneA.

. ., 

### miCT

### omhosat 25° 

### C-. 178

6.9 13.3 

### <10 <0.1 0.6

4.3 1.2 .7 6.7 6.2 .1 261 7.4 9.4 

### <10 <0.1 1.0
30 6.5 192 6.9 1180

8.1 10.5 

### <34 <0. 1 37

1.2 .8 .03 6.8 1.7 .008 11 5.8 

## pH 7.4



### °C_. 

### Beta-gamma activity icper I..

ic Der 1 

## Ra 

## U

. ue ner 1

Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na. 4.1 .3 .6 121 1.4 .1 0.6 .6 .06 4.8 .2 .04 0.5

1.3 18 4.5 

## Mg/Ca .4 

## K/Na HCO3/CI 15

2.1 .03 3.6 

### SCWC1 .9 

### F/Cl -. .0

1

### Value considereddubious, possible contamination.

' Includes

### componentsmentionedinexplanation.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F27

EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABDE 10

1. 

### Dripfromroofofdrift

### on8th level, 

### Morris

### Mine, 

### Marquette Iron

### mining district, 

### Mich. In 

### Siamo slate of 

### Precambrian age. Contains 2

## ppmand 0.05

## epm Sr 

### and 2.9

## ppmB, 

### whichare Included in totals (Stuart, 

### Brown, 

### andRhodehamel, 1954). 2. Drilled well, 223 ft deep, Arcadia, Baltimore 

### County, 

## Md. In 

### Wissahickon Schist (albite fades) of 

### Precambrian age 

### (Dlngman, Ferguson, 

### and Martin, 1956). 3. Drilled well, 700 ft deep, Wilkesboro, 

### Wilkes 

### County, 

### N.C. In 

### mica schist. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Oeol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, 8. A. Phillips. 4. Well, 450 ft deep, 

### Bucks County, Pa. In 

### Wissahickon Schist of 

### Precambrian age 

### (Greenman, 1955).

fi. Drilled well, 600 ftdeep, 

### Suwanee, 

### Gwinnett County, Ga. In

### Brevard Schist of 

### Cambrian age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### D. E. 

### Weaver. 6. Drilled well, 250 ftdeep, Vassalboro, 

### Kennebec County, Maine. In fine-grained quartzitic schist ol Precambrian(?) age. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### D. E. 

### Weaver.
7. Spring, Tonasket,

# NWH sec. 20, T. 38 N., 

### R. 26 E., 

### Okanogan County, 

### Wash. Flows 4.5

## gpmfromschist

### and slate of Paleozoicage. 

### UnpublisheddatainU.S. Geol. 

### Survey flies; analyst, J. 

### D. 

### Honerkamp. 8. Drilled well, 80 itdeep, 

### BucksCounty, Pa. InBaltimoreGneiss of

### Precambrian age 

### (Greenman, 1955). 9. Drilled well, 180 ftdeep, Willimantic,

## WindhamCounty, 

### Conn. InWillimantic Gneiss of Gregory, 

### probably of Carboniferous age or younger. 

### Unpublished data in

### U.S Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. E. 

### Whitneyand J. A. 

### Shaughnessy .

10. Drilled well, 304 ft deep, Bloomingdale. Essex 

### County, 

### N.Y. In Grcnville Oneiss of 

### Precambrian age. 

### Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, J. A. 

### Shaughnessy

### and

## W. F. 

### White. 11. Drilled well, 167 ftdeep, Baltimore

### County, 

## Md. InPort Depositgraniticgneiss of 

### Precambrian age 

### (Dingman, Ferguson, 

### and Martin, 1956). 12. 

## Warm spring, 

### Paddysland, Transvaal, 

### Unionof

### South Africa. 

### Fromhornblende gneiss of 

### Precambrian age (Kent, 1949). 13. 

### Wheaton Springs, 12 miles southeast of Nipton, 

### San Bernardino 

### County, Calif. 

### Flows 5 

## gpm from sillimanite-biotite-garnet gneiss

### complex (Olson 

### and others, 1954). 

### Unpublished data In U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, E. Zltnik. 14. Spring, in Sant' 

### Anna area, Itabira district, 

### Minas Gerais, Brazil. 

### From ttabirite, aquartzhematite-micarock, of

### Precambrianage; analyst, V. 

## M. Campos Paiva of Brazil 

### Dept. Nacl. 

### Producao Mineral, (written 

### communication,
J. V. 

### N. Dorr, 2d, 

### andA. L. 

### Miranda Barbosa). 15. Drilled well, 485 ft deep, Yanceyville, Caswell 

### County, 

### N.C. In greenstone of Paleozoic age 

### (LeGrand, 1958).

# F28 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 11.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### waters

## from unconsolidated 

## sand

## and gravel

L 2 3 4 5 6 7 

### Alluvium, 

### Plymouth, 

### N.H. Oct. 19, 1955 

### Alluvium, 

### Cave Junction, Oreg. Dec. 19, 1956 

### Alluvium, Vancouver, 

### Wash. 

## May 17, 1949 

### Alluvium, Clear Spring, 

### Md. Feb. 21, 1957 

### Alluvium, Clinton, 

### Iowa
June 8, 1954 

### Alluvium, Pigeon Spring, 

## W. ofLida, 

### Nev. Feb. 23, 1956 

### Alluvium, lake beds, 

### Bruneau, Idaho 

### Nov. 23, 1953

Si02 -. 

## ppm

23.0 .01 .03 6.8 1.2 2.6 .9 

### epm

0.40 .10 .11 .02 

## ppm 25.0 .03 .00 6.4 7.8 5.8 .2

64

.8 5.5 .0 .7 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 50 

### epm 

## ppm 5.2 .0 .10 .00 36 2.4 1.7 1.1

120

1.0 1.3 .1 .8 .0 

### epm

1.80 .20 .07 .03 

## ppm ' 18.1 .04 .00 44 18 6.0 2.5

144

53 5.0 .1 28 

### epm

2.20 1.48 .26 .06 

## ppm 25.0 .05 .00 45 20 16 2.6

207

35 17.1 3.6 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 77 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .02 .0 

### Ca 0.32 .64 .25 .01 15 5.2 4.2 5.6

64

11 2.9 .2 7.2 0.75 .43 .18 .14 2.25

1.65 .70 .07 3.6 .5 100 3.1

141
38 12 24 2.9 0.18 

# Mg

- .04 

## Na 4. 35 

# K .08

0.63 1.22 1.50 2.10 4.00 4.67 4.65

17

9.0 5.0 .1 1.2 .0 

# HC0 3.. 0.28

.19 .14 .01 .02 1.05

.02 .16 .00 .01 1.05

.23 .08 .01 .12 1.97

.02 .04 .01 .01 2.36

1.10 .14 .01 .45 3.39

.73 .48 .01 .06 2.31 

## C0 3 

### SO4 .79 

### CI .34 

### F 1.26 

## NO3 .05 

## PO ( 

## B

- - .3
Total anions 0.64 1.24 1.49 2.05 4.06 4.67 4.75
Total, as reported... 67 116 165 170 319 371 402



### ...micromhos at 25° 

### C._ 72

6.1 9.4 

## <5 <0.1 0.1

2.6 .2 .3 3.4 1.8 .02 113 6.5 140 7.6 10.0 208 7.8 10.0 

## <5 0.1 

### <0.1

21.06 .6 92.8 .08 397 8.0 12.2 6 

### <0.1 0.3

7.3 .4 .4 29 11.02 446 7.8 13.9 455 

## pH 7.9 

### Beta-gamma activity _°C._

/i/icper

### L. 33.9 

## <7 <0.1 <0.1

1.1 1.2 .03 12.1 .0 

## Ra nnc per 1..

j»gperl.. TJ Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na

. . 3.6 .3 1.3 22 3.8 .07 2.8

.4 .2 12 2.1 .006 0.04 

## Mg/Ca .1 

## K/Na .03 

### HCO3/CI 12 

### SO4/CI 3.2 

### F/Cl 2.0

8 Glacial

### outwash, 

### Eden Valley, 

### Minn Nov. 2, 1955 9 

### Alluvium, Enid, Okla. 

## May 28, 1952 10 

### Alluvium, 

### TeAroha, 

## New Zealand 11 

### Alluvium, 

### Mesa, Ariz.
Sept. 19, 1951 12 Glacial

### outwash, 

### Columbus, Ohio 

## May 28, 1952 13 

### Alluvium, Gaylord, 

### Kans. 

## May 3, 1950 14 

### Alluvium,



### Date of collection Douglas, Ariz.

Dec. 13, 1955

Si02 

## ppm

24.1 .00 .08 86 27 5.1 3.0 

### epm 

## ppm 21 

### epm 

## ppm 63 1.6 1.0 

### epm 

## ppm 26 

### epm 

## ppm 20 

### epm 

## ppm 28 

### epm 

## ppm 27.0 .02 .00 3.2 1.0 262 2.4

149 16 125 210 2.0 2.5 .05 

### epm
Al Fe.... .00 .08 2.3 .00 126 43 13 2.1

440

139 8.0 .7 .2 .42 

# Mn Ca 4.29

2.22 .22 .08 49 13 105 3.0

384

27 34.3 7.8 2.45 1.07 4.57 .08 96 37 } 20

477

5.0 20 4.79 3.04
.87 58 22 1146

I 4.0

184
39 255.0 2.9 2.89 1.81 6.35 .10 6.29 3.54 .56 .05 132 16 53 7.6

302 18 187 32.3 18 6.59 1.32 2.31 .19 0.16 

# Mg .08 

## Na 11.40 

# K .06
Total cations 6.81 8.17 8.70 11.15 10.44 10.41 11.70

337

60 6.0 .0 .0 .2 

## HCOj 5.52

1.25 .17 .00 .00 6.29

.56 .96 .02 .13 7.82

.10 .56 3.02

.81 7.19 .00 .05 7.21

2.89 .23 .04 .00 4.95 .60 3.89 .90 .02 .29 2.44 

## COs— .53 

### so< 2.60 CI 5.92 

## F .10 

## NO3 .04 

### PO< 

## B .2
Total anions 6.94 7.96 8.48 11.07 10.37 10.65 11.63
Total, as

### reported— 548 644 721 737 794 795 800



### micromhos at 25° 

### 0.. 623

7.5 7.8 

### <17 0.3 0.7

17.3 .6 56 10.0 739 7.4 1180

7.7 18.3 885 7.6 13.3 943 8.4 13.3 1260 

## pH 9.0 

### Temperature ....°C. 20.0 

### <34 

## Ra Mgper I.. 

### <0.1 

# U 3.8 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.5 .3 .03 11.8 .009 4.8 .4 0.4 .4 .03 .7 .2 .0 9.7 .3 .2 55 17.09 2.5 .1 .1 9.4 5.8 .009 0.01 

### Mg/Ca .3 

### K/Na... .009 

### HCO3/CI 24.2 .7 

### SO (/Cl .6 F/Cl.. .01

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F29

Table 11.

# —Chemical analyses of 

### waters

## from unconsolidated 

## sand

## and gravel

# —Continued

15 

### Alluvium, Fresno 

### County, Calif.
Sept. 18, 1951 16 17



### Alluvium, Fort 

### Morgan, Colo. 

### July 28, 1948 18 19



### Alluvium, Gila 

### Bend, Ariz.


### Mar. 1948 20 Glacial deposits, 

### N. of

### Malcolm, 

### Iowa Nov. 17, 1955 

### Alluvium, St.

Croix Island, Virgin Islands April 15, 1940 

### Alluvium, 

## NW.

of Pecos, Tex.


### Mar. 28, 1950

SIOi 

## ppm

30 

### epm 

## ppm 14.8 .26 .05 120 49 122 6.2 

### epm 

## ppm 26 

### epm 

## ppm 35 

### epm 

## ppm 37 

### epm 

## ppm 43 

### epm
Al Fe

- .93 

# Mn Ca 63

54 160 2.6 3.14 4.44 6.96 .07 5.99 4.03 5.31 .16 210 74 163 12 10.48 6.09 7.09 .31 30 24 814 10 1.50 1.97 35.41 .26 307 82 } 1100 15.32 6.74 47.85 856 190 738 42.71 

# Mg 15.63 

## Na 

# K 32. 10

14.61 15.49 23.97 39.14 69.91 90.44

160 339

439 6.0 .1 26.0 348 828

351 625 1.6 17 327 152

1910 1510 

## HCOs 2.62 5.56 5.70 13.57 5.36 2.49 

### COa SO<

- 505

57 10.51 1.61 9.14 .17 .01 .42 784 62.7 2.1 16.32 1.75 .04 .03 7.31 17.63 .08 .27 575 1820 2.5 82 11.97 51.32 .13 1.32 39.77 

### CI 42.58 

### F

- 

## NOj

- 1.3

1.1 .02 468 7.65 

### PO<

- 

## B .4 3.2 1.6

14.76 15.30 23.84 38.86 70.10 92.39

1030 1120 1680 2740 4340 5870

Specific 

### conductance, 

### -micromhos at 25° 

### 0.. 

## PH

r- 1340

8.5 27.8 1330 7.4 11.9 

### <45 0.2 0.1

1.0 .4 .05 57 73.02 1980 7.8 12.8 6860 7560

7.1 

### Temperature 

## Ra -__°C__ 25.6 20.8



# u Ratios 

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.4

.9 .02 2.8 8.9 1.3

.4 .07 5.6 13.01 0.04 .8 .01 1.3 .6 .003 0.3 .3 1.2 

### Mg/Ca .2 

## K/Na .1 

### HCO3/CI .2 .3 .001 .1 

### S0</C1

- - 1.3 F/Cl



# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 11

1. Well, 48 ft deep, 

### Plymouth, Grafton 

### County, 

### N.H. In 

### Quaternary alluvium derived 

### from igneous 

### and metamorphic rocks. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, B. V. Salotto. Alsoreportedare

### Cu, 0.00

### ppm; Zn, 0.00

### ppm. 2. Drilled well, 40 ftdeep, southeast of

### CaveJunction, 

## SEH sec. 28, T. 39 S., R. 8

## W. Josephine 

### County, Oreg. In 

### Quaternary alluvium derived 

### from igneous 

### and metamorphic rocks. 

### Unpublisheddata in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson.
3. Spring, near 

### Vancouver, 

# NWHSWH sec. 33, T. 2 N., 

### R. 2 E., 

### Clark 

### County, 

### Wash. 

### From Quaternary allvium derived 

### from igenous rocks (Griffin, 

### Watkins, 

### and Swenson, 1956). 4. Spring, Clear Spring, 

### Washington County, 

### Md. Flows 100

## gpm from Quater- 

### nary alluvium derived 

### from 

### sedimentary rocks. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### D. E. 

### Weaver. Alsoreportedare

### Cu, 0.00

### ppm; Zn, 0.00

### ppm. 5. Drilled well, 160 ftdeep, Clinton, 

## SEM sec. 22, T. 81

## N„ R. 6 E., Clinton

### County, Iowa. In 

### Quaternary alluvium of the Mississippi River. 

### Unpublisheddatain U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analysts, 

### R. A. Wilson, J. 

### D. Weeks, 

### andJ. O. Johnson.

<5. 

### Pigeon Spring, 

### about 15 miles

### west ofLida, T. 6 S., R. 39 E., 

### EsmeraldaCounty, 

### Nev. Flows 5

## gpmfrom 

### Quaternaryalluviumderived

### fromigneous

### andmeta- 

### morphic rocks. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, 

### R. A. Wilson. 7. 

### Flowing well, 976 ft deep, in 

## SEHSEVi sec. 24, 

### T. 6 S., R. 5 E., near 

### Bruneau Village, 

### Owyhee County, Idaho. In tuffaceous 

### sand of 

### Idaho 

### Formation of f)robable Pliocene age, consisting of lake beds 

### and terrestrial deposits 

### underying basaltic volcanic rocks. 

### Flows 25

### gpm. Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, J. F. Santos. 8. Well, 80 ftdeep, 

### EdenValley,

# NEHSEHSEH sec. 1, T. 121 N., 

### R. 31

### W., 

### Meeker County, 

### Minn. In Pleistocene glacial 

### outwash. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, E. Zitnik. 9. 

## WeU 71 ft deep, Enid,

# NWH sec. 7, T. 23 N., R. 7 

### W., Garfield 

### County, 

### Okla In 

### Quaternary alluvium 

### from sedimentary rocks. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, J. 

## M. Myers. 10. 

### Cold Spring C, 

### Te Aroha, 

### Aroha subdivision, 

### Hauraki, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand. 

### From Quaternary alluvium derived 

### from late Tertiary lavas 

### and tuffs 

### (Henderson

### and Bartrum, 1913). See table 22, analysis 10, for

### TeAroha ther- 

### mal waterhigh in 

### Na, 

### HCO3, and B. 11. Drilled well, 600 ftdeep, 

### Mesa, 

### MaricopaCounty, Ariz. In alluvial valley fill of 

### Quaternaryage 

### (Lohr

### and Love, 1954b). 12. Well, 117 ftdeep, 

### Nelson

### RoadWaterworks, 

### Columbus, Franklin 

### County, Ohio. In Pleistocene glacial

### outwashgravel. 

### Unpublisheddata in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, R. 

## W. Leonard. 13. 

### WeU, 50 ft deep, Gaylord, sec. 11, T. 5 S., R. 14 

### W., 

### Smith County, Kans. In 

### Quaternaryalluviumderived 

### from

### sedimentaryrocks (Leonard, 1952). 14. Drilled well, 340 ft deep, Douglas,

# NWHNWHSEH sec. 10, T. 24 S., R. 27 E., Cochise 

### County, Ariz. In 

### Quaternary alluvial valley fill. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 15. Drilled well, 1,529 ft deep, sec. 36, T. 19 S., R. 17 

### E„ Fresno 

### County, Calif. In 

### Quaternaryalluvium (Krieger, Hatchett, 

### and Poole, 1957). 16. Drilled well, 407 ftdeep, 10milesnorth of

### Malcom,

# NWMNEH sec. 11, T. 81

### N. R. 15 

### W., 

### Poweshiek County, Iowa. In Pleistocene subglacial 

### sand 

### and gravel. 

### Unpublished data in U.S. Geol. 

### Survey files; analyst, R. A. Wilson. 17. Well, 90 ftdeep, Fort

### Morgan, sec. 26, T. 4 N., R. 66 

### W., 

### Morgan County, Colo. In 

### Quaternaryalluvium (Krieger, Hatchett, 

### and Poole, 1957). 18. 

## Dug well, 11 ftdeep, 

### Annas Hope, St. Croix Island, Virgin Islands. In

### alluvium derived 

### from the

### Mt. EagleVolcanics

### andperhaps, in part, 

### from the Kingshill 

### Marl (Cederstrom, 1950). 19. Well, 135 ftdeep, nearGila

### Bend, sec. 8, T. 5 S., 

### R. 4

### W., 

### MaricopaCounty, Ariz. In 

### Quaternaryalluvium (Krieger, Hatchett, 

### and Poole, 1957). 20. 

### Well 225 ftdeep, 2miles

### northwest ofPecos, 

### ReevesCounty, Tex. In

### Quaternary alluvium 

### (Winslowand Kister, 1956).

# F30 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 12.—-Chemical analyses of oil-field 

## and gas-field 

### waters 

## dominated by 

## sodium chloride
Analysis 1

Seaboard, 

### Fresno 

### County, Calif. April 20, 1954 2 

### Cymric, 

### Kern County, Calif.


### June 14, 1955 3 

### Maine Prairie, Solano 

### County, Calif. 

## May 11, 1955 4 

### Timbalier

### Bay, Lafourche Parish, La. 1958 5 

### Katarzynanear 

### Pomiarkach, 

### Poland 6 

### Nflm« Of flflld nnrt lnnaHnn Przedgorza



### Date of collection 

### Karpat, Galicia, 

### Poland

Si02 

## ppm

31 

### epm 

## ppm 47.4 1.2 .08

373 115 5,820 132 4.3 61 

### epm 

## ppm 32 

## epm 

## ppm 25 5.0 8.6 il.l .00 2,600 1,060 51,400 193 5.5 147 

### epm 

## ppm2 

### epm 

## ppm

14 

### epm
Al. 

### Fe } " 14 

## Mn.. As...

. 

### Ca 543

126 6,750 99 27.1 10.4 293.5 2.53 18.6 9.45 253.2 3.38 .62 2.8 211 66 5,880 168 2.0 24 10.53 5.4 255.7 4.30 0.29 1.4 129.7 87.2 2,236 4.94 .79 8.15 908 935 89,900 3,090 45.3 76.9 3,911 78.9 1,080 441 

### }>11,800 54.0 

## Mg_- 36.3 

## Na f 512 

# K Li 

## NH< 62 2.9 Total cations '337 288 278 2,470

. 4,110

. 602 

## HCOs 191

11,600 0.4 58 23

70 3.13 635

1.6 9,840 3.4 30 23
3 8.77 .00 .03 277.5 .18 .38 .18 565

12 9,230 1.2 32 23 9.26 147

2.6 89,700 1.1 86 19.00 7.9 .00 20 2.41 .00 .05 2,530.06 1.08 .15 258 4.24 115 1.89 

## C0 3 

### SO< 0.25 260.3 0.06 .40 .18 9,230 139,000 192.2 3,920 104 21,000 2.17 CI.. 327

0.02 .73 .18 596 

## F Br 105 

## 199 1.32 1.57 91 122 1.14 I .96 

### NO2-- 

### NOj. 1.13 .05 0.7 0.01 .13 

### PO< B.. 57 140 25
Total anions 332 287 270 2,530 4,120

. 602 Total, as reported '19,600 17, 100 16,300 145,000 244,000 34,800
Specific

### conductance

### micromhos at 25° 

### C__ 31,500

6.9 25,800 7.5 

### 49H 1.009

0.064 .31 .023 .00074 .054 .0002 .0003 .0030 .0023 .014 25,500 7.1 138,000 6.6 70 1.104

0.051 .41 .0038 .00011 .0016 .000029 .000012 .00096 .00021 .00012 

## pH 6.8 

### Temperature °C._ 

### Densityat 20°

## C 1.0133

0.080 .23 .015 1. 0106

0.036 .31 .029 .0003 .061 .0013 .0001 .0035 .0025 .0027 1.185

0.010 1.03 .034 1.025 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.090 

### Mg/Ca .41 

## K/Na Li/Na 

### HCO3/CI > .016

.0000 .00003 .0050 .0020 .0049 .0019 .066 .0055 

### SCWC1 .0050 

### F/Cl Br/CI .0008 .0014 .0043 I/Cl .0058 

### B/Cl
Analysis 7

Hajduszoboszlo, 

## SW. ofDebrecen, 

### Hungary 8 Tiszakiirt, 

### SE. of 

### Budapest,

### Hungary

1943(?) 9 Moinesti near Moinesti, 

### Rumania 10 

### North

### Makat, 

### Kazakh district, 

## USSR 11 

### Mamft of flpld find ln<^t'nTM 

### South

### Kwanto,

Date of collection 

### Chiba Prefecture, 

### Japan

SiOj 

## ppm

23 '4.2 / 0.5

I 

### 'Tr 

### epm 

## ppm 95 

### Tr 29 

### Tr

' 5.8 174 22 4,930 89 •84 40 

### epm 

## ppm5.2 

### epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm epm
Al... 

### Fe 24 '5.4

. 

## Mn... As Ca.. 14

2.1 1,760 24 

## 0.4 0.70 .17 76.4 .62 .06 8.68 1.8 214.5 2.28 12.1 2.2 1,990 836 47,200 169 99.3 68.8 2,053 4.32 3,210 1,690 70,900 279 160.2 139 3,083 7.14 170 325 '10,000 8.48 

# Mg 26.7 

## Na 435 

# K Li 

## NH. '23 1.3 22 1.22 47 2.60

78.0 242 2,230 3,390 473 

## HCO3- '1,360 22.3 1,120



### Tr 24 7,490 9.4 22 2.1 18.4 42 0.69 75 1.23 832 13.63 

## C0 3 

### SOi 1.6

1,950 .03 55.1 .50 211.2 .60 .28 .02 24 78,800 .50 2,222 

## <2

-

16,200 

### CI 120,000 3,380 457 

## F Br 24

8.4 .29 .07 127 ill 1.59 .09 127 1.4 1. 58 .01 81 132 1.02 I 1.04 

## NOj NOj... 

### PO» Tr 89 

### B... 5.4 35

. 14

-

77.8 231 2,220 3,380 473 Total, asreported 5,180 14,200 129,000 196,000 27,800
Specific

### conductance 

### mi :romhos at 25°

# C. 

# pH— 7.8



## °C- 73 20 

### Density at 20°

## C 1.160

0.045 .53 .0039 ' 1.02 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.0080

.15 .014 .0002 .70 .0008 0.035 .13 .018 .017 .15 .0032 .0012 .0029 .00028 ni2 0.042 .42 .0036 017 

## Mg/Ca 1 9 

## K/Na Li/Na 

### HCOj/Cl» .00053 .00030 .00062 051 

### S04/C1-. .000 

### F/Cl... Br/CI .012

.0043 .0028 .0016

.00014 .0010 .00001 0050 I/Cl 0081 

### B/Cl.. nnns7

' 

### Componentsmentioned inexplanation of table.

» Includes

### COi as

### HCOj.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OP 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS F31

EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 12

1. 

### Seaboard Oil Co. well

### S.T.U. 35-13, 6,300 ftdeep, sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 17 E., 

### Fresno 

### County, Calif. 

### Producing 

### from 

### Eocene sandstone. Collected 

### by R. E. 

### Thronson and 

### W. B. Mitchell, Jr., California Division of 

### Water Resources; analyzed 

### by D. D. Watson, U.S. Qeol. Survey. Included in totals is Ba, 12 

## ppm (0.17

### epm). Analysisnot previouslypublished.
2. 

### Honolulu Oil Co. 

### weU 22-166, 4,952 ft deep, 

### Cymric oil field,

# NWKSEM sec. 22, T. 29 S., 

### R. 21 E., 

### KernCounty, Calif. 

### Somemercuryhas

### beenrecovered

### from this well 

### (Stockman, 1947). 

### Producing 

### from Oceanic 

### Sandstone of Oligocene age; bottom-hole 

### temperature 81°C, discharge 

### temperature 

### 49H°C. Analyzed 

### by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; 

### H2S not found; 

### spectrograph^ analysis ofevaporated residue, 

### byNola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in originalwater: evaporated residue at 180°C, 18,000; Al, 0.2; Fe, 0.2; 

## Mn, 0.2; 

### Cu, 0.04; Li, 2.6; 

### Rb, 0.2; Sr 80; Ba, 7.1. Analysis not previously published. See table 28, analysis 1, for gas analysis

### byU.S. 

### Bureau of

### Mines.
3. 

### Amerada Petroleum Corp. Peters gas well 1, 

### Maine Prairie gas field, sec. 10, T. 5 N., 

### R. 2 E., Solano 

### County, Calif. 

### Producing from depths of 5,590 to 5,630 ft in the 

### Meganos Formation of 

### Eocene age (C. 

### R. 

### McClure, written 

### communication). Collected

### by C. R. 

### McClure, California Division of 

### Water Resources; analyzed 

### by R. O. 

### Hansen, U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysis not previously published.
4. 

### GulfOilCorp. well

## PP 19, 7,790 ftdeep, 

### Timbalier

### Bayoil field, T. 23 S., 

### R. 21 E., Lafourche Parish, La\ 

### Producing from depths of 5,904 to 5,910 ft 

### where temperature 

### was 70° 

## C in Pliocene shallow-shelf 

### and shoreline sands 

### with shale streaks 

### onnorth flank of 

### Timbalier

### Bay salt 

### dome, with salt at 

### depth of 7,782 ft. Collected 

### with cooperation of 

### Dr. 

### Marcus Hanna, 

### who believes that brine
is 

### not directly influenced 

### by contact 

### with the salt of the 

### dome (written 

### communication). Analysis 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead of U.S. Geological Survey; also 

### determined 

### Cu, 0.02 

### ppm; 

### Zn and Pb, 0.00 

### ppm; spectrographs analysis of evaporated residue 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporatedresidue at 180° C, 152,900; Al, 1.5; Fe, 0.8; 

## Mn, 1.1; 

### Cu, 0.3; Ni, 1.5; Cr, 0.6; Li, 2.3; Sr, 11; Ba, 150. Analysisnot previouslypublished. 5. 

### Katarzyna oil fieldnear

### Pomiarkach, Poland, 

### froma

### depthof300 ft intheArgiles Saliferes 

### Formation of 

### Miocene age (Katz, 1928, p. 13-15, 49-52). Analysis converted

### from

## mgper 1; this

### waterhas the highest iodine content reported

### by Schoeller (1956, p. 100-113) in oil-field brines.
6. 

### Well 29, 1,550 ft deep, Przedgorza, Galicia, Poland, 

### probably in lower Tertiary rocks (Chajec, 1949, p. 367; 

### Emmons, 1931, p. 631). Analysis converted 

### from 

## mg per 1. Alkalies

### determined

### by difference ofanions 

### and cations.
7. Artesian testwell for gas, 3,600 ftdeep, Hajduszoboslo gas field 6miles 

### southwest of Debrecen, 

### Hungary. Discharges 450

## gpmwater (Emszt, 1928, p. 146) prob- ably 

### from Cretaceous limestone (Szalai, 1951, p. 181). 

## HCO3 converted 

### from reported equivalent 

### CO3; Al, 

## Mn, and Li 

### from analysis of 

### very similar 

### water 

### from well 2, 6,665 ft deep, 

### probably 

### from Triassic strata (Papp, 1951, p. 155; Szalai, 1951, p. 181). 

### Abundant gas (table 28, analysis 2) 

### accompanies water. 8. Tiszakiart, 

### about 60 miles southeast of Budapest, 

### Hungary. Production 

### from about 7,500 ft 

### from Triassic limestone (Telegdi-Roth, 1950, p. 81; Vajk, 1953, p. 40-42). Li 

### and

### As are surprisinglyhigh

### and should

### be checked; trace of

## Cu and Sr reported. 

### Analyzed 

### by J. 

### Bodnar, Dec. 1943. 9. 

### Well 24, 2,050 ft deep, of Soc. 

### Steaua

## Romana in the Moinesti field ofnortheast 

### Rumania. Produces 

### from Oligocene rocks. 

### Naphthenic acids 

### and trace of Srreportedpresent (Petrescu, 1938, p. 26-28). In 15 otheranalyses, I isas

## much
as 167

## ppmand

## NH« as

### much as 372

### ppm. 10. 

### Well 43, 1,750 ft deep, 

### North 

### Makat, 

### Kazakh district, U.S.S.R., nearnortheast shore of

### Caspian Sea. In Permo-Triassicrocks (Sulin, 1948, p. 410-411). 

### Analysisexpressed in

## mgper liter

### and equivalents per liter converted to

### ppm. 11. 

### Well A-226, 1,800 ft deep, 

### South 

### Kwanto gas fields, 

### Boso Peninsula, 

### Chiba Prefecture, Japan, 2.5

## kmnortheast of Otaki. Brine

### produced for iodine 

### and dis- solved gases (30.7 ccper 1; see table 28, analysis 3) 

### from sandstone 

### and shale of 

### Upper Pliocene 

### Otadai 

### and 

### Kiwada Formations. 

### Temperature 20° C; anal- ysesreported ingper 1, converted to

## ppmbyassumingadensityof 1.02; 4.3

## ppm of total 

### Fereported as ferrous iron; 

## Naand

# Knotreported, here calculated

### by difference.

# F32 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 13.

# —

Chemical analyses of oil-field 

### waters 

## and other 

### deep-well brines 

### high 

### in 

## sodium 

## and calcium chlorides

Analysis 1 [ 3 4 5 6 7

Raisin City, 

### Fresno 

### County, Calif. Apr. 20, 1954 

### South 

### Mountain, 

### Ventura County, Calif. 

### West Bay, Plaque- 

### mines Parish, La.


### June 17, 1958 Barnhill, 

## Wayne County, 111. Paintsville, 

### Johnson County, 

### Ky. Lee, 

### Calhoun County, 

## W. Va.

1937 

### Michigan Basin 

### (Dundee Limestone) 

### Mich.

S1O2 

# — ppm

36 

### epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm

16 3.1 110 '30 9,210 1,070 '180 117 63, 900 869 19 188 

## epm 

## ppm 16 7 10

7,130 2,400 

### epm 

## ppm 5.9 8.6 4.4 

### epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm <50 

### epm
Al 

### Fe 7 18 6.0 32, 800 6,440 940 12 51, 500 2,460 23 202 

# Mn Ca..._ 2,190

832 109.3 68.4 5,890 69 293.9 5.7 459.6 88.0 355.8 197 1,340 368 41 66 /8.010 \ 96 66.9 30.3 .94 .96 348.4 2.46 8,450 2,040

1 2, 610 1,550 28,900 298 421.7 168 59.6 20.6 1,257 7.62 1,637 

# Mg 530 Sr 21.45 

### Ba 42

14,800 251 0.61 643 6.42 .17 

### Na..

- 4,140

117 180.1 2.99 2,780 22.23 2.7 10.4 } 149, 000 2,133 2,240 

# K 62.9 Li 3.3 

## NHi 31 1.7 167 9.26 11.2

51 829 483 3,360 2,700 450 1,930 4,510

193

0.0 29, 000 0.6 108 21

44 17

18 17,000 115 136 120 

## HCO3 3.16

818 0.03 1.35 .17 0.28 .00 .37 479 1.88 2.23 1.97 0.84 

### CO3 SO4 153

124,000 1.4 393 18.00

9.4 3.18 3,500.07 4.91 .14 82

1 95, 400 1.71 2,690 15, 500 68,400 .00

1,929 140 160,000 

## <4 1,310 8 2.91 

### CI 437 4,510 

### F Br 91

21 1.14 .17 92

0.4 1.15 .00 373 4 4.67 .03 16.4 I .06 

# N0 2 

## NO3 .71 64 1.03 

## PO ( 

## B

.. . 8.3 

### Tr 60 nil 

### H2S

113, 000

823 481 3,510 2,690 440 1,930 4,530
47,600 27,400 1200,000 154,000 25, 700 256, 000

Specific conductance 68,6006.4 158,000 6.3 

### '87M 1.151
0.14 .12 .014 .00030 .00090 .0012 .00001 .0032 .00015

.000076 

### pH... 7.2 7.3 

### Temperature,

### °C Density at 20°C_. 1.034

0.15 .38 .017 • 1.015

1.4 .012 .028 1.0156

0.17 .27 .012 1.072

0.29 .24 .010 1.214 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.14 .34 0.64 

## Mg/Ca .20 

## K/Na .048 

### Li/Na .00045 

## HCOs/CP .0066

. 00000 .00002 .0037 .00072 .00028 .0010 .0011 .0014

. 00085 .0077 .00000 .00075

. 00000 SO«/Cl .00087 

### F/Cl 

### <. 00003 

### Br/CI .0053

.0012 .0059

. 00003 .0055 .00006 .0081 I/Cl .00005 B/Cl.. .00038

Analysis 8



### Michigan Basin (Sylvania 

### Sandstone) 

### Mich. 9 

### PlayaHuincul, 

### Neuquen Territory, 

### Argentina 10 Hollviken, Scania district, 

### Sweden
Apr. 18, 1944 11 Gevelsberg, 

### Ruhr district, 

### West 

### Germany 12 

### Boryslaw area, 

### Poland

1926 13 

## Name of field

### and location Polasna-Krasno

### Date of collection 

### kamsk, 

## NW. of 

### Molotov City, 

## USSR

SiOa 

## ppm

<20 

## <5 22 2.0 74, 800 9,960 2,650 nil 22,500 19,120 70 506 

### epm 

## ppm 13 16 35 

### epm 

## ppm 8 

### epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm 7 

### epm 

## ppm epm
A1-- 

### Fe 43 15 12, 700 1,100 9
1 28,100 919 5.5 28 78 20 6,890 571 235 13 20,500 

### 3,950 0.2 716 106 

# Mn Ca 3,724

819 60.5 9,990 918 84 282 21,700 32 3.9 498.5 75.5 1.92 4.11 944.82 .56 634 90.5 .21 .01 1,222 23.5 .79 1.55 343.8 47.0 5.36 .19 982 101.0 .03 39.7 17,300 1,880 863.3 155 16, 000 3,750 798 

## Mg. 308 Sr 

### Ba 

## Na 979

233.3 10.1 28.1 75,000

310 3,260 7.93 61, 000 1,080 2,654 

### K..._ 27.6 Li 

## NH« 156 8.65
Total cations 5,850 1,530 1,970 1,430 4,290 3,800

876 187 61 

## HCOj 14.36 3.06 0.84 

### COi SOt 40

208,000 

## <4 2,910 40 .83 5,870 10 69,400 4 358 3 } 

# » <1 

## <1 .21 1,957.21 4.48 .02 .27 48,900 340 152,000 7.08 4,290 474 134, 000 9.87 

### CI 54, 100 1,526 1,379 3,780 

## F Br 36.4

.32 30 2 .38 .02 2.8 0.3 .04 .00 297 15 3.72 1.12 614 17 7.68 I .13 

### NOj.. 

## NOi PO« 0.1 0.8 

## B 380



### >0.1 

### H>S 1 140
Total anions 5,910 1,530 1,960 1,390 4,300 3,800

331,000 87,200 113,000 82,800 247, 000 217,000



### See footnotes

### at

### endof table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F33

Table 13.

# —

Chemical analyse s 

### of oil-field 

### waters 

## and other 

### deep-well 

### brines 

### high in 

## sodium 

## and calcium chlorides-

## -Continued

8 

### Michigan Basin (Sylvania 

### Sandstone) 

### Mich. 9 

### Playa Hulncul, 

### Neuquen Territory, Argentina 10 Ilbllviken, Scania district, 

### Sweden
Apr. 18, 1944 11 Oevelsberg, 

### Ruhr district, 

### West 

### Germany 12 

### Boryslaw area, 

### Poland

1926 13Polasna-Krasno

### Date of collection 

### kamsk, 

## NW. of 

### Molotov City, 

## USSR

pH 6.4

35 27 

### Density at 

### 20°C. 1.292

3.3 .13 .41 .003 1.088

0.45 .086 .033 .0002 1.193

0.23 .11 .0041 1.172 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.46

.091 .0015

. 00018 0.34

.082 .19

. 00001 .018

. 00000 0.26 

## Mc/Ca .23 

## K/Na .018 Li/Na.... 

### HCO3/CI « 

# — .0012 .0022 .00038 

### StWCl -. - .0019



### <. 00002 .014 .00019 .0018 .00014

. 00006 .0052

. 00004 .0035 F/Cl... Br/CI.-

. 00055

. 00004 . 000057

. 00006 .00002 .0020

. 000099 .0046 I/Cl

. 00013 

### B/CL

1 

### Components mentioned in explanation of table. > Estimated. ' Includes 

### CO3 as

### HCO3.



# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 13

1. 

### Seaboard Oil Co. well 

### S.T.U. 305-13, Raisin City, sec. 13, T. 15 S., R. 17 E., Fresno

### County, Calif. 

### Waterfrom

### depthof4,700 ft; wellproduces 

### from

### Miocene 

### Tar Formation (same analysis as in White, 1957b, p. 1664, 

### but locality incorrectly called Seaboard Field). Collected 

### by R. E. 

### Thronson and 

### W. B. 

### Mitchell, Jr., ofCaliforniaDivision of

### WaterResources' analyzed

### byD. 

### D. Watson, U.S. Geol. Survey; gas analysis of table 28, analysis 4 

### (Anderson 

### and Hinson, 1951, p. 50-51) 

### fromnearby well

### fromdepth of 4,975 ft. 2. 

### Well H. 

### No. 6, 

### South 

### Mountain, Ventura County, Calif.; 

### water 

### from depth of 3,285 ft in sandstone of the Sespe 

### Formation of

### upper 

### Eocene or Oligocene age 

### (Hudson and Taliaferro, 1925, p. 1076). Recalculated 

### from analysis 

### showing hypothetical combinations, in grains per gallon. 3. 

### Gulf Oil Corp. well 28-E, 9,500 ft deep, 

### West 

### Bay oil field, 

### Buras 

### Levee district,

sec. 35, T. 22 S., R. 30 E., 

### Plaquemines Parish, La. 

### Producing from 8,366 to 8,374 ft; bottom-holetemperature

### 87H° C, 

### temperature of 

### sample

### whencollected 42° C. 

### Producing 

### from silty 

### Miocene sandstone, 

### probably of deep-water deposition, 

### about 200 ft 

### from salt near crest of 

### West 

### Bay salt 

### dome, believed 

### by Dr. 

### Marcus 

### Hanna to be adeep-seated

### dome generally lacking in 

### an 

### anhydrite cap 

### and little affected 

### by solution of salt (written 

### communication). 

### Hanna believes that the 

### water 

### sample has not 

### been In contact 

### with the salt 

### dome. Collected

### June 17, 1958, 

### with cooperation of

### Hanna; analyzed 

### byH. C. 

### Whitehead of U.S. Geol. Survey. Also reported, in 

### ppm: Cu, 0.00; 

### Pb, 0.60, Zn, 5, As, 0.00. 

### Spectrographs analysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to 

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 214,200, Al, 4.3; Fe, 51; 

## Mn, 30; 

### Cu, 0.4; Ni, 2.1; Li, 9.8; Sr, 180; Ba, 17. 

### Analysisnot previouslypublished. 4. 

### Well about 2 miles north of Barnhill, sec. 31, T. 2 S., 

### R. 8 E., 

## Wayne County,
111. 

### Waterfromdepth of 3,374 to 3,385 ft In Ste. 

### Genevieve Limestone of 

### Mississippian age (Meents, Bell, Rees, 

### and Tilbury, 1952, p. 33). 

### Highest 

### CI content reported in 

### about 500 analyses; 

### Na-)-K determined 

### by difference; total Fe, unfiltered, 0.6

### ppm. 6. Brine 

### from 

### Pennsylvanian sandstone, Paintsville, 

### Johnson 

### County, Ky.; 

### depth not stated. 

### Apparently 

### from an artesian well, 

### producing 2 

## gpm of brine (Hauser, 1953, p. 67). 6. 

## Tom Campbell farm well 2, 

### 1H miles south of Creston, 

### Calhoun County, 

## W. Va.; 

### water 

### from 

### depth of 1,402 ft near top of Salt 

### Sand of Pottsville Series of 

### Early 

### Pennsylvanian age (Price, Hare, 

### McCue, and Hoskins, 1937, p. 36, 67, 98). Highest Sr content of 

### about 180 analyses). 

### Analyzed 

### by J. 

### B. 

### McCue, West Virginia Geol. Survey. 7. Locationnot specified" analysis reported

### by

## Dow Chemical Co. to 

### be typical of commercial-brine analyses

### from

### vuggy

### Dundee Limestone of

### Middle Devonian age, 

### Michigan basin, 

### Michigan, 

### fromdepths of 1,500 to 4,200 ft. 

### Most components are recalculated

### fromhypotheticalchemical 

### combinations

### but

### somewere given as ions. 8. Location not specified; 

### sample reported 

### by

## Dow Chemical Co. to 

### be a typical brine

### from Sylvania 

### Sandstone of

### Early

### Devonian age, 

### Michigan basin, Michigan, 

### from depths of 2,000 to 5,500 ft. 

### Most components are recalculated 

### from hypothetical chemical 

### combinations 

### but 

### some are given as ions; also reported are 

### Cu, 

## <1 ppm; Pb, 

## <5 ppm; and Ni, 

## <5 ppm. 

# K content is notablyhigh. See table 4, analysis 15 for shallow

### water of

### low salinity

### from Sylvania. 9. 

### Test well 23, 

### onborder of

### Playa

### Huincul oil field, 

### NeuquenTerritory, Argentina; 

### producing thermal water 

### from depth of 2,640 to 2,850 ft 

### from 

### Upper Jurassic sandstone associated 

### with shale (Sussini 

### and others, 1938, p. 157; 

### Emmons, 1931, p. 611). Analysisreportedwithmetalsgiven as oxides, converted to ions. 10. 

### Hollviken 1 brine well, Scania district, 

### southernmost 

### Sweden, producing 

### from depth of 4,050 to 4,140 ft 

### from sandstone of Early Cretaceous 

### (Cenomanian) age (Brotzen

### andAssarsson, 1951, p. 222-223; Schoeller, 1956, p. 182-183). Brines at deeper levels in 

### Cenomanian and underlying Triassic rocks are similar in composition

### but generally increase in salinity

### downward. Analysis converted 

### from

## mgper 1; Cs, 5

### ppm. 11. 

### Brine well, near Oevelsberg in

### Ruhr area, 

### West Germany, producing

### fromdepth of 3,275 ft 

### (Komlev, 1933, p. 208). 

### Rocks at surface are

### probably ofCretaceous age; brine 

### probably is 

### from Triassic rocks. 

# K content is surprisingly high; 

### Ra, 1.80wic per 1; As, 0.06

### ppm. 12. 

### Ullman well, in the 

### Boryslaw area, Poland, 

### producing 

### from a 

### depth of 3,100 ft 

### from rocks of 

### Couches de Polanica of 

### upper Oligocene age (Katz, 1928, p. 18, 20). Analysis recalculated 

### from

## mg per 1; I content is intermediate in range reported

### byKatz. 13. 

### Krasnokamsk well 62, in the 

## Kama River region, 

### about 25 miles 

### northwest of 

### Molotov City, U.S.S.R., 

### producing 

### from depth of 3,240 to 3,250 ft 

### from Carboniferous limestone containing 

### some 

### CaSO* and NaCl; overlain 

### by nearly 400 ft of 

### impermeable anhydrite 

### (Kuznetsov 

### and Novikov, 1943, p. 62; 

### Kuznetsov, 1943, p. 151-154; see also Schoeller, 1956, p. 186). All waters of field are high in

### HjS and contain as

### much as 900

### ppm.

# F34 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 14.-

# —Chemical analyses of

### waters 

### high in sulfate 

## and bicarbonate associated 

### with oil fields

1 

## Midway Sunset, 

### Kern County, Calif. 

### June 22, 1954 2 Coalinga, 

### Fresno 

### County, Calif. Oct. 25, 1955 3 Pilot Butte, 

### Fremont County, 

### Wyo. June 18, 1959 4 

### South Casper Creek, 

### Natrona County, 

### Wyo. Sept. 15, 1958 £ Coalinga 

### County Jan. 8 , 

### Fresno


### Date of collection , Calif. ,1952



### SiOj 

## ppm

59 

### epm 

## ppm 22 

### epm 

## ppm 36 1.4 .75 .00 .00 216 99 19.6 >.3 3,250 78 2.3 11 

### epm 

## ppm 16.64 .24 .00 .00 266 82 '5.7 1.12 378 21.4 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 61 

### epm
Al 

### Fe 

## - 

# Mn As 

### Ca

- 

# — 501

103 25.0 8.47 407 491 20.3 40.4 10.78 8.14 13.27 6.74 40 35 2.0 

# Mg 

# — 2.9 Sr 

## — Ba 

## Na

- 1,020

9.8 44.4 0.25 1,800 10 78.3 .26 141. 38 2.00 .33 .61 16.44 .64 .06 1,570 33 68.3 

# K

— .84 LI

Total cations 78.1 139 163. 24 37.05 74.0 

## HCOa 112

1,590 1,300 0.3 7.7 2.3 1.84 .00 33.1 36.7 .02 .10 .02 336
5,760 500 1.0 5.51 .00 119.9 14.1 .05 201 10 6,650 596 6.0 .7 1.3 .00 2.2 .03 26 3.29 .33 138. 45 16.81 .32 .01 .01 156
1,170 370 3.5 1.6 .0 .00 .0 .03 .44 2.56 2,900

415 612 0.6 47.5 

### COj .00 

## S0 4 24.36 10.43 .18 8.64 

### CI

- 17.26 

## F

. 

## - .03 

### Br I 

# N0 2 

## NO3 343 5.53 11 .18 .04 1.4 .02 

## P04 

## B 3.9 9.6 13 

# H2S 62 24

77.3 140 159.26 37.53 73.5 Total, asreported 

## — 5,050 9,350 11,200 2,490 5,680 Specific 

### conductance 

### micrombos at 25°

# C. pH

- 7 040 13 30C S 290

7.6 25
0.49 .21 .0096 8.3 7.6
Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.23 1.2 .0056 0.066 .46 .024 .00071 .37 11.010 .0012 .0022 .044 0.70 .31 .056 .001 .42 3.2 .0095 .0041 .000 .0012 0.025 

## Mg/Ca .88 

## K/Na .021 

### Li/Na 

### HCO3/CI' .086

1.2 .00023 .0059 .0018 .0030 .67 12.002 4.7 

### SOt/Cl .68 

### F/Cl .0001 

### Br/CI I/Cl 

### B/Cl .019 .021 Analysis 6

East of Salt Creek, 

### Natrona County, 

### Wyo. June 16, 1958 7 Ellis Pool, Alberta, 

### Canada Jan. 8, 1958 8 

### Bukkszek, 

### Hungary I 

### Mezokoves 1 

## Name of field

### and location 1, 

### Hungary
Date of collection

SiOi 

## ppm

32 1.4 .84 .00 .01 3.2 1.5 1.7

1 1.3 1,550 4.3 .2 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 13.85 .04 .00 .23 9.6 15 1.9 12.2 1,740 20 1.2 2.6 

### epm 

## ppm 55 0.3 3.3 

### epm 

## ppm 39


### Tr 

### epm
Al Fe... 

# Mn As.. Ca.. 0.16 .12 0.48 1.23 154 162.3 .9 9,090 151 

### Tr 3.9 7.68 13.3 .01 .01 395.4 3.86 .00 .22 193 65 3.1 0.04 324 62 1.2 0.7 9.63 

# Mg 5.3 Sr .07 

### Ba .00 

## Na 67.42 .11 .03 75.69 .51 .17 .14 14.09 

# K 1.58 Li .17 

## NH, .04

67.84 78.22 420 

### 30.9 

## HCO3 2,710

22 710 14 7.3 4.1 .00 .0 .12 7.4 44.42 2,650 84 223 830 5.8 3.5 .6 .00 .0 .12 1.4 43.43 2.80 4.64 23.41 .31 15,200 249 1,250 20.5 

### COt SO« .46

20.02 .74 .09 .03 893

5,370 18.59 151.4 26 343 0.54 CI 9.67 

## F Br 29 15 .36 .12 

### Tr .05 .00 I .00 

## NO2 

# N0 3 

### PO« Tr .3 2.9 1,030 .00 

## B COi 3,100 

### HjS .6 65.76 74.59 419 30.7

6,070 5,600 1 34, 200 1 3, 360
t25°

# C. 6,800 8.0 6,670 8.6 37

0.0055 1.6 .011 .00069 3.4 .27 .0070 .0042 .00072 .0017 

## pH

Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na ... 

### °C_. 19.5
0.017 1.05 .017 0.0021 .47 .0028 .00013 3.8 .031 .020 .010 nnss 0.60 

## Mg/Ca .34 

## K/Na .19 Li/Na... .0037 

### HCO3/CI1 2.8 .16 3.6 

### SO</01 .076

### F/ClBr/CI .0054 0097 I/Cl .0001 

### B/Cl .10 .0086

1 Includes

### COj as equivalent 

### HCOa.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F35

EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 14

1. Irrigation well, 250 ft deep, 

### onborder of

### Midway-Sunset oil field, sec. 34, T. 31 S., 

### R. 24 E., 

### Kern County, Calif. Sulfate 

### water used for irrigation. Collected

### by
J. 

## M. Morris, Jr., California Division of

### Water Resources; analyzed 

### by D. 

### D. Watson, U.S. Geol. Survey; analysisnot previouslypublished. 2. Sulfatewell water, 70 ft deep, westborder ofCoalinga oil field,

# NEM sec. 10, T. 20 S., 

### R. 14 E., 6 miles northwest of Coalinga, 

### Fresno 

### County, Calif. Inprobable 

### marinesandstone ofEtchegoinor theJacalitos

### Formation, Pliocene age. 

### Sample collected 

### by California Division of 

### Water Resources, analyzed 

### by U.S. Qeol. Survey; analysis not previouslypublished.
3. British 

### American Oil 

### Producing Co. well 1-E. T., Pilot 

### Butte oil field north 

### westofRiverton,

# N

# WM sec. 22, 

### T.3N..R.1 W., 

### Fremont County, 

### Wyo. Drilled in 1942 to 6,395 feet; producing

### fromdepths of5,804 to 5,839 ft

### and 6,036 to 6,258 ft 

### from 

## Embar Formation of 

### Permian 

### and Triassic age. Collected 

### by K. P. 

### Moore, analyzed

### byH. C. 

### WhiteheadoftheU.S. Geol. Survey,

### who alsoreported 0.00

## ppm Cu, Pb, 

### and Zn; density is 1.007. Quantitative spectrograpbic analysis 

### byNolaB. Shefley, converted to 

## ppm in originalwater: 

### Cu, 0.08; Ag, 0.003; Fe, 0.2; Cr, 0.01; Al, 0.2; Ti, 0.03; Sr, 9.6; Ba, 0.3; Li, 3.7; 

### Rb, 0.1. 

### Mo, 

### W, Oe, Sn, 

### Pb, Zn, 

### Cd, Sb, 

## Mn, Co, Ni, V, Ga, La, Zr, Be, 

### and 

### Cs are 

### below detection limits in solids. Analysisnot previouslypublished.
4. 

### Pure Oil Co. well

### No. F-ll, 

### SouthCasperCreek, 

### west ofCasper, 

### NatronaCounty, 

### Wyo., producing 

### from Tensleep 

### Sandstone of 

### Pennsylvanian age 

### from depths of2,585 to 2,630 ft. Collected

### byK. P. 

### Moore; analyzed

### byH. C. 

### Whitehead of the U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who reportedPb, 0.01

### ppm; Cu, 0.00

### ppm. Quantitative 

### spectrograph^ analysis, 

### byNolaB. Sheffey, converted to

## ppminoriginalwater: 

### Cu, 0.005; 

### Mn, 0.01; Ni, 0.04; Fe, 0.03; Cr. 0.005; Al, 0.03; Ti, 0.008; Sr, 5.7; Ba, 0.12. Ag, 

### Mo, 

## W, Ge, Sn, 

### Pb, Zn, 

### Cd, Sb, Co, V, Ga, La, Zr, 

### Be are 

### below detection limits in solids. Analysis notpreviouslypublished.
6. 

### Carbonatewastewater, 

### irom East Side area of Coalinga oil field,

# SWM sec. 35, 

### T. 19 S. ( 

### R. 15 E., 

### Freson 

### County, Calif. 

### Most oilproduction of this area is 

### from 

### Temblor Formation of 

### Miocene age, 

### from stratigraphic traps 

### on east flank of Coalinga anticline. Collected 

### by California Division of 

### Water Resources; analyzed

### by U.S. Geol. Survey; analysis not previouslypublished.
6. Sinclair Oil 

### and 

### Gas Co. 

### Well 2, 6,014 It deep, northeast of Edgerton, in

# SWH

sec. 10, T. 40 N., R. 78

### W., 

### Natrona County, 

### Wyo. Producingat

### depths of4,566 to 4,604 ft 

### from Frontier 

### Formation of 

### Upper Cretaceous age. Collected 

### by K. P. 

### Moore; analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead of the U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who reported 0.00 

### ppm.Pb and Cu. Quantitative 

### spectrograph^ analysis 

### by Nola B. Shefley, converted to

## ppm in original water: 

### Cu, 0.06; Ni, 0.04; Fe, 0.1; Cr, 0.003; 

### AL 0.1; Sr, 0.7; Ba, 1.3; Li, 0.3. Ag, 

### Mo, 

### W, Ge, Sn, 

### Pb, Zn, 

### Cd, Sb, 

## Mn, Co, V, Ga, La, Ti, Zr, Be, 

### Rb, Cs are

### belowdetection limits in solids. Analysis notpreviouslypublished. 7. 

### Conrad Province 

### Well 57-33b, sec. 33, T. 5, 

### R. 15, 

### west 4th meridian, Alberta, 

### Canada. Drilled in 1946 to 3,026 ft; producing 

### from a 

### depth of 3,016 to 3,026 ft 

### from Ellis

### SandstoneofJurassic age. Collected

### byBrian

### HitchonoftheResearch Council of Alberta; analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead of the U.S. Geol. 

### Survey, 

### who also reported 0.00

## ppm Cu, 

### and Pb; 0.03

## ppm Zn. Quantitative spectro- graphic analysis, 

### byNola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: 

### Cu, 0.03; 

### Ag, 0.04; Sn, 0.2; Ni, 0.04; Fe, 0.04; Al, 0.09; Zr, 0.01; Sr, 0.9; Ba, 2.2; Li, 1.1. 

### Mo, 

## W, Ge, 

### Pb, Zn, 

### Cd, Sb, 

### Mn. Co, Cr, V, 

### Ga, La, Ti, Be, 

### Rb, 

### and 

### Cs are 

### below detection limits in solids. Analysis not previously published. Bicarbonate water, 

### from well located at 

### Bukkszek, 

### about 60 miles northeast of 

### Budapest, 

### Hungary; water

### fromdepth of450 ft

### frombeds ofprobable Cretaceous age (Telegdi-Roth, 1950, p. 80, 83). 

### Analyzed

### by K. Ernst, 

## May 1937. Bicarbonatewater, 

### fromwell located at

### Mezokovesd, about 70miles east-northeast of

### Budapest, 

### Hungary. 

### Waterfroma

### depthof2,870 ft,

### probably

### fromCretaceous
or Triassic limestone (Telegdi-Roth, 1950, p. 80, 83). 

### Analyzed 

### by J. Karpat, 

## May 1939. Also reported are 

### ppm, Ti, 

### Cu, As, 

### andHaS; 

### COS, 20

### ppm. 8.

9.

# F36 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 15.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### spring waters similar in 

### composition to oil-field 

### brines of the 

## sodium chloride 

### type

1 

### Tuscan, 

## Tehama County, Calif.



### Dec. 14, 1956 2 

### Wilbur, 

### County
Aug. a

### Colusa

, Calif.

,1949 3 Tolenas 

### County

Oct. 3 Solano

, Calif.

,1956 4 

### Mercey, Fresno 

### County, Calif.



### June 13, 1955 5 e 

### Bad

## Ham Westp Gern 

## Name of springs

### and location......... Stinking, Springs 

### Box Elder 

### County, 

### Utah April 5, 1958 

### m, 

### West halia, lany

SiOi 

## ppm

15 0.9 .2 .3 19 17 »13 72 7,900 59 •2.0 

## 59 epm 

## ppm 190 10.3 i.l 1.3 1.4 58 '.8 •1 9,140 460 14 303 

### epm 

## ppm 75 

## 0.2 i.l 

### epm 

## ppm 75 

### epm 

## ppm 48 1.05 .03 .00 946 297 131 14.1 12,600 571 6.9 40 

### epm 

## ppm 10 

### Tr 20.2 1,730 262 65 

### Tr 29,400 360 11 33 

### epm
Al 

### Fe 

# Mn Ca 0.95

1.4 .30 1.05 344.1 1.61 .29 3.3 0.07 4.7 .18 .01 397.4 11.76 2.0 16.8 454 239 12

1 1.3 6,100 181 9.0 0.2 22.65 19.7 .27 43 nil 9 2.15 47.20 24.4 86.3 

# Me 21.5 Sr .21 1.47 

### Ba 

## Na 265.4 4.63 1.30 .01 830 7.1 0.1 5 36.1 .18 .01 .28 648 14.60 .99 2.2 1,279 

# K 9.21 LI 1.6 

## NH« 1.8

353 433 314 38.9 637 1,400
1,060 154 7,390
23 6,340

.3 13

31 5 324

111 1,530 

## HCOs 17.4

5.13 .00 121.2 .00 .48 103.9 0.21

1.03 .10 5.31 25.1 

### COj SO4 .01 2.31 1,430 29.8


### CI 11,800

6 15.3

> 1.3 333.26 .07 .01 11,000 1.1 

## 15 116 310.06 .19 .13 7,510 2 20 3

165 211.8 .11 .25 .10 1,300.4 

### None (?) 20 36.7 .02 21, 600 1.9 15 1.3 .00 .0 .00 3.6 609.10 .19 .01 47, 700 1,345 

## F Br 17.2 0.21 I.. * .16 .00 

## NOj NOj 2.66 .6 .01 

### POi 0.5

•201 0.02 .2 770 .00 

## B 292 360 10 

### HjS 172 178 60 

### Tr

356 432 319 38.2 617 1,400

21.600 29, 100 21, 500 2,350 36, 600 83,300

Specific

### conductance

### micrombos at 25°

## C 

## pH 32,500

8.4 

### 28H 1.009

0.0024 .89 .0074 .00025 .12 .0000 .00036 .00045 .00011 .017 33,600 7.2 67 1.016

0.00015 41.050 .0015 .66 .0021 .00009 .0014 .0015 .036 24,600 6.7 20.0 1.012

0.074 .53 .029 .0015 .85 .00004 .0003 .0026 .0017 .048 2,160 8.6 46 53,900 6.7 48 1.025

0.075 .31 .045

. 00055 .015 .0051

. 000088

. 00069

. 000060

. 00017 

### Density at 20° 

## C 33
Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.051 

### <.02 .0086 .0001 .058 .004 .0003 <.001(?) .015 .0076 0.058 

## Mg/Ca .15 

## K/Na .012 

### Li/Na .00037 

### HCO3/CI > .032 

### SO</Cl .030 

### F/Cl

. 

### Br/CI .00036 I/Cl .000004 

### B/Cl

..

Analysis


## ... ...... 

### Bad Hal

Llnz, J

1, 

## SW. Of Austria 

### Smrdaky Breclav,

< 

### va i

, 

### ESE. of3zechosloria 9 

### Chokrak, Crimea, 

## USSR

Oct. 1, 1937 10 

### Toyotomi, 

### Hokkaido Prefecture, 

### Japan 11 Isobe, 

## Gumma Prefecture, 

### Japan 1 

### Hanmer Island,

### N( 2 

## Name ofsprings

### and location..

, 

### South



### Date of collection 

## wZealand

SIOj 

## ppm

8.9 

### Tr 6.1 

### Tr 244 156 13 

### epm 

## ppm 29 

### epm 

## ppm 20 

### epm 

## ppm 20 

### <0.1 0.6 

### epm 

## ppm 45 0.3 6 

### epm 

## ppm epm
Al 1.0 

### Fe 3.0 

# Mn Ca 12.18

12.8 .30 81 63 4.04 4.4 495 441 24.7 36.3 76 32 3.79 2.6 220 47 10.98 3.9 10.3 0.50 

# Mg .02 Sr 

### Ba Na.. 6,460

10 2.3 62 281.0 .26 .33 2.9 925 38 40.24 .97 '9,640 441 419.3 11.28 4,200 320 182.7 8.19 10,400 290 452 7.4 379 4.0 16.48 

# K .10 Li 

## NH« 4.2 0.23 150 8.32 

## 20 1.11 3.0 .17

310 49.9 600 197 475 17.3

426 410 1,010 1,690 7,610 196 

### HCOs... 6.97 6.72 16.5 27.7 123.1 3.21 

# COs— 8O4 .00 11

78 1,390 .23 2.36 39.2 1.1 139 16,900 .02 4.20 477 

### <0.5 .00 21 .44 19

4.7 483 .39 

## H8 .14 

### Cl 

## F 10,700 302 6,230 175.7 12,700 358 13.61


### Br 78

39.03 .98 .31 .00 Present 2.2 133 45 1.66 0.36 17 24 .21 .19 20 47 .25 .37 I 0.02 

## NOj NO. Present

Present 11 677 

### PO« 

# 9
128 1,160 

## B 42

26 18

394 279 148 j 49 

### CO. H.S

310 48.6 500 204

. 482 17.4 Total, as reported 18,300 3,610 30,100 12,800 32,600 1,150 

### See footnotes at

### end of table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F37

Table 15.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### spring waters 

### similar in 

### composition to oil-field 

### brines 

### of the 

## sodium chloride 

### type

# —Continued

Analysis 

## Name of spring? 

### and location .



### Date of collection. 

### Bad Hall, 

## SW. of

Linz, Austria 

### Smrdaky, 

### ESE. of Breclav, Czechoslo- vakia 

### Chokrak, Crimea, 

## USSR

Oct. 1, 1937 10 

### Toyotomi, 

### Hokkaido Prefecture, 

### Japan Isobe, 

## Gumma Prefecture, 

### Japan 

### Hanmer, South Island,

## NewZealand

Specific 

### conductance

### micromhos at 25 

### °C. 

## PH. Temperature °C. Densityat 20°

## C Ratios

### byweight: .—-



### Ca/Na 

## Mg/Ca 

## K/Na Li/Na 

### HCOj/Cl» SO./C1 

## - F/Cl Br/CI I/Cl 

### B/Cl

- Cold(?)

0.038

.63 .0015 .00035 .040 .0000 0.084 .65 .041 7.2 

### Cold 1.02

0.051 .89 .046 7. 42 8.2 16.2 8.0 49

0.018 .42 .076 0.021 .21 .028 0.026 .03 .011

.29 .0079 .060 .000065 .27 .0000 .59 .0017 .41 .039

.0073 .0036 .0039 .0016 .0078

.0027 .0011 .0027 .0038 .024 .0016 .0037 .010 .10

1 

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.

» Includes

## C0 3 as

### HCO3. 

# EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 15

1. Spring, rising in large concrete-lined pool in southernpart of

### Tuscan area, 

## NEJ4

sec. 32, T. 28 N., R. 2 

### W., 

### Tehama County, Calif. 

### Probably from rocks of Cretaceous 

### Chico 

### Formation overlain

### uneonformably

### by volcanicagglomerate of Pliocene 

### Tuscan Formation. 

### Flows about 10 

### gpm; total flow of springs 

### from area 

### about 30 or 40 

### gpm; no spring deposits, 

### but travertine veins are in bedrock. 

### Analyzed spring has little associated gas 

### but combustible gas is present in

### nearby "Natural 

### Gas" Spring (Waring, 1915, p. 290). Collected

### by R. C. Scott, U.S. Geol. Survey; analyzed 

### by B. V. Salotto, 

## who also 

### found 5.2

## wc per 1 

### Ra and 6 /ig per 1 TJ. 

## He also reported 

### Cu, 0.00 

### ppm; Zn, 0.00 

### ppm. Li, 

### NH(, Sr, Br, 

### L and 

### B determined 

### byH. Kramer, C. E. Roberson, 

### and P. 

### w. Scott of U.S. Geol. 

### Survey in 

### sample collected

### June 9, 1954, 

### having 

### same CI content. Analysis not previously published.
2. 

### Main spring, spring 22, Wilbur,

# NWM sec. 28, T. 14 N., 

### R. 5 

### W., Colusa

### County, Calif. Discharge of spring is 15 

## gpm and discharge of 

### group is 

### about 40 

## gpm (White, 1957b, p. 1674-1677; 

### Waring, 1915, p. 99-103). 

### Fromrocks ofKnoxville 

### Formation of Late Jurassic age, near serpentine intrusions 

### (W. B. 

### Meyers, U.S. Geol. Survey, written 

### communication). 

## No spring deposits, 

### but 

### water isassociated

### withquicksilver

### andgolddeposits. 

### Analyzed

### by

## W.W. Brannock of U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported 0.0

## ppm Sb 

### and 0.0

## ppm As. 

### Components 

### determined 

### on later samples of similar chloride content: 

### Determinations of 

### Br 

### and I

### by Brannock; 0.2

## ppmHgby J. 

### D. Pera of

## Buckman Laboratories Inc.; Fe; Al; 

### Mn; Cu, 0.00

### ppm; Zn, 0.00 

### ppm; 3

## wc per 1

## Ra and 0.8 y% per 1

## U reported

### by B. V. Salotto; Sr

### and 

### Badetermined

### by spectrographic analysis; spectrographic analysis of 

### evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in the original water: 

### evaporated residue at 180° C, 23,500; Fe, 0.1; 

### Cu, 0.05; Ag, 0.02; 

### Pb, 1.4; Cr, 0.07; 

## W, 9.4; Li, 12; 

### Rb, 1.2; Cs, 0.7; Sr, 1.4; Ba, 1.9. See table 23, analysis 2, for

### water analysis 

### from

### Abbott quicksilvermine, 2 miles to southwest. 3. Spring, near crest of ridge at Tolenas, 4 miles north of Fairfield, sec. 1, T. 5 N., R. 2

## W, Solano 

### County, Calif. 

### About

# Mgpm of

### water

### and at least as

### much gas discharging near crest of travertine ridge, 

### about 200 ft long, 

### on interbedded shale 

### and sandstone of Cretaceous 

### Chico 

### Formation (Waring, 1915, p. 162-163; 

### Weaver, 1949, p. 106-107). 

### Gas is not combustible 

### and probably is largely 

### CO2; total discharge of

### water 

### from area isonlya few

### gpm. Analyzed

### by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; As, 0.00

## ppmalsoreported; spectrographicanalysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 17,700; Al, 0.2; Fe, 0.1; 

### Cu, 0.02; Sr, 0.7; Ba, 1.3. Analysis not previouslypublished.
4. 

### Main spring, 

### Mercey, 

## SEH sec. 15, 

### T. 14 S., 

### R. 10 E. 

### Fresno 

### County, Calif. 

### Flows 7 to 10

## gpm from gravels overlying fractured greenstone associated 

### with Franciscan 

### Sandstone of 

### Late Jurassic or 

### Early Cretaceous age. 

### The water 

## may rise along a fault zone close to the contact of Franciscan 

### and Cretaceous 

### Chico 

### Formations (Anderson 

### and Pack, 1915, p. 212-213). Spring is 3 miles southeast of 

### Mercey quicksilver 

### mine (Yates 

### and Hilpert, 1945). 

### Analyzed 

### by H. 

### Almond and S. 

### Berman, U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysis not previously published. 5. Stinking Springs, also

### known as 

## Lampo or 

### Connors Springs, 

## NWJ^ sec. 30, 

### T. 10 N., R. 3 

### W., 6.8miles 

### northwest of 

### Corinne 

### andimmediatelynorth of 

### Great Salt Lake, 

### Box Elder 

### County, Utah. 

### Sampled spring discharges 

### about 30 

## gpmand is easternmost 

### and largest spring of a 

### group that has total discharge of

### about 75

## gpmfromnear contact of

### Quaternarysediments

### and

### LowerCarboniferous limestone 

### (Emmons, 1893, p. 386). Collected

### by J. 

### H. Feth, analyzed 

### by J. P. 

### Schuch ofU.S. Geol. Survey; also

### determined are SO3, 

### ppm; As, 0.00 

### ppm. Spectrographic analysis of 

### evaporated residue 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 37,300; Al, 0.8; Fe,0.2; 

### Mn.0.1; Cu,0.04; Sr,31; Ba,4.1. Analysisnotpreviouslypublished. 6. Well, 2,130 ft deep, near 

### Bad

## Hamm, Ruhr district, 

### West Germany, in 

### Kreide 

### Formation of 

### Late Cretaceous age (Himstedt, 1907, p. 163). 

### Analyzed 

### by C. 

### R. Fresenius, 1882; 

### methane present.
7. 

### Upper Gunther well, 

### Bad Hall, north-central Austria, 25 miles 

### southwest of 

### Linz (Schmblzer, 1955, p. 197); drilled in area of springs

### knownand used since eighth century. 

### Well is 820 ft

### deep in Molasse ofTertiary age, overlying Oligo- cene 

### andMiocene sedimentaryrocks. Also reported is a trace of

### Cu. Analysis of gas 

### from one well is given in table 28, analysis 5 (Grill, 1952, p. 89). 8. 

### Well 6, in spring area at 

### Smrdaky, about 20 miles east-southeast of Breclav, in 

### southwest Czechoslovakia; 

### producing 

### from 

### depth of 990 ft 

### from Burdigalian- Helvetian rocks of early

### andmiddle 

### Miocene age (Janacek

### andJanak, 1956, p. 72-74, 96). 

### Water also contains 

### naphtha, 

### and associated gases include 

### H2S and

# CH4

. 9. Resort 

### with drilled wells, 

### about 160 ft deep, in former cold-spring area 

### on east border of

### Chokrakmarsh, 1 mile 

### from south shore of Sea of

### Azovand about 12 miles north of Kerch, 

### Crimea, U.S.S.R. 

### Water is 

### from shale, limestone, 

### and dolomite of 

### Karagan 

### and Chokrak Formations of Tertiary age 

### (Fomichev, 1948, p. 221-232). 

### Analyzed 

### by I. S. 

### Krasnikova 

### and 

### M. S. 

### Svemina. 

## Na reported as 642

### ppm, but reported equivalents 

### and strong 

### unbalance of cations 

### andanions clearlyindicate that this figure isamisprint for 9,462

### ppm. Analysis is 

### Fomichev's type 2; for his 

### type 1. see table 22, analysis 6. 10. 

### Toyotomi, near 

### northwestern tip of 

### Hokkaido, Japan. Spring discharges 

### from Pliocene sandstone 

### and mudstone, probably 

### marine (Muto, 1954, p. 408-409). Nearest 

### Quaternary volcanic rocks are those of Pleistocene Rishiri volcano, 

### an island 25 miles to the west. 11. Isobe, 

## Gumma Prefecture, in central part of 

### Honshu, Japan. Spring discharges 2

## gpmfrom

### middle or late 

### Miocene sandstone, shale, 

### and conglomerate 

### (Muto, 1954, p. 408-409). Nearest 

### Quaternaryvolcano is

### Haruna, 10miles to the north- northeast (H. 

### Kuno, written 

### communication). 

### Analyzed 

### by

## Muto (1954, p. 409) except for

## NH4 and PO<, 

### which are 

### analyzed

### by

### Tokyo Hygienic Laboratory, 1930 

### (Morimoto, 1954, p. 246-247). 12. Springs 

### and well, 300-ft deep, at

### Hanmer, near south base of 

### Seaward Kaikoura Range, 

### South Island, 

## New Zealand. Discharge is 

### from thick alluvial gravel overlying 

### graywacke of 

### Mesozoic age (J. Healy, written 

### communication). 

### Forgas analysis (Farr

### and Rogers, 1929, p. 300-308) see table 28, analysis 6.

# F38 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 16

.

# —

Ohemicat 

### analyses of 

### spring waters 

### similar to oil-field 

### brines of the 

## sodium calcium chloride 

### type

1 

### London, 

### Lane County, Oreg.

Sept. 3, 1957 2 

### Willow Creek, Shasta

### County, Calif.



### Nov. 30, 1956 3 

### Utah, 

### Weber County, 

### Utah

Apr. 5, 1958 4 Saratoga, Sara- toga 

### County, 

### N.Y.

Aug. 7, 1938 6 Tolsona, 

### Copper 

### River Basin, 

### Alaska

Sept. 21, 1956 6 

### Wiesbaden, 

### N. of

### Mainz, 

### Germany 7 8 

### Thermopotamos, Tromnshertr.



### Date of collection 

### Euboea Island, Greece 

### Orange Free State, 

### Union of 

### South Africa

SiOj 

## ppm

19 0.12 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .13 480 29 •7.9 »5.7 810 8.2 .0 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 22 0.04 1.05 .00 1.05 .00 .00 .00 1,120 2.4 •6.6 1.2 2,670 7.5 2.2 21 

### epm

55.9 .20

116.1 .19 .32 1.16 

## ppm 38 0.46 .42 1.9 .00 .01 .00 .00 1,140 70 

### »28

» 1.1 7,030 901 9.9 5.4 

### epm 

## ppm 13 3.4 1.8 10.003 

### epm 

## ppm 16 0.2 .3 

### epm 

## ppm 64 

### epm 

## ppm 58 0.2 1.1 .02 

### epm 

## ppm 26

1 1 

### epm Al

. . . 

### Fe 3.0 0.7 0.001 

# Mn "Tr 

## Cu Pb Zn .01 

### As .08 344 48 12 0.7 2,660 95 3.5 7.0 

### Ca 23.95

2.4 56.9

5.8 623 197 31.09 16.2 787 111 151 14 ,660 60 >0.5 6.6 39.27 9.13 1.16 .20 202.7 1.53 .07 .31 17.17 4.0 .27 .01 115.7 2.43 .50 .39 1,780 329 88.8 27.1 473 20 7.2

1 1 2,670 16 

### »6 nil



### None(? 60 946 4,250 3.6 Nil 23.6 

# Mg 1.6 Sr 0.16 

## Ba 305.8

23.05 1.43 .30 13 2,030 380 7.6 11 .18 88.3 4 9.72 1.09 .61 .01 

## Na 35.24

.21 10,000 441.5 1.1 435 11.28 .07 .06 116.1 

# K .41 

### Li .8 

## NHi .00
Total cations 61.8 174 393 147 254 140 562

. 143

76 0.8 1.2 2,100.0 3.7 .2 .02 9.3 .34 3.0 20 38 6,080.0 192

189 13, 300 3.2 8.2 .2 .00 .0 .00 5.1 3,870 143

0.0 1,870 0.3 17 3.7 .00 .07 595 590 

## HCOi 1.25 0.00

.67 .79 171.5 3.15 63.4 2.34 9.75 9.67 ) 0.00 

### COi 2.00 

### so* .02

59.2 3.93

375.17 .10 .00 .66

250.1 0.02 0.21 .03 .00 .01 63 4,590 1.31 129.6 1,120 18, 500 23.3 522 19.70 

### CI 2,970 83.8 i 119.9 

## F .19 

### Br .05

.00 .00 .15 9.4

1.0 .12 .01 2.5 .02 1.4 ».6 .03 1.0 234 .03 .00 .01 .01 62.08 .78 .00 .00 I 

# „ NOi .00

6.6 .11 Nil Nil .00 

## NOi .00 

### PO« .04 6.6 338 

## B 1.8 35 

### 14 

### COj H,S .1 .0

fntftl anions 60.7 173 382 147 253 141 556 142
Total, asreported 3,550 10,000 22,900 10, 100 4,800 1 8,730 33,200 8,480
Specific 

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25°

# C 6,270 7.6 Slightly

## warm 14,3009.0 17 1.004

0.42 .0022 .0028 .00083 .0066 .0063 .00000 34,300 7.3 67 1.013

0.16 .061 .13 .0014 .014 .014

. 00024 .00062 .00002 .00038 23,600

7.1 

### Cold 1.008
0.17 .14 .013 .0001 .016

.00000 .00003 .0019 .00042 .0039 

## pH 6.2 

### Cold 6.81 65.3 6.65 78.2 1.025
0.18 .19 .044 .00005 .032 .061 8.95 

### Temperaturo °

# C Density at 20° 37
Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.59

.060 .010 .0000 .036

. 00057 .0000 .0018 .0001 .0014 0.31

.32 .19 .0037 1.3 .000 0.13

.14 .036 .0013 .13 .014 0.17 

## Mg/Ca .042 

## K/Na .0059 Linsra .0022 

### HCOs/Cl > .029 

### SO4/CI .22 

### F/Cl .00084 

### Br/CI .0032 .00034 .00054

.00000 .00021 .0034 .00000 .0000 I/Cl 

### B/Cl .00030 .001
Analysis 9 

### Aln Djebel, 

## SSW. ofTunis, Tunisia 10 Tiberias, 

### Near Sea of Tiberias, Israel 11 

### Geyser 

### Suyu, Anatolia, 

### Turkey 12 StaraiaMatsesta, 

### Abkhaz, 

## USSR 13 

### Neshkin, Siberia, 

## USSR 14 

### Arima, 

### HySgo Prefecture, 

### Japan 15 

## Nameand location

. 

### Naganuma, Yamagata Prefecture, 

### Japan 

### Date of collection

SiO, 

## ppm

20 13 5 

### epm 

## ppm 23 

### epm 

## ppm 22 3.2 .06 

### epm 

## ppm •17 

### epm 

## ppm 95 9.3 .1 

### epm 

## ppm 146 71 167 42.1 .4 .2
3,880 38 2.0 59 19,600 4,440 63 44 

### epm 

## ppm 72.9 4.3 

### epm
Al 

### Fe 7.8 

# Mn Cu Pb Zn As 

### Ca 1,000

275 49.9 22.6 3,930 825 196.1 67.9 3,190 65 159.2 6.3 638 180 29 26.85 14.8 .66 3,490 25 174.2 2.1 193.6 3.13 .05 .86 853 113.6 7.6 2.44 2,310 162 115.2 

# Mg 13.3 Sr 

### Ba 

## Na 5,240

283 1 227.9 7.24 .1 6,910 77 300.6 1.97 18,600 1,990 809.1 61.0 3,560 138 1.2 8.3 154.7 3.53 .17 .46 6,190 840 269.3 21.5 7,080

654 1.7 .7 308.0 

# K 14.16 Li .24 

## NH< 4.3 .24 .04

308 567 18.025

. 201 467

' 1,174 451 

## HCOi 204

400 3,000 8,290 3.34 13.33 62.5 233.8 366 6.98 64

149 36,100 1.05 .00 3.10 1,018 384 6.29 27 0.44 667 9.29 69 1.13 

## CO, 80« 891

19,200 18.63 641 1.9 6,060 .04 170.9 1.2 16,500 .02 465 0.0 41,700.7 62.9

1.4 535 370.9 .00 1,176.04 .65 .01 .00 .00 4.9 15,900 .10 

### CI 449 

## F Br 68 

### Tr 0.2 1.2 

### Tr .85 .00 .00 .02 1.4 .02 26

3.7 .33 .03 34

17 .43 I .13 

## NO, NO, 68

2.2 1.10 

## PO ( 

## B 13 119 

## 248 3.6

31 4 

### CO, 96 

### H,S 0.3 28 Present Total anions 314 666 1,024 178 465 1,186 451 18,800 32,300 60,400 11,300 27,200 1 71,800 26 200



### See footnotesat

### endof table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F39

Table 16.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### spring waters similar to 

### oilfield 

### brines of the 

## sodium calcium chloride 

### type

# —Continued

9 

### Ain Djebel, 

### SSW. ofTunis, Tunisia 10 Tiberias, 

### Near Sea of Tiberias, Israel 11 

### Geyser 

### Suyu, Anatolia, 

### Turkey 12 StaraiaMatsesta, 

### Abkhaz, 

## USSR 13 

### Neshkin, Siberia, 

## USSR 14 

### Arima, 

### Hyogo Prefecture, 

### Japan 15 

### Naganuma, Yamagata Prefecture, 

### Japan

Specific

### conductance 

## pH 6.2 100 1.047
0.17 .020 .063 5.8

94.0 (')
0.20 .0097 .23 .0027 .014 .00000 .00002 .0012 .00002 7.7 

### Density at 20°

.. 54.5 61.9 

### 24± 65 (')
0.56 .0071 .14 61

1.017 Ratios 

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.19

.28 .054 .0002 .12 .36 0.57 .21 .011 0.16

.30 .39 .00034 .063 .00031 0.33 

### Mg/Ca..__ .070 

## K/Na .078 

### Li/Na .00024 

### HCOi/Cl* .019

.044 .0017 .0041 .0016

.00007 .0043 

### S0«/C1 .00031 

### F/Cl Br/CI .008

.0000 .00007 .0043

.00061 .0022 .0021 I/Cl .0011 

### B/Cl .00023

1 

### Componentsmentioned in description.

» Includes

### COi as

### HCOa. 

# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 16

1. 

### Main spring, 

### London,

# NWM sec. 40, T. 22 S., 

### R. 3 

### W., 

### Lane County, Oreg., discharges 

### about 10

## gpm from

### nonmarine tuffs 

### and basalt flows of 

### Calapooga 

### Formation of 

### Eocene age. Collected 

### by Linn Hoover; analyzed 

### by J. P. 

### Schuch o( U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

### byNola B. Sheffey, converted to

## opm in the originalwater: evaporatedresidue at 180°C, 4,360; Al, 0.2; Fe, 0.4; Ti, 0.03; 

### Cu, 0.004; Sr, 7.9; Ba, 5.7. Analysis notpreviouslypublished.
2. 

### Main spring of small 

### group on 

### Willow Creek, half a mile 

### above junction 

### with Crystal Creek, lat 40°40' N., long 122°38'

# W Shasta

### County, Calif. Discharge of spring estimated at 1 

### gpm, and total discharge of 

### group is 5 

### gpm; from fractured quartz 

### prophyry dike cutting pillow lavas of 

### Copely Greenstone of Paleozoic age. Collected 

### by J. Albers, analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead of U.S. Geol. Survey; also reported 

### and included in totals, 

### OH, 3.6

## ppm (0.21 

### epm); spectrograph^ analysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to 

## ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 10,700; Al, 0.3; Fe, 0.05; 

### Cu, 0.05; Ag, 0.01; Sr, 6.6; Ba, 0.2. 

### For analysis of gases, see table 28, analysis 7; collected 

### by U.S. 

### Bureau of 

### Reclamation 

### June 8, 1956. Analysis not previouslypublished. 3. Spring, 

### Weber County, Utah: northernmost of four springs near 

### boundary between 

### Weber and 

### Box Eider Counties 

### and 8 miles north of 

### Ogdeu. Discharges 

### about 25 

## gpm from 

### alluvium overlying Pleistocene 

### Lake Bonneville sediments near frontal fault of 

### Wasatch Range. Collected 

### by J. 

### H. Feth; analyzed

### by J. P. Schuch, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis ofevaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 23,200; Al, 0.7; Fe, 0.1; Ti, 0.1; 

### Cu, 0.1; Sr, 28; 

### Ba, 1.1. Analysis not previouslypublished. 4. 

### Coesa spring, Saratoga, Saratoga 

### County, N.Y.; 

### one spring of 

### group emerging along fault in Canajoharie Shale of 

### Middle Ordovician age overlying Little Falls 

### Dolomite (Strock, 1941, p. 857); water also tapped

### by drilling to dolomite. Spring deposits consist 01 travertine. 

### Analyzed 

### by S. Drexler. 

# Mn deter- 

### mined 

### by L. 

## W. Strock (average of 

### Hayes and Orenda springs, 

### very similar In CI content to 

### Coesa spring); also 

### determined spcctrographically, in

### ppm: Zr, 0.4; Sn, 0.03; 

### Ti 

### and V, each <0.0016; Co, <0.0005; Ni, 0.0003; Be, 0.001 (Strock, 1941, p. 860). 5. 

### Southwestern spring, 

### on crest of

## mud cone 1.5 miles west of

### V.A.B.M. Shepard 

### and 0.3milenorth of Gl<

### nn

### nighway, Gulkana

### A-4 quadrangle, 

### Copper River Basin, Alaska. Discharges 1 to 2

## gpm 01

## muddy water 

### accompanied

### by little gas, including 

### H2S. 

### Area is underlain

### by glacial deposits

### which 2 miles to the south are at least 500 ft thick. Possibly a 

### few 

### hundred feet oi 

### Eocene sand 

### and gravel 

### and probably a few 

### thousand teet of 

### marine silcstone 

### and shale of 

### Matanuska Formation ol 

### Late Cretaceous age beneath the till (A. Grantz, written 

### communication). 

### Sample collected 

### by F. 

### Robinson 

### and F. 

### Rucker; analyzed 

### by G. Gaston; Sr 

### and LI analyzed 

### by C. E. Roberson, 

### U. S. Geol. Survey. For gas analysis seo table 28, analysis 8; collected 

### by A. Grantz, Sept. 7, 1957, analyzed 

### by U.S. 

### Bureau ot 

### Mines. Analysis not previously published. 6. 

### Kochbrunncn spring, eastern 

### most of the four principal springs at 

### Wiesbaden, north of 

### Mainz, west-central 

### Germany. Discharges 350 

## gpm trom fault in 

### mica gneiss (Michels, 1954, p. 113-117). Analysis 

### by Fresenius 

### and Fresenius (1936, p. 28-35), with

## NO2 and

## NOj from a later very

### simihr analysis (Michels 1954, p. U5). Also icportfld 

### snd included in totals: 

### Rb, 0.4

## ppm (0.00 

### epm); Cs, 3 

## ppm 10.00 

### tpm). For gas analysis see table 28, analysis (Fresenius 

### and Frescn'us. 1936, p. 32). 7. 

### Thermopotamns spring, near northwest 

### end of 

### Euboea Island, Greece. Spring apparently discharges

### horn fault in 

### Devonian schist overlain

### by Carboniferous limestone east ol 

### major antidine (Pertessls, 1937, p. 93-94; D.jprat. 1903). 

### This is

### one of the

### newand hotter springs 

### formed at 

### time of

### majorearthquake 

### under

Gulfof

### Euboea, April 27, 1894 (Dambergris, 1896, p. 385-393)

. Analysisreported
as hypothetical chemical 

### combinations (Pertessis, 1937, p. 93-94), converted to

### ppm. 8. 

### T. G. 1 well, 4,700 ft. deep, near

### Trompsberg, southof Odendaalsrus, 

### Orange Free State, 

### Union of 

### South Africa; lat 30D03' S., long 25c44' E. Artesian discharge of 500

## gpm (Kent, 1949, table 3, p. 243, 248, 2.13) 

### from norite, 

### probably of 

### Bushveld

### Complex of

### Precambrian age, overlain 

### by

## Dwyka Series; water is highest in salinity of 

### South African thermal waters. 

### Kent suggests 

### NaCl 

## may be derived 

### from leaching of

## Dwyka tillite, 

### ground waters of

### which are 

### shown

### by 

### Bond (1946, p. 106-122) to

### be relativelyhigh in

### NaCl. Analyzed

### by

### W. Sunkel 

### and P. 

### Kok, 1948. 

## Mn, Al, Ba, Li, 

### and 

### B are spectrographic determinations 

### byB. Wasserstein.
9. Spring, 

### Ain Djebel, located 20 miles south-southwest of Tunis, Tunisia; dis- charges IVi

## gpm from large travertine deposit

### on 

### Lower Cretaceous

### and

### Upper Jurassic 

### sedimentaryrocks near crest of faulted anticline (Berthon, 1927, p. 23, 94-110). Analysis in

## mg per 1; sp gr not stated; reported quantities 

### probably shouldbe decreased

### byabout 1 percent. 10. 

### "Open" spring of 

### Old Bath, west side of Sea of Tiberias, Israel, discharging 

### from basalt of probable Tertiary age (A. 

### Friedmann, 1913, p. 1493-1494; 

### Luke and Keith-Roach, 1934, p. 401-402). 11. 

### Geyser 

### Suyu, in Kizilca Tuzlasi 

### group of saline springs 3 miles southwest of Ayvacik, near Tuzla, in

### northwest Anatolia, 

### Turkey (Caglar, 1948, p. 250, 253; Prof. E. 

### Goksu, written 

### communication). Geyser 

### Suyu is not a true geyser 

### butsurges regularlytoheight ol a

### few feet. Springs

### emerge alonga fault at the base ofa

### mountain chain of Tertiary andesite 

### with

### marine Mio-Pliocene sedi- 

### mentaryrocks to the east; 

### no Quaternary volcanicrocksnearby. 12. Staraia 

### Matsesta well 8, in spring area 2 miles northwest of shore of 

### Black Sea 

### and 6 miles 

### from Sochi, 

### Abkhaz area, U.S.S.R. (Vinogradov, 1948, p. 26-27; Tsebricoff, 1928). Spring emerges 

### from caves near a 

### major fault 

### on a large anticline in 

### Upper Cretaceous 

### marl overlain

### by Tertiary shale. Discharge of springs in area at least 140

## gpm (Martel, 1904, p. 999-1001; 

### Renngarten, 1927). Analysis is of well water 

### and includes S1O2, SjOs (1 

### ppm), OO2, 

### and

# H 2S (in- cluding 100 

## ppm reported as 

### HS) from a very similar analysis reported 

### by Ovchinnikov (1947, p. 138) 

### from Matsesta well 4. 13. 

### Neshkin spring, 

### about 20 miles south of

### Neshkin village

### on

### Chukchee Peninsula, Siberia, U.S.S.R. Discharge of 

### two vents is 

### about 80

## gpm (Rabkin, 1937, p. 93-101) 

### from crystalline schist of Silurian age; slight odor of 

### H2S. Analysis given in gper 1; sp grnot given, 

### but analysis converted to

## ppmbyassuming sp gr of 1.02. 14. 

### Tenmangu-no-yu spring of 

### Arima group, 9 miles northeast of 

### Kobe, 

### Honshu, Japan (Ikeda, 1949, 1955a, 1955b; 

### Kimura, 1953); spring discharges 

### from lower
or 

### middle 

### Miocene rhyolite near a fault separating rhyolite 

### fromgranite to the south (H. 

### Kuno, written 

### communication). Nearest 

### Quaternary volcano is a small cone of olivine basalt at 

### Yakuno, 41 miles to the northeast. 

### Water analyzed 

### by Ikeda (1955a, 1955b). Stated in g per 1; sp gr not given but. 

### assumed to 

### be 1.05; additional 

### components, in 

### ppm: Rb, 3.3 (0.04 

### epm); Cs, 2.4 (0.02 

### epm); V, 5.7; Cr, 0.09; 

### Mo, 0.06; Ti, 2.5; Sb, 0; Be, 0.01; Gc. 0; Ga, 0; 

### Ag, 0; Ni, 0.001; Co, 0.001; Bi, 0; 

### Cd, 0; In, 0; Sn, 0.0005; Ra, 212 

### X10-"; 

### Th, 250X10""; 

### Rn, 510X10-12 in curies per 1. 15. 

### Naganuma, Yamagata Prefecture, northern 

### Honshu, Japan. Springs discharge 35 

## gpm from 

### alluvium overlying 

### Miocene or Pliocene sediments. 

### Nearest 

### Quaternary volcanoes are Chokai, 20 miles to north-northeast, 

### and Gassan, 20 miles to south-southeast (H. 

### Kuno. written 

### communication). 

### Analyzed 

### by Yamagata Hygienic Laboratory, 1949 (Morirnoto, 1954, p. 150-151).

# F40 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 17.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### thermal waters

## from geyser 

### areas in volcanic 

### environments

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

### Upper Basin, 

### Yellowstone Park, 

### Wyo.

Oct. 16, 1957 Norris Basin, 

### Yellowstone Park, 

### Wyo.
Aug. 3, 1951 

### Steamboat Springs, 

### Washoe County, 

### Nev. Aug. 9, 1949 

### Beowawe Geysers, 

### Eureka County, 

### Nev.
Sept. 1, 1957 

### Morgan, 

### Tehama County, Calif.

July 29, 1949 

### Geyser Bight, 

## Umnak Island, 

### Alaska
Aug. 17, 1946 

## ENE. of 

### Reykjavik, Iceland 

### Aug. 31, 1958

SiOj 

## ppm

363.2 .06 .0 1.5 

### epm 

## ppm '529 

### epm 

## ppm 293 1.5 10.05

1 .05 2.7 0.4 5.0 .8

1 .5 653 71 7.6 

## <1 epm 

## ppm 373.0 .04 .0 .02 

### epm 

## ppm 233 

### epm 

## ppm 150 

### epm 

## ppm 359.89 .02 .00 .06 

### epm
Al 

## - - Fe i.2 1 .1 1.01 3.8 

### None 40.2 1.3 350 18 2 

### <0.1 

# Mn

. 

### As 3.1

0.1 5.8 .2 '.4 439 74 8.4 .1 0.29 .02 .00 19.1 1.89 1.21 .00 2.2

.0 79.8

1 14 1,400 196 9.2 

### <1 3.94 .06 .32 60.9 5.01 1.32 

### Sb

__ 

### Ca .8

.0 0. 352 24 6.2 .0 0.04

15.3 .61 .75 0.25

.06 .01 28.4 1.82 1.10 .8 .0 0. 230 16 1.3 .5 0.04

10.00 .41 .19 .03 2.00

.02

15.22 .46 .29 .4 .5 1.02 233 11.2 .1 02 

# Mg

_ 04 Sr 

# — Na 10 14 

# K

- .28 Li

- 03 

## NIL

- 01
Total cations 16.7 22.5 31.6

5.00

2.08 24.39 .09 .00 .00 10.67 71.6 18.0 10.60

70 23 405 25 1.5 .3 1.8 1.3 4.4 2.6 27

38 744 4.9 .1 .0 305

100 865 1.8 0.2 0.1 116 149 89 30 15.4 .0 .4 .07 2.0 5.5 52

79 2,430 1.5 '0.8 10.0 29 10 130 482 1.2 128 102 126 12.2 .0 .0 .09 1.1 2.7 

# HC0 3 - 2.33

.48 11.42 1.32 .02 .00 .03 0.44

.79 20.98 .26 .00 1.90

4.97 1.85 .85 .79 .00

.01 0.85

1.64 68.5 .08 .01 0.48 .33 2.71 13.59 .06 

### CO]

- 4 27 

### SO4 2 12 

### CI 3 55 

## F .63 

### Br I 

## NO3

. - 

### None PO« 

## B 12.0

22.5 49 4.7 88

0.7 49 

### H2S

1 17.1 31.6 10.37 71.1 17.2 1 10. 75 Total, as reported 11,310 1,890 2,360 1,030 4,590 1,270 1980

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhos at 

### 25°C. 1,790

9.6 94
0.002 .0 .068 .015 .35 .057 .062 .0037 .0007 .011 2,490 7.5 84.5

0.013 .03 .17 .019 .036 .051 .0066 .0001 .0000 .015 3,210 7.9 89.2

0.0077 .2 .11 .012 .35 .12 .0021 .0002 .0001 .057 1,050 9.5 96

0.003 .0 .070 .0057 14 3.0 .50 .013 .00 .067 6,920 7.8 95.4

0.056 .01 .14 .0066 .021 .033

. 00061

. 0003 .0000 .036 1,150 

## pH 1 6.9 101.5

0.11 .005 .051 .006 .10 .26 .0024 9.7
Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 100

0.002 

## Mg/Ca 

# — 1.3 

## K/Na .047 

### Li/Na 

### HCO3/CI > .0004 2.1 

### SO4/CI .81 

### F/Cl .10 

### Br/CI .0016 I/Cl .000 

### B/Cl .10 .0096

Analysis 8

Reykjanes, 

### SW. of Reykjavik, Iceland Sept. 4, 1958 9 Hveravellir, West-central, Iceland 

### Aug. 31, 1958 10 

### Shumhaya, Kamchatka, 

## USSR 11 Geizernye, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR Sept. 27, 1951 12 Pauzhetsk, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR Oct. 18, 1950 13 

### Tokaanu, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand 14 

## Nameand location Wairakei,



### Date of collection 

### North Island, 

## NewZealand

SiOz 

## ppm

197.66 .28 .05 .12 

### epm 

## ppm 609.55 .21 .00 .05 

### epm 

## ppm 294.8 5.0 i.02 

### epm 

## ppm 256.0 .0 .0 .1 

### epm 

## ppm

1 190.0 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 302 5.7 

### None 

### epm 

## ppm 386 

### epm
Al 

### Fe 

# Mn As 1.1 

### Sb i.l 15 15 i.Ol 456 93 

### Ca 2,200

45 15 13, 800 1,920 7.4 1.4 109. 78 3.70

600.3 49.11 1.07 .08 2.0 .5 .003 156 15.2 .1 0.10 .04

6.79 .38 .03 .01 0.75 1.23 27 3.7 1.35 .30 64 10 3.20 .41 44.4 2.20 .03 26 

### <0.1 1.29 

# Mg Sr 

## Na 19.84 2.38 597 60 25.96 1.53 1,010 88 44.4 2.25 2,180 216 94.8 5.52 1,130 146 12..9 49.2 

# K 3.73 Li. 1.73 

# NH ( . .8 .04 .0 1.8 .10 .05
Total cations 764.04 7.35 24.2 129.1 50.2 102.7 66.0

5

128 27,400.7 98.5 .9 .16 13 0.2 112 17 178 63 3.3 .0 .0 .3 .14 .68 2.6 89. 0(?) 150 700 1.2 8.0 81 38 114 859 37 9.0 83 1,680.8 3.2 .0 70

74 3,410 35 0(?) 35 1,930 6.2 

## HCO3 0.08

2.66 772. 68 .04 1.23

.01 1.84 .57 3.71 1.78 .17 1.46

3.12 19.74 .06 .10 1.33 1.27 2.37 24.22 0.60 .30 1.73 47.5 .04 .03 1.15

1.54 90.2 0.57 

### CO3 SO, .73 CI 54.4 F_._. .33 

### Br 1.3 .0 .01 I 

## NOs PO4 

## B 8.4 21 '31 99 26 1.1 

### H2S
Total aninris

,

. 776. 70 8.07 24.5 '29.2 50.2 98.9

""I 56.8
Total, as reported 45,700 1,160 11,840 2,060 3,210 6,400 13,750



### See footnotes at 

### end of table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F41

Table 17.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### thermal waters 

## from geyser 

### areas in volcanic 

### enviroments

# —Continued

8 Reykjanes, 

## SW.

orReykjavik, Iceland Sept. 4, 1958 9 Hveravellir, West-central, Iceland 

### Aug. 31, 1958 10 

### Shumhaya, Kamchatka, 

## USSR 11 Geizernye, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR Sept. 27, 1951 12 Pauzhetsk, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR Oct. 18, 1950 13 

### Tokaanu, North Island, 

## New Zealand 14 Wairakei, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand

Specific 

### conductance 63,800

6.7 100

0.16 .020 .14 .0001 .0002 .0047 .00003 .0036 .00002 .00047 842 8.7 90.5

0.013 .3 .096 .0006 2.4 2.8 .052 .000 .000 .011 

## pH

- 

## — 8.4 98

0.033 1.0 .20 8.7 98.9

0.045 .14 .10 .0 .18 .13 8.4 100.6

0.063 .16 .087 7.4 Boiling

0.020 .009 .099 8.6 

### Temperature 

### „°C.. Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na Boiling

0.023 

## Mg/Ca .00 

## K/Na

_ _w» .13 

### Li/Na .011 

### HCO3/CI2... .13 .21 .0017 .011 .033

.049 .0005 .0019 .0000 .018 .021 .022 .018 

## SO (/Cl .018 

### F/Cl .0032 

### Br/CI .0015 .0000 .024 I/Cl 

### B/Cl

. .012 .029 .013

1 

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.

2 Includes

## CChasHCCh. 

# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 17

1. Spring, 50 feet south of

### Upper Basin drillhole described

### by Fenner (1936, p. 228- 281; White, 1955a, p. 103-105); located northwest of 

### Old Faithful 

### Inn 

### and 650 feet south of 

### Three Sisters springs in 

### Upper Basin of Yellowstone 

### National Park, 

### Wyo. Discharges 10 to 15 

## gpm from hydrothermally altered dacite obsidian ofprobable late Pliocene ageoverlain

### by 213 ft ofPleistocenesediments 

### and 7 ft of siliceous sinter. 

## Amaximum temperature of 180° 

## C was measured at a 

### depth of 406 ft, the

### bottom of the hole. Analyst, 

### H. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey; also 

### determined are Zn, Pb, 

### NO2, Ti, 

### and Cu, each 0.00

### ppm; 

### OH, 26

## ppm (1.53

### epm, includedin total)
;spectrograph^analysis

### onevaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 1,320, Al, 0.9; Fe, 0.04; Qa, 0.03; Ti, 0.004; 

### Cu, 0.003; 

### Mo, 0.06; 

## W, 0.1; Cr, 0.001; Ge, 0.05; Li, 11; 

### Rb, 0.2; Cs, 0.3; Sr, 0.004; Ba, 0.1. 

### Foranalysis of gas 

### Irom drill hole see table 28, analysis 10 (Allen 

### and Day, 1935, p. 86). Analysis not previouslypublished.
2. 

## Unnamed spring 

### with small periodic discharge, Norris Basin, 

### Yellowstone National Park, 

### Wyo. Spring is depositing 

### much silica 200 ft 

### southwest of Pearl geyser (White, 1957a, p. 1640-1641; Allen 

### and Day, 1935, p. 482-483) 

### and about 700 ftnorthwest ofspringgiven in table 19, analysis 1. 

### Bedrock is

### welded rhyolite tuff overlain

### byalluvium

### and sinter. In drill hole, 3,000 ft to north temperature of 205° 

## C was measured at a 

### depth of 246 ft (Fenner, 1936, p. 289- 292; White, 1955a, p. 103-110). Analysts. P. Scott, 

## W. W. Brannock; Sr de- termined 

### by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey. Also reported is 

### Hg, 0.0 

### ppm. For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 11; 

### sample 

### from similar slightly alkaline spring in northeastern part of Norris 

### Basin (Allen 

### and Day, 1935, p. 86, 468-469). 3. Spring 8, near east edge of 

### Main Terrace, 

### Steamboat Springs, 10 miles southsoutheast of 

### Reno, 

# NEH sec. 33, T. 18 N., 

### R. 20 

### E, Washoe County, 

### Nev. Discharge is 0.25 

### gpm; total for 

### whole spring 

### system is 

### about 700 

### gpm. 

### GS-5 drillhole, 250 ft to 

### northwest of the spring, penetrated 84 ft of sinter, 71 ft of altered 

### alluvium and, finally, altered granodiorite. 

## Maximum temperature of 172° 

### C was found at a

### depth of379 ft (White, 1955a, p. 103-104, 110-113; 1957a, p. 1639-1647). Analyst, 

### W. 

## W. Brannock, U.S. Geol. Survey. Fe, Al, 

## Mn, Sr, 

### and 

### Ba (0.05

### ppm) by spectrographie analysis. 

### For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 12; 

### sample 

### fromspring oflower

### temperature (73° 

### C) 130 ft tonorthwest. 4. 

### Large spring at base of terrace, 

### Beowawe Geysers, 

### Eureka County, Nev., de- scribed 

### by Nolan 

### and Anderson (1934, p. 224-226); periodic discharge ranges 

### from to 75 

### gpm. Bedrock of terrace is basaltic andesite, overlain

### by opaline sinter 

### (Nolan 

### and Anderson, 1934, p. 216-218). Analyst, 

### H. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also 

### determined 

### Cu, Pb, Zn, Ti, 

### NO2, each 0.00

### ppm. Analysisnot previouslypublished.
5. 

### Growlerspring, 

### Morgan,

# NEH sec. 11, T. 29N., 

### R. 4 E., 

### TehamaCounty, Calif., 

### on east fork of Mill Creek, 

### about 5 miles south ofactive

## Mount Lassen volcano (White, 1957a, p. 1640). Discharges 7 to 10

## gpmfrom Brokeofl Andesite (Williams, 1932, 

### map), overlain

### by alluvium

### and a little sinter. Analyst, 

## W. 

## W. Brannock, U.S. Geol. Survey; also 

### determined 

### on other samples 

### from 

### same spring are

## Hg (0.0 

### ppm), Br, 

### and I 

### by Brannock; Sr 

### by H. Almond; 

## U (0.5 ppb), 

### Cr (0.01 

### ppm) (spectrographie), 

### and Fe (0.2 

### ppm) by others of U.S. Geological Survey. 6. 

### Geyser H-l, 

## 4^ miles southeast of 

### Geyser Bight, 

## Umnak Island, 

### Alaska (Byers 

### andBrannock, 1949, p. 720, 726-730). Discharges 175

## gpmfrommonzonite

### and Plio-Pleistocene basalt flows of 

## Mount Recbeschnoi, overlain 

### by alluvium. 

### Area is 20 miles 

### southwest of active basalt volcano, 

### Okmok. Analyst, 

## W. 

## W. Brannock. Also reported is 

### Mo, 0.005 

### ppm; Fe, 

## Mn, and Sr 

### determined spectrographically. 7. Sisjodandi spring, 

### which occasionally erupts as a small geyser, 

### about 1,500 ft south of Geysir, near the south

### end of the thermal areaeast-northeast ol 

### Reykjavik. Iceland (Barth, 1950, p. 95-100). Discharges 

### from siliceous sinter 

### and alluvium, 

### probablyunderlain

### by late Cenozoic sodic rhyolite 

### and surrounded 

### by basaltic lava flows 

### and breccias. Collected

### byGunnar Bodvarsson, State ElectricityAuthority; analyzed

### by O. E. 

### Roberson of U.S. Geological Survey, 

### who also reported 

### Cu, Pb, Zn, 

### NOi, each 0.00

### ppm; 

## OH, 30

## ppmand 0.18

## epm (included intotals)

. Quantitativespectrographie analysis, 

### byNola

### B

. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: 

### Cu, 0.003; Ag, 0.0008; Ge, 0.03; Pb, 0.02; Ni, 0.006; Fe, 0.12; Cr, 0.002; V, 0.003; Al, 0.64; Ga, 0.004; Ti, 0.02; Sr, 0.02; 

### Ba, 0.02; Li, 0.1; 

### Rb, 0.06. 

### Mo, 

### W, Sn, Zn, 

### Cd, Sb, 

### Mn, Co, La, Zr, Be, 

### Csbelow detection limits in solids. Analysis not previously published. 

### For analysis ofgas see table 28, analysis 13; 

### samplefromsmallboiling spring, 150 ft

### northwest of Geysir (Thorkelsson, 1940, p. 13, 23). 8. 

## Anerupting well

### about 100 ftnorth of

## Gunnaand 1,000 ftnortheast of 

### "Seawater geyser," Reykjanes, 

### southwest of 

### Reykjavik, Iceland (Barth, 1950, p. 115, 

### and G. Bodvarsson, written 

### communication, 1958). 

### The well is 532 ft 

### deep 

### and is in 

### an area of 

### Recent basalt flows, overlying Pleistocene basalt tuff

### andbreccia of the 

### Moberg Formation. 

### Sample collected 

### by 

### Gunnar Bodvarsson, State ElectricityAuthority; analyzed

### by C. E. 

### Roberson of the U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported 

### Cu, Pb, Zn, each 0.00

### ppm; NO2, 0.06

### ppm; additional SiOj that

## mayhaveprecipitated after collection, 

### butnot included in totals, 446

### ppm; density, 1.031. Quantitative spectrographie analysis, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: 

### Cu, 0.05; 

### Mn, 2.5; Al, 0.5; Sr, 15; Ba, 11; Li, 6.6; 

### Rb, 3.8. Ag, 

### Mo, 

## W, Ge, Sn, 

### Pb, Zn, 

### Cd, Sb, Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, V, 

### Ga, La, Ti, Zr, Be, 

### and

### Cs are

### belowdetection limits in solids. Analysis

### notpreviously published. 

### For gas analyses see table 28, analysis 14 (Thorkelsson, 1928). 9. 

### Blahver (Blue Spring) in the southern part of the thermal area, Hveravellir, west-central Iceland (No. 493 of Barth, 1950, p. 145-146). 

### The area contains siliceous sinter

### and

## manygeysers

### and is underlain

### bypostglacial basalt flows. Collected 

### by G. 

### Bodvarsson State Electricity Authority; analyzed 

### by C. E. 

### Roberson of the U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported 

### Cu, Pb, Zn, each 0.00 

### ppm; NO2, 0.03

### ppm. Quantitativespectrographieanalysis,

### byNolaB. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: 

### Cu, 0.007; Ag, 0.0006; 

### Mo, 0.03; Ge, 0.05; Ni, 0.006; Fe, 0.1; Cr, 0.001; V, 0.008; Al, 0.1; Ga, 0.02; La, 0.05; Sr, 0.003; Ba, 0.01; Li, 0.3; 

### Rb, 0.02. 

## W, Sn, 

### Pb, Zn, 

### Cd, Sb, 

### Mn, Co, Ti, Zr, Be, 

### and 

### Cs are 

### below detection limits in solids. 

### For gas analysis 

### from

### same area see table 28, analysis 15; analyzed

### by B. Lindal of State Electricity Authority.
10. 

### Sugar-bowl 

### Geyser (Ustinova, 1949, p. 152, 155), 

### Shumhaya, Kamchatka, U.S.S.R., discharging

### from lateTertiary (?) lavanearsemiactive Semiachinskie 

### Volcano (Piip, 1937, p. 154-156). 

### Mn, Sr, 

### and

### Sbdetermined

### byspectrographie analysis, 

### which also included 

### Ga, 0.1

### ppm; Ti, 0.001

### ppm; Be, 0.05

### ppm. 11. Velikan (Giant) Geyser, 

### Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.;oneofavigorous

### group ofgeysers; averagedischarge ofgeyser

### about 25

### gpm: totaldischargeof

### group

### more than400 

### gpm. In 

### alluvium 

### on Quaternary volcanic rocks of southeast 

### Kamchatka (Ivanov, 1958a, p. 202-207; 1958b, p. 482). Believed

### by Ivanov to be underlain 

### by Tertiary 

### marine strata. Is near active volcanoes Kikhpin'ch, 

### Uzon, 

### and B. 

### Semyachik. Analyst, S. S. Krapivina, 

### who also reported Ti, looked for 

### butnot found. 12. Paryashchii 1, Pauzhetsk, 

### Kamchatka, U.S.S.R.; a spring discharging 17

## gpm in a

### group ofsprings

### and geysersdischarging

### more than 400

## gpmfromalluvium in 

### Quaternary volcanic rocks of southeast

### Kamchatka (Ivanov, 1958a, p. 202- 207). 

### Nearactivevolcanoes

### Kosheleva

### and

### Kambal 'no. Analyst, E. F. 

### Prokofeva, except SiOj 

### and

## B determined 

### by E. P. 

### Ryabichkina from 1955 sample. 

### For gas analysis, 

### by I. S. 

### Krasnlkova, of 

### nearby Pauzhetsk 

### (New Geyser)
see table 28, analysis 16. 13. 

### Taumatapuhipuhi Geyser, 

### Tokaanu, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand (Grange, 1937, p. 100-101, 105). Springs 

### emerge near south shore of 

### Lake 

### Taupo from 

### KakarameaAndesiteofPlio-Pleistocene age, overlain

### byalluvium

### and siliceous sinter (Grange, 1937,

## map of 

### Puketi 

### and

## Omoho districts; 

### Healy, 1942). 14. Drillhole 4, 1,245 ft deep, 

### about 3,000 ft southeast of 

### Geyser Valley (Grange, 1965,

### map), Wairakei. 

### North Island,

## NewZealand. Inhighlyaltered

### sediments of Pliocene(?) 

## Huka formation, overlain

### by Pleistocene (?) 

### Wairakei

### pumiceous breccia 

### and alluvium (Steiner, 1953, 1955). 

## Maximum temperature of 228° 

## C was measured at a 

### depth of 970 ft (Banwell, 1955, p. 55; 

### Banwell 

### and others, 1957, table 2). Analyst, S. 

### H. Wilson (1955, p. 37): also reported

### and included in totals is free

### COa, 11

### ppm. Forgas analysis

### fromwell 4/1, 

### about 100 ft southeast ofwell 4, see table 28 analysis 17 (Wilson, 1955, p. 29).

# F42 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 18.

# —

Chemical analyses of

### thermal

## sodium chloride 

### bicarbonate 

### waters

## fromnongeyserareas associated

### with

### volcanism

1 

### Hot Creek, 

## Mono County, Calif. 

## May 17, 1967 2 Niland, Imperial 

### County, Calif.
Feb. 3, 1954 3 Roosevelt, 

### Beaver 

### County, 

### Utah
Sept. 11, 1957 4 Jemez, 

### Sandoval 

### County, 

## NewMexico Aug. 31, 1949 5 Cerro Prieto, 

### Baja California, 

### Mexico Feb. 4, 1954 6 

### Agnano,

## WSW. of Naples, Italy 7 Nalachevskie, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSK 8

### Kuan-TsuN. ofTai 

### Taiwa About 1

### Ling Pei, D

933

Si02

- - 

## ppm

131.0 .04 .0 .00 1.0 4.4 .2

350 20 1.7 .1 

### epm 

## ppm 75 

### epm 

## ppm 313 

### <.04 <.04 .0 .00 2.0 22.0
2,500 488 27.0 

### epm 

## ppm 93 

### epm 

## ppm '106 

### epm 

## ppm 152 

### epm 

## ppm 125

### Tr 

## U.4 '.3 

### epm 

## ppm 69 

### epm
Al 

### Fe .03 4.2 4.5 .09 .01 383 122 

### Tr 3,050 717 1.5 25 1.1

.02 8.3(?) 

# Mn Pb As 19.11 10.0

132.7 18.34 .22 5.9 249 32.06 1,060 144

.6 

### Ca .22

.02 385 580 9.2 47.7 1.10 .00 138 6.6 6.88 .54 370 23 18.46 1.9 12.43

2.6 8.4 7.8 .42 

# Mg .64 Sr 

## Na

- 15.2

.51 .24 .00 7,280 537 18 316.7 13.74 2.6 108.8 12.48 3.9 572 70 24.88 1.79 4,580 679 10 199.2 17.37 1.4 46.1

3.68

.03 3,730 132 7.7 162.3 

# K

- - 

## — 3.38 Li

- .- 1.11 

## NHi

16.19 400 126.3 34.1 238 181.8 64.8 167.9

497 7.9 90 200 10.7 .4 .00

.8 10.2 1,600

384 12,900 0.4 156

73 4,240 7.5 3.3 .3 .01 11 2.2 38 735

49 795 5.2 66

250 8,170 0.8 1,570 519

445 1,590 '.8 6.0 '1.0 

### Tr Tr 5,420 

# HC0 3 

## — 8.15

.26 1.87 5.64 .63 .01 .00 26.2

7.99 364.02 2.56

1.52 119.6 .39 .04 .00 .00 .18 12.05

1.02 22.41 .27 1.08 25.7 8.51 88.7 

### CO3

-- 

### SO) 5.2 230.4 .04 451 5,220 9.39 147.2 9.27 44.8 .04 .08 .01 74 2,770 1.54 

### CI 77.8 

### F Br 5.1 0.2 .06 14

13 .17
I .10 

## NO2 

# — NO3 4.9 .08 .8 .01 5.0 .08 

### PO4 1.4 0.2 

## B 53 11 12 72 200 

### H2S

16.46 398 124.3 35.8 237 182.4 62.7 168.3
Total, as reported 1,330 23,800 7,880 2,480 14,300 '11,800 4,250 12,500

Specific 

### conductance 1,620

8.3 93 17,860 6.4 40 1.013

0.052 1.5 .073 .0025 .12 .030 .00003 12, 700 7.9

' 55 1.001

0. 0088 .00 .20 .011 .037 .017 .0018 .00078 .00007 .0090 3,560 7.2 65.5 12, 570 5.9 82 1.005

0.081 .062 .15 .0022 .0081 .031 .0001 

## pH '6.45 73 78.3 

### Temperature 20°

# C~ Densitv at 20°

## C 70.5 7
Batios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.013

.05 .057 .005 2.6 .45 .050 .0035 .002 .050 0.24

.048 .12 0.13

.32 .24 .00049 .30 .086 0.23 .13 .14 .000 .33 28

'! 0005 .0038

'. 0006 .043 0.0023 

### Mg/Ca .93 

## K/Na .035 

### Li/Na

... .0021 

### HCO3/CI2


# — .92 .062 .0065 2.0 S0</C1 .027 

### F/Cl Br/CI .001

. 00004

. 00004 .0051 I/Cl .0047 

### B/Cl .0041 .013 .0015 .072

1 

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.
2 Includes

## C0 3 as

### HCOj.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F43

EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 18

1. 

### "Geyser" spring,

# NEH sec. 25. T. 3 S., 

### R. 28 E.,

## MonoCounty, Calif.;

### oneast

### bank of 

### Hot Creek, 3 miles northeast ol U.S. 

### Highway 395 

### and 15 miles southeast of 

## Mono Craters, 

### which consist of late Pleistocene 

### and Recent obsidian 

### and pumiceous rhyolite 

### (Putnam, 1949); 

### surrounded 

### by Pleistocene rhyolite, in part, 

### hydrothermally altered. 

### The spring boils vigorously, discharging 5 to 10 

## gpmand depositing 

### some travertine near center of active zone, 1,500 feet long, 

### on 

### Hot Creek. 

### Analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported, 

## Cu 0.00 pprn, 

### Zn 0.01 

### ppm, Ti 0.00 

### ppm. Analysis not previously published. 2. Well, at 

### abandoned dry-ice plant 4 miles west-southwest of Niland, Imperial 

### County, Calif., 

### and 

## 1H miles east of the Salton Sea

### and Mullet Island, 

### which
is

### one of a

### group of late

### Quaternary

### pumiceousrhyolite

### domes (Kelley

### and Soske, 1936; 

### Waring, 1915, p. 41; 

### White, 1955b, p. 1121-1123). Artesian discharge of 20 to 30

## gpmfrom well reported 511 ft 

### deep

### and entirely in Cenozoic

### alluvium of basin of Salton Sea. 

### Analyzed 

### by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey. 

### Water qualitatively similar to that of 

### thermal well 

### on Mullet rhyolite 

### dome drilled 

### through rhvolite

### andmore than 1,000 ft intounderlying sediments, 

### where steam 

### was found (Kelley

### and Soske, 1936, p. 502; White, 1955b, p. 1123). 

### For analysis ofgas see table 28, analysis 18; 

### sample 

### fromwell 400 ft deep, In 

### alluvium 4 miles north of 

### Mullet Island 

### (Anderson 

### and Hinson, 1951, p. 50-51). Analysis not previouslypublished.
3. Springs, 15 miles northeast of Milford, 

### Beaver 

### County, Utah, in fault zone In granitic rocks overlain to east

### by Quaternary(?) obsidian (Lee, 1908, p. 20-21). 

### About 1908 the largest spring

### was discharging 10

## gpm at a temperature of 

### 88°C 

### and was "boiling," with

### steamescaping fromcrevices; 

### abundant silica

### wasbeing deposited in gelatinous

### and spongymasses (Lee, 1908, p. 20). 

## When visited

### by H. E. 

### Thomas in 1950 (oral 

### communication), temperature of

### main spring

### was 85°C; discharge 

### was a few 

### gpm; and hard porous opal, as

### much as 4 in. thick, 

### had precipitated 

### on walls of

### wooden trough. In 

### September 1957 temperature 

### wasonly55°C, discharge

### was less 

### than 0.05

### gpm, 

### anddischarge ofallsprings

### and seeps 

### was not 

### more than 2 

### gpm. Analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey; alsoreported are

### Cu, Zn, 

### and Ti, each 0.00

### ppm; spectrograph^ analysis ofevaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. ShetTey, converted to 

## ppm in the original water; evaporated residue at 180°C, 7,860; Al, 0.02; Fe, 0.06; 

### Cu, 0.02; Ge, 0.08; Li, 20; 

### Rb, 9.4; Cs, 0.7; Sr, 1.8; Ba, 0.01. Analysis not previouslypublished.
4. Spring, in pool 

### behind bathhouse, 12 miles north of

### Jemez, sec. 22(?), T. 18 N., 

### R. 2 E., 

### Sandoval 

### County, 

### N. 

### Mex. Discharges 

### about 10

## gpm (total discharge of

### group ofsprings

### about 200

### gpm) from fault in red

### beds of

### Permianage (Stearns



### and others, 1937, p. 167). overlain 

### by late Cenozoic rhyolite, tuff, 

### and basalt (Kelly

### andAnspach, 1913). Collected

### by J. 

### D. 

### Hem, analyzed

### byJ. L. 

### Hatchett of U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysis

### not previously published. 5. Springs, Cerro Prieto, 

### Baja California, Mexico, 25miles southof Mexicali; aspring in a small sulfur-covered pool discharges 

### about 1 

## gpm from northwest edge of saline flat, 

### which also contains other small springs, 

## mud volcanoes, 

### and sulfur deposits. Springs discharge 

### from fine clastic 

### Quaternarysedimentsnear southeast base of Cerro Prieto, a Pleistocene volcano of hypersthene andesite flows 

### and flowbreccias (White, 1955b, p. 1123). 

### Analysed

### byH. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysisnot previously published.
6. Sprudel spring, 

### Agnano, in central part of Phlegraean Plain 

### about 10 miles west- 

### southwest of 

### Naples 

### and 20 miles 

### west of 

### Mount Vesuvius, Italy 

### (Zambonini 

### and others, 1925, p. 434-474; Ventriglia, 1951, p. 282-295). Spring flows 

### from trachytic tuffs near 

### Quaternary cinder cones that 

### probably are underlain 

### by thick trachytic tuffs 

### and lavas (Falini, 1951, p. 211). Wells, as

### much as 300 ft deep, in

### Agnanoarea

### havewateroflower

### temperature

### thanthat ofspring (Penta, 1949, p. 346). Also reported are Ti, 0.001 

### ppm; Ba, 0.6 

### ppm; dissolved 

### CO2, 103 

### ppm, which are included in totals. Gases, 72.9 cc per 1 of water, included in table 28, analysis 19. 7. Spring 1, or "Kettle" spring, ofNalachevskiegroup, near

### head of

### NalachevaRiver in southeast 

### Kamchatka, U.S.S.R., 

### about 30 miles 

### from east coast, in area of active 

### Quaternary andesitejand basalt volcanoes (Piip, 1937, p. 130, 247-250; Ivanov, 1958a, p. 199-201). 

### Analyzed

### by B. E. Kuteinikov, 1933; reported

# Mn mav include Zn; 

## Rband Cs, eachreported as 

### ppm; Sb, 0.6

### ppm; S2O3, 

### ppm. F, free 

### CO2, 

### and

## pHfromverysimilaranalysis (Ivanov, 1958a. p. 199-201) except that I 

### was looked for

### but not found. 

### For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 20; analyzed

### by I. S. 

### Krasnikova from 

### sample collected

### by Ivanov in 1951.
8. Spring in

### Kuan-Tsu-Ling, north of Taipei, northern part of

### Taiwan. Discharges 

### fromandesite flows

### andagglomerates ofPleistocene

### TatunFormation, overlying Mio-Pliocene 

### marine strata (Juan, 1956, pi. 2). Spring 

### water is 

### milky from 

### suspended matter that consists largely of SiOs, AI2O3, 

## CaC0 3
, 

### FeO, 

### and TiOj. Analysis reported in millimoles per 1, converted to

### ppm, with

### no correction for specific gravity (Pan, 1952). Also reported are Ti, 0.2 

### ppm; Zn, 0.2 

### ppm; Zr, trace, 

### and Cu, 0.6

### ppm.

# F44 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 19.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### acid sulfate-chloride 

### springs in volcanic 

### environments 

## and crater 

### lakes

Analysis 1 2



### Copahue Volcano, 

### Neuquen Territory, 

### Argentina 3 lcano,

Island, 

### R

1955 4 

### Lower Mendeleev Kunashir Island, 

## USSR

Oct. 30, 1954 5 6 9 Norris Basin, Yellowstone Park, 

### Wyo. Aug. 27, 1954 

### Ebeco 

### Vc Paramusbir 

## USS
Aug. 30 

### Kusatsu Shirane, 

## Gumma Prefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan 

### Yakeyama, Nii- gataPrefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan Iburi Prefecture, 

### Hokkaido, 

### Japan
Feb. 1, 1938

Si02 

## ppm

369 1.5 } 

# • epm

0.17 .04 

## ppm 160 162

f 217 

### epm

18.0 7.77 

## ppm 59 62 202 37 3.2 92 32 108 92 2.4 5.0 11,790 

### epm 

## ppm 270 93 219 31.4 150 68 121 105 

### epm

10.4 7.82 1.66 

## ppm 444 13 } 7.2 

### epm 

## ppm 640 340 970 

### epm 

## ppm 480 13

f 35 

### epm
Al 6.9 7.23 1.99 .12 4.59 2.6 4.70 2.35 .35 .28 1.776 1.5

.39 37.8
52.1 1.45 

### Fe+>

- 1.25 Fe+» 

# Mn 1.0 109 17 592 54 .07 

### Ca 6.5

.0 243 61 3.2 3.4 17.8 .33

10.57 1.56 .46 .19 7.7 180 30 169 

### Tr 8.98 2.5 7.35 7.45

5.6 5.27 2.68 32 1.3 1,380 231 1.2 1.60 .11 60.0 5.91 .03 2,010 520 1,540 380 100.3 42.8 67.0 9.72 5.46 

# Mg 1.4 

## Na 25.8 

# K 1.38 Li

.. 

## NH« 

## „ 8.5

1301 .47 299 6.9

20 .38 20 5.5 .31 

# H .• 178 78 1431 428 Total cations.. 21.0 344.1 1,807 61.3 147.5 738 37.1 

## HCO3 86(?) 1.41 

## HSO» 911 1,150 983 1.2 .3 .0 9.39 24.0 27.78 .06 .00 

### SO4 454

408 9.45 11.51 12, 700 2,640 264 74.5 996 63,200 71 44.4 20.74 1,782 3.74 .55 .00 4,490 1,910 93.5 53.9 8,380 20, 000 173.9 564 274 1,060 5.70 CI 30.0 

### F

.. 

### Br

.. I 

### POt .6 39 

## 6.9 B. 6.9 

### Very

## much 32 115 

# H2S 21.0 '344 1,807 61.2 147.4 738 37.1 Total, as reported

. 1,570 1 16, 900 66, 800 4,160 8,590 35, 300 • 2, 810 

### pH..

.. 2.47

87 1 Strongly acid

100 1.7 0.4

88 3.2 

### Density at 20°

## C 20 91 91 1.003 Ratios"byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.027

.00 .25 .013 .000 1.1 1.1 .17 .00 0.85 .35 .85 .022 1.2 .45 .87 0.023 .041 .17 .0001 1.3 .26 .25 0.18 

## Mg/Ca .16 

## K/Na .091 

### Li/Na 

## HCO3CI .081(7) SO«/Cl> 

### F/Cl 4.8 .016 .0011

. 00070 .000006 2.1 .0012 .0003 .0000 .033 2.4 .42 .26 

### Br/CL I/Cl 

### B/Cl .017 .0057 .037
Analysis

. . 

### Yang

# M

North Tai8 ing 

### Shan,
f Taipai, 

### wan 9 

### Taal Volcano, 

### Luzon, Philippine Islands 

### March 1907 10 

## Kawah Idjen Volcano, Java, Indonesia 1941 (?) 11 Tjiater, Java, Indonesia 12 

### Frying 

### Pan Lake, Tarawei"a region. 

## New Zealand 

### June 24, 1932 13 

### NT»m« 

### and ]nr>aHnn 

### White Island, 

### Bay of Plenty.

## New Zealand



### Si02 

## ppm

322 600 95 

### epm 

## ppm 0) 7,600 5,100 9 0) 2,810 318 7,420 125 

### epm 

## ppm 184 4,130 

### epm 

## ppm 157 66
} 1 18 2.4 111 24 68 30 

### epm 

## ppm 412 4 2 

### epm 

## ppm 164 1,880 /10, 500 \ 130 24(?) 2.370 6,770 7,100 926 

### epm
Al..; 66.7

3.40 845 182.6 .48 490 7.34

.97 .09 5.54 2.0 2.96 .77 0.44
.11 208. 

### Fe+» 376.3 

### Fe+l 1,600 86.0 6.9 

# Mn 1.3 

### Ca 263

73 75 11 13.12 6.0 3.26 .28 140.2 26.2 322.2 3.20 783 848 988 791 39.07 69.7 42.98 20.23 14

4 609 51 .70 .3 26.47 1.30 118.3 

# Mg 556.5 

## Na 308.8 

# K 23.7 Li. 

## NHt 1 12 .67 2

1 .8 .11 .8 17 287 .9 

# H 27 27 '464 460 1740 734 285

119.8 1,980 1,482 16.3 30.2 1 1, 886 

## HCO3 HSO4 7,600 2,170 57, 300 806 37 5.6 78.4 

### SO< 3,730

1,490 77.7 42.0 30, 800 47, 500 641 1,339 46, 100 18, 500 960.0 522.0 407 567 13 8.47 15.99 .68 262 878 5.46 24.74 45.2 CI. 1,615 

## F 42.4 

### Br .5
I 0.3 

### POt 2.9 (') 

## B 4.4 

### None 5.9 28 

# H2S

- - 216 Total anions 119.7 1,980 1,482 25.1 30.2 1 1, 783

1 Total, as reported 6,900 102,000 74,900 1,480 2,240 i8. 300 

## pH 1.6

81 1.006

3.5 .28 .14 Strongly acid 100 1.072

0.38 .11 .017 Strongly acid 2.25

44 3.1 55 Strongly acid

1 Hot. 

### Temperature 

### °C_. Density at 20°

## C 1.05

0.79 1.1 .80 1 1.08 Ratios

### bv weight: 1.6 .22 .44 0.021 .29 .084 

### Ca/Na 0.33 

## Mg/Ca 2.9 

## K/Na .13 

### Li/Na 

## HCO3CI .000 .30 

### SO (C12 2.5 .65 2.5 .72 .023 .17 F/Cl .014 

### Br/CI .00064 I/Cl .000 .0001 

### B/Cl .0050 .0001

' 

### Componentsmentioned inexplanation of table. Includes

### HSO«.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F45

EXPLANATION FOR TABLE 19

1. 

### Green

### Dragon spring, southernpart ofNorrls Basin, 

### YellowstoneNational Park, 

### Wyo.; discbarges

### about 40

## gpm (White, 1955a, p. 107; 1957a, p. 1640, 1648) 

### from hydrothermally altered

### alluviumoverlying late Cenozoic

### welded rhyolite tuff. 

### About 700 ft southeast of spring given in table 17, analysis 2. 

### Analyzed 

### by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey;

# H calculated

### by difference.
2. Crater lake of 

### Copahue, a 

### Quaternary trachyte volcano, 

### Neuquen Territory, Argentina. 

### Lake is a third of a mile in diameter

### andheated

### by volcanic gases (Corti 

### and

### Camps, 1930, p. 380; Sussini 

### and others, 1938). 

### Area alsohas sulfur deposits. 

### Analyzed

### byH. Corti, reported as hypothetical chemical 

### combinations, converted to ionic form; 

# H calculated 

### by difference; also reported is SjOj, 326

## ppm (5.82

### epm), included in totals.
3. Lake, in central funnel of

### upper (southern) crater of 

### Ebeco volcano, near north 

### end of 

### Paramushir Island, Kurile Islands, U.S.S.R. (Ivanov, 1957, p. 70). 

### Rocks consist largely of andesite flows 

### and tuffs. 

### Sample analyzed 

### by S. S. Krapivina, 

### who alsoreported, in

### ppm, Co, 0.3; Ni, 0.1 ; 

### Cu, 0.03; Ti, 0.2; Sr. 0.8; As, 0.6. 

# H andmost of CI reported as free 

### HC1; 

## pH reported —1.7, requiring 50 

### molar 

## HC1 solution; 

## pH of 

### about —0.25 

### seems 

### more probable. 

### For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 21. 4. 

### Main spring, 

### Lower Mendeleev group, 

### Kunashir Island in northern Kurile Islands, U.S.S.R.; discharge is 115

## gpm (Ivanov, 1958b, p. 480). Collected 

### by Ivanov; analyzed 

### by S. S. Krapivina, 

### who also 

### determined TI, 0.2 

### ppm; Cu, 0.09 

### ppm; As, 0.9

### ppm. 5. 

### Main spring ofa

### groupnear active

### Kusatsu Shiranevolcano,

## Gumma Prefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan (Yamagata, 1951, p. 159). Springs discharge 

### from pyroxene andesite flows 

### and pyroclastic rocks of volcano; 

## many active solfataras (H. 

### Kuno, written

### communication). 

# H calculated

### bydifference; Li,

## Rb (0.3

### ppm), 

### and Cs (0.1 

### ppm) determined spectrographically. 

## A less 

### complete analysis of 

### water 

### from the strongly acid crater lake of this volcano 

### was published 

### by 

### Mlnaml and others (1952, p. 4). 6. 

### At southern base of active 

### Yakeyama volcano, Niigata Prefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan (Muto, 1954, p. 408-409). Spring discharges 

### from hornblende.pyroxene andesite lavas 

### and pyroclastic deposits of the volcano overlying 

### Miocene or Pliocene 

### sedimentary rocks. 

# H calculated

### by difference.
7. 

### Main spring of group, Noboribetsu, Iburi Prefecture, southwestern 

### Hokkaido, Japan. Total discharge of springs is 

### about 1,000

## gpm from 

### Miocene sedimentaryrocks at 

### west base of Pleistocenevolcano Kuttara. 

### This volcano consists of

### pyroxeneandesite

### andhasa

### summit caldera lake 

### (Okuno and others, 1938, p. 853, 857-858; Ishizu, 1915; 

### H. 

### Kuno, written 

### communication). 

### HjS, including 3.9

## ppmreported as

### HS, from

### sample of Sept. 26, 1937; 

### determined

### by dithizone 

### and included in totals: 

### Cu, 0.16

### ppm; Zn, 0.36

### ppm; and

### Pb 0.34

### ppm; free 

### COj, 41

### ppm. Traces of

### Cd, Ti, Ni, 

### and 

### Badetermined spectrographically. 

### Other springs in the area are acid sulfate 

### typegiven in table 20 

### (Okuno, 1939, p. 689). Partial analyses

### by

### Usumasaand

### Morozumi (1955) are reported to 

### be ofwater



### from

### main spring but are neutral 

### and very different in composition.
8. 

### Yang 

### Ming Shan spring, near extreme north 

### end of 

### Taiwan, discharges 

### from hydrothermally altered Pleistocene basalt overlying Mio-Pliocene

### marine sedi- 

### ments (Pan, Lin, 

### Hseu, Sun, 

### and Chan, 1955, p. 27-30; 

### Yen, 1955; Juan, 1956). 9. Crater lake of active andesitic

### Taal volcano, 

### Luzon, Philippine Islands. 

### Sample collected 

### by Bacon (1907, p. 118), 

### March 1907 (prior to 1911 eruption);

# H cal- culated 

### by difference. 

### Other pre-eruption analyses reported as 

## much as 332 

## ppm

## P0 1( 401

## ppm Si02, 

### and 303

## ppm

# Mn (NeumannvanPadang, 1953, p. 36). 10. Crater lake of active 

## Kawah Idjen, a basaltic andesite volcano 

### on shoulder of 

### Merapi, 

### Besuki Residency, eastern Java, Indonesia 

### (Neumann van Padang, 1951, p. 157-158; 

### Bemmelen, 1949b, p. 105-106). 

### Volcano

### had violent eruption in crater lake in 1817 

### andminor eruptions in 1796, 1917, 

### and 1936. Crater lake contains 

### 1HX10 8 cubic ft of strongly acid 

### water 

### with 

### more than 100,000 tons dissolved 

### aluminum sulfate. 

### Analyzed 1941, cations reported as 

### grams of oxide per liter, converted to

## ppmby assuming density of 1.05;

# H+ calculated 

### by difference. 11. Tjipanas spring 1, in

### Krawang Residency, western Java, Indonesia. Discharges 1,300 

## gpm from hot spring deposits of jarosite 

### (KFe3(S04)s(OH)j 

### and iron 

### phosphate high in

### As (Bemmelen, 1949a, v. 1A, p. 215; v. 2, p. 232-239). 

### These deposits contain

### hundreds of 

### thousands of tons 

### and lie 

### on andesite 

### and basalt flows of 

### Tangkuban, an active volcano 

### about 3 miles southwest. 

### The iron 

### phosphate deposits contain 

### about 2 percent of arsenic. 

### Analyzed 

### by Laboratory for 

### Mineral Research, 

### Mining Department, Java; inorganic Fe, 18

### ppm; total Fe, 20

### ppm; reported

## NH3 converted to

### NHi. 12. 

### Frying 

### Pan Lake, 

### Tarawera region, 

## New Zealand, at site of volcanic eruptions in 1886

### and 1917 (Grange, 1937, p. 93, 103, 105; 

### White, 1957a, p. 1640, 1642, 1648). Discharge is

### more than 1,000

### gpm. Bedrock is rhyolitic tuff

### and breccia of the 

### Waitahanui Series of Plio-Pleistocene age, overlying Pliocene rhyolite 

### and overlain 

### bymore than 10 feet of basaltic ash 

### from the 1886 

### Tarawera eruption (Grange, 1937,

## map of

### Tarawera district). 

# H calculated

### by difference; analysis of gases 

### from small hot spring 

### on edge of lake given in table 28, analysis 22 (Grange, 1937, p. 110-111). 13. 

### Hot spring pool in crater of

### White Island, 

### an active andesitic volcano in

### Bay of 

### Plenty off northeast coast of 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand. 

### Some fumaroles 

### have temperatures as 

### much as 500°C. 

### Sample collected 

### and analyzed

### by S. 

### H. Wilson, 

## New Zealand 

### Department of Scientific 

### and Industrial Research (1959, p. 37). 

### Reported in g per 1, converted to

## ppmassuming density of 1.08. Alsoreported

### and included in totals: 

### SiOr' (tetrathionate), 157

## ppm (1.4

### epm); 

### SsOr3 (pentathionate), 9.3

## ppm (0.1 

### epm); As, 5.7

### ppm; Sr, 9.3

## ppm (0.2

### epm). 

### For analysis of gas, 

### same locality 

### but different pool, see table 28, analysis 23.

# F46 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 20.

# —Chemica I 

### analyses of 

### acid sulfate 

### spring waters associated 

### with 

### volcanism

Analysis 1



### "The Geysers", 

### Sonoma County, Calif. 2 

### Bumpass Hell, Shasta 

### County, Calif. 1953 3 Norris Basin, Yellowstone Park, 

### Wyo. Aug. 25, 1954 4 

## MudVolcano 

### Group, Yellowstone Park, 

### Wyo. 5 

### Sulphur Springs, 

### Sandoval 

### County, 

### N. Mex. Aug. 31, 1949 6 

### UzonVolcano, 

### Kamchatka, 

## US8R Aug. 26, 1950

S102 

## ppm

225 14 63

1.4 47 281 12 5 1,400 9.5 

### epm

1.67 2.26 

## ppm 240 31 18 5.5 

### epm 

## ppm 109 2.4 

### epm 

## ppm 540 146

17 

### epm PpTtl 216 56 

### epm 

## ppm 292 444 412 

### epm
Al 3.4 .65 .30 0.27 16.2 6.2 49.39 

### Fe+»

- 14.76 

### Fe+S .8 .04 .91 33 3.3 185 52 6.7 24 1.77 .12 9.23 4.2 .29 .61 

# Mn

- .05

2.35 23.1 .52 .13 77.6 9.4 

### Ca 6.5

5.3 32 13 14 6.2 .32 .44 1.39 .33 .78 6.2 2.2

2.0 3.0 30

1 14 .11 14 11 16 17 26 43 .70 .91 .70

• .44 1.44 42.7 83

35 

## Ul 14 1547 14 4 15 

# Mg 2.87 

## Na .09 .08 1.66 14.0 

### •48 

# K .61 

## NHi 30.4 

# H 13 12.6 14 Total cations

. 1117.3 13.8 16.3 64.0 35.1 116.7 

## HCO3 '0 ~~ 8iOs .- 

### HSOt... SO« 5,710

1.5 118.9 .02 718 1.1 14.95 .03 758 15 15.78 .42 3,150 

### Tr
1 65.6 1,570 3.5 1.1 32.7 .10 .06 5,550 12.4



### Tr

2 115.6 CI .37 

## F

- .05 .02 

### Br.. I

. 

## NOj

- 

### B. 3.1 .2

20 6.9 

# H2S 118.9 15.0 16.2 65.1 32.9 116.0

7.770 1,110 943. 3,980 2,160 7,420

4,570 1.9 

### 65±

28.28 3.6 

## pH -. 

## 1.8±

Boiling?

3.9 6.0 .42 1.97

90

1.1

1.5 .0

51 1.86 

### Temperature C

## C 79.0
0.20 .81 .41 65

0.88 .78 1.1 60 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na

- 18 

### Mg/Ca 4.2 

## K/Na 11 

### Li/Na 

### HCOi/Cl .0

11,000 .0 450 .31 .0 

## SO (/Cl2 - 650 

### >1,000 

## >1 460 

### F/Cl .03 

### Br/CI .00 I/Cl 

## - .00 

### B/Cl

- 6.2 .11 .46 .00
Analysis 7



### Koshelevsk, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR
Aug. 15, 1951 8 

### North

### Menc Kunashir Is 

## USSR Oct. 1, It eleev, land,

54 9 

### Yunohanazawa, 

### Kanagawa Prefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan 10 

### Nasu, Tochlgi Prefecture, 

### Japan 

### K Vo 11 

## Nameand location letetahi, Tongariro



### Date of collection... lcano,

## New Zealand

SiOj 

## ppm

120 

### epm 

## ppm 274 78 112 34.6 79 8.7 455 9.6 8.0 20 

### epm 

## ppm 283 120 3.9 

### epm 

## ppm 147 85 / 28 \ .0 .3 64 31 22 7.1 3.1 15 

### epm 

## ppm 162 8.9 

### epm

Al 8.7 6.07 1.22 .02 3.95 .71 19.79 .23 .44 20 13.3 1.40 8.59 1.02 1.00 Fe+» 19 0.67 Fc+'

- .7 .04 

# Mn 1.2

40 13 60 18 101.05 .05 2.00 1.06 2.62 .45 5.60 .05 .01

3.19 2.55 .96 .18 .17 14.9 

### Ca 103 13 33 2.9 5.14 1.1 1.44 .07 76

28 63 3.5 374 1.6 3.80 

# Mg 2.3 

## Na 2.76 

# K .09 

## NH« 20.7 

# H

- 1.6

12.50 61.1 22.5 31.57 32.3 

## HCO3

- 

### s (

### o« 2 1,440 602 169.4 .00 .000 .000 67 35 0.01 14.83 12.53 4.77 .02 1 103 149 1,220 18 0.92 

## HSO« 1,590

2.020 93.9 .4 .0 16.4 42.1 2.63 .04 .00 1,54 

### SOi 594

4.8 .0 .3 .0 12.36 .13 1,040

2.6 21.6 .07 25.3 

### CI .50 

### F Br .00 I 

## NOs

- 

## B 26 12 44 93 

### HsS 

### Tr Total anions 12. 49 61.2 21.7 32.16 28.3 Total, as reported 997 14,840 1,600 2, 780 2,300
Specific 

### conductance 

### (micromhos at 25 °C)... 

## pH 4.3

92.5

0.67 .33 .30 1.70 69.0
0.17 .11 .021 

## .#.... 2.3 78

3.1 .13 .088 1.5 69.9

2.9 .48 .32 2.8 

### Temperature 

### °C 1 70 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 1.2 

## Mg/Ca .37 

## K/Na .060 

### Li/Na 0005 nnn 

### HCOj/Cl .000

120 .00 39.01 .004 .000 .13 

### RO (/Cl» 400 12.002 .0000 .0000 .33 68 F/Cl. 

### Br/CI .06

.00 I/Cl _- 

### B/Cl E.2

1 

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.

» Includes

### HSO,.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F47

EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 20

1. Devils 

### Kitchen spring, 

### "The Geysers," (Allen 

### and Day, 1927, p. 33), 11 miles east of Cloverdale, 

### Sonoma County, Calif. Seeping discharge 

### from pool 

### on landslide material underlain 

### by Franciscan 

### graywacke, greenstone, 

### and ser- pentine of

### Mesozoic age (Bailey, 1946, p. 211-215, pi. 29); 

### no true geysers. 

### Area is 3 miles west of 

### Cobb Mountain, a Pleistocene (?) rhyolite volcano (Brice, 1953, p. 35, 37). 

### Gas analysis 

### from well 1, 460 feet north-northeast of spring (Allen

### andDay, 1927, p. 60, 76; White, 1957a, p. 1648), given in table 28, analysis 24. 

### Analyzed

### by E.T. Allen, 

### who also reported

### andincluded in totals: S20j,0 

### ppm; Ni, trace; Cr, 2

## ppm (0.23

### epm). CI

### and

## pH determined

### byH. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### on sample collected

### March 24, 1954, 

### which also contained 5,070pp, of

### SO»

### and 2.7

## ppmofB. 2. Spring in thermal area, 

### Bumpass Hell, Shasta 

### County, Calif., 2 miles south of 

### Lassen Peak, a dacite volcano last active 

### from 1912 to 1919. Spring, 250 ft north-northeast of junction of principal streams draining thermal area, is in 

### hydrothermally altered Brokeoff Andesite of 

### upper Pliocene or Pleistocene age (Williams, 1932, p. 374-375, 

### map). 

### Sample collected

### andanalyzed

### by P. S. 

### Bennett of U.S. National 

### Park Service. Analysis not previously published. 

### For gas analysis, apparently 

### from 

### same spring, see table 28 analysis 25 

### (Day and Allen, 1925, p. 95, 133). 3. 

### Locomotive Spring, Norris Basin, Yellowstone National Park, 

### Wyo., 80 ft southeast of Congress Pool 

### and 200 ft west-southwest ofNorris Basin drillhole (Fenner, 1936, p. 282-310; White, 1955a, p. 103-107). Seeping discharge; 

### bedrock is acid-leached

### welded rhyolite tuff of Pliocene(?) age. 

### Analyzed

### byH. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey; also reported is Li, 0.0 

### ppm. 

# H calculated

### by difference. Analysisnot previously published. 

### For gas analysis 

### from 

### Locomotive Spring
ora

### nearby spring, see table 28, analysis 26 (Allen

### and Day, 1935, p. 86). 4. 

### Big 

### Sulphur Pool, 0.2 mile north of

## Mud Volcano, YellowstoneNational Park, 

### Wyo. (Allen

### andDay, 1935, p. 422, 427) ; littleor

### nodischarge. Pool is inglacial material overlying rhyolite of Pliocene(?) age 

### (Hague

### and others, 1899, 

### Canyon sheet of geologic folio). 

### For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 27 (Allen 

### and Day, 1935, p. 86, 418). 5. 

### One of

### abouteight springs in sec. 3, T. 19 N., R. 3 E., 

### Sulphur Springs, 

### Sandoval 

### County, 

### N. Mex., Small discharge, 

### but total for the 

### group (same type?) is 

### about 500 

## gpm (Stearns 

### and others, 1937, p. 167) in area of late Pliocene or Pleistocene rhyolite overlying Paleozoic sediments. 

### Gas analysis of 

## Alum Spring given in table 28, analysis 28 (Renick, 1931, p. 89). 

### Analyzed

### by U.S. Geol. Survey; H-|- 

### computed from

### pH. Analysisnot previously published. 6. Boiling

## mud pot in 

### west field of crater of 

### Uzon, a semiactive basaltic andesite volcano in southeastern 

### Kamchatka, U.S.S.R. Crater contains 

## many 

## mud pots 

### and

## mud volcanoes (Ivanov, 1958a, p. 195-196; Piip, 1937. p. 171, 172, 248, 267). 

### Sample collected 

### by B. I. Piip; analyzed 

### by 

### M. S. Suetina. Ti, 5.4 

## ppm is included in total; As, 

### HCO3, Br, I, 

### and 

### B were not detected. 

## Na not 

### determined 

### by Suetina; reported value is 

### from 1933 analysis (Piip, 1937, p. 171-172), probably less 

### than 

### amount actually present. 

### For gas analysis 

### from 

### nearby vent see table 28, analysis 29. 7. 

## Mud pot 

### on

### upper slopes or in crater ofsemiactive 

### Koshelevsk volcano of south- eastern 

### Kamchatka, U.S.S.R. (Ivanov, 1958a, p.195-196). Collected

### by G. A. 

### Gonsovsk; analyzed 

### by E. F. Prokof'eva; As, not found. 

### For gas anlysis of 

### nearby boiling lake see table 28, analysis 30; poor 

### summation suggests misprint.
8. 

### Lower spring, 

### Northern 

### Mendeleev group, 

### Kunashir Island, Kurile Islands, U.S.S.R. Discharge is 

### about 30 

## gpm (Ivanov, 1958b, p. 479). Collected 

### by V. V. Ivanov; analyzed 

### by S. S. Krapivina, 

### who also reported 

### and included in totals: Sr, trace; Ba, 0.0

### ppm, As, 0.7 

### ppm; 

## Cu 0.03 

### ppm; Ti, 0.4 

### ppm. 9. 

### Yoemon-Yu spring of 

### Yunohanazawa group in 

### Hakone caldera, 

### Kanagawa Prefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan (Kuroda, 1941b, p. 69-74). Springs discharge 

### from pyroxene andesite 

### on east flank of postcaldera late Pleistocene 

### Kami-yama volcano (H. 

### Kuno, written 

### communication). 

### Analyzed 

### by K. Kuroda, 

### who also reported 

### Cu, 0.045

### ppm. 10. 

### Yumato spring, 

### Nasu, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan; 

### "gushing 

### out" of southeast slope of

### Nasudake, an active andesite volcano 

### (Kimura, 

### Yokoyama, and Ikeda, 1955, p. 201). Also reported, in 

### ppm, and included in totals: Li, 0.01; 

### Rb, 0.01; Cs, 0.01; As, 1.9; Sr, 0.00X; Ba, 0.00X; V, 0.5; Cr, 0.004; 

### Mo, 0.0009; 

### Ti 0.2; Ge, 0.0O0OX; Be, 0.0000X; 

### Ga, 0.0000X; 

### Cu, 0.03; Pb,0.07; Zn, 0.14; Bi, 0.0001 Sb, 0.0001; Sn, 0.0002; Co, O.O00X; Ni. 0.000X; 

### Cd, 0.0001; Ag, 0.001; In, 0.0001 

### Au, 0.00000; Zr, O.OOOX; 

### NO2, 0.000;

# HPO(

, 6.1; 

### CO2, 66; 

### HSO3, 0.6; S2O3, 0.3 SsOe, 0; SsOs, 0. 11. Ketetahi, one of 

### group of springs 

### and fumaroles in 

### hydrothermally altered area 

### on north flank of Tongariro, a large active andesitic volcano south of 

### Lake Taupo, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand (Wilson, 1953, p. 453, 456; J. Healy, written 

### communication). 

### Analyzed

### by S. 

### H. Wilson; converted 

### from milliequivalents 

### and millimoles per liter; SsO« included 

### by Wilson with S4O8.



# Table 21.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### thermal bicarbonate sulfate 

### waters in volcanic 

### environments
Analysis 1



### "The Geysers," 

### Sonoma County, Calif. 2 

### Steamboat well 

### GS-7, 

### Washoe County, 

### Nev. 

## May 22, 1952 3 

### Sulphur Springs, St. 

### Lucia Island, British

### West Indies 

### July 1951 4 

### Yonono, 

### Kagoshima Prefecture, 

### Kyushu, Japan
1953 5 

## Nameand location 

### Wairakei well 5, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand

SiOi 

# — ppm

66 58 108 18 6 

### epm 

## ppm 14 6.0

9.3 4.5 

### epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm

191 12 1.7 230 17 1.2 .2 

### epm 

## Ca_. 2.89

8.88 .78 .15 0.30 62

11 } 64 3.09 .90 2.70 41 17
f 25 I 12 2.05 1.4 1.09 .31 0.60 

# Mg .14 

## Na



## -

- .40 .12 10.00 

# K .43 Li .17 

### NH4- 111 6.15 .1 .01 .01

18.85 0.82 6.69 4.86 11.35 

## HCO3 176

2.7 763 1.5 2.88 21 

### None 0.34 272 4.46 254 4.17 670 10.98 

### COs..- Sj03 .02

15.89 .04 

### so« 24.5



### Tr 1.3 .50 .01 80 23

1 1 1.67 .65 22 5.1 .46 .14 11 2.7 3.7 .23 CI. .08 

## F .19 

## NOi 

## B 15 2.2 

### Tr .5 

### CO2 H:S 2.4 Total anions 18.83 0.85 6.78 4.77 11.48 Total, as reported 1.330 83.0 513 378 1,140
Specific conductance., 

### .micromhos at 25°

## C 85 6.5 

### U61

0.64 .0 .48 .00 40 50.0 3 715 7.9 Boiling

0.95 .17 

## pH 7.5 69

1.6 .41 .48 6.7 

### Temperature 

# °C Ratios 

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 100

3.2 1.9 .33 Boiling

0.052 

## Mg/Ca .14 

## K/Na .074 

### Li/Na .0052 

### HCO3/CI 120

510 12

3.5 .0 .05 51 4.4 250 

### SO4/CI 4.1 

### F/Cl 

### 14 B/Cl 10 .44 .02

»

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table. 

# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 21

1. 

### "The Geysers," 

### Sonoma County, 11 miles east of Cloverdale, Calif.; 

### Witches Cauldron spring

### on

### bank of 

### Geyser 

### Creek about 125 ft

### southwest of

### steamwells 1

### and 2

### and 400 ftnorth of Devils 

### Kitchen spring (table 20, analysis 1; Allen

### and Day, 1927, p. 33, fig. 1) 

### and in

### same geologic setting; 

### no true geysers in the area. 

### Analyzed

### by E. 

### T. Allen, 

### who alsoreported

### and included in totals: Al, Ni, 

### and Cr, each 

### ppm; 

### Mn, 0.6

### PP

# m

; Fe, trace. See gas analysis 24, table 28, for well 1. 2. Drill hole GS-7, in Silica Pit, western part of 

### Steamboat Springs thermal area. 

### Washoe County, Nev. (White, 1955a, p. 103, 111; 1957a, p. 1649-1650). Drill hole penetrated acid-leached granodiorite for 112 feet, 

### where acid 

### water 

### was found. Relations indicate high-temperature steam, 

### COj, 

### and other gases rising near

### bottom of hole, at

### depth of 402 ft, 

### and condensing in a

### perched water table that is 

### dominantly of meteoric water. 

### Sample collected near 

### bottom of steamfiUedhole

### underpressure; analysis

### byn. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey. Analysis not previouslypublished. 

### For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 31. 3. 

### Sulphur Springs, St. 

### Lucia Island, British 

### West Indies; boiling spring in southeastern part of thermal area, 

## Hi miles southeast of Soufricre at altitude of 800 to 900 ft; little or 

### no discharge (G. Bodvarsson, written 

### communication)

. In Tertiary sandstone 

### and conglomerate overlain 

### by basaltic lava near contact 

### with siliceous porphyritic 

### plug situated a few miles 

### from Qualibu, 

### an active volcano that erupted in 1766 (Perret, 1939, fig. 1). 

### Sample collected 

### by G. Bodvarsson; analyzed 

### by U.S. Geol. Survey; 

### boron reported "slightly greater 

### than 1 

### ppm." Analysis not previously published. 4. 

### Yonono hot spring, in 

### Kirishimavolcano group, 

### Kagoshima Prefecture, 

### Kyushu, Japan; hot spring is in area 150

### by 500 ft

### with

## many fumaroles of high temperature. In

### pyroxene andesite lava

### onsouthern flank of

### one of 

### Recent cones of the volcano group. Test boring to 280 ft 

### depth found water at a 

### temperature of 

### more than 125° C. 

### Analyzed 1953 (Subterranean 

### Heat Research

### Group, 1955, p. 585; 

### H. Kuno, written

### communication). Also reported is Fe, trace. 5. Drillho'ie 5, western part of thermal area, Wairakei, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand (Wilson, 1955, p. 37). 

### Nearly1\imilesnorthwest of well 4 (see table 17, analysis 14), in similarbedrock (Steiner, 1955, fig. 6, fig. 10) 

### but 

### hydrothermal alteration characterized 

### by albite rather 

### than 

### by potassium-bearing minerals. 

### Sample analyzed 

### by S. 

### H. Wilson. 

### Gas analysis, table 28, analysis 32, is 

### from well 6, 

### which has 

### water similar to that of well 5 

### but is 1,000 ft to the east (Wilson, 1965, p. 29).

# F48 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 22.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### spring waters 

### high in 

## sodium bicarbonate 

## and boron

1 2 3

Crabtree, 

### Lake County, Calif. Oct. 6, 1956 4 Gilroy, 

### Santa Clara 

### County, Calif. 

### June 16, 1955 t E. ofAltoonamine, Trinity

### County, Calif. Oct. 16, 1956 

## Mud Springs, 

### Mendocino 

### County, Calif. Oct. 7, 1956 

### County, 

### Rumania



## Mar 3, 1943

SiOj 

## ppm

82 

### epm 

## ppm 38 

### epm 

## ppm 200.4 .0 .1 1.0 62 208
1,710 34 4.1 

### 10 

### epm 

## ppm 100 

### epm 

## ppm 16 

### Tr 2.6 .1 

### Tr 541 314 

### Tr 1,650 33 18.7 

### epm
Al 

### Fe 

# Mn


# — As .13

48 169 3.7 5,400 170 2.7 .0 

### Ca... 409

7.2 3.7 3,520 306 10 20.41 .59 .08 153.1 7.83 1.4 2.40 13.9 .08 234.9 4.35 .39 3.09 17.1 21 120 4.6 270 5.1 .2 2.4 1.05 9.87 .10 11.75 .13 .02 .13 27.0 

# Mg 25.8 Sr 

## Na

.. 74.4 .87 .59 71.8 

# K

- - - .84 Li 1.25 

## NH«

Total cations 183.4 256 196.1 23.1 126.7

8,370

483 1,350 14,500
26 610.4 2. 1.5 .0

530 3,890

16 1,200.6 4 1.6 194

290 1,200

5 130.4 .0 .3 6,770 

## HCO3 137.2 238 63.8 19.7 111.0 

### COa.

. 

# — SO< 10.06

38.1 . 54 17^20 .02 .03 .01 .33 33.8 .03 .05 .01 2.04 .10 3.67 .02 3.2 554.6 2.7 2.5 .07 CI 15.62 

## F .03 

### Br

- .03 I .02 

## NOj NO3

. 13 

## B 120 47 2,380 

## COj.

. 

### HjS.. 

## <1 .2

185.4 256 1 100. 1

23.5 126.7
Total, as reported 14,700 21,500 7,720 1,870 12,300

Specific 

### conductance

### micromhos at 

### 25°C 13,600

6.8 13.5 1.007
0.12 .018 .087 .0028 6.2 .36 16,700 7.3 18 1.013

0.0089 3.5 .031 .0005 

### 24.043 .0007 .003 .0025 .87 7,850 6.7 41.6 1,340 6.8 42 

## pH (') 

### Temperature 

## "C. Density at 

### 20°C_

.. 5.5 1.008 Ratios 

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.036 3.3 .020 .0024 3.2 .013 .0005 .003 .0013 .24 0.078 5.7 .019 .0007 9.2 .04 .003 .000 .002 .10 0.33 

### Mg/Ca K/Na .58 .020 

### Li/Na .0053 

### HCCh/Cl' 12 

### SO«/Cl .0057 

### F/Cl .001 

### Br/CI .0049 I/Cl .0045 

### B/Cl .089 .084

Analysis 6



### Chokrak, Kerch, 

### Crimea,

## USSR 7 Essentuki, Caucasus, 

## USSR 8 9 kkaido, 1



### TeAroh Island, 

### NeD 

## Name and location 

### Malkinsk, 

### Kamchatka,



## USSR Sept. 28, 1950 

### Futamata, 

## Ho Japan 1936 a, 

### North


### Date of collection 

## w Zealand

BiOj 

## ppm 14 

### epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm

204.0 

## 20.0 i.4 301 61 

### epm 

## ppm 51.7 3.5 

### epm 

## ppm 115.8 

### Tr 

### epm
Al 7 

### Fe 

# Mn As .4 8 4 

### Ca 74

82 3.69 6.7 157 84 7.83 6.9 15.03 5.0 554 356 27.64 29.3 0.40 

# Mg .3 Sr 

## Na 1,770

81 77.0 2.07 3,440 10
1 149.6 .26 .1 728 25 31.66 .63 2,390 614 103.9 15.70 3,160 40 15 4 137.5 

# K 1.02 Li .72 

## NIL 23

1,990 1.27 5.4 .30 .22
Total cations 90.7 164.7 52.3 176.8 140.2

5,990 2,040 6,440 6,660

199 388 581 

## HCO3 32.6 98.2 33.48 105.6 109.2 

## C0 3 . 6.63 

### SO< 227

1,620 4.73 45.7 

### Tr

691 .6 .1 .0 125 2,440 2.60 68.6 8.08 

### CI 2,350 66.3 19.46 .03 .00 16.38 

## F Br 16

12 .20 .09 5 1.1 .06 .01 

### Tr Tr Tr.3 I 

## NOi 

# N0 3 

## B 44

171 •360 1 12 7.9 59

685 132 

### COj H2S
Total anions •83.3 164.6 53.0 177.0 140.3

6,480 12,100 4,080 13,700 11,300



### See footnotes at 

### end of table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS

Table 22.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### spring waters 

### high in 

## sodium bicarbonate 

## and boron

# —Continued 

# F49

Analysis 

## Name and location.


### Date of collection. 

### Chokrak, Kerch,

Crimea, 

## USSR Essentuki, Caucasus, 

## USSR Markinsk, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR Sept. 28, 1950 

### Futamata, Hokkaido, 

### Japan 1936 

### Te Aroha, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand

Specifio

### conductance 

### jnicromhos at 25°C. 

### PH. Temperature °C_ Density at 

### 20°C Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 

## Mg/Ca 

## K/Na Li/Na 

### HCOj/Cl» 

### SOJCl F/Cl Br/CI I/Cl 

### B/Cl Cold 7.3

1.00

0.042 1.1 .046 14.0

1.2 .14 0.046 .54 .0029 .0003 2.5

.0099 .0074 .027 .0021 .00046 .0051 6.2 5.6

0.41 .20 .034

3.0 .00 .0009 .0001 .0000 .011 6.6 421.008

0.23 .64 .26

2.6 .051

.024 8.3 85

# H

0. 0025 .5 .013 .002 12.67

.000 .0005 .23

i 

### Components mentioned in explanation of table.
J Includes

## C0 3 as

### HCOs. 

# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 22

1. Springs, in

# NWH sec. 19, T. 38 N., R. 5

### W., Trinity

### County, Calif., 

### about 6miles east of 

### Altoona quicksilver mine. Discharge 

### about 2 

## gpm from landslide material

### on fine-grained diorite ofpre-Tertiaryage. Collected

### byE. 

### H. Bailey; analyzed 

### by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey. Springs evolved 

### some gas 

### anddepositeda little travertine. Analysisnot previouslypublished.
2. 

## Mud Springs, 

### Mendocino County, Calif.; northeasternmost ofa 

### group ofsprings 

### and small

## mud volcanoesnear crest of ridge, 6 miles

### west of Laytonville 

### (Waring, 1915, p. 176-177; Bailey

### andWhite, 1957, p. 1818). Spring is 6 ft indiameter; discharge is 

### about 0.05

## gpmmuddy water, 

### from 

### graywacke 

### and shale similar to 

### Mesozoic 

### Yager Formation 

### and is 

### accompained 

### by abundant gas that is 

### probably largely 

### COs. 

### Analyzed 

### by C. E. 

### Roberson, U.S. Qeol. Survey; analysis not previouslypublished.
3. Southeasternmost spring of 

### two

## warm springs In Crabtree area, northeast

### bank of Rice 

### Fork of Eel River, In

## NE>4 sec. 36, T. 17 N., R. 9 

### W., 

### Lake County, Calif. Discharges 

### about 20

## gpm from serpentine adjacent to shale of

### Mesozoic Franciscan 

### Group. Serpentine at creek level is altered to opal 

### and carbonate 

### and contains veinlets ofmarcasite

### and realgar. 

### Analyzed

### by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; 

### when combined nitrogen 

### was determined nearly 4

### months after analysis 

### was begun, all of it 

### was nitrite but it 

### probably

### was

## NILwhen sample

### was collected;

## pHand

## HCOj weredetermined 

### immediately afterbottle 

### was opened

### andare considered reliable. Spectrographicanalysis ofevaporated residue, 

### byNola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 6,140; Al, 0.1; Fe, 0.1; 

### Mn, 0.04; 

### Cu, 0.01; Ge, 0.3; Sr, 0.4; Ba, 1.5. Analysis not previouslypublished. 4. 

### Main spring,

# EH sec. 36, T. 9 S., 

### R. 4

## E„ 200 feet 

### above Coyote Creek, 13 miles northeast of Gilroy, 

### Santa Clara 

### County, Calif. Discharges 

### about 10 

## gpm from Franciscan 

### graywacke near serpentine. 

### Analyzed 

### by H. 

### Almond and S. 

### Berman, U.S. Geol. Survey; analysis not previouslypublished.
5. 

### Benko cold spring, 

### Arkos area, in southeastern 

### Carpathian 

### Mountains, 

### Haromszek 

### County, central

### Rumania (Straub, 1950, p. 46, 104-105). Discharges 

### from Quaternaryalluvium in basin nearly

### surrounded

### by Cretaceous limestone

### and shale that overlie schist. Highest in Li of 51 springs reported 

### by Straub, 

## who also reported traces of 

### Cu, Ba, 

### and Ag; 

## pH reported as 8.99, 

### which is too high for reported

## HCOj and COj, with

### CO3 absent. 6. Resort 

### with drilled wells in cold-spring area, east border of 

### Chokrak 

### Marsh 1 mile from Sea of

### Azovand 12 miles north of Kerch, Crimea, U.S.S.R. 

### Water from 

### Karagan and 

### Chokrak Formations of Tertiary age, consisting of shale, limestone, 

### and dolomite 

### (Fomichev, 1948, p. 227). 

### This is 

### type 1 of

### Fomiehev; for 

### type 2, see table 15, analysis 9. 

### Analyzed 

### by I. S. 

### Krasnikova 

### and 

### M. S. 

### Suemina, 1937, 

### who also reported 

### HS, 247

## ppm (7.48 

### epm); 

## HS here included in HjS.
7. 

### Well 17 at Essentuki resort, Caucasus, U.S.S.R. 

### Water, called 

### "hydrocarbon water", 

### frommarl 

### and clay of early Tertiary age (Ovchinnikov, 1947, D. 116- 117). 

### Boron determination 

### from 

### Shinkarenko (1948), as well as Zn, 0.08

### ppm; Cu, 0.3

### ppm; Ba, 2.8

### ppm. For gas analysis see table 28, analysis 33. 8. 

### Lower cold

### CO2 springwith small discharge 

### from southernpart of

### Middle

### Range of 

### Kamchatka, U.S.S.R., in 

### Malkinsk area of strongly 

### metamorphosed pre- Tertiary sedimentary, volcanic, 

### and granitic rocks (Ivanov, 1958a, p. 199-201). Collected 

### by V. V. Ivanov; analyzed 

### by E. F. Prokof'eva; 

### Ti 

### and

## NH» were looked for but not found; also reported are silicic acid, 2,651 

### ppm, and arsenic acid 63.6

### ppm, which values are considered to be misprints of decimal points, recalculated to SiCh

### andAs. 

### Gas analysisgiven in table 28, analysis 34. 9. 

### Futamata or

### Ninomata springs, 

### Tojima area, 

### southwest 

### Hokkaido, 

### Japan (Mori- 

### moto, 1954, p. 33). Discharge 240 

## gpm from middle 

### Miocene andesite 

### and altered rhyolite tuff interbedded 

### with sandstone 

### and mudstone (H. 

### Kuno, written 

### communication). Nearest volcanoes are 

### Recent Yokei, 25 miles to northeast, 

### andactive

### Usu, 25miles to southeast. Analysis

### by

### Tokyo Hygienic Laboratory. 10. Periodically erupting well, 229 ft deep, in hot-spring area, 

### Te Aroha, 

### North Island,

## NewZealand (Henderson, 1938, p. 727, 728). Springs

### emergeatwestern base of

### TeAroha Mountain, a salient 

### on fault scrap of east

### margin of

### Hauraki graben. 

### Well penetrated 

### Quaternary alluvium on andesite of Tertiaryt?) age cut

### by veins of quartz, calcite, 

### and pyrite (J. Healy, written 

### communication). 

### Abundant gas evolved; analysis given in table 28, analysis 35. 

### See table 11, analysis 10, for analysis of a cold springat 

### Te Aroha.

# F50 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 

# 23--Chemical analyses of 

### thermal waters closely 

### associated 

### with 

### epithermal 

### mineral deposits

1 

### Sulphur

### Bank mine, 

### Lake County, Calif. 

### Hg, 

### Sb Mar. 26, 1957 2 

### AbbottMine, Colusa

### County, Calif. 

## Hg Mar. 27, 1957 3 Valley

### Mine, 

### Napa County, Calif. 

## Hg Oct. 18, 1957 4 

### Amedee Springs, Lassen

### County, Calif. 

## Hg Oct 22, 1957 5 Boiling Springs, Valley

### County, Idaho 

## Hg Aug. 5, 1953 6 

## Ngawha Springs, 

### North Island, 

## New Zealand 

### Hg, 

### Sb 7 

### Rose Creek Spring, Pershing 

### County, 

### Nev. 

## Mn,

# W May 22, 1957 8 

### Abraham

Associated

### metal ormineral Springs, 

### Juab County, 

### Utah 

# Mn Sept. 12, 1957

SIO2 

## ppm

42.6
} 

# « .1 .00 20 55 1.6 

### 1.3 1,190 23 4.4 464 

### epm 

## ppm 16 1.6
.0 .0 .00 64 443

• .5 1.2 1,500 39 1.8 22 

### epm 

## ppm 95.1
.6
.1 .00 19 90

476 8.2 .0 2.5 

### epm

0.95 7.40

20.71 .21

.14 

## ppm 96.23
.01 1.00 .16 16.0 .0 1.05 227 6.8 .0 .5

27 10 288 160 4.5 .2 .1 .00 .0 .40 4.1

1 .2 

### epm

0.80 

## ppm 81 10.1 10.4 

### 0.004 <0. 1

2.2
10.2 

### epm 

## ppm 119 

# L°- :



### epm

1 

## ppm 70.0

[ 

## «• .2 .00 62 27

570 19 1.6 .7 

### epm

3.09 2.2

24.80 .49 .23 .04 

## ppm 75.0 .0
.8 .06 352 49

770 54.0 .1 

### epm
Al 

# —

--- 

### Fe+> 

## Fe+3 

# Mn 0.03 

### As 0.11 .2

. 18 1 0.90 .08 

### Ca 1.00

4.5 3.19 36.4 17.56 

# Mg -._ 4.03 Sr 

### Ba 

## Na 51.8

.59 .63 25.7 65.3 1.00 .26 1.22 9.87

.17

.03 74 1.9

1 .02 3.22 .05 .00 689 57 

### 15 129

470 29.97 1.46 .72 7.15 33.50 

## KX 

# —

- 1.38 

### Li 

## NH» .01

84.2 107.4 29.4 10.87 3.38 40.3 30.9 56.5
3,290

598 644 1.0 1.6 3.2 .0 2,710

467 1,900 1.0 3.8 6.3 14 4 1,490

16 229 1.3 1.0 .8 .0

.3 67 

### <1 79

27 12 14 11 1,280

102 235 5.5 .2 .0 .00 .8 .8 9.6 142

704 1,480 4.5 1.8 .1 .1 2.5 1.O6 .9 

## HCO3 53.9 44.4 24.4

.33 6.46 .07 .01 .01 .44 .33 6.00 4.51 .24 .00 .00 1.29 .90 .25 .40 .58 7.70 21.0

2.12 6.63 .29 .00

.01 2.33 

### COj 

## S0 4 

### ~-

- 

# — 12.45

18.16 .05 .02 .03 9.72 53.6 .05 .05 .05 .30 .06 332

929 6.91 26.20 14.66 

### CI 41.7 

## F
_. .24 

### Br .- 

### Tr .02
I .00 

## NO2 .00 

## NOj .5 .01 .04 

## P0 4 - 

## B

- 620

12 56 

## <1 .1



## <1 677 9 

### H2S

84.6 108.2 31.3 11.52 3.43 40.8 30.1 59.0

7,2 6,970 .50 2,500 841 •304 3,440 2,380 3,640

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25°

## C

- 7,430

6.8 69.5 8,960 7.1 "26 2,740 6.5 32 1,270 8.5 92 321 9.1 88 2,690

6.4 22 5,640 

## pH 6.2 83 6.6 

### Temperature C

# C~ 82
Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.017

2.7 .012 .0037 5.1 .92 .0015 .0024 .0047 .96 0.043 6.9 .026 .0012 1.4 .25 .0005 .0020 .0033 .030 0.040 4.7 .017 .000 6.5 .07 .0057 .0044 .0035 .29 0.071 .00 .030 .000 .29 1.8 .028 001 .0006 .026 0.029 0.0 .026 .0003 9.6 .85 .78 0.027 .056 .082 .007 .51 .36 0.11 .44 .033 .0028 5.5 .43 .023 .0009 .000 .041 0.46 

## Mg/Ca

- .14 

## K/Na

- .070 

### Li/Na


## - .0000 

### HCO>/Cl» .096 SO4/CI-. .48 

### F/Cl .0030 

### Br/CI .000 .000 .72 .0012 I/Cl .0001 

### B/Cl

- .006 .0006
Analysis 9



### Ouray Springs, 

### OurayCounty, Colo.



## Mn,

# W Sept. 3, 1958 10

### Warmwaterberg Springs, 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 

# Mn 11 

### AkanMine, Hokkaido, 

### Japan


# Mn 12 

### Poncha Springs, Chaffee 

### County, Colo. Fluorite 

### (Mn, 

## W) Aug. 29, 1958 13 

### Ojo Caliente Springs, 

### Taos County, 

### N. 

### Mex.
Fluorite 14 

### Doughty Springs, Delta 

### Coimty, Colo.
Baritc 15 

### Mizpahmine, 

### Tonopah, 

## Nye County, 

### Nev.
Ag, 

## Au 16 

## Nameand location Peitou Springs,

Associated

### metal ormineral 

### North ofTaipei, 

### Taiwan



## Pb

SiO' 

## ppm

49.14 .42 .92 .00 376 6.1 »1.7

1 .05 111 8.0 1.0 .3 

### epm 

## ppm 15 

### epm 

## ppm 46 

### epm 

## ppm 84.53 } .46 .10 .00 17.2 1.4 i.l

J190 \ 6.6 .0 .0

210

200 54 11.0 .0 .00 .0 .02 .09 

### epm 

## ppm 60.3 1.2 

### epm 

## ppm 21 0.5 0.7
1.6 

### epm

f 0.03 \ 0.06 

## ppm 65 0.7 .7 

### epm 

## ppm 167 104 

### epm
Al 11.6 

### Fe+»
1 .6

.9 0.03 /

_ 

### Fe+s
_._ \ 6.7 1.8 0.24 .07 151 8.11 0.03 

# Mn As 0.85 .02

8.26 .17 

### Tr 23 9.5 1.4 

### Tr 996 31 3.4 

### Tr Ca__ 18.76

.50 18 6.0 

### 18 17 22 8.9 1.2 .90 .49 104 74 5.20 6.10 1.15

.78 .03

43.33 .79 .49 106 39 6.6 13 1,060 62 3.1 1.2 5.29 3.21 .15 .19 46.11 1.59 .45 .07 69 6.3 3.44 .52 141 41 7.04 

# Mg

._ 3.4 Sr...

- 

## Ba

. .4 1,010 374 .01 

## Na 4.83

.20 .14 .02 .781 .23J ' (2) 149

3.4 6.48 .09 43.9 

### Ki

- 9.57 

### Li 

## NH, 205 11.36

(») 157

11 327 36 Total cations 24.5 2.43 11.6 9.30 46.6 57.2 10.63 1 149.

128
1,030 45 3.0 .0 2(?) .00 .9 .06 .23 .0 85

11 37.2 '2,230

() 151 231

1 16 1 1, 490 

# HC0 3..-_ 2.10 1.39 3.44

4.16 1.52 0.58 36.5 124.4 2.57

.37 6.81 1.02 

## C0 3 S04. 21.4

1.27 .16 .23 1.04 .01 572 307 11.92 8.65 3.14

6.51 .84 625 701 13.01 19.77 2,730 3,250 56.8 

### CI 91.7 

### F Br 5.2 

### Tr .07 I .00 Tr(?) 

## NOj 

## NO3 .01 1.9 .2 1.2 .01 

### Tr 

### PO4 10 1.9 47 1.0

18 

## B HsS
Total anions 24.9 2.67 9.70 47.0 '57.2 10.77 148.5

774 Total, as reported 1,760 205 3,760 6.190 825 18,250 

### See footnotes at 

### end of table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F51

Table 23.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### thermal waters closely 

### associated 

### with 

### epithermal 

### mineral deposits

# —Continued

9 

### Ouray Springs, 

### Ouray County, Colo.



### Mn,

# W Sept. 3, 1958 10

### Warmwaterberg Springs, 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa 

# Mn 11 

### Akan Mine, 

### Hokkaido, 

### Japan



# Mn 12 

### Poncha Springs, Chaffee 

### County, Colo. Fluorite 

### (Mn, 

## W) Aug. 29, 1958 13 Ojo Caliente Springs, 

### Taos County, 

### N. Mex.

Fluorite 14 

### Doughty Springs, Delta 

### County, Colo.

Barite 15 

### Mizpahmine, 

### Tonopah, 

### Nye County, 

### Nev.

Ag, 

## Au 16 Peitou Springs,

Associated metal ormineral 

### North ofTaipei, 

### Taiwan



### Pb

Specific 

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25°

## C

. .

2,020

6.8 162 994

7.6 70 

## pH

- 7.5

45.6 8.0 52.4 '7.2 '46 1.003

0.023 .41 .031 .0034 9.7 .65 .069 

### Acid 

### Temperature °

# C~ Density at 20°

## C 17 1.004

0.1 .37 .058 .0029 2.1 .89 41 90
Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 3.4

.016 .072 .009 2.8 23.067 .000 .004 .001 0.82 .33 .40 0.089

.01 .035 .000 3.9 3.7 .20 .000 .000 .002 0.46

.091 .023 0.14 

## Mg/Ca 0.71 .29 

## K/Na .37 

### Li/Na 

# HC0 3/C1> 2.3

.30 .005 5.0 9.1 .000 

## SO (/Cl- 

# — 1.9 .83 

### F/Cl Br/CI .0074 .00 .00 I/Cl .00 .0052 

### B/Cl .0027 .0053

1 

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.

>

### Not reported.

» Includes 

### COj as

### HCO3. 

# EXPLANATION 

# FOE TABLE 23

1. Spring in 

### Sulphur

### Bank mine, 

### one of the 

### most productive quicksilver 

### mines in the 

### United States (Becker, 1888, p. 251-269; Everhart, 1946, p. 125-153; White, 1955a, p. 117-120), in

# SWK sec. 5, 

### T. 13 N., 

### R. 7 

### W., 

### on shore of Clear Lake, 

### Lake County, Calif. Variable discharge, ranging

### fromabout 1 to 15

## gpm from north wall of 

### Herman Pit, 

### about 120 ft 

### below original surface, 

### from bydrothermally altered 

### graywacke 

### and shale of 

### Mesozoic Franciscan Formation, overlain 

### by Pleistocene lake 

### beds 

### and pyroxene andesite flow. 

### Analyzed 

### by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; 

### spectrographs analysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Shelley, converted to

## ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 5,220; Al, 0.2; Fe, 0.1; 

### Mn, 0.2; 

### Cu, 0.01; Ge, 0.2; Li, 3.6; Sr, 0.6; Ba, 0.3. Analysis not previously published. 

### Tritium content of 

### sample 

### was 1.1 

# ± 0.2X10-", 

### determined

### by F. 

### Begemann, University of Chicago. 

### For gas analysis of 

### sample from

### Herman Shaft, see table 28, analysis 36 (Becker, 1888, p. 258). 2. 

### Thermal water 

### from 

### Abbott mine, located in

## NEJ4 sec. 31, T. 14 N., 

### R. 5 

### W., Colusa 

### County, Calif, near crest of ridge 2 miles 

### southwest of 

### Wilbur Springs (see table 15, analysis 2). 

### Drainage 

### from 

### Reardon Tunnel. 200-foot level, 

## pumpedfrom

### bottom of

### main shaft at 300-ft level. 

### Average discharge is

### about 25 

### gpm; temperature of 

### 26°C 

### measured at portal of tunnel; 

### temperature at source 

### probably about 

### 33°C (White, 1955a, p. 131). 

### Ore 

### and thermal water, 

### accompanied

### bysome combustible gas, are controlled

### by fractures

### and breccia zones in serpentine

### andUpper Jurassic Knoxville sandstone

### and shale. 

### Water sampleanalyzed

### byC. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographicanalysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 6,930; Al, 0.06; Fe, 0.04; 

### Cu, 0.006; Li, 2.1; 

### Rb, 0.06; Sr, 0.5; Ba, 0.2. Analysisnotpreviouslypublished. 3. 

### Water from Valley quicksilver mine, 

### Aetna Springs Resort, 

### Napa County, Calif.,

# SWH sec. 1, T. 9 N., R. 6 

### W. (White, 1955a, p. 130; 

### Yates 

### and Hilpert, 1946, p. 260; 

### Waring, 1915, p. 156-159). 

### Water

### pumped trom shaft of old

### mine in opalized silica-carbonate rock (altered serpentine) near contact 

### with 

### Knoxville shale

### and sandstone. 

### Analyzed

### byH. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in the original water; evaporatedresidue at 180°C, 1,870; Al, 0.08; Fe, 2.1; 

### Mn, 0.06; 

### Cu, 0.2; Ni, 0.02; Ge, 0.07; Li, 0.08; 

### Rb, 0.02; Sr, 0.3; Ba, 0.3. Analysis notpreviouslypublished. 4. F. 

## W. DicksonspringA-l, 1,000 ftsouth-southwestolold

### Amedeerailroadstation, east side of

### Honey Lake, Lassen 

### County, Calif. 

### (Dickson 

### and others, 1957). Cinnabar, metacinnabar, 

### and minor travertine deposited in vent. Total dis- charge of

### group is 

### about 1,000

## gpm from thick 

### alluvium of

### Honey Lake basin. Collected

### by J. 

### Feth 

### and S. 

## M. Rogers; analyzed

### by J. P. Schuch, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also 

### determined Ti, 0.02

### ppm; Cu, Pb, 

### Zneach 0.00

### ppm;

# H2S 0.2 

## ppm (sample of

## May 22, 1957). Spectrographic analysis ofevaporated residue, 

### byNola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in theoriginal water: evaporatedresidue at 180°C, 850; Al, 0.04; Fe, 0.02; 

### Mn, 0.003; Ti, 0.005; 

### Cu, 0.01; Pb, 0.009; 

### Mo, 0.06; 

### W, 0.2; Cr, 0.002; Ge, 0.02; Ni, 0.02; Sr, 0.06; Ba, 0.05. Analysis not previously published.
5. Largest spring, nearnorth

### end of spring terrace, Boiling Springs, 

## NW)4 sec. 22, T. 12 N., R. 5 E., 

### on west 

### bank of 

### Middle Fork of Payette River in Valley 

### County, Idaho. Discharges 

### about 30 

### gpm; total discharge of 

### croup is 

### about 125 

### gpm. Springs 

### emerge from shear zone in granodiorite of 

### Idaho batholith, associated with carbonate-cemented terrace gravel, 

### and have deposited small, 

### amount of calcite, cinnabar, metacinnabar, 

### and 

### manganese oxide 

### (White 1955a, p. 124-125). 

### Analyzed 

### by H. 

### Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported 

### Sb 0.1 

### ppm; Hg, 0.0

### ppm; spectrographic analysis, in 

### ppm, indicate Fe, 0.4; Al, 0.1; 

### Mn, 0.004; 

### Cu, 0.01, Al', 0.005; Sr, 0.2; Cr, 0.003; Li, 0.02; 

### and B, 0.3. Analysisnot previouslypublished. 6. 

## Ngawha Springs, 

### North Island,

## New Zealand; "Jubilee" 

### Bath ofarea

### Gof Fleming (1945, p. 255-276) near 

### Tuwhakino Lake. Discharge is apparently slight; 

### temperature at surface is 43°C; at 

### sandy bottom, 83°C. Springs are in late 

### Quaternary lake sediments overlying elaystone of 

### Kaeo Series of 

### Late Creta- ceous toearlyTertiaryage. 

### Miocene

### and late 

### Quaternary basalts are within a 

### few miles of the area. Springs 

### have deposited cinnabar 

### and a little stibnite (Henderson, 1944, p. 60; 

### White, 1955a, p. 123-124). 

### Water analyzed 

### by L. 

### R. L. 

### Dunn, I. C. 

### McDowall, S. 

### H. Wilson, 

### and

## M. Fieldes of the

## New Zealand 

### Dominion Laboratory. Li 

### determined 

### by spectrographic analysis; also re- ported are 

### Rb, 0.5 

### ppm, and Ca, 0.1 

### ppm. For analysis of gas 

### from Velvet Bath, 

### about 50 feet to south, see table 28, analysis 37. 7. Travertine-spring terracenearnorth

### end of

### East Range, 

### about 2miles 

### southwest of 

### Rose Creek 

### and 12 miles southwest of

### Winnemucca, sec. 28, T. 35 N., R. 36 E. Pershing 

### County, 

### Nev. (White, 1955a, p. 134). Discharges 

### about 1 

## gpm

from travertine 

### and Quaternarysand 

### and gravel containing as

### much as 9 per- cent

# Mnand 0.3 percent 

### WO3. Watersample analyzed 

### by J. P. Schuch, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who alsoreported 0.03

## ppmTi; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

### byNola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: 

### evaporated residue at 180°C, 1,700; 

### Al 0.02; Fe, 0.02; 

### Mn, 0.09; Be, 0.002; 

### Cu, 0.002; Sr, 0.2; Ba, 0.2. Analysisnot previouslypublished.
8. 

### Abraham Springs, 

### Juab County, Utah; orifice in east fork ofnorth ditch, 

### about 200 ftnorthofcrestoftravertinecone; 

### same asspring 2ofCallaghan

### and

### Thomas (1939, p. 908-912; 

### White, 1955a, p. 133-134), 19 miles north-northwest of Delta. 

### Discharge ofspring

### about 25

### gpm; total discharge of springs in area

### about 1,200 

### gpm. Springs discharge through Pleistocene 

### Lake Bonneville sediments overlain 

### by travertine-spring deposits containing 

### manganiferous zone 

### about 1 ft 

### below surface. Pleistocene basalt 

## &ow issued 

### about 4 miles 

### northwest of spring, 

### with flow front 

### only 1,500 ft to west. 

### Water sample analyzed

### by J. P. Schuch, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to 

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 3,740; Fe, 0.02; 

### Mn, 0.3; 

### Cu, 0.004; Li, 1.1; 

### Rb, 0.2; Sr, 8.2; Ba, 0.2. 

### Analysisnot previouslypublished. 9. Spring at 

### southwest edge of 

### Ouray, 

### Ouray County, Colo., 

### and about 40 ft

### above valley floor, issuing 

### from terrace of travertine;

# Mnand

### Fe oxides lie

### on Pleisto- cene gravels 

### and Mississippian Leadville Limestone. Discharges 

### about 15 

### gpm; temperature is

### 59°C at surface of

### wood-framed vent; 

### 62°C at 6-ft depth; 

### no gas. Flocculent deposit 

### from present spring

### water contains 15 percent 

### Mn, 7 percent Fe, 

### and 0.2 percent

## W; ahigh-grade

# Mn oxide veinlet 

### from thewestern part of the terrace contains, inpercent: 

### Mn, 50; Fe, 0.1;

## W, >1; Pb, 1; 

### Cu, 0.05; Zn, 0.3; V, 0.015; 

### Mo, 0.003; Be, 0.03; 

### Ba, 0.7; Sr, 0.5; Sb, 0.5;

### and La, 0.01. 

### Water sampleanalyzed

### byH. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 1,760; Al, 0.05; Fe, 0.03; 

### Mn, 0.9; Ti, 0.02; 

### Cu, 0.02; 

### Ag, 0.002; 

### Mo, 0.02; Sr, 1.7; Ba, 0.05. Analysis not previously

### published. 10. 

### Warmwaterberg Springs, 

### Cape Province, 

### Union of 

### South Africa. Springs discharge 

### from 

### Table 

### Mountain Series of 

### Devonian age. Deposits estimated to contain 600,000 tons, containing (in

### weight percent): 

### Fe20 3 , 

### 57H; 

## MnO, 0.55; 

### MnOz, 8.55; 

### BaO, 1.45; 

### and P2O5, 1.18 (Kent, 1949, p. 240, 243, 245, 247). 

### Age of deposit estimated to be 850,000 years, if all 

### Fe 

### and

# Mn in present 

### water are deposited at constant rate. 

### Analyzed

### by

## W. Sunkel 

### and P. 

### Kok, 1947; 

### Mo, 1 

### ppm; Ba, 7

### ppm; Sr, 8

### ppm; Li, 0.2

### ppm, determined

### by spectrograph. 11. 

### Akan mine, 

### Hokkaido, Japan; hot-spring deposit is 

### mined for 

### manganese on south slope of 

### Mea-kan-dake, a 

### pyroxene andesite volcano. Spring is hottest of 4

### manganese-bearing springs; thedeposit is

### more than 6 ft thick, the. ore aver- ages 

### about 25 percent 

### manganese, 

### and one 

### sample analyzed for 

### Co contained 0.2 percent. Analysis 

### from 

### Kimuraand Shima, 1954. 12. Largest ofseveralhot springs

### aboutaquarter ofamilesoutheast of

### Poncha Springs fluorite deposit

### and 5 miles 

### southwest of Salida, Chaffee 

### County, Colo. (R. 

### T. Russell, 1947; 1948). Total discharge ofhot springs reported to be 500

## gpmand 

## maximum temperature 

### 75^°C (Stearns 

### and others, 1937, p. 133), 

### but 

### pns^ut discharge of this spring is estimated as 30

## gpmand total of the

### group is perhaps 50

### gpm. Springs 

### emerge from fault in 

### Precambrian gneiss overlain 

### by travertine deposit of calcite, 

### minor opal, chalcedony, tungsten-bearing 

### manganese oxide, 

### and fluorite; 

### Poncha Springs fluorite deposit controlled 

### by same fault; late Tertiary rhyolite 

### and andesite are within a few miles of springs. 

### Water sample analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported 

## Cuand Pb, each 0.00

### ppm, and Zn, 0.07

### ppm; spectrographic analysis ofevaporated residue, 

### byNola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 1,250; Al,0.2;Fe, 0.04; 

### Mn, 0.02; Ti, 0.01; 

### Cu, 0.08; 

### Mo, 0.08; Cr, 0.003; Ge, 0.01; Sr, 0.4; Ba, 0.1. Analysis not previously published. 13. 

### Soda Spring, 12 miles 

### northwest of Barranca, 

### Taos County, 

### N. Mex.; total dis- charge ofOjo Calientesprings is

### about 350

## gpm (Steams

### and others, 1937, p. 167) .

Springs issue from travertinenear fluroite-bariteveincontaining

### minor

### amounts of gold

### and silver; 

### an inactive travertine terrace lies

### about 500 ft 

### above present springs (Lindgren, 1910); bedrock is fine-grained gneiss overlain 

### by andesite tuffs. 

### Analyzed 

### by

## W. F. Hillebrand, 1893 (Clarke, 1924a, p. 192-193), 

### with 

## HCO3 calculated 

### from reported carbonate. 

### Temperature, F, 

### NO], and 

## pH from similar 

### sample of

### same spring collected 

### October 6, 1949, 

### and analyzed 

### by L. S. 

### Hughes, U. S. Geol. Survey. 14. 

### Drinking Spring, 3 miles 

### southwest of Hotchkiss, 

### Doughty Springs, 

### on 

### North Fork of the 

### Gunnison River, Delta 

### County, Colo. Discharges 5 to 6 

## gpm

# F52 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

EXPLANATIONFOR TABLE 23—Continued (Headden, 1905, p. 1-8, 15-16; 

### George 

### and others, 1920, p. 213, 313). Springs 

### emergenear base of cliff of Dakotaf?) 

### Sandstone of 

### Late Cretaceous(?) age

### and have formed a travertine-barite deposit 400 ft long, 115 ftwide, 

### andabout 20 ft thick. Deposit near 

### Drinking Spring

### and several other springs is nearlypure 

## BaSO (
. 

### Sample collected 

### and analyzed 

### by

## W. P. 

### Headden (1905, p. 15-16); total

### COj, 3,080

### ppm, of

### which 1,070

## ppm ishereassigned

### bydifference ofanions 

### and cations to

## HCO3 and 2,010

## ppm considered as free 

### CO2. 

### Phosphate analysis

### by George; trace of

### Zn reported

### by Headden.
15. 

### Water from drill hole, 2,316-ft deep, 

### which

### was started at 1,500-ft level of shaft of 

### Mizpah mine, 

### Tonopah district, 

### Nye County, Nev., 

### and penetrates to a point 816 feet 

### below that level (Bastin 

### and Laney, 1918, p. 26-30). Silver-gold ores largely in 

### hydrothermally altered intermediate volcanic rocks of Tertiary age (Nolan, 1935, p. 1-49; White, 1955a, p. 138-139). 

### Trace of 

### Zn elso reported. 16. 

### One of springs of Peitou group, north of Taipei 

### and near north 

### end of 

### Taiwan; group formerly

### known as 

### Hokuto Springs; one of the springs depositedhokutolite, a lead-bearing variety of barite 

### (Okamoto, 1911, p. 21). 

## May be Peitou Valleyhot spring 1 of

### Yen (1955, p. 136, 139), 

### which has present 

### temperature of 

### 68°C

### and discharge of260

### gpm. 

### Water issues

### fromorfromverynear Pleistocene basalt flows that overlie

### marinesedimentaryrocks ofMio-Plioceneage. 

### Analysis converted 

### from hypothetical 

### compounds, 

# H+ 54 

## ppm (54 

### epm) probably calculated 

### by difference

### and is included in totals; trace of

### Pb reported.



# Table 24.

# —

-Chemical analyses of 

### nonthermal, saline 

## and acid 

### waters

## from mines 

## andfrom acii-forming areas

L 2 ? 4



### Comstock Lode, Storey

### County, 

### Nev. 

### Tonopal 

## NyeCou5 

### Homestakemine, 

### Lawrence County, S. 

### Dak. Dec. 20, 1957 Centennial

### mine, 

### Houghton County, Mich. Aug. 22, 1956 

### Greenwoodmine, 

### Marquette County, Mich. 

### Mar. 25, 1952 

### Date of collection... nty, 

### Nev.

SiOj

- 

## ppm

19..35
} .06 .00 

### epm 

## ppm <10 5.4
1.0 2.5 

### epm 

## ppm 6.8 .0
1.2
1.9 

### epm 

## ppm 576 9,000 /

. 

### epm 

## ppm 15

3 7 

### epm
Al

- 1.000 33 

### Fe+2 25 1 469 841 25. 20 30.61 

### Fe+3

-- - -- 

# Mn 75 2 73 

### Ni

_ - 

## Cu

- (') 148 4.66 

### Zn 

### Ca

_ 5.2

2.4 373 10.3 .4 0.26 .20 16.22 .26 .04 .02 62,900 179 11, 900 38 7.0 

### <10 3,140 14.7 518.97 1.01 452 155 1,080 54 22.56 12.7 47.0 1.38 1,160 6,240 } 498 57.9 513 21.7 249 10 / 135
I 12 12.43 

# Mg

- .82 

## Na 5.87 

# K

--- - .30 

### Li 

## NH< 

# H

-
17.00 3.670 '83.8 1,650 22.7

884 24 28 

## HCO3 14.49 0.39 0.46 

## HSO4

--- - 

## S0 4 --

_ 6.7

2.8 38 5.5 .26 .06 .00 3.5 .04 .6 .14 .07 1.07 .29 .00 .00 88 1.83 2.1 .04 78,600 1,636 1,020 21.2 

### SO3

- --- 

### CI -.- 128,000 3,610 3,030.4 85.5 .02 120 3.38 65 1.83 

## F Br 997 3.2 

## <1 <25 12.47 .03 0?

0? I

. 

# N0 2 . 

# — NO3

- - .06 .0 .0 11 

### PO<

- - 

## B 2.5

16.12 3,620 86.0 1,640 23.0
Total, as reported 1,350 204, 000 1 4, 830 97, 700 1,590

Specific

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25°

# C. pH.._ 1,420

7.6 39 8,380

5.4 13 6.5 

### Cold 1.174

4.3 .0028 .0032 .0006 .00018

. 00069 

### Acid



### Cold 1.07

2.3 6.7 

### Temperature- °

# C— Densityat 20° •>
Ratios 

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.014

.46 .027 .0008 23.18 .14 .007 .002 .02 0.42

.34 .050 1.8 

## Mg/Ca .04 

## K/Na .087 

### Li/Na 

### HCOs/Cl .0092 .00069 .0001 .00 660 .00 

### SO4/CP 16 

### F/Cl Br/CI

.. .0078 .00003 .00002 .00 I/Cl .00 

### B/Cl .0036



### See footnotes at 

### end of table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F53

Table 24.

# —

Chemical analyses of

### nonthermal, saline 

## and acid waters

## frommines 

## andfrom acid-forming areas

# —Continued

6 

### Butte district, Silver 

## Bow County, 

### Mont. 1 8



### Cananeamine, Sonora, 

### Mexico 9 1



### Kinkei spri Prefectui 1) 

### RedMountain district, 

### San

### Juan County, Colo. Dec. 1933 

### "Poison" spring,



### Washoe County, 

### Nev. Qg, Tochigi

e, 

### Japan

SiOi 

## ppm

48 84 

### epm 

## ppm 66 29 

### epm 

## ppm 56 22 524 

### epm 

## ppm 98 

### epm 

## ppm 107 107 / 284 \ 235.3 .06 1.0 .1 15 3.2
1

(') 

### epm
Al 9.33 3.2 2.5 18.76 11.9 Fe+» \ 1400



## no 1.6 

### 12 142.0 .36 .02 .06 10.17 

### Fe+S 160

12 '.5 59 852 133 62 40 13 8.59 .44 .00 1.85 26.06 6.63 5.09 1.74 .33 37.07 1.98 .00 12.6 

# Mn 153 5.57 .01 

### Nl .00 

## Cu

- 2.0 .06 60 252 753 86 } 198 1.89 7.70 37.57 7.07 8.61 .03 

### Zn .00 

### Ca 16

4.3 4.2 1.1 .79 .35 .18 .03 283

39

f 65 1 -9 14.12 3.2 2.83 .02 .75 

# Mg .26 

## Na

- .04 

# K Li 

# H

— 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.8

161.4 9.89 89.7 62.6 39.6 

## HCOs HSO« 387 1,690 3.99 8O4... 2,670 55.6 466 9.70 4,460 92.9 3,100 64.5 35.2 

### SOs CI 13 .37 22 .62 6.0 1.0 .17 .05 18 .51 

## F Br. I _. 

## NOa NOj PO4 

## B .2 (i)
Total anions

.. 56.0 9.70 93.5 64.7 39.7

14,200 629 6,590 4,010 2,850

Specific 

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25°

# C„ pH 1 

### Acid Acid Acid 2.45 

### Cold 2.4 9 

### Density at 20° 1.0011
3.8 .26 .26 1.003 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 3.3

.47 .33 3.8

.11 4.4 .14 .01 15 

## Mg/Ca .21 

## K/Na .0 

### Li/Na 

### HCOs/Cl .0

210 .00

200 .00 520.2 .00 

### SO(/Cl» 120 

### F/Cl

. Br/CI I/Cl 

### B/Cl .03

1 

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.

» Includes

### HSO». 

# EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 24

1. 

### Water from cavitypenetrated

### by drillhole started at 5,600-ft level, at the thenexisting 

### bottom of 

### Homestake gold 

### mine, 

### Lawrence County, S. 

### Dak. (see Noble, 1950, p. 234, 235). Collected

### byA. Slaughterof

### Homestake

### Mining Co. 

### and analyzed

### byH. C. 

### Whitehead

### and J. P. Schuch, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

## who also

### determined 

### Cu, Pb, As, Ti, each 0.00

### ppm; Zn, 0.04

### ppm. Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue 

### by Nola B. Shefley, converted to

## ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180°O, 911, 

### Al 0.03; Fe, 0.01; 

### Cu, 0.0009; Cr, 0.003; Sr, 0.2; Ba, 0.06. Analysis 

### not previously published. Similar to analysisof

### Noble (1950, p. 234, 235) exceptthat allformsofsulfurarelower. 2. 

### Water from 7,075 ft south 

### on 48 level of Centennial 

### No. 2 shaft of 

### Calumet 

### and Hecla copper mine, 

### Houghton County, Mich., 

### and about 3,000 ft vertically 

### below surface. 

### Rate of flow 

### about 1 

### drop per second 

### from back of drift in Kearsarge 

### amygdaloid; water 

### was clear 

### when collected 

### by A. Schillinger, of 

### Calumet and Hecla, Inc. 

### Analyzed 

### by C. E. Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey. Spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue 

### by Nola B. Sheffey, converted to

## ppm in the original water; evaporated residue at 180° C, 225,000; Al, 4.5; Fe, 3.2; 

## Mn, 0.7; 

### Cu, 0.7; Li, 1.1; Cs, 9.1; Sr, 320; Ba, 4.1. Analysis not pre- viouslypublished. 3. 

### Water flowing

### fromdrill hole 162

### on 5th level of

### Greenwood ironmine, 

### Marquette County, Mich., 183 feet 

### below sea level (Stuart 

### and others, 1954, p. 10-11, 86-87); highest in salinity of analyses reported

### by Stuart. In 

### bedrock of this area, mineral content of

### waterincreases

### withdepth, 

### with CI, ingeneral, increas- ingveryrapidly; at first,

## Na increasesinproportion to CI, 

### but at greater

### depths 

### Ca increases 

### more rapidly 

### than

## Na (Stuart 

### and others, 1954, p. 86). 

### Water from 

### Goodrich Quartzite of

### UpperHuronian age, 

### immediately

### above the iron- formation. 

### Sample analyzed

### byU.8. Geol. Survey; also reported

### and included in totals are Sr, 6

## ppm (0.14 

### epm); Ba, 

### <0.5

### ppm. See table 9, analysis 4, for a

### waterof

### lowsalinityinthe CliffsShaftiron

### mineof

### Michigan.
4. 

### Water from Central tunnel of 

### Comstock Lode, Storey 

### County, Nev.; 

### an acid 

### minewater (Rcid, 1905, p. 192) 

### fromhydrothermally altered andesite 

### andother rockscontainingpyrite (Coats, 1940; 

### Thompson, 1956; 

### White, 1955a, p. 139-140). Analysis reported as hypothetical oxides in

## mg per 1, converted to

## ppm by assuming adensity of 1.07. Also reported are

### Ag, 0.2

### ppm; andAu, 0.004

### ppm. 5. 

### Water from 

### West 

## End mine, 500 ft level, 

### Tonopah district, 

## Nye County, 

### Nev. (Bastin

### andLaney, 1918, p. 29); 

### water isacid

### owing tooxidation ofsulfides, 

### and apparently cold, in contrast to 

### deep thermal 

### Tonopah waters (see table 23, analyis 15). 

## An epithermal silver-gold deposit in

### hydrothermally altered Tertiary volcanic rocks (Nolan, 1935; 

### White, 1955a, p. 138-139). 

### Also reported Is a traceofAs.
6. 

### Water from crosscut 

### on 1,200-ft level, St. 

### Lawrence mine, 

### Butte district, Silver 

## Bow County, 

### Mont. (Lindgren, 1933, p. 62), in oxidizing sulfides of copperbearing

### hydrothermally altered quartz

### monzonite of 

### Boulder batholith. Also reported 

### and included in totals: Sn, 17 

## ppm (0.57 

### epm) Cd, 41 

## ppm (0.73 

### epm). 

### Co included 

### with Ni; 

### and Sn

## mayhave been introduced 

### from 

### sample container.
7. 

### Water from Genessee-Vanderbilt 

### mine near 

### West Magnolia ore 

### body north of Silverton, 

### RedMountain district, 

### San

### Juan County, Colo., 

### fromalteredandesite

### withdisseminatedpyrite 

### (Burbank, 1950, p. 293, 

### andunpublishedanalysis). 

### Sample collected

### by

### W. S. 

### Burbank, analyzed 

### by E. T. Erickson, U.S. Geol. Survey; analysisnotpreviouslypublished. 8. 

### Water from

### Cananeamine, 900-ftJevel, Sonora, Mexico; Incopper-bearinggranitic rocks 

### and porphyry intrusive into Paleozoic limestone (Lindgren, 1933, p. 63, 722-723) ;affected

### byoxidationofdisseminatedsulfides. 9. " Poison" spring

### onwest slope ofVirginia 

### Range, 

### NEHsec. 35, T. IS N., 

### R.20 E., 3 miles east of 

### Steamboat Springs, 

### Washoe County, 

### Nev. 

### Water issues 

### from short prospect adit in pyritized andesite of

### Kate Peak Formation of

### Miocene
or Plioceneage 

### (Thompson, 1956, p. 62-63, pi. 3) that isbleachednear surface

### by acid 

### from oxidation of pyrite. Discharges 

### about 2 

### gpm; sample analyzed 

### by H. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey. Ra03, 715

### ppm, determined

### byspectrographic analysis to be 

### about 10 percent 

### Fe and 90 percent Al, 

### approximately equal to 400

## ppmofmetallic ions

### and 42

### epm; 

## Mn, Nl, 

### Cu, 

### and

### Ag (0.3

### ppm) also deter- 

### minedspectrographically. Analysis

### notpreviouslypublished. 10. 

### Kinkei Spring, Tochigi Prefecture, 

### Japan; acold springat topof

### Keichyo

### Mountain, a 

### Quaternary andcsite(?) volcano. Analyst, 

### K. 

### Kuroda (1941a, p. 234- 237); also determined, in

### ppm: Ti, 0.1; As, 1 (0.04 

### epm); Cr, 0.07; V, 0.05; 

### Mo, 0.002; Ga, 0.001; Bipresent

### andpossiblytracesof Li, 

### Hg, 

### andB.

# F54 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 25.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### spring waters depositing travertine

2 3 

## Mammoth, Yellowstone Park, 

### Wyo.
Sept. 5, 1957 4 5 

### Meskout

stantine Alge [ 

### KeeneWonder, Inyo

### County, Calif.


### Nov. 7, 1954 

### KeeneWonder, InyoCounty, Calif.


### Nov. 7, 1954 

### Big

### Horn, 

### Hot

Springs 

### County, 

### Wyo. Sept. 1957 Lysuholl, Snaefellsnes Peninsula, Iceland Sept. 30, 1958 

### Date of collection -. Province, ria

SiOj

- -- 

## ppm

60 

### epm 

## ppm '67 

### epm 

## ppm 60.2 .06 .00 .5 272 68 1.4 129 69 2.3 1.0 

### epm 

## ppm 36.4 .04 .05 .2 374 74 1.7 271 44.9 .0 

### epm 

## ppm 171 0.00 2.6 .00 .03 136 32 

### epm 

## ppm 66 

### epm
Al

- 

### Fe 

# Mn As ..- .5 202 37 

### Ca 89

43 3.5 932 42.8 4.44 3.5 .08 40.54 1.07 .12 123 '38 '1.7 1,040 45.9 1.15 3.1 .04 45.2 1.15 .13 13.57 5.59 18.66 6.1 6.79 2.63 10.08 

# Mg 3.0 Sr 

## — .



## Na

- - 5.61 1.76 .33 .06 11.79 1.13 .13 406 29.5 .0 17.66 .74 .07 .00 205 47 8.92 

# K

- 1.20 Li 

## NH«

49.8 50.8 26.9 37.8 27.89 23.2

1,210

719 514 7.0 .9 8.6 1,070 29 796 567 6.0 1.0 9.6 667

501 1702.4

4.3 2.6 756

726 320 3.5 .0 7.8 5.5 1,620
38 84 2.2 .0 .57 .2 1372
(') 381 327 

## HCO3

- 19.8 17.5 .97 16.57 15.99 .32 .02 10.93 12.39 24.91 6.10 

### COj

- 

### SOt

--- -- 14.97

14.49 .37 .01 10.43

4.79 .13 15.12 9.02 .18 .79 2.37 .12 7.9.1 CI

- 9.2>i 

## F .- 

## NO3

- - 

## B

- 

### H2S

--- - 6.8

49.6 51.4 26.3 36.7 28.19 23.2
Total, as reported 3,630 3,680 11,950 2,620 2,420 1,640

Specific 

### conductance 

### micromhos at 25° 

### C_. 4,640

7.4 33

0.095 .48 .045 .0009 2.3 1.4 .014 4,790 8.4 

### 23±

0.022 1.7 .043 .0009 2.0 1.4 .011 2,220 6.6 72

2.1 .25 .53 .018 3.9 2.9 .014

1

.0041 1.OOO6 .025 3,030 6.2 57

1.4 .20 .16 .003 2.4 2.3 .011 2,370 6.4 41.6

0.34 .24 .071 .001 18.45 .026 1.002 1.000 .007 

## pH Temperature 

## „° C_- Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 95

0.99 

## Mg/Ca .18 

## K/Na .23 

### Li/Na

.. 

## HCOj/CP 1.1 

### SO4/CL-

- 1.2 

### F/Cl

- Br/CI

. I/Cl

. 

### B/Cl

- .017 .017 .024



### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.

» Includes

### CO3 as

### HCO3. 

# EXPLANATION FOR 

# TABLE 25

1. 

### Keene

### Wonder Spring, 

### west front ofFuneral 

### Range, 

### Death Valley, 

## SH sec. 1, 

### T. 15 S., 

### R. 46 E., 

### Inyo 

### County, Calif. 

### Sampled spring discharges 

### about 30

### gpm, which isthe largest dischargeofgroup, nearnorthwest

### end ofa H-mile-long travertine terrace. 

### Vent temperature, 34° C; 

### water 

### sample 

### was collected 150 feet 

### downstreamfromvent, 

### where firstsignificant

### amountofcarbonate

### wasdeposited. Springs discharge 

### through travertine, alluvium, 

### and probably Tertiary 

### and Paleozoicrocks, includingcarbonaterocks. Collected

### by F. 

### M. Byers, analyzed 

### byH. Kramer, U.S. Geol. Survey; analysis

### notpreviouslypublished.
2. 

### Same spring

### anddate of collectionas that foranalysis 1, 

### butabout 1,000 ft. 

### downstream 

### from vent, 

### where approximately 11 percent of 

### water has 

### been lost 

### by evaporation, judging

### fromcontents of

### Na, CI, 

### andB. 

### Most of the Ca, 

### some Sr 

### and 

### Mg, and 

### minor

### amounts silica

### have been precipitated. Analysis 

### not pre- viouslypublished.
3. 

## Mammoth Spring, at north 

### end of travertine ridge, 

### west edge of

### Main Terrace, 

### Yellowstone National Park, 

### Wyo. Discharges 

### about 4 

### gpm; average total dis- charge of

### groupabout 750

## gpm (Allen

### andDay, 1935, p. 59-60). Springs

### emerge throughveryextensivedepositsoftravertine overlyingpre-Tertiary

### sedimentary rocks, Including 

### abundant limestone 

### and dolomite; also associated 

### with late Tertiary rhyolite tuffs 

### and basalt 

### (Hague 

### and others, 1899, sheets 10 

### and 19). Analysis 

### by J. P. Schuch, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

## who also reported, in

## ppm and included in totals: 

### Ba, 0; Ti, 0.03; Br, 0.7; 1, 0.1;

### NO2, 0; PO4O.8. 

### Spectrographs analysisofevaporatedresidue,

### bvNolaB. Shefley, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 1,610; Al, 0.03; Fe, 0.04; 

## Mn, 0.03; Ti, 0.02; 

### Cu, 0.003; Li, 1.1; 

### Rb, 0.2; Cs, 0.2; Sr, 0.4; 

### Ba, 0.1. Analysisnotpreviously

### published. 

### Gasanalysis

### from

### MainTerracegivenintable 28, analysis 38 (Allen

### and Day, 1935, p. 86, 377). 4. 

### Big

### Horn Spring, 

### Hot Springs

### County, 

### Wyo.;

### mainspringdischarges

### about 12,600 

## gpm and is 

### one of largest 

### hot springs in world. Extensive travertine deposit overliesTriassicredbeds of

### ChugwaterFormationnearaxisofanticline (Darton, 1906, p. 194-200; 

### Burk, 1952, p. 93-95); the thermal

### water

## may rise

### fromTensleep



### Sandstone of 

### Pennsylvanian age. Analysis 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey; 

### spectrograph^analysisofevaporated residue,

### byNolaB. Sheffey, con- verted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180CC, 2,320; Fe, 0.01; 

## Mn, 0.04; 

### Cu, 0.002; Sr, 0.7; Ba, 0.09: Also reported: 

### NO2, 0.0

### ppm; analysis

### not previouslypublished.
5. Drilledwell inLysuholl

## warmspringarea, SnaefellsnesPeninsula, Iceland, 16miles east of Snaefellsjokull, a late 

### Quaternaryglacier-bearingvolcano ofrhyloite

### and basalt (Barth, 1950, p. 122). Discharges

### about40

## gpm inareaofrecenttravertine in larger area of siliceous sinter deposited

### by former springs on 

### hydrothermally altered granophyre. Springs evolve

### much gas (table 28, analysis 39), 

### and deposit 

### FesOs as well as 

### CaC03. Collected

### by G. Bodvarsson, State Electricity Authority. Analysis, notpreviouslypublished, 

### byC. E. 

### Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported, in

### ppm: Cu, Pb, Zn, 

## NOj each, 0.00; Br, 0.2; I, 0.0; 

### PO», 0.06. 6. Springs at 

### Meskoutine, 6 miles west of 

### Guelma, Constantino Province, northeastern Algeria. Estimates of total discharge are 1,500 

## gpmby Braun (1872), 4,000 

## gpm by Urbain (1953), 

### and 8,000 

## gpm by Pouget 

### and 

### Chouchak (1925)1 Regardless of exact 

### amount, the 

### Meskoutine group is 

### remarkable for 

### magnitude of discharge

### and hightemperature. 

### The springs issue

### fromveryextensive travertine deposits, 

### about 4 square kilometers in area, 

### with a thickness of perhaps 120 feet, 

### and precipitate 

### about 2 tons per

### day of

### CaC03 from a total of 

### about 9 tons of 

### CaC03 in solution (Urbain, 1953). 

### The springs rise along faults in 

### upper 

### Miocene conglomerate, shale, 

### and sandstone, underlain 

### by Lower Cretaceous limestone (Joleaud, 1914). 

### The sample, probably 

### from the 

### main spring 

### (Grande Cascade), 

### was collected 

### and analyzed 

### by Guigue 

### and Betier (1951); 183

## ppm CO3 was reported 

### but is here converted to equivalent 

### HCOj.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS

Table 26.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### thermal waters that 

### are 

### probably entirely 

### meteoric 

### in origin 

# F55

1 

### Bowers, 

### Washoe County, 

### Nev.


### March 8, 1954 ! Gar-

,

### Ark. I f 4 5

Plomblers, 

### France



### Aug. 25, 1952 6 

### Hot Springs land 

### County 

## Warm Springs, 

### Meriwether 

### County, Ga. 

### June 13, 1935 Kristenes, 

### Akureyri area, Iceland

Aug., 1949 

### Yuzawa Fukushima

Prefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan
1951

SiOi 

## ppm

44 

### epm 

## ppm 46 } 2 47 5.1 4.8 1.6 

### Tr 

### epm 

## ppm 23 

### epm 

## ppm 109 

### epm ppm' 90 

### epm 

## ppm 24.2 .6 2.4 .4 11 1.7 

### epm
Al 1 

### Fe { .01 21 12 1.6 3.6 1.2 6.0 1.8 } 55 

### Ca 2.8

1.0 49.4 1.08 0.14 .08 2.13 .01 .01 2.35 .42 .21 .04 1.05 1.0 .07 .09 0.30 .15 2.39 4.9 .3

( 81 \ 5.3 0.24 .02 3.52 .14 0.12 

# Mg .03 

## Na .48 

# K .04 Li

2.37 3.02 2.21 2.84 3.92 0.67

34 26 35 5.4 168 118 46

24 49 13.7 85

76 6.8 17 1.1 9.4 5.6 

## HCOi 0.56

.86 .73 .15 2.75 1.93 0.75

.80 1.02 .37 .04 1.39 0.28 

### COj .04 

### 80«

- 7.8

2.5

.4 .08 .3 .16 .07 7.3 1.8 .1 .1 «.l .15 .05 .01 .00 .00 1.58

.19 .20 

### CI .16 

## F 

## NOs .01 .00 

### PO4 

## B -. .2

2.30 2.99 2.14 2.98 3.16 "0.73

198 284 189 306 1359 >74.3

Specific conductance- .micro-mhos, at 25° 

### C_. 242

9.3 47
0.057 .36 .008 .002 16 6.5 267

9.3 75

0.11 .33 '7.5 31

13.57 2.3 7.6

65
0.06 .06 .065 9.4 

### Temperature.. °C.. Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na

- 64

9.8 .11 .33 .0 67 3.1 .0 .0 .0 .12 28

0.22 

## Mg/Ca .16 

## K/Na Li/Na

- 

# HC0 3/C1> 66 4.1 .06 7.3 3.8 .054 13 11 3.4 

### 80«/Cl 1.7 

### F/Cl Br/CI.. I/CI 

### B/Cl .04

> 

### Componentsmentioned in explanation of table.

» Includes

### CO« as

### HCOi. 

# EXPLANATION 

# FOR TABLE 26

1. 

### Main Spring, 

### Bowers

# NWM sec. 3, 

### T. 16 N., 

### R. 19 E., 10 miles south-southwest of 

### Steamboat Springs 

### Washoe County, 

### Nev. (table 17, analysis 3). Discharges 40 to 50gpin 

### from fractures in granodiorite in iootwall ofbasin-range fault, 

### west side of 

### Washoe Valley. 

### Accompanying gas is 

### minor in 

### amount and spring deposits are absent. 

### Analyzed 

### by

## W. W. Brannock, U.S. Oeol. 

### Survey ; LI determination

### byH. 

### Kramer, sample of

### March 8, 1954; analysis not previously published. 2. 

### Big Iron Spring, 

### Garland 

### County, Ark., largest 

### and hottest of the 

### group of hot springs 

### (Haywood and 

### Weed, 1902). Discharges 15 

## gpm from Mississipptan 

### Hot Springs Sandstone, 

### whichoverlies

### DevonianArkansasNovaculite

### andolder Paleozic shale 

### and cherts (Bryan, 1922, p. 426-436). Travertine deposit is as 

## much as 8 feet thick, in places, 

### and contains 

### some manganese oxides (D. F. 

### Hewett, oral

### communication 1957). 

### Tritium 

### (H3 ) contentofthe

### water in

### March 1953 (prior to explosion of first 

### thermonuclear 

### bomb) was 2.5±1.4 

## T/HX10" (Von Buttlar 

### and Libby, 1955, p. 83), 

### which is 

### almost that of surlace water. 

### Thisproves that the 

### water is largely, ifnot entirely, meteoric in origin

### and had
a short subsurface travel time. Analysis of associated gases, evolved in proportion of 19.6 

### cm' per 1 of water, is given in table 28, analysis 40 

### (Haywood and 

### Weed, 1902). Also reported, in 

### ppm; 

## Mn, 0.3; 

### NHi, 0.04; 

### NO2, 0.002; traces of Sr, Ba, Br, 

### and I, 

### andabsence ofAs. 8. 

## Warm Springs, 

### Meriwether County, Ga., east source; discharges 

### about 620

## gpm (Hewett

### andCrickmay, 1937, p. 7, 17, 21). 

### Water Issues 

### from Hollis Quartzite,
overlain 

### by Manchester Schist 

### and underlain 

### by 

### Woodland Gneiss, all Pre- 

### cambrian in age. 

## No spring deposits. 

### Sample analyzed 

### by 

### W. L. 

### Lamar, U.S. Geol. Survey. 

# U (0.6 

### ppb) 

### and

## pH determined 

### by U.S. Geol. 

### Survey from 

### sample collected in 1950. 

### Minor 

### amount of gas 

### accompanies water (see table 28, analysis 41). 4. 

### Flowing well at 

### Reykhusalaug, 

### about 6 miles south of 

### Akureyri innorthern Ice- land; discharges

### about 25

### gpm. Temperatures of small springs are 

### about 

### 45°C (Barth, 1950, p. 127), 

### but higher temperatures are obtained 

### irom wells 

### with greater discharge. 

### Hot water rises along contacts of basic dikes cuttingnearly horizontal earlyTertiary(?)plateau basalts (G. Bodvarsson, written

### communication). 

### Analyzed 

### by S. 

### Hermannson, Iceland State Electricity Authority. 

### Gas analysisgiven in table 28, analysis 42, is

### irom

### same type ol

### water

### fromSydri- Reykir, north of 

### Hvita River in southern Iceland 

### with temperature of 100°C; analyzed

### byB. Lindal, State ElectricityAuthority. 6. 

### Romain Spring, Plombiers, Vosges 

### Mountains, France. Apophyllite, chabazite, opal, chalcedony, tridymite, fluorite, 

### and caicite are reported 

### from pore spaces ofbrick

### andcement of

## Romanbaths built 2,000years ago; crusts

### formed inplaces 

### on 

### masonry surfaces. Glaciated granite 

### bedrock is unaltered (Daubree, 1879; Lovcring, 1950, p. 243). Collected

### byT. S. Lovering, analyzed

### by

## W. W. Brannock, L. Shapiro, 

### and P. 

## W. Scott, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

### who also reported 

### and included in total 10

## ppm of free 

### COj. 

### For analysis of gas of

### Capuchin Spring, Plombiers, see table 28, analysis 43 

### (Moureu, 1906). 

### Nearly 0.3 percent of total gases is

## He (Moureuand Biquard, 1908). 6. 

### Yuzawa, 

### Fukushima Prefecture, 

### Honshu, Japan; discharges 60 

## gpm from Cretaceous(?) granodiroite 

### (Morlmoto, 1954, p. 193; 

### H. Kuno, written

### communication). 

### Analyzed

### by

### FukushimaHygienic Laboratory, 1951, 

### whichalsoreported 

### and included in totals: specific gravity, 1.0001; 

### OH, 0.9

## ppm (0.05 

### epm).

# F56 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 27.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### waters associated 

### with salt 

### deposits 

## and miscellaneous waters of 

### high salinity

L ! 3 4



### Great Salt 

### Lake Desert, Tooele 

### County, 

### Utah 5 6 Searles

### Lake brine, 

### Inyo

### County, Calif. Searles

### Lake brine, 

### InyoCounty, Calif. Bristol

### DryLake, 

### San Bernardino 

### County, Calif. 

### Trona deposit,



### Sweetwater County, 

### Wyo. Feb. 1958 

### Glenwood Springs, Garfield 

### County, Colo. Sept. 9, 1957

SiOj

-- 

## ppm epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm 47

f .00 1 .00 .00 

### epm 

## ppm 35.24 .00 .08 .00 526 77 

## U3 6,630 158.9 1.2 

### epm
Al } 

# » Fe 

# Mn As 198

16 243 

### Ca 0.80 43,300 1,070 962 67,400 3,300 2,160 88.0 21.95 2,600 84.4 1,360 1,720 

### <10 61,600 2,650 1.8 67.9 141.5 .0 2,245 67.8 .26 3.7 4.6 1.6 84,700 158.5 1.3 0.18 .38 26.25 6.3 Sr 

# — Na



## — ' 110,000

26,000 81 19 4,790 665 11.7 1.05 119,000 15,600 30 5, 220. 00 409 4.3 3,684

4.04 .07 .07 288.4 

# K

. 4.04 Li 

## -

- .13 

## NEU 

## —

- .07

5,470 5,630 4,860 2,520 3,690 325

13,800 88,500 752 

## HCOi 227 2,950 12.33 

### COa

-- 1 27, 100 900 

### 38,400 1,280 

### <10 0.0 

# OH

-— 8-» 386

46,000 121,000 15 860 29 24.1 958 3,416.79 10.76 .22 1,810 49, 400 105, 000 15 580 25 112.9 1,029 2,960.79 7.26 .20 

### SO(_. 210 173, 000 4.37 4,880 3,680 86,600 76.6 2,442 167 21,300 18 22 8.6

110 133 0.0 3.48 601.95 .28 .07 1,160 10, 300 1.6 2.4 .3 1.2 .0 .9 24.2 CI

. 

# — — 290 

## F

. .. - .08 

### Br 

### <10 

### <10 .0 .0 .03 I .00 

## NOj .02 

### PO4 922

3,380 19.44 535 4,090 11.28 

## B 

## <3 H2S

- 5,300 

### 5,400 4,880 2,520 3,780 327

'336,000 1 335, 000 279,000 148, 000 209,000 1 19, 600

Specific

### conductance 

### .mlcromhos at 25°

## C

.

_ 103,000 10.0 23 1.204

0.000044 1.2 .0019 .00001 9.6 .0078 .00084 .0010 .00040 .0062 27,800 

## pH 6.6 

### Cold 52 

### Densitv at 20°

## C

- 1.11

0.026 1.3 .061 .00003 .000 .042 1.011 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na

. - - 0.00015 0.75 .025 .057 .079 

## Mg/Ca

- .15 

## K/Na

- .24

.00074 .45 .38 .00012 .0071 .00024 .028 0.13 .00025 .73 .47 .00014 .0055 .00024 .039 .024 

### Li/Na .00014 

### HC03/C1 1

. - .073 

### S0«/C1

- .0012 .11 

### F/Cl .00016 

### Br/CI .000 .000 .0000 .00023 I/Cl .00003 

### B/Cl

-- .00009

7 Salado brine, 

### Lea County, 

### N. 

### Mex.
Sept. 1957 8 Salado brine, 

### Eddy County, 

### N. 

### Mex.
Feb. 7, 1939 9 

### Seep from Salado, 

## Eddy County, 

### N. 

### Mex. July 17, 1958 10 

### Lyons well, 

## Wayne County, 

### N.Y. 

## May 3, 1956 11 

### Aquade

## Ney Spring, Siskiyou 

### County, Calif. Oct. 25, 1957 12 

## Nameand location 

### Budapest well, 

### Hungary

1932

SiOj.

- 

## ppm

7.9 57 '350 126.00 9 56,700 

### epm 

## ppm epm 

## ppm

9.1 2.4 1.0 1.8 .00 430 2,090 140 95,500 3,180 2.8 1.1 

### epm 

## ppm 15.0 14.4 1.2 

### epm 

## ppm 3,400.9 .00 1. 00

1 .00 2.5 .9 1.2 8,710 116 1.5 122 

### epm 

## ppm 11 4.8 .04 .02 

### epm
Al 

### Fe.

. 

## Mn.. As 

### Ca 0.45

4,660 97 38,300 4.80 3,150 21.46 172 2,040 487 13 11,600 107 34(?) 101.8 40.1 .30 505 2.74 4.9 0.12 .07 414 3,430.08 4,070 89.04 20.66 

# Mg 282 Sr .00 

## Na 14,300

23,800 16 68 622 609 2.3 3.77 143,900 2,090 1,910 63.5 4,154 81.40 .06 378.9

2.97 .22 6.76 177.1 

# K 2.28 Li .01 

# NHt Total cations 5,990 6,120 4,430 655 389 482

534 1,380 117 91 4,790 948 1,080 

### HCOj. 8.75 22.6 1.92 1.49 17.7 

### COj 159.7 55.7 

# OH

s-> 

### SO< 6,970

200,000 5.5 1,340 12 5.5 145.1 5,630.29 16.8 .09 .09 222,000 16,800 4,620 474 10,600 157,000 3.1 35 0.6

.00 20 0.0 221 4,430.16 .44 .60 2,650 21,200 1.2 55.2 598.06 172 5,950 2.0 9.2 5.4 10.00 200 400 3.58 167.9 .10 .12 .04 .20 21,300 627 443 CI 17.68 

## F Br .1 .00 I 

## NOs 25.0 .40 4.2 .6 .07 

### PO4.

. .01 

## B 590 

### HiS
Total anions

, , 5,800 5,120 4,650 655 1398 478
Total, asreported

.. 304,000 325,000 269,000 38,300 

### 25,300 31,000



### See footnotes at 

### end of table.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F57

Table 27.

# —Chemical analyses of 

### waters associated 

### with salt 

### deposits 

## and miscellaneous waters of 

### high salinity

# —Continued

7 Salado brine, 

### Lea County, 

### N. 

### Mex.
Sept. 1957 8 Salado brine, 

## Eddy County, 

### N. Mex.
Feb. 7, 1939 9 

### Seep from Salado, 

## EddyCounty, 

### N. Mex. July 17, 1958 10 

### Lyons well, 

## Wayne County, 

### N.Y. 

## May 3, 1956 11 

### Aquade

## Ney Spring, Siskiyou 

### County, Calif. Oct. 25, 1957 12 

### Budapest well. 

### Hungary

1932

Specific 

### conductance..

### mlcromhos at 25°

# C. 83,600

5.2 178,000

6.9 37 1.209

0.0045 4.9 .033 .000029 .00074 .068 .000020 .00022 .000003 .00013 54,000 6.7 10.6 1.027

0.18 .24 .0092 .0029(?) .0043 .13 .00006 29, 700 '10. 9



### Cold 1.018

0.00029 .36 .013 .00017 1.6 .029 .00034 .0015

. 00091 .034 

### Cold 1.346

0.0022 400.048 

### Cold Densityat 20° 

### C.

. 1.263

0.0006 6,000 1.7 .0011 .0027 .035 .000028 .0067 .000060 .0030 Ratios

### byweight: 

### Ca/Na 0.10 

## Mg/Ca 8.3 

## K/Na .022 

### Li/Na

- .00001 

# HC0
S/C1> .082 13 1.7 

### 804/C1 34 

### F/Cl

. Br/CI. .0002 I/Cl 

### B/Cl

i 

### Componentsmentioned inexplanation of table.

» Includes

### COj as

### HCO3. 

# EXPLANATION FOE 

# TABLE 27

1. 

### Composite brine 

### from interstices of 

### "Upper salt" 

### body, 90 feet thick, at Searles Lake, 

### Inyo County, Calif. 

### Probably representative only of brine 

### from lower half of stratified salt layer (G. I. Smith, written 

### communication, 1957) 

### Exact location of 

### sampled wells not 

### known. Analysis 

### by American Potash 

### and Chemical Corp., 

### with 

### major constituents reported as hypothetical 

### combinations; also reported, in

### ppm, and included in totals:

# W 54; 

### Sb 5; 

### Rb, 1;

# Mo 0.7; 

### Ge 0.3. Allcarbonatereportedas

### CO3, although

### some

## maybe

### HCO3. Analysis, not previously published.
2. 

### Composite brine 

### from 

### "Lower salt" 

### body, 40 ft thick, at Searles 

### Lake, 

### Inyo County, Calif. 

### Exact location of 

### sampled wells not 

### known. Analysis 

### by American Potash 

### and Chemical Corp., 

### with 

### major constituents reported as hypothetical combinations; all carbonate reported as 

### COj. Also reported Is 

## W, 31 

### ppm. Analysis not previously published.
3. West-central part of Bristol

### DryLake, 6milessouthof

## Amboyand 1milenorthof celesite saline deposits, 

### San Bernardino 

### County, Calif. 

### Sample from drain- agecanal in salt

### body ofNational Chloride Co. (Dun-ell, 1953, p. 13). Analyst, 

## W. 

## W. Brannock, U.S. Geol. Survey. 4. 

### Composite of 126 brine 

### samples from augerholes few feet

### deep in 

### Great Salt

### Lake Desert, Tooele 

### County, Utah. 

### Most of the brines 

### were interstitial in salt deposits 

### and were analyzed principally for

# K and

# Mg (Nolan, 1927, p. 39). 5. Seep

### fromshale

### immediately

### above

### main 10-ft trona

### bedof

### Intermountain

### Chemical Co. inBridgersubbasin of

### GreenRiver Basin, 

### Sweetwater 

### County, 

### Wyo., 10miles

### west

### and 7milesnorth of

### Green River. Collectingpoint is

### about 1,500 feet 

### below the surface; the trona

### bed is interbedded

### with shale, oil shale, sandstone, limestone, 

### and evaporites of the 900-ft thick 

### Laney Shale 

## Member of the 

### Green River 

### Formation 

### and is 

### about 100 ft 

### above the base of the

## member (Bender 

### Hash, Intermountain 

### Chemical Co., written 

### communication); dis- charge at the site

### was nil at first 

### but then increased, leading 

### Hash to believe this 

### water isnot connate 

### water 

### from the trona deposits 

### but is meteoric

### water from the 

### Tower Sandstone 

## Member of the 

### upper part of the 

### Green River Formation. Collected 

### by Bender 

### Hash and analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Shefley, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180°C, 205,700; Fe, 1.4; Ti, 0.4; Li, 1.1; Sr, 0.6; Ba, 3.1. Analysis not previously

### published. 6. 

### Main spring of

### Glenwood

### Hot Spring

### Lodge, Garfield

### County, Colo. Discharges 

### approximately 1,600 

## gpm from alluvium overlying Cretaceous 

### sedimentary rocks. 

### The Paradox Formation of 

### Lower Pennsylvanlan age, consisting of salt deposits, 

### gypsum, 

### and other interbedded sediments, is believed to occur at depth. 

### Analyzed 

### by H. C. 

### Whitehead and C. E. 

### Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey, 

## who also reported 

## Cu and Pb, each 0.00 

### ppm; Zn, 0.08 

### ppm: NOa, 0.13

### ppm. Spectrographic analysis ofevaporated residue, 

### byNolaB. Shefley, converted to

## ppm inoriginal water; evaporatedresidueat 180° 0, 19,500; Al, 1.2 ;

Fe, 0.1; 

### Cu, 0.02; LI, 1.8; 

### Rb, 0.8; Sr, 13; 

### Ba, 0.4. Analysis 

### not previously published.
7. National 

### PotashCo. mine, seo. 18, T. 20 S., R. 32 E., inCarlsbadarea, 

### LeaCounty, 

### N. 

### Mex. Brine seeping at 1,700-ft 

### depth into

### newworkings 

### from clay

### on bot- 

### tom and lower sides of postore epigenetic halite that has replaced part of the rock salt in

### middle 

### "barren" part of

### Tenth Ore Zone, 650 ft

### below top ofSalado 10

11

12 

### Formation

### and 920 feet 

### below top of

### Upper Permian evaporates (C. L. Jones, U.S. Geol. Survey, written 

### communication). Discharge of 

### about 1/40 

## gpm eventually ceased. Collected 

### by C. L. Jones; analyzed 

### by C. E. 

### Roberson, U.S. Geol. Survey; spectrographic analysis of evaporated residue, 

### byNola B. Shefley, converted to 

## ppm in original water; 

### evaporated residue at 180°O, 422,000; Al, 35; Fe, 350; 

## Mn, 26; 

### Ga, 0.005; Ti, 1.9; Zr, 0.06; Be, 0.002; 

### Cu, 0.5; 

### Pb, 0.04; Co, 0.007; Ni, 0.04; Cr, 0.1; V, 0.08; Li, 3.3; 

### Rb, 33; Cs, 13; Sr, 0.004(?); Ba, 3.4. Analysis not previouslypublished. 

### The brine

### was accompanied

### bya small

### amount ofodorless gas, 

### probablysimilar to gasgiven in table 28, analysis 44, 

### and collected elsewhere in the Salado 

### Formation 

### by Jones. 8. Testwell

### Yates 1, 195 ftdeep,

# SEMSWH sec. 24, T. 25 S., 

### R. 26 E., 

## EddyCounty, 

### N. 

### Mex. Sulfate

### water

### foundat 142

### and 145 ft; afterstanding, 

### waterflowedover casing

### from 142-ft zone. 

### Waterfromevaporitedeposits of

### Permianage, perhaps 

### gypsum and anhydrite of Castile 

### Formation ("lower Salt Series"). 

### Sample collected 

### by

## W. B. 

### Lang, analyzed 

### by

## W. 

## W. Brannock, U.S. Geol. Survey; 

## Na determined

### by difference. Analysisnot previouslypublished. 9. 

### Brine seep in sandbar, halfa foot

### above level of Pecos River, near 

### Malaga, 

## NEJ4

sec. 20, 

### T. 24 S., R. 29 E., 

## EddyCounty, 

### N. 

### Mex. Discharges

### about 0.1 

### gpm; Probablymeteoric

### waterthathas

### come incontact

### withsalinedeposits of

### Salado 

### Formation of 

### Permian age (C. L. Jones, written 

### communication). Collected 

### by C. L. Jones; analyzed

### byH. O. 

### Whitehead, ofU.S. Geol. Survey,

## who also 

### determined 

### Cu, Pb, 

### and 

### NOj, each 0.00 

### ppm. Spectrographic analysis of 

### evaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Shefley, converted to

## ppm in original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 276,500; Fe, 1.4; 

## Mn, 0.8; 

### Cu, 0.6; Li, 1.4; Sr, 40; 

### Ba, 2.5. Analysisnot previouslypublished. Well, 393 ft deep, 

### town of 

### Lyons, 

## Wayne County, N.Y.; penetrated the Salina 

### Formation of Silurianage 

### from depths of 130 to 371 ft; Salina generally consists ofshale, 

### marlysandstone, 

### andimpure limestone, all

### impregnatedinplaces

### with salts. Collected

### byR. Heath; analysis

### byG. F. Scarbro of U.S. Geol. Survey, 

## who reported total 

### Fe and 

## Mn, Zn, each 0.2 

### ppm; Cu, 0.00 

### ppm; Ra, 11 ft/ic per 1; 

### U, 5.9 ppb. Analysisnot previouslypublished. 

### Aqua de

## Ney Spring, Siskiyou 

### County, Calif.; 

### main spring is 5 miles 

### southwest of

## Mount Shasta, 

### on thenorth

### bank of

## Ney Springs 

### Creek of the

## Weed quadrangle. Discharges 

### from serpentine in schistose rock (Waring, 1915, p. 264- 265). Collected

### byJ. 

### Feth

### and S. Rogers; analyzed

### byJ. P. Schuch, U.S. Geol. 

### Survey (Feth, Rogers, 

### and Roberson, 1961). 

### Water is 

### remarkable for its

### very high

## pHand Si02

,

### which

## maybehighest

### on record); analysis verified 5 times at 2 laboratories. Inotherrespects, thewaterstronglyresemblesprobableconnate waters given in table 15. 

### Also

### determined

### andincluded in totals: 

### SOs 439

## ppm (10.89 

### epm); 

### NO?, 0.00 

### ppm; Cu, 0.30 

### ppm; Pb, 0.00 

### ppm; Zn, 0.20 

### ppm; re- ported

# Mn andAs from 1958 sample. 

### John D. 

## Hem determined 

### Eh, —0.11; total 

### CO2, 2,500

### ppm; and SiOj, 3,400

### ppm. Spectrographic analysis ofevaporated residue, 

### by Nola B. Shefley, converted to

## ppm in the original water: evaporated residue at 180° C, 30,400; Al, 3.3; Zr, 0.3; 

### Cu, 0.03; 

### Mo, 0.09; Li, 4; Sr, 0.2; Ba, 1.1. Ferencz 

### Joseph "bitter" mineral 

### water 

### from shallow well in southern or south- western

### suburb of

### Budapest, 

### Hungary. According to

### Vendl (1951, p. 188-196), the

### water

### comesfrom

### middle Oligocene Kiscell Clay. 

### Analyzed

### by J. Jendrassik,

## who alsoreported Ti, 0.01 

### ppm; free 

### COj 15

### ppm.

# F58 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Table 28.

# —

Chemical analyses of 

### gases 

## accompanying or related to 

### waters of tables 

### 12 to 

### 27, 

### in

## volume or 

### mole percent

No. 

### and locality of

### sample Related water analysis 

### Tempera- ture (°C) 

### COj 

## CO CH« CtHo 

### and

re- lated 

### gases 

### Ha 

### HjS SOi 

## NHi Oj 

### N. 

## A He HjBOj Total 

## HiO (mole per- cent
Table Analysis of total gas)

1. 

### Cymric field, 

### Kern Co., Calif 12

13 15

15

16 2 7

11

1 7

12

2 6
6

1
2
3 7 8 9

12

14

2 6

7

3

12

13

1
2

3

4

5

6

7

2

5

7

8 10

1 6
3

5
2

3 4 5

7 

### 60± 73±

20



### Cold 

### 50±

17 

### Cold 

### 65±
95±
90± 

### 80± 95± 95± 95±

98.6 

### 97± 40± 70±

74.8

100 

### 55± 95±
150± 

### 79± 

### 90±

65± 65±

96.0

97.8

161 

### 175±


### 14±

6.6 

### 85±
75± 83±
70± 

### 41± 

### 64± 31± 100 

### 65± 2.10 6.0

.2

1.9 0.2

.5

.0 .2

84.24

95.10

89.20

97.7 80.1 93.8 81.7

3.50

82.73

97.0 80.3

93.43

91.31

94.0

86.3

63.60

93.06

97.40

98.90

77.9

85.8

»66.02

98.3

98.06

89.1

98.6 98.80

89.34 90.6

97.90

93.0

35.4

.59 6.7 1.0

.3 0.0

.0

.00 79.63 85.6

93.9

95.2 99.8

96.5

81.6 66.9

.49

.10

.55 

### <.03 .4 .14 .6

2.07

.11

2.6 18.27 1.0 100.00 100.00

100.00

100.00 100.0

100.02

100.0 99.9

99. 9959

100. 00

100.00

100.15 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.00

100.00

100.0 100.0

100.00

100.00

100.0

100.0

100.10

99.95

100.00

100.1

100.0

100.25
91.00(7)

100.0

99.997

99.7

100.0 100.02

100.00 100.02

100.00

100.0

100.0

100.00 100.1 100.0

100.0 2. Hajduszoboszlo, 

### Hungary. 3. 

### South 

### Kwanto fields, 

### Chiba Prefecture, Japan. 4. Raisin City field, 

### Fresno 

### County, Calif 0.7

.7

1.4 .0 17.7
15.2

.0 .0
'2.9 

### 15.7 32.6

14.74 

### 4.15

16.55

1.6 '17.0 

### 4.1 112.3

> 94. 43
1.65
1.4 

### 16.3

15.83
12.10 

## 4.5

11.9 

### 3.53

6.38 

### U.60

U.OO
1.9
'6.2

»0.19
11.5
1.89

3.0 

### 1.40 1.90
'2.49 

## U.8

•1.65

6.0

'45.1


### 85.50 193.3 88.65

97.1 1.5 .0 0.0
5. 

### Bad Hall, Austria 0.0
6. 

### Hanmer, S. Island, 

## New .12
7. 

### Willow Creek, Shasta 

### County, Calif -. 1.1

.0 .0 1.6

Tr.

.52

.00

1.40

.2 .3 .3 8. 

### Tolsona Spring. 

### Copper 0.0 0.1

.005 .1

.0009 

### River Basin, 

### Alaska

10. 

### Upper Basin, 

### Yellowstone 17 .10

2.30

.03 .2 .06 .1 .55

.00

.5 2.0 1.6 5.3

.00

8.36 11. Norris Basin, 

### Yellowstone

12. 

### Steamboat Springs, .04 

### <.05

99.95 16. Pauzhetsk, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR .— -

17. 

### Well 4/1, Wairakei, 

## New .39

.0 2.37 5.36 0.03 99.96 18. Niland, Imperial 

### County, Calif 18 .0 3.4 20. Nalachevskie, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR

.
1.00

.00 .74

.00

.6

.0

15.29

.20

.20

.10

.0

7.6

24.33 .00

Tr. (7)

7
2.0

1.69

.55

.75

.10

20.1

.4
0)
Present i

.63

.3

.0 .0

.23 .02

.00 21. 

### Ebeco Volcano, Kurile Islands,

## USSR 19 .00

.00

.46 .25

.4

9.8

14.67

.45

.00

.00

.0

.1

.18 5.34 .00

.5 22. 

### Frying 

### Pan Lake, 

## New Zealand 23. 

### White Island, 

## New Zea24. 

### "The Geysers", 

### Sonoma County, Calif 20 1.28

.25

.05(7)

.00

1.1 

### (.14±) 98.06 25. 

### Bumpass Hell, 

### Tehama 0.7 26. Norris Basin, Yellowstone

27. 

## Mud Volcano group, Yel- lowstoneNational Park, 

## Wyo
28. 

### Sulphur Springs, 

### Sandoval

.024 .0


### <.001 29. Uzonskie, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR 30. Koshelevsk, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR 31. 

### Steamboat Springs, 

### Washoe County, 

### Nev. 32. 

### Well 6, Wairakei, 

## New 21 .1

.2 .12

7.0

.0 .05 .06 .007 99.49 33. Essentuki, Caucasus, 

## USSR 22 1.04 '.06 34. 

### Malkinsk, 

### Kamchatka, 

## USSR 35. 

### Te Aroha,

## New Zealand

. .02 .30 36. 

### Sulphur 

### Bank, 

### Lake 23 7.94

6.6

.00 Present 37. 

### Ngawha, 

## New Zealand 1.0

.00

1.0 38. 

## Mammoth, Yellowstone 25 .45 39. Lysuholl, Snaefellsnes,

40. 

### Hot Springs, 

### Garland 26 .0 19.5

13.91 41. 

## Warm Springs, 

### Meri0.

0.0 42. Svdri-Revkir, Iceland

. .0 

# <1 99.85 43. Plombiers, 

### France

. 8.90

.8 1.45

.2 .3

.0 44. Salado 

### Fm., 

### Lea County, 

### N. 

## Mex 27 1.4 .2 .0 .0



### Includes inert gasesnot reported. » Includes

### HjS as well as 

### COj.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F59

Table 29.

# —

Approximate median ratios 

## and contents, 

### byweight, of

### analyses in tables 

### 12 to 

### 26, 

## compared to 

### oceanwater

Table 

## Number ofanalyses 

### Ca/Na 

## Mg/Ca 

## K/Na Li/Na 

### •HCOj/Cl 

### SCVC1 F/Cl Br/CI I/Cl 

### B/Cl Total
re- ported 

## ppm SiOi 

### (ppm) Total reported 

# N as 

## NH« 

## pH

0.038

.04 .3

.05 .2

.03 .06 .8 1.5 1.

.05

.04

.5
1..2 3.2

.4 .15

.5 .1

.06 .1 .3 .4 .2

.6

.5

.3 .3 .2 0.036

.015 .02

.03 .05

.10 .13 .2 .4 .4

.02

.03

.07 .15 .1 0. 00001

.0003 .0002

.0003 .0005

.006 .002 .01 .00 .005

.002

.001

.001 .001 0.0074

.02 .001

.2 .03

.1 .3 .00 .00 50.

5.

2.

.3 .2 15. 0.14

.0005 .0008

.002 .005

.1 .06 .7 400. 10.

.05

.4

.5 1.4 4. 0.00007

.0002 .00002

.0003 .00005

.002 .001 .01 .03 .0

.001

.006

.02 .01 .06 0.0034

.003 .005

.0015 .002

.0015 .003 .0006 .004 0.000003

.002 .00008

.002 .0001

.0000 .0006 .0000 .000 0.00024

.003 .0002

.015 .0005

.02 .01 .01 .3 .4

.1

.1

.002 .02 .1 34,500
30,000 120,000

20,000 20,000

2,000 10, 000 9,000 2,000 500
12,000

3,000
2,000 2,000 200 7
30 10

30 25

300 110 300 200 70

80

90

60 60 60 0.05

40 200

40 7


## 1± 1± 6 30 

## 1±

5

20 

## 1±
1 8.0 Oil-fleld brines: 

### NaCltype 12

13

15 16

17 18 19 20 21

22

23

23 25 26 

# a 13

12 15

14 8 13 11 5

10

6

6 6 6 7 

### Na-Ca-Cl type 6.7 Springs that

## may contain connate water: 

## NaCl type. 7.8 

### Na-Ca-Cl type 7 1 Springs that

## may contain volcanic water: 8 4 7 ? 

### Acid S0«-C1 type 2.2 

### Acid 

### SO< type 1 9 

### Acid

### HCO3-SO4 type 7 n Springs that

## maycontain

### metamorphicwater, 

### NaHCO-boron type.. Miscellaneous waters: Springs associated 

### with mercury deposits .002

.002

.001 .003 .002

.003

.000 .000 6.8

7.0 Springsassociated

### with

### manganese

### and tungsten deposits Springs depositing travertine... 6.8 6.6 9 ?.

' Includes 

### COi as equivalent

### HCOj. 

# REFERENCES CITED

Allen, 

### E. T., 

## andDay, A. L., 

### 1927, 

## Steamwells

## and other

## thermal activity 

### at 

# "The Geysers", California: 

## Carnegie Inst. 

## Washington Pub. 378, 

## 106 p. 

### 1935, 

# Hot springs of 

### the 

## Yellowstone 

## National 

## Park: Carnegie Inst. 

## Washington Pub. 466, 

## 525 p. 

### Alexander, 

## G. B., 

### 1957, 

# The effect 

### of particle size 

## on the solubility 

### of 

## amorphous silica 

### in 

### water: Jour. 

## Phys. 

## Chemistry,

v. 

### 61, p. 

## 1563-1564. 

## Anderson, C. 

# C, and Hinson, 

## H. H., 1951, 

## Helium-bearing natural gases of 

### the 

## United States: 

### U.S. 

## Bur. 

## Mines Bull. 

### 486, 

### 141 p. 

## Anderson, 

## R. V., 

## and Pack, 

## R. W., 1915, 

## Geology 

## and oil 

### re-


### sources of 

### the 

## west border of 

### the 

## San Joaquin Valley 

## north of 

### Coalinga, California: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 

### 603, 

## 220 p. 

## Bacon, R. F., 

### 1907, 

# The crater 

### lakes of 

## Taal Volcano: Philip

### pine Jour. Sci., 

## Gen. Sci., 

### v. 2, 

### p. 

## 115-127. Bailey, 

### E. H., 1946, 

### Quicksilver deposits of 

### the 

## western 

# Mayacmas district, 

# Sonoma County, California: 

### California Jour. 

## Mines 

## and Geology, v. 

### 42, 

### no. 3, 

### p. 

## 199-230. Bailey, 

### E. H., 

## and White, 

## D. E., 

### 1957, 

# Mud volcanoes 

## near 

## Branscomb, 

## Mendocino County, California: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., v. 

### 68, p. 

### 1818. 

## Banwell, C. J., 

### 1955, 

## Geothermal 

## steam for 

## power in 

# New Zealand. VI. 

### Physical investigations: 

# New Zealand Dept. Sci. 

## and Indus. 

## Research Bull. 117, p. 

### 45-74. 

## Banwell, C. J., 

## Cooper, E. R., 

## Thompson, G. E. K., 

## and McCree, 

## K. J., 

### 1957, 

## Physic3 of 

### the 

# New Zealand thermal area: 

# New Zealand Dept. Sci. 

## and Indus. 

## Research Bull. 123, 

## 109 p. 

### Barth, T. F. 

## W., 1950, 

## Volcanic geology, 

## hot springs, 

## and geysers of 

### Iceland: 

## Carnegie Inst. 

## Washington Pub. 587, 

## 174 p. 

### Bastin, 

### E. S., 

## and Laney, F. B., 

### 1918, 

# The genesis of 

### the ores 

### at 

## Tonopah: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Prof. 

## Paper 104, p. 

### 26-30. 

## Baver, L. D., 

### 1956, Soil 

### physics, 

## 3d ed.: 

# New York, 

## John Wiley 

## and Sons, 

## 489 p. 

### Becker, 

## G. F., 

### 1888, 

## Geology of 

### the quicksilver of 

### the Pacific 

### slope: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

# Mon. 13, 

### p. 

## 251-269. 

## Beckman, 

## H. 

# C, and Hinchey, 

## N. S., 

### 1944, 

# The large 

### springs of 

### Missouri: 

## Missouri Geol. 

## Survey 

## and 

## Water Resources,

v. 

### 29, ser. 2, 

### 141 p. 

## Bemmelen, R. 

# W. van, 1949a, 

## Geology of 

### Indonesia: 

# TheHague,

Govt. Printing Office, 

## Gen. Geology, v. 

### 1A, p. 

## 215-218; 

## Econ. Geology, v. 2, 

## 265 p. 

### 1949b, Bulletin of 

### the 

## East Indian Volcanological 

## Survey for 

### the 

## year 1941: Bull. 

### 95-98, 

## 110 p. 

## Berthon, L., 

### 1927, 

## Etude sur les 

### sources 

## thermominerales de la 

### Tunisie; 

### regions 

## de 

## Gabes et 

## de Tunis: Tunis, Serv. 

## des 

## Mines et 

## de la 

## Carte Geol., pt. 1, 

## 177 p. 

## Bond, G. W., 1946, 

# A geochemical 

## survey of 

### the 

## underground water supplies of 

### the 

## Union of 

## South Africa: 

## South Africa Geol. 

## Survey

# Mem. 41, 

## 208 p. 

## Boynton, D., 

## and Reuther, 

## W., 1938, 

# A way of 

## sampling soil 

### gases in 

## dense subsoil 

## and 

## some of its 

## advantages 

## and limitations: Soil Sci. 

### Soc. 

# Am. Proc, v. 3, 

### p. 

### 37-42. 

## Brannock, 

# W. W., Fix, 

### P. F., 

### Gianella, 

### V. P., 

## and White, 

## D. 

# E„ 1948, 

## Preliminary

## geochemical results 

### at

## Steamboat Springs, 

## Nevada: 

# Am. Geophys. 

## Union Trans., v. 29, p. 

## 211-226. 

## Braun, 

## Max, 1872, 

## Ueber einige 

### Erzlagerstatten 

### der 

## Provinz Constantine: 

## Deutsch geol. 

### Gesell. 

### Zeitschr., v. 24, pt. 1, 

### p. 

### 30-44. Brice, J. 

# C, 1953, 

## Geology of 

## Lower Lake quadrangle, California: 

### California 

### Div. 

## Mines Bull. 166, 

## 72 p. 

### Brotzen, F., 

## and Assarsson, G., 

### 1951, 

### Brines in 

## Mesozoic strata, 

### Scania, 

## Sweden: Internat. 

## Union Geod. 

## and Geophys. Assoc. Sci. 

## Hydrol. 

## Pub. 33, p. 

## 222-223. Bruce, 

### E. L., 

### 1941, 

## Concentrated saline 

## water 

## from Sturgeon River gold 

## mines: 

## Royal Soc. 

## Canada Trans., ser. 3, 

### sec. 4,



### v. 

### 35, p. 

### 25-29. 

## Bryan, Kirk, 1922, 

# The hot-water 

## supply of 

### the 

# Hot Springs, 

## Arkansas: Jour. 

## Geology, v. 30, p. 

## 425-449. 

## Burbank, 

# W. S., 

### 1950, 

## Problems of 

### wall-rock alteration in 

### shallow volcanic 

## environments, in 

## Applied geology, 

### a 

## symposium: Colorado School 

## Mines Quart., v. 45, 

### no. 

### IB, p. 

## 287-319. 

## Burk, C. A., 

### 1952, 

# The Big 

# Horn hot springs at 

## Thermopolis, 

# Wyoming, in 

# Wyoming Geol. Assoc. 

## Guidebook, 7th 

## Ann. Field Conf., 

### 1952: p. 

### 93-95. Byers, F. 

## M., Jr., 

## and Brannock, 

# W. W., 1949, 

### Volcanic activity


## on

# UmnakandGreat Sitkin Islands, 

## 1946-48: 

# Am. Geophys. 

## Union Trans., v. 

### 30, 

### no. 5, 

### p. 

## 719-734.

# F60 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Caglar, 

## Kerim Omer, 1948, 

## Turkiye

# maden sulari 

## ve kaplicalari 

### [Turkish 

## Mineral 

## Waters 

## and 

## Thermal Springs]: 

# Maden tetkik 

## ve 

## arame enstitusu 

### yayinlarindan, ser. 

### B., 

### no. 11, 

### pt. 2, 

### p. 

### 1-320. 

### Callaghan, 

## Eugene, 

## and Thomas, H. E., 

### 1939, 

## Manganese in 

### a 

## thermal spring in 

### west-central 

## Utah: Econ. Geology, v. 

### 34,


### no. 8, 

### p. 

## 905-920. 

## Cederstrom, 

## D. J., 

### 1945, 

## Geology 

## and ground-water resources of 

### the 

### Coastal Plain in 

### southeastern Virginia
: 

### Virginia 

### Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 63, 

## 384 p. 

### 1950, 

## Geology 

## and ground-water resources of St. 

### Croix, 

### Virgin Islands: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey

## Water-SupplyPaper 1067, 

## 117 p. 

### Chajec, 

## W., 1949, 

### Iodine 

## and bromine in 

### brines 

## frompetroleum boreholes: 

### Nafta, v. 5, 

### p. 

## 366-372 [in 

### Polish]. 

## Chebotarev, I. I., 

### 1955, 

## Metamorphism of 

### natural 

## waters in 

### the
crust of 

## weathering: 

## Geochim. et 

## Cosmochim. Acta, v. 8,


### nos. 1-2, p. 

## 22-48; no. 3, 

### p. 

## 137-170; no. 4, 

### p. 

### 198-212. Clarke, F. 

## W., 1924a, 

## The composition of 

### river 

## and lake 

## waters of 

### the 

## United States: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Prof. 

## Paper 135, 

## 199 p. 

### 1924b, 

## The data of 

### geochemistry, 

## 5th ed.: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 

### 770, 

## 841 p. 

### Coats, 

## R. R., 

### 1940, 

### Propylitization 

## and related 

## types of 

### altera- 

### tion

## on the

## ComstockLode [Nevada]: 

## Econ. Geology, v. 

### 35,


### no. 1, 

### p. 

### 1-16. Corti, 

### Hercules, 

## and Camps, Jose, 

### 1930, 

## Contribucion al 

### estudio 

## de las 

## aguas de la 

## Republica Argentina: Argentina, Dir. 

## Gen. Minas, Geol. Hidrol. 

## Pub. 84, 

## 400 p. 

## Crawford, J. 

### G., 

### 1940, Oil-field 

## waters of 

# Wyoming and their 

### relation 

### to geological 

### formations: 

# Am. Assoc. 

## Petroleum Geologists Bull., 

### v. 24, 

### no. 7, 

### p. 

## 1214-1329. 1942, Oil-field 

## waters of 

# Montana plains: 

# Am. Assoc. 

## Petroleum Geologists Bull., 

### v. 

### 26, 

### no. 8, 

### p. 

## 1317-1374. 1949, 

## Water analysis (characteristics of oil-field 

## waters of

## RockyMountain region), 

### in

## Subsurface geologic

## methods: Colorado School 

## Mines Quart., v. 

### 44, 

### no. 3, 

### p. 

### 188-210. 

## Dambergris, A. K., 1896, 

## Die

## neuenheissen

## Quellen

## vonAedipsos 

## und Gialtra, 

## enstanden 

## beim Lokrischen 

## Erdbeben 1894: 

## Tschermaks min. 

## u petrog. Mittheil., v. 15, 

### p. 

## 385-393. 

## Darton, 

## N. H., 1906, 

## Thehot springs 

### at 

## Thermopolis, 

# Wyoming:
Jour. 

## Geology, v. 14, 

### p. 

### 194-200. 

## Daubree, Auguste, 1879, 

## Etudes synthetiques 

## de geologie experi- 

### mentales: Paris, 

## Dunod, 828 p. 

## Day, A. L., 

## and Allen, 

### E. T., 

### 1925, 

## The volcanic activity 

## and hot springs of 

## Lassen 

## Peak [California]: 

## Carnegie Inst. 

## Washington Pub. 360, 

## 190 p. 

## Degens, E. T., 

### Williams, 

### E. G., 

## and Keith, 

# M. L., 

### 1957, 

## Geochemical criteria 

### for 

### distinguishing

## marine 

## from fresh-water shales: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., v. 

### 68, p. 

### 1715. 

## Deprat, Jacques, 1903, 

## Note preliminaire 

### sur la 

### geologie 

## de
l'lsle 

## d'Eubee: Soc. 

### Geol. 

## France Bull., ser. 4, 

### v. 3, 

### p. 

## 229-243. Dickson, F. 

## W., Tunnell, G., 

## Lawrence, E. F., 

## and Horton, R., 

### 1957, 

## Deposition of

## mercuric sulfide 

### at

# AmedeeHot Springs, California: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., 

### v. 68, p. 

### 1822. 

## Dingman, R. J., 

## Ferguson, 

## H. F., 

## and Martin, 

## R. O. R., 

### 1956, 

# The water resources of 

## Baltimore 

## and Harford Counties: 

## Maryland Dept. Geology, 

## Mines, 

## and Water Resources Bull. 17, 

## 233 p. 

## Dingman, R. J., 

## and Meyer, Gerald, 1954, 

# The ground-water
resources, 

### in 

# The water resources of 

# Howard and 

## Montgomery Counties: 

## Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines, 

## and 

## Water Resources Bull. 14, 

### p. 

## 1-139 Durrell, Cordell, 

### 1953, 

### Geological investigations of 

## strontium

deposits in 

## southern California: 

### California 

### Div. 

## Mines Spec. 

## Rept. 32, 

## 48 p. 

# Emmons, S. F., 

### ed., 

### 1893, 

### Geological 

## guidebook for

## an excursion to 

### the 

# Rocky Mountains: Internat. 

### Geol. 

### Cong., 5th, 

## Washington 1891, 

## Comptes rendus, p. 

### 386. 

# Emmons, 

# W. H., 1931, 

## Geology of

### petroleum, 

## 2d ed.: 

# NewYork, 

## McGraw-Hill 

# Book Co., Inc., 

## 736 p. 

## Emszt, 

## Kalman, 1928, 

## Vorausgehende 

## Untersuchung des 

## Hajduszobloszloer 

## Thermalwassers: Hidrologiai 

## Kozlony,

v. 

### 4-6, p. 

### 146. 

### Everhart, 

## D. L., 

### 1946, 

### Quicksilver deposits 

### at 

### the 

## Sulphur

# Bank mine, 

## Lake County, California: 

### California 

### Jour. 

## Mines 

## and Geology, v. 42, 

### no. 2, 

### p. 

### 125-153. 1950, 

## Skaggs Springs quicksilver 

## mine, 

# Sonoma County, California: 

### California 

### Jour. 

## Mines 

## and Geology, v. 

### 46, 

### no. 3, 

### p. 

## 385-394. Falini, F., 

### 1951, 

## Rilevaminto geologico della 

## zonaNord-occidentale 

### dei 

## campi Flegrei: 

### Soc. Geol. Italiana Boll., 

### v. 

### 69, p. 

## 211-264. Farr, 

### C. 

# C, and Rogers, 

# M. N., 

### 1929, 

## Helium in

# New Zealand: 

# New Zealand Jour. Sci. 

## and Technology, v. 10, 

### no. 5, 

### p. 

## 300-308. Fenner, C. N., 1936, 

### Bore-hole investigations in 

## Yellowstone 

## Park: Jour. 

## Geology, v. 

### 44, 

### no. 2, 

### pt. 2, 

### p. 

## 225-315. 

## Ferguson, 

## G. E., 

## Lingham, C. 

## W., Love, S. 

### K., 

## andVernon, 

## R. O., 

### 1947, 

### Springs of 

### Florida: 

### Florida Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 

### 31, 

## 196 p. 

### Feth, J. 

### H., 

### Rogers, S. 

## M., 

## and Roberson, C. E., 

### 1961, 

# Aqua de 

## Ney, California, 

### a spring of 

## unique chemical character: 

## Geochim. et 

## Cosmochim. Acta, v. 

### 22, p. 

### 75-86. 

## Fleming, C. A., 

### 1945, 

## Hydrothermal activity of 

## Ngawha, North Auckland: 

# New Zealand Jour. Sci. 

## and Technology, v. 26,
p. 

## 255^276. 

## FomicheV, 

# M. M., 1948, 

# The Chokrak hydrogen sulfide 

### springs 

## [Chokrakskie 

## Serovodorodnye Istochniki]: 

## Trudy, F. P., 

### Savarenskii 

## Lab. Gidrogeol. 

## Problem 1., 

### p. 

## 221-232 [in 

### Russian]. Foster, 

# M. D., 

### 1950, 

## The origin 

### of 

### high 

## sodium bicarbonate 

## waters in 

### the Atlantic 

## and Gulf Coastal Plains: 

## Geochim.
et 

## Cosmochim. Acta, v. 1, 

### p. 

### 33-48. Fresenius, L., 

## and Fresenius, R., 

### 1936, 

# Neue Untersuchungen einiger 

## Wiesbaden Quellen: 

## Nassauischer Ver. 

### Naturk., 

## Wiesbaden, Jahrb., v. 83, p. 

### 28-35. 

## Friedmann, A., 

### 1913, 

## Analysen 

## de 

## Thermalwasser einiger 

### ber- 

## uhmter Quellen Palastinas: 

## Chemiker-Zeitung, v. 37, p. 

## 1493-1494. Garrels, 

## R. M., 1960, 

## Mineral equilibria 

### at 

## low temperature 

## and pressure: 

# New York, 

## Harper 

## and Bros., 

## 254 p. 

### Garrels, 

## R. M., 

## Thompson, 

# M. E., 

## and Siever, 

### R., 

### 1960, Stability of 

## some carbonates at 

### 25° 

# C and one 

## atmosphere total 

### pressure: 

# Am. Jour. Sci., 

### v. 

### 258, p. 

## 402-418. George, 

## R. D., Curtis, 

## H. A., 

### Lester, 

### O. 

# C, Crook, J. 

### K., 

## and Yeo, J. 

### B., 

### 1920, 

## Mineral waters of 

## Colorado: 

## Colorado Geol. 

## Survey 

## BuU. 11, 

## 474 p. 

### Gianella, 

### V. P., 

### 1939, 

## Mineral deposition at 

## Steamboat Springs, 

## Nevada: Econ. Geology, v. 

### 34, p. 

## 471-472. 

## Grange, L. I., 

### 1937, 

# The geology of 

### the 

## Rotorua-Taupo subdivision, 

## Rotorua

## and

# Kaimanawa divisions: 

# New Zealand Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 37, 

## 138 p. 

### 1955, 

## Geothermal steam for

## power in

# New Zealand: 

# New Zealand Dept. Sci. 

## and Indus. 

## Research Bull. 

### 117, p. 

### 1-102. 

## Greenberg, S. 

### A., 

## and Price, 

### E. 

## W., 1957, 

## The solubility 

### of
silica 

### in 

### solutions of 

### electrolytes: 

### Jour. 

## Phys. Chemistry, v. 61, p. 

## 1539-1541.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS F61

Greenman, D. W., 1955, 

## Ground water resources of 

## Bucks County, Pennsylvania: 

## Pennsylvania Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 

## Wll, ser. 4, 

### 66 p. 

### Griffin, 

# W. C., 

## Watkins, F. A., Jr., 

## and Swenson, 

## H. A., 

### 1956, 

## Water resources of 

### the Portland, 

## Oregon, 

## and Vancouver, Washington, area: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Circ. 

### 372, 

## 45 p. Grill, 

### Rudolf, 1952, 

## Neue Jodwasser 

## Bohrungen in 

# Bad Hall: 

### Austria Geol. 

## Bundesanst., Verh., 

### no. 2, 

### p. 

### 85-92. 

## Guigue, 

## Simone, 

## and Betier, 

### G., 

### 1951, 

## Les sources 

## thermominerales 

## de 1'Algerie: 

### Internat. 

## Union Geod. Geophys., Assoc. Sci. 

### Hydrol., 

### Oslo 1948, v. 3, 

### p. 

### 117-120. 

## Hague, Arnold, 

## and others, 

### 1899, 

## Geology of 

### the 

## Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

# Mon. 32, pt. 2, 

## 893 p. 

### Hall, 

## G. M., 1934, 

## Ground-water in 

### southeastern 

## Pennsylvania: 

## Pennsylvania Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 

## W2, ser. 4, 

## 255 p. 

## Hauser, R. E., 

### 1953, 

## Geology

## andmineral resources of 

### the Paintsville 

### quadrangle, 

## Kentucky: 

## Kentucky Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 13, ser. 9, 

## 80 p. 

## Haywood, J. 

### K., 

## and Weed, 

# W. H., 1902, 

# The hot springs of 

## Arkansas: U.S. 

## 57th Cong., lstsess., 

## Senate 

## Doc. 282, 

## 94 p. 

## Headden, 

# W. P., 

### 1905, 

## TheDoughty Springs, 

### a

## group of

## radiumbearing springs, 

## Delta 

## County, Colorado: 

## Colorado Sci. 

### Soc. 

## Proc, v. 8, 

### p. 

### 1-30. 

## Healy, J., 

### 1942, 

## Boron in 

## hot springs at 

## Tokaanu, 

## Lake Taupo: 

# New Zealand Jour. Sci. 

## and Technology, v. 24, 

### no. 

### IB, p. 

### 1-17. 

# Hem, J. 

### D., 

### 1959a, 

## Study 

## and interpretation of 

### the 

## chemical characteristics 

### of 

### natural 

## water: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey

## WaterSupply 

## Paper 1473. 

### 1959b, 

## Chemistry of 

### iron in 

### natural water. 

# A survey of ferrous-ferric 

## chemical equilibria

## and redox potentials: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Water-Supply Paper 

## 1459—

A, p. 

### 1-32. 

### 1960a, 

## Chemistry of 

### iron in 

### natural water. 

### Restraints


## on dissolved ferrous iron 

## imposed 

## by bicarbonate, 

## redox potential 

## and 

# pH: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Water-Supply Paper 1459-B, p. 

### 33-55. 1960b, 

## Chemistry of iron in 

### natural water. 

# Some rela- 

### tionships 

# among sulfur 

### species 

## and dissolved ferrous iron: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

## Water-Supply Paper 1459-C, p. 

### 57-73. 1960c, 

## Chemical equilibrium 

## diagrams for 

## ground water systems: Internat. 

### Assoc. Scientific 

## Hydrology Bull. 19, p. 

### 45-53. 1961, Stability field 

## diagrams as aids in 

### iron 

## chemistry studies: 

# Am. Water 

## Works Assoc. Jour., v. 

### 53, p. 

### 211-232. 

## Henderson, John, 1938, 

## Te Aroha thermal water: 

# New Zealand Jour. Sci. 

## and Technology, v. 19, p. 

## 721-731. 1944, 

## Cinnabar at 

## Puhipuhi 

## and 

## Ngawha, North Auckland: 

# New Zealand Jour. Sci. 

## and Technology, v. 

### 26, 

### no. 2, 

### p. 

### 47-60. 

## Henderson, John, 

## and Bartrum, J. 

### A., 

### 1913, 

## The geology of 

### the 

## Aroha subdivision, 

## Hauraki, 

## Auckland: 

# New Zealand Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 16. 

## Hendrickson, G. E., 

## and Jones, 

### R. S., 

### 1952, 

## Geology

## andgroundwater resources of

# Eddy County, 

# New Mexico: 

# NewMexico Bur. 

## Mines 

## and Mineral 

## Resources 

## Ground-

## Water Rept. 3, 

## 169 p. 

## Hewett, 

## D. F., 

## and Crickmay, G. 

## W., 1937, 

# The

# warm springs of 

### Georgia, their 

### geologic relations 

## and origin; 

### a 

# summary report: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Water-Supply 

## Paper 819, 

## 40 p. 

## Himstedt, F., 

### 1907, 

## Deutsches 

## Baderbuch: Bearbeitet 

## unter 

## Mitwirkung des Kaiserlichen 

## Gesundheitsamtes, civ., 

## 535 p. 

## Hudson, F. S., 

## and Taliaferro, 

## N. L., 

### 1925, 

## Calcium chloride 

### waters 

## from certain oil fields 

### in

## Ventura County, California :



# Am. Assoc. 

## Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 9, 

### no. 7, 

### p. 

## 1071-1088. 

## Hutchinson, G. E., 

### 1957, 

# A treatise 

## on limnology, 

## volume 1,



## Geography, Physics, 

## and chemistry: 

# New York, 

## John Wiley 

## and Sons, 

## 1015 p. 

### Ikeda, 

## Nagao, 1949, 

## Geochemical studies 

## on the 

## hot springs of 

## Arima I. 

## General observations: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 

### 70, p. 

## 328-329 [in 

### Japanese]. 1955a, 

## Chemical studies 

## on the 

## hot springs of 

## Arima III, 

### IV. 

## Chemical composition of 

## Tenmangu-no-yu spring, 

## Arima spa: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 

### 76, p. 

## 716-721 [in 

### Japanese]. 

### 1955b, 

## Chemical studies 

## on the 

## hot springs of 

## Arima
VII. Investigations 

## on the 

## Tenmangu-no-yu spring, 

## Arima
area: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 

### 76, 

### no. 10, 

### p. 

## 1079-1082
[in 

### Japanese]. Ishizu, 

### Risaku, 1915, 

# The mineral springs of 

## Japan, 

## with tables of 

### analyses, radioactivity, etc.: 

# Tokyo Imperial 

## Hygienic Lab. Quart., pt. 1, 

### p. 

### 1-94, pt. 2, p. 

### 1-203, pt. 3, 

### p. 

## 1-70 [in 

### Japanese]. 

## Ivanov, V. V., 

### 1957, 

# The present 

## hydrothermal activity of 

## the 

## volcano 

## Ebeko on the Island of 

## Paramushir: 

## Geokhimiya,

no. 1, 

### p. 

## 63-76 [in 

### Russian]. 

### 1958a, 

## The principal regularities 

### of 

## the 

## formation 

## and distribution of 

### the 

## thermal waters of 

## Kamchatka: Akad. 

# Nauk SSSR, 

## Trudy Lab. Vulkanologii, v. 13, 

### p. 

## 186-211
[in 

### Russian]. 

### 1958b, 

# The fundamental stages of 

## hydrothermal activity of 

# Kamchatka and Kurile Islands 

## volcanoes 

## and the asso- 

### ciated 

### types of 

## thermal waters: 

## Geokhimiya, no. 5, p. 

## 473- 485 [in 

### Russian]. 

## Jana6ek, J., 

## and Jan&k, J., 

### 1956, 

## Hydrogeologic 

## and geochemical studies of 

### the 

## emergence of 

## hydrogen sulfide-containing 

### mineral 

## waters at 

# Bad Smrdaky, Slovakia: Geol. 

## Prace [Bratislava], v. 5, p. 

## 62-107 [in 

### Czech, 

## with 

# German summary]. Joleaud, L., 

### 1914, 

## Notice g^ologique sur

# Hammam Meskoutine (Algerie)
: 

### Soc. 

### Geol. 

## France Bull., ser. 4, v. 14, p. 

## 423-434. Jones, J. 

# C, 1912, 

# The occurrence of stibnite 

### at 

## Steamboat Springs, 

## Nevada: Science, v. 

### 35, p. 

## 775-776. 

## Juan, V. 

# C, 1956, 

## Physiography

## and geology of 

## Taiwan: Pacific Sci. 

### Cong., 

### 8th [Quezon, Philippines]., 

## Proc, v. 2, 

### p. 

## 281- 312. 

## Katz, Karol, 1928, 

## Analizy solanek 

## wglebnych i 

# wod rzecznych regjonu 

## Boryslawskiego

: 

## Karpacka stacja 

### geologiczna, Bull. 17, 

## 52 p. 

### Kelley, 

### V. 

# C, and Soske, J. L., 

### 1936, 

### Origin of

### the Saltonvolcanic 

## domes, Salton Sea, California: 

### Jour. 

## Geology, v. 

### 44, 

### no. 4,


### p. 

## 496-509. Kelly, 

### Clyde, 

## and Anspach, E. V., 

### 1913, 

# A preliminary 

## study of 

### the

## waters of 

### the

## Jemez Plateau, 

# New Mexico: 

# NewMexico Univ. Bull. 71, 

## Chem. ser. 1, 

### no. 1, 

### 73 p. 

## Kent, L. E., 

### 1949, 

# The thermal waters of 

### the 

## Union of 

## South Africa 

## and South 

## West Africa: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## South Africa, 

## Proc, v. 

### 52, p. 

## 231-264. 1951, 

# The thermal 

## water of 

### the 

## Union of 

## South Africa 

## and South 

## West Africa: 

### Internat. 

## Geod. 

## and Geophys. Union, 

## Assoc Sci. 

### Hydrol., 8th, 

## Oslo 1948, v. 3, 

### p. 

## 201-228. 

## Kimura, Kenjiro, 1953, 

# On the utilization 

### of

## hot springs in

## Japan: Pacific Sci. 

### Cong., 7th, 

# New Zealand 1949, 

## Proc, v. 2,


### p. 

## 500-504. 

## Kimura, Kenjiro, 

## and Shima, 

## Makoto, 1954, 

### Relationships 

## between hot springs 

## and ore veins; [pt.] 

### 3

# —An example of 

## geochemical research at 

### the 

# Akan manganese mine, 

## Hokkaido: Sci. 

## Research Inst. 

## Rept. 

## [Kagaku 

## Kenkyujo Hokoku], v. 

### 30, p. 

## 144-148 [in 

### Japanese].

# F62 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Kimura, K., 

## Yokoyama, Y., 

## and Ikeda, N., 1955, 

## Geochemical studies 

## on the 

## minor constituents in 

## mineral springs of 

## Japan: Assoc. Inst. 

## Hydrol. Sci. 

## Assemblie gen., 

# Rome 1954, 

## Pub. 37, p. 

## 200-210. 

## Komlev, L. V., 

### 1933, 

# On the origin 

### of 

## radium in 

### the 

## stratum waters of 

### the oil fields: 

## Trav. Inst, 

### etat 

## Radium, 

# USSR,

v. 2, 

### p. 

## 207-223 [in 

### Russian]. 

## Krauskopf, 

## K. B., 

### 1956, 

### Dissolution 

## and precipitation of silica 

### at 

## low temperatures: 

## Geochim. et 

## Cosmochim. Acta, v. 

### 10,


### p. 

### 1-26. 

### Krieger, 

## R. A., 

### Hatchett, J. 

### L., 

## and Poole, J. L., 

### 1957, 

## Preliminary 

## survey of 

### the saline-water 

### resources of 

### the 

## United
States: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

## Water-Supply 

## Paper 1374, 

## 172 p. 

## Kuroda, Kazuo, 1941a, 

## Analyse des 

## Mineralwassers 

## von Kinkei in 

### der 

## Provinz Totigi: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Bull., 

### v. 16, 

### no. 7,


### p. 

### 234-237. 1941b, 

## Thecoppercontent of

### the

## hotspringsof

## Yunohanazawa, 

## Hakone, 

# Kanagawa Prefecture, 

## and that of 

### the 

## hot springs of 

## Osoreyama, 

## Aomori Prefecture: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Bull., 

### v. 16, 

### p. 

### 69-74. 

## Kuznetsov, A. 

## M., 1943, Sulfide 

## water of 

### the 

## Permian in 

### the 

## Polasna-Krasnokamsk anticline: 

## Acad. Sci. 

## [USSR] 

# Comptesrendus, v. 

### 39, p. 

### 151-154. 

## Kuznetsov, A. 

## M., 

## and Novikov, S. 

### N., 1943, 

## Carboniferous brines of 

### the 

## Polasna-Krasnokamsk anticline: 

## Acad. Sci. 

## [USSR] 

## Comptesrendus, v. 

### 39, p. 

### 61-64. 

## Lane, A. 

# C, 1908, 

## Mine waters: 

## Lake Superior 

## Mining Inst. 

## Proc, v. 13, 

### p. 

### 63-152. Lee, 

# W. T., 

### 1908, 

## Water resources of 

## Beaver Valley, 

## Utah: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey

## Water-SupplyPaper 217, 

## 57 p. 

## LeGrand, 

## H. E., 

### 1958, 

## Chemical character of

## water in

### the 

### igneous 

## and metamorphic rocks of 

## North Carolina: 

## Econ. Geology,

v. 

### 53, 

### p. 

### 178-189. 

## Leonard, A. R., 

### 1952, 

## Geology 

## and ground-water resources of 

### the

## North Fork

## Solomon River in 

### Mitchell, 

## Osborne, Smith, 

## and Phillips 

### Counties, 

## Kansas: 

## Kansas Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 98, 

## 150 p. 

### Lindgren, 

## Waldemar, 1906, 

## The occurrence of stibnite 

### at 

## Steamboat Springs, 

## Nevada: 

# Am. Inst. 

## Mining Engineers Trans.,

v. 

### 36, p. 

### 27-31. 1910, 

## The hot springs at 

## Ojo Caliente

## and their

### deposits: 

## Econ. Geology, v. 5, 

### p. 

### 22-27. 1933, 

## Mineral deposits 

### 4th ed.: 

# NewYork, 

## McGraw-Hill 

# Book Co., Inc., 

## 930 p. 

### Lohr, 

## E. 

## W., 

## and Love, S. 

### K., 

### 1954a, 

## The industrial utility 

### of 

### public 

## water supplies in 

### the 

## United States, 

### 1952; pt. 1

# —

States east of 

### the Mississippi 

### River: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Water-SupplyPapfr 

### 1299, 

## 639 p. 

### 1954b, 

## The industrial utility 

### of 

### public 

## water supplies in 

### the 

## United States, 

### 1952; pt. 

### 2

# —States 

## west of 

### the 

## Mississippi 

### River: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Water-Supply

## Paper 1300, 

## 462 p. 

### Lovering, 

## T. S., 

### 1950, 

# The geochemistry of argillic 

## and related 

### types of 

## rock alteration, 

### in 

## Applied geology: 

## Colorado School 

## Mines Quart., v. 45, 

### no. 

### IB, p. 

### 231-260. 

## Luke, 

## H. C. J., 

## andKeith-Roach, 

## Edward, 1934, 

## The handbook of 

### Palestine 

## and Trans-Jordan, 

## 3d ed.: 

## London, 

## Macmillan 

## and Co., Ltd., 

## 549 p. 

## Maksimovich, G. A., 

### 1949, 

## Hydrochemical facies: 

## Akad. 

# Nauk SSSR, 

## Trudy Lab. Gidrogeol., v. 6, 

### p. 

## 26-32 [in 

### Russian]. 1950, Principles in 

### the 

## study of 

## hydrochemical facies: 

## Gidrokhim. Materialy, v. 18, p. 

## 75-85 [in 

### Russian]. 

## Martel, 

## E. A., 

### 1904, 

## Sur la 

### source sulfureuse 

## de 

## Matsesta (Transcaucasia) et la 

### relation 

### des 

### cavernes 

## avec le 

### sources 

## thermo-minerales: 

## Acad. sci. 

### [Paris] 

## Comptes rendus, v.



### 138, p. 

## 999-1001. 

## Meents, 

# W. F., 

### Bell, 

### A. H., 

### Rees, 

### O. 

## W., 

## and Tilbury, 

# W. G., 

### 1952, Illinois oil-field 

### brines: Illinois 

### Geol. 

## Survey, Petro- 

## leum Bull. 66, 

## 38 p. 

## Meinzer, O. E., 

### 1942, 

## Ground water, 

### in 

## Hydrology, pt. 

### 9 of 

### Meinzer, O. E., ed., 

## Physics of 

### the earth: 

# New York, 

## McGraw-Hill 

# Book Co., Inc., 

### p. 

## 385-443. Michels, 

### Franz, 1954, 

## Zur Geologie der 

## Wiesbadener Mineralquellen: 

## Deutsche geol. 

### Gesell. Zeitschr., v. 

### 106, p. 

### 113-117. Mills, 

## R. V. A., 

## and Wells, 

## R. 

# C, 1919, 

# The evaporation 

## and concentration of 

## waters associated 

## with 

## petroleum 

## and natural gas: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 

### 693, 

## 104 p. 

## Minami, E., 

## Yamagata, N., 

## Shima, M., 

## and Saijyo, Y., 

### 1952, 

# On crater 

### lake 

# "Yugama" of 

## volcano Kusatsu-Shirane: Rikusui-Gaku-Zasshi, v. 16, 

### p. 

## 1-5 [in 

### Japanese]. 

## Miura, H., 1938, 

## Chemical studies 

## on the origin 

### of 

## Sibukuro Springs, 

## Akita Prefecture. 

### Results of tests 

### of 

### the gases: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 

### 59, p. 

## 375-384 [in 

### Japanese]. 1939a, 

## Chemical studies 

## on the origin of 

## Sibukuro Springs. 

### Results of 

### analyses of 

## water samples collected in 

## 1937-1938: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 60, p. 

## 521-525 [in 

### Japanese]. 

### 1939b, 

## Chemical studies 

## on the origin 

### of 

## Sibukuro Springs. 

# The reactions 

## between the spring 

## waters of Si- 

## bukuro 

## and clay or 

### andesite are studied: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 

### 60, p. 

## 526-530 [in 

### Japanese]. 

## Morimoto, Kiyoshi, 1954, 

## Monograph on the 

## mineral springs of 

## Japan: 

## Japan Natl. 

## Parks Div., 

## Ministry of 

### Welfare, 

# Aoyama Shoten, 

## Tokyo, 785 p. [in 

### Japanese]. 

## Moureu, Charles, 1906, 

## Surles gaz des sources 

## thermale: 

## Deter- 

## mination des 

## gaz rares; 

### presence generate

## de l'argon et 

## de l'helium: 

## Acad. sci. 

### [Paris] 

## Comptes rendus, v. 142, p. 

## 1155-1158. 

## Moureu, Charles, 

## and Biquard, R., 

### 1908, 

## Nouvelles recherches

sur les 

## gaz rares 

### des 

## eaux thermales: 

## Acad. sci. 

### [Paris] 

## Comptes rendus, v. 

### 146, p. 

## 435-437. 

## Mundorff. 

# M. J., 

### Reis, 

## D. J., 

## and Strand, J. 

### R., 

### 1952, 

### Progress report 

## on

## groundwater in 

### the

## ColumbiaRiverbasinproject, 

## Washington: 

## Washington [State] 

## Ground Water Rept. 3 [open file]. 

## Munn, Leonard, 1934, 

## Water-supply paper no. 1. 

## Geology of 

### the 

## underground water resources of 

### the 

## Hyderabad State 

## and notes 

## on well 

### sinking: 

## Hyderabad Geol. 

## Survey Jour.,

v. 2, 

### pt. 2, 

## 204 p. 

## Muto, Satoru, 1954, 

## Geochemical studies of 

## boron; pt. 9, 

# On the 

## mineral springs of 

## high 

## boron content: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 

### 75, p. 

## 407-410 [in 

### Japanese]. 

# Neumann van Padang, M., 1951, 

## Catalogue of 

### the active 

## volcanoes of 

### the 

## world including solfatara fields; 

### pt. 1

# —

Indonesia: Internat. 

### Volcanol. Assoc. [Naples] 

### 271 p. 

### 1953, 

## Catalogue of 

### the active 

## volcanoes of 

### the 

## world including solfatara fields; 

### pt. 

### 2

# —Philippine Islands 

## and Cochin, 

## China: Internat. 

### Volcanol. Assoc. [Naples] p. 

### 1-50. 

## Noble, J. 

### A., 

### 1950, 

## Ore mineralization in 

### the 

## Homestake gold 

### mine, 

## Lead, 

## South 

## Dakota: Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., 

### v. 61, 

### no. 3, 

### p. 

## 221-252. 

## Nolan, T. B., 

### 1927, 

## Potash brines in 

### the 

## Great Salt 

## Lake Desert, 

## Utah: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

## BuU. 795-B, p. 

### 25-44. 1935, 

# The underground geology of 

### the 

## Tonopah mining district, 

## Nevada: 

# Nevada Univ. Bull., v. 

### 29, 

### no. 5, 

## 49 p. 

## Nolan, T. B., 

## and Anderson, 

## G. H., 1934, 

## The geyser 

### area 

## near 

## Beowawe, Eureka County, 

## Nevada: 

# Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, 

### v. 

### 27, 

### no. 159, p. 

## 215-229.

# CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 

# OF 

# SUBSURFACE 

# WATERS 

# F63

O'Connor, 

## H. G., 

### 1953, 

## Groundwater resources of

# LyonCounty: 

## Kansas Geol. 

## Survey Rept., v. 12, 

### p. 

### 35-59. 

## O'Connor, T. L., 

## and Greenberg, S. 

### A., 

### 1958, 

# The kinetics for 

### the solution of silica 

### in 

## aqueous solutions: 

### Jour. 

## Phys. Chemistry, v. 

### 62, 

### p. 

## 1195-1198. 

## Okamoto, Go, Okura, Takeshi, 

## and Goto, 

## Katsumi, 1957, 

### Properties of silica 

### in 

### water: 

## Geochim. et 

## Cosmochim. Acta, v. 12, 

### p. 

### 123-132. 

## Okamoto, Y., 

### 1911, 

# On a radioactive 

## mineral 

## found as 

## a crust 

## under the hot-spring 

## water of 

## Hokuto in 

## Taiwan: Geol. Soc. 

# Tokyo Jour., v. 18, 

### no. 219. p. 

### 19-26. 

## Okuno, Hisateru, 1939, 

## Chemical investigation of 

## hot springs in 

## Japan; pt. 

### 2

# —Hot springs of 

## Noboribetsu (2): 

# Chem.
Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 

### 60, 

### p. 

## 685-691 [in 

### Japanese]. 

## Okuno, Hisateru, 

## Ikariyama, 

## Noboru, 

## and Uzumasa, Yasumitsu, 1938, 

## Chemical investigations of 

## hot springs in 

## Japan; pt.
1

# —Hot springs of 

## Noboribetsu: 

## Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour.,

v. 59, p. 

## 853-859 [in 

### Japanese]. 

### Olson, J. 

# C, Shawe, 

## D. R., 

### Pray, L. 

# C, and Sharp, 

# W. N., 1954, 

## Rare-earth mineral deposits of 

### the 

## Mountain Pass district, 

## San Bernardino 

## County, California: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Prof. 

## Paper 261, 

## 75 p. 

### Orfanidi, 

## K. E., 

### 1957, 

## Carbonic acid in 

## underground waters: 

## Akad. 

# Nauk 

# SSSR Doklady, v. 

### 115, p. 

## 999-1001. 

## Ovchinnikov, A. 

## M., 1947, 

## Mineral waters, 

### Gosgeolizdat: 

## Geology Ministry, 

## Moscow, 247 p. [in 

### Russian]. 

## Pan, 

## Kuan, 1952, 

## Chemical composition of 

### the 

## hot spring in 

## Kuan-Tsu-Ling [Taiwan, 

## Formosa]; 

## Taiwan Natl. Univ., 

### Agr. 

## Chem. Dept. Bull., 

### v. 1, 

### p. 

## 22-26 [in 

### Chinese]. 

## Pan, 

## Kuan, Lin, S. F., 

## Hseu, T. 

## M., Sun, P. J., 

## and Chan, T. H., 1955, 

## Chemical studies 

## on the 

## hot springs in 

## Taiwan: Chinese Assoc. 

## Adv. Sci. 

### Trans., v. 1, 

### p. 

## 27-38 [in 

### Chinese]. 

## Papp, Ferenc, 1951, 

## Les 

## eaux mSdicinales 

## de la 

## Hongrie: Inter- 

## nal Union Geod. Geophys., Assoc. Sci. 

### Hydrol., 

### Oslo 1948,

v. 3, 

### p. 

### 154-167. 

### Penta, Francesco, 1949, 

## Temperature nel 

### sottosuolo della

### regione 

### "Flegrea:" 

## Annali di 

### Geofisica, v. 2, 

### no. 3, 

### p. 

## 328-346. Perret, 

### F. A., 

### 1939, 

# The volcano-seismic crisis 

### at 

## Montserrat, 

## 1933-37: 

## Carnegie Inst. 

## Washington Pub. 512, 

## 76 p. 

### Pertessis, 

# M. L., 

### 1937, 

## Sources 

## thermo-minerales 

## de Grece: Serv. Geol. 

## Grece 

## Pub. 24, 

### 112 p. 

### Petit, 

### B. 

## M., Jr., 

## and George, 

# W. O., 

### 1956, 

## Ground water re-


### sources of 

### the 

## San Antonio area, 

## Texas. 

## Water levels in 

### wells, 

## chemical analyses of 

### water, records of 

## stream flow 

## and reservoir 

### contents discharge 

## measurements 

## and precipi- 

### tation in 

### the 

## San Antonio area, 

## Texas: 

## Texas 

## Board of 

## Water Engineers Bull. 

### 5608, v. 2, 

### pt. 3. 

### Petrescu, P., 

### 1938, 

## Les 

## eaux salens 

### des 

## gisements 

## de petrole 

## de 

## Roumanie: Moniteur de Petrole, 

# Roumaiu 1939, 

### no. 1, 

### p. 

### 25-29. Piip, 

### B. I., 

### 1937, 

## Termalnye Klyuchi 

## Kamachatki: Akad. Sci. 

# USSR Proc, 

## Kamchatka, ser. 2, 

## 268 p. 

## Pouget, I., 

## and Chouchak, D., 

### 1925, 

### Radioactivite 

### des 

## eaux mine>ales 

# d'Hammam Meskoutine (Algerie): 

## Acad. sci. 

### [Paris] 

## Comptes rendus, v. 

### 181, p. 

## 921-923. Pourbaix, 

# M. J. 

### N., 1949, 

## Thermodynamics of 

### dilute 

## aqueous solutions: 

## London, 

# Edward Arnold 

## and Co., 

## 136 p. 

### Price, 

### P. 

### H., 

## Hare, C. E., 

## McCue, J.*B., 

## and Hoskins, 

## H. A., 

### 1937, Salt 

### brines of 

## West Virginia: 

## West Virginia 

### Geol. 

## Survey Rept., v. 8, 

### no. 13, 

## 203 p. 

### Prior, 

### C. H., 

### Schneider, 

## Robert, 

## and 

# Durum, 

# W. H., 1953, 

## Water resources of 

### the 

### Minneapolis-St. 

## Paul area, 

## Minnesota: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Circ. 

### 274, 

## 49 p. 

## Putnam, 

# W. C, 1949, 

## Quaternary geology of 

### the 

## June 

## Lake

district, 

### California.: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., 

### v. 60,
p. 

## 1281-1302. 

## Rabkin, 

# M. I., 

### 1937, 

# The hot spring of 

## Neshken: Arctica, v. 5, 

### p. 

### 93-101. 

## Rapp, J. 

### R., 

### 1953, 

## Reconnaissance of 

### the 

## geology 

## and ground- 

## water resources of 

### the 

## La Perle area, 

## Converse County, 

# Wyoming: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Circ. 

### 243, 

## 33 p. 

### Reid, J. 

### A., 

### 1905, 

# The structure 

## and genesis of 

### the 

## Comstock lode: 

### California 

## Univ. 

## Dept. Geol. Bull. 4, 

### p. 

### 177-199. 

## Renick, B. 

# C, 1931, 

## Geology 

## and ground-water resources of 

## western 

## Sandoval County, 

# New Mexico: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Water-Supply Paper 620, 

## 117 p. 

## Renngarten, V. P., 

### 1927, 

### Description 

### geologique 

### des environs 

### des sources 

### mine>ales 

## de Matsesta et 

## d'Agoura: Geologicheskii 

## Komitet, Materialy, no. 56, 

## 108 p. [in 

### Russian, 

## with 

## French 

## summary]. Robinson, 

# W. H., Ivey, J. 

### B., 

## and Billingsley, 

## G. A., 

### 1953, 

## Water supply of 

## Birmingham, 

## Alabama: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Circ, 

### 254, 

## 53 p. 

### Russell, 

## R. T., 

### 1947, 

# The Poncha fluorspar deposits, 

### Chaffee 

## County, Colorado: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Mineral Inv. 

### Prelim. 

## Rept. 3-210. 1948, 

### Fluorine 

## hot springs 

### at 

## Poncha Springs, 

## Colorado: Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., 

### v. 59, 

### no. 12, 

### p. 

### 1400. Russell, 

# W. L., 

### 1933, 

## Subsurface concentration of 

### chloride brines: 

# Am. Assoc. 

## Petroleum Geologists Bull., 

### v. 17, 

### no. 10, 

### p. 

## 1213-1228. Schmitt, Harrison, 1950, 

# The fumarolic-hot spring

## and "epither

## mal" mineral deposit 

## environment, in 

## Applied geology: 

## Colorado School 

## Mines Quart., v. 45, 

### no. 

### IB, p. 

## 209-229. Schmolzer, 

## Annemarie, 1955, 

## Zur 

## Geochemie des Jod-Sole- 

### Quellen: 

## Chemie des 

### Erde, v. 17, 

### no. 3, 

### p. 

### 192-210. Schoeller, 

### H., 1956, 

## Geochimie des 

## eaux souterraines; 

### application


## aux eaux des 

## gisements 

## de petrole: Paris, 

### Soc. 

### des Editions, 

## 213 p. 

## Shinkarenko, A. L., 

### 1948, 

# The gas 

## component 

## and content of 

## microelements in 

## mineral springs of 

### the 

## Caucasian mineral waters: 

## Akad. 

# Nauk SSSR, 

## Trudy Lab. Gidrogeol., v. 3,


### p. 

## 253-263 [in 

### Russian]. Sitter, 

### L. 

## U. de, 

### 1947, 

### Diagenesis of oil-field 

### brines [U.S.]: 

# Am. Assoc. 

## Petroleum Geologists Bull., 

### v. 

### 31, 

### no. 11, 

### p. 

## 2030-2040. Stearns, 

## N. D., 

### Stearns, 

## H. T., 

## andWaring, G. A., 

### 1937, 

## Thermal springs in 

### the 

## United States: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

## WaterSupply Paper 679-B, p. 

### 59-206. Stearns, 

## H. T., 

## and Vaksvik, 

## K. N., 

### 1935, 

## Geology 

## and ground- 

## water resources of 

### the island of 

## Oahu, Hawaii: 

## Hawaii (Terr.) 

## Dept. Public 

## Lands Div. 

## Hydrography Bull. 1, 

## 479 p. 

### Steiner, A., 

### 1953, 

## Hydrothermal rock alteration 

### at 

### Wairakei, 

# New Zealand: 

## Econ. Geology, v. 

### 48, 

### p. 

### 1-13. 1955, 

## Hydrothermal rock alteration, 

### in 

## Grange L. I., ed., 

## Geothermal steam for

## power in

# New Zealand: 

# New Zealand Dept. Sci. 

## and Indus. 

## Research Bull. 

### 117, p. 

### 21-26. 

## Stockman, L. P., 

### 1947, 

## Mercury in 

### three wells 

### at 

## Cymric: PetroleumWorld, p. 

### 37. 

### Stramel, 

## G. J., 

### Wisler, 

### C. O., 

## and Laird, 

### L. B., 

### 1954, 

## Water

resources of 

### the 

## Grand Rapids area, 

## Michigan: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Circ. 

### 323, 

## 40 p. 

### Straub, Janos, 1950, 

## Chemical composition of 

## mineral 

## waters in 

## Transylvania: 

# MagyarAllami Foldtani Intezet, 

## Evkonyve,

v. 

### 39, 

## 110 p. [in 

## Hungarian].

# F64 DATA OF 

# GEOCHEMISTRY

Strock, L. 

## W., 1941, 

## Geochemical data 

## on Saratoga mineral waters, 

### applied in 

## deducing a 

# new theory of their origin: 

# Am. Jour. Sci., 

### v. 

### 239, 

### no. 12, 

### p. 

## 857-898. Stuart, 

# W. T., 

## Brown, E. A., 

## and Rhodehamel, E. 

# C, 1954, 

## Ground-water investigations of 

### the 

## Marquette iron-mining district, 

### Michigan.: 

## Michigan Geol. 

## Survey Tech. Rept. 3, 

## 92 p. 

# Stumm, Werner, 

## and Lee, 

## G. F., 

### 1960, 

# The chemistry of

## aqueous iron: 

### Schweizer. Zeitschr. 

### fur 

### Hydrol., v. 

### 22, p. 

## 295-319. 1961, 

## Oxygenation of 

### ferrous iron: 

### Ind. 

## and Eng. 

# Chemistry, 

### v. 53, p. 

### 143-146. 

## Subterranean 

## Heat Research 

## Group, 1955, 

### Studies of 

## subterranean heat: 

## Japan, Geol. 

## Survey Bull., 

### v. 6, 

### no. 10, 

### p. 

## 551-626 [in 

### Japanese]. Sulin, 

### V. A., 

### 1948, 

## Hydnogeology of oil fields: 

## Moscow, 

# USSR, 479 p. [in 

### Russian]. Sussini, 

### Miguel, 

## Ducloux, E. H., 

## Brandon, R. A., 

### Isnardi, 

### H., 

### Galmarini, 

### A. G., Castillo, 

## M., 

## and Pastare, F., 

### 1938, 

## Aguas minerales 

## de la 

## Republica Argentina: Argentina, Ministerio del Interior, 

## Comision Nacl. 

## de Climatologia 

## y 

## Aguas Minerales, v. 13, 

## 176 p. Szalai, 

### Tibor, 1951, 

### Origin of 

### the "juvenile" 

### substances of 

### the 

## thermal waters in 

## Hungary and their 

### quantity of 

### heat:
Internat. 

## Union Geod. 

## and Geophys., Assoc. Sci. 

### Hydrol., 

### Oslo 1948, v. 3, 

### p. 

### 181-187. 

### Telegdi-Roth, K., 1950, 

## Composition chimique des 

## eaux des forages 

## de recherche et 

## d'extraction

## du petrole et 

## du gaz en 

## Hongrie: Foldtani 

## Kozlony, v. 

### 80, 

### nos. 1-3, p. 

### 17-98. Terzaghi, 

## K. 

# C, and Baver, L. 

### D., 

### 1942, Soil 

### moisture, 

### in 

## Hydrology, pt. 

### 9 of

## Meinzer, O. E., ed. 

## Physics of 

### the earth: 

# New York, 

## McGraw-Hill 

# Book Co., Inc., 

### p. 

## 331-384. 

## Thompson, G. A., 

### 1956, 

## Geology of 

### the Virginia 

### City 

## quadrangle, 

## Nev.: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey Bull. 

## 1042-C, p. 

### 45-77. Thorkelsson, T., 

### 1928, 

# Onthermal activity in

### Rejkjanes, Iceland: Visindafelags Islendinga, no. 3, 

### p. 

### 1-43. 1940, 

## Thermal activity in 

### Iceland 

## and geyser action: 

### Visindafelags Islendinga, no. 25, 

## 139 p. 

# Thome, D. W., 

## and Peterson, 

## H. B., 

### 1954, 

### Irrigated soils-their fertility

## and

## management: 

# New York, Blakiston Co., 

## 392 p. 

### Tsebricoff, 

### P. de, 

### 1928, 

## Quelques observations 

## concernant les


## eaux minerales

## de Caucase: 

## Rev. Univ. Mines, ser. 7, 

### v. 

### 20,
p. 

### 66-82. 

### Urbain, Pierre, 

### 1953, 

## Contribution 

## de l'hydrogeologie 

## thermale

a la 

### tectonique; l'aire 

## d'emergence

# d'Hammam Meskoutine 

## (Department de Constantine)
: 

### Soc. 

### Geol. 

## France Bull.,

ser. 6, 

### v. 3, 

### p. 

## 247-251. Ustinova, T. I., 

### 1949, 

## Geysers of 

## Kamchatka: Akad. 

# Nauk SSSR, 

## Trudy Lab. Gidrogeol., v. 2, 

### p. 

## 144-157 [in 

### Russian]. 

## Usumasa, 

## Yasumiysu (Yasumitsu), 

## and Morozumi, Masayo, 1955, 

## Chemical investigation of 

## hot springs in 

## Japan 

# XXXII: Nippon 

# Kagaku Zasshi, v. 76, p. 

## 844-848 [in 

### Japanese]. 

### Vajk, 

## Raoul, 1953, 

## Hungary, in Illing, 

### V. 

# C, ed., 

# The science of 

## petroleum: 

## London, OxfordUniv. Press, v. 6, 

### pt. 1, 

### p. 

### 40-42. 

# Van Lier, J. 

### A., 

## de Bruyn, P. L., 

## and Overbeek, J. 

## Th. G., 

### 1960, 

# The solubility 

### of 

### quartz: Jour. 

## Phys. Chemistry, v. 

### 64, 

### p. 

## 1675-1682. Vendl, A., 

### 1951, 

## Hydrogeology of 

## Budapest bitter 

### mineral 

## water wells: 

### Internat. 

## Union Geod. 

## Geophys. Assoc. Sci. 

## Hydrology, Oslo 1948, v. 3, 

### p. 

### 188-196. Ventriglia, U., 

### 1951, 

### Rilievo geologico dei 

# Campi Flegrei: 

### Soc. 

### Geol. Italiana Bull., 

### v. 69, p. 

## 265-334. 

## Vinogradov, A. P., 

### 1948, 

### Distribution of 

## chemical elements in 

## subterranean 

## waters of 

### various origins: 

## Akad. 

# Nauk SSSR, 

## Trudy Lab. Gidrogeol., v. 1, 

### p. 

## 25-35 [in 

### Russian]. 

# VonButtlar, 

### H., 

## and Libby, 

# W. F., 

### 1955, 

## Natural distribution 

### of



## cosmic-ray 

## produced tritium II: 

### Inorganic 

## and Nuclear 

## Chemistry Jour., v. 1, 

### no. 1, 

### p. 

### 75-91. 

## Waring, G. A., 

### 1915, 

### Springs of 

### California: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

## Water-Supply Paper 338, 

## 410 p. 

## Weaver, C. E., 

### 1949, 

## Geology of 

### the 

## Coast 

## Ranges immediately north of 

### the 

## San Francisco 

# Bay region, 

### California: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## America 

# Mem. 35, 

## 242 p. 

### Weigle, J. 

## M., 

## and Mundorff, 

# M. J., 

### 1952, 

## Records of wells, 

## water levels, 

## and quality of 

## ground water in 

### the 

## Spokane Valley, 

## Spokane County, 

## Washington: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

## Washington State 

## Ground-

## Water Rept. 2, 

## 102 p. 

## Weyl, P. K., 1958. 

# The solution kinetics of calcite: 

### Jour. 

## Geology, v. 66, p. 

### 163-176. 

## White, 

## D. E., 

### 1955a, 

## Thermal springs 

## and epithermal ore 

### deposits, 

### in pt. 1 

### of 

## Economic Geology, 

## 50th anniversary 

## volume, 1905-55: 

## Urbana, 111., 

## Econ. 

## Geology Pub. Co.,
p. 

### 99-154. 1955b, Violent 

## mud-volcano eruption of 

## Lake City 

## hot springs, 

### northeastern California: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull.,

v. 

### 66, 

### no. 9, 

### p. 

## 1109-1130. 1957a, 

## Thermal waters of 

### volcanic origin: 

### Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., 

### v. 

### 68, 

### p. 

## 1637-1658. 1957b, 

## Magmatic, connate, 

## and metamorphic waters: Geol. Soc. 

## America Bull., 

### v. 68, p. 

## 1659-1682. 1960, 

# Summary of 

## chemical characteristics of 

## some waters of

## deep origin: 

### U.S. Geol. 

## SurveyProf. 

## Paper 400-B,
p. 

## 452-454. 

## White, 

## D. E., 

## Brannock, 

# W. W., 

## and Murata, 

## K. J., 

### 1956, Silica 

### in 

### hot-spring 

### waters: 

## Geochim. et 

## Cosmochim. Acta,

v. 10, 

### p. 

### 27-59. Williams, 

## Howel, 1932, 

## Geology of 

### the 

## Lassen Volcanic 

## National Park, California.: Calif. 

## Univ. 

## Dept. Geol. Sci. 

### Bull., 

### v. 

### 21,



### no. 8, 

### p. 

### 195-385. Wilson, S. 

### H., 1953, 

# The chemical investigation of

### the

## hot springs of 

### the 

# New Zealand thermal region: 

## South Pacific Sci. 

### Cong., 

# New Zealand, v. 2, 

### p. 

## 449-469. 1955, 

## Chemical investigations, 

### in 

## Grange, L. I., 

### ed., 

## Geothermal steam for 

## power in 

# New Zealand: 

# New Zealand 

## Dept. Sci. 

## and Indus. 

## Research Bull. 

### 117, p. 

### 27-42. 1959, 

### Physical 

## and chemical investigations 

## (White Island) 

## 1939-1955: 

# New Zealand Dept. Sci. 

## and Indus. 

## Research Bull. 127, p. 

### 32-50. 

## Winslow, A. G., 

## and Ejster, 

### L. R., 

### 1956, 

### Saline-water resources of 

## Texas: U.S. Geol. 

## Survey 

## Water-Supply Paper 1365, 

## 105 p. 

## Yamagata, Noboru, 1951, 

## Geochemical studies 

## on rare alkalies


### III: 

# Chem. Soc. 

## Japan Jour., v. 72, 

### p. 

## 154-157; v. 4, 

### p. 

### 157-161. [in 

### Japanese]. 

### Yates, 

## R. G., 

## and Hilpert, 

### L. S., 

### 1945, 

### Quicksilver deposits of 

### central 

## San Benito 

## and northwestern 

## Fresno Counties, California: 

### California 

### Jour. 

## Mines

## and Geology, v. 

### 41, 

### no. 1,


### p. 

### 11-35. 1946, 

### Quicksilver deposits of 

### eastern 

# Mayacmas district, 

## Lake 

## and 

# Napa Counties, California: 

### California 

### Jour. 

## Mines 

## and Geology, v. 

### 42, 

### no. 3, 

### p. 

### 231-286. 

## Yen, T. P., 

### 1955, 

# Hot springs of 

## Taiwan, in 

## Geology of 

## Taiwan: 

# Bank of 

## Taiwan Quart. Jour., p. 

### 129-147. 

## Zambonini, F., 

## Carobbi, G., 

# and Caglioti, V., 

### 1925, 

## Ricerche 

## chimiche e 

### chimico-fisiche 

### su tre 

## acque minerali di 

## Agnano [Napoli]: 

## Annali di 

## Chimica Applicata, v. 15, 

### p. 

## 434-474. 

## Zonn, S. V., 

### 1945, 

## Chemical composition of 

## ground waters as 

## dependent on soil 

### formations: 

## Acad. Sci. 

## [USSR] 

## Comptes rendus, v. 

### 48, p. 

## 197-199 [in 

### Russian].

# INDEX

A Page Acid-forming areas 

### and mines, analyses of nonthermal, saline

### andacidwaters 

### from F12, 62 

### Alabama, analyses ofsubsurface

### waterfrom: 

### Birmingham. 22 

### CenterPoint 23 Irondale 22 

### Linden 20 Sylacauga 25 

### Tuscumbia 22 Alaska, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### CopperRiverBasin

_ 38 

## Umnak Island 40 Algeria, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from 

### Meskoutine Springs, Constantino Province 13,54 

### Alluvium, analyses ofsubsurface

### waterfrom. .

8, 28 Argentina, analyses of subsurface 

### water from 

### Neuquen Territory 32-33, 44 Arikaree Sandstone, analyses of

### groundwater from 18 Arizona, analyses ofsubsurface

### waterfrom: Buell

### Park 16 

### Douglas 28 Gila

### Bend 29 

### Mesa 28 

### Mexican

### Water 18 Arkansas, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: 

### Garland

### County 55 

### Hot Springs 7,24 

### Melbourne 18 Monticello 20 Austria, analyses of subsurface 

### water from Linz 36



### B

Baltimore Gneiss, analyses of 

### ground water from 26 

### Bangor Limestone, analyses of 

### ground water from 22 

### Bayport dolomitic Limestone, analyses of 2 

### groundwater 

### from 22 

### Benton Shale, analyses of

### groundwaterfrom.. 20 Bicarbonate ions, general discussion 3-4 

### Big 

### Fork Chert, analyses of 

### ground water from 24 

### Biwabik Iron 

### Formation, analyses of 

### ground water from 24 Brazil, analyses of subsurface 

### water from Itabira District, 

### Minas Gerals.. 8, 12,26 

### Brevard Schist, analysesof

### groundwaterfrom. 26 Brines, analyses of. 32-33 British 

### West Indies, analyses of subsurface 

### water from St. 

### Lucia Island 47 

### Brule Siltstone, analyses of

### groundwaterfrom. 20 

### Brunswick Shale, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 20 

### BushveldSandstone, analyses of

### groundwater 

### from 18 

### Bushveld ultramaflcs, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 16 

## C Face

Calcium in solution, general discussion 

### F3-4 California, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Abbott Mine, Colusa

### County 60 Crabtree Springs, 

### Lake 

### County 12,48 

### Cymric oil field, 

### KernCounty 11,30 

### Fresno 

### County 29,30,32,34,36 Imperial 

### County 42 

### Keene

### Wonder Springs, 

### Inyo 

### County 13, 54 

### Lassen

### County 50 

### Mendocino 

### County 48 

## MidwaySunset oil field, 

### Kern County... 34 

## MonoCounty 42 

### Morgan Springs, 

### Tehama County 12,40 

### NapaCounty 50 

### Nipton 26 

### San Bernardino 

### County 58 

### Santa Clara

### County 48 Searles 

### Lake, 

### Inyo 

### County 13,56 Shasta 

### County 38,46 Siskiyou

### County 66-57 Solano 

### County... 30,36 

### SonomaCounty 11,46,47 Sulfur

### Bankmine, 

### Lake 

### County 12, 50 Trinity

### County 48 

### Tuscan Springs, 

## TehamaCounty 36 

### Ventura

### County 32 

### Wilber Springs, 

### Colusa

### County 11,36 

### Camillus Shale, analysesof

### groundwater

### from 20 

### Canada, analyses of subsurface 

### water from Alberta 34 

### Carbonate ions, general discussion 3-4 Caseyvilie Sandstone, analyses of 

### ground water from 18 Castile 

### Formation, analyses of 

### groundwater from

### gypsum 24 Castle 

### Hayne Limestone, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 22 

### Catahoula Sandstone, analyses of 

### ground water from 18 

### Chicopee Shale, analyses of 

### ground water from 20 Classification of subsurfacewaters 1-2 Cockeysville 

### Marble, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 25 Colorado, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Doughty Springs, 

### Delta

### County 13, 50-51 Fort

### Morgan 29 Garfield

### County 66 

## Monument 18 

### Ouray

### County 50-51 

### Poncha Springs, Chaffee 

### County 13,50-51 

### San

### Juan

### County 63 

### Columbia River Basalt, analyses of 

### ground water from 16 

### Conasauga Limestone, analyses of 

### ground water from 22 

### Connatewaters 2,9-10 Connecticut, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Manchester 18 Willimantic 26 

### Copper Ridge Dolomite, analyses of 

### ground water from 23 

### Page

Crater lakes. See Springs. Czechoslovakia, analyses of subsurface 

### water fromBreclav FJfl



### Dakota Sandstone, fluoride content of 

### water from 6 

### Dawson Arkose, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 18 

### DeccanBasait, analyses of

### groundwaterfrom. 10 

### Deep-well brines. See Oil

### andgas fields.


## E

Ecca Shale, analyses of 

### ground water from.

. 20 

### Edwards Limestone, analyses of

### groundwater from 22 

### Epithermal mineral deposits, analyses of 

### thermalwaters associatedwith... 11-12, 50-61 

### EutawClay, analysesof

### groundwaterfrom... 20

Florida, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: Brooksville 22 Gainesville 22 

### Lake City 22 

### Fort 

### Union Formation, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from lignite.. 24 Fossil

### water 9 France, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from Plombiers 65 

### Franconia Sandstone, analyses of 

### ground water from 18


## G

Gasconade Dolomite, analyses of 

### ground water from 23 

### Gases 

### accompanying or related to subsurface waters, analyses of 68-59 

### Gas fields. See Oil

### and gas fields. Georgia, analyses of subsurface

### waterfrom: 

### Meriwether

### County 55 

### Suwanee 26 Glacial 

### outwash, analyses of subsurface

### water from 8, 28 Gravel, unconsolidated, analyses ofsubsurface 

### water from 8,28 Greece, analyses of subsurface 

### water from 

### Thermopotamos, 

### Euboea Island.. 10, 38 Grenville Gneiss, analyses of 

### ground water from 26 

### Guelph Dolomite, analyses of 

### ground water from 22


## H

Hattiesburg Clay, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 20 

### Hawaii, analyses of subsurface 

### water from 

### Oahu Island— 16 

## F65

# F66 INDEX

Paga 

## Homewood Sandstone, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 

### F18 

### Hungary, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: 

### Budapest # 13, 30, 56-57 

### Bukkszek 34 

### Debrecen 30 

### Mezokovesd 34

I
Iceland, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### Akureyri area 65 Lysuholl Springs, Snaefellsnes Peninsula. 12, 54 Reykjanes, 

### Reykjavik 10,40-41 West-central _. 40-41 Idaho, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### Bear 17 

### Bruneau 28 

### Clayton 14 

### Eden

- 16 

### Grandview 14 

### Shoshone 16 Valley

### County 60 Igneous rocks, analyses of

### groundwater from. 5-6,

14-17 Illinois, analyses of subsurface water 

### from 

## Wayne County.. 32 India, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from 

### Puma, Hyderabad 16 Indonesia, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from Java 12, 13, 44 Ions in

### ground water, general discussion 4 Iowa, analyses of subsurface

### water from: Clinton 28 

### Malcolm 29 Iron in solution, general discussion 3 Israel, analyses of subsurface water 

### fromnear Sea of Tiberias 10, 38-39 Italy, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from Naples 42

J
Jackson Shale, analyses of

### groundwater from. 20 Japan, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Arima, 

### Hyogo Prefecture 10,38 

### Chiba Prefecture 30 

### Fukushima Prefecture 55 

## Gumma Prefecture 36,44 

### Hokkaido Prefecture. 36,48-49,50-51 Iburi Prefecture.. 44 

### Kanagawa Prefecture 46 

### Kogoshima Prefecture 47 Niigata Prefecture 44 Tochigi Prefecture 46,53 

### Yamagata Prefecture. 38-39 

# K

Kansas, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: 

### Gaylord 28 

### LyonCounty 20 

### Kentucky, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Bardstown 22 

### Dawson Springs.. 18 

### Johnson

### County 32 

### Park

### Lake 20 

## L
Lakebeds, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from.. 28 Laurel Limestone, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 22 

### Lebanon Limestone, analyses of

### groundwater 

### from 22 Louisiana, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: Lafourche Parish 30 

### Plaquemines Parish 32 

# M Magmatic waters 2, 10-11 

### Magnesium in solution, general discussion 4 

### Page

Maine, analyses of subsurface water 

### from Vassalboro 

### F26 Marble, analyses of

### ground waters 

### from 25 

### Maryland, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: Arcadia 26 Baltimore

### County 25,26 Clear Spring 28 Ellicott City 14 

### Lake Roland 16 Laurel 16 

### Waterloo 16 Massachusetts, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Chicopee

. 20 

## New Bedford 14 

### Meagher Limestone, analyses of

### groundwater 

### from 22 

### Metamorphic rocks, analyses of

### ground water 

### from 8, 25-27 

### Metamorphic waters 2,11 Mexico, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### Baja California 42 

### Sonora 53 

### Michigan, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: Carleton 18 Cliffs Shaft

### Mine 25 

### Grand Rapids.. 22 

### Houghton 

### County 62 

### Marquette 

### County 52 

### Michigan Basin 9,32-33 

### Morris

### Mine 26 

### Minesandacid-formingareas, analyses of

### nonthermal, saline 

### and acid waters 

### from 12, 52 

### Minnesota, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Eden Valley.... 28 

### Grand Rapids 24 

## Mound 18 Mississippi, analyses ofsubsurfacewaterfrom: Collins 18 Prentiss 20 Missouri, analyses of subsurface water 

### from Alley 23 

### Montana, analyses of subsurface water from: 

## Bow County 63 

### Ennis 22 Garrison 24 

### Mutual Quartzite, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 25 

## N Navajo Sandstone, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 18 

### Nebraska, analyses of subsurface 

### waterfrom: Crawford... 18 Harrisburg 20 

### Nevada, analyses of subsurface water from: Beatty... 14 

### Bowers, 

### Washoe County.. 55 

### Eureka 

### County 40 

## Nye County 50-51,52 Pershing 

### County 50 Pigeon Spring, west of 

### Lida 28 

### "Poison" spring, 

### Washoe County 63 

### Steamboat Springs, 

### Washoe County... 11,12,40 

### Steamboat well 

### GS-7, 

### Washoe County... 47 Storey

### County 52 

## New Hampshire, analyses of subsurface

### water from

### Plymouth 28 

## NewJersey, analyses ofsubsurface

### water

### from 

### Wyckofl 20 

## New Mexico, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

## EddyCounty 56-57 

### Lea

### County 56-57 

### Los

### Alamos 14 

### Ojo Caliente Springs, 

### Taos 

### County 13, 50-51 

### Red Bluff 24 

### Roswell 22 

### Sandoval 

### County 42,46 

### Page



## NewYork, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### Bloomlngdale

. 

### F28 

### Lake Pleasant 17 

### SandLake 18 Saratoga

### County 38 Syracuse 20 

## Wayne County 66-67 

## New Zealand, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Aroha 28 

### Bay of

### Plenty 44 

## Ngawha Springs, 

### North Island 12, 60 

### North Island 40-41,47,48-49 

### South Island 36 

### Tarawera region 44 Tongariro 

### Volcano 48 

### Niagara Dolomite, analyses of 

### ground water from 23 

### North Carolina, analyses of subsurface water from: 

### Asheboro 17 

### ChinaGrove 17 

### Harrisburg 16 

### Mebane 14 

## NewBern 22 

### Pekin 20 

### Webster 16 

### Wilkesboro 26 Yanceyville

.. 26 

### North Dakota, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: Belfleld 24 

### Langdon 20


## O

Oakville Sandstone, analyses of

### groundwater from 18 

### Ocala Limestone, analyses of 

### ground water from 22 Ohio, analyses of subsurface

### water from: Bainbridge 23 

### Columbus 28 

### Cuyahoga

### County 20 

### Fort 

### Recovery.. 7,23 

### Ohio Shale, analyses of

### groundwater 

### from 20 Oil

### andgas fields, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: General discussion 9 

### Sodium chloride

### dominated 30-31 

### Sodiumand calcium chlorides, high in 32-33 Sulfate

### andbicarbonate, high in 34-35 

### Oklahoma, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from 

### Enid 28 Oregon, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### Burns 14 

### Cave Junction 28 

### Farmington 16 

### London, 

### Lane 

### County 10,38 Sheaville 20



### PahasapaLimestone, analyses of

### groundwater from 22 Peebles Dolomite, analyses of 

### ground water from 23 Pennsylvania, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Bucks 

### County

. 25,26 

### Jamestown 18 

### Nottingham 16 

### Worthington
._._ 18 

### pH, general discussion 3-4 

### Phosphorla Phosphate, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 24 Pierre Shale, analyses of

### groundwater 

### from.. 20 Philippine Islands, analyses of subsurface 

### water

### from

### Luzon 44

# INDEX 

# F67

Pooono Sandstone, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 

### F18 Poland, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: 

### Boryslawarea 

# —

- 32-33 Qallcla 30 

### Pomiarkach

- - 30


### Port Deposit Gneiss, analyses of

### groundwater from 26
Pretoria Quartzite, analyses of 

### ground water from 25 

## Q

Quartzite, analyses of

### groundwaters from.... 25


## R

Rensselaer 

### Oraywacke, analyses of 

### ground waterfrom 18 

### Rhode Island, analyses of subsurface 

### water from

### West 

### Warwick 

# M Rumania, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: 

### Haromszek

### County 48 Molnestl 30



### 8

St. Peter Sandstone, analyses of

### groundwater from

- 18 Salado 

### Formation, analyses of

### water from salt deposits of 13,66
Salt deposits: 

### Analyses of subsurface 

### water associated 

### with 13, 56-67 

### Waters of 13 

### San Andres Limestone, analyses of 

### ground water from 22 Sand, unconsolidated, analyses of subsurface 

### water from 8,28 

### Sedimentary rocks, analyses of 

### ground water 

### from 6-8, 18-24 

### Siamo Slate, analyses of

### groundwater from 26
Silica In solution, general discussion 3 Sioux Quartzite, analyses of 

### ground water from 25 

### Snake River Basalt, analyses of

### groundwater from 16
Soil, chemical character of 

### ground water af- fected

### by 2 

### South Carolina, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Georgetown 20 

### McCormlck County... 14 

### South Dakota, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Lawrence

### County 62 

### Rapid City 22 Sioux Falls 25 

### Page

Springs, analyses of

### water from: 

### Acidsulfateassociatedwithvolcanlsm.. Fll, 46-47 

### Acid sulfate-chloride In volcanic environ- 

### ments

### and crater lakes 10-11, 44-45 

### Composition similar to oil-field water, general discussion 0-10 

### Sodium, bicarbonate 

### and boron, high
In 11, 48-49 

### Sodiumcalcium chloride

### type 38-39 

### Sodium chloride

### type 36-37 Travertine depositing 12-13,64 See also

### Thermal waters. 

### Stormberg Basalt, analyses of 

### ground water from 16 

### Sweden, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from Scania district 32-33 

### Sylacauga 

### Marble, analyses of 

### ground water from 25 Sylvania Sandstone, analyses of

### groundwater 

### from 18 

# T

Tabulated data, source

### and selection 4-6 

### Taiwan, analyses of subsurface 

### water from Taipei 10,12,42,44,60-51 Tennessee, analyses of subsurface 

### water from 

### Mt. Juliet 22 

### Terminology

### and units, discussion 6 Texas, analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: 

### Kennedy 18 

### Pecos 29 

### Uvalde 22 

### Thermal waters, analyses of: Associated 

### with epithermal mineral deposits 11-12 Associated

### with quicksilverdeposits 11 

### Bicarbonate sulfate In volcanic environ- 

### ments 11,47 

### Epithermal mineral deposits 60-51 

### Geyserareasassociated

### withvolcanism. 10, 40-41 

### Meteoric 13,55 

### Sodium chloride bicarbonate 

### type associ- ated

### withvolcanlsm 10,42-43 See also Springs. Tunisia, analyses ofsubsurface

### waterfrom

### Aln Djebel, 

### Tunis 13,38-39 

### Turkey, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from Anatolia 38-39 

# U
Union of 

### South Africa, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Barberton 16 

### Cape Province 20,60-51 Irene, Pretoria, 

### Transvaal 23 

### Monzi, Zululand 18 

### Paddysland, Transvaal 26 Pretoria district 16, 18 Stellenbosch 14 

### Transvaal 14, 18, 20, 25 

### Trompsberg, Orange Free State 10,38 

### Page

U.S.S.R., analyses ofsubsurface

### water from: 

### Abkhai F38-39 

### Caucasus

. 48-49 

### Crimea 36, 48-49 

### Kamchatka 40-41,42,46,48-49 

### Kazakh district 30 

### Kunashlr Island 44,46 

### Molotov City 32-33 

### Neshkin, Siberia 10,38 

### Paramushir Island 44 Units

### and terminology, discussion 6 

### Utah, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### Abraham Springs, 

### Juab

### County 13,50 

### BoxElder

### County 36 

## Kamus 25 Roosevelt Springs, 

### Beaver 

### County 12,42 Tooele 

### County 66 

### WeberCounty 38



### Vernon Shale, analyses of

### groundwaterfrom.. 20 Virginia, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from Chester 14 Virgin Islands, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from St. Croix Island 29 

### Volcanlsm, analyses ofwaters associatedwith. See Springs 

### and 

### Thermal waters. 

# W

Warsaw Limestone, analyses of

### groundwater 

### from

- 22 

### Washington, analyses ofsubsurface

### waterfrom: 

### Camas 16 

### Moses Lake

- 16 

### Spokane

... 14 

### Tonasket 26 

### Vancouver 28 

### West Germany, analyses of subsurface 

### water from: 

### Ruhr district 32-33 

### Westphalia 36 

### Wiesbaden, 

### Mainz 10,38 

### West Virginia, analyses of subsurface 

### water 

### from

### Calhoun

### County 32 Willard Shale, analyses of

### groundwaterfrom.. 20 Willimantic Gneiss, analyses of

### ground water 

### from 26 Wisconsin, analyses ofsubsurfacewaterfrom: 

### Kaukauna 18 

### Waukesha 18 

### West Allis 23 

### Wissahickon Schist, analyses of

### ground water 

### from 26 

### Wyoming, analyses of subsurface

### water from: 

### Fremont 

### County 34 

### Hot Springs 

### County 54 

### La Prele 20 

### Natrona 

### County 34 

### Sweetwater

### County 56 

### Yellowstone National 

### Park 40,44,46,54

### "N