{"id":140922,"date":"2022-08-25T13:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-482341"},"modified":"2024-03-14T07:29:29","modified_gmt":"2024-03-14T11:29:29","slug":"glenns-legacy-of-testing-spacecraft-spans-from-apollo-to-artemis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/glenns-legacy-of-testing-spacecraft-spans-from-apollo-to-artemis\/","title":{"rendered":"Glenn\u2019s Legacy of Testing Spacecraft Spans from Apollo to Artemis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-article-hero-header nasa-gb-align-full bg-carbon-90 width-full maxw-full color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-hero-header\">\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper width-full maxw-full minh-tablet grid-container minh-tablet flex-column padding-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex flex-direction-column\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-y-9 padding-x-3 desktop:padding-x-3 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"z-400 grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-7 z-400\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-spacesuit-white margin-bottom-2\">3 Min Read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"heading-41 line-height-md color-spacesuit-white-important\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGlenn\u2019s Legacy of Testing Spacecraft Spans from Apollo to Artemis\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?w=1536\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536\" alt=\"Orion spacecraft in vacuum chamber with scaffolding around it.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 59% 1%; object-position: 59% 1%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg 8256w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=768,512 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=1536,1024 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=2048,1365 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=400,267 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=600,400 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=900,600 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=1200,800 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/grc-2019-c-12779.jpeg?resize=2000,1333 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"padding-y-3 padding-x-3\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"hds-caption maxw-mobile desktop:padding-x-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0 color-carbon-30\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><figcaption>Orion – EM-1 – Artemis Spacecraft Arrival at Mansfield Lahm Airport, Transportation to Plum Brook Station and Installation in the Space Environment Complex, SEC Thermal Vacuum Chamber<\/figcaption><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In early 2020, NASA\u2019s Glenn Research Center achieved a major milestone for the Artemis program by verifying that the systems on NASA\u2019s new <a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/artemisatpbs\">Orion spacecraft functioned in a simulated space environment<\/a>.  Project manager Nicole Smith explained, \u201cWe like to say, \u2018we test like we fly.\u201d The center began testing spacecraft as they fly over 50 years earlier while preparing the Centaur stage to transport landers to the Moon prior to the Apollo missions in the 1960s.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In July 1962, NASA decided to use General Dynamics\u2019 new, unproven <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/glenn\/about\/history\/centaur.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Centaur rocket<\/a> with an Atlas booster to launch a series of Surveyor spacecraft to the lunar surface to scout landing sites for Apollo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After a failed preliminary launch attempt, the Centaur program was transferred to the Lewis Research Center (today, NASA Glenn) in the fall of 1962 for an intensive review.  The center built or updated several facilities specifically for Centaur. The most significant modification was the conversion of the Altitude Wind Tunnel into a vacuum tank known as the <a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www1.grc.nasa.gov\/historic-facilities\/altitude-wind-tunnel\/spc-facility-description\/\">Space Power Chambers<\/a> (SPC).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Center Director Abe Silverstein, who had recently served as NASA\u2019s chief of Space Flight Programs, personally oversaw Lewis\u2019 Centaur effort. Silverstein\u2019s experience with Project Mercury influenced his belief that all new space hardware should be tested in simulated space conditions prior to launch.  The low pressure, cold temperatures, and radiation in space could affect the operation of electronics and other systems.<br><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1536\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?w=2048\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Centaur rocket being lowered into a test chamber.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=1024,768 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=1536,1152 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=900,675 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=1200,900 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?resize=2000,1500 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">A 100-foot-tall crane lowers a Centaur stage through a removable dome into the Space Power Chambers\u2019 vacuum tank on March 19, 1964.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>A dome was added to the new SPC space tank in 1963 so the Centaur could stand vertically inside. A 42-foot-high copper cryoshroud built around the vehicle produced the low temperatures of space, and 259 high-powered lamps simulated solar radiation on the vehicle. Massive diffusion pumps removed the air to create the near vacuum found at 100 miles altitude. On March 19, 1964, a Centaur vehicle was lowered into the chamber and onto a test stand for testing.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the SPC test program, Lewis engineers recreated entire Centaur missions without firing the engines. This included mimicking the launch phase, separation from the Atlas, first engine burn, coast, second engine burn, and deactivation of the systems.  The Centaur was subjected to 20 to 30 of these cycles to verify the performance of different electronics packages in space.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The SPC tests, which revealed that pressurization of the electronics cannisters was harmful and that overall power levels should be low to minimize overheating, were a key component of Lewis\u2019 extensive effort to ensure that Centaur was not only ready for flight but did not delay the Apollo missions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An Atlas-Centaur successfully launched the first Surveyor to the Moon on May 30, 1966.  Centaurs delivered six additional Surveyors to the lunar surface prior to the first Apollo landing in July 1969. Centaur has gone on to <a rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/glenn\/about\/history\/centaur_anniv.html\">launch dozens of probes, satellites, and observatories<\/a> and remains active today.<br><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1638\" height=\"2048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?w=1638\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Rocket lifting off from launch tower.\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg 2400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=240,300 240w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=768,960 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=819,1024 819w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=1229,1536 1229w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=1638,2048 1638w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=320,400 320w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=480,600 480w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=720,900 720w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=960,1200 960w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/gpn-2000-000617.jpeg?resize=1600,2000 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1638px) 100vw, 1638px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Atlas\/Centaur-10 lifts off from Cape Canaveral on May 30, 1966, carrying the first Surveyor. On June 2, 1966, Surveyor became the nation\u2019s first spacecraft to soft-land on the Moon.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>As NASA\u2019s Artemis prepares to return to the Moon, the center tested the Orion spacecraft for eight weeks in 2020 in the vacuum, low temperatures, and radiation of space inside the Space Environments Complex at Plum Brook Station (today, Armstrong Test Facility). The vehicle was then tested in ambient conditions to ensure radio frequency signals did not disrupt the electronics.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The tests went exceptionally well, and the Orion vehicle was returned to the Kennedy Space Center on March 25, 2020, to prepare for the Artemis I initial launch in August 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Robert S. Arrighi<\/em><br><em>NASA’s Glenn Research Center<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A longer version of this article appears in <a href=\"https:\/\/history.nasa.gov\/nltr39-3.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>NASA History News & Notes<\/strong><\/em>, Volume 39, Number 3, Fall 2022<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles\">\t\t<section class=\"hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h2 style=\"max-width: 100%;\" class=\"width-full w-full maxw-full\">Explore More<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/a-road-trip-for-a-rocket-2\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg 2922w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=300,166 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=768,426 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=1024,568 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=1536,852 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=2048,1136 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=400,222 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=600,333 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=900,499 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=1200,666 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/grc-1963-c-65589.jpg?resize=2000,1110 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">1 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">A Road Trip for a Rocket<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 years ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/center-performs-key-testing-for-1970s-interplanetary-missions\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"258\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?w=258\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg 2320w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=258,300 258w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=768,892 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=881,1024 881w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=1322,1536 1322w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=1762,2048 1762w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=344,400 344w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=516,600 516w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=774,900 774w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=1033,1200 1033w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/grc-1972-c-01269.jpg?resize=1721,2000 1721w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">4 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Center Performs Key Testing for 1970s Interplanetary Missions<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 years ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/centaur-americas-workhorse-in-space\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"297\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg 2362w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=300,297 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=768,761 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=1024,1014 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=1536,1522 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=2048,2029 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=400,396 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=600,594 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=900,892 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=1200,1189 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/grc-1964-c-68972.jpg?resize=2000,1981 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">12 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Centaur: America’s Workhorse in Space<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t12 years ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In early 2020, NASA\u2019s Glenn Research Center achieved a major milestone for the Artemis program by verifying that the systems on NASA\u2019s new Orion spacecraft functioned in a simulated space environment.  Project manager Nicole Smith explained, \u201cWe like to say, \u2018we test like we fly.\u201d The center began testing spacecraft as they fly over 50 years [...]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":119,"featured_media":34457,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"119","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":["176773"],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":["210856","41647","41614"],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2681,13014,2683],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[],"coauthors":[10218],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Glenn\u2019s Legacy of Testing Spacecraft Spans from Apollo to Artemis","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/glenns-legacy-of-testing-spacecraft-spans-from-apollo-to-artemis\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/glenns-legacy-of-testing-spacecraft-spans-from-apollo-to-artemis\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg"},"articleSection":"Missions","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Robert S. Arrighi"}],"creator":["Robert S. Arrighi"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["Missions","Artemis","Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle","Glenn History"],"dateCreated":"2022-08-25T17:00:00Z","datePublished":"2022-08-25T17:00:00Z","dateModified":"2024-03-14T11:29:29Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"Glenn\u2019s Legacy of Testing Spacecraft Spans from Apollo to Artemis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/glenns-legacy-of-testing-spacecraft-spans-from-apollo-to-artemis\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2022-08-25T17:00:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"Missions\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"Missions,Artemis,Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle,Glenn History\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"Robert S. Arrighi\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":3,"time_ago":"2 years","featured_image":{"id":34457,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/grc-1964-c-68846_orig.jpg","title":"grc-1964-c-68846_orig","alt":"Centaur rocket being lowered into a test chamber.","caption":"A 100-foot-tall crane lowers a Centaur stage through a removable dome into the Space Power Chambers\u2019 vacuum tank on March 19, 1964."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140922"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/119"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=140922"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140922\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":577524,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140922\/revisions\/577524"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=140922"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=140922"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=140922"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=140922"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=140922"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}