[Cite as Purcell v. Stemen, 2023-Ohio-4086.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

ALLEN COUNTY

MONICA A. PURCELL, ET AL.,

CASE NO. 1-23-28

 PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,

 v.

GENE W. STEMEN, ET AL., O P I N I O N

 DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.

Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court

Trial Court No. CV 2020 0377

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: November 13, 2023

APPEARANCES:

Matthew H. Huffman and T. Blain Brock for Appellants

Dalton J. Smith for Appellees
Case No. 1-23-28

-2-

MILLER, P.J.

{¶1} Plaintiffs-appellants, Monica A. Purcell (“Monica”) and Keith A. 

Purcell, appeal the trial court’s decision to grant, in part, summary judgment to 

Defendants-appellees, Gene W. Stemen (“Stemen”) and Amber Tickle (“Tickle”). 

This case arises from an incident in which a dog owned by Tickle bit Monica. The 

trial court’s decision resulted in dismissal of Appellants’ claim for strict liability 

under R.C. 955.28. Appellants argue the trial court erred in finding, under R.C. 

955.28, Monica was the “keeper” of the dog that bit her and, therefore, is barred 

from recovering under the statute. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

{¶2} In April of 2019, Appellees were in a relationship and decided to take 

a vacation to Florida. Tickle owned a dog named Zeus, a pitbull boxer mixed breed. 

Appellees did not bring Zeus to Florida but, instead, decided to chain Zeus in 

Stemen’s backyard—which had no fence—for the duration of their vacation. 

Appellees chained Zeus to a long concrete stake that Stemen hammered into the 

ground. Stemen placed food and water dishes, along with a doghouse, in his

backyard for Zeus. Stemen testified he also arranged for a co-worker to stop by his 

house in order to give Zeus food and water and check on the dog’s wellbeing while 

Appellees were on vacation. 

{¶3} Appellants lived next door to Stemen. Monica testified that she and her 

husband Keith were (and remain) friends with Stemen. The day before Appellees 
Case No. 1-23-28

-3-

left for Florida, Monica went over to Stemen’s property, where Stemen told her they

would be going on vacation and Zeus would stay chained up in his backyard. This 

is when Monica first saw Zeus, who at that time was in a reinforced cage, barking 

and growling. Monica testified that Stemen told her one of his co-workers was 

going to be checking on the dog every day. Monica also testified she had owned 

and trained dogs for a long time. However, Appellees never asked Monica to watch 

or care for Zeus, and Monica never offered to watch or care for Zeus.

{¶4} On April 16, 2019, approximately six days after Appellees had left for 

Florida, Monica’s visiting relatives informed her there was a pitbull loose in front 

of her house. She went outside and discovered that Zeus’ chain had come undone 

from the concrete stake in Stemen’s backyard and Zeus had entered her yard, 

dragging the entire chain from his collar. She went back into her house, grabbed a 

gun for protection purposes in case Zeus were to attack, and headed back outside. 

Without incident, she was able to walk Zeus back to Stemen’s yard. She secured 

the dog by chaining Zeus to the stake, where the dog had previously been chained. 

Soon thereafter, Monica provided Zeus with food and water from her own home 

and, to ensure the dog could reach everything, moved Zeus from being chained to 

the concrete stake to instead being chained to a porch post at Stemen’s house. Later 

that same day, Monica returned to Stemen’s yard and gave Zeus food another time. 

Once again, she had no issues with Zeus. 
Case No. 1-23-28

-4-

{¶5} The next day, Monica decided to check on Zeus again. She went to 

Stemen’s backyard and noticed that, although Zeus remained secured on the chain,

the chain was caught on a stone in the yard. Monica decided to move the stone to 

free the chain. However, as she went to move the stone, Zeus attacked her. Monica

raised her arm to defend herself, and Zeus bit her hand, wrist, and forearm. She was 

able to free her bleeding arm from Zeus’ grip and get to the hospital, where testing 

revealed she had suffered nerve damage. She underwent treatment for her injuries.

{¶6} Appellants then brought this lawsuit, claiming strict liability under R.C. 

955.28, negligence, punitive damages, and loss of consortium. Eventually, 

Appellees moved for summary judgment on all claims, and Appellants moved for 

partial summary judgment on the issue of strict liability.

{¶7} The trial court granted, in part, Appellees’ motion, dismissing 

Appellants’ claim for strict liability. However, Appellants’ negligence-based 

claims remained. The trial court found “there [was] no just cause for delay pursuant 

to Ohio Civ.R. 54(B)” and this appeal was instituted. 

II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

{¶8} Appellants raise a single assignment of error for our review:

Assignment of Error

The trial court erred, as a matter of law, by holding that PlaintiffAppellant Monica Purcell was the dog’s “keeper” under the Ohio dogbite statute [Decisions Dated March 16, 2023 and April 26, 2023]
Case No. 1-23-28

-5-

III. DISCUSSION

{¶9} In their assignment of error, Appellants argue the trial court’s 

determination that Monica was the dog’s “keeper” under R.C. 955.28(B) at the time 

of the injury is inconsistent with Ohio caselaw and creates an entirely new class of 

individuals that will be considered “keepers” under the dog-bite statute. We 

disagree.

A. Standard of Review

{¶10} “When reviewing the decision of a trial court granting or denying a 

party’s motion for summary judgment, an appellate court applies a de novo standard 

of review.” Smathers v. Glass, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-4595, ¶ 30. “The 

appellate court conducts an independent review of the evidence without deference 

to the trial court’s findings.” Id. We examine the evidence available in the record, 

including deposition or hearing transcripts, answers to interrogatories, written 

admissions, affidavits, written stipulations of fact, stipulated exhibits, and the 

pleadings, and “determine[], as if [we] were the trial court, whether summary 

judgment is appropriate” pursuant to Civ.R. 56. Id.; see also Civ.R. 56(C). “[A]ny 

inferences regarding the evidence, including the resolution of ambiguities or 

inconsistencies, must be made in a manner that favors the nonmoving party.” 

Smathers at ¶ 32. Ultimately, 

[t]o prevail under Civ.R. 56, the party moving for summary judgment 

must show the following: ‘(1) there is no genuine issue of material 

fact; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; 
Case No. 1-23-28

-6-

and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come 

to but one conclusion when viewing evidence in favor of the 

nonmoving party, and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving 

party.’

Id. at ¶ 31, quoting Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 

241 (1996); see also Civ.R. 56(C). 

B. Applicable Law

{¶11} The statute at issue, R.C. 955.28(B), imposes strict liability against 

particular categories of people for injuries caused by a dog, subject to certain 

exceptions not at issue in this appeal. It states, in relevant part:

The owner, keeper, or harborer of a dog is liable in damages for any 

injury, death, or loss to person or property that is caused by the dog, 

unless the injury, death, or loss was caused to the person or property 

of an individual who, at the time, was committing or attempting to 

commit criminal trespass or another criminal offense other than a 

minor misdemeanor on the property of the owner, keeper, or harborer, 

or was committing or attempting to commit a criminal offense other 

than a minor misdemeanor against any person, or was teasing, 

tormenting, or abusing the dog on the owner's, keeper's, or harborer's 

property. * * *

R.C. 955.28(B). The statute is to be strictly construed. Pulley v. Malek, 25 Ohio 

St.3d 95, 97, 495 N.E.2d 402 (1986). Also, “[a]ssumption of the risk is not a 

permissible defense to an action” brought pursuant to the statute. Id. at syllabus.

{¶12} This Court has held that a person who is a dog’s “keeper” is barred 

from recovering under R.C. 955.28(B) for damages proximately caused by that dog. 

Johnson v. Allonas, 116 Ohio App.3d 447, 450, 688 N.E.2d 549 (3d Dist.1996) 

(explaining that a “keeper” of a dog under R.C. 955.28(B) cannot avail himself or 
Case No. 1-23-28

-7-

herself of the protections afforded by the statute); see also Khamis v. Everson, 88 

Ohio App.3d 220, 227, 623 N.E.2d 683 (2d Dist.1993) (“a ‘keeper’ is not within the 

class of people that the legislature intended to protect by enacting the strict liability 

provision contained in R.C. 955.28(B)”); Lewis v. Chovan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 

05AP-1159, 2006-Ohio-3100, ¶ 10 (“Ohio courts have held that an injured ‘keeper’ 

cannot avail herself of the protections afforded by R.C. 955.28(B)”). However, it is 

possible “‘keepers’ or ‘harborers’ of dogs that proximately cause injury to them still 

have a common-law cause of action against the dog’s owner.” Khamis at 227.

{¶13} The term “keeper” is not statutorily defined. However, this Court has 

held that a dog’s “keeper” is “the person in physical charge or care of the dog at the 

time of the accident.” Johnson at 449, citing Garrard v. McComas, 5 Ohio App.3d 

179, 182, 450 N.E.2d 730 (10th Dist.1982); see also Schultz v. State, 32 Ohio St. 

276, 281 (1877) (“[t]he word ‘keeper’ is defined to be one who has the care, custody, 

or superintendence of anything”); Black’s Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019) (defining 

“keeper” as “[s]omeone who has the care, custody, or management of something 

and who usu. is legally responsible for it <a dog’s keeper> <a keeper of lost 

property>”).1

1 Curiously, some courts have cited Garrard as providing the definition of “keeper” under the statute, yet left 

out the “care” portion of the definition. See, e.g., Flint v. Holbrook, 80 Ohio App.3d 21, 25, 608 N.E.2d 809 

(2d Dist.1992) (citing Garrard, but stating that “[a]n owner is the person to whom a dog belongs, while a 

keeper has physical control over the dog”); Khamis, 88 Ohio App.3d at 226 (quoting Flint’s definition, but 

also citing Garrard). We note that those cases did not require the determination of whether the plaintiff was 

the dog’s “keeper.” Flint at 26 (involving whether defendant was a “harborer” under the statute); Khamis at 

223 (“appellant does not challenge the trial court’s finding that appellant was a ‘keeper’ within the meaning 

of R.C. 955.28”).
Case No. 1-23-28

-8-

{¶14} Designation as the dog’s “keeper” can be fluid, changing with the 

circumstances. In other words, a person can become the dog’s “keeper” for a period 

of time and then no longer be deemed the dog’s “keeper,” depending on the 

situation.

2

 See Lewis, 2006-Ohio-3100, at ¶ 12 (“courts in Ohio have found a person 

to be a keeper even when the physical charge or care of the dog is only temporary”); 

Chester v. Lima Corr. Inst., Ct. of Cl. No. 2003-01091-AD, 2003-Ohio-3892, ¶ 1, 

4, 31 (plaintiff-inmate, who was bitten while pulling the dog away from another 

tethered dog during a dog training program after plaintiff had put the dog on a leash 

and fastened the leash to a metal bolt, was the dog’s “keeper” at the time he was 

bitten).

C. Analysis

{¶15} Given this background, the limited question we must decide is whether

Monica was Zeus’ “keeper” under R.C. 955.28(B) at the time Zeus bit her. The 

material facts relevant to this issue are undisputed. Applying those facts to the law 

discussed above, a reasonable jury could only conclude that Monica was Zeus’

“keeper” under the statute at the time the dog bit her.

{¶16} The day before the bite, after Zeus had gotten loose and been found in 

her yard, Monica brought Zeus back to Stemen’s yard and secured Zeus back to 

where the dog had been located. Then she provided Zeus with food and water from 

2 Of course, a person can likewise become a dog’s “owner,” then sell the dog to another person and no longer 

be its “owner.”
Case No. 1-23-28

-9-

her own home, and she established a new perimeter for the dog’s restricted 

movement by changing where Zeus had been chained (the stake) to a new location 

(the post at Stemen’s house). Later that same day, she checked on Zeus again, 

returning to Stemen’s yard and giving the dog food another time. The next day, 

Monica continued to watch over Zeus, checking on the dog once again and returning 

to Stemen’s yard to find Zeus’ chain—which Monica had previously moved by 

securing it to a different place—had become caught on a stone. It was at this time, 

while Monica continued to ensure the dog’s care and attempted to reestablish the 

full perimeter she had set for Zeus by freeing his chain from the stone, when Zeus 

bit her. Thus, on multiple occasions over a couple of days when the dog’s owner 

was continuously not present, Monica gave Zeus food and water and took other 

efforts to ensure Zeus’ wellbeing. Importantly, the interaction when Zeus bit 

Monica was not the initial interaction that involved her checking on and caring for 

the dog that ended up biting her.

{¶17} During her deposition, Monica acknowledged she had been caring for 

Zeus, and she testified she did so because she is a “[d]og lover” who “want[s] to 

make sure they’re taken care of.” (M. Purcell Dep. Tr. at 86-87, 90). She also 

acknowledged she “didn’t have to care for the dog” but instead could have ignored 

the dog, contacted the dog warden, contacted the police, or contacted Stemen. (Id.

at 90). She also testified that “everything [she] did was over [her] concern for the 

welfare of the dog,” even though Stemen never asked her to take care of Zeus. (Id.
Case No. 1-23-28

-10-

at 86-87, 90). In other words, she acknowledged the purpose of her interactions 

with Zeus was to care for the dog when she believed no one else was doing so. It 

does not matter whether Appellees asked Monica to take care of Zeus or that Monica 

never offered to take care of Zeus. See, e.g., Johnson, 116 Ohio App.3d at 448 (no 

dispute that plaintiff was the dog’s “keeper” at the time of the accident, despite not 

being asked to take physical charge or care for the dog, where plaintiff let herself 

into the dog owner’s house, noticed the dog wanted to go outside, leashed the dog, 

and took it outside); Lewis, 2006-Ohio-3100, at ¶ 13 (rejecting appellant’s argument 

that, because “she was not specifically charged with grooming” the dog, a jury 

question existed regarding whether she was its “keeper”). Moreover, nothing in the 

statute’s language indicates a requirement that a person be asked (or ask) to be in 

physical charge or care of the dog in order to become its “keeper.” See R.C. 

955.28(B).

{¶18} At the least, Monica was actively caring for the dog at the time of her 

injury. Monica’s actions are sufficient to find she was Zeus’ “keeper” when the dog

bit her. Johnson, 116 Ohio App.3d at 449 (a “keeper” is “the person in physical 

charge or care of the dog at the time of the accident” [emphasis added]). Therefore, 

she is barred from recovering under R.C. 955.28. Id. at 450. There is no genuine 

issue of material fact, it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can only 

conclude that Monica was the dog’s “keeper” under R.C. 955.28 (even when 

viewing the evidence in favor of Appellants), and, therefore, Appellees are entitled 
Case No. 1-23-28

-11-

to judgment as a matter of law on the strict liability claim. Civ.R. 56. We affirm 

the trial court’s decision to grant Appellees summary judgment on the Appellants’

strict liability claim. Johnson, 116 Ohio App.3d at 448-51 (affirming summary 

judgment for defendant on plaintiff-keeper’s strict liability claim under R.C. 

955.28); Lewis, 2006-Ohio-3100, at ¶ 5, 11-14, 19 (same). 

IV. CONCLUSION

{¶19} For the foregoing reasons, Appellants’ assignment of error is

overruled. Having found no error prejudicial to the appellants in the particulars 

assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the Allen County Court of Common 

Pleas.

Judgment Affirmed.

WILLAMOWSKI and ZIMMERMAN, J.J., concur.

/hls