IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-1223

Filed November 23, 2016

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JONATHAN KAY DAVIS,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Story County, Lawrence E. Jahn, 

Judge.

Jonathan Davis appeals from the district court’s order requiring payment 

of restitution for his conviction of operating while intoxicated. REVERSED AND 

REMANDED. 

John L. Dirks of Dirks Law Firm, Ames, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kelli A. Huser, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
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MULLINS, Judge.

Jonathan Davis appeals from the district court’s order requiring payment 

of restitution for his conviction of operating while intoxicated (OWI) (marijuana), 

first offense, in violation of Iowa Code section 321J.2 (2013). Davis previously 

appealed his conviction, and we affirmed. State v. Davis, No. 14-1976, 2016 WL 

1677591, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 27, 2016). After a hearing on Davis’s 

objection to the victim’s pecuniary damage statement,1the district court ordered 

him to pay total net damages of $14,000.2 Davis now appeals, arguing the 

district court erred in finding the criminal conduct for which he was convicted was 

the proximate cause of the victim’s damages and the amount of restitution 

ordered was not supported by substantial evidence.

After reciting applicable law, the district court made these findings 

regarding causation:

First, the Court finds it was the reckless driving behavior of 

Davis that was the proximate and foreseeable cause of the 

accident resulting in damages to Miller’s property. Davis, who was 

intoxicated at the time, recklessly drove into the lane of traffic 

occupied by Miller’s truck and 9000-pound trailer causing Miller to 

strike the car driven by Davis. The resulting contact and Miller’s 

attempts to maintain control caused Miller’s truck to swerve into the 

median and the trailer to break loose from its hitch and flip over.

In addition to the damage to victim Miller’s truck and trailer, the district court 

found Davis caused damage to several antique washing machines Miller was 

hauling in his trailer.

In this restitution proceeding, if we find no error of law, we are bound by 

the factual findings of the district court if they are supported by substantial 

 

1 See Iowa Code § 910.3; see also id. § 910.1(3)–(5).

2 This is the net amount after an amending order.
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evidence. See State v. Bonstetter, 637 N.W.2d 161, 165 (Iowa 2001). The 

district court applied the law correctly. Davis argues State v. Starkey, 437 

N.W.2d 573, 574 (Iowa 1989), supports his challenge to the court’s reference to 

reckless driving in its analysis. In Starkey, our supreme court held the victim’s 

damages were not caused by the defendant leaving the scene of the accident, 

the charge under which the victim’s damages were sought, but were caused by 

OWI, a charge brought in a different case in a different county. 437 N.W.2d at 

574–75. In our present case, the claim was in the OWI case. It was the manner 

of “operating” the vehicle while intoxicated that caused the damages. The district 

court’s findings of fact concerning intoxication are supported by substantial 

evidence. We further find there is substantial evidence to support the district 

court’s conclusion the manner of Davis’s operation of the vehicle while 

intoxicated proximately caused the damages to the victim. See State v. Ihde, 

532 N.W.2d 827, 829 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995) (“The restitution order must rest on ‘a 

causal connection between the established criminal act and the injuries to the 

victim.’ This causal connection is essentially the tort element of proximate 

cause.” (quoting State v. Holmberg, 449 N.W.2d 376, 377 (Iowa 1989))). His 

intoxication caused him to operate his vehicle recklessly, which set in motion the 

events causing damages to the victim. 

Davis also argues the district court improperly admitted and relied on 

hearsay evidence in making its findings concerning the amount of damages. 

The district court had the unenviable task of trying to determine pecuniary 

damages while faced with what it found to be “no evidence presented as to what 

the fair rate for outside labor to complete the tasks [of repair],” no explanation as 
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to “what portion of the cost of labor and materials, if any, would be paid by 

insurance,” and “no estimates as to the salvage value of the parts that were 

undamaged or repairable.” In this case, the victim testified as to his opinion of 

the value of the damaged property and his estimates of the cost of repair. See

State v. Savage, 288 N.W.2d 502, 504–05 (Iowa 1980) (“[A]n owner may testify 

as to actual value without a showing of general knowledge of market value.”). 

The court determined the victim’s valuation of his own time and his estimates of 

work to repair the damaged property were not reliable. 

The district court admitted into evidence two e-mailed estimates obtained 

by the victim. The e-mails are out-of-court written assertions made by persons

other than the defendant, offered into evidence to prove the truth of the matter 

asserted, i.e., damages. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.801. As such, they would 

ordinarily be inadmissible in evidence. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.802. The court relied 

heavily on the two e-mailed estimates, with purported foundation of the 

qualifications of the e-mailers provided by the victim, in determining the cost “to 

replace and/or restore the washing machines and the trailer to approximately the 

value they had prior to the accident.” The e-mailed estimates were clearly 

hearsay, but arguably admissible, if a pecuniary damages claim for restitution is 

considered subject to rule 5.1101(c)(4), which provides the rules of evidence are 

not applicable to sentencing hearings. See State v. Miller, Nos. 12-1448, 12-

1449, 2014 WL 1714970, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2014). But see id. at *3–5 

(Mullins, J., dissenting). The estimates were prepared by persons who had been 

shown pictures of the damaged machines and presumably had relied on 

representations made by the victim; but the estimators had not examined the 
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machines themselves. The district court determined the estimates “appear to be 

from knowledgeable sources and both include labor.” One estimate showed total 

damages of $14,575 and the other $14,000. The district court found the 

damages were $14,000.

Our supreme court has quoted with approval from the Restatement 

(Second) of Torts section 928 (Am. Law Inst. 1979): 

When one is entitled to a judgment for harm to chattels[3]not 

amounting to a total destruction in value, the damages include 

compensation for

(a) the difference between the value of the chattel before the 

harm and the value after the harm or, at his election in an 

appropriate case, the reasonable cost of repair or restoration, with 

due allowance for any difference between the original value and the 

value after repairs, and

(b) the loss of use.

Papenheim v. Lovell, 530 N.W.2d 668, 672 (Iowa 1995).

The district court did not make separate findings as to specific damage 

items but apparently accepted the lower of the two e-mailed estimates of 

damages. Each estimate had valued one of the washing machines as a total 

loss, with values of $7550 and $7500 respectively. The victim, however, had 

considered it repairable and was making repairs using parts he had in his 

possession or could obtain. There is no evidence of total destruction upon which 

to base a pecuniary damages award. The victim provided actual costs for parts

he purchased for repairing some machines, in the amount of $414.75. He claims 

his time was worth $45 per hour, which the district court discredited. The 

remaining entries for repair estimates contain no itemization, no hourly labor 

 

3 Chattel is defined as “[m]ovable or transferable property; personal property.” Chattel, 

Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). 
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rates, and the rounded numbers appear as educated guesses rather than actual 

costs of repairs. There was no evidence of any difference in value before and 

after the damage to the machines. At the time of the hearing, there were no 

actual costs for restocking the new trailer. We determine the evidence presented 

of the cost estimates for restocking the new trailer are speculative, failing to

provide any specific time itemization or hourly costs, or equipment or hardware 

costs.

On our review of the record and the district court’s ruling, we conclude 

substantial evidence does not support the amount of the restitution ordered. 

There is substantial evidence to support the award of $414.75. We reverse and 

remand for entry of a temporary order for pecuniary damages as restitution to the 

victim in that amount. See Iowa Code § 910.3.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.