[Cite as In re K.E.W., 2016-Ohio-7844.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

LAKE COUNTY, OHIO 

IN THE MATTER OF: K.E.W., : O P I N I O N 

DELINQUENT CHILD. 

 : 

 CASE NO. 2016-L-020

 : 

 : 

Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, Case No. 

2015 DL 01685. 

Judgment: Reversed and vacated.

Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor, and Teri R. Daniel, Assistant Prosecutor, 

Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street, P.O. Box 490, Painesville, OH 

44077 (For Appellee-State of Ohio). 

Charles R. Grieshammer, Lake County Public Defender, and Vanessa R. Clapp, 

Assistant Public Defender, 125 East Erie Street, Painesville, OH 44077 (For 

Appellant-K.E.W.). 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, P.J. 

{¶1} Appellant, K.E.W., appeals from the judgment of the Lake County Court of 

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, finding the charges of robbery, assault, and criminal 

trespass true. At issue is whether the state produced sufficient evidence to support the 

trial court’s determination as it relates to the robbery charge. For the reasons discussed 

in this opinion, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and vacate the finding on the 

robbery charge. 
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{¶2} On June 22, 2015, 20-year-old Kendra Renko made arrangements to 

purchase $25 of marijuana from an acquaintance, Nevada Choate. Choate drove to 

Renko’s Mentor-on-the-Lake apartment complex, accompanied by Tina Milos, in the 

front passenger seat; Anthony Mercurio, in the rear, driver’s-side seat; and appellant, in 

the rear, passenger-side seat. At the time of the incident, appellant was Mercurio’s 

girlfriend and the only juvenile in the vehicle. 

{¶3} When Choate arrived, Renko approached the passenger side of the SUV 

and handed $25 to Milos, who passed the money to Choate. Choate then placed a 

scale on the armrest of the vehicle to weigh Renko’s marijuana. Before Renko was 

given the marijuana, appellant exited the vehicle and struck her in the back of the head. 

Renko turned and ran toward her apartment; as appellant pursued, Renko stated 

appellant scratched her on the arm. When Renko entered the first set of doors, she 

pushed appellant to keep her out of the building. Renko was able to open a second, 

secured door and escape into the apartment building. When she entered her 

apartment, Renko advised her boyfriend of the incident. Renko’s boyfriend ran outside, 

only to observe Choate’s vehicle driving away. 

{¶4} One of the apartment complex’s maintenance workers witnessed the 

incident while she was cleaning a vacant apartment. According to the employee, 

appellant exited the vehicle and struck Renko in the head three times. Upon witnessing 

the assault, the employee ran outside and observed appellant re-entering the vehicle as 

it drove away. 

{¶5} On November 13, 2015, a complaint was filed against appellant charging 

her with robbery, a felony of the second degree if committed by an adult, in violation of 
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R.C. 2911.02(A)(2); assault, a misdemeanor of the first degree if committed by an adult, 

in violation of R.C. 2903.13(A); and criminal trespass, a misdemeanor of the fourth 

degree if committed by an adult, in violation of R.C. 2911.21(A)(2). A detention hearing 

was held, and appellant entered a plea of “not true” to each count. 

{¶6} The matter proceeded to a dispositional hearing. Various witnesses were 

called and attested to the aforementioned facts. Renko further testified she was familiar 

with everyone in the vehicle, with the exception of appellant. Defense counsel 

indicated, however, that appellant was familiar with Renko. Defense counsel suggested 

that appellant was agitated with Renko because she believed Renko was romantically 

involved with Mercurio. No evidence was advanced to support this theory and Renko 

specifically denied any such connection, testifying she knew Mercurio simply as an 

acquaintance from high school. 

{¶7} After hearing the evidence, the trial court found each of the counts in the 

complaint to be true. Appellant was ordered to serve, among other dispositions, an 

indefinite term in the Ohio Department of Youth Services that was suspended; a term of 

90 days in the Lake County Detention Facility that was suspended with credit for time 

served; home detention; and indefinite probation. She now appeals and assigns the 

following error: 

{¶8} “The trial court erred to the prejudice of the delinquent child-appellant 

when it denied her Crim.R. 29(A) motion for judgment of acquittal, in violation of her 

rights to fair trial and due process as guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth 

Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 10 and 16 of the 

Ohio Constitution.” 
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{¶9} A “sufficiency” argument raises a question of law as to whether the 

prosecution offered some evidence concerning each element of the charged offense. 

State v. Windle, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-0033, 2011-Ohio-4171, ¶25. “[T]he proper 

inquiry is, after viewing the evidence most favorably to the prosecution, whether the jury 

could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” State v. Troisi, 179 Ohio App.3d 326, 2008-Ohio-6062, ¶9 (11th Dist.). 

{¶10} Appellant was charged with robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2). 

That statute provides: 

{¶11} (A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense or in 

fleeing immediately after the attempt or offense, shall do any of the 

following: 

{¶12} * * * 

{¶13} (2) Inflict, attempt to inflict, or threaten to inflict physical harm on 

another[.] 

{¶14} The culpable mental state for robbery is satisfied if the state proves the 

mens rea element of the theft offense. State v. Tolliver, 140 Ohio St.3d 420, 424, 2014-

Ohio-3744. Pursuant to R.C. 2913.02(A), the statute defining theft offenses, the mental 

states for theft include both “purposely” and “knowingly.” (“No person, with purpose to 

deprive the owner of property or services, shall knowingly obtain or exert control over 

either the property or services * * *” in any of several specified ways). R.C. 2901.22 

defines “purposely” and “knowingly” as follows: 

{¶15} (A) A person acts purposely when it is the person’s specific 

intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is 

a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what 

the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is the offender’s 

specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature. 
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{¶16} (B) A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the 

person is aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a 

certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has 

knowledge of circumstances when the person is aware that such 

circumstances probably exist. When knowledge of the existence of 

a particular fact is an element of an offense, such knowledge is 

established if a person subjectively believes that there is a high 

probability of its existence and fails to make inquiry or acts with a 

conscious purpose to avoid learning the fact. 

{¶17} Appellant contends the state failed to establish she was complicit in the 

alleged robbery because it did not produce evidence to establish anyone in the vehicle 

was attempting to or committing a theft offense when she commenced the assault. 

Rather, in appellant’s view, the evidence indicates the assault was totally unrelated to 

the drug transaction and in no way connected to the eventual, coincidental theft. Thus, 

she concludes the trial court erred when it denied her Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal on 

the robbery charge. We agree. 

{¶18} The evidence demonstrated Renko produced $25; appellant observed 

Renko tender the money without receiving the marijuana; appellant assaulted Renko 

and subsequently chased her into the apartment building. There was no evidence 

presented that appellant, with the purpose of depriving Renko of her money or with the 

purpose of aiding the others in the theft, assaulted Renko. To the contrary, the 

evidence demonstrated money was exchanged, Milos commenced weighing marijuana, 

and the drug deal was proceeding as Renko expected. For reasons unknown, however, 

appellant struck Renko and, when Renko fled, appellant gave chase. No evidence was 

adduced to support the ultimate inference that appellant, in attacking Renko, had the 

specific intent to deprive Renko of her property or aid the others in purposely doing the 

same. 
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{¶19} It is well-settled that “[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence 

inherently possess the same probative value * * *.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 

(1991), paragraph one of the syllabus. “Circumstantial evidence has been defined as 

testimony not grounded on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in 

controversy, but of other facts from which inferences are drawn, showing indirectly the 

facts sought to be established.” State v. Payne, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2014-A-0001 , 

2014-Ohio-4304, ¶22, citing State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 150 (1988). An 

inference is “a conclusion which, by means of data founded upon common experience, 

natural reason draws from facts which are proven.” State v. Nevius, 147 Ohio St. 263, 

71 N.E.2d 258 (1947). It consequently follows that “when circumstantial evidence forms 

the basis of a conviction, that evidence must prove collateral facts and circumstances, 

from which the existence of a primary fact may be rationally inferred according to 

common experience.” Windle, supra at ¶34. 

{¶20} A conviction, however, may not be based upon the “stacking of 

inferences.” Payne, supra, ¶23. “When an inference, which forms the basis of a 

conviction, is drawn solely from another inference and that inference is not supported by 

any additional facts or inferences drawn from other established facts, the conviction is 

improper.” Id. See also State v. Maynard, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-697, 2012-

Ohio-2946, ¶27. 

{¶21} In this case, the state maintained that appellant assaulted Renko during 

the commission of a theft and/or did so with the purpose to aid in a theft. This theory, 

however, requires an inference drawn solely from a separate inference that is not 

supported by the facts established at trial. The state’s theory of the case requires one 
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to assume either (1) that appellant possessed the specific intent to deprive Renko of her 

money and facilitated the theft via the assault; or (2) that the occupants of the vehicle, 

prior to meeting Renko, conspired to take Renko’s money without giving her marijuana 

and that the theft would be facilitated through an assault carried out by appellant. The 

state produced no evidence to support either of these essential assumptions. 

{¶22} The evidence demonstrated that Renko handed her money to Milos, who 

passed it to Choate, who began the process of weighing marijuana in exchange for the 

$25. The fact that appellant’s assault occurred after the exchange of money but before 

the exchange of marijuana does not, unto itself, support the conclusion that appellant 

had the specific intent to commit a theft or aid in a theft. Indeed, if the assault was 

committed for the specific purpose of committing a theft or assisting the others in a theft, 

it follows that appellant would have re-entered the vehicle once Renko fled; the 

evidence demonstrated, however, appellant pursued Renko into the apartment building 

maintaining her aggressive posture during the chase. 

{¶23} To convict appellant of robbery, the state was required to present some 

evidence that appellant, with the purpose to deprive Renko of her money or with the 

intention to aid the other occupants in purposely depriving Renko of her money, 

committed the assault. There was no evidence, however, to support the conclusion that 

appellant or the other occupants had the purpose to deprive Renko of her property. The 

circumstantial inference that appellant committed the robbery is premised upon the 

unsupported inference that appellant had the specific intent to commit the theft or aided 

the other occupants in purposely depriving Renko of her money. Because there was no 

evidence to support the inference that appellant or the remaining occupants of the 
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vehicle acted with the purpose to deprive Renko of property, the trial court’s finding of 

“true” on the robbery charge is premised upon insufficient evidence. That finding is 

therefore reversed and vacated. 

{¶24} Appellant’s assignment of error has merit. 

{¶25} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Lake County Court of 

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, finding the robbery charge “true” is reversed and that 

finding is vacated. 

 

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurs, 

DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion. 

_____________________ 

DIANE V. GRENDELL, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion. 

{¶26} I dissent from the majority’s decision to reverse the judgment of the lower 

court, finding the Robbery charge to be true. Since the timeline of events and the 

actions of K.E.W. show that the assault of the victim, Kendra Renko, logically was 

motivated by the intent to commit a theft, the court’s finding of true must be upheld. 

{¶27} It is initially necessary to emphasize that the challenge raised by K.E.W. 

on appeal is one of sufficiency of the evidence. Evidence in a sufficiency evaluation 

must be viewed “in a light most favorable to the prosecution” and this court must review 

all evidence in a manner consistent with that standard. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 

259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. In doing so, it is apparent 

that there is evidence to support the elements of Robbery. 
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{¶28} To properly evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence, consideration of the 

timeline of events is critical, as it provides strong evidence of K.E.W.’s intent and 

purpose to commit a theft offense. Testimony established that K.E.W. was aware that 

Renko’s money had been handed into the vehicle and she did not exit the car until the 

money was received. She did not wait until the drugs were given to Renko to exit the 

car and attack her. K.E.W.’s action of committing the assault against Renko allowed 

her and the others in the car to take the money without any resistance. 

{¶29} There is also no evidence in the record to support any other motivation for 

the assault. Renko testified that she did not know K.E.W. At the time K.E.W. began 

assaulting her, Renko asked “What are you doing? Who are you?” K.E.W. did not yell 

accusations at Renko during the assault or otherwise show a particular motivation for it. 

In short, there was no testimony to establish any reason for the assault of the victim 

other than the one that logically follows from the facts above: that K.E.W. committed the 

assault to aid in the theft of the money. Further, K.E.W.’s inconsistent stories point to 

the fact that she was trying to cover up the seriousness of the crime she committed. 

{¶30} While K.E.W.’s brief argues that her “actions in attacking Renko * * * 

appear to be the result of her belief that Renko had fooled around with her boyfriend,” 

there is nothing in the record to demonstrate this was presented as evidence to the trial 

court. Renko denied both knowing K.E.W. and having any type of relationship with her 

boyfriend. Given these denials, the record does not support this alternate theory of 

K.E.W.’s intent at the time of the assault. 

{¶31} Based on the foregoing, it is absolutely reasonable to infer from the 

evidence and testimony presented that a Robbery did occur. “Intent to commit a 
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criminal offense may be inferred from the surrounding facts and circumstances.” State 

v. Ortiz, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-14-1251, 2016-Ohio-974, ¶ 23, citing State v. Johnson, 

56 Ohio St.2d 35, 38, 381 N.E.2d 637 (1978). These are the exact circumstances 

under which intent to commit Robbery can be inferred. 

{¶32} The level of proof of intent required by the majority makes it difficult to 

convict those who do not specifically admit to their intent or discuss it with others, 

something that is not necessary to show that a Robbery occurred. “The intent of an 

accused person dwells in his mind. Not being ascertainable by the exercise of any or all 

of the senses, it can never be proved by the direct testimony of a third person and it 

need not be. It must be gathered from the surrounding facts and circumstances under 

proper instructions from the court.” (Citation omitted.) In re Washington, 81 Ohio St.3d 

337, 340, 691 N.E.2d 285 (1998). This is exactly how the State proved that the 

Robbery took place, with sufficient evidence presented through testimony about the 

circumstances on June 22, 2015. To require more than this type of circumstantial 

evidence to prove intent would create a high standard that would allow acquittals that 

are unwarranted under the law. 

{¶33} For these reasons, and contrary to the majority’s assertions, it is 

unnecessary to “stack” inferences to reach the foregoing conclusion. The intent to 

commit the theft can be inferred from the evidence of K.E.W.’s actions. As noted 

above, inferences are frequently necessary, and acceptable, when determining intent. 

{¶34} It also must be made abundantly clear that circumstantial evidence 

possesses the same value as direct evidence. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d at 272, 574 N.E.2d 

492. While the majority recognizes this fact, it does not apply this principle properly to 
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the circumstances present in this case. Not only did K.E.W. attack the victim after the 

money was received, but she also chased her away from the car and back into the 

apartment building, which ultimately caused her to abandon both her money and the 

drugs she was trying to purchase. The timing of the offense discussed above provides 

the circumstantial evidence necessary to prove that the attack was committed for the 

purpose of facilitating a theft offense. 

{¶35} The focus on whether all of the foregoing evidence weighed against a 

conviction may be proper for a manifest weight challenge, but does not suffice when 

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, which the majority fails to do. 

{¶36} For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s 

opinion and would affirm the judgment of the lower court, finding the Robbery charge to 

be true.