* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### DEC 22 1997 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. LONNIE EUGENE WILSON,

Defendant - Appellant. No. 97-8024 (D. Ct. No. 96-CR-99) (D. Wyo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before ANDERSON , TACHA , and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges.

The defendant in this case was found guilty of bein g a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). He appeals his conviction on four different grounds and also makes two challenges to his sentencing. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S. C. § 1291 and affirm. Background The defendant Lonnie Wilson was convicted of a felo ny in Wyoming state- 2 -

court in 1982. Fourteen years later, on April 10, 1996, local law enforcement officers executed a search warrant, completely unre lated to the crime at issue here, at the defendant’s uncle’s home on Dillon Ave nue in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The defendant, present when the officers arrived, i nformed detective Dean Jackson and other officers prior to the search thathe had a gun in his bedroom in the residence. According to Detective Jackson, the defendant said that the gun was his. During the search, the police discovered a Browning shotgun in a room with men’s clothing and correspondence addressed to the defendant. The defendant’s uncle, John Henry Wilson, told the disc overing officer that the room belonged to the defendant. The shotgun was found i nside a case. According to Detective Jackson, when he saw the def endant later that evening, the defendant asked if the police had take n “his” gun during the search.
See Tr. at 221. When the detective asked whether it w as wise for the defendant to have a gun considering his prior felony conviction, the defendant then asserted that the gun belonged to his dead grandfather. The detective testified that when he saw the defendant again one week later, the defe ndant again requested the gun and again referred to it as “his.” See id. at 223. Special Agent Kenneth Bray of the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco, and Firearms began investigating the defendant’s connec tion to the gun. Upon- 3 -

learning of Agent Bray’s activity, the defendant in vited Agent Bray to the Dillon address, where he told the agent that the shotgun h ad belonged to his father, who died in 1994. The defendant told Agent Bray that t he shotgun passed to his grandmother, who also lived at the Dillon address and who passed away in 1995. The defendant said that he then moved the shotgun t o his bedroom. According to the defendant, he did this at the request of his au nts, who felt that the defendant’s grandmother’s possessions should be secured to prev ent theft. According to Agent Bray’s testimony, Mr. Wilson stated that he had been living at both his girlfriend’s house and the house on Dillon. Nevertheless, the defendant also said that he had exclusive possessio n of the bedroom in which the gun was found, referred to it as his room, and main tained his personal effects there. On October 31, 1996, the district court entered a d iscovery order which required, among other things, that the government p rovide the defense with a written summary of the government’s expected experttestimony, including the experts’ opinions and the bases for those opinions, by November 8, 1996. Several days before trial, and after November 8 had passed, the defendant learned that the government planned to call an expert to identify th e single fingerprint found on the gun as that of the defendant. The defendant al so learned that the government planned to prove one of the elements of the crime-- that the shotgun traveled in- 4 -

interstate commerce--by having Agent Bray testify t hat the Browning was manufactured in Belgium and imported through St. Lo uis. The defendant moved in limine to exclude the testimony of these witness es based on the government’s violation of the discovery order. The district cou rt denied the motion. At trial, the government also introduced, over the defendant’s objection, a report from the National Crime Information Center i ndicating that the shotgun was stolen. The government submitted this evidence to rebut the testimony of the defendant’s two aunts and his stepmother, who claim ed that the gun was a family heirloom. The jury found the defendant guilty of being a felo n in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and 9 24(a)(2). At sentencing, the judge enhanced the defendant’s sentence by two leve ls on the basis of its conclusion that the gun was stolen.
Discussion The defendant appeals on five different grounds. He argues, first, that the evidence at trial was insufficient to support his c onviction for possessing a weapon; second, that the court abused its discretio n in refusing two of the defense’s proposed jury instructions; third, that the report from the National Crime Information Center was hearsay not within anyexception; fourth, that the trial court erred in admitting the testimony of Age nt Bray and the fingerprint- 5 -

expert; and fifth, that there were two errors in hi s sentencing. With regard to each challenge, we affirm the district court.
I. The Possession Element A. Sufficiency of the Evidence In determining whether there is sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict, this court reviews the record de novo. Se e, e.g. , United States v. Wilson , 107 F.3d 774, 778 (10th Cir. 1997). Evidence suffi ciently supports a verdict if, when considered in the light most favorable to the government, it would allow a reasonable juror to find the defendant guilty beyon d a reasonable doubt. See id. In evaluating the evidence under this standard, the court will not question a jury’s credibility determinations or its conclusions aboutthe weight of the evidence.
See United States v. Johnson , 57 F.3d 968, 971 (10th Cir. 1995). The defendant argues that the government did not pr ove, as 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) requires it to do, that the defendant “kn owingly possessed” the Browning shotgun. See United States v. Taylor , 113 F.3d 1136, 1144 (10th Cir. 1997) (listing knowing possession as one of three e lements of the offense). The statute does not require a defendant to have had ac tual possession of a firearm; constructive possession is enough. See United States v. Mills , 29 F.3d 545, 549 (10th Cir. 1994). “A person has constructive posse ssion when he or she knowingly holds ownership, dominion, or control ove r the object and the premises- 6 -

where it was found.” Id. at 549. If a defendant controls part of a premise s, such as a bedroom, rather than an entire premises, a fac t-finder can infer that the defendant constructively possessed a firearm found in that room. See United
States v. Owens , 70 F.3d 1118, 1127 (10th Cir. 1995) (finding suff icient evidence of possession where police found gun in bedroom that defendant did not share). In this case, the government put forth undisputed e vidence that the defendant, and only the defendant, used the bedroom in which the police discovered the gun. That fact alone satisfies the minimal evidentiary requirement for constructive possession under Owens . The other evidence in this case made the factual basis upon which the jury found constru ctive possession even more ample. Detective Jackson, for instance, testified that the defendant referred to the gun as “his” on three different occasions. Also, a lthough the gun was kept in a case and the defendant contended that he only moved it from one room to the next, one of his fingerprints was found on it. Und er the applicable legal standard, the evidence presented in this case allowed a reaso nable juror to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly posse ssed the shotgun. B. The Jury Instructions We review a court’s refusal to give a particular ju ry instruction for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Lee , 54 F.3d 1534, 1536 (10th Cir. 1995). A trial court does not abuse its discretionin issuing jury instructions if the- 7 -

instructions that it gives fairly state the governi ng law and provide the jury with an understanding of the issues and applicable stand ards. United States v. DeSoto , 950 F.2d 626, 631 (10th Cir. 1991). The disputed instructions concern constructive poss ession. We noted above that a defendant has constructive possession of an object if he has exclusive possession of the premises--or part of a premises-- in which the object is found.
See Owens , 70 F.3d at 1127. When a defendant has joint, rat her than exclusive, possession of a premises with another, however, the government must also prove a “nexus” between the object and the defendant stro ng enough to show that the defendant had knowledge of and access to the weaponor contraband. See Taylor , 113 F.3d at 1145. The district court’s instructions 23 and 24 read, i n pertinent part: [Number 23] [P]ossession is constructive when a per son does not have actual possession of the object but knowin gly holds ownership, dominion, or control over the object andthe premises where it is found.

. . . [Number 24] Where a defendant jointly occupies or s hares a premises (such as a dwelling, house or building) co nstructive possession may be shown by direct evidence . . . orby circumstantial evidence, which establishes beyond areasonable doubt that the defendant had knowledge that the fir earm(s) was contained in the premises and the defendant had the ability to access the firearm(s). Vol. 2, Tab 41. The defendant’s proposed instructi ons 33 and 34 read, in pertinent part:- 8 -

[Number 33] Where the defendant jointly occupied adwelling or was present when a firearm is found, the governm ent must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that there is a con nection or nexus between the defendant and the firearm. Mere proximity of the defendant Lonnie Eugene Wilson to the firear m is not enough to establish that he actually or constructiv ely possessed the firearm. [Number 34] The fact that Lonnie Eugene Wilson touc hed the firearm is not, in itself, enough to prove actual o r constructive possession. Vol. 1, Tab 31. The first sentence of the defendan t’s proposed instruction 33 does not add anything to the district court’s in structions. Although it uses the word “nexus,” in Taylorwe equated the nexus requirement with a finding of knowledge of and access to the weapon. See Taylor , 113 F.3d at 1145. The district court’s instructions require both knowledge and access to the weapon. The defendant’s proposed instruction 34 and the sec ond sentence of the proposed instruction 33 are very similar to eac h other. The district court refused these instructions, but did inform th e jury in instruction 23 that the government was required to show ownership, dominion, or control of the gun. Furthermore, it gave the jury a fair s ummary of the evidentiary requirements in a case involving constructive posse ssion. These instructions sufficiently covered the issues presented. Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion with regard to the jury inst ructions. See United- 9 -

States v. Pena , 930 F.2d 1486, 1492 (10th Cir. 1991) (“In decidin g whether the judge properly exercised his discretion , we must examine the other instructions as a whole to determine if they sufficiently cover the issues in the case and focus on the facts presentedby the evidence.”).
II. National Crime Information Center Evidence The defendant next argues that the trial court erre d by admitting evidence of a National Crime Information Center rec ord indicating that the Browning shotgun had been stolen from a Louisiana m an in 1987. The defendant argues that the record was hearsay eviden ce not admissible under any exception. During the trial, the defenda nt’s aunts and his mother testified that the gun had been a family hei rloom. The government offered the NCIC report to rebut that testimony. T he NCIC report was offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted i n it. Thus, it is hearsay evidence. See Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). It is unnecessary to determine whether the NCIC rep ort falls into the business records exception to the hearsay rule, how ever, because even if the trial court erred in admitting the record, thaterror was harmless. Where a party objects to evidence on hearsay ground s, we apply the harmless error standard from Kotteakos v. Untied St ates , 328 U.S. 750, 765 (1946). See United States v. Tome , 61 F.3d 1446, 1455 (10th Cir.- 10 -

1995). “[W]e must discern whether the statement, i n light of the whole record, substantially influenced the outcome of the trial, or whether we are left in grave doubt as to whether it had such an ef fect.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The only contested issue at trial was whether the d efendant possessed the Browning shotgun. Uncontroverted evi dence showed that the gun first arrived at the Dillon Avenue home aft er the death of the defendant’s father. The dispute revolved around th e defendant’s relationship to the gun after it arrived at Dillon Avenue, and especially after the death of his grandmother in 1995. How th e gun came to Dillon Avenue--as a family heirloom or a stolen good--did not have any bearing on the question of whether the defendant “possessed ” the gun for the purpose of the statute. The trial court’s instruct ions, in fact, recognized the irrelevancy of the evidence. The court told th e jury that the evidence “is not offered and cannot be considered by you as evidence of guilt by this defendant for the crime for which he now stand s tried.” Tr. at 404. The evidence merely contradicted the account of the aunts and stepmother regarding a peripheral and insignificantissue, and therefore did not impact the verdict. Cf. Cannady v. United States , 351 F.2d 796, 798 (D.C. Cir. 1965 ) (“If the hearsay evidence had bee n used to impeach1 We recognize that it is improper to admit extrinsic evidence in order to impeach a

witness on a collateral matter. SeeUnited States v. Mulinelli-Navas , 111 F.3d 983, 988 (1st Cir. 1997). As noted, however, the district court admitted the evidence for its truth. Furthermore, the defendant did not object to the introduction of the evidence on this ground. Thus, we do not consider how that rule of law might apply to this case. - 11 - appellant’s credibility by showing a contradiction on some insignificant matter, we would hesitate to reverse his conviction .”). 1 The evidence of guilt at trial, especially the testimony of Agent B ray and Detective Jackson, was substantial. Because the NCIC report concerned an insignificant issue in the trial and was not releva nt to the issue of whether the defendant possessed the gun, and because there was ample independent evidence in support of the jury’s verdict, there is no risk that the NCIC evidence substantially influenced the trial. III. Expert Testimony Mr. Wilson contends that the district court should not have allowed the expert testimony of either Agent Bray or fingerprint expert because the government did not provide written notice to the de fendant of their names and expected testimony, as required by the court’s discovery order. We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony for abuse of discretion, and we will not reverse a tria l court’s exercise of discretion absent a showing that the trial court’s decision was prejudicial to the defendant’s substantial rights. See Klein v. Grynberg , 44 F.3d 1497,- 12 -

1505 (10th Cir.), cert. denied116 S. Ct. 58 (1995). We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion. Agent Bray testified that the Browning shotgun was manufactured in Belgium and sent to St. Louis. This testimony tend ed to prove that the gun had traveled across state lines, as required by 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). This testimony did not prejudice the de fendant because three of his own witnesses made statements that also demonstrated that the shotgun had traveled interstate. See Tr. at 311-12 (testimony of Lenore Cox); id. at 329-31 (testimony of Dollie Scruggs); id. at 344 (testimony of Frankye Hunt). The defendant has also failed to show that the admi ssion of the fingerprint expert’s testimony prejudiced him. Normally, a party cannot show prejudice resulting from surprise unless the p arty requested a continuance. See Marino v. Otis Engineering Corp. 839 F.2d 1404, 1411 (10th Cir. 1988). Here, the defendant did not requ est a continuance to prepare for the testimony of the fingerprint expert . Furthermore, the defendant does not detail the nature of the prejudi ce against him; he asserts only that the late admission of the evidenc e “deprived him of an adequate opportunity to challenge [the] evidence.” Appellant’s Br. at 18. This type of conclusory allegation of prejudice is an insufficient basis- 13 -

upon which to order a new trial. See Greenwood v. McDonough Power Equip., Inc. , 731 F.2d 690, 697 (10th Cir. 1984) (noting that t he objecting parties did not “display[] the manner in which [the expert’s] observation prejudiced them or what steps they may have pursuedto cure the alleged prejudice.”). IV. Sentencing The trial court enhanced the defendant’s sentence u nder United States Sentencing Guideline § 2K2.1(b)(4) for posse ssing a stolen firearm and also refused to grant a downward departure unde r § 3E1.1 for acceptance of responsibility. The defendant conten ds that the trial court erred in both determinations. We review the trial court’s decisions for clear error. See United States v. Rowlett , 23 F.3d 300, 303 (10th Cir. 1994) (applying § 2K2.1(b)(4)); United States v. Ro bertson , 45 F.3d 1423, 1449 (10th Cir.) (applying § 3E1.1), cert. denied , 116 S. Ct. 133 (1995). The sentencing guidelines provide for a two-level e nhancement “[i]f any firearm was stolen.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4). During the defendant’s sentencing hearing, the government showed that the gun had been stolen by presenting a police report from Caddo Parish, Lo uisiana. That report had served as the basis for the NCIC evidence admitted at trial. Because the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply at sentencing- 14 -

hearings, hearsay statements may be used at sentenc ing as long as they possess some “minimum indicia of reliability.” Uni ted States v. Browning , 61 F.3d 752, 754-55 (10th Cir. 1990). The defendant contends that the police report does not have a minimum indicia of re liability because it is merely a “piece of paper” and does not definitively prove that the gun was actually stolen. There is, however, nothing in thi s record to suggest that the report is untrustworthy. That being the case, we affirm the finding of the district court. See Browning , 61 F.3d at 755 (finding evidence admissible where there was no showing of unreliabil ity). Regarding the district court’s refusal to grant a d ownward departure for acceptance of responsibility, we have previousl y held, “[A] defendant who requires the government to make its proof by go ing to trial generally will not be allowed a two-level departure for accep tance of responsibility.” United States v. Reed , 114 F.3d 1053, 1058 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 118 S. C.t 316 (1997). If a defendant goes to trial on ly to assert and preserve issues that do not relate to factual guilt, however , he may still be entitled to the reduction. See U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 n. 2. In this case, the defendan t disputed his factual guilt. He denied Detective Ja ckson’s testimony that the defendant stated that the gun was “his,” and de nied the testimony of Agent Bray regarding the defendant’s exclusive auth ority over the- 15 -

bedroom in which the gun was found. Thus, the district court did not err in refusing to grant the two-level downward departu re for acceptance of responsibility.
Conclusion Having found that the evidence was sufficient to co nvict the defendant of possession of a firearm, that the juryinstruction related to that offense fairly described the law, the improperadmission of the hearsay evidence, if any, was harmless, that no pre judice resulted from the expert testimony, and that the district court made no errors at sentencing, we affirm the conviction and sentence of the defend ant. ENTERED FOR THE COURT,

Deanell Reece Tacha Circuit Judge