THIRD DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

MCFADDEN and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 3, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A1380. REID v. THE STATE.

MILLER, Presiding Judge.

Charleston Reid pled guilty on August 19, 2014, to possession with intent to

distribute cocaine (OCGA § 16-13-30 (b)), two counts of aggravated assault on a

peace officer (OCGA § 16-5-21 (d)), two felony counts of obstruction of a peace

officer (OCGA § 16-10-24 (b)), and two misdemeanor counts of obstruction of a

peace officer (OCGA § 16-10-24 (a)).1 Reid filed a pro se motion for an out-of-time

appeal, alleging that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary and that some of

his convictions should have merged. The trial court summarily denied Reid’s motion

in a one-sentence order without an evidentiary hearing, and he appeals pro se from

1 Georgia’s aggravated assault and obstruction statutes have been amended

since Reid’s guilty plea in ways which are not relevant to this appeal.
that ruling. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand

this case for an evidentiary hearing.

Although the record does not contain many details concerning the incident that

led to Reid’s arrest, the record does show that he was indicted for one count of

trafficking in cocaine, one count of aggravated assault against a peace officer for

assaulting Officer Brock with debris (later identified as a tree limb), one count of

aggravated assault for assaulting Officer Brock with his hands, one felony count of

obstruction of a peace officer for offering and doing violence to Officer Brock with

his fists, one felony count of obstruction of a peace officer for pushing Officer

Duncan, one count of misdemeanor obstruction of a peace officer for failing to obey

the lawful commands of Officer Duncan, and one count of misdemeanor obstruction

of a peace officer for running fromOfficer Brock. Reid pled guilty to all counts of the

indictment, with the exception of his drug charge, to which he pled to the lesser

offense of possession with intent to distribute. Reid did not file a timely direct appeal.

Instead, he filed a pro se motion for out-of-time appeal, which the trial court denied. 

1. Through several enumerations of error, which we consider collectively, Reid

argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for out-of-time appeal because

the record demonstrates that his plea was not knowing and voluntary. We disagree.

2
A direct appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence entered on

a guilty plea is only available if the issue on appeal can be resolved by

reference to facts on the record. The ability to decide the appeal based

on the existing record thus becomes the deciding factor in determining

the availability of an out-of-time appeal when the defendant has pled

guilty. Issues regarding the effectiveness of counsel [regarding failure

to pursue a direct appeal] are not reached unlessthe requirement that the

appeal [can] be resolved by reference to facts on the record is met.

(Citation omitted.) Stephens v. State, 291 Ga. 837, 838 (2) (733 SE2d 266) (2012);

see also Moore v. State, 285 Ga. 855, 856 (684 SE2d 605) (2009) (“When a defendant

pleads guilty and then seeks an out-of-time appeal from that plea, he must make the

threshold showing that he would have been entitled to file a timely direct appeal from

the plea because the issues he is raising can be decided from facts appearing in the

record.”) (citation omitted.)

A defendant is required to prove both that his counsel was constitutionally

deficient and that he was prejudiced by the deficiency, meaning in this context, that

the appeal would have been successful if taken. Stephens, supra, 291 Ga. at 838-839

(citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LEd2d

674) (1984). 

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Thus, if the claims that the defendant wants to raise in the out-of-time

appeal can be resolved against him on the face of the record, so that

even a timely appeal would have been unsuccessful, then plea counsel’s

failure to advise the defendant to file such an appeal was not

professionally deficient, nor did any prejudice result. 

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id.

In attempting to make histhreshold showing that his plea was not knowing and

voluntary, Reid contendsthat he was not advised of the constitutional rights he would

waive in entering his plea, he was not advised of the nature of the charges to which

he was pleading guilty, he was not informed of the maximumand minimumsentences

available for the crimes to which he was pleading guilty, there was not a factual basis

established on the record for the trial court to accept his guilty plea, and he was not

informed of his rights to appeal or withdraw his guilty plea.2

The trial court meets its obligation in accepting a guilty plea when it shows on

the record that the defendant was informed of and understood the charges to which

2

 Reid also enumerates as error that the trial court impermissibly participated

in the plea negotiations. He did not raise this as error before the trial court,

consequently, we will not consider it for the first time on appeal. See e.g. Hunter v.

State, 273 Ga. App. 52, 54 (2) (614 SE2d 179) (2005). 

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he was pleading guilty, as well as the constitutional rights he was waiving, and that

with such understanding, the defendant voluntarily pled guilty in the absence of

promises or threats. Clark v. State, 299 Ga. App. 558, 560 (5) (683 SE2d 93) (2009);

see also Uniform Superior Court Rule 33. In reviewing the validity of a guilty plea,

this Court looksto the record as a whole to determine if the record showsthat the plea

was knowing and voluntary. Belcher v. State, 304 Ga. App. 645, 647 (1) (b) (i) (697

SE2d 300) (2010). Moreover, “a defendant’s otherwise voluntary guilty plea is not

invalidated merely because the range of punishment on the plea was never recited to

him, when he makes no claim that he was disadvantaged by the omission or even that

he was in fact unaware of the possible sentence which could be imposed.” (Citation

omitted.) Id. at 648 (1) (b) (i). Further, we presume a defendant who is represented

by counsel has received sufficiently detailed explanation from his counsel of the

nature of the crimes to which he is pleading guilty to give the defendant notice of

what he is being asked to admit. Clark, supra, 299 Ga. App. at 560.

Here, even with the limited record before us, we conclude that Reid’s plea was

knowing and voluntary. During the plea hearing, the trial court informed Reid of his

right to a trial by jury, his presumption of innocence, his right to confront his

accusers, his right to counsel, and his right to remain silent. Reid stated that he

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understood the rights he was waiving, and despite his initial equivocation, Reid

ultimately informed the trial court that he was guilty of the crimes that he was

charged with based on the crimes read by the judge from his sentencing sheet.

Moreover, both Reid and his trial counsel stated that counsel spoke to Reid about the

State’ssentencing recommendation, which they both admitted wasthe same sentence

announced in court. Taken as a whole, Reid cannot establish from thisrecord that his

plea was not knowing and voluntary, and consequently, a direct appeal would not

have been successful. Belcher, supra, 304 Ga. App. at 647 (1) (b) (i); Clark, supra,

299 Ga. App. at 560. Accordingly, Reid is not entitled to an out-of-time appeal on

this ground and we need not address issues concerning trial counsel’s alleged

ineffective assistance in this regard. Stephens, supra, 291 Ga. at 839 (1). 

2. Although not separately enumerated as error,3 Reid argues that some of his

convictions should have merged. We agree that, based on the record before us,

several of Reid’s sentences are void. 

In his pro se brief, Reid complains that he was

convicted on multiple offenses which were the result of the same facts

used to establish several of the crimes for which he was convicted and

3

 See OCGA §§ 5-6-30, 5-6-48 (f). 

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thus some of his convictions are void, illegal, and unconstitutional in

violation of both due process of law and double jeopardy as well as

contrary to OCGA § 16-1-7.

“A conviction that merges with another conviction is void . . . and a sentence

imposed on such a void conviction is illegal and will be vacated if noticed by this

Court, even if no merger claim was raised in the trial court and even if the defendant

does not enumerate the error on appeal.” Nazario v. State, 293 Ga. 480, 485 (2) (b)

(746 SE2d 109) (2013). Indeed, “to disregard [the merger issue] and allow the

defendant to serve a sentence for a criminal conviction that has been identified as

illegal and void would not comport with fundamental fairness and due process of

law.” Id. at 487 (c). Therefore, contrary to the State’s argument thatReid’s guilty plea

waives any error here, merger claims are not waived by the entry of a guilty plea, and

appellate courts have an obligation to correct such errors. Id. at 485-486 (2) (b).

Nevertheless, as with any other challenge raised in a motion for an out of time

appeal, the merits of an alleged merger issue must be established on the face of the

record. See id. at 488 (d). 

While an accused may be prosecuted for more than one crime arising out

of the same criminal conduct, he may not be convicted of more than one

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crime arising out of the same criminal conduct where one crime is

included in the other. OCGA § 16-1-7 (a) (1). A crime is included in the

other when: (1) It is established by proof of the same or less than all the

facts or a less culpable mental state than is required to establish the

commission of the crime charged; or (2) It differs from the crime

charged only in the respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to

the same person, property, or public interest or a lesser kind of

culpability suffices to establish its commission. OCGA § 16-1-6. With

respect to subsection (1), the ‘required evidence test’ is utilized to

determine whether multiple convictions are precluded because one of

the crimes was established by proof of the same or less than all the facts

that were required to establish the other crime.

(Citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted.) Regent v. State, 299 Ga. 172, 175

(787 SE2d 217) (2016).

Here, Reid was charged with two counts of aggravated assault on a peace

officer, two counts of felony obstruction of a peace officer, and two counts of

misdemeanor obstruction of a peace officer. We address the merger issues with

respect to each of these convictions in turn.

(a) Aggravated assault on a peace officer and felony obstruction of a peace

officer.

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Reid was indicted for and convicted of aggravated assault on a peace officer

(OCGA § 16-5-21 (d)) for 

unlawfully mak[ing] an assault upon the person of [Officer] Brock,

knowing said [Officer] Brock was a peace officer engaged in the

performance of his official duties, said assault being with an object, to

wit: hands, which when used offensively against a person, islikely to or

actually does result in serious bodily injury . . .

Reid was also indicted for and convicted of felony obstruction of a peace officer

(OCGA § 16-10-24 (b)) for 

unlawfully, knowingly, and willfully obstruct[ing] [Officer] Brock, a

law enforcement officer in the lawful discharge of his official duties by

offering and doing violence to said officer by trying to strike said officer

with his fist . . . .

The record clearly showsthat the crime of obstruction was established by proof

of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the crime of aggravated

assault on a peace officer. See Taylor v. State, 327 Ga. App. 882, 888 (5) (a) (761

SE2d 426) (2014) (obstruction of a peace officer was established by proof of the same

or less than all the facts required to prove aggravated assault on a peace officer and

therefore the two offenses merged); compare Gordon v. State, 337 Ga. App. 64, 69

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(2) (785 SE2d 900) (2016) (conviction for aggravated assault did not require proof

that assault was “upon a peace officer while the peace officer is engaged in, or on

account of the performance of, his or her official duties,” therefore it did not merge

with obstruction of a peace officer conviction). Consequently, Reid’s convictionsfor

aggravated assault on a peace officer and felony obstruction of a peace officer as to

Officer Brock should have merged. 

(b) Felony obstruction and misdemeanor obstruction. 

Misdemeanor obstruction is a lesser included offense offelonyobstruction, and

therefore, Reid’s convictions forfelony andmisdemeanor obstruction also could have

merged. OCGA § 16-10-24 (a) and (b); Chynoweth v. State, 331 Ga. App. 123, 129

(4) (768 SE2d 536) (2015); McCoy v. State, 285 Ga. App. 246, 249 (3) (645 SE2d

728) (2007) (“If a jury finds a defendant guilty of both the charged offense and the

lesser included offense, the lesser offense merges into the greater offense and the

court sentences on the greater offense only.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

Given the scant record before this Court concerning the confrontation between Reid

and Officer Duncan, we cannot conclude that Reid’s felony and misdemeanor

obstruction chargesshould have merged. Nevertheless, in light of our conclusion that

Reid opened the door to an out-of-time appeal on the merger of the other charges, we

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need not address that issue at this time. Rather, this is an issue for the trial court to

address on remand.

(c) Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Our conclusions that Reid’s merger claims are meritorious does not end the

inquiry. To be entitled to an out-of-time appeal,Reid still mustshow that counsel was

constitutionally defective for failing to advise Reid of the right to appeal or failing to

file the appeal on Reid’s behalf. See e.g., Stephens, supra, 291 Ga. at 839 (2) (if

defendant makes an insufficient showing as to either the merits of his appeal or the

ineffective assistance of counsel, he is not entitled to an out-of-time appeal).

Where, as here, the underlying merger claim has merit, the trial court must

determine whether trial counsel’s deficient performance was the cause of the failure

to file a timely direct appeal. Id. at 839 (2). Thus, the trial court must hold an

evidentiary hearing on this issue.4 Id. 

4 We recognize that this Court has rejected the need for an evidentiary hearing

in two cases: Dowling v. State, 294 Ga. App. 413, 414 (669 SE2d 198) (2008); and

Davis v. State, 286 Ga. App. 80, 82 (2) (648 SE2d 670) (2007). The statements about

evidentiary hearings in those cases are arguably dicta. Moreover, we find those cases

distinguishable because neither case held that the defendant’s underlying claim on

appeal was meritorious.

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The trial court in this case summarily dismissed Reid’s motion without

conducting a hearing. Having concluded that Reid’s merger claim would entitle him

to relief, we find that the trial court’s failure to conduct a hearing is error. See

Stephens, supra, 291 Ga. at 839 (2). We therefore vacate the trial court’s order in part

and remand this case with instructions for the trial court to hold an evidentiary

hearing on trial counsel’s performance. 

In sum, we affirm the trial court’s order to the extent it denied Reid’s motion

for out-of-time appeal with respect to his claim that his plea was involuntary. We

vacate the trial court’s order with respect to the merger issue and we remand this case

with instruction that for the trial court to consider whether trial counsel was

constitutionally ineffective for failing to advise Reid of his right to appeal his void

sentence.

Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with instruction.

McFadden, J. concurs. McMillian, J. concurs in judgment only.

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