Page 2 of 26

Lithium Hypochlorite Registration Review Team

Human Health

Jonathan Leshin Timothy Dole

Environmental Fate and Effects

William Erickson

Srinivas Gowda Najm Shamim

Risk Management

Donna Kamarei

James Parker

Office of General Counsel Philip RossPage 3 of 26

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 4

1.1 Statutory and Regulatory Authority

................................ ................................ ................ 4

1.2 Updates to the Workplan

................................ ................................ ................................ . 6

1.3 Case Overview

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 6

1.4 Chemical Identification and Properties

................................ ................................ ........... 6

1.5 Use/Usage Description

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 7

1.5.1 Summary of Registered Uses

................................ ................................ .......................... 7

1.6 Regulatory History

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 8

1.6.1 Recent/Pending Regulatory Actions

................................ ................................ ............... 8

1.6.2 Tolerance Information

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 8

1.7 Incidents

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 8

1.7.1 Human Health

................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 8

1.7.2 Ecol ogical

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 9

2 Anticipated Data Needs

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 9

3 Human Health Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ..................... 9

3.1 Existing Toxicological Endpoints

................................ ................................ ................... 9

3.2 Dietary Exposure

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 10

3.3 Occupational and Residential Exposures

................................ ................................ ...... 10

3.4 Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure

................................ ................................ ........... 10

4 Environmental Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................... 10

4.1 Environmental Fate and Exposure Pathways

................................ ................................ 11

4.1.1 Water Quality

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 11

4.2 Ecological Effects Assessment

................................ ................................ ...................... 11

4.2.1 Mode of Action

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 11

4.2.2 Measures of Effect (Ecotoxicology Assessment Endpoints)

................................ ........ 12

4.3 Exposure Analysis Plan

................................ ................................ ................................ . 13

4.3.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife Exposure Estimates

................................ ................... 13

5 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP)

................................ ......................... 13

6 Optional Label Changes

................................ ................................ ................................ 14

7 Ne xt Steps

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 15

8 References

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 16

Appendix A T oxicology Profile

................................ ................................ ................................ . 19 Appendix B Environmental Fate and Transport of Lithium Hypochlorite

................................ 21 Appendix C Ecotoxicology Profile

................................ ................................ ............................ 22 Appendix D Product Chemistry

................................ ................................ ................................ . 25

Table 1

– Summary of Anticipated Risk Assessments and Data Needs: Lithium Hypochlorite

.... 5

Table 2

– Anticipated Registration Review Schedule for Lithium Hypochlorite

........................... 5

Table 3

– Chemical Identification of Lithium Hypochlorite

................................ .......................... 6

Table 4

– Physical

- Chemical and Environmental Fate Properties for Lithium Hypochlorite

........ 6

Table 5

– Summary of Lithium Hypochlorite Registered Uses

................................ ...................... 8

Table 6

– Available Ecological Effects Endpoint s for the Ecological Assessment of Lithium Hypochlorite

............................................................................................. .... 1 3Page 4 of 26



## 1 Introduction

This document is the Environmental Pr otection Agency’s (EPA or “the a gency”) Final Work Plan ( F WP) for l i thium h ypochlorite

. The F WP document explains what EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs knows about lithium hypochlorite , highlighting anticipated data and assessment needs, identifying the types of information that wou ld be especially useful to the

a gency in cond ucting the review, and providing an anticipated timeline for completing lithium hypochlorite ’ s review.

The registration review process was designed to include a public participation component to solicit input from interested stakeholders. The a gency inten ds, by sharing this information in the docket, to inform the public of what it knows about lithium hypochlorite and what types of new

data or other inform ation would be helpful for the a gency to receive as it moves toward a

decision on lithium hypochlorite

.



## 1.1 Statutory and Regulatory Authority

The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 mandated a registration review program. All pesticides distributed or sold in the United States generally must be registered by the U.S.

Environmental Protect ion Agency based on scientific data showing that they will not cause

unreasonab le risks to human health or the environment when used as directed on product labeling. The registration review program is intended to make sure that, as the ability to assess risk evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides cont inue to meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. Changes in science, public policy, and pesticide use practices will occur over time. Through the

re gistration review program, the a gency periodically reevaluates pesticides to make sure that as change occurs, products in the marketplace can be used safely. Information on this program is provided at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_re view/

.

The a gency is implementing the registration review program pursuant to Section 3(g) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and will review each registered pesticide every 15 years to determine whether it continues to m eet the FIFRA standard for registration. The regulations governing registration review begin at 40 CFR 155.40. The a gency will consider benefits information and data as required by FIFRA. The public phase of registration review begins when the initial dock et is opened fo r each case. The docket is the

a gency’s opportunity to state what it knows about the pesticide and what additional risk analyses and data or information it believes are needed to make a registration review decision. T he agency may combine this case with sodium and calcium hypochlorite (c ase 0029).

The lithium hypochlorite Preliminary Work Plan (PWP ) was published on March 26, 2014 and

the 60

- day comment period ended on May 2 7 , 2014. The agency did not receive any submissions during the public comment period on the initial docket.

Documents associated with this registration review can be viewed at http://www.regulations.gov

in docket EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 201 3

- 0606.Page 5 of 26

Tables 1 and 2 below summarize the issues relevant to this registration review case and the anticipated registration review schedule.

Table 1

– Summary of Anticipated Risk Assessments and Data Needs : Lithium Hypochlorite

Risk Assessment Assessment Necessary to Support Registration

Review Date of Most Recent

Assessment Type of

Assessment Required (New/Updated) Data

Anticipated

as Needed

Dietary (food) No (see s ection 3.2) None None None

Dietary (drinking water) No (s ee section 3.2) None None None

Occupational Handler No (s ee section 3.3) None None None

Residential Handler No (s ee section 3.3) None None None

Aggregate No ( s ee section 3.4) None None None

Cumulative No (s ee section 3.4) None None None

Tolerance Review No ( s ee section 1.6.2 ) None None None

Ecological Yes December 1 st

, 1993 New (swimming pools) None

Table 2

– Anticipated Registration Review Schedule for Lithium Hypochlorite

Anticipated Activity Target Date * Completion Date Phase 1: Opening the Docket Open Docket and 60

- Day Comment Period for Preli minary Work Plan 201 4

- 0 3 2014

- 03

- 26

Close Public Comment Period 201 4

- 0 5 2014

- 05

- 27 Phase 2: Case Development

Issue Final Work Plan 201 4

- 09 2014

- 0 8

Issue Data Call

- In (DCI) N/A

Receive Data to be Considered in Risk Assessment N/A Open 30

- Day Public Comment Period for Preliminary Risk Assessment(s) 2015

- 10

Close Public Comment Period 2015

- 11 Phase 3: Registration Review Decision and Implementation Open 60

- Day Public Comment Period for Pro posed Decision 2016

- 04

Close Public Comment Period 2016

- 06

Issue Final Decision 2016

- 10 Begin Post

- Decision Followup 2016 Total (years) 2

* The anticipated schedule will be revised as necessary ( e.g ., need arising under the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program with respect to the active ingredients in this case).Page 6 of 26



## 1.2 Updates to the Workplan

Since the publication of the PWP, the a gency has made the following updates:

 Corrected the timeline in Table 2, the “A nticipated Registration Re view Schedule” table

.

 Deleted the “Guidance for Commenters” s ection

.

 Updated s ection 7, “ Next Steps ”

.

 Updated Appendix B “Environmental Fate and Transport of Lithium Hypochlorite”.

Since no public c omments were received on the initial docket, no modifications were made to the anticipated data needs or registration review schedule in the lithium hypochlorite PWP

. T his document makes final the work plan for the lithium hypochlorite registration review process.



## 1.3 Case Overview

The docket for the lithium hypochlorite case (c ase 3084 ) has been established at http: //www.regulations.gov in docket number EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 201 3

- 0606

.



## 1.4 Chemical Identification and Properties

Table 3 presents the activ e ingredient to be assessed in c ase 3084: l ithium hypochlorite (PC Code 014702).

Table 3

– Chemical Identification of Lithium H ypochlorite

Chemical Name Lithium H ypochlorite

Chemical Classification Halogen

PC Code 014702

CAS Number 13840

- 33

- 0

Molecular Formula LiOCl
Molecular Weight (grams/mole) 58.4
Purity 29% LiOCl

Available chlorine 35%

Molecular Structure

The l ithium hypochlorite product chemistry information relevant to risk assessment is

summarized in Table 4 (source: MRIDs 7257, 7258, 94669, 93138001, 42940801, 42967001, 42967002, 42967003, 42991801, 31007

- 02, 31007

- 03, 5045001

- 15 ).

Table 4

– Physical

- Chemical and Environmental Fate Properties for Lithium H ypochlorite

Guideline

No. Parameter Lithium H ypochlorite (29%)

Physical/Chemical PropertiesPage 7 of 26

Guideline

No. Parameter Lithium H ypochlorite (29%)

830.7000 pH 9.9 (available Cl 2 - 100 ppm) in dist. water at 25 ° C. 10.3 (available Cl 2 - 200 ppm) in dist. water at 25 ° C. 10.7 (available Cl 2 - 300 ppm) in dist. water at 25 ° C.

11 at 25 °C (1% Solution)

830.7050 UV/Visible Absorption Not reported

830.7200 Melting point 135°C with decomposition

830.7220 Boiling point ( o C) Not applicable

830.7300 Density 0.531 g/cm 3 (20 °C) Bulk Density: 58 lbs/ft 3

830.7370 Dissociation constant (pKa) 3.2 x 10

- 8 (of HOCl in aqueous solution)

830.7550 Octanol

- water partition coefficient at 25 o C

(Log K
ow ) Not applicable

830.7840 Solubility in water (mg/L) 43% by weight at 25° C

830.7950 Vapor pressure (mmHg) 6.63 x 10

- 17 mm Hg (EPI Suite v 4.1)
Environmental Fate Properties

Henry's law constant at 25 o C (atm

- m 3 /mol) Not applicable; very low vapor pressure ; inorganic

substance

Octanol

- air partition coefficient at 25 o C (Log

K OA ) Not applicable

Air

- water partition coefficient (Log K AW ) Not applicable

Mobility
Organic Carbon Partitioning Coefficient (K

oc )

Persistence in Water (half

- life)
Hydrolysis at 25 o C: pH 5, 7 & 9 (days) Not applicable; inorganic substance
Aqueous photolysis at 25 o C (days) Not applicable; inorganic substance
Aerobic aquatic metabolism (days) Not applicable; inorganic substance
Anaerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life (days) Not applicable; inorganic substance

Persistence in Soil (half

- lifes)
Soil photolysis (days) Not applicable; inorganic substance

Aerobic soil metabolism at 25 o C (days) Not applicable; inorganic substance
Anaerobic soil metabolism (days)

Persistence in WWTP (% removed)
[Ready biodegradation,....] Not applicable; inorganic substance

atm

- m 3 /mol = atmosphere cubic meter per mole; o C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligrams per liter ; mmHg = millimeters of mercury.



## 1.5 Use/Usage Description

1.5.1 Summary of Registered Uses

L ithium h ypochlorite is registered for use as sanitizer/algaecide in swimming pools and as a

sanitizer for spas/ hot tubs. There are 20 end use products and they all contain 29 percent lithium hypochlorite (35 percent available chlorine)

. A listing of the registered uses of lithium hypochlorite is included in Table 5

.Page 8 of 26

Table 5

– Summary of Lithium H ypochlorite Registered Uses

Use Application

Method Product Application

Rate Lithium Hypochlorite

Application Rate (ppm) Available Chlorine

Application Rate (ppm)

Swimming Pool Shock

Treatment Open Pour 16 ounces / 6000 gallons 5.8 7.0 A

Swimming Pool

Maintenance Treatment Open Pour 3.7 ounces / 6000 gallons 1.16 1. 4

Spa Shock Treatment Open Pour 1.0 ounce / 250 gallons 8.8 10 B

Spa Superchlorination

Treatment Open Pour 0.5 ounce / 250 gallons 4.4 5.3 B

Spa Maintenance

Treatment Open Pour 0.25 ounce / 250 gallons 2.2 2.7

A. Applications are made at least 12 hours prior to pool use. Reentry to the pool is not allowed until the chlorine level is below 3.0 ppm

B. Labels include statements such as “ Do not enter spa until available chlorine residual falls to 3.0 or below. ”



## 1.6 Regulatory History

The first product containing lithium hypochlorite as an active ingredient was registered in 1963,

and it has been used chiefly as a sanitiz e r in swimming pools. There are currently 20 end use products with lithium hypochlorite as an active ingredient. The agency completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for lithium hypochlorite in 1993. There are currently no outstanding Data Call

- In (DCI) requirements for this active ingredient.



### 1.6.1 Recent/Pending Regulatory Actions

T here are no pending regulatory actions for lithium hypochlorite.



### 1.6.2 Tolerance Information

There are no tolerances or exemptions from tolerances for lithium hypochlorite because there are no currently registered uses for this active ingredient associated with food or feed.



## 1.7 Incidents

1.7.1 Human Health

There are a total of seven incidents listed in the OPP Incident Data System for the period 9/2001 to the present (search conducted on 1 / 17 / 2014)

. Four of these incidents involved product misuse, such as over applica tion of the product, use of the product with other chlorine sources, addition of the product to a bucket of water or use of the product on an unregistered site. One incident

involved a fire in a warehouse where products were stored and another incident involved workers at a formulation facility who experienced respirator y irritation.

There is one incident that occurred in 2005 where a swimmer allegedly experienced dermal

irritation effects (hives, welts and p r uritus) after swimming in a public pool treat ed with the product. The pool had been treated approximately one hour before the swimmer was exposed.Page 9 of 26



### 1.7.2 Ecological

There are no fish or wildlife poisoning incidents in OPP’s Incident Data System involving lithium hypochlorite as of January 22, 2014.



## 2 Antici pated Data Needs

The agency does not anticipate needing to call in any data to support this registration review

.



## 3 H uman Health Risk Assessment

EPA does not anticipate the need to revise the existing toxicological end points as part of this registration review. The toxicological data base on lithium hypochlorite is adequate and will

supp ort this registration review case

.



## 3.1 Existing Toxicological Endpoints

The primary toxicological consideration is the effect from exposure to the lithium ion that is produced from the reaction of lithium hypochlorite with water that produces hypochlorous acid and lithium ions. Hypochlorous acid (which is an oxidizing agent an d the chemical species showing actual pesticidal activity) acts by oxidizing organic and inorganic chemical contaminants. As hypochlorous acid exerts its oxidizing effect, the chlorine reduces to chloride

ions. Thus the end

- products of lithium hypochlorite are chloride and lithium ions, both ubiquitous in the environment, and adverse effects from the incremental lithium hypochlorite contribution are not expected. Therefore this chemical will be evaluated qualitatively and toxicological endpoints will not be set. 1

The average background level of lithium in human serum has been reported as 0.014 mg/L which comes primarily from the natural content of lithium in food and drinking water (MRID 41367401). It has been estimated that the natural sources of lithium p rovide 2.3

- 4.9 mg/day of lithium. Lithium carbonate has been used as a human drug since about 1970. The intake levels are 179 to 282 mg/day of lithium ion and they provide about 4.16 to 8.33 mg/L of lithium in the serum (MRID 41367401). For the therapeutic use, the reported maximum no

- toxicity levels are 10.41 to 13.88 mg/L in serum. These levels are far higher than the background levels and higher than any expected from pesticide use of lithium hypochlorite (MRID 41367401) . In addition,

lithium orotate and lithium aspartate salts are sold as over

- the

- counter mineral supplements that provide about 5 mg of lithium per daily dose. Clinical and epidemiologic studies on human use

of lithium

- containing drugs, including chronic use, have not shown any reason for c oncern over continued human exposure to lithium at the low levels of exposure expected during the pesticidal

use scenario (MRID 41367401) . The EPA Hazard and Science Policy Council (HASPOC) assessed the need for acute neurotoxicity, subchronic neurotoxicit y, immunotoxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproduction and fertility studies on December 12 th , 2013 (TXR# 0056855). Based on a weight of evidence approach considering all the available hazard and

1 U.S. EPA 2012. Registration Review Final Work Plan: Na & Ca Hypochlorite. Docket Number EPA

– HQ

- OPP

2012

- 0004.Available at: http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA

- HQ

- OPP

- 2012

- 0004

- 0006.Page 10 of 26

exposure information for lithium hypochlorite, the H ASPOC concluded that the acute/subchronic neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, chronic/cancer, subchronic inhalation, and reproduction and fertility are not required.

Past lithium hypochlorite risk assessments have relied in part on the follo wing two human studies which may have involved intentional exposure to lithium hypochlorite

. In the course of registration review, EPA will reconsider these studies, as well as any other research involving intentional exposure of human subjects to lithium hypochlorite brought to its attention. If EPA decides to rely on any of these studies, EPA will ensure that all applicable regulatory requirements are met, including but not limited to the requirements for EPA ethics review and

Human Studies Review Board review of certain research involving intentional exposure of human subjects.



## 3. 2 Dietary Exposure

There are no registered uses for lithium hypochlorite associated with food or feed, thus t he registered uses of lithium hypochlorite are not anticipated to result in food exposures. In addition, there are no toxicological endpoints for lith ium and thus dietary exposures from drinking water do not need to be assessed for registration review.



## 3. 3 Occupational and Residential Exposures

Because there are no toxi cological endpoints for lith ium, occupational and residential exposures do not need to be assessed for registration review.



## 3. 4 Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure

Because there are no toxicological endpoints for lith ium, aggregate and cumulative exposures do

not need to be assessed for registration review.



## 4 Environmental Risk Assessment

An ecological risk assessment for industrial discharge from food

- processing plants and eating establishments was conducted for the RED (EPA

, 1993). Using a screening model that assumed no environmental degradation, level of concerns were exceeded for fish a nd aquatic invertebrates

for a hig h

- exposure scenario. T hose uses are no t currently registered. Swimming pool use was

not assessed for the RED, because no model was avail able to estimate the estimated

environmental concerns in discharge water when pools are drained. The ecological risk assessment planned during regi stration review will allow the a gency to determine potential acute and chronic risks to aquatic organisms ex posed to lithium hypochlorite transported from antimicrobial use sites into the aquatic environment.

The Agency has not previously conducted a risk assessment that supports a complete endangered species determination for lithium hypochlorite

. The risk ass essment will allow the a gency to
determine whether use of lithium hypochlorite has 'no effect' or 'may affect' federally listed threatened or endangered species (listed species) or their designated critical habitats. When an assessment concludes that a pes ticide’s use 'may affect' a listed species or its de signated criticalPage 11 of 26

habitat, the a gency will consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or National Marine

Fisheries Services (the Services) , as appropriate.



## 4.1 Environmental Fate and Exposure Pathways

Lithium hypochlorite belongs to the hypochlorite class of compounds including sodium, potassium and calcium hypochlorites. These hypochlorites rapidly dissociate in water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which acts as the active in disi nfection scenarios.

The a gency has not conducted any environmental and transport exposure assessments for lithium hypochlorite. Lithium is a naturally occurring element and is often used in industrial settings Lithium chemistry is similar to group cations like sod ium, potassium and calcium ions. All salts of these metals are highly water soluble

. 2

The a gency anticipates need ing to estimate surface water concentrations of Li ions from release from swimming pools and spas

.



### 4.1.1 Water Quality

Lithium hypoc hlorite is not identified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, based on information provided at the agency’s National Pesticides Cause of Impairment of Waters website (searched Februa ry 6, 2014)

. 3 In addition, no Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) have been developed for lithium hypochlorite, based on information provided at the agency’s National Pesticide TMDL website (searched February 6, 2014)

. 4 Lithium ions are not identified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, based on information provided at the agency’s National Pesticides Cause of Impairment of Waters website (February 6, 2014)

. 3 5 There are 175 TMDL/ impaired water bodies (OW’s list 303(d)) listed for total residual chlorine (TRC) on a national level recorded between 2000

- 2007. TRC is defined as the “amount of remaining chlorine remaining after contact time and is equa l to available

residual chlorine + free available ch lorine.” More information on impaired water bodies and

TMDLs can be found at http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/

.



## 4.2 Ecological Effects Assessment

4.2.1 Mode of Action

In the aquatic environment, toxic action is largely due to hypochlorous acid formed when lithium hypochlorite reacts with water. Adverse effects of hypochlorous acid are due mainly to its corrosive action. Acute necrosis may occur. Fish gills

- structure may be damaged; gill necrosis

2 F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson (Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 7 th edition; chapter 4 and 5).

3 http://iaspub.epa.g ov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_ 303d?p_cause_group_id=885

4 http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation.tmdl_pollutant_detail?p_pollutant_group_id=885&p_pollutant_ group_name=PESTICIDES

5 http://iaspub.epa.g ov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_ 303d?p_cause_group_id=885Page 12 of 26

can lead to respiratory problems and asphyxiation. The protective slime coating on fish also may

be removed due to corrosive action (EPA 1985, Singleton and Bio 1989)

.



### 4.2.2 Measures of Effect (Ecotoxicology Assessment Endpoints)

4.2.2.1 Su bmitted Data

Ecological effects data are used as measures of direct and indirect effects to aquatic and terrestrial organisms

. Acute and chronic toxicity data from registrant

- submitted studies

conducted in accordance with the 850 OCSSP Harmonized Test Guidelines (see Table 6 ) will be used to evaluate the potential direct and indirect effects of lithium hypochlorite to animals and plants. Additionally, as described below, relevant data from the EPA’s Office of Water and from the op en literature also may be used to evaluate potential direct and indirect effects.

All available ecotoxicity endpoints from studies submitted by registrants are tabulated and referenced in the Ecological Effects Profile (Appendix C). OPP uses the most sensitive of these endpoints for assessing acute and chronic risks to each aquatic receptor group. The avian toxicity endpoint is used to determine the need for precautionary labeling for hazards to wildlife. The Agency has a complete database to determin e the effects of hypochlorous acid on aquatic organisms. The endpoints selected for the assessment for hypochlorous acid from the data

sub mitted to the a gency are provided in Table 6

.

Table 6

– Available Ecological Effects Endpoints for the Ecological As sessment of Lithium Hypochlorite

Receptor
Group Test

Material Risk

Scenario Toxicity Endpoint

(TRC or CPO) a Reference

Freshwater fish TGAI Acute LC50 = 200 μg ai/L 00094672

Chronic

-- None

Freshwater invertebrates TGAI Acute EC50 = 230 μg ai/L 00094674

Chronic

-- None

Estuarine/marine fish TGAI Acute

-- None

Chronic

-- None

Estuarine/marine

invertebrates TGAI Acute

-- None

Chronic

-- None

Sediment

- dwelling

invertebrates TGAI Acute and Chronic

-- None

Algae TGAI EC 50
NOAEC -- None

Aquatic vascular

P lants TGAI EC 50
NOAEC -- None

Birds TGAI Acute LD50 = mg ai/kg 00094673

a T oxicity values are expressed as total residual chlorine (TRC) for freshwater organisms and as chlorine

- produced oxidants (CPO) for seawater organisms (EPA 1985)

.Page 13 of 26

4.2.2.2 Office of Water Data

EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine

4 6 provides additional data that will be used in the risk assessment. The document contains a review of open literature on

acute and chronic effects of chlorine . Based on the available toxicological endpoints, freshwater and saltwater organism acute and chronic water quality criteria (expressed as total residual chlorine (TRC) for freshwater and chlorine

- produced oxidants (CPO) for seawater) are derived.

The cu rrent values are as follows:

 Freshwater Criterion Maximum Concentration = 19 μg/L;

 Freshwater Criterion Continuous Concentration = 11 μg/L;

 Saltwater Criterion Maximum Concentration = 13 μg/L; and

 Saltwater Criterion Continuous Concentration = 7.5 μg/L

4.2.2.3 Open Literature

The agency is aware of reviews of ecotoxicity data for lithium which will be obtained from the open literature for the risk assessment of lithium ions and salts. No data have been submitted to determine the toxicity of the lithium ion; the refore, the open literature will be evaluated to determine the potential for its toxicity when the risk assessment is conducted.

Open literature studies also will be obtained via EPA’s ECOTOXicology (ECOTOX) database.

The ECOTOX database will be searched when the risk assessment is prepared. Any acute or chronic endpoints more sensitive than what is currently available will be used in the risk

assessment and risk characterization. Any relevant ecotoxicity data on the lithium ion also will

be used. The E valuation Guidelines for Ecological Toxicity Data in the Open Literature are d iscussed in more detail on the a gency’s website at www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/efed/policy_guidance/team_authors/endangered_species_reregi

st ration_workgroup/esa_evaluation_open_literature.htm

.



## 4.3 Exposure Analysis Plan

4.3.1 Aquatic and Terrestrial Wildlife Exposure Estimates

The a gency is currently developing a n assessment method to provide estimates of exposure for pesticides applied to swimming p ools and potentially released into the environment when pools

are drained . The a gency anticipates using all available information when the risk assessment is conducted for lithium hypochlorite.



## 5 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP)

As required b y FIFRA and FFDCA, EPA reviews numerous studies to assess potential adverse outcomes from exposure to chemicals. Collectively, these studies include acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity, including assessments of carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, developme ntal, reproductive, and general or systemic toxicity. These studies include endpoints which may be

6 See EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine

- 1984 (EPA, 1985) at: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/upload/2001_10_12_criteria_ambientwq c_chlorine1984.pdfPage 14 of 26

susceptible to endocrine influence, including effects on endocrine target organ histopathology, organ weights, estrus cyclicity, sexual maturation, fertility , pregnancy rates, reproductive loss, and sex ratios in offspring. For ecological hazard assessments, EPA evaluates acute tests and chronic studies that assess growth, developmental and reproductive effects in different taxonomic groups. As part of its 1 993 reregistration decision for lithium hypochlorite , EPA

reviewed these data and selected the most sensitive endpoints for relevant risk assessment scenarios from the existing hazard database . However, as required by FFDCA section 408(p), lithium hypochl orite is subject to the endocrine screening part of the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP).

EPA has developed the EDSP to determine whether certain substances (including pesticide active and other ingredients) may have an effect in humans or wildlife similar to an effect produced by a “naturally occurring estrogen, or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator may designate.” The EDSP employs a two

- tiered approach to making the statutorily required determinations. Tier 1 consists of a battery of 11 screening assays to identify the potential of a

chemical substance to interact with the estr ogen, androgen, or thyroid (E, A, or T) hormonal systems. Chemicals that go through Tier 1 screening and are found to have the potential to interact with E, A, or T hormonal systems will proceed to the next stage of the EDSP where EPA

will determine which , if any, of the Tier 2 tests are necessary based on the available data. Tier 2 testing is designed to identify any adverse endocrine

- related effects caused by the substance, and

establish a dose

- response relationship between the dose and the E, A, or T ef fect.

U nder FFDCA section 408(p), the a gency must screen all pesticide chemicals. Between October 2009 and February 2010, EPA issued test orders/data call

- ins for the first group of 67 chemicals, which contains 58 pesticide active ingredients and 9 iner t ingredients. A second list of chemicals identified for EDSP screening was published on June 14, 2013

5 7 and includes some pesticides scheduled for registration review and chemicals found in water

. Neither of these lists should be

construed as a list o f known or likely endocrine disruptors.

For further information on the status of the EDSP, the policies and procedures, the lists of chemicals, future lists, the test guidelines and the Tier 1 screening battery, please visit our

website. 8

6



## 6 Optional Label Changes

The a gency invites comment on any label amendments that could be considered to reduce the possibility that EPA’s planned risk assessments overestimate risk due to reliance on conservative assumptions, and/or improve label clarity.

7 See http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA

- HQ

- OPPT

- 2009

- 0477

- 0074 for the final second list of

chemicals.

8 http://www.epa.gov/endo /Page 15 of 26



## 7 Next Steps

As stated in this work plan, t he agency does not anticipate needing any new data to support the registration review of lithium hypochlorite ; furthermore, t he agency anticipates only performing

a new ecological risk assessment on swimming pool uses o f lithium hypochlorite

. The agency anticipates publishing the preliminary risk assessment for lithium hypochlorite in O ctober of

2015

.Page 16 of 26



## 8 References

00037615 Nelli, J. R. The Build

- up of Lithium Ion in Swimming Pool Waters and Its

Effect on Swimmers. (1964) Unpublished study submitted by Lithium Corp of

America.

00234351 a. Acute Oral Toxicity Study in 

### Rats. (1977) Unpublished study prepared by

Hazleton and submitted by Lithium Corp. of America. Study No. 668

- 103. b. Acute Dermal Toxicity Study in Rabbits. (1977) Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton and submitted by Lithium Corp. of America. Study No.

668

- 104.

c. Primacy 

### Skin Irritation Study in Rabbits. (1977) Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton and submitted by Lithium Corp. of America. Study No. 668

- 105. d. Acute Eye Irritation Potential Study in Rabbits. (1977) Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton and submitted by Lithium Corp. of America. Study No.

668

- 106.

00 252294 Guinea Pig Maximization Test with Lithcoa Lithium Hypochlorite (1984)

Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton. Study No. 668/115.

40545701 Yang, L. (1988) CHO/HGPRT Mutation Assay: 11945 Lithium Hypochlorite

Study No. T5674.332005. Unpublished study prepared by Microbiological Associates Inc. 30 p.

40545702 Batt, K. (1987) Salmonella / Mammalian

- Microsome Plate Incorporation

Mutagenicity Assay (Ames Test): Study No. 187

- 0975. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp., Genetic Toxicology Laboratory. 33 p.

40545703 Putman, D. (1988) Chromosome Aberrations in Chinese Hamst er Ovary

(CHO) Cells: 11945 Lithium Hypochlorite I : Study No. T5674. 337020. Unpublished study prepared by Microbiological Associates, Inc. 29 p.

40545704 Curren, R. (1988) Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Rat Primary

Hepatocytes:11945 Lithium Hypochlorite I :Final Report: T5674.380017. Unpublished study prepared by Microbiological Associates, Inc. 28 p.

40648101 Lochry, E. (1988) Developmental Toxicity (Embro/Fetal Toxicity and

Teratogenic Potential) Study of Lithium Hypochlorite Administered Orally via

Ga vage to Crl:CD(SD)BR Presumed Pregnant Rats: Sponsor's Study No.187

- 0978. Unpublished study prepared by Argus Research Laboratories, Inc. 236p.

40746701 McCarty, J.; Carter, S.; Fletcher, M.; et al. (1988) Study of Lithium

Absorption by Users of Spas Tre ated with Lithium Ion: Study No. 187

- 0981. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Toxicology Dept. 225 p.Page 17 of 26



### 40803901 Freeman, C. (1988) Lithium Hypochlorite: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Rats:

Study No. 187

- 0982. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Toxicology

Labor atory. 47 p.

41367401 Todhunter, J.; Mandava, N. (1990) Supplemental Data and Documentation in

Support of Data Waiver Requests filed by Lithium Corporation of America dated November 24, 1989: FMC Study No. I90

- 1108. Unpublished study prepared by SRS Intern ational. 1424 p.

44643001 Signorin, J. (1998) Lithium hypochlorite commercial: Acute inhalation

toxicity study in rats: Study No. 198

- 225. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Toxicology Laboratory. 70p.

7257 Lithium Corporation of America (1969) Analysis of Lithium hypochlorite.

Includes R & D method no. 210 dated Nov 1969. (Unpublished study received Dec 29, 1972 under 7675

- 1; CDL: 008072

- A)

7258 Lithium Corporation of America Product Information: LCA Lithium

hypochlorite: Data Sheet 111

- 463. (Unpublished st udy received Aug 28, 1964

under 7675

- 2; CDL:008073

- A)

94669 Lithium Corporation of American (1977) Storage Stability Data for Lithcoa

Lithium Hypochlorite. (Unpublished study received Aug 24, 1979 under 7675

- 4; CDL:246731

- B)

93138001 Cinq

- Mars, R. (1990) L ithium Corporation of America Phase 3 Summary of

MRID 00051222 and Related MRIDs 00007258, 00031511, 00094670, 00007261, 00094669, 00094670. Chemical and Physical Properties of Lithium Hypochlorite. 34 p.

42940801 Hatch, H. (1993) Beginning Materials and M anufacturing Process: FIFRA

Reregistration of Lithium Hypochlorite: Product Class

- C: Data Gaps in Phase III Submission. Unpublished study. 18 p.

42967001 Hatch, H. (1993) FIFRA Reregistration of Lithium Hypochlorite, Product

Class

- C: (Response to) Data Gap s in Phase III Submission: Solubility. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 7 p.

42967002 Hatch, H. (1993) FIFRA Reregistration of Lithium Hypochlorite, Product

Class

- C: (Response to) Data Gaps in Phase III Submission: Vapor Pressure. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 4 p.

42967003 Hatch, H. (1993) FIFRA Reregistration of Lithium Hypochlorite, Product

Class

- C: (Response to) Data Gaps in Phase III Submission: Dissociation Constant. Unpublished study prepared by FMC Corp. 10 p.Page 18 of 26



### 42991801 Eschbach, J. (1993) Method Validation and Determination of Lithco Lithium

Hypochlorite for Swimming Pool/Spa Sanitation and Algea (sic) Control. Final Report: Lab Project Number: 93/9078: P93/0035. Unpublished study prepared by Pharmaco

- LSR. 55 p.

EPA. 1985. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine

- 1984. Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water, Washington,

DC.

Singleton, H.J. and R.P. Bio. 1989. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine Technical Appendix. Resource Qualit y Section, Water Management Branch, Ministry of Environment, province of British Columbia, Victoria, B.C.Page 19 of 26 

# Appendix A T oxicology Profile

Acute Toxicity for Product Labeling

As summarized in Table 1, i n acute toxicity studies, lithium hypochlorite has been shown to have

d ata from an acute oral toxicity study in rats indicated LD 50 of 748 mg/kg for males and 555 mg/kg for females. This study, which used te c hnical lithium hypochlorite, indicates category III toxicity (MRID 40803901). A second acute oral toxicity stu dy ( M RID 234351) in rats that was conducted only in male animals is useful for indicating the nature of the obse rv ed effects. The

effects in the rats were primarily due to the corrosive nature of the substance and included inflamed gastric mucosa and lungs, distended stomach, congested kidneys, yellow purulent material in chest cavity, and labored respiration. The oral LD 50 for males in this study was 286 mg/kg. The dermal LD 50 was approximately 8100 mg/kg for female and male rabbits, which is

category IV toxicity (MRID 234351). The inhalation L C 50 was 1.8 mg/L for males, 2.1 mg/L for females, which combines to 2.0 mg/L LC 50 , which indicates category I II toxicity (MRID 44643001). The effects were dermal necrosis, severe erythema, anorexia, depression, a nd lack of body fat. The corrosive nature of lithium hypochlorite puts this compound in toxicity category I for both eye irritation and dermal irritation. A dermal sensitization study, which used solid lithium hypochlorite as a 10% solution in saline, did not demonstrate any dermal sensitization (MRID 252294).

Table 7

– Acute Toxicity Data for Lithium H ypochlorite

Guideline

No. Data Requirement/ Species Conclusions/Acceptable/

Comments Tox

Cat MRID

870.1100 Acute oral toxicity

-

Rat 746 mg/kg males

555 mg/kg females III 40803901

870.1200 Acute dermal

toxicity

- Rabbit 8100 mg/kg both sex IV 234351

870.1300 Acute inhalation

toxicity 1.8 mg/L males 2.1 mg/L females 2.0 mg/L combined I II 44643001

870.2400 Acute eye irritation

-

Rabbit Severe irritation I 234351

870.2500 Acute dermal

irritation

– Rabbit Severe irritation I 234351

870.2600 Skin sensitization

–

Guinea pig Not sensitizing N.A. 252294Page 20 of 26



## Subchronic Toxicity

Subchronic inhalation studies were waived by the HASPOC (TXR # 0056855) . As indicated by study MRID 40746701, there is no significant absorption of lithium through the intact skin and thus no long term dermal exposure risk. Subchronic oral studies are not considered required as all oral exposure is considered below normal ing estion via food and water.



## Developmental Toxicity

In a developmental toxicity study four groups of 25 female rats were given, by gavage, lithium hypochlorite on gestation days six through fifteen ( M RID 40648101) wi th one additional group

of 25 rat s as c ontrol. The dose levels were 0, 10, 50, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day using 30% test substance in water. The maternal and developmental NOELs were 100 mg/kg/day of lithium hypochlorite, which is equivalent to 4.1 mg/kg/day of lithium. The maternal LOBL was at 500 mg/kg/day, based on deaths, reduced weight gain, reduced food consumption, and inflamed and congested respiratory system. The developmental LOEL was also at 500 mg/kg/day, where the fetuses showed reduced fetal weight, dilated renal pelvis, bifid vertebrae , wavy ribs, and

unossified foot bones. A survey of animal studies in the published literature (MRID 41367401) generally found the no

- effect levels at or above 4.5 mg/kg/day of lithium. None of the studies showed developmental effects at levels below those which showed maternal toxicity.



## Reproductive Toxicity

These studies were waived by the HASPOC (TXR # 0056855)

. 

## Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity

These studies were waived by the HASPOC (TXR # 0056855)

. 

## Mutagenicity

Technical lithium hypochlorite was negative, with and without metabolic activation, in an Ames test for mutagenicity using five strains of Salmonella (MRID 40545702). A study of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes using technical lithium h ypochlorite was also negat ive (MRID 40545704). Lithium hypochlorite was negative in the CHO/HGPRT mutation assay with and without activation (MRID 40545701). A test for chromosome aberration in CHO cells with technical lithium hypochlorite was positive (MRID 40545703). However, a test for chromosomal aberrations in rat bone marrow cells was negative with lithium hypochlorite (MRID 40907500).



## Metabolism

The lithium ion is rapidly absorbed after ingestion and is distributed through the body. It is excreted by the kidney and most of the ion is excreted within 6

- 8 hours after ingestion (MR I D

00037615 ).



## Other Toxicological Effects

The immunotoxicity stud y w as waived by the HASPOC (TXR # 0056855)

.Page 21 of 26 

# Appendix B Environmental Fate and Transport of Lithium Hypochlorite

Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention ( OCSPP ) Guideline studies are designed for organic compound s and do not provide useful information on inorganic molecules such as hypochlorite.Page 22 of 26 

# Appendix C Ecotoxicology Profile

Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms

Birds

An acceptable acute

- oral (LD50) stud y categorizes lithium chlorite as being moderately toxic to

birds. The guideline for an acute

- oral test (850.2100) is satisfied. Dietary studies (850.2200) are not required. However, four dietary studies have been submitted and indicate that lithium

chlo rite is practically non toxic to birds when administered in the diet. No additional data avian toxicity data are anticipated to be needed.

Avian Acute

- oral and Dietary Toxicity

Test Species Test Material (% ai) Toxicity Toxicity Category EPA Study

ID

Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ) 29 LD50 = 567 mg ai/kg bw Moderately toxic 00094673 Acceptable

29 LC50 >5000 ppm Practically nontoxic 00104674 Acceptable

15 LC50 >10,000 ppm Practically nontoxic 00104674 Supplemental

Northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) 29 LC50 >5000 ppm Practically nontoxic 00104674 Acceptable

15 LC50 >10,000 ppm Practically nontoxic 00104674 Supplemental

Nontarget Insects

Toxicity data for beneficial insects (850.3020, 850.3030) are not anticipated to be required for the use patterns of lithium hypochlorite

, because lithium hypochlorite is not registered as a wood preservative

.


### Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms

Freshwater Fish

The available acute toxicity studies categorize lithium hypochlorite as being moderately to highly toxic to freshwater fish. The guideline (850.1075) for acute toxicity testing is satisfied. No chronic data (fish early

- life stage, 850.1400) are available. However, the need for chronic toxicity data can be fulfilled from EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for

Chlorine

- 1984 (EPA 1985). No additional fish toxicity data are anticipated to be needed.Page 23 of 26

Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

Test Species Test Material (% ai) Toxicity Endpoint

(μg ai/L) Toxicity Category EPA Study

ID

Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) 29 96

- hr LC50 = 200 Highly toxic 00094672 Acceptable

15 96

- hr LC50 = 2500 Moderately toxic 00007302 Supplemental Bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) 29 96

- hr LC50 = 280 Highly toxic 00094672 Acceptable

15 96

- hr LC50 = 6170 Moderately toxic 00007302 Supplemental

Freshwater Invertebrates

The acute toxicity study for the waterflea categorizes lithium hypochlorite as being very highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates. The guideline (850.1010) for acute toxicity testing is satisfied. No chronic data (life

- cycle, 850.1300) are available. However, the need for chronic toxicity data

can be fulfilled from EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine

- 1984 (EPA 1985). No additional aquatic invertebrate toxicity data are anticipated to be needed.

Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

Test Species Test Material

(% ai) Toxicity Endpoint

(μg ai/L) Toxicity Category EPA Study

ID

Waterflea ( Daphnia magna ) 29 48

- hr EC50 = 230 Very highly toxic 00094674 Acceptable

Estuarine/Marine Fish and Invertebrates

No acute or chronic data are available. Acute toxicity studies needed for the TGAI include tests for a fish sp. (850.1075), a bivalve sp. (850.1025 or 850.1055), and one additional inv ertebrate sp. (850.1035); to address these needs, the a gency anticipates using the available data from

EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criter ia for Chlorine

- 1984 (EPA 1985).

Aquatic Plants

No data are available. Studies needed for the TGAI include a toxicity test with a vascular species (850.4400), toxicity tests (850.4500) with 3 algal species (green algae, freshwater diatom, marine diatom), and a toxicity test using cyanobacteria (850.4550 ); to address these needs, t he a gency anticipates using the a vailable data from EPA’s Office of Water’s Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlorine

- 1984 (EPA 1985).

Sediment toxicity

Based on the environmental

- fate properties of lithium hypochlorite ( see s ection 4.1 ), lithium hypochlorite is not anticipated to acc umulate in sediments. Therefore, sediment toxicity data are not anticipated to be required.Page 24 of 26

Appendix C References

94673 Piccirillo, V.J. (1977) Final Report: Acute Oral LDI50 Study in Mallard Ducks: Project

No. 668

- 107. (Unpublished study received Apr 25, 1978 under 7675

- 4; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. and Truslow Farms, Inc., submitted by Lithium Corp. o f America, Gastonia, N.C.; CDL:246732

- D)

104674 Piccirillo, V.J. (1977) Final Report: Subacute Dietary LCI50 Study in Bobwhite Quail: Project No. 668

- 109. (Unpublished study received Apr 25, 1978 under 7675

- 4; prepared by Hazleton Lab

- oratories America, Inc. and Truslow Farms, Inc., submitted by Lithium Corp. of America, Gastonia, N.C.; CDL:246732

- B)

94672 Buccafusco, R.J. (1978) Acute Toxicity of Lithcoa Lithium Hypochlorite to Rainbow Trout ( Salmo gairdneri ): Report #BW

- 78

- 2

- 031. (Unpublished study received Apr 25,

1978 under 7675

- 4; prepared by EG & G Bionomics, submitted by Lithium Corp. of America, Gastonia, N.C.; CDL:246732

- C)

7302 Sleight, B.H., III (1972) Bioassay Report: Acute Toxicity of K

- 70 Alga ecide to Bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) and Rainbow Trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). (Unpublished study received Dec 12, 1972 under 5135

- 17; prepared by Bionomics, Inc., submitted by Water Services, Burbank, Calif.; CDL:132135

- C)

94674 LeBlanc, G.A. (1978) Acute Toxicity of Lithcoa Lithium Hypochlorite to the Water Flea ( Daphnia magna ): Report #BW

- 78

- 2

- 032. (Unpublished study received Apr 25,

1978 under 7675

- 4; prepared by EG & G Bionomics, submitted by Lithium Corp. of America, Gastonia, N.C.; CDL:246732

- E)Page 25 of 26 

# Appendix D Product Chemistry

Lithium hypochlorite product chemistry information is summari zed in Table D1 (source: MRIDs 7257, 7258, 94669, 93138001, 42940801, 42967001, 42967002, 42967003, 42991801, 31007

- 02, 31007

- 03, 5045001

- 15 )

.

Table D 1

– P roduct Chemistry of Lithium H ypochlorite

Guideline

No. Physical and Chemical Properties Lithium hypochlorite

830.1550 Product identity and composition Refer to Table 3

. 830.1600 Description of materials used to produce

the product Confidential Business Information ( CBI )

.

830.1620 Description of production process CBI

. 830.1650 Description of Formulation Process CBI

. 830.1670 Discussion of Formation of Impurities CBI

. 830.1700 Preliminary analysis CBI

. 830.1750 Certified limits CBI

. 830.1800 Enforcement analytical method FMC Lithium Division method 05

- LTM

- 564

. 830.1900 Submittal of samples CBI

. 830.6302 Color

830.6303 Physical State Granular solid

. 830.6304 Odor Odorless or with slight odor of chlorine

.

830.6313 Stability to normal and elevated

temperature, metals/metal ions Stable and retains 90% of available chlorine when stored in

fiber containers with aluminu m overwrap at 75F (23.88°C) and 75% relative humidity for 4 months.

830.6314 Oxidation/Reduction Lithium hypochlorite with 39% available chlorine has some oxidizing effect. Strong Oxidizing Agent

. Oxidizer. Lithium hypochlorite is a powerful oxidizing agent, particularly in the presence of water or at higher temperature as it decomposes to release oxygen and chlorine gases. Forms highly explosive NCl 3 on contact with urea or ammonia. When heated or on contact with acids, it produces highly toxic fumes

o f chlorine g as

. 830.6315 Flammability Not applicable . Noncombustible.

830.6316 Explodability Not explodable

. 830.6320 Corrosion Characteristic Corrosive

.

830.7000 pH 9.9 (available Cl 2 - 100 ppm) in distilled water at 25 ° C. 10.3 (available Cl 2 - 200 ppm) in distilled water at 25 ° C. 10.7 (available Cl 2 - 300 ppm) in distilled water at 25 ° C.

11 at 25 °C (1% Solution).

830.7050 UV/Visible Absorption Not reported.

830.7100 Viscosity Not applicable

. 830.7200 Melting point 135 ° C with decomposition

. 830.7220 Boiling point Not applicable

. 830.7300 Density 0.531 g/cm 3 (20 °C)

.Page 26 of 26

Guideline

No. Physical and Chemical Properties Lithium hypochlorite

Bulk Density: 58 lbs/ft 3

.

830.7370 Dissociation Constant 3.2 x 10

- 8 (of HOCl in aqueous solution). Lithium hypochlorite dissociates completely on dissolving in water, and is soluble to 43 grams product to 100 grams water.

830.7550 Partition coefficient ( n

- octanol/water) Not applicable

. 830.7840 Solubility in water 43% by weight at 25°C. 430 g/L

. 830.7860 Solubility in organic solvents Product should be mixed only with water.

830.7950 Vapor pressure Not applicable

. 6.63 x 10

- 17 mm Hg (EPI Suite v4.1)

. atm

- m 3 /mol = atmosphere cubic meter per mole; o C = degrees Celsius; mg/L = milligrams per liter; mmHg = millimeters of mercury

.