{"id":40605,"date":"2021-03-17T16:15:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-17T20:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-468868"},"modified":"2024-01-17T15:20:40","modified_gmt":"2024-01-17T20:20:40","slug":"step-3-artemis-moon-missions-as-an-astronaut-testbed-for-mars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-3-artemis-moon-missions-as-an-astronaut-testbed-for-mars\/","title":{"rendered":"Step 3, Artemis: Moon Missions as an Astronaut Testbed for Mars"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-article-hero-header nasa-gb-align-full bg-carbon-90 width-full maxw-full color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-hero-header\">\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full maxw-full minh-tablet grid-container minh-tablet flex-column padding-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex flex-direction-column\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-y-9 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-0 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"z-400 grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-2\">8 Min Read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"heading-41 line-height-md color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStep 3, Artemis: Moon Missions as an Astronaut Testbed for Mars\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 79% 11%; object-position: 79% 11%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png 3840w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.png?resize=2000,1125 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"padding-y-3 padding-x-3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p><em>This article is part of a series that details each step NASA\u2019s Human Research Program is taking to prepare humans for long-duration missions to space. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-1-earth-analogs-help-advance-missions-to-moon-mars\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-1-earth-analogs-help-advance-missions-to-moon-mars\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Step 1 <\/a>involves Earth-bound simulations of life in space.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-2-station-space-laboratory-as-testbed-for-moon-mars\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-2-station-space-laboratory-as-testbed-for-moon-mars\/\"> <i>Step 2<\/i> <\/a>relies on research conducted on the International Space Station to better understand and manage the effects of long-duration missions. Step 3, described below, tackles the challenge of keeping humans healthy in the deeper space environment of the Moon. For an overview of these steps, click <\/em><i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/nasas-human-research-program-three-steps-to-mars\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/nasas-human-research-program-three-steps-to-mars\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>America is going back to the Moon, and NASA will use what it learns during the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/artemis\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/artemis\/\">Artemis program<\/a> to prepare for humanity\u2019s next giant leap: sending astronauts to Mars. Artemis is part of the steppingstone approach that will build on research conducted in ground<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/analog-missions\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/analog-missions\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> analogs<\/a> and on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/\">International Space Station<\/a> to help NASA identify ways to keep astronauts safe, healthy, and productive during future missions to Mars.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"STEPS 2 MARS INFOGRAPHIC\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png 2700w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=225,300 225w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=768,1024 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=1152,1536 1152w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=1536,2048 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=300,400 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=450,600 450w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=675,900 675w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=900,1200 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/steps2mars_infographic_embed1.png?resize=1500,2000 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Gateway to the Moon<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Round-trip missions to Mars are expected to take up to three years, and engineers and scientists at NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/hrp\">Human Research Program<\/a>, or HRP, seek to better understand what might happen to the human body during that time. The research gathered throughout analog, space station, and Artemis missions aims to examine the risks astronauts will encounter on long missions far from Earth. Additionally, the studies provide insight into how humans adapt or respond to those risks, and how to develop effective ways to counter any negative effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Part of Artemis is the Gateway, which will be an outpost that orbits the Moon and provides vital support for a sustainable, long-term human presence on the lunar surface, as well as a staging point for deep space exploration. As NASA and its partners build the Gateway, the outpost\u2019s capabilities will expand to include more living and research space, enabling months-long crew expeditions with multiple trips down to the lunar surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe Gateway provides the platform that enables all types of testing and training for Mars missions,\u201d said Kris Lehnhardt, element scientist for Exploration Medical Capability for HRP at NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston. \u201cThe platform can be designed from the very beginning to be as similar to an exploration environment as possible, while decreasing Earth dependence for future missions.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What\u2019s Different?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Missions to the Moon are about 1,000 times farther from Earth and more challenging than expeditions to the space station. Artemis missions will provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the hazards astronauts will face in a true deep space environment, before embarking on the years-long journey to Mars. Lunar missions will enable researchers to address the challenges of living farther from Earth than ever before, and test new technologies and procedures needed for the approximately 140 million mile round-trip to the Red Planet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Deep Space Radiation <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A key concern is deep space <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/hrp\/radiation\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/hrp\/radiation\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">radiation<\/a>, which comes from the Sun and elsewhere in the universe, and is a hazard of space travel that increases the risk of cancer and degenerative diseases later in life. It is difficult to study the effects of deep space radiation on Earth or at the space station, because the radiation exposure on Earth\u2019s surface and in low-Earth orbit is different than what crews will encounter in deep space. The scientists at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bnl.gov\/nsrl\/\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA Space Radiation Laboratory<\/a> in Upton, New York, assess the risks of space radiation to humans using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/galactic-cosmic-ray-simulator-brings-space-down-to-earth\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/general\/galactic-cosmic-ray-simulator-brings-space-down-to-earth\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">simulated cosmic rays, <\/a>but cannot exactly replicate the kind of exposure astronauts will receive on a Mars mission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even though crews aboard the space station are exposed to more radiation than on Earth, the planet\u2019s magnetic field provides them with significant protection. The Moon is beyond Earth\u2019s protective magnetosphere and lacks a magnetic field of its own, making it an ideal place to study the effects of deep space radiation. As part of Artemis, NASA plans to better characterize the radiation environment. The space agency also intends to test methods to identify individual susceptibility to the impacts of radiation, countermeasures to reduce radiation exposure from solar particle events, and treatments to help prevent or alleviate damage from deep space radiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe primary focus of Artemis missions from a space radiation perspective is developing the capability to accurately monitor the deep space radiation environment and its effect on the human body,\u201d Lehnhardt said. \u201cThis information will help NASA to design countermeasures and protections for astronauts when they go on farther missions to Mars.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?w=1920\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Gateway is critical to sustainable lunar exploration and will serve as a model for future missions to Mars.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=400,225 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=600,338 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=900,506 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/gateway_artemis_humans_space_moon_embed2.png?resize=1200,675 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Autonomous Medical Operations <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When medical issues arise on Mars, crews will need to deal with them quickly and competently. Aboard the space station, astronauts receive real-time guidance from Mission Control when using medical technologies to perform procedures. On trips to Mars, however, communication delays will require astronauts to address health events themselves using automated technology, and the small size of the Mars spacecraft will limit the amount of equipment that can be carried along. At the Gateway, NASA will help advance Mars missions by testing in-flight medical capabilities that enable the crew to function with more independence from Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When equipping the Gateway, crews will need devices that are not only small and light, but also enable them to perform exams or procedures with limited input from Mission Control. For example, astronauts could use miniaturized ultrasound devices to perform examinations without medical guidance from ground crews. Although astronauts will test and train with such devices and procedures on the ground, experience at the Gateway will determine if crew members can reliably use these systems independently in a microgravity and deep space environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe have the opportunity to advance autonomy with Gateway, and to train the crew in preparation for the future with the intent for them to be capable on their own,\u201d said Jennifer Fogarty, former chief scientist of HRP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Behavioral Health and Team Performance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Astronauts going to Mars will also face the challenge of living in a small habitat with limited resources, which can lead to sleep, social, and communication issues. Research from ground analogs and the space station reveals that the personality characteristics of astronauts are an important factor when selecting a crew, to ensure they can effectively work together. However, ground research does not fully capture the experience of living in deep space, and the space station is much more spacious than the vessel that will carry astronauts to Mars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Gateway will be closer to the kind of environment astronauts will experience on a Mars journey. To learn more about how astronauts might tolerate the conditions, Gateway crew members may keep journals that provide insight into their well-being, and wear devices that gather data about their sleep cycles and circadian rhythms. This information can be combined to further develop countermeasures that improve sleep, reduce fatigue, and boost overall individual and team performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Test Landing <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Exercise helps combat bone and muscle loss that results from prolonged weightlessness in space. However, astronauts still require initial assistance with standing and walking when they return to normal gravity on Earth. This is due to reduced blood volume associated with how fluid shifts in the body while in space, and overcompensation from the inner ear triggered by movement and being in an upright position. The gravity on Mars \u2013 about one-third that of Earth\u2019s \u2013 could pose similar problems after crews spend months traveling in microgravity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Likewise, astronauts landing on the Moon will have to adapt to the gravity of the lunar surface, which is about one-sixth of Earth\u2019s gravity. During Artemis missions, researchers will be able to verify whether crew members can perform activities inside and outside of their spacecraft without ground support. These insights will allow scientists to gauge whether astronauts can immediately perform mission-critical tasks independently when adjusting to the gravity of another celestial body. This research will also aid in creating protocols to help astronauts adapt to Mars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Path to Mars <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the late Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon, he famously declared, \u201cOne small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.\u201d As NASA moves onward to Mars, the Moon will be a pivotal step on the path to living and working on another world. Through research using ground analogs, the space station, and the Artemis program, HRP is helping NASA achieve the next giant leap of human space travel one small step at a time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em><code>____<\/code><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NASA’s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/hrp\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/hrp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Human Research Program<\/a>, or HRP, pursues the best methods and technologies to support safe, productive human space travel. Through science conducted in laboratories, ground-based analogs, and the International Space Station, HRP scrutinizes how spaceflight affects human bodies and behaviors. Such research drives HRP\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/nasas-human-research-program-three-steps-to-mars\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/nasas-human-research-program-three-steps-to-mars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">quest<\/a> to innovate ways that keep astronauts healthy and mission-ready as space travel expands to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-about-the-author nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-about-the-author\"><div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-x-0 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black padding-top-3\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h3 class=\"heading-14\">About the Author<\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-row grid-container padding-x-0 maxw-widescreen\"><div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9\"><div class=\"grid-row\"><div class=\"hds-author-thumbnail mobile:circle-6 mobile:maxw-6 circle-card maxw-card thumbnail margin-right-2 desktop:margin-right-5\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"10rem\" height=\"10rem\" loading=\"lazy\" fetchpriority=\"low\" class=\"avatar avatar-300 photo medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-nasa-logo-wallpaper-300x300.jpeg\" alt=\"NASA\"><\/div><div class=\"grid-col\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-29 line-height-sm\">NASA<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"padding-y-2\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9\"><p class=\"margin-top-0\">The user account to apply to data migrations<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 article_a hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 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class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2><\/div><ul class=\"article-tags\"><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/\">Humans in Space<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/hrp\/\">Human Research Program<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles\">\t\t<section class=\"hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h2 style=\"max-width: 100%;\" class=\"width-full w-full maxw-full\">Explore More<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers-and-facilities\/kennedy\/nasa-mission-strengthens-40-year-friendship\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?w=289\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg 2154w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=289,300 289w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=768,796 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=988,1024 988w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=1482,1536 1482w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=1976,2048 1976w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=386,400 386w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=579,600 579w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=868,900 868w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=1158,1200 1158w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/billy-stover-and-butch-wilmore-at-ncaa-ceremony-1.jpg?resize=1929,2000 1929w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">4 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA Mission Strengthens 40-Year Friendship\u00a0<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/solar-system\/planets\/mars\/nasa-selects-commercial-service-studies-to-enable-mars-robotic-science\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg 4798w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=300,300 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=768,768 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=1024,1024 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=1536,1536 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=2048,2048 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=400,400 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=600,600 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=900,900 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=1200,1200 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1-viking-mars-globe.jpg?resize=2000,2000 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">4 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA Selects Commercial Service Studies to Enable Mars Robotic Science<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/station\/iss-research\/nasas-commercial-partners-deliver-cargo-crew-for-station-science\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/starliner-crew.jpg?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">4 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA\u2019s Commercial Partners Deliver Cargo, Crew for Station Science<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 week ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From NASA<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/living-in-space\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Living in Space<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"370\" height=\"618\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/meir-2.png?w=370\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/meir-2.png 370w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/meir-2.png?resize=180,300 180w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/meir-2.png?resize=239,400 239w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/meir-2.png?resize=359,600 359w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/artemis\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Artemis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg 5504w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=683,1024 683w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=1365,2048 1365w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Artemis-I.jpg?resize=1333,2000 1333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/hrp\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Human Research Program<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"404\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jasmin2.png?w=404\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jasmin2.png 404w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jasmin2.png?resize=229,300 229w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jasmin2.png?resize=305,400 305w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/international-space-station\/space-station-research-and-technology\/\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Space Station Research and Technology<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=200,300 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=768,1152 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=682,1024 682w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=1024,1536 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=267,400 267w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=400,600 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=600,900 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/iss064e015250.jpg?resize=800,1200 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article is part of a series that details each step NASA\u2019s Human Research Program is taking to prepare humans for long-duration missions to space. Step 1 involves Earth-bound simulations of life in space. Step 2 relies on research conducted on the International Space Station to better understand and manage the effects of long-duration missions. Step 3, described [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":34577,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2656,3811],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[11528],"coauthors":[3854,8643,8642],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Step 3, Artemis: Moon Missions as an Astronaut Testbed for Mars","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-3-artemis-moon-missions-as-an-astronaut-testbed-for-mars\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-3-artemis-moon-missions-as-an-astronaut-testbed-for-mars\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.jpg"},"articleSection":"Humans in Space","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"NASA"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Nathan Cranford"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Jennifer Turner"}],"creator":["NASA","Nathan Cranford","Jennifer Turner"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["NASA Directorates","Science Mission Directorate","Space Life & Physical Sciences Research & Applications Division","Human Research Program","Humans in Space"],"dateCreated":"2021-03-17T20:15:00Z","datePublished":"2021-03-17T20:15:00Z","dateModified":"2024-01-17T20:20:40Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Step 3, Artemis: Moon Missions as an Astronaut Testbed for Mars\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/step-3-artemis-moon-missions-as-an-astronaut-testbed-for-mars\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2021-03-17T20:15:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"Humans in Space\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"NASA Directorates,Science Mission Directorate,Space Life & Physical Sciences Research & Applications Division,Human Research Program,Humans in Space\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"NASA\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Nathan Cranford\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Jennifer Turner\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":8,"time_ago":"3 years","featured_image":{"id":34577,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main.jpg","title":"artemis_humans_space_moon_gateway_main","alt":"NASA\u2019s Artemis mission will establish a sustainable presence on the Moon to prepare for missions to Mars.","caption":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40605"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40605"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40605\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":595508,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40605\/revisions\/595508"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40605"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=40605"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=40605"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=40605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}