FIFTH DIVISION

PHIPPS, P. J.,

DILLARD and PETERSON, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 3, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A0738. JACKSON v. THE STATE.

PETERSON, Judge.

The Spanish Inquisition and the English Court of Star Chamber shared a

common practice: secret trials. See In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 268-69 (68 S. Ct. 499,

92 LEd 682) (1948). To prevent the recurrence of similarly abusive institutions,

English common law developed a requirement that trials be public. Id. at 268 & n.21.

This mandate that trials be public is firmly established in both the U.S. Constitution

and the Georgia Constitution. See U.S. Const. Amend. VI.; Const. of Ga.1983, Art.

I, Sec. I, Par. XI (a). These constitutional commands do not depend on the nature of

the crime charged, or on how certain we are of the accused’s guilt. Only under very

limited circumstances and by using very specific procedures can a trial court close

part of a trial; failure to follow those procedures is error. And so it is here. Randy
Jackson was accused of heinous crimes against his own stepdaughter, and the

evidence against him was overwhelming (and largely undisputed). Nevertheless, we

must reverse his conviction because the trial court closed the courtroom for the

testimony of the victim without following the procedures mandated by the Supreme

Court of the United States to safeguard a defendant’s right to a public trial.

Jackson was indicted in 2007 for sexual offenses against his stepdaughter, R.

S., that began when R. S. was 11 years old. Prior to jury trial, the State filed a motion

to close the courtroomduring R. S.’stestimony.

1 The State specifically requested that

the courtroom be closed to keep “members of [Jackson’s] extended family, as well as

any other persons or unnecessary courtroom personnel, out of the courtroom during

the course of [R. S.’s] testimony,” for the purpose of protecting R. S. and ensuring

that her testimony was not influenced by any spectator. 

At a November 2007 hearing on the State’s motion, the State argued that R. S.,

who was then 16 years old, would have to testify about allegations that “are most

personal violations, which are sexual in nature” and would be “very gruesome”

because they involved her stepfather, Jackson. In support of its motion, the State

1

 The State also filed a motion to close the courtroom for the testimony of R.

S.’s sister, but it later withdrew that request. 

2
relied upon OCGA § 17-8-53 and § 17-8-54, and asked the court to close the

courtroom to Jackson’sfamily and to all non-essential courtroom personnel. Jackson

objected to the closing of the courtroom and argued that there were no aggravating

circumstances requiring the closing of the courtroom because R. S. would be almost

17 years old at the time of the trial and there were no allegations that the offenses

were committed by force or violence. The trial court took the matter under

advisement. 

At a subsequent motions hearing, the trial court stated that it would grant the

State’s motion to close the courtroom. When the trial court asked the State to confirm

whether it wanted the courtroom closed only to Jackson’s family members, the State

responded that it wanted the courtroom closed to any person who was not necessary

to the trial, including family members. The court reiterated that it was granting the

State’s motion. 

Jackson’s trial took place in November 2007. When the State called R. S. to

testify, it asked the trial court to clear the courtroomof all unnecessary personnel. The

court then addressed the courtroom and stated:

Ladies and gentlemen, those of you in the courtroom, I’m going to ask

you to leave during the testimony of this witness, unless you are a law

3
enforcement officer or somehow or otherwise involved in the court

system. The transcript notes reflect that the courtroom was then cleared

and R. S. took the stand to testify. 

R. S. was 16 years old at the time of the trial. R. S. testified that Jackson first

made her touch his penis when she was 11, he began touching her breasts and genital

area soon after, and then this touching led to daily sexual intercourse or oral sex by

the time she was 12. R. S. resisted the touching and intercourse at first, butshe feared

getting hurt if she resisted and later began to accept the abuse as “normal” as it

occurred “pretty much every day.” 

Jackson was convicted of incest, statutory rape, child molestation, and two

counts of aggravated child molestation. The trial court sentenced Jackson to a total

of 50 years to serve. Jackson appeals from the denial of his motion for new trial.

2

2

 We note the substantial delay in resolving Jackson’s motion for a new trial.

Jackson timely filed his motion for new trial in December 2007, the trial court held

a hearing on the motion for new trial in September 2011, and the court finally entered

an order denying the motion in November 2015. There is no explanation for the

almost four-year delay fromthe time Jackson filed his motion until the trial court held

the September 2011 hearing. The reasons for the subsequent delay are equally

unclear. Jackson obtained new counsel after his trial and new defense counsel asked

the trial court to leave the record open at the September 2011 hearing in order to call

trial counsel as a witness in support of Jackson’s ineffective assistance of counsel’s

claims. But the record does not show that any additional hearings ever took place.

Jackson represents that the trial court held additional hearings in May 2014 and

4
1. The evidence was sufficient to support each of Jackson’s convictions.

Jackson does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his

convictions. In fact, he concedes that the evidence was legally sufficient. Despite his

concession, we nevertheless independently review the evidence and conclude that it

was sufficient to support each of his convictions. 

The victim, R. S., was Jackson’s stepdaughter and testified that Jackson made

her touch his penis when she was 11, he began touching her breasts and genital area

soon after, this touching led to daily sexual intercourse, and then they began

October 2014, and the State accepts Jackson’s representation. No transcripts of any

additional hearings were provided, however, and according to the trial court clerk, no

hearings actually occurred. Even if the hearings took place, there is no explanation

for why it took almost three years for that to happen. We take this opportunity to,

once again, remind the bench and the bar that

this sort of extraordinary post-conviction, pre-appeal delay puts at risk

the rights of defendants and crime victims and the validity of

convictions obtained after a full trial. It is the duty of all those involved

in the criminal justice system, including trial courts and prosecutors as

well as defense counsel and defendants, to ensure that the appropriate

post-conviction motions are filed, litigated, and decided without

unnecessary delay. That duty unfortunatelywas notfulfilled in this case.

Robinson v. State, 334 Ga. App. 646, 647 (1) (780 SE2d 86) (2015) (punctuation

omitted).

5
performing oralsex on each other when she was 12. The testimony of a single witness

is generally sufficient to establish a fact. See former OCGA § 24-4-8.

3 Based on the

evidence that Jackson had sexual intercourse with his stepdaughter, the jury was

authorized to find him guilty of incest. See OCGA § 16-6-22(a)(1) (a father commits

the offense of incest when he engages in sexual intercourse with a stepchild). The

victim testified that she was 12 years old when she began having daily sexual

intercourse with Jackson, and hertestimonywas corroborated by Jackson’s admission

to committing the acts. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to sustain Jackson’s

conviction for statutory rape. See OCGA § 16-6-3 (a person commits the offense of

statutory rape when he engages in sexual intercourse with a person who is under the

age of 16 years and is not his spouse, but the unsupported testimony of a victim is

insufficient to establish the offense); Perdue v. State, 250 Ga. App. 201, 202-03 (1)

(551 SE2d 65) (2001) (the victim’stestimony thatshe had sex with her stepfather, the

defendant, beginning when she was 12 years old was corroborated by, among other

things, the defendant’s admissions, and therefore the evidence was sufficient to

support the statutory rape convictions).

3 Georgia’s old Evidence Code applies here because this case was tried prior

to January 1, 2013. 

6
The victim also testified that Jackson sometimes put his finger inside her

vagina when she was about 14 or 15 years old, and this was sufficient to support his

conviction for child molestation. See OCGA § 16-6-4(a)(1) (a “person commits the

offense of child molestation when such person . . . does any immoral or indecent act

to or in the presence of or with any child under the age of 16 years with the intent to

arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the person.”). The victim also

stated that Jackson performed oral sex on her and she performed oral sex on him,

which wassufficient to support histwo convictionsfor aggravated child molestation.

See OCGA § 16-6-4(c) (the offense of aggravated child molestation occurs when a

person commits an offense of child molestation that involves an act of sodomy). 

2. Jackson’s conviction must be reversed because the trial court erred by

closing the courtroom.

Jackson argues that the trial court erred when it completely closed the

courtroom to all non-essential courtroom personnel. Jackson arguesthat the (1) State

did not advance an overriding interest to justify a closure, (2) the total closure was

overbroad and unnecessary to protect any interest articulated by the State, and (3) the

court failed to make specific factual findings to show that the closure was necessary

7
and narrowly tailored. We agree with Jackson’s last argument, and reverse his

conviction. 

(a) The closure of the courtroom was total.

Before addressing the merits of Jackson’s argument, we must consider the

State’s assertion that the courtroomwas closed only to Jackson’sfamilymembers and

that Jackson failed to preserve any challenge to this partial closure because, although

he objected to a complete closure, he did not specifically object to a partial closure.

A partial closure occurs when some members of the public are permitted to attend,

while a total courtroom closure involves exclusion of all members of the public. See

Bucci v. United States, 662 F.3d 18, 23 (1st Cir. 2011); Judd v. Haley, 250 F.3d 1308,

1315 (11th Cir. 2001). This distinction matters because a when the courtroom is only

partially closed to spectators, “the impact of the closure is not as great, and not as

deserving of such a rigorous level of constitutional scrutiny.” Delgado v. State, 287

Ga. App. 273, 280 (2) (651 SE2d 201) (2007) (footnote omitted). 

The State’s assertion that courtroom was only partially closed is wholly

unsupported by the record. The State asserts that it moved to remove only Jackson’s

family from the courtroom, not for a total closure. The State further argues that,

because the court granted that motion, the record shows that the court only partially

8
closed the courtroom. But the record clearly shows that the State moved to close the

entire courtroom. In its motion, the State specifically requested that the courtroom be

closed to exclude Jackson’s extended family, “as well as any other persons or

unnecessary courtroom personnel[.]” The State reiterated this request at least twice.

At a November 2007 hearing, the State asked for “closure of the courtroom of noncourtroom personnel.” At a subsequent hearing, after the trial court took the matter

under advisement, the trial court asked the State to confirm whether it wanted closure

of the courtroom only to family members. In response, the State said:

Your Honor, actually, the motion was to close the courtroom to any

personnel who is not necessary to the trial, specifically, the family

members, but also to anyone else who is not necessary during this. 

Despite the State’s clear and unequivocal statements to the trial court asking to

remove everyone but essential courtroompersonnel, the State baldly asserts on appeal

that it sought to exclude only Jackson’s family members. This is nonsense. 

Before R. S. took the stand, the trial court stated:

Ladies and gentlemen, those of you in the courtroom, I’m going to ask

you to leave during the testimony of this witness [R. S.], unless you are

law enforcement or somehow or otherwise involved in the courtsystem.

9
The transcript then shows that the courtroom was cleared. There is no doubt that the

trial court excluded everyone in the courtroom except law enforcement, the parties,

their counsel, and courtroom personnel. 

Rather than admit that the courtroom was completely closed for R. S.’s

testimony, the State doubles down and argues that members of the press are

courtroompersonnel. The State arguesthat, because the press is part of the courtroom

personnel, it was inherent in the court’s ruling that the press was not removed from

the courtroom. If the State’s first argument is nonsense – and it is – then this

argument is nonsense on stilts. The record shows a total closure of the courtroom. The

State has not identified – and we have not found – a shred of evidence that any

member of the press was present for any part of the trial, much less was allowed to

remain for R. S.’s testimony. We now turn to whether the trial court erred in ordering

a total closure of the courtroom. 

(b) The trial court erred by closing the courtroom without making findings.

The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, applicable to the states,

provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a

speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury[.]” U.S. Const. Amend. VI.; see also

Kesler v. State, 249 Ga. 462, 471 n. 5 (7) (291 SE2d 497) (1982). The Georgia

10
Constitution also guarantees criminal defendants the right to a public trial. Const. of

Ga.1983, Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XI (a). Although of vital importance, a defendant’s right

to a public trial is not unlimited; it “may give way in certain cases to other rights or

interests[.]” Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 45 (104 S. Ct. 2210, 81 LE2d 31)

(1984); see also Purvis v. State, 288 Ga. 865, 869 (1) (708 SE2d 283) (2011). The

circumstances in which a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right may be limited are

“rare” and “the balance of interests must be struck with special care.” Waller, 467

U.S. at 45. And Georgia law is more protective of the right to a public trial than

federal law. [See Purvis, 288 Ga. at 866 (1). As a result, trial courts of this state have

“less discretion than [their]federal counterpart[s] because our constitution commands

that open hearings are the nearly absolute rule and closed hearings the very rarest of

exceptions.” R.W. Page Corp. v. Lumpkin, 249 Ga. 576, 579 (4) (292 SE2d 815)

(1982).]

The Supreme Court of the United States has articulated the framework

governing courtroom closures. Before the trial court can exclude the public from any

stage of a criminal trial,

[t]he party seeking to close the hearing must advance an overriding

interest that is likely to be prejudiced, the closure must be no broader

11
than necessary to protect that interest, the trial court must consider

reasonable alternatives to closing the proceeding, and it must make

findings adequate to support the closure.

Presley v. Georgia, 558 U.S. 209, 213-14 (130 S. Ct. 721, 175 LE2d 675) (2010)

(citing Waller, 467 U.S. at 48);see also Hunt, 268 Ga. App. at 571 (1). To ensure that

courtroom closure remainsthe rare exception rather than the rule, our Supreme Court

has mandated that a movant seeking closure demonstrate by “clear and convincing

proof” that “no means available other than closure of the hearing willserve to protect

the right of the movant.” Lumpkin, 249 Ga. at 580 (5).4“Clear and convincing proof

necessarily involves concrete, tangible evidence that can be made part of and attached

to the record to enable appellate review of a trial court’s decision on an issue of

constitutional magnitude.” Rockdale Citizen Pub. Co., Inc. v. State, 266 Ga. 579, 580

(468 SE2d 764) (1996) (punctuation omitted). The improper closure of a courtroom

is a structural error that must be remedied even without any showing of direct harm.

Reid v. State, 286 Ga. 484, 488 (3) (c) (690 SE2d 177) (2010). 

4

 In criminal cases, the movant need not be a formal party. Lumpkin, 266 Ga.

at 580 (5). 

12
The closure here did not comply with constitutional requirements because the

trial courtmade no findings adequate to support the closure, including a consideration

of reasonable alternatives. Waller, 467 U.S. at 45, 48; Lumpkin, 249 Ga. at 580 (6).

Waller requires that the court enter a written order with findings to support the

closure before excluding members of the public from a criminal hearing. See Presley,

558 U.S. at 213-14; see also Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court of California,

478 U.S. 1, 14 (106 S. Ct. 2735, 92 LE2d 1) (1986) (a hearing can be closed only

upon specific findings that the movant’s interests will be prejudiced and that

reasonable alternatives to closure cannot protect the movant’s rights). Our Supreme

Court has held that the trial court is required to enter an order making specific

findings explaining why the closure is no “broader than necessary to protect” the

movant’s interest, including a full articulation of “the alternatives to closure

considered by the trial court and the reason or reasons why such alternative would not

afford the movant with an adequate remedy.”5 Lumpkin, 249 Ga. at 580 (6). “These

requirements cannot be avoided[.]” Id.; see also Stephens v. State, 261 Ga. 467, 470

5 The State argues that Jackson did not propose any reasonable alternatives to

the trial court. But a trial court is required to consider alternatives to closure even

when they are not offered by the parties. See Presley, 558 U.S. at 214. In any case, the

trial court erred by not entering written findings on this issue. 

13
(7) (405 SE2d 483) (1991) (trial court failed to follow Lumpkin requirements when

it did not make written findings of fact and conclusions of law). Because the trial

court was required to make findings before closing a courtroom and did not, the

closing of the courtroom was structural error. Presley, 558 U.S. at 212-16 (reversing

because, even though the state court provided reasons for closing the courtroom, it

erred by failing to articulate that it considered and rejected alternative measures);

Lumpkin, 249 Ga. 580 (6). 

In so deciding, we readily acknowledge that the State has a compelling interest

in protecting minor victims of sex crimes from further trauma that would arise from

testifying in public regarding the crimes against them. See, e.g., Globe Newspaper

Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596, 607 (1982) (agreeing with state that

“safeguarding the physical and psychological well-being” of minor victims of sex

crimesis a compelling interest that can warrant closing a courtroomon a case-by-case

basis, although holding unconstitutional state statute mandating closure in all such

cases). But the existence of such a compelling interest, while necessary, is not

sufficient; the other prerequisites for closure must also be satisfied, and here they

were not.

14
(c) The remedy for the trial court’s error is reversal of Jackson’s

convictions.

The trial court’s error requiresreversal of Jackson’s convictions, but we do not

reach this conclusion lightly. A violation of a defendant’s constitutional right to a

public hearing does not automatically result in a new trial. In Waller, the seminal case

on the issue of courtroom closures, the Supreme Court of the United States did not

order a new trial after concluding that the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights were

violated when the trial court closed the entire hearing on a motion to suppress. In

fashioning a remedy that was “appropriate to the violation,” the Supreme Court noted

that it would be a windfall for the defendant, and not in the public interest, to order

a new trial on account of a closed suppression hearing because it was possible that

the same evidence would be suppressed. Waller, 467 U.S. at 50. The Supreme Court

then determined that the appropriate remedy wasto remand the case to the state court

to decide what portions, if any, of the suppression hearing may be closed and then

hold a new suppression hearing. The state court was to hold a new trial only if

additional, material evidence was suppressed or if there was a material change in the

positions of the parties. Id.

15
The principle that the remedy should be “appropriate to the violation” to

correct a trial court error has been applied in other contexts. Appellate courts have

remanded for Jackson-Denno hearings and for in-camera inspections by trial courts

pursuant to Brady motions without requiring entirely new trials. See also Cochran v.

State, 256 Ga. 113, 118-19 (a)-(b) (344 SE2d 402) (1986) (Weltner, J., concurring)

(discussing correction of pre-trial errors without reversing convictions). In noting that

an appellate court is not always required to choose between affirming or reversing a

defendant’s conviction, but that remand may be an appropriate solution, Justice

Weltner explained, 

We may have stated too often to require citation that an accused is

entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect one. It is not essential (indeed, it is

subversive to justice) that a defendant should be accorded a new trial,

with all its cost, delay and frustration, because of some deficiency –

unless it has deprived him of a fair trial. In that regard, the remand

concept has been healthy for criminal justice, bringing it closer to that

reality which the public expects and demands from our judicial system.

Id. at 121 (d) (emphasis in original). 

We have considered remand as an alternative in this case, but that remedy is

not available here. In Waller, only the suppression hearing was closed, and the

Supreme Court of the United States directed that a new suppression hearing be held

16
(in addition to requiring the trial court to make new findings regarding closure prior

to the new hearing). But here, the court closed the courtroom during the most critical

testimony of the trial itself. There is no way to remedy that error short of a new trial.

As reluctant as we are to require the victim to testify again, we have no choice but to

reverse Jackson’s convictions. Nevertheless, the evidence was sufficient to support

his convictions, he may be retried.

6

Judgment reversed and case remanded. Phipps, P. J., and Dillard, J., concur.

6

In light of our holding, we need not address Jackson’s challenges to his

sentences. 

17