# Patent

## Title
Optical logical circuits based on lasing semiconductor optical amplifiers

## Abstract

This disclosure is concerned with digital optical circuits, including an optical astable multivibrator. In one example, an optical astable multivibrator is provided that includes a lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (LSOA), such as a VLSOA for example. The LSOA is optically coupled to a time delay component and includes a pump input, amplifier input, amplifier output, and a ballast laser output. The time delay component includes an input that is optically coupled with the ballast laser output of the LSOA. The time delay component further includes an output that is optically coupled with the amplifier input of the LSOA. The output of the LSOA is a clock signal having a periodic square waveform whose frequency is determined by the time delay component.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a division, and claims the benefit, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/020,558, entitled OPTICAL LOGIC CIRCUITS BASED ON LASING SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS, filed Dec. 14, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,658 (the “'558 Application”) and incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
The '558 Application, in turn, claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following three applications: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/255,753, entitled OPTICAL DEVICES INCLUDING A SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIER, by Jeffrey D. Walker, Sol P. DiJaili, John M. Wachsman, Frank G. Paterson, and James A. Witham, filed Dec. 14, 2000; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/274,474, entitled OPTICAL ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING A VLSOA, by Sol P. DiJaili, filed Mar. 9, 2001; and, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/274,437, entitled FAST OPTICAL DIGITAL CIRCUITS, by Jeffrey D. Walker and Sol P. DiJaili, filed Mar. 9, 2001. All of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein in their respective entireties by this reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to optical digital circuits. More particularly, embodiments of the invention are concerned with optical astable multivibrators based on devices such as lasing semiconductor optical amplifiers (LSOAs).
BRIEF SUMMARY OF AN EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
Exemplary embodiments of the invention are concerned with digital optical circuits, including an optical astable multivibrator. In one exemplary implementation, an optical astable multivibrator is provided that includes a lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (LSOA), such as a VLSOA for example. The LSOA is optically coupled to a time delay component and includes a pump input, amplifier input, amplifier output, and a ballast laser output. The time delay component includes an input that is optically coupled with the ballast laser output of the LSOA. The time delay component further includes an output that is optically coupled with the amplifier input of the LSOA. The output of the LSOA is a clock signal having a periodic square waveform whose frequency is determined by the time delay component.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention has other advantages and features which will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a vertical lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (VLSOA) in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a vertically lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (VLSOA).
FIG. 2B is a transverse cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertically lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (VLSOA).
FIG. 2C is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a vertically lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (VLSOA).
FIG. 2D is a flow diagram illustrating operation of a VLSOA.
FIG. 3A is a representation of an optical NOT gate.
FIG. 3B is a block diagram of an embodiment of the optical NOT gate.
FIG. 4A is a representation of an optical NOR gate.
FIG. 4B is a block diagram of an embodiment of the optical NOR gate.
FIG. 5A is a representation of an optical NAND gate.
FIG. 5B is a block diagram of an embodiment of the optical NAND gate.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an optical astable multivibrator.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of an embodiment of a tunable VLSOA.
FIG. 8A is a diagram of a tunable VLSOA with a variable distance between mirrors.
FIG. 8B is a diagram of a VLSOA with a top mirror suspended in an air gap by a cantilever section.
FIG. 8C is a diagram of a VLSOA with a top mirror suspended in an air gap by four flexible tethers.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of an embodiment of a tunable VLSOA with a tunable laser output wavelength.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an optical RS latch.
FIG. 11A is a representation of an optical AND gate.
FIG. 11B is a block diagram of an embodiment of an optical AND gate.
FIG. 12A is a representation of an optical OR gate.
FIG. 12B is a block diagram of an embodiment of an optical OR gate.
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an optical clocked latch.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Each of the described embodiments of optical logical devices comprises a vertical lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (VLSOA). Thus, the VLSOA is described first, followed by sections describing various optical logical devices. One advantage of implementing optical digital circuitry or devices using VLSOAs is that the optical logical devices are fast compared to other semiconductor-based optical implementations. This is because a high intensity field (laser or injected) is present in the VLSOA. This speeds up the processes within the gain medium of the VLSOA, increasing the switching speed of the VLSOA.
Although the described embodiments include VLSOAs, other devices can be used in other embodiments. For example, transverse lasing SOAs (in which the laser cavity is oriented transversely with respect to the amplifying path), other lasing SOAs in which the laser cavity is off-axis with respect to the amplifying path, or longitudinal lasing SOAs in which the laser cavity is aligned with respect to the amplifying path may all be used in place of some or all of the VLSOAs. In such devices, the lasing signal may be made distinct from the amplified signal by polarization, wavelength, propagation direction, or other method to separate the lasing and amplified signals.
Vertical Lasing Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a vertical lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (VLSOA) 110 in accordance with the present invention. The VLSOA 110 has an amplifier input 112 and an amplifier output 114. The VLSOA 110 further includes a semiconductor gain medium 120, with an amplifying path 130 coupled between the amplifier input 112 and the amplifier output 114 of the VLSOA 110 and traveling through the semiconductor gain medium 120. The VLSOA 110 further includes a laser cavity 140 including the semiconductor gain medium 120, and a pump input 150 coupled to the semiconductor gain medium 120. The laser cavity 140 is oriented vertically with respect to the amplifying path 130. The pump input 150 is for receiving a pump to pump the semiconductor gain medium 120 above a lasing threshold for the laser cavity 140. When pumped, the laser cavity 140 generates a laser signal, which shall be referred to as the ballast laser signal. The VLSOA 110 further includes a ballast laser output 116 through which the ballast laser signal exits the VLSOA 100.
FIGS. 2A–2C are a perspective view, transverse cross-section, and longitudinal cross-section, respectively, of an embodiment of a VLSOA 200 according to the present invention, with FIG. 2B showing the most detail.
Referring to FIG. 2B and working from bottom to top in the vertical direction (i.e., working away from the substrate 202), VLSOA 200 includes a bottom mirror 208, bottom cladding layer 205, active region 204, top cladding layer 207, confinement layer 219, and a top mirror 206. The bottom cladding layer 205, active region 204, top cladding layer 207, and confinement layer 219 are in electrical contact with each other and may be in direct physical contact as well. An optional delta doping layer 218 is located between the top cladding layer 207 and confinement layer 219. The confinement layer 219 includes a confinement structure 209, which forms aperture 215. The VLSOA 200 also includes an electrical contact 210 located above the confinement structure 209, and a second electrical contact 211 formed on the bottom side of substrate 202.
Comparing to FIG. 1, the semiconductor gain medium 120 includes the active region 204 and the laser cavity 140 is formed primarily by the two mirrors 206 and 208 and the active region 204. This embodiment is electrically pumped so the pump input 150 includes the electrical contacts 210, 211. The ballast laser output 116 is a portion of the top surface 220 of the VLSOA 200.
VLSOA 200 is a vertical lasing semiconductor optical amplifier since the laser cavity 240 is a vertical laser cavity. That is, it is oriented vertically with respect to the amplifying path 230 and substrate 202. The VLSOA 200 preferably is long in the longitudinal direction, allowing for a long amplifying path 230 and, therefore, more amplification. The entire VLSOA 200 is an integral structure formed on a single substrate 202 and may be integrated with other optical elements. In most cases, optical elements which are coupled directly to VLSOA 200 will be coupled to the amplifying path 230 within the VLSOA. Depending on the manner of integration, the optical input 212 and output 214 may not exist as a distinct structure or facet but may simply be the boundary between the VLSOA 200 and other optical elements. Furthermore, although this disclosure discusses the VLSOA 200 primarily as a single device, the teachings herein apply equally to arrays of devices. VLSOA 200 is a layered structure, allowing the VLSOA 200 to be fabricated using standard semiconductor fabrication techniques, preferably including organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) or organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). Other common fabrication techniques include molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), photolithography, e-beam evaporation, sputter deposition, wet and dry etching, wafer bonding, ion implantation, wet oxidation, and rapid thermal annealing, among others.
The optical signal amplified by the VLSOA 200 is confined in the vertical direction by index differences between bottom cladding 205, active region 204, and top cladding 207, and to a lesser extent by index differences between the substrate 202, bottom mirror 208, confinement layer 219, and top mirror 206. Specifically, active region 204 has the higher index and therefore acts as a waveguide core with respect to cladding layers 205,207. The optical signal is confined in the transverse direction by index differences between the confinement structure 209 and the resulting aperture 215. Specifically, aperture 215 has a higher index of refraction than confinement structure 209. As a result, the mode of the optical signal to be amplified is generally concentrated in dashed region 221. The amplifying path 230 is through the active region 204 in the direction in/out of the plane of the paper with respect to FIG. 2B.
The choice of materials system will depend in part on the wavelength of the optical signal to be amplified, which in turn will depend on the application. Wavelengths in the approximately 1.3–1.6 micron region are currently preferred for telecommunications applications, due to the spectral properties of optical fibers. The approximately 1.28–1.35 micron region is currently also preferred for data communications over single mode fiber, with the approximately 0.8–1.1 micron region being an alternate wavelength region. The term “optical” is meant to include all of these wavelength regions. In a preferred embodiment, the VLSOA 200 is optimized for the 1.55 micron window.
In one embodiment, the active region 204 includes a multiple quantum well (MQW) active region. MQW structures include several quantum wells and quantum wells have the advantage of enabling the formation of lasers with relatively low threshold currents. In alternate embodiments, the active region 204 may instead be based on a single quantum well or a double-heterostructure active region. The active region 204 may be based on various materials systems, including for example InAlGaAs on InP substrates, InAlGaAs on GaAs, InGaAsP on InP, GaInNAs on GaAs, InGaAs on ternary substrates, and GaAsSb on GaAs. Nitride material systems are also suitable. The materials for bottom and top cladding layers 205 and 207 will depend in part on the composition of active region 204.
Examples of top and bottom mirrors 206 and 208 include Bragg reflectors and non-Bragg reflectors such as metallic mirrors. Bottom mirror 208 in FIG. 2 is shown as a Bragg reflector. Top mirror 206 is depicted as a hybrid mirror, consisting of a Bragg reflector 217 followed by a metallic mirror 213. Bragg reflectors may be fabricated using various materials systems, including for example, alternating layers of GaAs and ALAs, SiO2 and TiO2, InAlGaAs and InAlAs, InGaAsP and InP, AlGaAsSb and AlAsSb or GaAs and AlGaAs. Gold is one material suitable for metallic mirrors.
The electrical contacts 210,211 are metals that form an ohmic contact with the semiconductor material. Commonly used metals include titanium, platinum, nickel, germanium, gold, palladium, and aluminum. In this embodiment, the laser cavity is electrically pumped by injecting a pump current via the electrical contacts 210,211 into the active region 204. In particular, contact 210 is a p-type contact to inject holes into active region 204, and contact 211 is an n-type contact to inject electrons into active region 204. Contact 210 is located above the semiconductor structure (i.e., above confinement layer 219 and the semiconductor part of Bragg reflector 217, if any) and below the dielectric part of Bragg reflector 217, if any. For simplicity, in FIG. 2, contact 210 is shown located between the confinement layer 219 and Bragg reflector 217, which would be the case if Bragg reflector 217 were entirely dielectric. VLSOA 200 may have a number of isolated electrical contacts 210 to allow for independent pumping within the amplifier. This is advantageous because VLSOA 200 is long in the longitudinal direction and independent pumping allows, for example, different voltages to be maintained at different points along the VLSOA. Alternately, the contacts 210 may be doped to have a finite resistance or may be separated by finite resistances, rather than electrically isolated.
Confinement structure 209 is formed by wet oxidizing the confinement layer 219. The confinement structure 209 has a lower index of refraction than aperture 215. Hence, the effective cross-sectional size of laser cavity 240 is determined in part by aperture 215. In other words, the confinement structure 209 provides lateral confinement of the optical mode of laser cavity 240. In this embodiment, the confinement structure 209 also has a lower conductivity than aperture 215. Thus, pump current injected through electrical contact 210 will be channeled through aperture 215, increasing the spatial overlap with optical signal 221. In other words, the confinement structure 209 also provides electrical confinement of the pump current.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the four basic input and output ports of VLSOA 110 are the amplifier input 112 to the amplifying path 130, the amplifier output 114 of the amplifying path 130, a pump input 150 for pumping the semiconductor gain medium 150, and a ballast laser output 116 for the laser mode of the laser cavity 140.
In various embodiments of optical logic devices, various components may be coupled by waveguides, coupled directly to each other, coupled by fibers or coupled using free space systems (e.g., lenses and/or mirrors). Further, the VLSOA may be integrated with other optical elements to form the optical logic devices.
The integration of VLSOAs 110 with other optical elements may be implemented using any number of techniques. In one approach, both the VLSOA 110 and the other optical element are formed using a common fabrication process on a common substrate, but with at least one parameter varying between the VLSOA and the optical element. For example, selective area epitaxy (SAE) and impurity induced disordering (IID) are two fabrication processes which may be used in this manner.
In one approach based on SAE, a nitride or oxide SAE mask is placed over selected areas of the substrate. Material is deposited on the masked substrate. The SAE mask results in a difference between the transition energy (e.g., the bandgap energy) of the material deposited on a first unmasked area of the substrate and the transition energy of the material deposited on a second unmasked area of the substrate. For example, the material deposited on the first unmasked area might form part of the active region of the VLSOA and the material deposited on the second unmasked area might form part of the core of a waveguide, with the difference in. transition energy accounting for the different optical properties of the active region and the transparent core. SAE is particularly advantageous because it results in a smooth interface between optical elements and therefore reduces optical scattering at this interface, This, in turn, reduces both parasitic lasing modes and gain ripple. Furthermore, the SAE approach can be confined to only the minimum number of layers necessary (e.g., only the active region), thus minimizing the impact on the rest of the integrated optical device.
In a different approach based on IID, an IID mask is placed over selected areas of the substrate. The masked substrate is bombarded with impurities, such as silicon or zinc, and subsequently annealed to cause disordering and intermixing of the materials in the bombarded region. The IID mask results in a difference between the transition energy of the material underlying a masked area of the substrate and the transition energy of the material underlying an unmasked area of the substrate. Continuing the previous example, the masked area might form part of the VLSOA active region and the unmasked area might form part of the core of a waveguide, with the difference in transition energy again accounting for the different optical properties.
In the previous SAE and IID examples, the difference in transition energy results in different optical properties between the VLSOA active region and a waveguide. Engineering the transition energy may also be used to fabricate many other types of integrated optical devices. For example, changing the transition energy between two VLSOAs can be used to optimize each VLSOA for a different wavelength region. In this way, the transition energy in a VLSOA could be graded in a controlled way to broaden, flatten, and shape the gain profile. Alternately, two different elements, such as a VLSOA and a laser source might require different transition energies for optimal performance. Other embodiments will be apparent.
In a different approach, the VLSOA and the optical element are formed on a common substrate but using different fabrication processes. In one example, a VLSOA is formed on the common substrate in part by depositing a first set of materials on the substrate. Next, the deposited material is removed from selected areas of the substrate, for example, by an etching process. A second set of materials is deposited in the selected areas to form in part the optical element. Etch and fill is one process which follows this approach. Continuing the VLSOA and waveguide example from above, materials are deposited to form the VLSOA (or at least a portion of the VLSOA). In the areas where the waveguide is to be located, these materials are removed and additional materials are deposited to form the waveguide (or at least a portion of the waveguide).
In yet another approach, the VLSOA and the optical element are formed on separate substrates by separate fabrication processes and then integrated onto a common substrate. Planar lightwave circuitry and silicon optical bench are two examples of processes following this approach. In one example, the VLSOA is formed on a first substrate. The optical element is formed on a second substrate. The VLSOA and the optical element are then integrated onto a common substrate, which could be the first substrate, the second substrate or a completely different substrate.
The operation of the VLSOA 110 as an amplifier illustrates the basic physics underlying the VLSOA 110. Referring to FIG. 2D, the VLSOA 110 receives 250 an optical signal at its amplifier input 112. The optical signal propagates 260 along the amplifying path 130. The pump received at pump input 150 pumps 270 the semiconductor gain medium above a lasing threshold for the laser cavity 140. When lasing occurs, the round-trip gain offsets the round-trip losses for the laser cavity 140. In other words, the gain of the semiconductor gain medium 120 is clamped to the gain value necessary to offset the round-trip losses. The optical signal is amplified 280 according to this gain value as it propagates along the amplifying path 130 (i.e., through the semiconductor gain medium 120). The amplified signal exits the VLSOA 110 via the amplifier output 114. The ballast laser signal from the laser cavity 140 exits the VLSOA 110 via the ballast laser output 116. Note that there are two optical outputs for the VLSOA: the amplifier output 114 and the ballast laser output 116. When operated as an amplifier, the VLSOA 110 can be used as a gain element in optical circuits. Other gain elements, which provide optical amplification are also possible.
NOT Gate (Inverter)
FIG. 3A is a representation of an optical NOT gate 300. Similar in function to an electronic NOT gate, an optical NOT gate 300 inverts a received input signal. The input signal A enters the optical NOT gate 300 via input 302. The output 304 outputs a signal X that is the input signal A inverted. As is the case with all of the optical digital circuits described, both the input signal A and output signal X are optical in form. They are also digital signals in the sense that each signal represents either a 0 or a 1. In the examples given, signals which are above a threshold intensity are interpreted as a 1; whereas those below the threshold intensity are interpreted as a 0.
FIG. 3B is a block diagram of one embodiment of the optical NOT gate 300. The optical NOT gate 300 comprises a VLSOA 110. The NOT gate input 302 is connected to the amplifier input 112 of the VLSOA 110. The laser output 116 of the VLSOA 110 is connected to the NOT gate output 304. The pump input 150 acts as a power source. The amplifier output 114 is generally discarded in the optical NOT gate 300.
The optical NOT gate 300 takes advantage of the fact that, in the VLSOA 110, the laser signal exiting the laser output 116 acts as a ballast. In other words, if the amplified signal on amplifier output 114 is strong, the ballast laser signal on output 116 will be weak. But if the amplifier signal on 114 is weak, the ballast laser signal on 116 will be strong. Hence, if a digital “0”, an optical signal that is weak or nonexistent, is input to the amplifier input 112, the resulting amplified signal on amplifier output 114 will still be relatively weak and the ballast laser signal on 116 will be strong (a digital “1”). Conversely, if a digital “1”, a strong signal, is input to the amplifier input 112, the resulting amplified signal on 114 will also be strong and the ballast laser signal on 116 will be weak or nonexistent (digital “0”). Taken to an extreme, if no signal is input to the amplifier input 112 of the VLSOA 110, there will be no amplified output 114 and the ballast laser signal on 116 will have its maximum strength. On the other hand, if a sufficiently strong signal is input to the amplifier input 112 of the VLSOA, the gain region of the VLSOA 110 will be deleted and lasing will be extinguished, resulting in no ballast laser signal form output 116. Hence, the VLSOA 110 operates as an inverter. For digital logic gates, it is preferable a digital 1 at the input 302 have the save intensity level as a digital 1 at the output 304, and the same for digital 0. In this way, digital logic gates can be cascaded without requiring intermediate regenerative devices.
With respect to the example of FIG. 3B; this can be achieved in the design of the VLSOA 110 and/or by the use of additional elements coupled to the VLSOA 110. For example, the relationship between the ballast laser signal (representing X) and the incoming optical signal (representing A) depends in part on the internal design of VLSOA 110. Variations in the semiconductor gain medium 120, laser cavity 140 and other parameters can be used to tailor this relationship. Changing the location and/or size of the ballast lash output 116 will also affect this relationship. All else being equal, increasing the pump power will increase the strength of the ballast laser signal for a given incoming optical signal. Finally, gain devices such as additional amplifier or attenuators can be used to adjust intensity levels.
NOR Gate
FIG. 4A is a representation of an embodiment of an optical NOR gate 400. An optical NOR gate 400 is similar in function to an electronic NOR gate, but operates with optical signals instead of electrical signals. The input signals A and B enter the optical NOR gate 400 on two inputs 402 and 404. The output 406 then outputs a signal X that is based on the values of the input signals. If both of the signals A and B on the inputs 402 and 404 are 0, then the signal X on the output 406 is 1. If either or both of the signals A and B on the inputs 402 and 404 are 1, the signal X on the output 406 is 0.
FIG. 4B is a block diagram of an embodiment of the optical NOR gate 400. The optical NOR gate 400 comprises a combiner 408 coupled to a VLSOA 110. The two NOR gate inputs 402 and 404 are connected to inputs of the combiner 408, and the combined signal from the two inputs 402 and 404 are sent to the amplifier input 112 of the VLSOA 110. The laser output 116 of the VLSOA 110 is connected to the NOR gate output 406. The pump input 150 acts as a power source. The amplifier output 114 is generally discarded in the optical NOR gate 400. In some embodiments, the wavelengths or polarizations or both of the two input signals on inputs 402 and 404 are different, to help avoid potential destructive interference at combiner 408. In some embodiments, this is accomplished by ensuring different wavelengths are output from previous stages to be received by inputs 402 and 404. The wavelengths or polarizations or both of the inputs to other combiners in the various figures discussed above and below are also different, in some embodiments.
The optical NOR gate 400 takes advantage of the fact that, in the VLSOA 110, the ballast laser signal on 116 acts as a ballast. If a weak signal (a digital “0”) is input to the amplifier input 112, the semiconductor gain medium 120 will not be near depleted by the optical signal on the amplifying path 130 (i.e., it will be well below the depletion threshold) and the ballast laser signal on 116 will be strong (a digital “1”). Conversely, if a strong signal (digital “1”) is input to the amplifier input 112, the semiconductor gain medium 120 will be near or beyond depletion and the ballast laser signal on 116 will be weak or extinguished (digital “0”). The depletion threshold of the VLSOA 110 is set so that only one of the optical signals A and B must be strong (a digital “1”) in order to deplete the semiconductor gain medium 120, thus resulting in a weak or extinguished ballast laser signal X (a digital “0”). If none of the inputs is strong, the VLSOA 110 is not sufficiently depleted and a strong ballast laser signal X (a digital “1”) results. Thus, NOR functionality is implemented.
The depletion threshold of the VLSOA 110 may be set in a number of different ways. For example, varying the gain of the VLSOA 110 will vary the depletion threshold. A higher gain means that depletion will be achieved by a weaker signal at the amplifier input 112, since the weaker signal at the amplifier input 112 will be amplified more while propagating through the VLSOA 110. In other words, increasing the gain of the VLSOA 110 reduces the depletion threshold. As another example, the amount of laser ballast itself may be varied by varying how much the VLSOA 110 is pumped. Pumping the VLSOA 110 harder results in a stronger laser ballast, which in turn will require more depletion before toggling. Thus, pumping harder increases the depletion threshold.
Thus, the depletion threshold of the VLSOA 110 in the optical NOR gate 400 is set low enough that a high signal on either of the inputs 402 and 404 is enough to weaken or extinguish the ballast laser output of the VLSOA 110 so the output 406 of the optical NOR gate 400 is low. When either or both of the inputs 402 and 404 are high, the output 406 of the optical NOR gate 400 is low. When neither of the inputs 402 and 404 carries a high signal, the output 406 of the optical NOR gate 400 is high.
NAND Gate
FIG. 5A is a representation of an optical NAND gate 500. An optical NAND gate 500 is similar in function to an electronic NAND gate, but operates with optical signals instead of electrical signals. The input signals A and B enter the optical NAND gate 500 on two inputs 502 and 504. The output 506 then outputs a signal X that varies based on the values of the input signals. If both of the signals A and B on the inputs 502 and 504 are high, then the signal X on the output 506 is low. If either or both of the signals A and B on the inputs 502 and 504 are low, the signal X on the output 506 is high.
FIG. 5B is a block diagram of one embodiment of the optical NAND gate 500. The optical NAND gate 500 comprises two VLSOAs 508 and 510. The two NAND gate inputs 502 and 504 are connected to the amplifier inputs 112 of the two VLSOAs 508 and 510, respectively. The laser outputs 116 of the two VLSOAs 508 and 510 are combined by combiner 505 and sent to the NAND gate output 506. The pump inputs 150 of the VLSOAs 508 and 510 act as power sources. The amplifier outputs 114 of the two VLSOAs 508 and 510 are generally discarded in the optical NAND gate 500. In some embodiments, the wavelengths or polarizations or both of the two laser outputs 116 of the two VLSOAs 508 and 510 are different, to help avoid potential destructive interference at combiner 505. In some embodiments, this is accomplished by ensuring different wavelengths are output from the two laser outputs 116 of the two VLSOAs 508 and 510.
The optical NAND gate 500 takes advantage of the fact that, in the VLSOAs 508 and 510, the ballast laser signals on the laser outputs 116 act as ballast. If a weak signal (a digital “0”) is input to one of the amplifier inputs 112, the semiconductor gain medium 120 will not be near depleted by the optical signal on the amplifying path 130 (i.e., it will be well below the depletion threshold) and the ballast laser signal on 116 will be strong (a digital “1”). Conversely, if a strong signal (digital “1”) is input to one of the amplifier inputs 112, the semiconductor gain medium 120 will be near or beyond depletion and the ballast laser signal on 116 will be weak or extinguished (digital “0”). The strong signal of either of the VLSOAs 508 or 510 is a strong signal (digital “1”) at the output 506. Thus, if either or both of the VLSOAs output a strong signal from one of the laser outputs 116, the output X of the optical NAND gate 500 is strong. Only if both of the laser outputs 116 of the two VLSOAs 508 and 510 are weak will the output X be weak. This occurs when both of the inputs A and B are strong. Thus, NAND functionality is implemented.
Astable Multivibrator
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an optical astable multivibrator 600 which includes a VLSOA 110. The ballast laser output 116 of the VLSOA 110 is coupled to a time delay 602, for example by mirrors 606, wave guides, or other conventional devices. The output of the time delay 602 is coupled to the amplifier input 112 of the VLSOA 110, again by using mirrors 606, wave guides, or other conventional devices. The time delay 602 creates a time lag between the time a signal leaves the ballast laser output 116 of the VLSOA 110 and the time the signal reenters the VLSOA 110 at the amplifier input 112. The amplifier output 114 of the VLSOA 110 is the output signal 608 of the astable multivibrator 600.
The VLSOA 110 operates as an inverter as discussed above with respect to the optical NOT gate 300. The ballast laser signal from 116 of the VLSOA 110 is the inverse of the optical signal at amplifier input 112 inverted. In the astable multivibrator 600, this inverted signal is returned to the amplifier input 112 after passing through the time delay 602. Thus, the result is a periodic square waveform at the amplifier output 114 of the VLSOA 110. This amplifier output 114 is used as the output 608 of the astable multivibrator 600.
The time delay 602 determines the frequency of the periodic square waveform at the output 608 of the astable multivibrator 600. Varying the time delay 602 varies the frequency of the periodic square waveform. Advantageously, the astable multivibrator 600 illustrated in FIG. 6 is capable of generating a waveform with a much higher frequency than electronic systems generate. In one embodiment, the time delay 602 is provided by a length of optical fiber. The length of the optical fiber determines the amount of delay. A longer optical fiber means a longer, delay and a lower frequency at the output 608. In an alternate embodiment, the time delay 602 is a silicon waveguide. Again, a longer silicon waveguide means a longer delay and lower frequency. For example, routing the ballast laser signal from 116 through a 1 mm length of silicon waveguide as the time delay 602 prior to the amplifier input 112 provides a waveform at the output 608 of the astable multivibrator 600 of 100–160 Gigahertz, provided the stimulated emission time of the laser is not exceeded and there is enough gain to sustain the oscillation.
The frequency of the signal at the output 608 of the astable multivibrator 600 can also be varied by changing the wavelength of the ballast laser signal of the VLSOA 110. By changing the wavelength of the ballast laser output from 116, the time delay also changes, due to dispersion, as the ballast laser signal travels through the time delay 602 material.
FIG. 7 is a diagram of an embodiment of a tunable VLSOA 700, having a ballast laser signal 710 which is tunable in wavelength. The optical path length of the laser cavity determines the wavelength λt1 of the ballast laser signal. Two aspects of the tunable VLSOA 700 primarily determine the optical path length, and thus the wavelength λt1: the distance 712 between the mirrors 206 and 208 of the laser cavity and the refractive index of the materials in the laser cavity. In the tunable VLSOA 700, the distance 712 between the mirrors 206 and 208, the refractive index, or both the distance 712 and the refractive index, are variable. The optical path length can be changed physically, electro-optically, photo-optically, thermo-optically, through carrier injection, and by other methods.
These methods used to tune the wavelength λt1 of the VLSOA 700 include: (a) ring cavities where the length of the ring determines the wavelength; (b) coupled cavity resonators, where a series of Fabry-Perot cavities, or rings, or another resonant cavity collectively determine the wavelength λt1; (c) photonic band gap resonators and filters—a group of resonators and filters that are very small and filter photons much in the same way electrons in a crystal form bandgaps; (d) directional coupler filters, which allow two modes to be coupled in a wavelength dependent manner using waveguide guide modes or another type of mode; (e) grating assisted couplers, which are similar to directional coupler filters, but a grating (periodic index or gain/absorption perturbations) is used to help select the peak wavelength; (f) diffraction gratings, which cause a periodic change in index of refraction or gain/absorption across the transverse profile of the light beam such that wavelength dependent diffraction peaks (1st order, 2nd order, etc.) result; (g) Echelle gratings, or one of many other types of gratings; (h) arrayed waveguide gratings, which are a series of waveguides that are phased to give wavelength dependent transmission, such as a phased array radar antenna system; (i) multi-mode interferometer filters, which utilize higher order transverse modes and their coupling between each other to achieve filter and splitter effects; (j) an asymmetric Mach-Zhender filter, which is a type of filter that utilizes a splitter, two unequal optical path lengths, and a combiner to achieve a filtered response (this can also be done using two polarizations); (k) Sagnac interferometer filter, which is similar to the Mach-Zhender but in a ring type configuration.
FIG. 8A is a simplified side view of a tunable VLSOA 700 with a variable distance 712 between mirrors 206 and 208. Changing the distance 712 between the mirrors 206 and 208 changes the optical path length, and thus the wavelength of the ballast laser output. There are several ways to change the distance 712 between the mirrors 206 and 208.
A first embodiment of a tunable VLSOA 700 with a variable distance 712 between the mirrors 206 and 208 uses a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) to adjust the distance 712. The tunable VLSOA 700 includes an air gap 802 between the top mirror 206 and the bottom mirror 208. The top mirror 206 is capable of moving closer or further from the bottom mirror 208. In one embodiment, the range of motion of the top mirror 206 is approximately 30 nm. A voltage V is applied between the top mirror 206 and a conducting layer 804 to move the top mirror 206. As the voltage V is changed, the top mirror 206 moves and the distance between the mirrors 206 and 208 changes. In one embodiment, the top mirror 206 is an electrostatic deformable membrane. Preferably, as the top mirror 206 moves, it remains parallel to the active region of the tunable VLSOA 700.
There are many arrangements of the top mirror 206 that allow the top mirror 206 to move. In one embodiment, shown in top view in FIG. 8B, the top mirror 206 is suspended in the air gap 802 by a cantilever section 806. In another embodiment, shown in top view in FIG. 8C, the top mirror 206 is suspended by four flexible tethers 808. Alternatively, a different number of tethers 808 could be used.
The refractive index can also be changed to change the optical path length. There are several ways to change the refractive index. FIG. 9 is a diagram of an embodiment of a tunable VLSOA 700 with a tunable laser output wavelength. The embodiment of the tunable VLSOA 700 shown in FIG. 9 includes a tunable region 902 between the active region and the top mirror 206. The tunable region 902 could also be placed between the active region and the bottom mirror 208. The wavelength of the laser output is tuned by changing the refractive index of the tunable region 902.
In a first embodiment, the tunable region 902 is a liquid crystal layer. Applying a voltage across the liquid crystal layer controllably changes the refractive index. In another embodiment, layers of temperature sensitive materials are used to make up the tunable region 902. Changing the temperature changes the refractive index of the layers of temperature sensitive materials.
Additionally, the index of refraction of the tunable region 902 may be adjusted using physical mechanisms which occur within semiconductor material such as, for example, the thermo-optic effect, the Stark effect, the quantum-confined Stark effect, the Franz-Keldysh effect, the Burstein-Moss effect (band filling), the electro-optic effect, the acousto-optic effect, or other techniques. Further, electrons and/or holes can be injected into the tunable region to cause a change in the refractive index.
Thus, it is possible to control the wavelength of the ballast laser signal at the output 116. Owing to an enhanced or naturally occurring dispersion in the time delay element 602, a different wavelength of the laser output results in a different time delay, hence the frequency or repetition rate of the output 608 is also controlled by controlling the wavelength of the laser output. A VLSOA with a tunable laser output wavelength provides an astable multivibrator 600 with a controllable output frequency.
In an alternative embodiment, the output frequency is controlled by changing the index of refraction of the material providing the time delay. Changing the index of refraction of the time delay material changes the time delay provided by the time delay material. The index of refraction of the material providing the time delay can be changed using the same methods described above to change the index of refraction of the tunable region 902.
Thus, the astable multivibrator 600 is capable of providing a square waveform output over a range of frequencies.
RS Latch
FIG. 10 is a diagram of an optical RS latch 1000. The latch 1000 has an S input 1006, an R input 1008, a Qbar output 1018, and a Q output 1020. The latch 1000 includes a first VLSOA 1002, a second VLSOA 1004, two combiners 1026 and 1028, and two splitters 1022 and 1024. The first VLSOA 1002 has a pump input 150, an amplifier input 1010, an amplifier output 114 and a ballast laser output 1014. Similarly, the second VLSOA 1004 has a pump input 150, an amplifier input 1012, an amplifier output 114 and a ballast laser output 1016.
The components of the latch 1000 are coupled as follows. Combiner 1026 receives two inputs, the S input 1006 and an input received from the ballast laser output 1016 from the second VLSOA 1004 via splitter 1024. The output of combiner 1026 is coupled to the amplifier input 1010 of the first VLSOA 1002. The ballast laser output 1014 of the first VLSOA 1002 is coupled to splitter 1022. One output of splitter 1022 goes to the Qbar output 1018 and another output of splitter 1022 goes to combiner 1028. Combiner 1028 receives the output from splitter 1022 as well as the R input 1008. The output of combiner 1028 is coupled to the input 1012 of the second VLSOA 1004. The ballast laser output 1016 of the second VLSOA 1004 is coupled to splitter 1024. One output of splitter 1024 is coupled to combiner 1026 and the other output goes to the Q output 1020. In general, the amplifier outputs 114 of the first and second VLSOAs 1002 and 1004 are discarded or are used as amplified replicas of the Q and Qbar outputs 1018 and 1020.
The optical RS latch 1000 operates as follows. VLSOAs 1002 and 1004 operate primarily as inverters. If R 1008 and S 1006 are both low, then the device is bistable and “remembers” its last state. If S 1006 is asserted high with R 1008 low, then the device is set to a state with Q 1020 high and Qbar 1018 low. Conversely, if R 1008 is asserted high with S 1006 low, the device is reset to Q 1020 low and Qbar 1018 high.
The optical latch 1000 implements this functionality as follows. First consider the first VLSOA 1002 of latch 1000. VLSOA 1002 is designed so that either a strong S 1006 signal or a strong Q 1020 signal (received via splitter 1024 and combiner 1026) is sufficient to result in an amplifier output 114 which is strong enough to deplete the ballast laser signal, resulting in a weak Qbar 1018 signal at output 1014. In other words, if S 1006 is strong (digital “1”), then the amplifier output 114 will be strong and the ballast laser output 1014 will be weak (i.e., Qbar 1018 will be a digital “0”). Similarly, if Q 1020 is strong (digital “1”), then the amplifier output 114 will be strong and the ballast laser output 1014 will be weak (i.e., Qbar 1018 will be a digital “0”).
Therefore, the combiner 1026 and VLSOA 1002 together implement a digital NOR gate, as described above with respect to FIG. 4B, with S 1006 and Q 1020 as the inputs and Qbar 1018 as the output. VLSOA 1004 together with combiner 1028 operate similarly and implement a second NOR gate, with R 1008 and Qbar 1022 as the inputs and Q 1020 as the output. Thus, optical RS latch 1000 consists of two cross-coupled NOR gates, which is a conventional digital design for an RS latch.
The optical latch 1000 has two stable states. The first stable state occurs if R 1008 is low, and a high signal is input at S 1006. In the first stable state, Qbar 1018 is low and Q 1020 is high. This occurs because the high S 1006 input causes the ballast laser output 1014 of the first VLSOA 1002 to be weak, which in turn means that Qbar 1018 is weak, and only weak signals (digital “0's”) are received at combiner 1028. Since only weak signals are input to the second VLSOA 1004, the ballast laser output 1016 of the second VLSOA 1004 is high. This high signal is then sent to the input 1010 of the first VLSOA 1002 via the splitter 1024 and the combiner 1026. Thus, since the high signal from the second VLSOA 1004 is then being input to the first VLSOA 1002, the optical latch 1000 remains in the first stable state if the high signal at the S 1006 input is subsequently removed. The second stable state is similar to the first. However, in the second stable state, a high signal is input to the R 1008 input while the S 1006 input is low. In the second stable state, Qbar 1018 is high and Q 1020 is low.
Optical AND Gate
FIG. 11A is a representation of an optical AND gate 1100. An optical AND gate 1100 is similar in function to an electronic AND gate, but operates with optical signals, instead of electrical signals. The input signals A and B enter the optical AND gate 1100 on two inputs 1102 and 1104. The output 1105 then outputs a signal X that varies based on the values of the input signals. If both of the signals A and B on the inputs 1102 and 1104 are high, then the signal X on the output 1105 is high. If either or both of the signals A and B on the inputs 1102 and 1104 are low, the signal X on the output 1105 is low.
Two embodiments of and optical AND gate 1100 are described. The first embodiment of an optical AND gate 1100 is simpler than the second embodiment. The first embodiment comprises the NAND gate 500 described above and shown in FIG. 5A and 5B in combination with the NOT gate 300 described above and shown in FIG. 3A and 3B. In the first embodiment, the NAND gate 500 output 506 is simply used as the input 302 to the NOT gate 300. Thus, the NOT gate 300 inverts the NAND gate 500 output and the resulting combination is an optical AND gate.
FIG. 11B is a block diagram of a second embodiment of an optical AND gate 1100. The optical AND gate 1100 includes the optical RS latch 1000 described above with respect to FIG. 10. In addition to the optical RS latch 1000, the optical AND gate 1100 comprises the optical NAND gate 500 described above with respect to FIG. 5B, a first input 1102 (also used as the first input to the NAND gate 500), a second input 1104 (also used as the second input to the NAND gate 500), an input splitter 1110, and a third VLSOA 1112. Qbar 1018 of the optical RS latch 1000 is used as the output 1105 of the optical AND gate 1100.
These components of the optical AND gate 1100 are coupled as follows. Both the first input 1102 and the second input 1104 are coupled to the optical NAND gate 500. The output 1108 of the NAND gate 500 is coupled to the input splitter 1110. One output of the input splitter 1110 is coupled to the S input 1006 of the optical RS latch 1000. The other output of the input splitter 1110 is coupled to the amplifier input 1116 of the third VLSOA 1112. The ballast laser output 1114 of the third VLSOA 1112 is coupled to the R input 1008 of the optical RS latch 1000. In general, the amplifier output 114 of the third VLSOA 1112 is discarded.
The optical AND gate 1100 functions as follows. The input signals received at the first and second inputs 1102 and 1104 are received at the NAND gate 500. The output 1108 of the NAND gate 500 is sent to the input splitter 1110. Part of the split signal from the input splitter 1110 is sent to the S input 1006 of the optical RS latch 1000. Part of the split signal from the input splitter 1110 is also sent from the input splitter 1110 to the amplifier input 1116 of the third VLSOA 1112. The ballast laser output 1114 of the third VLSOA 1112 is coupled to the R input 1008 of the optical RS latch 1000. Since the ballast laser output 1114 of the third VLSOA 1112 is used, the third VLSOA 1112 functions as an inverter, as described above with respect to the optical NOT gate 300. Because the third VLSOA 1112 functions as an inverter, the signal received at the R input 1008 of the optical RS latch 1000 is the opposite of the signal received at the S input 1006 of the optical RS latch 1000. Therefore, a high signal is input to either the S input 1006 or the R input 1008, and a low signal to the other input 1006, 1008.
If the output 1108 of the NAND gate 500 is high, the S input 1006 to the optical RS latch 1000 is high and the R input 1008 to the optical RS latch 1000 is low. Therefore, Qbar 1018, used as the output to the optical AND gate 1100, is low and Q 1020 is high. Thus, if either input 102 or 1104 is low, the output 108 of the NAND gate 500 is high, and the optical AND gate 1100 output 1105 is low. If both the inputs 1102 and 1104 are high, the output of the NAND gate 500 is low, and therefore Qbar, and the AND gate output 1105, is high.
Thus, the optical AND gate 1100 has an output 1105 of high (digital “1”) if both the inputs 1102 and 1104 are high. The optical AND gate 1100 has an output 1105 of low (digital “0”) if either or both of the inputs 1102 and 1104 are low.
In addition, if Q 1020 is used as the output, the optical AND gate 1100 functions as another embodiment of an optical NAND gate. This is because Q 1020 provides the opposite signal that Qbar 1018 does.
Optical OR Gate
FIG. 12A is a representation of an optical OR gate 1200. An optical OR gate 1200 is similar information to an electronic OR gate, but operates with optical signals instead of electrical signals. The input signals A and B enter the optical OR gate 1200 on two inputs 1202 and 1204. The output 1205 then outputs a signal X that is based on the values of the input signals. If both of the signals A and B on the inputs 1202 and 1204 are low, then the signal X on the output 1205 is low. If either or both of the signals A and B on the inputs 1202 and 1204 are high, the signal X on the output 1205 is high.
FIG. 12B is a block diagram of an embodiment of an optical OR gate 1200. The OZ optical OR gate 1200 is based on a NOR gate (combiner 1208 and VLSOA 1212) and RS latch 1000 in the same way that the AND gate 1110 of FIG. 11B is based on a NAND gate (combiner 1106 and VLSOA 1112) and RS latch 1000. However, in FIG. 12B the VLSOAs 1212, 1002, and 1004 have depletion thresholds selected to function as an OR gate, instead of an AND gate.
In the optical OR gate 1200, only one of the inputs 1202 or 1204 need be high in order to cause Q 1020, and the output 1205 of the optical OR gate 1200, to be high. The depletion thresholds of VLSOAs 1212 and 1002 are selected so that the ballast laser outputs 1014 and 1214 are low (digital “0”) if at least one of the inputs 1202 and 1204 are high. Thus, if one or both of the inputs 1202 and 1204 are high, the ballast laser outputs 1014 and 1214 are low. In such a case, the inputs received at combiner 1028 are low, the signal received at the amplifier input 1012 of the second VLSOA 1004 is low, and the ballast laser output 1016 of the second VLSOA 1004 is high. This results in Q 1020, and the output 1205 of the optical OR gate 1200, being high.
If both the inputs 1202 and 1204 are low, then Q 1020, and the output 1205 of the optical OR gate 1200, is low. The low signal inputs are input to VLSOAs 1002 and 1212. Since the inputs are low and the VLSOAs 1002 and 1212 act as inverters, the laser outputs 1014 and 1214 are high. High laser output 1014 is split at splitter 1022 then combined with high ballast laser output 1214 at combiner 1028. The combined high laser outputs 1014 and 1214 are then received at the amplifier input 1012 of the second VLSOA 1004. In response, the ballast laser output 1016 of the second VLSOA 1004 is low. Therefore, Q 1020, and the output 1205 of the optical OR gate 1200, is low.
Thus, the optical OR gate 1200 outputs a high signal (digital “1”) when one or both of the inputs are high, and outputs a low signal (digital “0”) when both of the inputs are low.
In another embodiment of an optical OR gate, the first VLSOA 1002 is not used. The components of this embodiment are coupled as follows. The first input 1202 and the second input 1204 are coupled to the input combiner 1206. The input combiner 1206 is coupled to the amplifier input 1216 of the third VLSOA 1212. The laser output 1214 of the third VLSOA 1212 is coupled to the amplifier input 1012 of the second VLSOA 1004. The ballast laser output 1016 of the second VLSOA 1004 is used as the output 1205 of the optical OR gate.
This embodiment of the optical OR gate functions as follows. The input signals received at the first and second inputs 1202 and 1204 are combined. The combined input 1208 is sent to the amplifier input 1216 of the third VLSOA 1212. The two inputs 1202, 1204, the third VLSOA 1212, and the ballast laser output 1214 of the third VLSOA 1212 function as a NOR gate, as described above with respect to FIG. 4B. The ballast laser output 1214 of the third VLSOA 1212, which carries a NOR gate signal, is coupled to the amplifier input 1012 of the second VLSOA 1004. The second VLSOA 1004 functions as an inverter. Since the signal received at the amplifier input 1012 of the second VLSOA 1004 is a NOR output, and the second VLSOA 1004 functions as an inverter, the ballast laser output 1016 of the second VLSOA 1004, and also the output 1205 of the optical OR gate, is an OR output.
Thus, this embodiment of the optical OR gate has an output 1205 of high (digital “1”) if either or both of the inputs 1202 and 1204 are high. This embodiment of the optical OR gate has an output 1205 of low (digital “0”) if both of the inputs 1202 and 1204 are low.
Other Optical Logic Devices
Several embodiments of optical logic devices have been described above including the basic building blocks of NOT, NAND, NOR and latch. Many other optical logical devices may be made based on the embodiments and concepts disclosed above. In addition, the optical logical devices described may be combined to form other optical logic devices using conventional digital design principles. Other latches and flip-flops, including D, JK, synchronous and asynchronous varieties may also be constructed, as can more complex digital circuits. For example, FIG. 13 is a diagram of an embodiment of an optical clocked latch 1300. The optical clocked latch 1300 incorporates the optical RS Latch 1000 as well as two optical AND gates 1100, a first optical AND gate 1302 and a second optical AND gate 1304. The optical clocked latch 1300 has a first input 1306 connected to the first optical AND gate 1302 and a second input 1310 connected to the second optical AND gate 1304. A clock input (CLK) 1308 is connected to each of the first and second optical AND gates 1302 and 1304.
The optical clocked latch 1300 acts like the optical RS latch 1000 described above, except that the stable states of the optical clocked latch 1300 may only change during the times when the clock input is high. This is because the optical AND gates 1302 and 1304 require both the clock input 1308 and the other input, either 1306 or 1310, to be high for the input, either 1006 or 1008, to the optical RS latch 1000 to be high.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment and several alternate embodiments, it will be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and details can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. An optical astable multivibrator, comprising:
an LSOA that includes a pump input, amplifier input, amplifier output, and a ballast laser output; and
a time delay component having an input that is optically coupled with the ballast laser output of the LSOA, and the time delay component further including an output that is optically coupled with the amplifier input of the LSOA.

2. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the time delay component input and ballast laser output of the LSOA are optically coupled with each other by way of one of: a reflective element; and, a waveguide.

3. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the time delay component output and amplifier input of the LSOA are optically coupled with each other by way of one of: a reflective element; and, a waveguide.

4. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the optical astable multivibrator is configured to output a clock signal from the amplifier output of the LSOA.

5. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the optical astable multivibrator is configured to output a periodic square waveform signal from the amplifier output of the LSOA.

6. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein a ballast laser signal output of the LSOA is an inverse of a signal received from the time delay at the amplifier input of the LSOA.

7. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein a frequency of a signal from the amplifier output of the LSOA is determined by the time delay component.

8. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein a change to a wavelength of a ballast laser signal output that is output from the LSOA corresponds with a change to a frequency of a signal output from the amplifier output of the LSOA.

9. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein a change to a wavelength of a ballast laser signal that is output from the LSOA corresponds with a change to a time delay imposed by the time delay component.

10. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the optical astable multivibrator has a controllable output frequency.

11. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein a change to an index of refraction of the time delay component corresponds with a change in an output frequency of the LSOA.

12. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the LSOA comprises a VLSOA.

13. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the LSOA comprises a VLSOA with a tunable ballast laser output wavelength.

14. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 1, wherein the time delay comprises one of: a length of optical fiber; and, a silicon waveguide.

15. An optical astable multivibrator, comprising:
a tunable vertical lasing semiconductor optical amplifier (VLSOA) that includes a pump input, amplifier input, amplifier output, and a ballast laser output; and
a time delay component having an input that is optically coupled with the ballast laser output of the VLSOA, and the time delay component further including an output that is optically coupled with the amplifier input of the VLSOA.

16. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 15, wherein the VLSOA defines an optical path having a variable length, the length of the optical path determining a wavelength of a ballast laser signal associated with the VLSOA.

17. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 16, wherein the optical path length is suited to be varied: physically; electro-optically; photo-optically; thermo-optically; and, by way of carrier injection.

18. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 15, wherein the VLSOA includes a laser cavity at least partially defined by a top and bottom mirror, and the optical path length of the VLSOA is a function of at least one of: a refractive index associated with the laser cavity; and, a distance between the top and bottom mirrors.

19. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 18, wherein an air gap is defined between the top and bottom mirrors, and further comprising:
a conducting layer disposed between the top and bottom mirrors; and
a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) configured and arranged to vary a distance between the top and bottom mirrors.

20. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 19, wherein the top mirror comprises an electrostatic deformable membrane.

21. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 18, wherein the top mirror is suspended in the air gap by a cantilever section.

22. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 18, wherein the top mirror is suspended in the air gap by a plurality of flexible tethers.

23. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 15, wherein the VLSOA comprises:
a bottom mirror;
a top mirror;
an active region disposed between the top and bottom mirrors; and
a tunable region disposed between the top and bottom mirrors and having a variable refractive index that facilitates adjustment of a wavelength of a ballast laser signal of the VLSOA.

24. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 23, wherein the tunable region is located between the active region and the top mirror.

25. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 23, wherein the tunable region is located between the active region and the bottom mirror.

26. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 23, wherein the tunable region comprises a plurality of layers of temperature sensitive materials configured and arranged such that the refractive index of the tunable layer varies in accordance with changes in temperature.

27. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 23, wherein the tunable region comprises a liquid crystal layer whose index of refraction is sensitive to changes in an applied voltage.

28. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 23, wherein the index of refraction of the tunable region is adjustable by way of one of the following mechanisms: thermo-optic effect; Stark effect; quantum-confined Stark effect; Franz-Keldysh effect; Burstein-Moss effect; electro-optic effect; and, acousto-optic effect.

29. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 23, wherein a change to the wavelength of the ballast laser signal of the VLSOA corresponds with a change in an output frequency of the VLSOA.

30. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 15, wherein the time delay comprises a material having a variable index of refraction, such that a change to the index of refraction of the time delay corresponds with a change in an output frequency of the VLSOA.

31. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 15, wherein the time delay component input and ballast laser output of the LSOA are optically coupled with each other by way of one of: a reflective element; and, a waveguide.

32. The optical astable multivibrator as recited in claim 15, wherein the time delay component output and amplifier input of the LSOA are optically coupled with each other by way of one of: a reflective element; and, a waveguide.