{"id":283947,"date":"2023-01-13T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-13T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/?migration=converted-node-484999"},"modified":"2023-09-21T16:07:22","modified_gmt":"2023-09-21T20:07:22","slug":"45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts\/","title":{"rendered":"45 Years Ago: NASA Selects 35 New Astronauts"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"\" class=\"padding-top-5 padding-bottom-3 width-full maxw-full hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-article-intro\"><div class=\"width-full maxw-full article-header\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2 width-full maxw-full\"><p class=\"label carbon-60 margin-0 margin-bottom-3 padding-0\">4 min read<\/p><h1 class=\"display-48 margin-bottom-2\">45 Years Ago: NASA Selects 35 New Astronauts<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-none \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"985\" height=\"1150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg?w=985\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Class of 1978 patch\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg?resize=257,300 257w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg?resize=768,897 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg?resize=877,1024 877w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg?resize=343,400 343w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg?resize=514,600 514w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_2_patch_s80-28260.jpg?resize=771,900 771w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\" loading=\"eager\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Patch of the 1978 Astronaut Class, designed by noted space artist Robert T. McCall.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>On Jan. 16, 1978, NASA announced the selection of 35 new astronauts, the first time in more than eight years that the agency had admitted new astronauts. The selection of the first class of space shuttle astronauts held historic significance not only because of its then-record size but also because, for the first time, the group included women and minorities. Previous astronaut selections in the 1960s consisted of test pilots or scientists, in those days the domain principally of white men. But the space shuttle would allow not only pilots to fly but also scientists, physicians, and engineers, and when NASA released the call for the new astronaut selection on July 8, 1976, it specifically encouraged women and minorities to apply. And they did, their numbers boosted in part by a promotional campaign led by Nichelle Nichols, who played Lt. Uhura in the 1960s television series \u201cStar Trek.\u201d From a total of 8,079 applicants, 15 qualified as space shuttle pilots and 20 as mission specialists. The final selection included six women, three African Americans, and one Asian American, the most diverse class of astronauts up to that point.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-media hds-module wp-block-image\"><div class=\"margin-left-auto margin-right-auto nasa-block-align-inline\"><div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-fit \"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/image-article\/1978-astronaut-class\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1041\" height=\"1256\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?w=1041\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048\" alt=\"Montage of thirty-five portrait photos of 1978 astronaut class members\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?resize=249,300 249w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?resize=768,927 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?resize=849,1024 849w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?resize=332,400 332w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?resize=497,600 497w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?resize=746,900 746w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s78-26481-orig.jpg?resize=995,1200 995w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1041px) 100vw, 1041px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Montage of individual photos of the 1978 Astronaut Class. The 15 pilot astronauts  included Daniel C. Brandenstein, Michael L. Coats, Richard O. Covey, John O. Creighton,  Robert L. \u201cHoot\u201d Gibson, Frederick D. Gregory, S. David Griggs, Frederick H. \u201cRick\u201d Hauck, Jon A. McBride, Steven R. Nagel, F. Richard \u201cDick\u201d Scobee, Brewster H. Shaw,  Loren J. Shriver, David M. Walker, and Donald E. Williams. The 20 mission specialist astronauts included Guion S. \u201cGuy\u201d Bluford, James F. Buchli, Jahn M. Fabian, Anna L. Fisher, Dale A. Gardner, Terry J. Hart, Steven A. Hawley, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, Shannon W. Lucid, Ronald E. McNair, R. Michael Mullane, George D. \u201cPinky\u201d Nelson, Ellison S. Onizuka,Judith A. Resnik, Sally K. Ride, M. Rhea Seddon, Robert L. Stewart, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Norman E. Thagard, and James D. \u201cOx\u201d VanHoften.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\" id=\"image-carousel-slider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1222\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1222&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1.02); transform-origin: 46% 43%; object-position: 46% 43%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1222&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=300&h=191&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=768&h=489&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=1024&h=652&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=1536&h=978&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=400&h=255&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=600&h=382&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=900&h=573&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s78-26569\/s78-26569~large.jpg?w=1200&h=764&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">The 35 astronauts selected in the Class of 1978 in the Teague Auditorium of NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center during their introduction to the media.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1018\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?w=1018\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Photograph of Female Astronaut Candidates in 1979\" style=\"transform: scale(1.1); transform-origin: 47% 36%; object-position: 47% 36%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg 1909w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=150,150 150w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=298,300 298w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=768,772 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=1018,1024 1018w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=1527,1536 1527w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=50,50 50w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=100,100 100w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=200,200 200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=398,400 398w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=597,600 597w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=895,900 895w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s79-29592-femaleastronauts.jpg?resize=1193,1200 1193w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1018px) 100vw, 1018px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">The first women selected by NASA as astronauts in the Class of 1978: M. Rhea Seddon, left, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnik, Sally K. Ride, Anna L. Fisher, and Shannon M. Lucid.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"985\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_5_african_american_astronauts_s79-36529.jpg?w=985\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"class_of_1978_african_american_astronauts\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 51% 16%; object-position: 51% 16%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_5_african_american_astronauts_s79-36529.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_5_african_american_astronauts_s79-36529.jpg?resize=300,240 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_5_african_american_astronauts_s79-36529.jpg?resize=768,614 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_5_african_american_astronauts_s79-36529.jpg?resize=400,320 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_5_african_american_astronauts_s79-36529.jpg?resize=600,480 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_5_african_american_astronauts_s79-36529.jpg?resize=900,720 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">The first African Americans selected by NASA as astronauts in the Class of 1978: Ronald E. McNair, left, Guion S. Bluford, and Frederick D. Gregory.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"813\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?w=813\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Portrait of Ellison Onizuka\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 48% 39%; object-position: 48% 39%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?resize=238,300 238w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?resize=768,968 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?resize=813,1024 813w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?resize=317,400 317w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?resize=476,600 476w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?resize=714,900 714w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_6_asian_american_astronaut_s78-35307.jpg?resize=952,1200 952w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 813px) 100vw, 813px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Ellison S. Onizuka, the first Asian American selected as an astronaut by NASA in the Class of 1978.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Two weeks after NASA announced their selection, the new group of astronauts traveled to NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center in Houston for three days of orientation and tours. On Jan. 31, in an event in the Teague Auditorium of NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA introduced them to the press, whose interests focused primarily on the 10 novelty astronauts, the women and minorities. The class officially reported for duty at JSC in July 1978, and quickly became known as the TFNG, or Thirty-Five New Guys. Noted space artist Robert T. McCall designed a patch for the group. They completed a 13-month training program in August 1979 to become full-fledged astronauts and available for flight assignments. In the meantime, the 35 new astronauts more than doubled the size of the existing astronaut corps and lent their expertise to finalizing the design and operation of the space shuttle, with its first flight nearly two years in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All of the TFNGs distinguished themselves in one way or another during their time as astronauts. Even prior to making their first spaceflights, several made news. As one of the six women, Shannon M. Lucid held the additional title of the first mother to be selected as an astronaut. With the selection of Anna L. Fisher\u2019s husband William F. Fisher in the 1980 Class of astronauts, the two made headlines as the first married couple of American astronauts. In 1984, Anna Fisher became the first mother in space after giving birth to their daughter Kristin in 1983. In 1981, TFNGs Robert L. \u201cHoot\u201d Gibson and M. Rhea Seddon became the first two active duty astronauts to marry, and later Seddon became the first active duty American astronaut to become pregnant and give birth, to son Paul, in 1982. After receiving flight assignments, TFNGs distinguished themselves piloting and commanding the space shuttle, conducting spacewalks, deploying, repairing, and retrieving satellites, performing scientific experiments, and docking with the Russian space station Mir and spending time aboard it.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\" id=\"image-carousel-slider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"In 1983, space shuttle Challenger and the STS-7 crew launched from NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg 1041w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg?resize=300,198 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg?resize=768,506 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg?resize=1024,675 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg?resize=400,264 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg?resize=600,395 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/s07-14-629.jpg?resize=900,593 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Sally K. Ride, the first American woman in space in 1983.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"670\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?w=1024\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"a medical test that requires use of the treadmill exercising device\" style=\"transform: scale(1.02); transform-origin: 42% 24%; object-position: 42% 24%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg 4095w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=300,196 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=768,502 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=1024,670 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=1536,1005 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=2048,1340 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=400,262 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=600,393 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=900,589 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=1200,785 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/536252main-inflight-full.jpeg?resize=2000,1308 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Guion S. Bluford, the first African American astronaut in space in 1983. <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"981\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg?w=981\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"class_of_1978_stewart_mmu_sts-41b\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg?resize=287,300 287w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg?resize=768,802 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg?resize=981,1024 981w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg?resize=383,400 383w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg?resize=575,600 575w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_12_stewart_mmu_sts-41b_s84-27033.jpg?resize=862,900 862w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 981px) 100vw, 981px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Robert L. Stewart, the first U.S. Army astronaut in space, flying the Manned Maneuvering Unit, in 1984.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1264\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1264&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1264&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=300&h=198&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=768&h=506&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=1024&h=674&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=1536&h=1011&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=400&h=263&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=600&h=395&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=900&h=593&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/41d-13-025\/41d-13-025~large.jpg?w=1200&h=790&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Judith A. Resnik, the first Jewish American astronaut, in 1984.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"985\" height=\"746\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_14_sullivan_41g_eva_41g-13-032.jpg?w=985\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"class_of_1978_sullivan_41g_eva\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_14_sullivan_41g_eva_41g-13-032.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_14_sullivan_41g_eva_41g-13-032.jpg?resize=300,227 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_14_sullivan_41g_eva_41g-13-032.jpg?resize=768,582 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_14_sullivan_41g_eva_41g-13-032.jpg?resize=400,303 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_14_sullivan_41g_eva_41g-13-032.jpg?resize=600,454 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_14_sullivan_41g_eva_41g-13-032.jpg?resize=900,682 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Kathryn D. Sullivan, the first American woman to conduct a spacewalk in 1984. <\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"695\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?w=695\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"class_of_1978_onizuk\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 48% 11%; object-position: 48% 11%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?resize=204,300 204w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?resize=768,1131 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?resize=695,1024 695w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?resize=272,400 272w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?resize=407,600 407w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?resize=611,900 611w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_15_onizuka_51c_51c-06-028.jpg?resize=815,1200 815w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Ellison S. Onizuka, the first Asian American in space, in 1985.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1252\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1252&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 75% 11%; object-position: 75% 11%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1252&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=300&h=196&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=768&h=501&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=1024&h=668&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=1536&h=1002&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=400&h=261&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=600&h=391&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=900&h=587&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/51b-13-008\/51b-13-008~large.jpg?w=1200&h=783&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">51B-13-008 (29 April-6 May 1985) — Astronaut Frederick D. Gregory vacuums air filters in avionics bay. The 51-B pilot is physically located in the overhead area of the middeck on Challenger, but his activity is only a few meters away from the flight deck.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1535\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1535&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=1920&h=1535&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1920w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=300&h=240&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 300w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=768&h=614&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=1024&h=819&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=1536&h=1228&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=400&h=320&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 400w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=600&h=480&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 600w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=900&h=720&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 900w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/S85-44253\/S85-44253~large.jpg?w=1200&h=959&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">S85-44253 (November 1985) — Five astronauts and two payload specialists make up the crew, scheduled to fly aboard the space shuttle Challenger in January of 1986. Crew members are (left to right, front row) astronauts Michael J. Smith, Francis R. (Dick) Scobee and Ronald E. McNair; Ellison S. Onizuka, Sharon Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis and Judith A. Resnik. McAuliffe and Jarvis are payload specialists, representing the Teacher in Space Project and Hughes Company, respectively. Photo credit: NASA    (NOTE: On Jan. 28, 1986, the seven Challenger crew members lost their lives following an explosion during the launch phase of the STS-51L mission.)<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1261\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=1261&h=1920&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 51% 24%; object-position: 51% 24%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=1261&h=1920&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1261w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=197&h=300&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 197w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=768&h=1169&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=673&h=1025&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 673w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=1009&h=1536&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1009w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=263&h=400&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 263w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=394&h=600&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 394w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=591&h=900&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 591w, https:\/\/images-assets.nasa.gov\/image\/s33-03-008\/s33-03-008~large.jpg?w=788&h=1200&fit=crop&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 788w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1261px) 100vw, 1261px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">STS033-03-008 (22-27 Nov 1989) — Astronaut Frederick D. Gregory, STS-33 commander, displays a letter from a special group of well-wishers.  The letter is signed by the superintendent of Department of Defense Dependents School in Japan.  It was carried onboard Discovery for the five-day DOD-devoted mission.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_19_thagard_in_sokol_suit.jpg?w=400\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"class_of_1978_thagard_in_sokol_suit\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 54% 34%; object-position: 54% 34%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_19_thagard_in_sokol_suit.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_19_thagard_in_sokol_suit.jpg?resize=265,300 265w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_19_thagard_in_sokol_suit.jpg?resize=354,400 354w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Norman E. Thagard, the first American to launch aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft and live aboard the Russian space station Mir in 1995.<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"985\" height=\"841\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_20_lucid_aboard_mir_1996_nm21-395-024.jpg?w=985\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"class_of_1978_lucid_aboard_mir_1996\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 47% 28%; object-position: 47% 28%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_20_lucid_aboard_mir_1996_nm21-395-024.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_20_lucid_aboard_mir_1996_nm21-395-024.jpg?resize=300,256 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_20_lucid_aboard_mir_1996_nm21-395-024.jpg?resize=768,656 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_20_lucid_aboard_mir_1996_nm21-395-024.jpg?resize=400,342 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_20_lucid_aboard_mir_1996_nm21-395-024.jpg?resize=600,512 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_20_lucid_aboard_mir_1996_nm21-395-024.jpg?resize=900,768 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Shannon M. Lucid, left, the first American woman to conduct a long-duration spaceflight, with her two Russian crewmates aboard the space station Mir in 1996.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"985\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_21_s93e5049.jpg?w=985\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"class_of_1978\" style=\"transform: scale(1.2); transform-origin: 71% 34%; object-position: 71% 34%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_21_s93e5049.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_21_s93e5049.jpg?resize=300,244 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_21_s93e5049.jpg?resize=768,624 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_21_s93e5049.jpg?resize=400,325 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_21_s93e5049.jpg?resize=600,487 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_21_s93e5049.jpg?resize=900,731 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">In 1999, Steven A. Hawley completed the last flight by a member of the astronaut Class of 1978 during STS-93.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>As a group, the TFNG\u2019s completed 103 spaceflights, spending a cumulative 979 days in space. Steven A. Hawley completed the last flight of a TFNG in 1999, more than 20 years after his selection, the STS-93 mission to deploy the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Four members of the class (F. Richard \u201cDick\u201d Scobee, Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S. Onizuka, Judith A. Resnik) made the ultimate sacrifice, victims of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission\/sts-51l\/\" data-type=\"mission\" data-id=\"275342\">STS-51L Challenger accident<\/a> in 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After leaving the astronaut corps, several of the TFNGs rose to leadership positions within NASA and other government agencies, others held executive positions with aerospace contractors, while many of the scientists returned to the world of academia. Notably, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/former-astronaut-frederick-d-gregory\/\" data-type=\"topic\" data-id=\"298273\">Frederick D. Gregory<\/a> served as NASA\u2019s first African American deputy administrator from 2002 until his retirement from the agency in 2005. Michael L. Coats returned to JSC in 2005 to become its 10th director, serving until 2012. Kathryn D. Sullivan served as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and administrator of the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration from 2014 to 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-image-carousel grid-container grid-container-block padding-top-8 padding-bottom-8 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-image-carousel\">\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"image-carousel-slider margin-0\" id=\"image-carousel-slider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?w=819\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Portrait of Frederick D. Gregory\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 51% 44%; object-position: 51% 44%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=240,300 240w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=768,960 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=819,1024 819w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=1229,1536 1229w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=320,400 320w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=480,600 480w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=720,900 720w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/portrait-frederick-gregory.jpg?resize=960,1200 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Official portrait of Frederick D. Gregory as NASA deputy administrator.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?w=819\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Portrait of Michael L. Coats, leaning against his desk.\" style=\"transform: scale(1.02); transform-origin: 46% 17%; object-position: 46% 17%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg 985w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?resize=240,300 240w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?resize=768,961 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?resize=819,1024 819w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?resize=320,400 320w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?resize=480,600 480w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?resize=720,900 720w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_24_coats_formal_portrait_2006_jsc2006e49525.jpg?resize=959,1200 959w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Portrait of Michael L. Coats as director of NASA\u2019s Johnson Space Center.<\/div><div class=\"hds-credits\">NASA<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-block width-full\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"margin-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper hds-image-carousel-slide margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-media-wrapper margin-left-auto margin-right-auto\"><figure class=\"hds-media-inner hds-cover-wrapper hds-media-ratio-cover \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?w=654\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Portrait of Kathryn Sullivan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Administrator\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 51% 37%; object-position: 51% 37%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg 1610w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=192,300 192w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=768,1202 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=654,1024 654w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=981,1536 981w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=1308,2048 1308w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=256,400 256w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=383,600 383w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=575,900 575w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=767,1200 767w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/kathrynsullivan.jpg?resize=1278,2000 1278w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"hds-caption padding-y-2\"><div class=\"hds-caption-text p-sm margin-0\">Official portrait of NOAA Administrator, Kathryn Sullivan<\/div><\/figcaption><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-carousel-nav display-flex margin-left-auto margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-prev\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M3.5,4.5l3.7-3.6L6.3,0L1.8,4.5L6.3,9l0.9-0.9L3.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button class=\"hds-carousel-nav-arrow hds-carousel-arrow-next margin-right-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"9px\" height=\"9px\" viewBox=\"0 0 9 9\"><path class=\"st0\" d=\"M5.5,4.5L1.8,8.1L2.7,9l4.5-4.5L2.7,0L1.8,0.9L5.5,4.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The Class of 1978 set a precedent and all subsequent astronaut classes have included women and minorities. The class paved the way for women pilots and commanders of not only the space shuttle but the International Space Station as well, and for women and minorities to become NASA center directors and administrators. As a legacy of the diversity represented in the astronaut Class of 1978, during the Artemis program, NASA will land the first woman and the first person of color on the Moon.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-center nasa-button-link padding-y-1 padding-x-0 hds-module wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-link\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button-primary button-primary-md link-external-true\" aria-label=\"Learn more about former NASA astronauts\">\n\t\t<span class=\"line-height-alt-1\">Learn more about former NASA astronauts<\/span>\n\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"button-primary-circle\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t<\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p>By John Uri<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>With special thanks to NASA\u2019s Human Spaceflight Historian Jennifer Ross-Nazzal.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-about-the-author nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-6 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-about-the-author\"><div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-x-0 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black padding-top-3\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h3 class=\"heading-14\">About the Author<\/h3><\/div><\/div><div class=\"grid-row grid-container padding-x-0 maxw-widescreen\"><div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9\"><div class=\"grid-row\"><div class=\"hds-author-thumbnail mobile:circle-6 mobile:maxw-6 circle-card maxw-card thumbnail margin-right-2 desktop:margin-right-5\"><\/div><div class=\"grid-col\"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-29 line-height-sm\">John Uri<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"heading-12 p-md\">Johnson Space Center<\/div><div class=\"padding-y-2\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-9\"><p class=\"margin-top-0\"><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 nasa_template_article_b hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-credits-and-details\">\n<section class=\"padding-x-0 padding-top-5 padding-bottom-2 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-2 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Share<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"social-icons social-icons-round\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-x\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/intent\/tweet?via=NASA&text=45%20Years%20Ago%3A%20NASA%20Selects%2035%20New%20Astronauts&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on X.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"1200\" height=\"1227\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 1227\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z\" fill=\"white\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M9 8h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.642l.358-4h-4v-1.667c0-.955.192-1.333 1.115-1.333h2.885v-5h-3.808c-3.596 0-5.192 1.583-5.192 4.615v3.385z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-linkedin\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts%2F\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5c0 1.381-1.11 2.5-2.48 2.5s-2.48-1.119-2.48-2.5c0-1.38 1.11-2.5 2.48-2.5s2.48 1.12 2.48 2.5zm.02 4.5h-5v16h5v-16zm7.982 0h-4.968v16h4.969v-8.399c0-4.67 6.029-5.052 6.029 0v8.399h4.988v-10.131c0-7.88-8.922-7.593-11.018-3.714v-2.155z\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"social-icon social-icon-rss\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\/feed\/\" aria-label=\"Subscribe to RSS feed.\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 800 800\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M493 652H392c0-134-111-244-244-244V307c189 0 345 156 345 345zm71 0c0-228-188-416-416-416V132c285 0 520 235 520 520z\"\/><circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"581\" r=\"71\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-14\">Details<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading\">Last Updated<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-8\">Sep 21, 2023<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-5 padding-right-4 margin-bottom-5 desktop:margin-bottom-0\"><div class=\"padding-top-3 border-top-1px border-color-carbon-black \"><div class=\"margin-bottom-2\"><h2 class=\"heading-14\">Related Terms<\/h2><\/div><ul class=\"article-tags\"><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/\">NASA History<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/anna-l-fisher\/\">Anna L. Fisher<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/\">Astronauts<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/shaw_brewster.pdf?emrc=448196\">Brewster H. Shaw Jr.<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/dale-a-gardner\/\">Dale A. Gardner<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/daniel-c-brandenstein\/\">Daniel C. Brandenstein<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/walker_david_0.pdf?emrc=adc63a\">David M. Walker<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/williams_donald.pdf?emrc=b9ce2e\">Donald E. Williams<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/onizuka_ellison.pdf?emrc=bb2d84\">Ellison S. Onizuka<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/\">Former Astronauts<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/scobee_francis.pdf?emrc=da46ab\">Francis R. Scobee<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/former-astronaut-frederick-d-gregory\/\">Frederick D. Gregory<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/hauck_frederick.pdf?emrc=270671\">Frederick H. Hauck<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/nelson_george.pdf?emrc=4d290f\">George D. Nelson<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/former-astronaut-guion-bluford\/\">Guion S. Bluford Jr.<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/van_hoften_james.pdf?emrc=a1a4d7\">James D. A. Van Hoften<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/james-f-buchli\/\">James F. Buchli<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/hoffman_jeffrey.pdf?emrc=5bb706\">Jeffrey A. Hoffman<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/john-m-fabian\/\">John M. Fabian<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/john-o-creighton\/\">John O. Creighton<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/mcbride_jon.pdf?emrc=f72afa\">Jon A. McBride<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/resnik_judith_with_photo_0.pdf?emrc=7cfcec\">Judith A. Resnik<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/former-astronaut-kathryn-d-sullivan\/\">Kathryn D. Sullivan<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/shriver-loren.pdf?emrc=e7cbdb\">Loren J. Shriver<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/seddon_margaret.pdf?emrc=d4d988\">Margaret Rhea Seddon<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/michael-l-coats\/\">Michael L. Coats<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/thagard_norman.pdf?emrc=334cc6\">Norman E. Thagard<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/mullane_richard.pdf?emrc=bd9e9f\">Richard M. Mullane<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/richard-o-covey\/\">Richard O. Covey<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/gibson-bio-current-gibson-robert.pdf?emrc=acdd46\">Robert L. Gibson<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/stewart-robert.pdf?emrc=80103b\">Robert L. Stewart<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/mcnair_ronald.pdf?emrc=522ae3\">Ronald E. McNair<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/astronauts\/former-astronauts\/s-david-griggs\/\">S. David Griggs<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/former-astronaut-sally-ride\/\">Sally K. Ride<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/lucid_shannon_0.pdf?emrc=e11d80\">Shannon W. Lucid<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/hawley_steven.pdf?emrc=0b57db\">Steven A. Hawley<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/nagel_steven.pdf?emrc=dfeb6e\">Steven R. Nagel<\/a><\/li><li class=\"article-tag\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/hart_terry.pdf?emrc=dbbacc\">Terry J. Hart<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"nasa-gb-align-full width-full maxw-full padding-x-3 padding-y-0 hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-related-articles\">\t\t<section class=\"hds-related-articles padding-x-0 padding-y-3 desktop:padding-top-7 desktop:padding-bottom-9\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"w-100 grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0 text-align-left\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-4\"><h2 style=\"max-width: 100%;\" class=\"width-full w-full maxw-full\">Explore More<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-container maxw-widescreen padding-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/flag-day-2024-one-small-flags-incredible-journey\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=300,225 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=768,576 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=400,300 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=600,450 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/flag-day-2024-11-us-flag-after-demo-2-mission-arrival-1.jpg?resize=900,675 900w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">7 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">Flag Day 2024 \u2013 One Small Flag\u2019s Incredible Journey<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/55-years-ago-manned-orbiting-laboratory-cancellation\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mol-cancellation-4-mol-group-1-astronauts.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mol-cancellation-4-mol-group-1-astronauts.jpg 424w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mol-cancellation-4-mol-group-1-astronauts.jpg?resize=300,212 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/mol-cancellation-4-mol-group-1-astronauts.jpg?resize=400,283 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">10 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">55 Years Ago: Manned Orbiting Laboratory Cancellation<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 days ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0 desktop:padding-right-3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/directorates\/esdmd\/artemis-campaign-development-division\/human-landing-system-program\/nasa-astronauts-practice-next-giant-leap-for-artemis\/\" class=\"color-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black minh-mobile\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?w=300\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" block_context=\"nasa-block\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg 3365w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=300,193 300w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=768,493 768w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=1024,657 1024w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=1536,986 1536w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=2048,1315 2048w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=400,257 400w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=600,385 600w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=900,578 900w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=1200,770 1200w, https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/hls-crew-elevator-demo-20240503-dsc00109.jpg?resize=2000,1284 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"padding-right-0 desktop:padding-right-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subheading margin-bottom-1\">4 min read<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"margin-bottom-1\"><h3 class=\"related-article-title\">NASA Astronauts Practice Next Giant Leap for Artemis\u00a0<\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"display-flex flex-align-center label related-article-label margin-bottom-1 color-carbon-60\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"display-flex flex-align-center margin-right-2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg version=\"1.1\" class=\"square-2 margin-right-1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" width=\"16px\" height=\"16px\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 16 16;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><g><g><path d=\"M8,0C3.5,0-0.1,3.7,0,8.2C0.1,12.5,3.6,16,8,16c4.4,0,8-3.6,8-8C16,3.5,12.4,0,8,0z M8,15.2 C4,15.2,0.8,12,0.8,8C0.8,4,4,0.8,8,0.8c3.9,0,7.2,3.2,7.2,7.1C15.2,11.9,12,15.2,8,15.2z\"\/><path d=\"M5.6,12c0.8-0.8,1.6-1.6,2.4-2.4c0.8,0.8,1.6,1.6,2.4,2.4c0-2.7,0-5.3,0-8C8.8,4,7.2,4,5.6,4 C5.6,6.7,5.6,9.3,5.6,12z\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 weeks ago\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<div id=\"\" class=\"hds-topic-cards nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark hds-module hds-module-full wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards\">\t\t<div class=\"grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"heading-36 line-height-sm\">Discover More Topics From NASA<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"grid-row grid-gap-2 hds-topic-cards-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Missions<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/plugins\/nasa-blocks\/assets\/images\/topic-cards\/topic-card-sample-1.jpg\" ><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Humans in Space<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/plugins\/nasa-blocks\/assets\/images\/topic-cards\/topic-card-sample-2.jpg\" ><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Climate Change<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/plugins\/nasa-blocks\/assets\/images\/topic-cards\/topic-card-sample-3.jpg\" ><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span>Solar System<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><circle class=\"color-nasa-red\" cx=\"16\" cy=\"16\" r=\"16\"><\/circle><path d=\"M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z\" class=\"color-spacesuit-white\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"hds-media-background  \"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" style=\"transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/plugins\/nasa-blocks\/assets\/images\/topic-cards\/topic-card-sample-4.jpg\" ><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On Jan. 16, 1978, NASA announced the selection of 35 new astronauts, the first time in more than eight years that the agency had admitted new astronauts. The selection of the first class of space shuttle astronauts held historic significance not only because of its then-record size but also because, for the first time, the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":285895,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nasa_hds_core_meta_l10n":"en-US","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_editor":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_article_contacts":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_topic":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_linked_locations":[],"nasa_hds_core_meta_article_related_articles":[],"hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_id":"","hds_migrate_meta_pr_release_type":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_x":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_location_y":"","nasa_hds_core_meta_gallery_images":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2671,3528,2800,3702,3539,3466,3738,3747,3658,3215,3693,3554,3568,3649,3461,3731,3471,3581,3523,3504,3630,3679,3716,3705,3698,3496,3721,3645,3503,3545,3713,3636,3556,3681,3622,3569,3647,3566],"news-tags":[],"internal-terms":[12664],"coauthors":[11996],"parsely":{"version":"1.1.0","meta":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"45 Years Ago: NASA Selects 35 New Astronauts","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_1_montage_photo_s78-26481.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_1_montage_photo_s78-26481.jpg"},"articleSection":"NASA History","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"John Uri"}],"creator":["John Uri"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"NASA","logo":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/themes\/nasa\/assets\/images\/nasa-logo.svg"},"keywords":["Humans in Space","Astronauts","Former Astronauts","Terry J. Hart","NASA History","Anna L. Fisher","Brewster H. Shaw Jr.","Dale A. Gardner","Daniel C. Brandenstein","David M. Walker","Donald E. Williams","Ellison S. Onizuka","Francis R. Scobee","Frederick D. Gregory","Frederick H. Hauck","George D. Nelson","Guion S. Bluford Jr.","James D. A. Van Hoften","James F. Buchli","Jeffrey A. Hoffman","John M. Fabian","John O. Creighton","Jon A. McBride","Judith A. Resnik","Kathryn D. Sullivan","Loren J. Shriver","Margaret Rhea Seddon","Michael L. Coats","Norman E. Thagard","Richard M. Mullane","Richard O. Covey","Robert L. Gibson","Robert L. Stewart","Ronald E. McNair","S. David Griggs","Sally K. Ride","Shannon W. Lucid","Steven A. Hawley","Steven R. Nagel"],"dateCreated":"2023-01-13T16:00:00Z","datePublished":"2023-01-13T16:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-09-21T20:07:22Z"},"rendered":"<meta name=\"parsely-title\" content=\"45 Years Ago: NASA Selects 35 New Astronauts\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-link\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/history\/45-years-ago-nasa-selects-35-new-astronauts\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-type\" content=\"post\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-image-url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_1_montage_photo_s78-26481.jpg?w=150&h=150&crop=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-pub-date\" content=\"2023-01-13T16:00:00Z\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-section\" content=\"NASA History\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-tags\" content=\"Humans in Space,Astronauts,Former Astronauts,Terry J. Hart,NASA History,Anna L. Fisher,Brewster H. Shaw Jr.,Dale A. Gardner,Daniel C. Brandenstein,David M. Walker,Donald E. Williams,Ellison S. Onizuka,Francis R. Scobee,Frederick D. Gregory,Frederick H. Hauck,George D. Nelson,Guion S. Bluford Jr.,James D. A. Van Hoften,James F. Buchli,Jeffrey A. Hoffman,John M. Fabian,John O. Creighton,Jon A. McBride,Judith A. Resnik,Kathryn D. Sullivan,Loren J. Shriver,Margaret Rhea Seddon,Michael L. Coats,Norman E. Thagard,Richard M. Mullane,Richard O. Covey,Robert L. Gibson,Robert L. Stewart,Ronald E. McNair,S. David Griggs,Sally K. Ride,Shannon W. Lucid,Steven A. Hawley,Steven R. Nagel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"parsely-author\" content=\"John Uri\" \/>","tracker_url":"https:\/\/cdn.parsely.com\/keys\/nasa.gov\/p.js"},"read_time":4,"time_ago":"1 year","featured_image":{"id":285895,"file":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/class_of_1978_1_montage_photo_s78-26481.jpg","title":"Astronaut Candiates – 1978 Shuttle Program","alt":"class_of_1978_montage_photo","caption":"S78-26481 (January 1978) --- This is a montage of the individual portraits of the 35-member 1978 class of astronaut candidates. From left to right are Guion S. Bluford, Daniel C. Brandenstein, James F. Buchli, Michael L. Coats, Richard O. Covey, John O. Creighton, John M. Fabian, Anna L. Fisher, Dale A. Gardner, Robert L. Gibson, Frederick D. Gregory, S. David Griggs, Terry J. Hart, Frederick H. (Rick) Hauck, Steven A. Hawley, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, Shannon W. Lucid, Jon A. McBride, Ronald E. McNair, Richard M. (Mike) Mullane, Steven R. Nagel, George D. Nelson, Ellison S. Onizuka, Judith A. Resnik, Sally K. Ride, Francis R. (Dick) Scobee, Rhea Seddon, Brewster H. Shaw Jr., Loren J. Shriver, Robert L. Stewart, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Norman E. Thagard, James D. Van Hoften, David M. Walker and Donald E. Williams. Photo credit: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283947"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=283947"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283947\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":515432,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283947\/revisions\/515432"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/285895"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=283947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=283947"},{"taxonomy":"news-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-tags?post=283947"},{"taxonomy":"internal-terms","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/internal-terms?post=283947"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=283947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}